2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved The
Cardiovascular System
Slide 2
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Introduction The cardiovascular system consists of heart and blood
vessels Sends blood to Lungs for oxygen Digestive system for
nutrients CV system also circulates waste products to certain organ
systems for removal from the blood 2-31
Slide 3
2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved The
Heart: Structures Cone-shaped organ about the size of a loose fist
Extends from the level of the second rib to about the level of the
sixth rib Slightly left of the midline 3-31
Slide 4
2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved The
Heart: Structures (cont.) 4-31 Heart is bordered: Laterally by the
lungs Posteriorly by the vertebral column Anteriorly by the sternum
Rests on the diaphragm inferiorly
Slide 5
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Heart: Structures (cont.) Four chambers Two atria Upper chambers
Left and right Separated by interatrial septum Two ventricles Lower
chambers Left and right Separated by interventricular septum 5-31
Click for View of Heart Atrioventricular septum separates the atria
from the ventricles
Slide 6
2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved The
Heart: Structures (cont.) Tricuspid valve prevents blood from
flowing back into the right atrium when the right ventricle
contracts Bicuspid valve prevents blood from flowing back into the
left atrium when the left ventricle contracts Pulmonary valve
prevents blood from flowing back into the right ventricle Aortic
valve prevents blood from flowing back into the left ventricle 6-31
Click for View of Heart
Slide 7
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Heart Labeled 7-31
Slide 8
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Heart: Blood Flow 8-31 Deoxygenated blood in from body Oxygenated
blood in lungs Atria ContractVentricles Contract Deoxygenated blood
out to lungs Oxygenated blood out to body
Slide 9
2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved The
Heart: Blood Flow (cont.) 9-31 Right Atrium Right Ventricle
Pulmonary Semilunar Valve Left Atrium Bicuspid Valve Left Ventricle
Pulmonary Valve Tricuspid Valve Aortic Semilunar Valve Lungs
Body
Slide 10
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It Up- Circulatory Rap 27-10
Slide 11
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Heart: Heart Sounds One cardiac cycle two heart sounds (lubb and
dubb) when valves in the heart snap shut Lubb First sound When the
ventricles contract, the tricuspid and bicuspid valves snap shut
Dubb Second sound When the atria contract and the pulmonary and
aortic valves snap shut 12-31
Slide 12
2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Heart
Sounds http://www.easyauscultation.com/heart-
sounds?gclid=CMOerKPY98ACFVJo7Aod0joA-g
http://www.easyauscultation.com/heart-
sounds?gclid=CMOerKPY98ACFVJo7Aod0joA-g 27-12
Slide 13
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Heart: Cardiac Cycle (cont.) Influenced by Exercise Parasympathetic
nerves Sympathetic nerves Cardiac control center Body temperature
Potassium ions Calcium ions 11-31
Slide 14
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Apply Your Knowledge Match the following: __ Tricuspid valve A.
Lower chambers of the heart __ Bicuspid valve B. Covering of the
heart and aorta __ Pericardium C. Between the right atrium and the
right ventricle __ Atrium D. Wall that separates the atrium and
ventricles __ Ventricles E. Upper chambers of the heart __
Atrioventricular S. F. Between the left atria and the left
ventricle D A E B F C ANSWER:
Slide 15
2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Blood
Vessels: Arteries and Arterioles Strongest of the blood vessels
Carry blood away from the heart Under high pressure
Vasoconstriction Vasodilation Arterioles Small branches of arteries
Aorta Takes blood from the heart to the body Coronary arteries
Supply blood to heart muscle 16-31
Slide 16
2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Blood
Vessels: Veins and Venules Blood under no pressure in veins Does
not move very easily Skeletal muscle contractions help move blood
Sympathetic nervous system also influences pressure Valves prevent
backflow Venules Small vessels formed when capillaries merge
Superior and inferior vena cava Largest veins Carry blood into
right atrium 17-31
Slide 17
2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Blood
Vessels: Capillaries Branches of arterioles Smallest type of blood
vessel Connect arterioles to venules Only about one cell layer
thick Oxygen and nutrients can pass out of a capillary into a body
cell Carbon dioxide and other waste products pass out of a body
cell into a capillary 18-31
Slide 18
2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 19-31
Blood Pressure Force blood exerts on the inner walls of blood
vessels Highest in arteries Lowest in veins Systolic pressure
Ventricles contract Blood pressure is at its greatest in the
arteries Diastolic pressure Ventricles relax Blood pressure in
arteries is at its lowest Reported as the systolic number over the
diastolic number
Slide 19
2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Apply
Your Knowledge 20-31 What is the difference between the systolic
pressure and diastolic pressure? ANSWER: Systolic pressure is the
result of the contraction of the ventricles increasing the pressure
in the arteries. Diastolic pressure is the result of the relaxation
of the ventricles lowering the pressure in the arteries. Good
Answer!
Slide 20
2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 22-31
Circulation Arterial system Carry oxygen-rich blood away from the
heart Pulmonary arteries carry oxygen-poor blood Paired left and
right artery of the same name
Slide 21
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Circulation (cont.) Venous system Carries oxygen-poor blood toward
the heart Except pulmonary veins Most large veins have the same
names as the arteries they are next to 23-31 Hepatic portal system
Collection of veins carrying blood to the liver
Slide 22
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A type of connective tissue Red blood cells (erythrocytes) White
blood cells (leukocytes) Platelets cell fragments Plasma fluid part
of blood 24-31 Average-sized adult has 4 to 6 liters of blood
Amount depends on: Size of person Amount of adipose tissue
Concentrations of ions Females have less than males Average-sized
adult has 4 to 6 liters of blood Amount depends on: Size of person
Amount of adipose tissue Concentrations of ions Females have less
than males
Slide 23
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Bleeding Control Hemostasis the control of bleeding Three processes
of hemostasis Blood vessel spasm Platelet plug formation Blood
coagulation 25-31
Slide 24
2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Chest
Pain Cardiac Myocardial infarction Angina Pericarditis Coronary
spasm Non-cardiac Heartburn Panic attacks Pleurisy Costochondritis
Pulmonary embolism Sore muscles Broken ribs 26-31 Take all
complaints of chest pain seriously!
Slide 25
2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Chest
Pain (cont.) Determine cause Electrocardiogram Stress tests Blood
tests Chest x-ray Nuclear scan Coronary catheterization
Echocardiogram Endoscopy 27-31
Slide 26
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Diseases and Disorders of the Cardiovascular System
DiseaseDescription AnemiaThe blood does not have enough red blood
cells or hemoglobin to carry an adequate amount of oxygen to the
bodys cells AneurysmA ballooned, weakened arterial wall
ArrhythmiasAbnormal heart rhythms CarditisInflammation of the heart
EndocarditisInflammation of the innermost lining of the heart,
including valves 28-31
Slide 27
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Diseases and Disorders of the Cardiovascular System (cont.)
DiseaseDescription MyocarditisInflammation of the muscular layer of
the heart PericarditisInflammation of the membranes that surround
the heart (pericardium) Congestive Heart Failure Weakening of the
heart over time; heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet bodys
needs Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) Atherosclerosis; narrowing of
coronary arteries caused by hardening of the fatty plaque deposits
within the arteries 29-31
Slide 28
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Diseases and Disorders of the Cardiovascular System (cont.)
DiseaseDescription HypertensionHigh blood pressure; consistent
resting blood pressure equal to or greater than 140/90 mm Hg
LeukemiaBone marrow produces a large number of abnormal WBCs
MurmursAbnormal heart sounds Myocardial Infarction Heart attack;
damage to cardiac muscle due to a lack of blood supply 30-31
Slide 29
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Diseases and Disorders of the Cardiovascular System (cont.)
DiseaseDescription Sickle Cell Anemia Abnormal hemoglobin causes
RBCs to change to a sickle shape; abnormal cells stick in
capillaries ThalassemiaInherited form of anemia; defective
hemoglobin chain causes, small, pale, and short-lived RBCs
Thrombophlebitis Blood clots and inflammation develops in a vein
Varicose VeinsTwisted, dilated veins 31-29
Slide 30
2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved How
does this apply to Rehab? Can CV diseases be prevented/reduced? Is
there something a rehab career professional can do to promote a
healthier cardiovascular system? What vitals reflect the CV system?
Sit very still and find your radial or carotid pulse. Record your
resting heart rate (60 seconds). Now. 27-30