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25-1
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
The Skeletal SystemThe Skeletal System
PowerPoint® presentation to accompany:
Medical AssistingThird Edition
Booth, Whicker, Wyman, Pugh, Thompson
25-2
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Learning Outcomes
25.1 Describe the parts of a long bone.
25.2 List the substances that make up bone tissue.
25.3 List the functions of bones.
25.4 Identify bones by their classifications.
25.5 Describe how long bones grow.
25-3
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Learning Outcomes (cont.)
25.6 List and describe the skeletal structures and one location of each structure.
25.7 List the bones of the skull, spinal column, rib cage, shoulders, arms, hands, hips, legs, and feet. Describe the location of each bone.
25.8 Define fontanels and explain their importance.
25-4
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Learning Outcomes (cont.)
25.9 Describe the three major types of joints and give examples of each.
25.10 Describe the structure of a synovial joint.
25.11 Describe the causes, signs and symptoms, and treatments of various diseases and disorders of the skeletal system.
25-5
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Introduction
Bones provide the body with structure and support
206 bones with joints and connective tissue
Divisions Axial – 80 bones
Skull Vertebral column Rib cage
Appendicular – 126 bones
Arms and legs Pectoral girdle Pelvic girdle
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© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
The Skeletal System
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© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Bone Structure
Bones contain various kinds of tissues, including Osseous tissue Blood vessels Nerves
Osseous tissue can appear compact or spongy
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© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Bone Structure (cont.)
Compact bone looks solid Structures can be
observed with a microscope
All bones are made up of both compact and spongy bone
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© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Bone Structure (cont.)
Classification by shape Long bones – located primarily in the arms and legs
Femur (thigh bone) Humerus (upper arm bone)
Short bones – small bones located in the wrists and ankles
Carpals (wrist bones) Tarsals (ankle bones)
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© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Bone Structure (cont.)
Flat bones – located in the skull and rib cage Ribs Frontal bone
Irregular bones Vertebrae Bones of the pelvic girdle
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© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Bone Structure: Gender Differences
Male Skull Larger and heavier
Forehead shorter
Face less round
Jaw larger
Mastoid processes more prominent
Male pelvic bones Heavier and thicker
Obturator foramina and acetabula are larger and closer together
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© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Male pelvic cavity Narrower and longer Less roomy and more
funnel shaped Male sacrum
Narrower Sacral promontory projects forward Sacral curvature is less sharp posteriorly
Male coccyx Less movable
Bone Structure: Gender Differences (cont.)
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© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Apply Your Knowledge
Match bone to classification.
___ Humerus L.Long bones
___ Rib S.Short bones
___ Femur F.Flat bones
___ Pelvic bones I.Irregular bones
___ Carpals
___ Frontal bone
___ Vertebra
___ Tarsals
F
L
I
S
I
F
S
L
ANSWER:
Very Good!
25-14
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Functions of Bones Give shape to body parts
Support and protect soft structures
Examples – brain, lungs, heart
Allow body movement, because skeletal muscles attach to them
Allow for voluntary movement
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© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Functions of Bones (cont.)
Red bone marrow of bone produces new blood cells – hematopoiesis
Store calcium
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© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Apply Your Knowledge
ANSWER: Every cell in the body needs calcium, so the body must have a large supply readily available.
Why is it important for the bones to store calcium?
Correct!
25-17
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Bone Growth Ossification – process of bone
growth
Intramembranous ossification Bones begin as tough, fibrous
membrane Bone-forming cells called
osteoblasts turn the membrane to bone (located in skull)
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© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Bone Growth (cont.)
Endochondral ossification Bones begin as cartilage
models Primary ossification center
Bone formed in the diaphysis Secondary ossification center
Epiphyses turn to bone Bones with some cartilage between an epiphysis and the
diaphysis will continue to grow Medullary cavity and spaces in cancellous bone form
Cells that form holes in bone are called osteoclasts
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© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Bone Growth: Building Better Bones
Teach healthy behaviors Bone-healthy diet with calcium and vitamin D Bone-health exercises
Weight-bearing Strength training
Bone-healthy lifestyle Avoid smoking Avoid alcohol
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© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Bone Growth (cont.)
Bone tests Bone density Bone scans
Diagnose causes of Bone pain Arthritis Bone infections Bone cancers
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© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Apply Your Knowledge
What are the two types of bone growth?
ANSWER: Intramembranous ossification, in which bones begin as tough membrane and are turned to bone by osteoblasts, and endochondral ossification, in which primary ossification occurs in the diaphysis of the of the bone and secondary ossification occurs in the epiphysis.
Good Job!
25-22
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Bony Structures
Rigid foundation
Projections and processes for muscle and ligament attachment
Depressions and hollows for articulations – the connection of bones at joints
Openings for blood vessels and nerves
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© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Bony Structures (cont.)
Term Definition
Condyle A rounded process that usually articulates with another bone
Crest A narrow, ridge-like projection
Epicondyle A projection situated above a condyle
Foramen An opening through a bone that is usually a passageway for blood vessels, nerves, or ligaments
Fossa A relatively deep pit or depression
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© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Bony Structures (cont.)
Term Definition
Head An enlargement on the end of a bone
Process A prominent projection on a bone
Suture An interlocking line of union between bones
Trochanter A relatively large process
Tubercle A small, knoblike process
Tuberosity A knoblike process, usually larger than a tubercle
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© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
The Skull
Two bone types: Cranial – form the top, sides, and back of the
skull Facial – form the face
“Soft spots” felt on an infant's skull are actually fontanels Tough membranes that connect the
incompletely developed bones
25-26
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Apply Your Knowledge
Match the following:
___ Epicondyle A. A relatively deep pit or depression
___ Fontanels B. An interlocking line of union between bones
___ Fossa C. “Soft spots” felt on an infant’s skull
___ Process D. A knoblike process, usually larger than a tubercle
___ Suture E. A projection situated above a condyle
___ Tuberosity F. A prominent projection on a bone
C
A
F
B
D
E
ANSWER:
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© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
The Skull: Cranial Bones
Frontal – anterior
Parietal – top and most of the sides
Occipital – back
Temporal – form the lower sides of the skull
Sphenoid and ethmoid bones – floor
Ear ossicles are the smallest bones of the body Malleus Incus Stapes
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© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
The Skull (cont.)
Mandible – forms the lower jaw bone
Maxillae – form the upper jawbone
Zygomatic – form the prominence of the cheeks
Nasal bones – fuse together to form the bridge of the nose
Click to see Skull
Palatine – form the anterior portion of the palate
Vomer – a thin bone that divides the nasal cavity
25-30
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Apply Your Knowledge
Match the bones of the skull:
___ Occipital A. Form the upper jawbone
___ Sphenoid B. A thin bone that divides the nasal cavity
___ Mandible C. Part of floor of skull
___ Maxillae D. Form the prominence of the cheeks
___ Zygomatic E. Back of skull
___ Vomer F. Lower jaw bone
C
F
A
D
B
E
ANSWER:
Very Good!
25-31
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
The Spinal Column
7 cervical vertebrae
12 thoracic vertebrae
5 lumbar vertebrae
Sacrum
Coccyx
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© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
The Spinal Column (cont.)
Cervical vertebrae Smallest and lightest Located in the neck
region First one is atlas Second one is axis
Thoracic vertebrae Join the 12 pairs of ribs
Lumbar vertebrae Have very sturdy
structures
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© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
The Spinal Column (cont.)
Sacrum A triangular-shaped bone that consists of five fused
vertebrae Coccyx
A small, triangular-shaped bone made up of 3 to 5 fused vertebrae
Considered unnecessary More commonly called the tailbone
25-34
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Apply Your Knowledge
Identify the sections of the spinal column and give the number of vertebrae for each.
Thoracic – 12
Lumbar – 5 Sacrum – 5 fused
Coccyx – 3 to 5 fused
Cervical – 7ANSWER:
Right!
25-35
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
The Rib Cage
Sternum Breastplate Forms the front middle
portion of the rib cage Joins with the clavicles
and most ribs Xyphoid process
Cartilaginous tip
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© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
The Rib Cage (cont.)
12 pairs of ribs All are attached
posteriorly to thoracic vertebrae
True First seven pairs of ribs Attach to sternum by
costal cartilage
False Rib pairs 8, 9, and 10 Attach to the costal
cartilage of rib pair 7 Floating
Rib pairs 11 and 12 Do not attach anteriorly
to any structure
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© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Apply Your Knowledge
True or False:
___ The sternum forms the front middle portion of the rib cage.
___ The xyphoid process is a boney tip of the sternum.
___ The true ribs are the first five pairs of ribs.
___ False ribs attach to the costal cartilage of rib pair seven.
___ Floating ribs attach to the xyphoid process.
T
T
ANSWER:
Fcartilaginous
Fseven
Fdo not attach anteriorly to any structure.
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© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Bones of the Shoulders, Arms, and Hands
Shoulders – pectoral girdles Clavicles Scapulae
Upper limb or arm bones Humerus Radius Ulna
25-39
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Bones of the Shoulders, Arms, and Hands (cont.)
Hand 8 carpals per hand 5 metacarpals per hand 14 phalanges per hand
3 in each finger 2 in each thumb
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© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Apply Your KnowledgeMatch the following:
___ Clavicle A. Pectoral girdle
___ Radius B. Arm bones
___ Humerus C. Hands
___ Carpals
___ Scapula
___ Ulna
___ Phalanges
___ Metacarpals
A
BB
B
C
CC
AANSWER:
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© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Bones of the Hips, Legs, and Feet
Hipbones Coxal bones form
the pelvic girdle Ilium Ischium Pubis
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© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Bones of the Hips, Legs, and Feet (cont.)
Bones of leg Femur Patella Tibia Fibula
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© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Bones of the Hips, Legs, and Feet (cont.)
Bones of the foot Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges
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© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Apply Your Knowledge
Match the following:
A. Coxal bones B. Leg bones C. Foot bones
___ Tibia ___ Patella
___ Ilium ___ Ischium
___ Femur ___ Metatarsals
___ Pubis ___ Fibula
___ Calcaneus ___ Tarsals
B
B
B
A A
A
C
C
C
B
ANSWER:
Super!
25-45
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Joints Junctions between bones Classification based on
structure Fibrous joints
Connected together with short fibers
Between cranial bones and facial bones
Sutures – fibrous joints in the skull
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© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Joints
Cartilaginous joints
Connected together with a disc of cartilage
Between vertebrae
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© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Joints
Synovial joints Covered with hyaline cartilage Held together by a fibrous joint
capsule lined with synovial membrane
Secretes synovial fluid so bones move easily against each other
Freely movable Bones are also held together through tough, cord-like
structures called ligaments
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© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Apply Your Knowledge
Match the following:
A. Fibrous joints B. Cartilaginous joints C. Synovial joints
____ Between cranial bones and facial bones
____ Covered with hyaline cartilage
____ Between vertebrae
____ Freely movable
____ Sutures in the skullA
B
C
C
A
ANSWER:
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© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Common Diseases and Disorders
Arthritis – general term meaning joint inflammation Osteoarthritis – degenerative joint disease,
primarily of weight-bearing joints
Rheumatoid Arthritis – chronic systemic inflammatory disease of smaller joints and surrounding tissues
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© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Common Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Bursitis – inflammation of a bursa (fluid-filled sac that cushions tendons)
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome – overuse of wrist; the median nerve in the wrist becomes compressed
Ewing’s Family of Tumors (EFT) – a group of tumors that affect different tissue types; primarily bone
Gout – a type of arthritis; deposits of uric acid crystals in the joints
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© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Common Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Kyphosis – abnormal curvature of the spine (humpback)
Lordosis – exaggerated inward curvature of the lumbar spine (swayback)
Osteogenesis imperfecta – brittle-bone disease
Osteoporosis – a condition in which bones thin (become porous) over time
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© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Common Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Osteosarcoma – a type of bone cancer that originates from osteoblasts, the cells that make bony tissue
Paget’s disease – causes bones to enlarge and become deformed and weak
Scoliosis – an abnormal S-shaped curvature of the spine
25-53
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Apply Your Knowledge
Osteosarcoma is a type of bone cancer that originates from osteoblasts, the cells that make bony tissue.
The doctor has told your patient that he has an osteosarcoma. What do you know about this disorder?
Nice Work!
25-54
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
In Summary
Skeletal system Two divisions Bone growth through ossification Functions
Supports the body Protects internal organs Attachment for muscles for movement Stores minerals Produces new blood cells by hematopoiesis
Joined by three types of joints
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© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
End of Chapter
Rigid, the skeleton of habit alone upholds the human frame.
~ Virginia Woolf