© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. OUT OF MANY A HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE

© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

OUT OF MANY

A HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE

American Communities: The English and Algonquians at Roanoke

2© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

http://sometimes-interesting.com/2012/12/01/roanoke-the-lost-colony/

American Communities: The English at Roanoke

Colony off the North Carolina coast founded by Sir Walter Raleigh in 1585Goal was to find wealth: furs, gold or silver, and plantation agriculture Conflict with Algonquians led to abandonment of colony by English


Seeing History A Watercolor from the First Alonquian-English Encounter.\

Remember about this concept of contact


American Communities: The English Roanoke

Conflicts occurred, leading to John White’s return to England for support.

Three years later, White returned to Roanoke.

Found colony destroyed and no trace of colonists.


Colonists may have created the first mixed community of English and Indians in North America.

© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 6

The Expansion of Europe

Majority of population Christian

Harsh living conditions: famine prevalent

Plague wiped out one-third of Europe’s population, 1347–1353.


Who is Prince Henry?

What was the Social Structure of Europe?

Who were Artisans and Merchants?

What powers did the Roman Catholic Church have?

Why is it “King Isabella”?

What were some of the diseases and wars?


MAP 2.1 Western Europe in the Fifteenth Century By the middle of the century, the monarchs of western Europe had unified their realms and begun to build royal bureaucracies and standing armies and navies. These states, all with extensive Atlantic coastlines, sponsored the voyages that inaugurated the era of European colonization.


Columbus

Columbus Christopher Columbus was born in Genoa, Italy in Christopher Columbus was born in Genoa, Italy in 14511451

He studied geography books, the Bible, Marco Polo’s He studied geography books, the Bible, Marco Polo’s writings and Pierre d’Ally’s Picture of the World, to writings and Pierre d’Ally’s Picture of the World, to gather all the information he could about the world.gather all the information he could about the world.

He became a chart maker because he believed he world He became a chart maker because he believed he world was a sphere (round) instead of flat.was a sphere (round) instead of flat.

He wanted to find a shorter route to Asia.He wanted to find a shorter route to Asia.

Spanish Involvement

After two failed attempts with King of Portugal, He asked King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain In 1492, several years after his appeal, he received the money for the trip.Columbus Could only keep 10% of the wealth he brought back.


Columbus bids farewell to the monarchs Isabel and Ferdinand at the port of Palos in August 1492, illustrated in a copperplate engraving published in 1594 by Theodore de Bry of Frankfort.

Columbus’ VoyageAugust 3, 1492 Columbus left Spain to start his first voyage

On October 12, 1492 he discovered land- the island of San Salvador

The Santa Maria was destroyed on December 24, 1942

This image accompanied Columbus’s account of his voyage, which was published in Latin and reissued in many other languages and editions that circulated throughout Europe before 1500.


Columbus Reaches the Americas

Columbus voyages marked by slave raiding and obsession with goldColumbus died in 1506 still thinking that he had opened the new way to the Indies.


Columbus:

“I discovered many islands inhabited by numerous people. I took possession of all of them for our most fortunate King by making public proclamation and unfurling his standard, no one making any resistance,”


MAP 2.2 The Invasion of America In the sixteenth century, the Spanish first invaded the Caribbean and used it to stage their successive wars of conquest in North and South America. In the seventeenth century, the French, English, and Dutch invaded the Atlantic coast. The Russians, sailing across the northern Pacific, mounted the last of the colonial invasions in the eighteenth century.


The Invasion of America

In 1517, Spanish under Hernan Cortes reached Mexico, home of Aztec empire.

Aztecs dominated Central Mexico, extracting tribute and sacrificing human captives.

Cortes allied with subject peoples and conquered Aztec empire, aided by disease.



This map of Tenochititlán, published in 1524 and attributed to the celebrated engraver Albrecht Dürer, shows the city before its destruction, with the principal Aztec temples in the main square, causeways connecting the city to the mainland, and an acqueduct supplying fresh water. The information on this map must have come from Aztec sources, as did much of the intelligence Cortés relied on for the Spanish conquest.


The Destruction of the Indies

Spanish horses, guns, and steel overcame Indian resistance.


Cortes – Brilliant negotiator and manipulator



Spanish adventurers attack a native village on the Columbian coast of the Caribbean in search of the gold said to be stored there, an engraving published in 1594 by Theodore de Bry.


The three Gs!!

God

Glory

Gold

The Destruction of the Indies

The population of Mexico fell from 25 million in 1519 to one million a century later.

By the twentieth century, native population had fallen by 90 percent.

Diseases were the greatest killer of Indians.


FIGURE 2.1 North America’s Indian and Colonial Populations in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries The primary factor in the decimation of native peoples was epidemic disease, brought to the New World from the Old. In the eighteenth century, the colonial population overtook North America’s Indian populations. SOURCE: Historical Statistics of the United States (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office,1976),8,1168;Russell Thornton, American Indian Holocaust and Survival (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press,1987),32.


This drawing of victims of the smallpox epidemic that struck the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlán in 1520 is taken from the Florentine Codex, a post conquest history written and illustrated by Aztec scribes. “There came amongst us a great sickness, a general plague,” reads the account, “killing vast numbers of people. It covered many all over with sores: on the face, on the head, on the chest, everywhere. . . . The sores were so terrible that the victims could not lie face down, nor on their backs, nor move from one side to the other. And when they tried to move even a little, they cried out in agony.”



MAP 2.3 The Columbian Exchange Europeans voyaging between Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Americas in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries began a vast intercontinental movement of plants, animals, and diseases that shaped the course of modern history. New World corn and potatoes became staple foods in Africa and Europe, while Eurasian and African diseases such as smallpox, malaria, and yellow fever devastated native communities in the Western Hemisphere.


The First Europeans in North America

In 1519, first of several unsuccessful colonization attempts failed in Florida.Europeans were searching for slaves and the rumored cities of wealth.In 1539, Hernan DeSoto and Francisco de Coronado traveled throughout South, spreading disease that depopulated and weakened Indian societies looking for gold.



The Spanish New World Empire

By late sixteenth century, the Spanish had a powerful American empire.

250,000 Europeans and 125,000 Africans lived in Spanish colonies.


The Protestant Reformation and the First French Colonies

German priest Martin Luther began the Protestant Reformation in 1517.

Protestant John Calvin followers in France were called Huguenots.



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Sixteenth-Century England

King Henry VIII established the Protestant Church of England.

“Bloody Mary” murdered hundreds of Protestants.

Queen Elizabeth I encouraged supporters to subdue Irish Catholics to prevent any invasion efforts by Spain.

Brutal, vicious invasion led to conquest of Ireland, setting English pattern of colonization.



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The Armada Portrait of Elizabeth I, painted by an unknown artist in 1648. The queen places her hand on the globe, symbolizing the rising sea power of England. Through the open windows, we see the battle against the Spanish Armada in 1588 and the destruction of the Spanish ships in a providential storm, interpreted by the queen as an act of divine intervention. SOURCE: “Elizabeth I” ,Armada portrait, c. 1588 (oil on panel), by English School (C 16th) Private Collection/The Bridgeman Art Library, London/New York.


Part One

Introduction


American Communities: Communities Struggle with Diversity in Seventeenth-

Century Santa Fe

In Santa Fe, the Pueblos clashed with Spanish authorities over religious practices.

In 1680, Pope, a Pueblo priest, led a successful revolt that temporarily ended Spanish rule.

In 1692, Spanish regained control, loosening religious restrictions.


New Mexico

Spanish came to Rio Grande valley in 1598 on a quest to find gold and save souls.

Colony of New Mexico centered around Santa Fe.


MAP 3.1 New Mexico in the Seventeenth Century By the end of the seventeenth century, New Mexico numbered 3,000 colonial settlers in several towns, surrounded by an estimated 50,000 Pueblo Indians living in some fifty farming villages. The isolation and sense of danger among the Hispanic settlers are evident in their name for the road linking the colony with New Spain, Jornada del Muerto, “Road of Death.”


New France

In 1605, French set up an outpost on the Bay of Fundy to monopolize fur trade.

French had society of inclusion, intermarried with Indians.

Formed alliances with Indians rather than conqueringMissionaries attempted to learn more about Indian customs


MAP 3.2 New France in the Seventeenth Century By the late seventeenth century, French settlements were spread from the town of Port Royal in Acadia to the post and mission at Sault Ste. Marie on the Great Lakes. But the heart of New France comprised the communities stretching along the St. Lawrence River between the towns of Quebec and Montreal.

SOURCE: The New York Public Library/Art Resource, NY.


Fish and Furs

French were first to explore eastern North American and established claims to lands of Canada.


This drawing, by Samuel de Champlain shows how Huron men funneled deer into enclosures, where they could be trapped and easily killed.


This illustration, taken from Samuel de Champlain’s 1613 account of the founding of New France, depicts him joining the Huron attack on the Iroquois in 1609. The French and their Huron allies controlled access to the great fur grounds of the West. The Iroquois then formed an alliance of their own with the Dutch, who had founded a trading colony on the Hudson River. The palm trees in the background of this drawing suggest that it was not executed by an eyewitness, but rather by an illustrator more familiar with South American scenes.


New Netherland

Upon achieving independence, the United Provinces of the Netherlands developed a global commercial empire.

Dutch East India Company and the Dutch West India Company

In present-day New York, the Dutch established settlements, Dutch opened trade with the Iroquois.


Jamestown and the Powhatan Confederacy

King James I issued royal charters to establish colonies.

In 1607, Virginia Company founded Jamestown colony.

Depended on supplies and new colonists from England

Seeking trade, Powhatans supplied starving colonists with food, but soon abandoned that policy.

.


By 1609, Powhatan realized that the English intended to stay

He knew that the English "invade my people, possess my country.“

Indians thus began attacking settlers, killing their livestock, and burning such crops as they planted.



This 1628 engraving depicts the surprise attack of Indians on Virginia colonists in 1622. While it includes numerous inaccuracies (the Indians did not possess such large knives and the colonists lived in far more primitive conditions) the image effectively conveys the surprise and horror of the English.

Tobacco, Expansion and, WarfareTobacco plantations dominated the economy.

Conflicts between Algonquians and English occurred from 1622-1632 and again in 1644.

Defeat in 1644 was the last Indian resistance by the Powhatan Confederacy.



FIGURE 3.1 Population Growth of the British Colonies in the Seventeenth Century The British colonial population grew steadily through the century, then increased sharply in the closing decade as a result of the new settlements of the proprietary colonies.

In this eighteenth-century engraving, used to promote the sale of tobacco, slaves pack tobacco leaves into “hogsheads” for shipment to England, overseen by a Virginia planter and his clerk. Note the incorporation of the Indian motif.



Seeing History John Smith’s Cartoon History of His Adventures in Virginia.

Maryland

In 1632, King Charles I granted ten million acres at the north end of the Chesapeake Bay to the Calvert family, the Lords Baltimore.

Maryland was a “proprietary colony” and because the Calverts were Catholic they encouraged others of the same faith to migrate to America.


Indentured Servants

Three-quarters of English migrants to the Chesapeake arrived as indentured servants who exchanged passage in return for two to seven years of labor.

The first African slaves came to the Chesapeake in 1619 but were more expensive than servants.

In terms of treatment, there was little difference between indentured labor and slavery.


The Social and Political Values of Puritanism

Because of Calvinist emphasis on enterprise, Puritanism appealed most to merchants, entrepreneurs, and commercial farmers.

Persecution of the Puritans and disputes between the kings of England and Parliament provided context for migration of Puritans to New England.


MAP 3.3 European Colonies of the Atlantic Coast, 1607–39 Virginia, on Chesapeake Bay, was the first English colony in North America, but by the mid-seventeenth century, Virginia was joined by settlements of Scandinavians on the Delaware River and Dutch on the Hudson River, as well as English religious dissenters in New England. The territories indicated here reflect the vague boundaries of the early colonies.


Plymouth Colony

The first English colony in New England was founded by Separatists, better known as the Pilgrims.

In 1620, they sailed for American and signed the Mayflower Compact, the first document of self-government in America, before landing at Plymouth.


The Massachusetts Bay Colony

In 1629, a group of wealthy Puritans was granted a royal charter to found the Massachusetts Bay Colony.

Between 1629 and 1643, approximately 20,000 people relocated to Massachusetts.


Governor John Winthrop, ca. 1640, a portrait by an unknown artist. Winthrop was first elected governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1629, then was voted out of office and reelected a total of twelve times.


Dissent and New Communities

Puritans emigrated for religious freedom but were not tolerant of other religious viewpoints.

In 1636, Roger Williams

In 1638, Ann Hutchinson


The first map printed in the English colonies, this view of New England was published in Boston in 1677. With north oriented to the right, it looks west from Massachusetts Bay, the two vertical black lines indicating the approximate boundaries of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. The territory west of Rhode Island is noted as an Indian stronghold, the homelands of the Narraganset, Pequot, and Nipmuck peoples.


The Mason Children, by an unknown Boston artist, ca. 1670. These Puritan children—David, Joanna, and Abigail Mason—are dressed in finery, an indication of the wealth and prominence of their family. The cane in young David’s hand indicates his position as the male heir, while the rose held by Abigail is a symbol of childhood innocence.

SOURCE: The Freake-Gibbs Painter (American, Active 1670), “David, Joanna, and Abigail Mason,” 1670. Oil on canvas,39 ½ x 42 ½; Frame 42 ¾ x 45 ½ x 1 ½ in. Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, Gift of Mr. and Mrs. John D. Rockefeller 3rd to The Fine Art Museums of San Francisco, 1979.7.3.


The Salem Witch Trials

The cultural mistrust of women manifested in public witch scares.

The Salem witch scare reflected social tensions.

The crisis exposed a dark side of Puritan thinking about women.


http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZDvny9tFBp0




MAP 3.4 The Proprietary Colonies After the restoration of the Stuart monarchy in 1660, King Charles II of England created the new proprietary colonies of Carolina, New York, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey. New Hampshire was set off as a royal colony in 1680, and in 1704, the lower counties of Pennsylvania became the colony of Delaware.


From New Netherland to New York

Competition with England caused a series of three wars that transferred New Netherland to the English.

King Charles II gave the colony to his brother the Duke of York and renamed it New York.

New York boasted the most heterogeneous society in North America.


The earliest known view of New Amsterdam, published in 1651. Indian traders are shown arriving with their goods in a dugout canoe of distinctive design known to have been produced by the native people of Long Island Sound. Twenty-five years after its founding, the Dutch settlement still occupies only the lower tip of Manhattan Island.

SOURCE: Fort New Amsterdam, New York, 1651. Engraving. Collection of the New York Historical Society, 77354d.


The Founding of Pennsylvania

Penn was a Quaker and established his colony as a “holy experiment.”

Penn purchased the land from the Algonquians, dealing fairly with the Indians.


The Delawares presented William Penn with this wampum belt after the Shackamaxon Treaty of 1682. In friendship, a Quaker in distinctive hat clasps the hand of an Indian. The diagonal stripes on either side of the figures represent the “open paths” between the English and the Delawares. Wampum belts like this one, made from strings of white and purple shell beads, were used to commemorate treaties throughout the colonial period, and were the most widely accepted form of money in the northeastern colonies during the seventeenth century.


Part Seven

Conflict and War


MAP 3.5 Spread of Settlement: British Colonies, 1650–1700 The spread of settlement in the English colonies in the late seventeenth century created the conditions for a number of violent conflicts, including King Philip’s War, Bacon’s Rebellion, and King William’s War.


King Philip’s War

Relations between the Plymouth colonists and Pokanokets deteriorated in the 1670s.

The colonists attempted to gain sovereign authority over the land of King Philip (Metacom).After peaceful coexistence lasting forty years, the Indians realized that the colonists were interested in domination.

King Philip led an alliance of Indian peoples against the United Colonies of New England and New York in King Philip’s War.By 1676, in part due to an alliance between the Iroquois Confederacy and the English, King Philip’s War ended in defeat.


Indians and New Englanders skirmish during King Philip’s War in a detail from John Seller’s “A Mapp of New England,” published immediately after the war.


Bacon’s Rebellion and Southern Conflicts

Nathaniel Bacon demanded the death or removal of all Indians from the colony.The governor attempted to suppress unauthorized military expeditions.Bacon and his followers rebelled against Virginia’s royal governor, pillaging the capital of Williamsburg.


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© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. OUT OF MANY A HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE