Chapter 2 When Worlds Collide 1492 - 1590 Chapter 2 When Worlds Collide 1492 - 1590 © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. OUT OF MANY A HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN

Chapter 2When Worlds Collide

1492 - 1590

Chapter 2When Worlds Collide

1492 - 1590

© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

OUT OF MANY

A HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE

Part One

Introduction

2© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter Focus Questions

What was the European background to the colonization of North America?

What kind of an empire did the Spanish create in the New World, and why did it extend into North America?

In what ways did the exchange of peoples, crops, animals, and diseases shape the experience of European colonists and American natives?

What was the French role in the beginnings of the North American fur trade?

Why did England enter the race for the colonies?


Part Two

American Communities: The English and

Algonquians at Roanoke


American Communities: The English and Algonquians at Roanoke

How did European imperialist goals create conflicts with Indians?



Colony off the North Carolina coast founded by Sir Walter Raleigh in 1585Goal was to find wealth: furs, gold or silver, and plantation agriculture Indians seen as laborersConflict with Algonquians led to abandonment of colony by English


Seeing History A Watercolor from the First Alonquian-English Encounter.



New colony set up in 1585 aiming for better relations with Algonquians.Conflicts occurred, leading to John White’s return to England for support.Three years later, White returned to Roanoke.Found colony destroyed and no trace of colonists.Colonists may have created the first mixed community of English and Indians in North America.


A French peasant labors in the field before a spectacular castle in a page taken from the illuminated manuscript Tres Riches Heures, made in the fifteenth century for the duc de Berry. In 1580 the essayist Montaigne talked with several American Indians at the French court who “noticed among us some men gorged to the full with things of every sort while their other halves were beggars at their doors, emaciated with hunger and poverty” and “found it strange that these poverty-stricken halves should suffer such injustice, and that they did not take the others by the throat or set fire to their houses.”


Part Three

The Expansion of Europe


The Expansion of Europe

Agricultural society with many new advances in farming technology

Feudal system divided land into small areas owned by landlords.

Peasants paid tribute and performed labor.

Majority of population Christian

Harsh living conditions: famine prevalent

Plague wiped out one-third of Europe’s population, 1347–1353.


The Merchant Class and the Renaissance

Map: Western Europe in the Fifteenth Century

European expansion fueled by population increase and commercial growth.

The Renaissance flowered between the fourteenth and sixteenth centuries.

Asian civilizations supplied technological innovations which fueled European growth.


MAP 2.1 Western Europe in the Fifteenth Century By the middle of the century, the monarchs of western Europe had unified their realms and begun to build royal bureaucracies and standing armies and navies. These states, all with extensive Atlantic coastlines, sponsored the voyages that inaugurated the era of European colonization.


The New Monarchies

The Renaissance ended with the introduction of the plague.

Peasants rose up in rebellion

Western European states emerged with monarchs as centers of power


Portuguese Explorations

Prince Henry the Navigator established academy to train seafarers.

By the mid-fifteenth century most Europeans knew that the Earth was a spherical globe.

Portuguese trading voyages tried to reach Indies by sailing around Africa.1488: established several colonies and reached southern tip of Africa.Established Atlantic slave trade1498: Vasco Da Gama sails around Africa to Indies.


The astrolabe, an instrument used for determining the precise position of heavenly bodies, was introduced into early modern Europe by the Arabs. This is one of the earliest examples, an intricately engraved brass astrolabe produced by a master craftsman in Syria in the thirteenth century.

SOURCE: © National Maritime Museum Picture Library, London, England. Neg. #E5555-3.



Columbus bids farewell to the monarchs Isabel and Ferdinand at the port of Palos in August 1492, illustrated in a copperplate engraving published in 1594 by Theodore de Bry of Frankfort. While armed men are ferried out to the vessels, three accountants in a room directly above the monarchs count out the gold to fund the journey.

Columbus Reaches the Americas

Columbus planned to travel to the Indies by sailing west across the Atlantic Ocean.In 1492, Spain agreed to finance Columbus.

They were in need of new lands to conquer and plunder.In October 1492, Columbus arrived at Caribbean islands.Columbus returned to Spain with talk of wealth and proposed inhabitants be enslaved.

“many spices and great mines of gold”Discovered clockwise circulation of Atlantic winds and currents


This image accompanied Columbus’s account of his voyage, which was published in Latin and reissued in many other languages and editions that circulated throughout Europe before 1500. The Spanish King Ferdinand is shown directing the voyage to a tropical island, where the natives flee in terror. Columbus’s impression of Native Americans as a people vulnerable to conquest shows clearly in this image.


Columbus Reaches the Americas

Later Columbus voyages marked by violent slave raiding and obsession with goldNative populations were decimated and virtually eliminated by the 1520s.

Without slave population, colonies entered depression.Spanish were dissatisfied and ordered arrest of Columbus.

Columbus died in 1506 still thinking that he had opened the new way to the Indies.After sailing to the Caribbean in 1499, Amerigo Vespucci described lands as a New World.


Part Four

The Spanish in the Americas


The Invasion of America

Map: The Invasion of America

Who participated in the invasion of Americas?

Where did they go?


MAP 2.2 The Invasion of America In the sixteenth century, the Spanish first invaded the Caribbean and used it to stage their successive wars of conquest in North and South America. In the seventeenth century, the French, English, and Dutch invaded the Atlantic coast. The Russians, sailing across the northern Pacific, mounted the last of the colonial invasions in the eighteenth century.


The Invasion of America

Spanish armies marched across Caribbean islands, slaughtering inhabitants.

Encomienda system established• Indians labor and Spanish lords protect Indians• Turned into slave system

In 1517, Spanish under Hernan Cortes reached Mexico, home of Aztec empire.

Aztecs dominated Central Mexico, extracting tribute and sacrificing human captives.Cortes allied with subject peoples and conquered Aztec empire, aided by disease.

Wealth was the driving force behind conquest.24© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

This map of Tenochititlán, published in 1524 and attributed to the celebrated engraver Albrecht Dürer, shows the city before its destruction, with the principal Aztec temples in the main square, causeways connecting the city to the mainland, and an acqueduct supplying fresh water. The information on this map must have come from Aztec sources, as did much of the intelligence Cortés relied on for the Spanish conquest.


The Destruction of the Indies

Spanish horses, guns, and steel overcame Indian resistance.Las Casas blamed Spanish for cruelty and deaths of millions of Indians.

The “Black Legend”

Only a small portion of the deaths can be attributed to warfare.Famine, lower birth rates, and epidemic diseases were largely responsible for the radical reduction in native populations.


© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 27

Spanish adventurers attack a native village on the Columbian coast of the Caribbean in search of the gold said to be stored there, an engraving published in 1594 by Theodore de Bry. This attack of 1509 began at dawn, when the residents awoke to find their houses on fire. They attempted to flee, but were cut down by swords as they ran from their homes. Several hundred died, with few survivors. When the ashes had cooled the Spanish looked for gold, but found little. Images like this, widely circulated in Europe and England, helped create the “Black Legend” of the Spanish conquest.

The Destruction of the Indies

Chart: North America’s Indian and Colonial Populations in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth CenturiesThe population of Mexico fell from 25 million in 1519 to one million a century later.By the twentieth century, native population had fallen by 90 percent.“Virgin Soil Epidemics”

Diseases were the greatest killer of Indians.


FIGURE 2.1 North America’s Indian and Colonial Populations in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries The primary factor in the decimation of native peoples was epidemic disease, brought to the New World from the Old. In the eighteenth century, the colonial population overtook North America’s Indian populations. SOURCE: Historical Statistics of the United States (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office,1976),8,1168;Russell Thornton, American Indian Holocaust and Survival (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press,1987),32.


This drawing of victims of the smallpox epidemic that struck the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlán in 1520 is taken from the Florentine Codex, a post conquest history written and illustrated by Aztec scribes. “There came amongst us a great sickness, a general plague,” reads the account, “killing vast numbers of people. It covered many all over with sores: on the face, on the head, on the chest, everywhere. . . . The sores were so terrible that the victims could not lie face down, nor on their backs, nor move from one side to the other. And when they tried to move even a little, they cried out in agony.”


The Columbian Exchange

Map: The Columbian Exchange

Exchanges between Old and New Worlds occurred.

European diseases decimated Indian populations.

American precious metals • Runaway inflation• Stimulated commerce• Lowered standard of living for most Europeans

American crops to Europe– corn, potatoes, cotton, chocolate, tobacco

European crops to America—wheat, sugar, rice, horses, cattle


MAP 2.3 The Columbian Exchange Europeans voyaging between Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Americas in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries began a vast intercontinental movement of plants, animals, and diseases that shaped the course of modern history. New World corn and potatoes became staple foods in Africa and Europe, while Eurasian and African diseases such as smallpox, malaria, and yellow fever devastated native communities in the Western Hemisphere.


The First Europeans in North America

In 1519, first of several unsuccessful colonization attempts failed in Florida.Europeans were searching for slaves and the rumored cities of wealth.In 1539, Hernan DeSoto traveled throughout South, spreading disease that depopulated and weakened Indian societies.In 1539, Francisco de Coronado searched for lost cities of gold in Southwest.Explorers failed to find great cities and turned back.


The Spanish New World Empire

By late sixteenth century, the Spanish had a powerful American empire.

250,000 Europeans and 125,000 Africans lived in Spanish colonies.

Population was racially mixed.

Council of the Indies governed empire but local autonomy prevailed.


Part Five

Northern Explorations and Encounters


Fish and Furs

Abundant fish in Grand Banks of North Atlantic led Europeans to explore North American coastal waters.French were first to explore eastern North American and established claims to lands of Canada.European-Indian relations based on trade, especially furs.Disease and wars over hunting grounds reduced Indian populations.Indians became dependent on European manufactured goods.



A Mikmaq Indian petroglyph or rock carving depicting a European vessel and crew, photographed in 1946 at Kejimkujik National Park, Nova Scotia, by Arthur and Olive Kelsall, who traced the lines of the image with white ink to enhance the contrast. The vessel appears to be a small pinnace with lanteen sails, similar to those used by French merchants and explorers in the early seventeenth century. Living along the southern shore of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence on the Acadian peninsula, the Mikmaqs were among the first natives in North America to establish contact with European traders, and understanding immediately the value of iron and textiles, they soon developed a system of coastal barter.

The Protestant Reformation and the First French Colonies

German priest Martin Luther began the Protestant Reformation in 1517.Protestant John Calvin followers in France were called Huguenots.

Huguenots were largely merchants and members of the middle class.Huguenots planted first French colonies in South Carolina and Florida in an effort to find religious refuge.

French enjoyed good relations with Indians.Spanish destroyed French colony in Florida.


This watercolor of Jacques le Moyne, painted in 1564, depicts the friendly relations between the Timucuas of coastal Florida and the colonists of the short-lived French colony of Fort Caroline. The Timucuas hoped that the French would help defend them against the Spanish, who plundered the coast in pursuit of Indian slaves. SOURCE: Jacques Le Moyne, “Rene de Loudonniere and Chief Athore,” 1564. Gouache and metallic pigments on vellum. Print Collection, The New York Public Library, New York. The New York Public Library/Art Resource, NY.


Sixteenth-Century England

Enclosure movement stimulated English colonization.Expanded woolen trade dislocated farmers, creating a large unemployed population.

King Henry VIII established the Protestant Church of England.

“Bloody Mary” murdered hundreds of Protestants.

Queen Elizabeth I encouraged supporters to subdue Irish Catholics to prevent any invasion efforts by Spain.

Brutal, vicious invasion led to conquest of Ireland, setting English pattern of colonization.


The Armada Portrait of Elizabeth I, painted by an unknown artist in 1648. The queen places her hand on the globe, symbolizing the rising sea power of England. Through the open windows, we see the battle against the Spanish Armada in 1588 and the destruction of the Spanish ships in a providential storm, interpreted by the queen as an act of divine intervention. SOURCE: “Elizabeth I” ,Armada portrait, c. 1588 (oil on panel), by English School (C 16th) Private Collection/The Bridgeman Art Library, London/New York.


Early English Efforts in the Americas

English “Sea Dogs” raided Spanish New World fleets.Rivalry with Spain led Queen Elizabeth I to found colonies.

Colonies could provide bases to raid the Spanish, free England from reliance on trade with Asia, and provide a home for the homeless.

Some colonization efforts failed including expeditions to Newfoundland and Roanoke.Spain became angry that the English were taking territory that had been set aside by the pope for Catholics.

Spanish Armada defeated by English fleet in 1588, halting Spanish monopoly on Americas.


Part Six

Conclusion


European Exploration of the Americas

Map: European Exploration, 1492–1591

In the century after Columbus came to the Americas, Europeans had explored:

most of the Atlantic coast of North America;

much of the Pacific coast of North America; and

the interior of southeastern and southwestern North America.



Map 2.4 European Exploration, 1492-1591 By the mid-sixteenth century, Europeans had explored most of the Atlantic coast of North America and penetrated into the interior in the disastrous expeditions of de Soto and Coronado.


Documents

Chapter 2 When Worlds Collide 1492 - 1590 Chapter 2 When Worlds Collide 1492 - 1590 © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. OUT OF MANY A HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN