© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Chapter 1 The dilemma of our times: Lifespan physical activity and the obesity crisis The dilemma

© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Chapter 1Chapter 1Chapter 1Chapter 1

The dilemma of our times: The dilemma of our times:

Lifespan physical activity and the obesity crisis Lifespan physical activity and the obesity crisis

The dilemma of our times: The dilemma of our times:

Lifespan physical activity and the obesity crisis Lifespan physical activity and the obesity crisis

Introduction to Physical Introduction to Physical Education, Fitness, and SportEducation, Fitness, and Sport

Introduction to Physical Introduction to Physical Education, Fitness, and SportEducation, Fitness, and Sport

Daryl SiedentopDaryl SiedentopDaryl SiedentopDaryl Siedentop


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The dilemma of our timesThe dilemma of our times

What physical activity opportunities did you have growing up?What physical activity opportunities did you have growing up?

Do you believe these opportunities to be different for people from different backgrounds?Do you believe these opportunities to be different for people from different backgrounds?

Discussion QuestionsDiscussion Questions


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Describe three new facilities or programs that you have seen Describe three new facilities or programs that you have seen

first hand, that are typical of the current boom in sport and first hand, that are typical of the current boom in sport and

fitness.fitness.



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Describe five private sector facilities for sport and fitness in Describe five private sector facilities for sport and fitness in

your region. What socio-economic groups use these facilities your region. What socio-economic groups use these facilities

most? most?



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What specific experience have you had or what evidence can you What specific experience have you had or what evidence can you

present that shows gender, race or age discrimination or present that shows gender, race or age discrimination or

stereotyping in sport, fitness and Physical Education?stereotyping in sport, fitness and Physical Education?



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Did the women in your family (mother, aunts, sisters, etc.) have ample Did the women in your family (mother, aunts, sisters, etc.) have ample

opportunity for physical activity when they were growing up? How opportunity for physical activity when they were growing up? How

much did they actually take advantage if the opportunity was there? much did they actually take advantage if the opportunity was there?



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If you have children or when you do have children, do you expect that If you have children or when you do have children, do you expect that

they will have physical activity opportunities that are substantially they will have physical activity opportunities that are substantially

different from the ones you had growing up? Why? different from the ones you had growing up? Why?



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It is possible and desirable. It is possible and desirable.

It is not just for children and youth, but . . . It is not just for children and youth, but . . . EVERYONE!EVERYONE!

It has strong protective effects on one’sIt has strong protective effects on one’s health.health.

What do we know about the role and place of What do we know about the role and place of physical activity?physical activity?


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Prevalence of overweight and obese persons andPrevalence of overweight and obese persons and its impact on public health its impact on public health (see Box 1.3).(see Box 1.3).

It occurs across age groups.It occurs across age groups.

More common in children and youth from lowerMore common in children and youth from lower SES groups, minorities (especially blacks andSES groups, minorities (especially blacks and Latinos), and those who have disabilities.Latinos), and those who have disabilities.

We face a health crisis . . .We face a health crisis . . .

What are some of the critical indicators?What are some of the critical indicators?


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Physical educators.Physical educators.

Fitness professionals (e.g., health clubs, personal Fitness professionals (e.g., health clubs, personal trainers).trainers).

Recreation leaders (e.g., Boys & Girls clubs, ParksRecreation leaders (e.g., Boys & Girls clubs, Parks & Recreation programs.& Recreation programs.

Club sport programs.Club sport programs.

Reaching the national health goals cannot be Reaching the national health goals cannot be achieved by one single group of professionals.achieved by one single group of professionals.

Which groups need to team up? Which groups need to team up?


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Emergence of “lifestyle management” within theEmergence of “lifestyle management” within the wellness movement.wellness movement.

Policymakers pushing for high-quality, dailyPolicymakers pushing for high-quality, daily Physical Education in schools.Physical Education in schools.

2004 Renewal of the 1966 Child Nutrition Act2004 Renewal of the 1966 Child Nutrition Act >>> School Wellness Policy required in each>>> School Wellness Policy required in each school district.school district.

What current efforts are aimed at reversing the What current efforts are aimed at reversing the health crisis?health crisis?


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State legislation that increases minimumState legislation that increases minimum requirements for nutrition, nutrition educationrequirements for nutrition, nutrition education and Physical Education/physical activity. and Physical Education/physical activity.

Establishment of National Health objectives:Establishment of National Health objectives:>> Healthy People 2000 (1991) & Healthy People 2010 >> Healthy People 2000 (1991) & Healthy People 2010

(2000)(2000) >> Primary Goals: >> Primary Goals: 1. Increase life expectancy & quality of life for all 1. Increase life expectancy & quality of life for all

2. Decrease / Eliminate health disparities 2. Decrease / Eliminate health disparities

What current efforts are aimed at reversing the What current efforts are aimed at reversing the health crisis? health crisis? (continued)(continued)


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In our culture, what are the common stereotypes for In our culture, what are the common stereotypes for a) who is active? a) who is active?

b) what activities do they engage in?b) what activities do they engage in? (moderate or vigorous intensity?)(moderate or vigorous intensity?)

Lifespan Physical ActivityLifespan Physical Activity

A revolution for public health . . . :

Moderate intensity physical activity for ALL across the lifespan


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► Early YearsEarly Years

► Youth Youth

► Young AdultsYoung Adults

► Older AdultsOlder Adults


What might it look like . . . ? What might it look like . . . ?


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Movement & motor play = LearningMovement & motor play = Learning about surroundings and life.about surroundings and life.

Informal, less structured, & less goalInformal, less structured, & less goal directed.directed.

Largely dependent on parents Largely dependent on parents

. . . during Early Years? (Birth – Age 7) . . . during Early Years? (Birth – Age 7) Lifespan Physical ActivityLifespan Physical Activity


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► Early Childhood PA Programs Early Childhood PA Programs (see Box 1.4)(see Box 1.4)

> > Mostly commercial (i.e., fee-based).Mostly commercial (i.e., fee-based).> > More in affluent/suburban areas. More in affluent/suburban areas.

>> Less accessible to lower-income groups. Less accessible to lower-income groups.>> Facilities and equipment are modified. Facilities and equipment are modified.

>> PA habits are formed in childhood. PA habits are formed in childhood.

>> Their importance is well accepted. Their importance is well accepted.



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► Children’s Sport OpportunitiesChildren’s Sport Opportunities> Dramatic increase in recent years.> Dramatic increase in recent years.

> Emergence of “age-group” programs.> Emergence of “age-group” programs.> Variance in organization (recr. v. competition) > Variance in organization (recr. v. competition)

> Variance in support (volunteer parents> Variance in support (volunteer parents v. organizations such as Kiwanis)v. organizations such as Kiwanis)

> Well-designed programs can provide positive > Well-designed programs can provide positive sport experiences.sport experiences.



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► Elementary-School Physical EducationElementary-School Physical Education> While importance is recognized, status is > While importance is recognized, status is

marginal (e.g., time in PE; who teaches it).marginal (e.g., time in PE; who teaches it).

> K-2: Focus on fundamental motor skills;> K-2: Focus on fundamental motor skills; adventure activities, coop. games & teamadventure activities, coop. games & team building.building.

> Grade 3-5: Increased focus on modified> Grade 3-5: Increased focus on modified versions of sport.versions of sport.



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Middle and High schoolers either becomeMiddle and High schoolers either become more active or more sedentary.more active or more sedentary.

HS Phys. Educ. requirements are 1-2HS Phys. Educ. requirements are 1-2 semesters.semesters.

Involvement in other activities (e.g., band,Involvement in other activities (e.g., band, school sport; dance team) may exemptschool sport; dance team) may exempt students from Physical Education students from Physical Education

. . . for Youth? (ages 10-18) . . . for Youth? (ages 10-18) Lifespan Physical ActivityLifespan Physical Activity


2020


Fitness centers in HS are becomingFitness centers in HS are becoming more common (w/ access for communities)more common (w/ access for communities)

Access for public during after schoolAccess for public during after school hours and eveningshours and evenings

Physical activity venues are now morePhysical activity venues are now more accessible for youth year round accessible for youth year round

. . . for Youth? (ages 10 – 18) . . . for Youth? (ages 10 – 18) Lifespan Physical ActivityLifespan Physical Activity


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► High School Interschool Sport ProgramHigh School Interschool Sport Program

>> Participation has steadily increased in the Participation has steadily increased in the last decade last decade (~7,200.000 students).(~7,200.000 students).

> > Booster clubs for many sports to Booster clubs for many sports to supplement funding.supplement funding.

>> Coaches may come from outside of the ranks Coaches may come from outside of the ranks of licensed teachers. of licensed teachers.

>> Most expect year round strength Most expect year round strength conditioning, & have an athletic trainer.conditioning, & have an athletic trainer.



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► Out-of-School SportOut-of-School Sport

> Students will engage in sports not typically> Students will engage in sports not typically

seen in HS programs.seen in HS programs.

> Practice and competition involvement equals> Practice and competition involvement equals that of athletes in HS programs.that of athletes in HS programs.

> Involvement and accomplishment may well > Involvement and accomplishment may well go unnoticed at school.go unnoticed at school.



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. . . for Young Adults? (Age 18 and over). . . for Young Adults? (Age 18 and over)

Entry into the workforce or furthering Entry into the workforce or furthering education.education.

Establishing patterns of work and play. Establishing patterns of work and play.



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► University Recreation & FitnessUniversity Recreation & Fitness programsprograms

> > Attractive facilities help attract and retain Attractive facilities help attract and retain

students.students.

> > Extensive choice in sport and fitness Extensive choice in sport and fitness programs & activities. programs & activities. (see Box 1.5)(see Box 1.5)




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► University Recreation & FitnessUniversity Recreation & Fitness programs programs (cont’d.)(cont’d.)

> > Extensive array of Extensive array of Sport ClubsSport Clubs for regional for regional

and national competition.and national competition.> > Outdoor AdventureOutdoor Adventure program offerings are program offerings are common.common.

> > Intramural programsIntramural programs and elective “General and elective “General Physical Activity” courses are popular withPhysical Activity” courses are popular with

students. students.




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► Community recreation Community recreation > > Municipal and private fitness facilities offer Municipal and private fitness facilities offer fee-based PA opportunities (e.g., YMCA, Parksfee-based PA opportunities (e.g., YMCA, Parks

& Recreation).& Recreation).

> Community rec. programs cater to all ages.> Community rec. programs cater to all ages.

> Availability of such programs can attract new> Availability of such programs can attract new community residents.community residents.

> Municipality-maintained parks, and trails > Municipality-maintained parks, and trails offer additional access for PA (often free).offer additional access for PA (often free).




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► Informal Participation Informal Participation > > Very popular among young and older adults. Very popular among young and older adults.

>> Can contribute to health and quality of life. Can contribute to health and quality of life.

> > Popular examples include: Cycling, swimming, Popular examples include: Cycling, swimming, walking, jogging skating, tennis, and golf. walking, jogging skating, tennis, and golf.

> > Other (less visible) include mountain Other (less visible) include mountain biking, rock climbing, and backpacking. biking, rock climbing, and backpacking.




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. . . for Older Adults?. . . for Older Adults?


Myths about the dangers of (vigorous)Myths about the dangers of (vigorous) physical activity for older adults physical activity for older adults

1980’s brought about a gradual shift 1980’s brought about a gradual shift

Today, older adults are learning to beToday, older adults are learning to be more active (preferring low impactmore active (preferring low impact activities)activities)


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► Master Athlete ProgramsMaster Athlete Programs

> > Hail from Europe Hail from Europe

>> Increasingly popular Increasingly popular

> > Track & Field , Swimming Track & Field , Swimming




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► Physical Activity ForeverPhysical Activity Forever

> > Increased life expectancy increases need Increased life expectancy increases need

for PA in older adults > maintain health.for PA in older adults > maintain health.

>> Inactive lifestyle adds to health care Inactive lifestyle adds to health care

cost. cost.

> > Previous generations never viewed fitness Previous generations never viewed fitness and active lifestyle as essential. and active lifestyle as essential.




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► Sport Clubs Sport Clubs (fee-based, caters to different ages and skill levels) (fee-based, caters to different ages and skill levels)

► Sport Medicine Centers Sport Medicine Centers (specializes in injury treatment, rehab,(specializes in injury treatment, rehab,

independent from hospitals, caters to all ages)independent from hospitals, caters to all ages)

► Home Fitness Home Fitness (homes now often include a fitness room) (homes now often include a fitness room)

► Worksite programs Worksite programs (reduced health care insurance cost) (reduced health care insurance cost)

► Sport / Games Festivals Sport / Games Festivals (offers competition for all ages and(offers competition for all ages and

skill levels).skill levels).

New Settings for Sport, Fitness, New Settings for Sport, Fitness, and Physical Educationand Physical Education


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► An early start helps An early start helps

► Breakdown of gender and age stereotypesBreakdown of gender and age stereotypes

► Emphasis from youth to adults Emphasis from youth to adults

► Increased role by private sector Increased role by private sector

► New professionals New professionals

► Increased availability of informationIncreased availability of information

► Role of technology Role of technology

What are the emerging characteristics What are the emerging characteristics of Lifespan Physical Activity?of Lifespan Physical Activity?**


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► Increased opportunities for PA vs overweight/obesity crisisIncreased opportunities for PA vs overweight/obesity crisis

► Disparities between groups relative to access andDisparities between groups relative to access and

opportunity for PA, Sport, Fitness. opportunity for PA, Sport, Fitness.

► Role of “built environment” in suppressing vs increasing PARole of “built environment” in suppressing vs increasing PA

► Poor infrastructure to support PA for ALLPoor infrastructure to support PA for ALL

► Having professionals become “boundary-crossers”Having professionals become “boundary-crossers”

Major issues and what to do about Major issues and what to do about them? them?

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© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Chapter 1 The dilemma of our times: Lifespan physical activity and the obesity crisis The dilemma