© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Chapter 21: The Thorax and Abdomen

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Chapter 21: The Thorax and Abdomen






Preventing Injuries to the Thorax and Abdomen

• Utilize appropriate protective equipment– Imperative in collision sports

• Abdominal musculature strengthening to protect underlying viscera

• Be sure hollow organs are empty prior to competition– Reduces chance of injury to them


Assessment of the Thorax Abdomen

• Injuries to this region can produce

life-threatening situations• ATC’s evaluation should focus on signs and

symptoms that indicate potentially life-threatening conditions

• Continually monitor breathing, circulation and any indication of internal bleeding or shock


• History– What happened to cause this injury?– Was there direct contact or a direct blow?– What position were you in?– What type of pain, was it immediate or gradual,

location(s)?– Difficulty breathing?– What positions are most comfortable?– Do you feel faint, light-headed or nauseous?– Chest pain?


– Hear or feel snap, crack or pop in your chest?– Muscle spasms?– Blood or pain during urination?– Was the bladder full or empty?– How long has it been since you last ate?– Is there a personal or family history of any

heart, abdominal problems or other diseases involving the abdomen and thorax?


• Observations– Is the athlete breathing? Are they having difficulty

breathing? Does breathing cause pain?– Is the athlete holding the chest wall?– Is there symmetry of the chest during breathing?– If the athlete’s wind was knocked out, is normal

breathing returning? How rapidly?– Body position


– Check for areas of discoloration, swelling or deformities• Around umbilicus = intra-abdominal bleed• Flanks = swelling outside the abdomen

– Protrusion or swelling in any portion of abdomen (internal bleeding)

– Does the thorax appear to be symmetrical?– Are the abdominal muscles tight and guarding?– Is the athlete holding or splinting a particular part?– Monitor vital signs (pulse, respiration, BP)

• Rapid weak pulse or drop in BP is an indication of a serious internal injury (involves blood loss)


• Palpation– Thorax

• Check for symmetry of chest wall movement and search for areas of tenderness

• Palpate along ribs and intercostal spaces as well as costochondral junctions – locate points of tenderness

– Abdomen• Patient should have arms at side, knees and hips

flexed to relax abdomen• Feel for guarding and tenderness, rigidity (internal

bleeding)• Be aware of possibility of referred pain



Recognition and Management of Specific Injuries

• Rib Contusion– Cause of Injury

• Blow to the rib cage can bruise ribs, musculature or result in fracture

– Signs of Injury• Painful breathing (particularly if muscles are

involved)• Point tenderness; pain with rib compression

– Care• RICE and NSAID’s• Rest and decrease in activity


• Rib Fractures– Cause of Injury

• Caused by a direct blow or the result of a violent muscular contraction

• Can be caused by violent coughing and sneezing

– Signs of Injury• History is critically important• Pain with inspiration, point tenderness and possible

deformity with palpation

– Care• Refer for X-rays• Support and rest; brace• Generally heals in 3-4 weeks



• Costal Cartilage Injury – Cause of Injury

• Result of a direct blow to the anterolateral aspect of the rib cage

– Signs of Injury• Localized pain in region of costochondral junctions• Pain with movement; difficulty with breathing• Point tenderness and possible deformity

– Care• Rest and immobilization• Healing may take 1-2 months



• Intercostal Muscle Injuries– Cause of Injury

• Muscles are subject to contusions and strains• Occur most often from direct blows or sudden

torsion of the trunk

– Signs of Injury• Pain occurs on active motions; pain with inspiration

and expiration, coughing, sneezing and laughing

– Care• Immediate pressure and application of cold for

approximately 20 minutes• After hemorrhaging is controlled, immobilize the

injury to make the athlete comfortable



• Lung Injuries– Cause of Injury– Pneumothorax -

• pleural cavity becomes filled with air, negatively pressurizing the cavity, causing a lung to collapse

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R-l1nzOezIw

– Tension Pneumothorax• Pleural sac on one side fills with air displacing lung

and heart, compressing the opposite lung

– Hemothorax• Blood in pleural cavity causes tearing or puncturing

of the lungs or pleural tissue – Traumatic Asphyxia

– Result of a violent blow or compression of rib cage– Causes cessation of breathing and immediate medical attention

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R-l1nzOezIw


– Signs of Injury• Breathing difficulty, shortness of breath, chest pain on side of injury• Coughed up blood, cyanosis, and potentially shock• With collapse of lung medical attention is required immediately

– Care• Each of these conditions are medical emergencies and require

immediate attention• Transport athlete to hospital immediately


Pneumothorax


• Sudden Death Syndrome in Athletes– Cause of Condition

• Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy- thickening of cardiac muscle w/ no increase in chamber size

• Anomalous origin of coronary arteries• Marfan’s syndrome- abnormality in connective

tissue results in weakening of aorta and cardiac vessels

• Series of additional cardiac causes• Non-cardiac causes include drugs and alcohol,

intracranial bleeding, obstructive respiratory disease– Signs of Condition

• Most do not exhibit any signs prior to death• May exhibit chest pain, heart palpitations, syncope,

nausea, profuse sweating, shortness of breath, malaise and/or fever


Marfan’s

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy


– Care• Immediate medical attention is necessary – life

threatening condition

– Prevention • Counseling and screening are critical in early

identification and prevention of sudden death• Screening questions should address the following

– History of heart murmurs– Chest pain during activity– Periods of fainting during exercise– Family history– Thickening of heart or history of Marfan’s syndrome

• Cardiac screening - electrocardiograms and echocardiograms may be needed to determine existing pathology


• Breast Problems– Cause of Injury

• Constant uncontrolled movement

(particularly in large breasted women)• Stretching of Cooper’s ligament• Runner’s and cyclist’s nipple

– Management• Females should wear well-designed bra that has

minimum elasticity and allows for little movement• Special plastic cup-type brassieres may be required in

sports with high levels of physical contact• Use of an adhesive bandage can be used to prevent

runner’s nipple• Wearing a windbreaker can prevent cyclist nipple


• Abdominal Muscle Strain– Cause of Injury

• Result of sudden twisting or reaching of trunk, tearing abdominal musculature

• Contusions of Abdominal Wall– Cause of Injury

• Caused by a compressive force - generally occurring in collision sports

• Extent of injury depends on whether force is blunt or penetrating

Injuries to the Abdominal Wall


– Signs of Injury• May cause a hematoma to develop under fascia of

surrounding muscle tissue• Swelling may cause pain and tightness w/in the region

– Care• Cold pack and compression• Be sure to check for signs of internal injuries• Conservative management• Exercise should be kept pain free


• Hernia– Cause of Injury

• Protrusion of abdominal viscera through

portion of abdominal wall (congenital or acquired)• Inguinal vs. femoral hernias • Complications and strangulated hernias

– Signs of Injury• Acquired hernia occur when natural weakness is further

aggravated by a direct blow or strain– History of direct blow to groin area, pain and prolonged

discomfort, superficial protrusion with pain increasing with coughing & reported pulling sensation in groin area


– Care• Most physicians

prefer athlete to refrain from hard physical activity until surgically repaired

• Mechanical devices are not suitable for athletics due to friction and irritation they produce

• While exercise is thought to be beneficial with regards to strengthening that is not the case


• Blow to Solar Plexus– Cause of Injury

• Transitory paralysis of the diaphragm due to blow to the middle portion of the abdomen

– Signs of Injury• Stops respiration and leads to anoxia• Generally transitory

– Care• Must help athlete overcome apprehension• Use short inspirations and long expirations• Calm athlete, prevent hyperventilation, blow into a paper

bag• ATC should question possibility of internal injury


• Stitch in the Side– Cause of Injury

• Idiopathic condition with obscure cause and several hypotheses

– Constipation, intestinal gas, overeating, diaphragmatic spasm, poor conditioning, lack of visceral support and weak abdominals, distended spleen, breathing techniques resulting in lack of oxygen, ischemia of diaphragm or intercostal muscles

– Signs of Injury• Cramp-like pain that develops on either the right

or left costal angle during hard physical activity– Management

• Relaxation of the spasm– Stretch arm on affected side as high as possible– Flex trunk forward on the thighs

• Additional problems may warrant further study


• Injury of the Spleen– Cause of Injury

• Result of a direct blow • Infectious mononucleosis (causing an

enlarged spleen)– Signs of Injury

• Indications of a ruptured spleen involve history of a direct blow, signs of shock, abdominal rigidity, nausea, vomiting

• Kehr’s sign• Ability to splint self may produce delayed

hemorrhaging - easily disrupted resulting in internal bleeding


– Care• Conservative treatment involves 1 wk of

hospitalization and a gradual return to activity• Surgery will result in three months of recovery

while removal of spleen will result in a 6 month removal from activity

• In cases of mononucleosis athlete may resume training in 3 weeks if spleen not enlarged and if there is no fever


• Kidney Contusion– Cause of Injury

• Result of an external force (force and angle dependent)• Susceptible to injury due to normal distention of blood

– Signs of Injury• May display signs of shock, nausea, vomiting, rigidity

of back muscles and hematuria (blood in urine)• Referred pain (costovertebral angle posteriorly

radiating forward around the trunk)– Care

• Monitor status of urine (hematuria) - refer if necessary• 24 hour hospitalization and observation with a gradual

increase in fluid intake• Surgery may be required if hemorrhaging continues• 2 weeks of rest and close surveillance following initial

return to activity is necessary



• Liver Contusion– Cause of Injury

• Blunt trauma - right side of rib cage• More susceptible if enlarged due to illness (hepatitis)

– Signs of Injury• Hemorrhaging and shock may present• May require immediate surgery• Presents with referred pain in right scapula, shoulder and

substernal area and occasionally in left anterior side of chest

– Care• Referral to a physician for diagnosis and treatment


• Appendicitis– Cause of Injury

• Inflammation of the vermiform appendix (chronic or acute)

• Result of blockage, lymph swelling, or carcinoid tumor• Early stages it presents as a gastric complaint, that

gradually develops from red swollen vessel to a gangrenous structure that can rupture into bowels causing peritonitis

– Signs of Injury• Mild to severe pain in lower abdomen, associated with

nausea, vomiting and low grade fever• Pain may localize in lower right abdomen (McBurney’s

point)– Care

• Surgical intervention is often necessary (particularly if it is resulting in an obstructed bowel = life threatening)



• Injuries to the Bladder– Cause of Injury

• Blunt force to the lower abdomen may

cause injury to urinary bladder if distended

with urine• Hematuria is often associated with contusion of bladder

during running (runner’s bladder)

– Signs of Injury• Pain, discomfort of lower abdominal region, abdominal

rigidity, nausea, vomiting, shock, bleeding from the urethra, increased quantity of bloody urine

• Athlete should be instructed to monitor urine • Inability to urinate will present in case of ruptured

bladder


• Scrotal/Testicular Contusion– Cause of Injury

• Result of blunt trauma and contusion to the vulnerable and sensitive scrotum

– Signs and Symptoms• Hemorrhaging, fluid effusion, muscle spasm, severe pain

(disabling)• May cause nauseating, disabling and painful condition

– Care• Place athlete on side with knees to chest• Apply cold pack as pain subsides• If pain persist after 15-20 minutes referral will be

necessary



• Gynecological Injuries– Low incidence of injury in sports

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© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Chapter 21: The Thorax and Abdomen