2

2.1 n =1, 2, 3, 4, K, L, M, N l =0, 1, 2, 3, , (n-1) s, p, d, f jj=|ls|ss =1/2 n, l, j (nlj)2p3/2, 3d5/2XPSAESXPSAESX

2-1X

nljX101/2K1s1/2201/2L12s1/211/2L22p1/23/2L32p3/2301/2M13s1/211/2M23p1/23/2M33p3/223/2M43d3/25/2M53d5/2401/2N14s1/211/2N24p1/23/2N34p3/223/2N44d3/25/2N54d5/235/2N64f5/27/2N74f7/2501/2O15s1/2

2.2 STM()() (Primary process)

2.2.11 :1887(Hertz)19051921 A + h A+* + e ()

nlnlnln,llnn,l 2

2.2.21:(plasmon)(phonon)(exciton)

(Ep1 keV)X A + ep A+* + 2e ()

2 ()Ep EWW

QW(EP/EW)EPEWU3-5QWEWEW10-310-4.

2.3(Photoelectric Effect)hn-Ei(n)-Ef(n-1,k)EKk (h > EB)M + h M+* + e:Ei(n) + h= Ef(n-1,k) + EK EK = h EB ----

2.3.1

2.3.2(~10-16s)hnhn (X-ray)EB(1s) > EB(2s) > EB(2p) > EB(3s) ZEB(Na 1s) < EB(Mg 1s) < EB(Al 1s) EB(7Li 1s) = EB(6Li 1s).

()

2.4(Auger Effect) Pierre Auger19221923:30----

2.4.1(secondary process)(A+*)()(i) ()A+*A+ + h ()(ii) ()A+* A++* + e (Auger)

(

e-

(

ea

x

2.4.2X(XPS)(AES),

(Auger)KL1(EK-EL1)

WXW=XYC-K(Coster-Kronig)(p>i)L1L2MW=X=YC-K(p>iq>i)N5N6N6 KLMKKLLKLMKMMKLLKL1L1KL1L2KL1L3KL2L2KL2L3: Wi Xp Yq (i, p, q)

2.4.3KL-M-L-M-KLLL-S5J-J69HHe

ZZ(K, L, M)Z15KPx5%0KLLLMMMNNZ15Z=41LZK: Z3(Li)13(Al)L: Z11(Na)35(Br)M: Z19(K)70(Yb)N: Z39(Y)94(Pu)ZKLLLMMMNNWXYXYXYW1KLLLMMMNNNOO

2.4.4() PxPaPx+Pa=1KE.H.S.Burhop: A.H. Wapstra:n=1/4A=-6.410-2B=3.4010-2C=-1.0310-6 PaPxZZ

2.4.5 ()WXY: , (1)SEFEF=0: (2)

X