13,000- 10,500 B.C.E. = peopling of North America

Earliest Americans= Paleo-Indians Extinction of mammoths, mega bison = change

in lifestyle for Paleo-Indians Consequences:

Hunting smaller animals Focus more on forging local resources

Leads to more diversity among groups, had to adapt to unique environments

10,000 – 4000 B.C.E. transition to Archaic Indians Still migrated following food, few exceptions Difference:

Use of stone tools (food preparation) 4000 B.C.E. shift to agriculture

Major change to permanent settlements Southwest cultivating Maize by 3500 B.C.E.

Effects of Climate Shift Shift from Paleo-Indian ways to Archaic Experimentation with agriculture

Consequences of Farming Shift to year-round villages Major transformations in societies who people cultivated crops as primary

source of food Example: Plains Indians vs. Eastern Woodlands

Development of Native American culture See Chart / North America

Native American ties communal use and control of resources Reciprocity: give/take, balance among people Common use of bow/arrow, production of ceramic pottery, similar rituals

for burial of dead Preference for independent, kin-based communities Conformity and close cooperation, strong sense of order Customs: used to reinforce conformity Respect came from providing for people not by force Belief that nature was alive, spiritual sense Strong sense of interdependence

Mesoamerica/South America Breeding of crops lead to development of large urban centers Eventually formed chiefdoms with hereditary rulers C.E. 1 = states with centralized, hierarchical power rose

Mayans, Aztecs

Southwest Alaska California Eastern Woodlands

Farming- 400 B.C.E.-intro of drought resistant maize-increased population

No farming-fishing/ hunting/ gathering

No farming-salmon-acorns

Developed complex political organization before farming-on floodplains of Mississippi

Hohokam: 3rd c. B.C.E.Farmed ArizonaBuilt elaborate canals

Inuits and Aleuts:Adapted to environment and landscapes-bow/arrow-Ceramic pottery

Competition for acorns led to defining territorial boundaries more rigidly and more intricate political, economic, and religious organization

Adena: 1200 B.C.E.-Moundbuilders, Poverty Pt-Ohio Valley-1st c. B.C.E. developed into Hopewell-Wider area, more complex centers, trade-Abandoned 5th c. C.E.

Anasazi: 10th-12th c. C.E.-built towns, controlled rainwater, turquoise industry-drought= decline

Mississippian: 7th c. C.E.-first full-time farmers-combined Hopewell culture and ideas from Mexico-massive trade-huge urban centers (Cahokia)13th c. C.E. = decline*end of political centralization

12th-15th centuries C.E. Massive trade

Mediterranean trade Europe/Asia/Africa

Bubonic plague Reduced population and

food supply New ideology/ taking

risks Scientific/technological

advances Printing press Maritime advances

Religion Spread of Christianity

Renaissance Ancient Greek/ Romans Mapping Prince Henry the Navigator

Little Ice Age Monarchs/Imperialism

New nation-states Crave resources/wealth Solidify power

Population stats vary 1/3 lived in Mississippi valley Low population density Abundant resources (enough for everyone)

Major Differences b/w Indians and Europeans Indians lacked

Wheels, sailing ships, domesticated animals, use of metals other than copper

No sense of land ownership, not motivated by wealth/power

Rough equality (men/women, rich/poor)