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Nervous system

Chapter 17 Central Nervous System

The spinal cord

Brain brain stem

cerebellum

diencephalon

telencephalon

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cerebral longitudinal fissurecorpus callosumcerebral transverse fissurecerebral transverse fissurecentral sulcusparietooccipital sulcusfrontal lobetemporal lobeoccipital lobeparietal lobeinsular lobe

the shape and sublobe of telencephalon

telencephalon

frontal lobe

parietal lobe

occipital lobe

temporal lobe

insular lobe, insula

cerebral longitudinal fissure

central sulcus

frontal lobe

occipital lobe

parietal lobe

parietooccipital sulcus

lateral sulcus

central sulcus

parietooccipital sulcus temporal lobe

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frontal lobe ： anterior paracentral fissure superior frontal sulcus inferior frontal sulcus precentral gyrus superior frontal gyrus middle frontal gyrus inferior frontal gyrus

parietal lobe： postcentral sulcus; intraparietal sulcus postcentral gyrus superior parietal lobule inferior parietal lobule （ supramarginal gyrus 、 angular gyrus ） temporal lobe： superior temporal sulcus Inferior temporal sulcus superior temporal gyrus middle temporal gyrus inferior temporal gyrus transverse temporal gyri

superolateral surface of hemisphere

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precentral gyrus

central sulcus

postcentral gyrus

postcentral sulcus

superior parietal lobule

intraparietal sulcus

supramarginal gyrus

angular gyrus

inferior temporal gyrus

precentral sulcus

superior frontal gyrus

superior frontal sulcus

middle frontal gyrus

inferior frontal sulcus

inferior frontal gyrus

lateral sulcus

superior temporal gyrus

superior temporal sulucs

middle temporal gyrusinferior temporal sulcus

preoccipital incisure

parietooccipital sulcus

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Hemispherical medial surface

paracentral lobulecorpus callosumpseudoventriclecalcarine sulcuscuneate lobelingual gyrussulcus hippocampicingulate gyrus

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olfactory bulbolfactory tractolfactory triangleanterior perforated substancecollateral sulcussubiculum hippocampiuncusmedial occipitotemporal gyruslateral occipitotemporal gyrusdentate gyrusHippocampushippocampal formation

inferior view

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septal areacingulate gyrusSubiculum hippocampiuncushippocampusdentate gyrus

limbic lobe

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functional localization of cerebral cortex

First somatic motor area precentral gyrus,anterior part of paracentral lobule （ 4 、 6 area ）

The efferenting fibers composed of pyramid tract, and carry out the administration of skeletal muscle movement.

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First somatic sensory area paracentral lobule,posterior part of paracentral lobule （ 3 、 1 、 2 area ）

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Visual area the occipital cortex above or below the calcarine sulcus (17 area)

17

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4 ． auditory area transverse temporal gyri （ 41 、 42 area ）

5 ． area of equilibrium sense the inferior extremity of postcentral gyrus

6 ． olfactory region the medial part of uncus of parahippocampal gyrus and its vicinity

8 ． visceral motor center limbic lobe

7． gustatory area the inferior part of postcentral gyrus （ 43 area ）

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9.speech center

（ 1 ） motor speech center ： posterior part of inferior frontal gyrus － Broca area （ 44 、 45 area ）（ 2 ） writing area ： posterior part of middle frontal gyrus （ 8 area ）（ 3 ） auditory speech center ： posterior part of superior temporal gyrus （ 22 area ）（ 4 ） visual speech center （ reading center ）： angular gyrus （ 39 area ）

cheirokinesthetic center

motor speech center

Wernicke area visual speech

center

auditory speech center

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telencephalic internal structure

1 ． basal nuclei（ 1 ） corpus striatum（ 2） claustrum （ 3） amygdaloid body

corpus striatumcaudate nucleus

lentiform nucleus

neostriatum

globus pallidus—paleostriatum

putamen

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divide into four parts ： anterior horn — extend to frontal lobe posterior horn — extend to occipital lobeinferior horn — extend to temporal lobecentral part — lies in parietal lobe

Communicate with the third ventricle of cerebrum through left and right interventricular foramen.

2. lateral cerebral ventricle

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3 ． cerebral cortexthe gray matter covering on the surface of cerebral hemisphere

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52 areas can be divided according to Brodmann

subregion ：

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Interhemispheric medulla

1 、 association fibers ①fasciculus uncinatus ②superior longitudinal fasciculus ③inferior longitudinal fasciculus ④cingule

archiform fibers

superior longitudinal fasciculus

lentiform nucleus

uncinate fasciculus

inferior longitudinal fasciculus

cingulum

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2 、 commissural fibers corpus callosum ： mouth,knee,trunk,spleniumanterior commissure—link the temporal lobe of two sides fornix,fornical commissure

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Internal capsuleLocate between dorsal thalamus, caudate nucleus and lentiform nucleus. The horizontal section assumes the shape of V to the outside.

3 、 projection fibers

anterior limb of internal capsule—frontal regionknee of internal capsuleposterior limb of internal capsule—occiput thalamolentiform part （ between lentiform nucleus and thalamencephalon ） retrolentiform part sublentiform part

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（ 1 ） projection fibers of anterior limb of internal capsule frontopontile tract anterior thalamic radiations（ 2 ） projection fibers of knee of internal capsule corticonuclear tract（ 3 ） projection fibers of posterior limb of internal capsule corticospinal tract corticorubral tract occipitotemporopontine tract central thalamic radiations optic radiation acoustic radiation

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1 、 the half body sensory deprivation of opposite side （ the injury

of central thalamic radiations ）2 、 contralateral hemiplegia （ the injury of corticonuclear tract an

d corticospinal tract ）3 、 the half blindness of two visual field in the same side （ the inj

ury of optic radiation ）

The injury of one internal capsule can produce symptom of “three unsymmetrical” ：

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Subcortex structure ： amygdaloid body,septal nuclei,hypothalamus,the anterior nucleus of dorsal thalamus et al.

limbic system

limbic lobe ： cingulate gyrus,parahippocampal gyrus,uncus,hippocampus,dentate gyrus et al.

function ： 1 、 control visceral regulation, emotional reaction and sexual activity and so on. 2 、 hippocampus is related to memory.