TAP CHi LUAT HQC SO 5/2019 NGHliNCVV- TRAOBOI

TRACH NHIEM HIEN PHAP TRONG BOI C A N H C A I CACH PHAP LUAT

VA NHU CAU KIEM SOAT OUYEN llfC NHA Nl/dC 6 VIET NAM HIEN NAY

MAI VAN THANC *

Tdm tSt: Bdi viitlugn gidi su cdn thiet ihica nhdn trdch nhiem hiin phdp nhu Id mpt logi trdch nhiem phdp li d Vi^t Nam hi4n nay. Trdch nMem hiin phdp, rngt mgt gdp phdn khod idp nhung khodng trdng, bdt cgp ciia li. lugn phdp lugt,. ldm tudng minh ranh gidi giUa trdch nhiem ph^ li vd trdch nhi^m chinh tri, ffdi quyet nhieu vdn de phdt sinh trong thuc_ tien, mat.khdc, gdp phdn quan trgng hodn thien md hinh, phuang thicc td chicc quyen luc nhd nude a Vi?t Nam, theo djnh hudng phdp quyen, .ddn chu, thUe ddy phdn quyen vd dgc bi0t hd trg ddc luc trong viec kiim sodt quyin luc nhd ntcdc d Viet Nam.

Tic khoa: Cdi cdch phdp lugt; kiem sodt quyen luc; trdch nhi4m hien phdp Nhgn bdi: 24/10/2018 Hodn thdnh bien tap: 18/7/2019 Duy?t dang: '29/7/2019

CONSTTTUTiONAL LIABILITY IN THE CURRENT CONTEXT OF LEGAL REFORM A N D THE NEED FOR CONTROLLING STATE POWERS IN VIETNAM ' '

Abstract: The article argues for the necessity of recognising constitutional liabib'ity as a legal liability in Vietnam. Constitutional liability, on the one hand, fills the gaps cmd shortcomings cf legal theory, clarifies the boundary between legaLliability and political liability, and thus resolving various problems arising in practice; on the other hand, it greatly contributes to improving the models and methods of organising state powers in Vietnam in adherence to the rule of law and democracy orientation,-thereby enhaiicing separatidh of powers Ohd especially assisting in the process of controlling state powers in Vietnam.

. Kevwords: 'Legal reform; power control; constitutional liability ••

•Received: Oct24'^, 2018; Editing completed: July 1^,^2019; Accepted for publication: July 29f*', 2019

Jl^ nhiing nude theo, truyen thing phdp ludt thugng dugc bdo ddm vd thay the khd Mdu

\_/xa h§i chft ngMa trudc kia, thdng thudng qud bdng ttdch nMem chinh trj ciia cac. dang

vin de trach nMdm Min phdp (TNHP) rit it vidn,.to chftc ca sd ddng vd cfta chmh dang

kMdugcdgtra. Dilu nay dugc, H giai bdi vai theo li tudng c0ng.san dugc biit .din ydi sy

ted khdng ro, ndt vdi ban chit mang dam tinh chgt-che, ki lugt teong,to chftc va hoat d§ng

tuydn ngdn chinh tri * cfta Hiln phdp ttong tren nen tan^ tgp thd Idnh dgo ya tap trung.

ddi sdng xd, hgi. Nhiing ^ thudc vl TNHP dan chft. 6 Lidn Xd, nhiing tranh, luan yd

' TNHP pM.thuc sy sdi nii vdo cuoi thgp nidn

* Gang viSn, Khoa Luat,,D?i h9C qu$c gia MS N§i 80 cfta the ki XX vd gdn ydi cdng cudc cdi td E-mail: thangmv@vnu.edu.vn o qqlc gia nay/ * ,

(1). Ngi^ln Thi (jii^ AnK, Ng6 Huy Ciiong, Cdcft m iMg cdngnghi4p Idn thiitu\>d nhiing vSt di d$t ra ddi vdi '—^ cdi cdch phdp lugt Viit Nam, Sdch chuyfin khao, Nxb. (2). ;KpMcaH0B AHTOH Baqecji9B0BHq, KoHcnnyimoHHp-Chinh tri quoc gia sy: th^t, Ha N$i, 2018, tr. 20. npaaoBaa oTBercraeHHocrf. Bu6opHi.ix H aojiKHocTHLix

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TAP CHI L U A T H Q C S O 5/2019 NGHIENCUV- TRAODOI

Ngugc lgi, d nude Nga thdi hgu Xd Vidt, ttong bdi canh xdy dyngxd h^i phdp quydn, dan chii, nhung vin dl vi TNHP dugc ngMdn cftu, ban ludn nMeu trong khda hoc li ludn ve phdp ludt, khoa hgc luat Mdn phap (lugt nhd nudc)* ^ vd cd!e khoa hge vl cMnh tii../** 0 nhftng quic gia cd truyin thing phdp Iu$t Thdng Mgt' (Common law) hogc Ddn ludt (Civil law), do li thuyet vl trdch hMdra phdp li khdng theo ca chd phdn ngdnh vd nin ddn chft kha phdt triln, ngMdn cftu ve TNHP thudng khdng dugc quan tdm nMeu ho|c ndu cd tM thudng dugc dl cdp trong nhiing ngMdn

jimi ^eAepajibHbix opraHOB rocyAapcreeHHoS Bjiacm.

lOHCHO-VpajifcCKHfi rocy.iwpcTBeHHwii yHHBepcHTer/

flHccepTaiiHH KannmiaTCKafl, 2014, C.5 (Kririsanov

Anton Vyacheslavovich, Ti-dch nhiem phdp li hiin ph^

cita cdc chiififvii bdu cu trong cdc ca quan nhd nude

dig Liin bang, Luan .Sn tien sT luJit hpc, 2014, tr. 5);

EoroMOJiOB HifKHxa CepreeBm, KoHcnnyiiHOHHO-

npaaoBas OTBercTBCHHOcrb KaK 4>opMajn>Ho-iopiwnecKaH

KareropHa/ BoroMonoB HmsKra' CepreeBiw // BecraHK

AKaAeMHH FeHepajibHoH npOKypaiypbi PO. 2010.

Jfel7. C.68-74 (Bogomolov Nikita Sergeievich,

"Trach nlii^m hiln phap nhu la pham trd phap li hinh

tilfic", Chifyen san khoa hgc, T^ng vien c9ng to Li6n

bang Nga, 2010, s6 17, tr. 68 - 74 ; UlmepmeB C ,

OHJIHUnOB H. npogjlCMW KOHCTHiytWOHHO-npaBOBoit OTBercTBeHHOcrH: KOE^^epcHipui Ha

KpHflHqecKoM ^ai^'jitTere MTV// BecraHK

MocKOBCKoro yHMsepcHTera^ CepHsi 11. IIpaBO.

2001. X23-(Slieve'rdyaev S, Philippov i;NHirngvdn di

•Cua trdch nhiim hiin phdp, H$l thao khoa hQC cOa

Khoalul^f D^i hpc tSng hgp Mat-xco-ya, ChuySn san

khoa hpc ciia D^ihpc T6ng bgp Mat-xco-va, Quyen

so 11 "Lu(lt hpc", 20Cil, s6 3) . '

(3). Tgn gpi "Lu^t hi^n p l ^ " pho biin trin th^ gidrj,

Tuy idiiSn, trong thfiri kl-LlSn Xd, thay vi t in gpi

"Lu§t hien phap" trong khoa hpc vath\rc t i& ^u&ng

hay dimg thu§t ngtt " l44 t phk nude' ' . Chi sau khi

Liin X6 sgp dl,.cr Nga v i nhi^u nu6c thuOcLiln X6

tnrdc ^ y t in gpi "Lugt hien phap"'m6i chfnh thiic

dua vao six dpng thay tb i t in gpi "Lu§t nha nude".

(4). Kruisanov Anton Vyacheslavovich, tldd, tr. 5 - 8.

cftu vd trach nM^m phap li ndi chung hogc nhiing ngMdn cftu vl Min phdp, bdo Mln. *

Ciri nhdn thftc ring, phap- ludt cua eac nude xa hgi chft ngMa (XHCN) hogc dnh hudng cfta phap ludt XHCN cd xu hudng phan ngdnh rit rd. * Vi v|iy, vi?e tdch bach ngMdn cftu trdch nhigm phdp li cfta tftng ngdnh lugt, vl li thuylt, dftng ra phdi cd vi tri, f ngMa quan tegng. Trudc ddy, phap lugt XHCN cd.U.do dd hgn chd de cdp yin dd ndy. Tuy nMdn, teong bii c^tii cai each phap ludt d riMdu quoc gia tiieo md Mnh XHCN M?n nay, cftng vdi nd lyc xay dung nhd nude phdp.quydn XHCN, hudng tdi minh bgch, quan tri tdt, kidra sodt quydn lyc M?u qua dd hdi nhgp thdnh cdng, phdt triln nhanh, bdn viing, Tt'^lP ttd ndn 3gc biet quan ttgng va cip tMdt. Bdi Id che dinh ttdch nMem mdi nay khdng cM phft hgp vdi tu duy phan ngdnh chiu dnh hudng tft truyen thing phdp ludt XHCN, nia edn gdp phin hoan tMen he thdng phdp lu$t, xdy dung xa hdi phdp quyin, tiiilt Idp cdhg cu, ca chd kidm' sodt quyin l\rc nha nude, d?e bi?t Id kidm sodt tft bdn ttong. Bdn cgnh dd, TNHP cung se gdp phin quan ttgng 3cay dyng ea sd phap Ii giftp Ddng kilm soat vide thyc tM quydn l\rc, kilra tta, gidm, sat ca quan, M chiic, cdn bd va ddng vien mgt cdch Mdu qud trong dieu kieh mdi d Vidt Nara Men nay.'^ Bai vilt nay tdp trung tim ldi giai cho nhftng ludn dilrn iy.

(5). Dieu nay c6 m§t p h ^ nguyin nhSn la trong

truyin th6ng phap lu§t Civil law va Common law,

vi$c phan phdp luSt thanh cdc nganh luSt khdng phai

la m i i quan tam Idn ciing kh6ng dupe cho la cin thilt.

(6). PhSn chia phap lo^t thanh cSc nganh lu|it ma

khong .chia thanh cong phap, tir phap la m^t trong

nhflng d9c di lm ciia truyin thing phap luSt XHCN.

(7). https;//vcrv.vn/chinh-tri/kiem-soat-cach-nao-de-

quyen-luc-khong-bi-tha-hoa-795188.vov, truy ^ e?p

22/10/2018.

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TAP CHI LUAT HOC SO 5/2019 NGHliNCVV- TRAP Ddi

1. Ban chat cua trdch nhi|m hien phap vd sir cin thilt, f n ^ i a cua no doi vdi li luan va thurc tien phap lu$t d Vift Nam hi^n nay

1.1. Bdn chdt cua trdch nhiem hien phdp d Vidt Nam, TNHP da dude dl cdp ttong

mgt s6 ngMdn cftu cfta cdc tdc gid nhu Nguyen Dang Dung, Bfti Nggc Son, Dang Minh Tuin'^' vd mOt sd hgc gid khde chuydn vl ludt Mdn pbdpi va li lugn phdp lligt. Tuy nMen, nhung vin dl lidn quaii din bdn chit, ddc dilni cfta TNHP tM dudng nhu chua dugc dl cgp mgt e^h ^ y dii, todn didn. NgMdn cftu rd rdng nhit vl vdn dd ndy la bdi viet "Ban ve lap Min" cua tac gia Bfti Nggc Son.*' Trong bdi vilt nay, tae gid phdn tich radt so kMa cgnh li lugn cfta TNHP va mgt so chft the ciia TNHP. Tuy nMen, bai vilt chua bdn din moi lidn h^ cfta TNHP vdi kiem sodt quyen luc nhd nude. Ngodi bai vilt ndy, cac ngMen cftu khac d Viet Nam chu ydu tgp trung vd chft ngMa Min phdp, ca ehi bdo Min hogc gdn hon la ngMdn cihi ve tl tyng Mdn phdp.

(g). Biii Ngpc Son, "To tung hiln phap", Tgp chi nhd nude vdphdp lugt, s6 12/2004; BOi Ngpc Son, "Tai phSn hiln phdp va viln canh chu nghTa hpp hien d Vi t Nam", Tgp chi nghien cuu lgp phdp, so 4/2009; Biii Ngpc Son, "Tai phdn hiln phip vivj tri ciia Quic h0i", Tgp cht nghien cihi lgp phdp, so 16/2009; BOi Ngpc Son, "MOt si vSn dl vl chii nghia hpp hiiti", Tgp chi nghiin cuu lap phdp, so 11/2008; Biii Ngpc Son, "Co sd ciia toi an hiln phap", Tgp chi nhd nude vdphdp lugt, sd 7/2012; NguySn BSng Dung, Nguyin D5ng Duy, "Bdn vl \ip hiln: Chung ta can hiln phap hay ehu nghia hiln phap/chii nghta hpp hiln", Tgp chi nghiin cuu lap phdp, so 13/2013 vd nhilu cdng trinh c6 liin quan khae. (9). Biii Ngpc Son, "Ban vl l|p hiln", Tgp chi nghiin ciiu lgp phdp, sd 4/2003, http://quochoi.vn/tulieu quochoi/anpham/Pages/anpham.aspx?AnPhamItemID =33, truy elp 12/7/2019.

Cac-tranh lugn vl TNHP d Lidn Xd vd Nga giai dogn dau cdi tap tmng ve ban chat, ddc didm cfta TNHP, tiidm chi cdn dgt vin dd cd cin tMdt phai thfta nh|h mdt lo^ trdch nM?m phdp Ii mdi la.TNHP khdng hay chi cdn nhihig logi trdch nhiem phdp li hidn cd nhu tedch nMdm hinh su, teach nMem dan sy, ttdch, nhiem hdnh ehinh, teach nMdm ki ludt Id dft.f'° Sau tiidi ki cdi cdch, nude Nga hi?n dgi dd tiifta nhdn TNHP va to tungMin phdp nhu Id ca che tedch nMdm phap li rieng biet dl giai quylt khoang tting vd ea che trdch nMdm cho nhftng vi pharp Men phap teong dilu kien li thuylt phdp II phdn tiieo nganh.

Xet vd mat ban chit, TNHP cin duge cdng nhgn Id m^t logi teach nMdm phdp li ddc Idp bdi nhftng dgc didm ca ban sau:

Thic nhdt, TNHP Id mgt logi tedch nhiem phap li d§c Idp bilu Men ttong quan he ludt hidn phdp va dugc quy dinh bdi Mat bien phdp. TNHP dugc tiiilt kl dl bao dam cho cac quan h | ca ban nhdt, chung nhdt - cac quan he la dii tugng dieu chinh cfta ngaitii luat Min phap.

Cd quan nidm cho rang. Men phap Id Mat khung, quy dinh ca ban vd chung nhdt ndn sy. bdo dam cho cdc quy dinh dy da thi hidn trong cac loai ttdch nMdm phdp H chuyen ngdnh, gdm; ttdch nM$m Mnh su, teach nMem ddn sy, tedch nMem hanh chinh, ttdch nM?m ki ludt, trach nM^m vgt chit. Tuy nMdn, kM ngMdn cftu cdc quy dinh cfta lugt Min phdp, dd nhgn thay cd nMeu logi quan he, hanh vi chua dugc bdo dam hogc nam ngodi phgm vi ciia cac logi trdch nMem plidp li chuydn nganh M?n ed hodc dd cd nhung chua dugc ggi tdn theo dftng ban chdt vdn cd efta nd. Chang hgn, vi?c mien hogc bai nMem dgi

(10). Knrisanov Anton Vyacheslavovich, tldd, Ir. 35 - 37.

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TAP CHi LUAT HQC s 6 5/2019 NGHIEN CUV - TRAO Bdi

bilu'Quic hgi, HDND'cimg cdc thft tyc Hdn quan Id'qudn h^ phdp U ehft khdng phai cM la cdc quan hf chuih trj: D I ngM mien nMdm, bdi nMem dgi bidu' la da kiln, dl xuit cfta to chftc, ca qudn vd nlang tftih cMnh tri nhung tiift tuc riiiln nMdm, bai nhidm dgi bidu Quic hoi Id qudn he cfta ludt teln iabdp, khdng phai quan he cMnh tri vd cung khdng phdi pham vi trach nMdm ki ludt. Dgi bieu (Julc hdi khdng don thuan cM Id thanh yien efta ca quan, td chftc (Qudc hgi, doan dgi bieu, uy ban...), rad cdn Id dgi didn dan cu, dgi didn cfta quyen, lgi ich', tidng ndi cgng ddng dan cu, mii quan he gifta chft quyen qudc gia va chft quydn nhdn ddn. Id dai dieh cho dan, cdng dong ttong quan hd quydn lyc cdng. Quan hd do Idn ban quan he ndi bd ciia mdt co quan, tl chftc vd cung khdng hoan todn la quan he gifta dang vien (dgi bidu la dang vidn) V(3i td chftc ca sd dang cfta iMhh,..

M t vi dy khde: Uy ban thudng vu Quoc hdi cd the ban hdnh van ban dinh chi hogc bai bd van ban cfta HDND cip tinh teai ludt, nghi quyet cua Qudc hdi... Day la thft tyc va bien phap phdp 11 thugc phgm vi dieu cMnh cfta lugt Men phdp, khdng phdi ciia bit ki ngdnh ludt ndo khdc vd cdng khdng phdi dan thuin Id cae quan he chinh tn...

Mgt diera khd ddc bidt cua TNHP Id d cho ddy Id logi teach nMfm dugc dp dyng teong rat nMeu trudng hgp dd chdng lgi cdc hanh vt vi pham cdc quy phgm mang tmh chit nguydn tic, quy phgm myc dich. Nlu d eac ngdnh ludt khdc, cdc vi phgm thudng la vi pham quy phgm cu thd, cM tidt tM vdi ban chit cfta mgt vdn ban ea bdn nhit, chung nhit vd ndn tiaig nhit, nMlu bidn phdp TNHP dugc tim thiy hay vdn dung cho nhihig vi phgm nguydn tic chung cfta Hiln phdp.

Thu hai, TNHP thd Mdn rd tinh chit chinh tri nhit nhung khdng trimg kbit vd khdng phdi la tedch nMdm cMnh tri.^' '*

Neu cdc lodi trach nMdm phap li khdc thdng thudng dugc tdch bgch, thdm cM loai trii nhihig tac dgng vl chinh tri, cim till Mdn ddng ca chinh tri trong eac phdn qi^et, bi?n phap cudng ehd dugc dp dung tM TNHP Igi la logi trdch nMdm phdp li ihd Men rd tinh chit chinh tri vd nMdu kM mang tinh chit, dgng co hodc Id hd qua cfta hogt dgng chinh tri. C3iing hgn, vi$c dd ngbi biu Thft tudng {jhinh phu thudng gin lien vdi hogt d^ng cMnh tri. Vide bd hay lay pMdu tin iiMdm gdn lidn vdi hogt ddng ehinh tri (ddc Met la cdc qudc gia phuang Tay) nhung thft tyc tiln hdnh, dp dyng eac bien phdp xft li va sft dyng kdt qud dd ludn cd CO sd phdp li Id nguon cfta lugt Men phap.

Tuy nMdn, cin,phdi khing djnh ring, dft cd dgng ea chinh tti hay mang ddm mdu sac chinh trj tM TNHP van la radt logi trach nMdm phdp 11 chft khdng phdi Id trach nMdm chinh t i . Su tdch bgch ndy ein phdi dugc nhgn thftc dua tten quyin hgn, ttach-nMem, ngMa vu duge cdc quy phgra Mdn phdp dilu chinh hay khdng dilu. cMnh vd thft tyc tidn hanh, dp dung eae bidn phap thu^c TNHP phai Id ,thu tuc dugc till Men ttong quy piiam lugt Min phdp..

Thic ba, TNHP cd nhilu dilra "gin gui" vdi cdc logi ttdch nhi?m phdp Ii chuydn ngaitii nhung khdng trung khdp ma khde vl ban chit va muc dich dp dung.

Sir "gin gui" cfta TliNP vdi cdc loai trach nM?m phap li chuyen ngdnh khac thi M?n

(11). Zdrazhevskya T.D., Chiic ndng cua trdch nhiim hiin phdp trong nhd nude phdp quyin, Chuyin san khoa hpe phap If eiia Tnrdng dai hpe ting hpp Voronezh, Liin bang Nga, si 15/2002,'Nxb. VGU, 2002, tr. 83.

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TAP CHI LUAT HOC SO 5/2019 NGHI&NCirU- TRAODOI

trudfc hgt d hdnh vi vi phgm, Khdng khd nhgn thay^cd mot sd banh vi vi phmn trgt tu Min dinh duge xem xet va quy dinh d lugt chuyen nganh, chdng han, cac tgi phan bgi Tdqude, tdi hogt ddng nhdm Idt do chinh quyin nhan ddn,, tpi bgo logn, tgi pha hogi chinh sdch 4oan kdt, tdi khftng bd nhdm lat do chinh quydn Mwn ddn.. . ' ^ Nhflng hdnh vi kd ttdn eiing xam phgm nhiing quy dinh efta Mdn phdp, vi phara cdc nguydn t ic, trdt tu Mlh, dinh. Sy gan giii v l ciu thdnh vi phgm ciiag cd thd xdy giiia trach nMdm vgt chit, trach nMdra ki ludt vdi TNHP, dac bidt kM chu the ludt Mdn phdp n im ttong t l chftc, ca quan ndo do.

Cd thd tgm giai tMch Id vi Hien phap ludn Id vdn ban luat didu chinb nhiMg quan he chung nhit, bao qudt nhat vd ddng thai ciing la n in tang cfta hd thing phdp lu|lt qudc gia. Tuy nMen, sy triing hgij gifta TNHP vd cdc ioai ttdch nMdm chuyen ngdnh khdc la ididng the xay ra vd khdng dugc phdpxdy ra.

Su khac bidt eung nira d Myc dich cua viee dp dung trdch nMdm phdp If va thu tyc tiln hdrih. N l u nhu ddi vdi cdc chft thi thue" Mdn tgi phgm xdra phgm an ninh qudc gia, xdm phgm chi dd Mdn dinh ndi ttdn, viec dp dung ttach nMdm phscp li cd rauc dich dUa ra Mnh phgt ddi vdi cac vi phgm cy thd va khdi phuc lgi quydn dd bi xdm phgm tM TNHP phap lgi cd muc dich khdc. TNHP -'ra bdn chdt Va cUng Id muc dich thiet lap hi thdng cdc bdo dam phdp li hiiu qua ngdn chgn su tap trung quyin: l^c, tgo lgp ca chi vgn hdnh quyin Itcc mgtcdch cdn bdngvd dugc.kiem sodt, ngdn ngica lam dung quyin luc trong nhd nude phdp quyin, ddn chu"^^' Trgng

trudng hgp xdm phgm trdt ty Mdn dinh, an

ninh qudc gia k l teen, TNHP cd muc dich

tindt igp G^ ea chi phdp li dd phdng xigfta vd

chdng lgi, cdc vi pham dp (giani sat cfta quoc

hOi, Nghi ^#°» Ombudanen, Impeachraent...;).

Sen cgnh dd, TNHP .cdri cd myc dich thilt

l$p h? thing tiling nhit cdc dilu kien thuc

Men Meu qud chu quyin, qnyln, lam chft cfta

ngudi ddn md Mdn phdp da dinh. .

Thic tu, cg.sd dp dung TNHP la nguin

efta lugt hiln phap vd cM bao gdra Men phap,

cdc dao lugt vd td chftc (hay ludt Men phap), .

van ban mang tinh Min dinh ciia qudc hdi,

nghi vidn, cdc vdn ban gidi tMch Men phap

cfta cae ca quan cd Ihim quyen, cua. cdc tMet

cbl tai phdn Mdn phdp. Cg sd truy eftru

TNHP khdng th i la cac van ban^ nhu nghi

(linh,,thdng, tu dilu cMnh,linh vuc cu thl^

qudn li r M nude ha.y quy chd td chftc ndi, bd

ciia quoc hdi, nghi vidn hay chinh phu...

Thic ndm, TNHP dugc cdc chft thd cfta lugt

Men phdp dp dyng vd dp dung cho caq chft tiie

lugt Men phap.^'^^ Cac chft thd nay thudng cd

vi tri, vai ted hdt .sftc quan tegng teong co cdu

td chftc quydn lyc nha nudC; va pd nhftng ddc

quyin, dugc mien trir ddi ydi nMdu logi trdch

nMdm phdp li thdng thudng khdc.

(12). Chuong XIII Bd lu^t hinH s\r nude CHXHCN Vi|t,Nam n5m 2015 (sila dii, bl sung nSm 2017). (13). Zdrazhevskya T.D. tldd, tr. 85 - 86. _,_

(14). d ra§t s6 quoc .gia, giua hien phap va eac d§o luSt, b§ luat thdng thudng ed mot loai dao luSt gpi la luSt hiln phSphay edii dupe gpi la luSt tS ehiic. LuSt nay ed hi|u lyre phdp H thap hon hiln phip nhung cao hon cae dao lu^t thong thudng ya cdquy. trinh ban hanh, sira dii eh§t ehg, khd khan hon eac lu|t thdng thudng. cae lu t dd dilu chinh nhOng v ^ dl dupe hiln dfnh trgx; tilp (nhu vl qu6c 'Kdi; chinh phi, hf thdng tu phap, gidi ban quyin eon ngudi, chfnh quygn dia phuoi^ trung cha y dan...). . ^

(15).Bui Ngpc Son, "Ban vl lap hiln", Tsip ehi nghi6n eihi lap phap, so 4^003, http://quoehoi.vn/tulieu quoGhbi/aftpham/Pages/atipham.aspx?AnPhamItemID =33, truy cap 12/7/2019. ' - . , ,

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TAP CHI LUAT HOC SO 5^019 NGHIENCVV- TRAODOI

Thu sdu, TNHP till Men d ca cdc chd tai. phap li Min phap cy thi hoac cung cd the it cdc bidn phap khac bdo dam ttdt ty Men dinh hodc khdi phyc lgi quan he lugt hiln phdp bi xam phgm. ..

, Ching hgn, cd thi cd cae chd tdi hogc bidn phdp dugc dp dyng kM cd vi phgm ludt Mdn phdp nhu: cdng nh|n van ban, quy dinh nhit dinh vi Men, (&ih chi hidu lye; bai bd hay huy bd mdt van ban ttai Men phap; bai nMdm, mien nhiem, phe trudt nguydn thft hay cliftc vy cao cap ciia nhd nude; bit tin nMdm cMnh phft hay thdnh vien chinh phft; tudc quyen, tgra dinh cM chftc vu nhdt dinh; thgm cM cd cd cdc che tai rat gan giii vdi trdch nMem hdnh chinh, tedch nMdm ki luat nhu buy bd quydt dinh cho nhgp qudc tich vi vi phgm lugt qudc tich; tft chdi dang ki cho td chftc nao dd, don vi bdu cft ndo dd; tudc bd danh Men, phin thudng cao quy ciia nhia nude...

1.2. Su cdn thiit vd y nghia cua trdch nhiem hiin phdp ddi vol li lugn vd thuc tiin phdp ludt a Viet Nam

Cdng nhdn TNHP nhu Id cbl dinh phap li chinh thftc khdng phdi Id j ' cM ehft quan, sang tgo cfta eae nha ngMen cftu, nhd lap phdp, nhd cMnh hi ma phdn anh su phat trien, nhu cdu khdch quan cfta xa hgi Men dgi. Ndu trudc day, hidn phap cfta nMdu nude, dgc bidt la cdc nude XHCN, nhu da dd cap, chft yeu mang tinh chdt tuydn ngdn, dam chit cMnh tri, ft tinh phdp li thi nay dd ted thdnh van ban ludt Meu lyc tryc tidp, cd gia tri phdp li cao nhdt, dugc vidn din ttong giai quydt cdc vu Vide thuc td. KM Mdn phdp da ted thdnh vdn ban dp dung true tidp vd luat Men phap la ngdnh ludt ddc lap, can phdi cd cdc cdng cu, cdc quy phgm bao dam rieng cho su uy nghidm efta nd ciing nhu su tuan .thft cdc quy dinh Mdn phdp trdn thuc td, dgc biet trong

bdi canh xdy dyng nhd nude phdp quyin. Ngay nay, nMdu qudc gia tedn till gidi

tiiira nhgn td tyng Min phdp nhu Id he qud tit ylu ciia vide tiiira nhan bdo Mdn la edng cy bdo vd tinh tdi thugng cfta Men phap nhim hudng tdi trdt tu phdp quydn. Bdo Min lam nay sinh nhu ciu dii vdi loai Mnh td tyng radi md trudc day d cdc nude cdn theo tmydn thing phdp lugt XHCN khdng cd. ' ^ Su xuit M?n cfta to tung Men phap, theo quy ludt khdch quan, se ding hdnh vdi nhu ciu ddi vdi TNHP

Viet Nam Men chua cd co cbl bdo Min rd rdng duge lugt dinh. Tuy nMdn, Hidn phap cftng da uy quyen eho Qudc hgi ban hanh Mat dd tMdt lap co ehd ndy. ''* Day la mgt teong nhiing tidn dd quan trgng phat sinh quy trinh, thft tyc td tyng hiln phdp. Didu ndy dong nghTa vdi tinh tdt ydu cfta TNHP d nude ta ttong thdi gian tdi.

Ngodi ra, gia tri cfta Mdn phap ngdy cdng dugc khang dinh nhu la cdng cy huu hidu dt ban chi va kilm soat sdt quydn lyc nhd nude, ngdn ngfta su tuy tidn cfta quydn luc nhd nftde, bdo vd nhan quyen. ' ' Dan chft, nhan quydn, phan quyin dugc thfta nhan vd phd bidn nhu la nhiing xu hudng phdt tridn CO ban cua thd gidi Men dgi cftng ldm cho hiln phap, theo le rit tu nMdn, ttd ndn cd vai ted, vi tri quan ttgng trong he thing phdp ludt va ddi sdng ehinh tti efta mdi qude gia.

(16). Khoan 2 Dilu 118 Hiln phap Lien bang Nga da thua nhan t t mg hiln phap nhu la loai hinh td tung ddc lap (ciing vdi to tung dan sir, td tung hanh ehinh va tl tung hinh su). (17). Khoan 2 Di u 119 Hiln phap Viet Nam n5m 2013 quy dinh: "Ca chi bdo-vi hiin phdp do lugt dinh". (18). Quan dilm niy da dupe, thira nhSn rpng rai, trong do cd tac gia Nguyin DSng Dung vdi nliieu cong bd liea qUan nhu: Hiin phdp la van ban phong, ching tham nhung (2016); Su hgn chi qiiyin luc nhd nude (2014); Bdn vi vai tro Cua Hiin phdp (2013j-..

TAP CHI LUAT HOC SO 5/2019 NGHIEN CUV - TRA O Ddi

Dd bao ve sy tdi thugng cfta Min phiq) va nen tang phap quydn, ngodi vide tMdt lap CO chd bdo Mdn, cdc quy trinh, thft tyc, cdc xd hgi Mdn dgi da thfta nhdn TNHP vd coi dd la tiiiet che hftu Meu khdng cM ddi vdi bdo vd Mdn phdp raa cdn nhu Id cdng cy kilm sodt quyen lyc nhd nude Men dgi.

Viet Nam khdng nira ngodi quy Mat phdt trien do vd ttong nhiing thap nidn gin day dugc coi la qude gia hdi nhdp tich cyc, chft dgng vdo ddi sdng quic td. Cdc xu hudng phd biin, Mdn dgi ttdn thi gidi cftng \\ thd md cd nhung dnh hudng, tdc ddng din ddi sdng cMnh tri vd phap luat Viet Nam. Nhftng diem mdi efta tu duy lap Mdn, xu hudng phdp quyen, nhdn quydn, phdn quyen the Men ttong qud trinh xdy dung, ban hanh va trien khai Hien phdp nam 2013 la nhiing rainh chftng rd net eho sy phat ttidn efta ddi sdng phap lugt, ciia tu duy phdp quydn vd raanh nha cfta chft ngMa Men phdp d nude ta.

Tuy nMdn, Hiln phdp Viet Nam ndra 2013 van cdn cd nhftng van dd ehua dugc gidi quydt triet de nham dinh Mnh chft ngMa Men phdp thyc sy, mdt Hiln phdp mgnh cd Meu lue tryc tidp. Ca chd bdo vd Hidn phap ehua duge minh dinh, co chd kiem soat quydn luc chua dugc cy the boa da lam cho Hiln phap chua phdt huy hit vai ttd, sft menh vdn cd cfta nd eimg nhu Idra thod man sy ki vgng cfta ddng, nha nude vd nhan dan.

Ben cgnh nhimg vin dd cfta ca che bao Men, ttong cd quy dinh Idn thyc tien van cdn nMlu bat cap, nhdp nhdng ve che do trdch nMdm, co cbl tmy cftu ttach nMem ciia cdc tiult ehi Min dinh vd mdi quan he quydn lyc, kidm sodt, phan dinh quydn luc giua cac tMdt ehi iy cdn cd bit cap dl M khai thdc, Igm dyng. Trong nMdu trudng hgp,' vide chgm ban

hdnh lugt, van ban dudi ludt hay vide ban hdnh van bdn lugt, vdn bdn dudi lugt vi phgm trinh ty, tiift tue, trdi vdi tinh thin Hidn phap, trai vdi van ban lugt hodc vide lam quydn, tranh chip quydn efta cac chft the phap ludt Mdn phdp... chua dugc giai quylt bing cae thft tyc phdp H, chua xac dinh dugc trdch nMem phap li cy thi hodc mdi cM dimg igi d kMin tedch, kilm dilm, phd binh hodc cao ban la diing cdc bidn phap mang tinh cMnh tri de gidi quydt cdc van de phdp li... hodc nhthig vin dl phdp 11 chua dugc phap lugt "ludng trudc" dl dilu cMnh ndu phdt sinh. Don cft nhu ede van de lien quan ddn nhiing hdnh vi vi phgm dudi dgng "khdng hanh dgng" cfta cdc chft thi ludt Mdn phap; thft tuc giai quydt ddi vdi cdc chftc danh eao cap ttong Nhd nude, CJudc hgi„. kM bi tuydn phgm cdc tgi nam ngoai phgm vi quydn bit kha xam pham, quydn dugc midn trft; xung dot va tranh chip thim quydn giua cdc tMdt cbl quyen luc d trung uong va ehinh quydn dia phuong, vi pham eam kit efta cMnh quydn vdi cgng dong a pbucmg, vide Igm quydn cfta chft till lugt Men phap (vi dy nhu Igm quyin cua chft tich UBND tinh, cfta eac b0 tmdng...).

Thuc tl eho thiy, teong nhiing nam qua, d nude ta ed nhihig vdn dd mang tinh chit phap li lgi duge giai quydt bdng bidn phap chinh tri bdi ehua cd ca cbl phdp li dl giai quydt hogc cd nhung chua rd rang, dft mgnh, Mdu qua. Dilu. nay dugc li gidi bdi nMdu nguydn nhan; Mdt Id nMlu vin dd khdng nim teong phgm vi cfta trach nMdm Mnh sy, ttdch nMem dan sy, ttach nMem hanh chinh, ttdch nMem ki ludt ndn khdng thi ap dyng cdc logi trdch nMdra ndy (chua cd cdng cy phdp Ii phft hgp); hai Id a mdt mftc do nao dd, chua cd sy tudng minh gifta quan he hidn

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phdp vd quan he cMMi tri, chi a cd duge tu duy phap quyin diy dft. NMdu gidi phap, cdch thftc vdn dyng trdn tiiyc tl Men nay dugc danh gid Id kha hay nhung tilm in nguy CO vd cd thi nguy hgi cho trdt ty phdp quyen neu edng cy ay khdng dugc cac chft till chinh tri sft dung m^t cdch phft hgp vdi cac chuin muc chinh tri, dao dftc. Trong bii canh diy mgnh xay dyng nha nude phap quyen. hdi nhgp qudc td, quyet tdm xdy dyng nin quan tii Men dgi, kidm sodt quydn lyc, vi?c dftng cdc phuang tlfn. cMnh tti dd gidi quylt cdc vin dl phdp li cd nMdu rfti ro, chua thdt sy phft bgp vdi cae chuan muc vd giao luu quoc td. Didu nay. cdn dugc giai quylt sdm vd mdt ttong nhung phuang thftc quan ttgng Id n h ^ didn eWnh xdc ban chat, vi tri, vai trd va thfta nhgn TNHP.

NgMdn cftu eac logi ngudn cua ludt Mdn phap d nude ta cM ra ring, ttdn thuc tl dd cd rdt nhidu bidn phap mang tinh chit TNHP vd khdng thudc bdt ki logi tedch nMdm phap li nao. Ching hgn, da cd nhung quy dinh vd bai nMdra (bao gdra ed tnrdng bgp da dugc tuydn pham tdi hinh su...), mien nMgm dgi bieu Quic hdi, HDND cae eip; da cd rtiiung quy dinh ve teach nMdm gidi ttinh, bdo cao, ttd ldi chit vdn cfta cac chft the do Qudc hgi, HDND cdc cdp bau, phe chuin va cd the bi bd pMdu tin nM^m... Cac quy dinh ay khdng phdi la ttach nM?m chinh ttj, cftng khdng phdi Id ttach nMem ki ludt hay Id ragt logi teach nM$m phdp li tmyin thdng khac. Dft chua dugc ggi tdn nhung nhimg bidn phap dp dung ddi vdi hdnh vi vi phgm quy dinh ngdnh lugt Min phdp do, vd bdn chat la TNHP.

2. Trdch nhifm hien phap va van de kilm scat quyen lijrc nha nude

Dft cdn ttanh ludn ve nMdu van dd, song

hiu hit nhijng ngMen cftu vl TNHP diu tiidng nhit TNHP cd muc dieh (mang tinh ban chit) iMit Igp h? thdng cdc bdo ddm phap li Mdu qua ngan chdn sy tgp trung quyin luc, tgo lgp co cbl van hditii quyin lyc mdt each can bang vd dugc kilm sodt, ngan ngfta Igm dyng quyen luc ttong nhd nude phdp quydn, dan chft. Thfta nhdn vd dp dyng TNHP se gdp phan tao lap ea chd kidm soat quydn lyc Mdu qud. .

Viet Nam dd cd nMdu nd luc hodn tMen md hinh td ehftc quydn lyc, tdng cudng ca che kidm soat quydn lyc vd lin dau tidn da Min dinh nguydn tic "kilm sodt", quydn lue. Tuy vgy, vide chua nhdn thftc ro, chua tach bgch dugc TNHP vdi trdch nMdm chinh tri vd eac ttdch nMdra phap li khac da lam cho co chi kilm sodt quydn lyc d nude ta chua thuc sy Meu qud nhu mong dgi efta Ddng, nha nude vd nhdn ddn. C^ khdng it nhiing vi pham phdp lugt (vi phara Mdn phap) chua cd ca chd phdp li Mdu qua, phu hgp de xft U, Id ra nhiing khoang trdng phdp li, tgo ke hd Igra dung quyin lyc va ttd thdnh tidn le bdt lgi eho nhd nude phdp quyin, hdi nhgp vd phdt triln.

Dd ldm rd mdi lien he giua kidm soat quydn lye vd TNHP, cin phdi nhgn didn dftng ban chit la TNHP hogc it nhit Id dy lieu, trudc dd qua dd cd dugc edng cu huu Mdu kiem soat quyin lyc nhd nude - vin dd dang nhgn dugc su quan tdm Idn cua Dang, nha nude vd xa hdi.

Thii: nhdt. Men hthi hogc nguy co Men hftu cdc vi phara Min phdp, vi phgm cdc quy dinh ttong cac van ban la ngudn cfta ludt Min phdp, xdra phgm ttdt ty hiln dinh hoac khdng tudn thft, khdng thyc Men ngMa vy dugc Hidn phap cung nhu cdc van bdn la nguon cfta lugt Min phdp da quy dinh.

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TAP CHl LUAT HOC SO 5/2019 NGHIEN ciru - TRA O DOI

Khodn 1 Didu 119 Hiln phap ndm 2013 cfta Viet Nam quy diitii: "Mgi vdn bdn ph^ lugt khdc phdi phii hgp vai Hiin phdp. Mgi hmh vi viphgm Hiin phdp diu phdi bfxicli".

Nhu vgy ed ngMg Id da cd su thfta nhdn Men di$n ciia mgt loai vi phgm phap lugt - vi phgm Mdn phdp. Tuy nMdn, cd thd cd nhihig vi phgm dugc xft li bang cdc quy dinh phdp lugt chuyen nganh nhung khdng phdi Iftc ndo mgi hanh vi vi phgm, khdng thyc Men hay khdng tuan thft Men phap ciing da dugc phdp lugt nh sdn ca che xft li phft hgp, ching hgn:

- Khdng ban hanh, ban hanh chgm (ng, dgng) cae van ban ludt trien khai tiii hanh cdc quydn, cu tbi hod ludt, gidi tMch ludt dugc Hidn phdp, cdc van ban luat uy quydn ma khdng cd H do chinh dang, gay tMet hgi hogc nguy ca gdy tMdt hgi cho quydn, lgi ich hgp phdp cfta ngudi ddn, xd hgi, lam chgm sy phat tridn chung cfta xa hgi... Hien nay, d nude ta CO che trach nMem gidi trinh, xft U trach nMdm vl vin dl ndy chua that sy rd rang. Hdnh vi vi phgm, khdng tudn thu d ddy chft ydu the Men d dang khdng hanh ddng va do chft thi Ludt Min phap thyc Men, ddc bidt la cdc ca quan, t& chftc ma ddi vdi cdc chft the nay khdng thd dp dung ttdeh nMdm hinh sy.*' ^ Trdch nMdm cMnh tri d day tren thuc tl khd Meu qud, ddc bidt dii vdi nhftng chftc danh, td chftc, ca quan cd vi tri, dnh hudng Idn ttong he thong

(19). GSn day, Thd tudng Chinh phu dS thanh lap T6 cdng tac dl giai quylt tinh tr^ng niy. Tuy nhifin, day lagiai phap hanh chinh-kl thuat, mang tinh quan li. Se ichd khan ban nlu "hainh vi khdng hanh dpng" dupe fljue hi|n bdi cac ca quan, t6 ehiic, ca nhan cap eao hoae "co quan ngang quyin" khac. Ngay ca trudng hpp cac bO, nganh, ehinh quyin cip tinh khong thuc bifin dung chi dao, viee bai mien vdi cac chdc danh nay khdng phii la dilu dl vdi Thu tudng va nguyen tac lam vi?c theo chi dp tap thi eua Chinh phii.

cdng quyin vd cdn do tinh chit kdm tinh minh bgch, phy thudc nMdu vdo nang luc td chfte CO sd dang vd ngudi dftng diu.

- Ludt, van ban dudi Mat dugc thdng qua, ed M|u lyc (hogc chua ed Mdu lyc) nhung phdt Men cd nMlu sal sdt, ldi vd ki thugt lap phdp... Trdch nMem cMnh tri teong trudng hgp ndy Id duong nMen nhung ndu cM dftng lgi d dd tM khdng ldm thoa man ngudi dan vd xa hgi, khdng thd Men dugc sy minh bach va tinh phdp quyin. Trong trudng hgp vdn bdn cd Mdu luc gay tMdt hgi tM phdi bdi thudng nhung nlu khdng cd TNHP tM cM dp dung tedch nMdm cbinh tri. Tuy nhidn, nlu cM dimg lgi Id teach nMem chinh tn (hogc khdng thd xft li teach nMem Mnh su neu Id ca quan, td chftc) till khdng tuong xftng vd khdng phft hgp vdi ban chat phdp li ciia hdnh vi vd tMdt hgi gdy ra. Neu ldm dugc, ro rang sd cd co chd kidra sodt quyen lyc, teanh Igm quyin hogc tMdu trdch nMdm ttong thyc tiii nMem vy.

- De kidm sodt quydn lyc nha nude daac hidu qud, ciing ein cd nhung du lieu cho ttudng hgp it kM ngd tdi. Du khdng mudn bit cft bit ttae nao xay ra nhung ca chi phdp li ddi vdi trudng hgp gid dinh nhu tuydn the khdng diing, cd tinh khdng tuydn the, cd tinh chdm hodc tri hodn gidi thieu nhdn sy dd bdu, phe chuan theo quy dinh eiing cin dugc xem xet. Trong cdc ttudng hgp do, ttach nMdm chinh tri rd rang Id khdng dft, khdng Mdu qud vd ca che TNHP se la cdng cy ngan ngfta hi§u qud nhung hdnh vi ndy, giftp dn dinh cMnh tei, bao ve quydn lyc nhd nude.

- Cd thi xay ra nhiing vi phgm lidn quan ddn tiiam gia cdc hogt ddng kinh doanh, mua ban cd pMlu, tham gia cac hogt dgng cd ttd luong khdc, nhan hiian huy chuong cfta cdc t l chftc, ca nhdn trdi quy dittii eiia cac chu

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till ludt Mdn phdp (cdc ttUdng hgp ngodi phgm vi dilu ehinh cfta phdp ludt ve cdn bd, cdng chftc, vidn chfte) ma theo quy dinh Id bi cim thyc Men. Nhftng hanh vi ndy ttdn tiiuc td khdng phdi Id khdng cd nhung chua cd co chi hihi Mdu dh thyc Men, dae bidt doi vdi cdc chft thd cfta ludt Min phdp ndm gift cdc chftc vy cip cao ttong bg may cdng quydn hogc cd dugc nhftng ddc quydn mien trft truy td, dgc quyin bit khd xdm pham...

Thu hdi, nhdra hdnh vi phgm hogc khdng tudn thu nhftng quy dinh Men dinh vl quyin con ngudi cfta cac chft the lugt Men phdp.

Quyen con ngudi la mdt ttong nhiing chd dinh thyc su tidn bd, dot phd cfta Hien phap ndm 2013 so vdi cdc bdn Mdn phap trudc do ciia Nhd nude ta. Tuy nMdn, cdc quy dinh do, dac biet Id cdc quy dinh ve gidi hgn quydn, ludn cd nguy ca hi xam phgm. Trdn thyc td, d nMeu qupe gia, cae tMdt ehd Men ditih dd bdo V? quydn con ngudi nhu thanh tta nhdn quyen, cae tMdt chd. "Ombudsmen" hoac quy dinh cM tidt vd cdc td chftc bdo vd nhdn quydn, co che vgn hanh he thdng bdo dara quydn con ngudi ttong cdc trudng hgp dac Met nhu ban bo tinh trgi^ khin cap, tinh trang cMen tranh... van hdnh kha Meu qua, giftp cho cac \\ phgm nhdn quyen bj hgn ehe hoac neu cd vi phgm tM cung bi phdt giac, ttuy cftu. 6 Viet Nam, nhiing ca chi dd chua dugc tMdt Igp hogc chua dugc iquy dinh cu thd, Idiidn cho vide ban che quydn con ngudi ludn cd nguy co bi lam dyng. Ngay ca ttong trudng hgp cd Igm dyng tW ca chd chiu trach nhidm phdp li vdn chua thyc sy rd rdng. Tren thuc tl, vi pham quyen eon ngudi ludn cd d mgi qudc gia, tuy nMen vi pligra ciia pac chft thd luat Min phdp thudng la nguy hiem nhat; hdu qua ngngnl

rtiidt nhung ciing khd xft li nhit. Trong cac tnrdng hgp ndy, TNHP Id cdng cu hftu Meu vfta Id dl ngan ngfta, vfta dl xft li vi phgm.

Thd ba, phdng ngfta hdnh vi Igm quyin, vugt qud quyen luc dugc Men dinh cfta chu thd ludt Min phdp.

Ddy Id mdt ttong nhiing vdn dl dugc ban lugn nMdu ttong thdi gian qua. Chft tich UBND thanh phi Ha Ndi vfta qua cd cam kit vdi ngudi dan Dong Tam la mgt vi dy.* "' TMnh pho cd dugc quydn cam kdt vdi ngudi dan dia phuong nhftng ngi dung dd khdng va cam kdt tM dugc cam kit nhiing gi, co chi thyc bidn cara kit Id gi vdn chua dugc tudng minh. Du ludn ddnh gia cao sy dftng cdm va vdo cugc mgnh me cfta ngudi dftng dau chinh quydn Ha Ndi dd thdo gd, gidi quydt vu vide. Tuy nMdn, edn ed nhieu tranh Man vd ndn tdng phdp li cfta cara kit dd, thgra cM cdn ed cau hdi vd thira quyin, ttach nhidm phdp H cua cara kdt... Rd rang, vin chua cd CO chi phdp li hftu Mdu gidi quydt vin dd nay. Trdn phuang didn khdc, ddi vdi vu viec d Ddng Tam tM dgng ca ki cara kit rd rang ttong sdng, hudng tdi gidi quydt on thoa vd binh In tinh Mnh nhung ndu d mgt vu vide tuang tu khde, eam kit cfta ngudi dftng diu cMnh quydn khdng cd dgng ca tdt nhu vdy... tM ttdch nMem sd la gi, trinh ty, thft tyc truy cftu se nhu thi ndo? Trong cac trudng hgp iy, nlu chua vi phgm quy dinh cfta phdp ludt Mnh sy tiii khd nang va phuang an xft li vl mat phdp lugt vin se edn bd ngd.

Thu tu, hanh vi cfta chft thi lugt Mdn phap dl nghi, ttao hodc tudc danh Mdu eao qu> nha nude sai quy dinh.

(20). http://vov,vn/blog/ban-ve-cam-ket-cua-ong-nguyen-duc-ehimg-o-dong-tam-616771.vov, truy cap 12/7/2019.

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Hdnh vi nay hoan toan ed tiid xdy ra tedn thyc td. Khdng ban d kMa cgnh vi pham ki lugt ma ban d gdc do Luat Mdn phdp tM thdy van de van chua rd rang ve trach nMdm. Ndu ngudi thim dinh la cdng chftc tiii khdng cd vin dl gi cin ban vi da cd nhihig edng cy phap li khdc va ttdch nMem ki ludt. Tuy nMdn, nlu vi phgm lgi Id hdnh vi cfta can bg " cao cap, la bd trudng va thdm cM cao hon bd trudng tM lgi chua cd ca chd xft li thau dao. Hidn nay, co chd teach nMdm chinh tri van dugc phat huy teong eac vi phgm kilu ndy nhung cdn phdi rd rang hai logi trdch nMdm: Trach nMdm chinh tri tmdc Dang van phai tM hdnh va trdch nMem trudc Nhd nude, TNHP cang khdng dugc bd qua.

Thic ndm, mit tin nMdm, mit mim tin theo quy dinh cfta Hien phdp.

Viet Nam Men nay da thyc Men cdc quy dinh vl liy pMdu vd bd pMdu tin nMdm ddi vdi cac chuc danh do Quic hdi, HDND bau hogc phd chuin. Tuy nMdn, day la quy trinh mang tmh canh bdo, phdng ngfta va ran de nMdu hon la quy dinh mang tinh chdt chd tdi. Hien nay, cd le sau kM bi dua ra bd pMlu tm nMdm ma vdn thip tM se cho thdi chftc vu nhung quy trinh phap ti nhu the nao chua that tudng mmh. Ro rang vdi quy dinh mdi vd lay pMdu, bd pMdu tin nMdm, midn nMdm, bai nMem dgi bilu tM Viet Nam tidm can vdi thi gidi vl eac Mnh thftc efta TNHP nhung teong thyc tidn vd li lugn van chua dgt tdn cho cdc Mnh thftc nay. Mien nMdra, bdi nMem dgi bidu Qudc hdi chua dugc ggi ten la logi trdch nMem phdp li gi nlu khdng thfta nhgn la TNHP? TMit nghi, nhftng quy dinh cfta ludt Min phdp phai Id TNHP chft khdng ndn la teach nMdm cMnh tri. Din Iftc can

tiifta nhgn TNHP bdi nd dd tdn tai teong phdp luat Men hdnh.

Thic sdu, cin dy lidu cdng eu vd Men phdp phap U cho vide xft li ddi vdi bdn vi pham, bdn gdy tMdt hgi teong qua ttinh giai quylt nhung ttanh chip ve thim quyin hogc nhiing ttanh chip khac gifta ca quan nhd nude d tnmg uong vdi nhau hoEMs vdi chinh quyen dia phuong hoac gifta cdc cap cMnh quyin dia phuang vdi nhau

TMit lap cdc ca chi, quy ttmh dl xft li cdc trudng hgp nhu trdn ludn dugc ludng tnrdc dl xu li d nMdu qudc gia ttdn thd gidi bdi vide phan dinh thim quydn du cd ro rang den miy cung ludn cd nhiing va chgm, xung dot, chong cheo ttdn thyc tl. Nhiing va chgm, xung dot, chdng cheo cd the Id lugt khdng phan dinh rd vl thim quyin, ed sif chdng lin vd quyin ttong nhiing quy dinh phan quydn, chinh quyen trung uong Igm quyin ttong mgt sd trudng hgp vd can thiep vao td chftc, hogt dgng cfta cMnh quyen dia phuong, cMnh quyin trung uang hoac cMnh quydn cip ttdn vi phgm phap Mat, cMnh quyin cap ttdn hogc chinh quyen trung uang ed nhiing kit lugn thanh, kidra tta'^'' ma chinh quyin dia phuong khdng chap nhdn va cho ring bit hgp phap, tMdu co sd hay trudng hgp giao hogc uy quydn nhimg khdng giao phuong tidn dd thyc Mdn...

Hidn nay, Ludt td chftc chinh quydn dia phuang da cd nMdu nhftng quy dinh vl phan

(21). Vu viee kit lu$n cua Thanh tra Chinh phu d6i vdi thanh phd Da Ning vl sai pham trong quan li dat dai lam that thoat ngan sieh. Tuy nhidn, Da NSng ludn cd nhung lugn giai va "phan phAo". Day la vi du e ^ dupe xem x6t tdi, hftps://vnexpress.net/tin-tuc/thoi-su/da-nang-phan-bae-ket-luan-cua-thanh-tra-chinh-phu-2416067.html, truy c^p 12/7/2019.

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TAP CHI LUAT HQC S6 5/2019 NGHI&N CUV ~ TRAO DOI

quyin, phdn cip, uy quydn vd cd nhiing nguydn tdc kM xung dgt thim quyen, ching cheo vl thini quyin dl giai quyet. Tuy nMen, nhihig traitii chip hogc va chgm nhu hdn vdn ehua ludng hit ttong Lugt nay. Thdm cM, Ludt t l chftc cMnh quyin dia phuang vin chua xac dinh ca chd rd rdng de chinh quyin dia phuang cdc cip cd thi kMlu ngi, kMdu kidn cdc ca quan trung uong hogc chinh quyen dia phuang eip tten. Dft Men nay, md Mnh td chfte efta Vi?t Nam van dya tten nguydn tdc tgp trung dan chft, song dilu do khdng loai trft quydn efta ehinh quyen dia phuang bao ve sy ty chft, tu cMu ttdch nhidm cfta rainh, dgc biet Id ttong bdi cardi phan cdp, phan quydn mgnh me nhu Men nay. Vide cd eo cbl phdp li hftu Mdu dd gidi quyet eae ttanh chap, khftc mac, va chgm nay se giftp cho tinh hinh ludn dugc kiem soat, ttanh ddn ndn tao ndn cdc bftc xftc cao trong xa hdi, lam nguy hai den su thdng nhdt va doan kdt qudc gia, giam di sy chft ddng, linh hogt cfta chinh quyen dia phuong. TNHP rit ein ttong cdc trudng hgp nhu da ban ddn d teen. Da ddn Iftc, cac quan he ve ludt Men phdp cin nhudng ch§ cho TNHP xft Ii chft khdng nen diing cac Mnh thftc ttdch nMem cM'nh tri thay the cho TNHP.

Thti bay, sy M?n di?n cfta TNHP se gan lidn vdi sy ra ddi cfta quy trinh t l tyng hiln phdp. Su Men didn ciia td tung Men phap vdi CO chd bao vd Min phdp Mdu qud ludn Id vft kM quan ttgng bdo ddm quydn luc dugc kilra soat Mdu qud. Nhftng hanh vi vi Min d nude ta dft chua dugc cdng bd cMnh thftc nhung khdng cd ngMa Id Jrdn thyc tl khdng cd, cd le cM la chua cd t l tyng hiln phdp dl ed ca sd khdng dinh.

Thic tdm, ngodi nhung van dl da ndu d ttdn, edn nhftng khodng ttdng chua dugc Idp diy ttong hd tiidng phdp lugt cfta nude ta ndu khdng thfta nhdn sy M$n didn vd vai ttd cfta TNHP. Vi dy, nhiing vin dl lidn quan din each ehftc nhftng chftc vy dd khdng edn d thdi diera Men tai cdn phai cd nhihig quy dinh thudc phgm tru didu cMnh cua lugt Mdn phap, khdng chi dftng lgi d Luat cdn bd, cdng chftc vd ciing khdng nen cM d phgra vi ttach nM?m cMnh tri. Tuang ty nhu vay, khi Qudc hdi quydt ngM mdt dgi bilu khdng dft tu each, ttong khi dd d ki hgp dau tidn cfta khda Qudc hdi ndy da tuydn bl Id dft tu cdch vd philu cfta dai bidu dd da dugc tfnh cho nMlu quylt ngM quan ttgng. Vin dc Mdu lye cfta cdc philu biu cfta dgi bieu do se nhu thd ndo, trdch nM$m cfta ea quan thdm tta tu cdch dgi bilu din dau... vdn chua dugc gidi quydt mdt each thiu ddo ttong khung khd phap li Men hdnh. Cdn nhieu van de khdc nhu chua cd ca che xft li hidu qua ddi vdi thanh vien CMnh phft ndi va hanh ddng khae vdi quylt nghi cfta Chinh phft da duge dua ra. 6 day, nguyen tic tdp trung ddn chft phin nao bi xam phgm nhung chua cd ca ehe phap Ii hihi Mdu de xft li.

Trong bdi canh Men nay, Viet Nam dang ddi mdi mgnh me he tiiong phdp lugt dd phft hgp vdi cac xu hudng cfta thd gidi hi|n dgi. NIU ttong bdi canh cft, TNHP khdng qud quan tegng vd cin kip thi ngdy nay, cftng vdi nhimg ydu cdu bftc tMdt cfta xa hdi Men dgi vd yen ciu kilra sodt quyen luc nha nude, TNHP ttd tiianh cdng cy phft hgp va hftu Meu. Vdi tinh chit phdn nganh truyin thing, khoa hgc phdp li vd thyc tien phap Mat Vidt Nam dang dl lgi nMdu khoang ttdng vl tedch-

79

TAP CHI LUAT HOC SO 5/2019 NGHIENCUV- TRAODOI

nhif m phap li doi voi nhiing h^nh vi vi pham

cua chu.thS luat hien phap va quan he thugc

phgm vi dieu chinh ciia luat hien phap.

Trong b6i canh hien nay, n lu chi dua vao

cac giai phap chinh tri va cac loai trach

nhiem phap li thong thuCmg khac thi se

kh6ng du c6ng cu ho^c se khong dat dugc

hieu qua cin thiet, phu hop xu li vi pham

lu^t hiSn ph^p tir phia cac chu the cua nganh

luat dac biet nay./.

TAI L E U THAM KHAO

1. Nguyin Thi Qu i Anh, Ng6 Huy Cuong,

Cach mgng cong nghiep Idn thu tu va nhimg

vdn di dgt ra ddi vdi cai cdch phdp lugt

Viet Nam, Sach chuyen khao, Nxb. Chinh

tri qu6c gia su that. Ha Noi, 2018.

2. EorOMonOB HHKHTa CepreeBHH,

KoHCTHTyi^HOHHO-npaBOBaJI

OTBercTBemlocTb KaK $opMajii.HO-

KipHflHHecKaJi KaTeropHa/ EoroMojioB

HHKHTa CeprecBiM // BCCTHHK

AKaaeMHH reHepanBHofi npoKypaxypH

P<I>. 2010. N»17. (Bogomolov Nikita

Sergeievich, "Trach nhiem hiln phap nhu

la pham trii phap li hmh thiic", Chuyen

san khoa hgc, T6ng vien cong td LiSn

bang Nga, 2010, s6 17.

3. Nguyen Dang Dung, Nguyin Dang Duy,

"Ban v l lap hiln: Chiing ta cSn hiln phap

hay chii nghia hiln phap/chu nghia hop

hiln". Tap chi nghien cim lap phdp, so

13/2013.

4. KpticaHOB AHTOH BaHecnaBOBHi,

KoHCTHTyHHOHHO-npaBOBaa

OTBeTCTBeUHOCTb BblSopHLIX H

aOJDKHOCTHBK mVX ^eflepaJILHHX

opraHOB rocyflapcTBeHHOii BiacTH.

lOacHO-VpanLCKHfi rocyflapcTBeHHWfl

yHHBepcHTer/flHccepTaitHH

KaH tHflaTCKafl, 2014 (Kruisanov Anton

Vyacheslavovich, Trdch nhi$m phdp li

hiin phdp cua cdc chuc vu bdu cu trong

cdc ca quan nha nu&c cua Lien bang,

Luan an ti ln si lu$t hpc, 2014).

5. UleBepjtfleB C , OHJIKHUOB H . HpoGjieMM

KOHCTHTyilHOHHO-npaBOBOH

OTBeTCTBCHHOCTH: KOH^epeHHHS Ha

ropHjBMecKOM ^aKymiere MTV// BeciHHK

MocKOBCKOro yHHBepcHTeTa. Cepna 11.

ripaBo. 2001. J<f«3 (Sheverdyaev S,

Philippov I, Nhimg vdn di cua trdch

nhiem hiin phdp, H5i thao khoa hpc cua

Khoa luat, Dai hpc t ing hpp Mat-xco-va,

Chuyen san khoa hpc cua D?ii hpc T6ng

hpp Mat-xco-va, Quyin so 11 "Luat hpc",

s5 3,2001.

6. Bui Ngpc Son, "B4n v l lap hiln", Tgp chi

nghien ciiu lap phdp, s6 4/2003,

http://quochoi.vn/tulieuquochoi/anpham/P

ages/anpham.aspx?AnPhamItemID=33

7. Biii Ngpc Son, "To tung hien phap", Tgp

chi nhd nude vdphdp Imt, s6 12/2004.

8. Bui Ngpc Son, "Tai phan hien phap v^

viln canh chii nghia hpp hien 6 Viet Nam",

Tap chi nghien ciru lap phdp, so 4/2009.

9. Bill Ngpc Son, "Tai phan hien phap v^ vi

tri cua Quic hpi", Tgp chi nghien cim lap

phdp, sil \6I2009.

10. Bill Ngpc Son, "Co so cua toa an hiln

phap", Tgp chi nhg nu&c va phdp ludt, s6

7/2012.

11. Zdrazhevskya T.D., Chuc ndng cita

trdch nhiem hien phdp trong nhd nu&c

phdp quyin, Chuydn san khoa hpc phap li

cua Truang dai hpc tong hpp Voronezh,

Li&i bang Nga, s6 15/2002, Nxb VGU, 2002.