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L A L A -L A M B A
H A N B K
A SH OR T I N T R ODUCT I ON
TO T H E SOUT H -W E ST E R N D IVI S I ON OF
T H E W I S A -L A L A D I A L E CT
N OR T H E R N R H OD E S I A
W I T H STOR I E S A N D VOCA B UL A R Y
A . C . MA DA N ,M .A .
S TUD E N T or cansr CH UR CH , oxroa o
OX FOR D
AT T H E CLA R E N DON PR E SS
1908
H E N R Y F R OWD E,M .A .
PUB L I S H E R 1 0 T H E UN IVE R S I TY OF OX F OR D
LON DON , E D I N BURGH
N EW YOR K A N D TORON TO
PREF ACE
T H E L ala and Lamba dialects are so nearly ident ical, andboth so closely allied to the Wisa, that knowledge of either isa sufficient introductionto the others . A Wisa H andbook hasalready beenpublished (ClarendonPress, B ut inviewof the size of the L ala country, and its posit ion on the directroute from the Victoria F alls to L ake Tanganyika, mak ing itmore accessible thanthe Wisa, a short supplementary account ofL ala
,showing its relation both of l ikeness and unl ikeness to
Wisa,may be of value for practical purposes of teach ing and
administration,as well as to students of Bantu .
A ccordingly the following pages include ( 1) an outline of
L ala Grammar, with notes ch icfly on points inwhich it differsfromW isa (z) a collect ionof phrases and of L ala and W isastories, with translat ions and notes, supplying what is perhapsthe most valuable sort ofmaterial for a further and more exactstudy of both dialects (3 ) a L a la-English Vocabulary, whichmay also be used to supplement the E nglish-Wisa Vocabularyinthe W isa H andbook
I N T R OD UCT I ON
T H E L ala dialect here means the dialect spoken with butsmall variat ions over a district of about square miles(three times the size ofWales), lying inN orthernR hodesia andthe intrusive strip of Congo F ree S ta te territory south of L akeB angweolo. T he district is roughly rectangular, and boundedby a line drawn from the L uapula at its first westward bend
,
along the river L ulimala, just north of L ivingstone’s A fricangrave
,and thence north of M o ir’s L ake to the nearest point on
the r iver L uangwa, downthe L uangwa to its junctionwith theL ukushash i , along the southern and western boundary of thebasin of the L unsemfwa tributary (of the L ukushashi) to itssource, thence to the upper K afuwe river, and so to the L uapulanear its first bend to the north . T his district conta ins ( 1 ) theL ala tribe , with its local d ivisions known to each other asthe W a M itunta (or M asaninga) onthe north-east, the M aswaka
onthe south-west, and the Walala Ukanda onand withintheCongo F ree S tate border (2) the L amba, onboth sides of theborder from the upper waters of the L unsenfwa and Kafuwe
rivers to the L uapula and 3) the Wambo S enga, along thewest bank of the L uangwa, dist inct in dialect (whatever theirorigin) from the S enga of the easternbank.
T here is now no clear line between the L ala and their Wisaneighbours onthe north-east, either as to lands or language
,
though certain recognized landmarks sti ll remain. B ut thereis evidence that the L alas arrived first from the north , and were
pushed south and west by the W isas (themselves under pressure00 of the warl ike Wemba (Bemba) tribe), t ill
a and kindred tribes onthe Zambesi
IN TROD UCT ION 5
and lower K afuwe. B ut the L alas, evenmore thanthe W isas,give the impression of being a brokenand defenceless people,at any rate since the terrible Zulu invasion swept the countryin the last century. And though already showing recoveryunder Bri tish protectionand good government, they appear tobe evenbehind their neighbours intribal cohesionand modesof l ife. Year after year villages have beentotally deserted formonths at a time, the inhabitants living inthe forest, harvestingand preparing new gardens . E venwhenthey return(i f they doso) to their old huts, their food is constantly stored away ind istant hid ing-places knownonly to themselves, and only visitedas need requires . I ron-work seems to be their one profitableindustry, besides mak ing mats, bark cloth, and earthenpotsbut their skill in smel ting
,tempering, and forging attracts
customers for axes, hoes , and weapons, evenfrom surroundingtribes . I t has been already stated that the L ala and Wisad ialects are practica lly one . B ut to ascertain the fact and thelimits withinwhich it was true, entailed aqu ite disprOportionateamount of time and attention, simply from the difficulty of
finding a L ala acqua inted with any but his own language. I t
would have beenmore difficult still if it had not beenfor thekind and efli cient help givenme by M r. J . E . S tephenson,a d istrict official of the Brit ish S outh A frica Company, whosecareful notes and collect ions furnished most useful help inarriving at conclusions both as to grammar and vocabulary.
M y fullest acknowledgements are due to h im, and also to M essrs .H . Croad and J . M ofl
'
at T homson, both Bri ti sh S outh A fricaCompany officia ls, for much kind help and encouragement .B ut the general result, after verificationinboth d ivi sions of theL ala country, be ing as given above, it only remains to makeclear the object of evena small separate account of La la.
Inbrief, the pecul iarit ies of L ala, though relat ively small, aresufficiently important to call for a supplement to the ‘W isaH andbook A t the same time , th e Qomou aiw e. Q
‘tw t si xmezmt h
6 INTRODUCT I ON
of the L ala d ialect, as that which most E uropeans would first
come incontac t with, suggests the addi tion of an outl ine of
the grammar, as well as a vocabulary and some L ala stories .Thus the L ala and Wisa H andbooks may be regarded as
mutually supplementary.T he tota l number of people speaking L ala-L amba-W i sa can
only be guessed, but is probably not less than The
L ala people are ca lled Walala, their language Chilala, and thei rcountry W i lala (wi representing the u ofmany other d ialects) .
A . C . M A D A N .
qsm, N . W . R . ,
jab) : I 90 7 °
InPart I , GRAM M AR, paragraphs are numbered consecutivelyfor convenience of reference.
R eferences to Lala may be taken as equ ivalent to Lala
L amba throughout, and the differences pointed out betweenL ala and W isa are of course more marked among the Lala ofthe west (W . L ala, or M aswaka) thanonthe borderland of thetribes.
CON T EN T S
PART I . GRAMMAR
CH APTE R
I . LA L A , AS SPOKEN A N D WR I TTE N
I I . NOUN SL ist of commonNouns
I I I . A D JE CTI VE SL ist of A djectives and Numera ls
IV. PR ON OUN S A N D PRON OM I N A L A D J E CTI VE STable of Demonstra tives
V. VER B S(1) Verbs mgenera l 44 55 )
Conspectus of F orms 46
The modified S tem 52-5
(2) Person—or Concord Prefixes 56
(3) Tenses (Indicat ive Mood) 61
A . Tense-S ystem, Afii rmat ive 63
B . Negat ive Conjuga t ion 69C. Notes onthe Tenses 72
D . Compa risonof L a la andW isa TenseS
‘ystems(4) Imperative Mood 91
(5 ) S ubjunct ive Mood 98
(6) Infini tive Mood 101
(7 ) Voices 103
(8) Verb S tems 105
(9) A uxiliary and other Verbs 1 15
(10) L ist of CommonVerbs K§
CONTENTS
CH APTE R PAGE
VI . ADVER B S, PRE POS I TI ON S, CONJUNCTI ONS, A N D
OTH E R PARTICL E S(1) Dependent S entences 125
(2) L ist of A dverbs, &c.
PA RT I I
S TOR I E S, &c., I L LUSTRATI NG LA LA , L'
A M B A , A N D W I S A ,
W I TH N OTES .
1. S hort sentences and phrasesI I . Transla tion (tenta tive) of the L ord ’ s Prayer
and TenCommandmentsI I I . Twelve S tories
PA RT I I I
L A L A (LA M BA )-EN GL I SH VOCA BULARY
PART I . GRAM M AR
(Reference may be allowed once for all to the W isa Handbook ’
, as
conta ining a somewha t fuller account of the Grammar common for the
most part to the W i sa and L a la di a lects. Here an outl ine only i s given,suffici ent for a beginner inei ther di alect , and show ing the chief points ofdi fference betweenthem.)
CH APT ER I
LA L A , A S S POKEN A N D WRITTEN
1. L ala , like W isa , is a Bantu dia lect of the ordinary type. T he
pronunciationof its words canbe (w ith few exceptions) sufficientlyindicated by the English a lphabet, and the fea tures of i ts gramma rdescribed by the usua l English names. T henouns fa ll into classes,dist inguished by the first syllable, and this or a simi la r syllable i sprefixed to every adject ive and verbqualifying a noun, formingthe Concord characterist ic of Bantu.
2. T he follow ing is a typical sentence inL a la : F z’
ntufl a z'
nfumu
fl ame fl askz'
la , i . e. (fintu) the th ings (jj/a ) of (z'
nfumu ) the chief(fl ame) a ll (jjmslzz
’
l a ) are finished. T he prefix fl , mark ing the
plural of one class of nouns, is repeated w ith the preposit ion(fy-a ),the adjective (jjf-ome), and the verb (jjf
3 . L a la words are here wri tten as simply as poss ible by usingthe English a lphabet, and are pronounced a s wri tten, subject tothe follow ing rules.
1 . VOW EL S .
a as a infa ther, orpa t .e as a inf ate, or e inpet .i as e injfet , or i inpi t .o a s or insort, or 0 inpot .
a as 00 inroot , or u infl a t.vowels occur together, each is to be pronoumzexk s ever
10 LALA GR AM M AR
4 . 2. CONSONANTS as inEnglish, except thatg is not used forj, as ing i ft .1 i s not used for 2 , as inn
’
se.
ng’ is used for the sound 71g followed by a check , separa tingi t inpronuncia t ionfromthe other letters of the syllable,something like ng insz
’
ng-er.
3. S PE CI A L SOUN D S.
One sound, common in L a la , W isa , and other dialects, isnot English, and requires a specia l sign. I t i s here ca lledM odified 20, and written12) (ih the Wisa H andbookI t i s a sound approach ing 610 ormv, variously pronouncedby na tives, and somet imes hea rd as pla inb, v, or 20.
6 . I t must also be remembered thatdz i s used to represent the sound variously pronounced byna tives as dz, ty , try , k ; k and ky being common amongthe M aswaka .
r and l are interchangeable inmost words. Either soundmay be clearly heard.
1 and s}: are oftenheard before a vowel as sy , sky .
m, um,ma , mmmay be heard, especially at the beg inning
of words, w ithout difference of meaning, and s imilarly n,m, fly .
7 . T he following contractions of vowels occurri ng together inthe same word or indifferent words are common
a coa lesces w ith an a follow ing , forms e with an e or 3’
follow ing, and o w i th ana or a follow ing . (W hendifferentwords are united by a contraction, the vowel is w rittenbetween hyphens, e. g . anay—e—mlzz
’
ma , apam-o-mw ana ,for ( may a imlzz
’
ma , afiama umw and .)z
’
and 21, before vowels, become y and 10. And a y sound isoftenheard before a
,e,or i , and a w sound before 0 and u ,
whena root begins w ith those vowels .
8 . T he 7: sound in combination w ith others involves severa limportant changes . It i s represented by ml , nj, 71g , before vowels,
mud changes to 71: before m,p , b, v , and (sometimes)f . N ] becomesand becomes md. (S ee further
LALA, A S SPOKEN A N D WR ITTEN 11
9 . The accent inL ala and Wisa is usually onthe syllable beforethe last, but a stress is a lso very commonly laid onthe last syllablebut two.
10. Characteristic differences of L ala and Wisa pronunciationare as followsInL a la f corresponds to 71 inWisa.
s]: s
z
ky , kz‘ is preferred to £11, c/zz
'
inWisa .
g , gy j inWisa
CH A PT E R I I
NOUN S
11. Ncuns inLala , as inW isa, may be arranged intenclasses ,dist inguished by the pairs of prefixes which mark the singular andplura l .12 . The singular-prefixes are, intheir full forms, 2mm, z
’
dzz’
, aka ,
in, ulu ,mfm, and in the plural, a zba , z
’
mz’
, zfi, utu , (110171,ama . T o these may be added uku , 1mm,
apa , used mostly informing expressions equiva lent to nouns, both singular and plura l .13 . Commonly the first vowel of the two-syllable prefixes is not
dist inctly heard, and the classes may be conveniently described as
follows . (F urther examples and fuller descriptionsmay be readilyfound by reference to the vocabulary under each sz
'
ng ular-prefix
and to the W isa H andbook14 . CLASS 1 . S ing . M U (a lso umu , mw , m) .
Plur. WA (also a zi'
za , 26, 6a , a ) .E x. S ing. mzmtu , a person. Plur. zixantu .
mw ana , a child. zi'ftma .
mkas/u’
, a woman. makers}:z'.15 . CLASS 2. S ing . AI U (a lso umu , mm,
m) ,Plur. 1111 (a lso z
’
mz’
,my ).
Ex. S ing . mutz’
, a tree.
mus/u'
, a village.
mwz’
lz‘
, a body.
12 LALA GR AM M AR
16 . CLASS 3. S ing . CH I (a lso dr, ty , by , k),Plur. F 1 (alsofy) .
Ex. S ing. cl u’
ntu, a thing. Plunfintu .
chum, a bird. jj'um'
.
17 . These prefixes are used before nouns of other classes w ithan augmentative meaning , i . e. to express size , number,quant ity,and thensomet imes inthe forms cl m,jj'a .
Ex. S ing . cf u‘
mrmtu, a big man. Plunfizi/antu .
c/zamzmkulu,a big log . fl amz
’
nkulu .
18 . CLASS 4. S ing. K A (oftencontracting w ith vowel following).P lur. T U
Ex. S ing. ka temo, anaxe. Plur. tutemo.
19 . These prefixes are used w ith a diminutive meaning (cf. thoseof Class
Ex . S ing . bom’
(ka a sma ll bird. Plur. tum’
.
16am: (l'a-cma ), a child. twamz.
S ing .
20. CLASS 5 .
Plur[N (n, and plur. somet lmes 311morma ).
Ex. S ing. ”ami d , a house. Plur.mum’a,mamma’
a .
S ing . and plur.mlzz’
ku, day, days.(F or varia t ions of the nsound , cf. 8,
21. CLASS 6. S ing . L U (lw ,ulu),
Plur. [NEx. S ing . lus/zz
’
mu , a bee. Plur. mlzz'
mu .
luslzzfia , a blood-vessel.luw af u, a side.
luz'
ze‘
bu , a sma ll bell. ndz'
ze’
bu .
22 . CLASS 7 . S ing. L U (lw , u lu) .P lur. 111A (contracting w ith a vowel follow ing, and
insome words prefixed to sing. la ) .Ex . S ing. lu l cw a
, bark cloth . Plur. makw a .
lztfie, basket . ma lupe.
lupz'
, pa lmof hand. mafiz’
.
mapi lz'
,ma lufl z'
lz'
.
14 LA LA GRAMMAR
27 . A short list of commonnouns is here given.
see English-Wisa Vocabulary in ‘W isa H andbook ’.
indica ted inbrackets.)A ffa ir, busines s, tri al , di spute, reason,mulandu (mi
Anger, inkama , M a l i .
Animal , game, z’
namaA rm,
ukmfioko (ma dam) .A xe, katemo (tuBack (of body) , murana (015Basket (one sort), cl u
'
sele
Bee, luri u'
muBird, t lmm
'
y um) .
Blood , mu lopa (miBody , mu i lz
'
(mz°
Bone, ifupa (ma i l ) .Bowels, malaBreast, chzfua (fif ua) .Bri dge, 111a (maCanoe, 1416a (7124 -10)Cattle
,ng
’ombe
Cattle-pen, el a’
pa ta (fi-p)Ch ief, z
'
nf umuCh i ld , mwana (wand ) .Cloth (cal ico) , z
'
ma luCloud
,ikumbz
’
(ma-k)Cold, impepoCord (bark) , lusbzshz
‘
Country, f/mlaD ay, z
'
mhz'
ku kama (tusua ) .D ew , mama (mime) .D mm
, 7g: 2014
ire 1&ql i l ipo.
muku lu mu l ipo.
(F or others,Plurals are
E gg , z‘
sana (maElephant, z
'
mqfuEvening, cl:z
’
ngu lo.
E ye, l imo (memo) .Fa ther, tata (2612 wz
’
sfiz’
(264-70)Fear, immemoFinger, munweF ire, ma lz
’
lo (miFi rewood, z
'
nk um'
Fish, z'
sa'wz'
(maFood , ckaku ly a (fl ank ) .Foot , lukasa (maForest, z
’
mpangaFow l , imumbz
'
Friend,cbi zfiuza (fi-zfi.)
Garden, mundaGoat , z
'
mb us/u'
god, L ar
b
a .
j},rass, 2: cm mam, amGun, z
'
nfutz'
7
Hand,ukufi oko(ma-zfi.) ,mz°
nweHead, mut
’
Heat, chz'
we.
Heart, mutz'
ma (miH i l l, lupz
'
l i (ma-p . , ma lap)H oe, z
'
re (mare) .Honey, rbud ul
House, ng’
anda , nanda (mmda ,
mananda ).
éanwa kakulu ka lr'
po.
111mm tuku lu tu lz’po.
z’
mmda 111ml11 fl ipo.
z’
nanda 11111211111 sh i lz'
po.
z'
w a [ukulu 11111110.
{11111131111 11111'q1111717 0.
Iupe 1111111114 [a lif t) .ma lupe aku lu alzfl .
zfiuta uku lu u lz'
po.
N OUN S U
Hyena , 1113111111111 , 11111116010.
Journey, u lwmdo (maKni fe, 11111113111 (maL eg ,
11111111
L i fe, may o (mi ay a) .L ion, nka lamaL oad (basket) , rhz
'
fe (fif e) .
M a ize, ma tawa (pM an(person) , 1111111111 (manta ) .
(ma le) , mwana lume (10am) .M at
,muf am
Mea l , 1mga .
M ea t , 1'
11a 111a , 1111'
11a 112 (fiM i lk
,mukaka (111i
M i llet, amau‘
mMoney , 1
°
11da111111a
M oon, 1111011115M orning, kuclza .
M ortar (wooden) , zfum (ma{111111112 (1114
M other, mama (16mm) .ny z
’
na (10mm) .Mouth , kanwa (1111111111)M ud, matz
'
paName
,1111111111 (0111-111)
Neck mukou ‘
Nigh t, ushz’
ku (maPath , 111111711
CH APT ER I I I
A DJECTIVE S
28. A djectives proper, i . e. words which are adjectives only , arefew in L a la , a s inW isa
’
and other Bantu dia lects. They followthe noun
, and have the concord-prefix required by i t, e. g. 1111111111
1111111111111, a great man; 111111112 121111111, a large house ; and so w ithother forms, 1172 1111111, fikulu , shikulu , lukulu , pakulu , all from-k11111, great
29 . T he place of adjectives is readily supplied by (1) the preposition -11 with a concord-prefix (i . e. 21111, y a , 11111, fy a , 111, 121111,sfiy a , 121111, ly a , kwa , 11121111, fa , followed by a noun(e. g . 1111114711
y a clzam‘
, a house of grass, a grass house), or the infini tivemood, asverbal noun
Pole, 111111 (fin) .Pond, pool , 11111111100 (_fiPot (cooking) , i nangoRa in, 1111111110River, 11110 (1110-11Salt
,11111111111 .
Skin, 1'
mpapa 1111111100 (11Slee 11110
81110 0,
Snake, 11110110Sore, 11111011110 09S pear, 1711 1110 (1110Stick , imako katz
'
(knobbed) ,Stone, 1161 , 11101Stump, chz
'
fl u'
nga (f i sh ) .S un, kasuaT hi ef,p0111pwe (160Thorn, mungaT obacco ,fi 001'a .
Tree, 1111111'
Vi llage, 111111111
W ater, 0111111110W ind , impepoW oman
,”1100110101111
W ork 111111110
Yard (measure), lapana’e (1110(court) , 11101110
LALA GR AM M AR
30. (2) a verb . Any suitable tense of the indicative mood maybe used w ithout change as a relative or adjectively (cf. 125-7 )but the most usua l in L a la i s the modified verb-stem (see 73
-7 )
w i th a concord-prefix. T hus , using -w e11ze, the mod ified stem of
the simple -1001110 (be good), 1111111111 1111111111, a goodman(sometimesa lsoB ut other forms are available, e. g. 1111111111 1111101110, 1111111111
1001001110, and a lso (see above) 1111111111 1110 1111001110, and (its con
tracted form) 1111111111 10011101110 (for 100-111 and similarlythe negative verb-forms corresponding, 1111111111 10110111 01110110, anignorant man 60
,
81. LI ST OF COM M ON AD JECT I VES, A N D N UM ER A L S.
(T he root i s given, and i f a verb , v. is added.)
A l l , -01111 (sometimes L ong , 4 011.A lone, 4 1 10 (or M ad,B ad, -w 1
'
,41 11111 , v. M a le, 4 111111 , 9 101101111111.
B i g ,-111111. M any, much, -11g 1, -11j1.
B oth , -o1uz'
10. M y , mine , -a 11jz, -a1zg'1 .
Clean, 4 11111 , v. N ew ,-0 1011110 .
Clever, N ice, 4 011111 , v .
Cold, -1011110111 , v. N ine, -10110 111 -11111 .D i rty, -1011. Old, -p111110.
E ight , 10110 111 4 0111 . One, -1110.
Empty, -0 101010. Other (di fferent) 4 1111, (simi lar)False, -0 1111119.
Female, -10111, -y a 11010111. Poor, -10f 11.F ew ,
-111 , -0 11111110 , v . Pretty, «11111 , 4 1111111.
Fierce, -1011.Fi rst, 4 011j111, -0 1111011ga , v.
Five, -10110.
Fool i sh, -p111111111 , vFour, -11111 .
Fresh , -0 1011160, 4 11111.Good , 4 111 , -111, 4 1111111 , v.
Grea t, -111111 .
H eavy, 4 11111111, v-0 11119110, v.
H igh , 4 011.H i s, her, 011111 .
H ot (water) , -10w111 , v.
L ast -p11111 , v . 11111110, v.
L ight (weight) , -pz1111 , v(co 4 1011111, v.
R i e , ~pt’
le, v. (py a ).S e f, -z
'
ne.
S even ~scmo naS hort,Sick , -lwele,S ix, -sanom 4 710.
Small,
-r/ze.
S trong, J osefa, v.
T en, i k umz’
.
T heir, -azi)o.
T hick , J i keme, v.
T hin, -clze.
T hree, J am.
T rue, ~z‘
m.
AD JE CT IVE S t 7
Twenty, makumz'
awz'
l i . W hole, -a musuma.
Two, W icked, ~w i , 79, -a zfiufi .
Unripe,qui d . W i se, wkmjde, ~a amano.
W eak , -c/ze, makz'
le, v. Your, ~owe.W ell (hea lth) , -kosele, v.
CH A PT ER IV
PRONOUNS
I Persona l Pronouns.
S ing. I . ”8200,I . Plur. I . fivezbo, we.
2. wezi‘
zo, you. 2. m'wed'o, you.
3. zjye, ye, he, she. 3. 790130, they.
83 . H e, she, is also oftenexpressed by a demonstrat ive, uy a ,uyo (see below) . The concord-prefixes used w ith pronouns are
those of Class 1 .
34 . A shorter form is used in close connexionw ith a nounor
adject ive (preceding or following), and after na (with, and), m’
(i tis), te (not), and somet imes a verb.
S ing. l . na, 1. Plur. 1. fi ve, we.
2. w e, you. 2. mw e, you.
3 . ye, he, she. 3. 75 a , 7170, they.
Thus nenfzmm, I the chief nemw z‘
ne, I myself w antumwe, you
people ; ”aye, and be, w ith h im; m’
we, i t is you ; tazim, not they ;nine,m
‘
nezi‘
zo, i t is I , here I am.
The plural forms are commonly used of single persons forcourtesy.
85 . 2. Possem‘
w s (P ronomz’
na l A dfi ctim ).S ing. 1 . -anjz, my. Plur. 1 . -em, out .
2. ww e, your. 2. w in, your.
3. his, hers. 3. mean, their.These are used with the concord-prefixes already given
Chap. 11
”a
LAL A GR AM M A R
3 6 . 3 . D emonstra tz’
ves (P ronomz'
na l A djectz'
w s).
These fa ll into three groups, a ll formed onthe concord-prefixes,and each group w ith a simple form and anemphatic made by prefixing n. The three groups denote ingeneral
(1) this,’ implying nearness (ih fact or thought),
(2)‘this, that ,
’of relative nearness or middle distance, or of
reference,
(3) tha t,’of distance or distinction.
3 7 . T he demonstra tives are common and important, and theirforms are best shown in a Table the last column show inga formof demonstrat ive, which pronounced w ith stress onthe fi rstsyllable expresses anemphatic negative, not this (that), no.
’
38 . The same forms are used inW isa, but w ith the diflerence,
that inW isa the emphatic (n) forms are the most commonly used ,and those in the last column are used w ithout stress as a weakdemonstrative. All (except the last) are commonly used before, a swell as after, the noun.
39 . F or T ableo f Demonstrat ives, see opposite.
40. The concord-prefixes themselves are a lso used as weakdemonstratives (this, these), either a t the beginning or end of a
noun, and either as giveninthe first columnof the Table or combinod w ith vowel o, e. g . umzmtu , mgwtuu , omzmtu, muntuo, &c .
And -no i s a lso used a s a demonstrative affix, e. g. muntuno,w antzmo.
E is prefixed, as a part icle of emphasis, to demonstratives, a swell as to other words.
4. I nterrog a tz’
z/es (Pronomz’
na l N ouns and A dject ives).
nam’
, (i t is) who ?wam'
,who ?
slzam'
,sky am
'
,how ?what ?what k ind ?
-a slzam‘
, of what sort (k ind, tribe, qua lity,kw a nam’
,-a kwam
’
,whose ?
~z'
m, which wha t ?kw im, kulz
'
pz'
, kn, where ?1w z
’
sa , I i sa , whenw du , -fl d0, wha t Used as anaffix ofnouns and verbs, e. g .
amanondo, wha t design w afi uay—e-ndo, what do you want ?
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LA LA GR A M M AR
m’
mz’u,m’
mz’o, (it is) wha t, why ? A lsofina'u,findo, 6a mfindo,
but why ?ng afindo, why, wha t for?mg a , howmany ?
(of the above, -a si tam'
,-z'
sa,4 1d”, mga take the usua l
concord-prefixes of adjectives .)ng a is oftenused to introduce a quest ion, e. g. ng a w ay a
éw z’
sa , where are you going ?te, is i t not (the case that)kw,ma , pa , are a lso used for, where ?
42. InW isa , -nzz’
often takes the place of ~na’
u , and -z’
la-z’
regu
larly the place of 42m, ba d tha t of ki t .
5 . Rqflen’
w Pronoun.
4 3 . The reflexive pronoun is i or lz’
, placed immediately beforethe root of a verb, e. g. lz
’
tema , cut oneself.F or relative sentences, see 125
-7 , 30.
CH A PT E R V
VERBS
(1) VE R B S I N GE N E RA L .
44 . Verb-forms in Lala , as in B antu genera lly, consist of a
root w ith various prefixes and afli xes , i . e. dist inct ive sounds or
syllables a t the beginning and end of the word. Those a t the end
indica te mostly different modes or aspects of the root-meaning,commonly classed as stems, voices, and moods, those at the
beginning its relation to time and subject, i . e. tenses, numbers ,
persons, cla sses , and a lso (affirmat ive or negat ive) conjugation.
4 5 . To find the root of a verb-form, i t i s only necessary to
recognize and remove the prefixes, or to know the imperative form,
which has no prefix.
Tak ing first the affixes, and using commongramma tical terms,further expla ined hereafter, the following Tables will serve as a
key to verb-forms.
22 L A L A GRA MMAR
5 1. 7 . P ersons . All verb-forms (in the indica t ive and sub
junct ive moods) begin w ith a syllable, single or double , whichindica tes the person, number, and class of the subject of the verb,and a lso conjuga tion(affirmat ive or negative) 56
5 2. The mod ified stem (as i t is here ca lled) is only used in the
indicat ive mood and w ith certa in tense-signs S o far as i t
is distinguished inmeaning fromanunmodified stem i t appears to
part icularize the root-meaning, referring i t to a part icular subjector c ircumstances
,and inL a la commonly supplies a verbal adject ive .
(S ee W isa H andbook
5 3 . I ts characteristic is the use of the sound e, as a rule in the
two fina l syllables of the verb-form, but a lways in the last— as
fol lows
5 4 . (1) -ele, as afiix of a root w ith vowel e, or a (and somet imes
i ) ; e. g. let-ele, w ol-ele ; -z'
le, after a , z’
, u , e. g. ka t-z'
le, shz'
t-z'
le,
pul a z‘
le, but -ene (for -ele), -z‘
ne (for -z'
le) i f the preceding consonanti s m or n
,herein differing from W isa ; e. g . fum-z
’
ne, pon-ene,tem-ene
, w on-ene.
R eversive stems (and many verbs ending in-ola , -ula ) drop -lain the modified form, e. g. a luz
'
le (from a lula ), tontw ele (tontoele,fromtonlola ), and Causal stems (in ~s/zy a ) change final a only toe ; e. g. {emeslzy e (fromtemeslty a ).
5 5 . (2) W hen the non-modified stem ends with -ana , -ama ,-ay a ,
-a ta , -a la , both vowels are changed to e inthe modified form,
evenwhena root vowel is involved ; e. g. z‘
ka la forms z’
kele, z‘
c/tele,
band , kene, ka ta la , ka tele, panama ,fizmeme. W ane,from w orm,
seems except ional.
(2) PE RS ON (OR CON CORD PRE F I X E S .
5 8. These prefixes form the first syllable of a lmost all verb
forms of the indica t ive and subjunct ive moods. They show the
person (first , second, third), number (singular, plura l), and class
( 1-10) of the noun (subject) which the verbqua lifies, and effectconcord between noun and verb . Inserted before the verb-root,th e same prefixes similarly indicate the noun (object) which the
VERBS 23
verb governs (except inClass Combined w ith a negat ive prefixthey distingui sh the negative from the afli rma t ive conjugat ion,and with a demonstrat ive the rela tive or adjectival use of verbs
125
5 7 . H ence the importance of familiarity w ith the follow ingTable of Person-Prefixes .
CLASS 1 . A fi‘i rmat ive. N egat ive.
S ing. I . (I ) n. (I not) slzz'
, m/zz'
, tanslzz'
.
2 . (you) u , (of object) ku . (you not) tau (to) .
3 . (he, she) u , a , (of object ) (he not , she not) ta u (to) ,ma (h im, her). tan (ta ) .
Plur. I . (we, us) ta . (we not)mm.
2. (you) ma . (you not) l ama .
3. (they, them) 76a . (they not) fawn.
Occa siona lly me,for netizo, I , is used as an affix to the first
personsing. , and -m'
or -em'
to the second person plur. (as in the
imperativemood, 91
E may be prefixed, as a part icle of emphasis to person-prefixes,as well as other verb-forms I
5 8 . The changes (briefly noted in 8) connected with the n
sound are of specia l importance in the prefix of the first personsing. (subject or object) , and inthe subjunctive mood, inwhich the
person-prefix is a ttached to the verb-root .The changes (w ith some exceptions , 7 1) are as follows
(1) B efore the tense-signs 11°
and ng a , n is represented by ndz’
(n-lz) , before In by ndu (negat ive s/zu, mint ) ; e. g. ndz’
lz'
-temene,
(2) n(with vowels) becomes nj before i , e. g. nj—z’
ka te ; ng beforea , e, o, u, e. g. ng
-amz’
ne, ng-eslzy e, ng-odze, ng—ufie.
B ut if a , e, u , are followed by 7311,m5 , 71g , thenng is softened to n,or fly , e. g . n-ena
’
e.
I t must be remembered also that some verbs beginning w ith e
and u are a lso pronounced with y or 10, i . e. y e, w u .
(3) n(with consonants) becomes 77: before] ; m, p, e. g. mpame ;fly , m
’
(as well as n) before n, e. g. m’
m’
ne ; ml , combined w ith l orr, e. g. ndase (n-lase) mb, combined wi th w , e .g .mboneQrt—auonfi .
24 LA LA GRAMMAR
5 9 . M oreover, inperson-prefixes, u is often 10 before vowels,a often coalesces with an a follow ing, becomes e by contract ionw ith e or z
‘
, but is not changed by a or u follow ing (cf.
60. The affirmat ive concord-prefixes of Cla sses 2-10 have beena lready given vnz
S ing. u , d a’
, ka , z'
, lu , u, lz’
Plur. i ,ji ,m, sl u‘
, a
Inthe negat ive forms ta is prefixedS ing. tau , tac/zz
'
, taka , taz’
, ta lu , ta lz'
Plur. taz’
, taji , tam, tasl n‘
, taaM ku
: tamu , tapa .
(3) TE N S E S .
61 . The tense-system is the grammatica l feature inwhich B antudia lects appear to differ most characteristica lly. L a la and W isatenses are much a like, but the L ala tenses are here somewha tdifferently, and perhaps better, arranged than the W isa (in
‘W isaH andbook and a comparisonof them is made below
62. As a rule, the tense-sign immediately follows the person
prefix. B ut inone tense (T . I ) there is no tense-sign, and in two
others the tense-signcomes first (T . 10,
L ula Tease S y stem.
A . Indica t ive, A ffirmative.
63 . I t appears that the meaning of a tense depends on threeelements
(1) The tense-sign, i . e. a dist inct ive syllable or letter, immedia telyfollow ing the person-prefix.
(2) The formof the verb itself, i . e. whether
(a ) the stemonly, e. g.~tema ;
(b) the stemmod ified, e. g. J anene
(c) the infini t ive mood, e. g. ka tema ;3) the meaning of the verb, whether implying
(a ) act, or process, e. g. ka tema , to cut ;
15) state, condition, or quality, e. g. kutua , to be white .
VE RBS 25
64 . 1. The tense-signs area;
(“Va swith euphonic variants (a ) la , la, a lo,
a lz’
,
To these may be added ka , ng a , whenpreceding (not following)the person-prefix, and the infinit ive mood used as an impersona ltense, not defining personor t ime.
65 . S ome of these tense-signs do not of themselves define t ime
(past, present , future), this being ga thered from the context , or
genera l meaning of the sentence. H ence tenses may be classed asAmim(or t ime-less tenses), P resents, P a sts, F utures, w ith someA ddz
'
tz'
ona l .
66 . 2. W ith some important exceptions, each of the tense-signsi s capable of being used w ith the verb ineither of the three formsgivenabove, the difference ofmeaning being that the idea conveyedby the verb is expressed
(a ) by the verb-stem, as g enera l
(b) by themodified stem, asparti cula r, i . e. regarded inrelat ionto circumstances
,whether of place, t ime, object, or other ;
(c) by the infini tive mood, as continu ing—a sphere of act ion,or
occupat ion, or condition, e. g.
twa l i-tema , we cut.twa l i-temene, we cut (something, here, there, then, now,
tw a i fikutema , we were (engaged ih ) cutting.
67 . A Table and short descriptionof tenses are here given, and asa single descriptive t itle to each tense is difficult to assign,numbersare attached for convenience of reference. E xamples are given infirst personplura l , as not involving the confusing euphonic changesof the n in first person singular. F orms not often heard are
bracketed.
1 A orz’
sfs.
2 P resents.
4 . F utures.
5 A ddi tz'
ona l .
( 1) Condi t iona l.
LA LA GR A M MAR
TA B L E OF TE N S E S .
Indicative (A ffirmative) .
T ense-si gn.
(person-prefix only)
ka (prefixed to T . I
or 2 or to the root
wi thout person-prefix)
-aku
Nga (prefixed toone of the foregoing tenses, e. g.)
E xample.
1 (a) tu-tema .
-temene.
-kutema .
J anene.
(F or twa-k ufema ,see T . I
3. (a) tu Ia-tema .
~temme.
-kutema .
4. (a) tu l i -tema .
(b) J a nene.
(c) ~kufema .
5
6. (a) tuko-tema.
(b) J emma.
(c) ~ku tema
7 . (a) tuckitw ac/zi
(b)(c) J eutema .
8.
(b) temme.
(c) éutema .
9. (a) tunga-tema .
(b) temene.
(c)
~kutema .(0)
(a) tuka-tema .
(b) 4 5 7mm.
(c) -ku tema .
(a )(b) J emem.
(c) kutema .
twaku-tema .
(a nga-twatema .
(b
VERB S 27
Tense-sign. E xample .
Ku (prefixed to ku
(2) Impersonal . the verb stem ukuw i th various ad mu l-udi tions) . eku tema .
emukunebu
eku lo-kun
69 . B . T he negat ive conjuga t ion in genera l merely substitutesthe nega t ive person-prefixes (sizz
’
mlzz’
tamlzz'
inthe first personsing., ta in other persons) for the affirmat ive ineach tense . An
emphat ic direct negat ive tense is supplied by using tetz’
followedby the subjunct ive, e. g . tetz
’
tuteme, we certa inly do not (w ill not)out . Inthe impera tive only, i is the signof nega tion.
70. W hile acquiring familiarity w ith the tense-forms,it is useful
to remember that those most commonly heard areT . 2
, as a genera l descriptive tense, in conversa t ion and
narra t ive, and also as a perfect defini te, e. g. na tema , 1 cut,
I have cut.T . 5 , as a present indefini te or imperfect , e . g. ndulul 'm‘
ema ,I amcutting .
T . 8, as a past defini te, and also perfect, esp. 8 b, e. g . na l i
temem’
, I cut , I have cut ; and T . 10, as a commonnarrat ivetense, e. g. ka tema , (and) he cut .
T . I I and 12, as commonfutures, e. g. tu/ca tema , tukotema , wew ill cut.
71 . The forms of the prefix of first person singular are various
(cf. 56 and important. ThusinT . 4, ndi-tema , orndz
’
-lz'
-tema forn-lz‘
n-lz'
-lz'
;
inT . 5 , ndu-ku tema , or ndu-lu-kutema , for 72-111, n-lu-lu ;inT . 8
,ndz
’
ng a-tema , for n-ng a .
And inthe N egat ive ConjugationinT . 5 , sizq-kutema , orml mlu ;inT . 2 and others, sl m, mlza , for sizi-a , mlzz
°
-a .
A commongeneral negative is supplied by using tapa l i and the
infinitive mood, e . g, tapa lz'
kutema (but cf.
72. C. N otes onthe Al eam'
ng and Useqf tlze Tew es.
Only a short genera l descript ion is here attempted. W h ile the
leading idea in each tense is comparat ive“ m um “mm
28 LALA GRA M M AR
be conveyed by a single descriptive name, and only experience canlead to i ts correct use, and most fitting translation.
1 . A ori st s .
78. T he way of conceiving the verb-idea commonto these tensesis perhaps best shownby the fact that they each supply verb-formscommonly used as adjectives. They assert something aboutanother w ithout reference to t ime
,though the
,context may refer
i t to past, present, or future. The assertion, however, has a differentcolour ineach tense, assert ing in
T . 1, a standing ckaracten'
stz'
c, whether quality or act ion;T . 2, a simplefaa
‘
T . 3, a [mbz’
t (usua l , repea ted act or state).
74 . T . l . (a) tu-tema , (b) tu-temene, (c) tu-kutema .
The idea is a norma l actual funct ion, act ivity, attribute, &c.,
according to the meaning of the verb, and (b) is the formmostcommonly used as an adject ive Thus (a ) we are cutters
(cutting, we cut) ; (b) we are cutters (here, now ,of wood
,
(c) we are cutters (cutt ing, engaged in cutt ing, as occupa t ion).
7 5 . T . 2. (a) tw a-tema , (b) twa-temme, ( (c) twa-kutema , T . l
H ere the idea is represented as fact , and the tense has threeuses, v iz.
(1) as the commontense of descript ion and narrat ive , withoutdefining t ime ;(2) as perfect defini te, of actua l accomplished completed fact
or established state. In this case a stress is often la id on the
tense-sign, a .
(3) as anadject iveThus mzmtu w afw a may mean (1) the man died, is dead, hisdeath has occurred (2) the manis dead and done for, the ma tteri s over ; or (3) a dead man.
7 6 . B ut (a) and (b) are also used in contrast as a near and
distant past, e. g. rf wa , afwz'
le, may be heard together, he is deadnow (to-day), he died la tely (yesterdaY), and afiuz
’
lz’
lz’
le may beadded to denote a more remote past 1 he died long ago.
7 7 . As to (c), i t is not iceable that while be ing used regularly asa future, T . 13, the same form is used adject ivally, i . e. is treated
30 LALA GR AM M AR
84 . T . 13 (tw akutema ) may be regarded as properly adject ival
(see and ca lled a future of mora l certainty, i . e.
‘we are
cutters, of the cutt ing class , (and so) may be expected to cut, w ill
cut .’
(S ee 74,
85 . These futures are further supplemented by (1) the use of thesubjunct ive mood in i ts proper subject ive sense, i . e. tuteme, weintend (propose, hope, w ish) to cut, let us cut, we w ill cut ; and
86 . (2) by the verb z‘
sa , come, followed by the infinit ive,i . e. tukoz
‘
sa kutema , or tuka z’
sa kutema , implying a very certa in
future, we w ill certa inly cut, we will go at once to cut.’
5 A ddi ti ona l .
87 . 1. ng a is a particle used in severa l ways (see Part I I I ,Vocabulary), but prefixed to anindicat ive tense-formregularly gives
i t a conditiona l meaning, translatable by may would,’ ‘should,
’
could,’ might,
’&c. e. g. ng a tw a tota , we should be plea sed .
88 . Inconditional sentences it is often used with the verbs of
both clauses ; e. g. ng aw a la sa z’
nama , ng aw a tufiela , were you to
(i i you were to) k ill game, you would give us some
89 . 2. The infinitive form of the verb is very commonly used,w ith some variations of the prefix, in carrying on conversat ion or
narrative, wheni t i s sufficient to express the idea w ithout defini tionof person or tense (time). The regular ku , aka , prefix is oftencombined w ith the empha tic init ia l e, equivalent to so ‘
then,’
and then or the prepositionma , expressing purpose or occupat ion, e. g. emukutema
,so he (they, &c.) engaged in cutt ing (or,
started to cut) . E ka la (ekulo a lso occurs in the infini tive of
narration.
S upplementary tenses are supplied by forms of [i (be), used as
an auxiliary e . g . zba h’
zbapz’
nta , they had gone (and cf.
la (ulu), o, as verb-prefixes, occur (it w ill be noticed) not only
inthe present, but sometimes as part of a past tense, and a lso in
both impera tive and infinit ive moods.
90. D . The difi'
erences of the L ala and W isa tense-systems areimp ortant, though ri ot numerous.
VE R B S 31
1. A ori l ts .
T . 1 (b) . M odified stem w ith person-prefixes is the commonadjectiva l form of the verb in La la . InW isa i t is T . 2 (a), thesimple stemw ith tense-sign-a .
e. g. La la, nsa la sizi-fi tz’
le, black cloths.W isa
, ma lu s a-fi ta ,T . 2 (a) i s the common tense of narrat ive inW isa, but inLala
also T . 10, which is not found inW isa .
e. g . Lala , kay a , he went .W isa, way a ,
T . 3 (a) in the negat ive form is used inW isa as the deferred
(not-yet) tense, but inLa la T . 9, negat ive.e. g. L a la , sl u
'
ng a tema , I have not yet cut.W isa , sz
'
l a tema ,
2 . Presents .
T . 5 (ulu) i s not found inW isa . T . 6 (ko), seldom used a s
present inLa la , is the commonest inW isa .
e. g. La la , nduluku tema , I amcutting.W isa , nkotema ,
T . 7 is not found inW isa , and inL a la isnot common, thoughinother dia lects i t is a marked feature.
3. P aste.
T . 9 (ng a ) as a past tense is not found inW isa .
4. F u tures .
T . 1 1 (ka ) is not'
found inW isa , T . 12 being the commontense of the future. M oreover inW isa , the commonauxiliary verbof the future i sy a (go) , but inL a la z
’
sa (come).
5 . Condi t i ona l .
The use ofng a is pract ica lly the same inW isa and L ala , though
inthe ‘W isa H andbook i t has not beenclassed as a tense-sign.
6. N egat i ve 00ndugat i on.
The emphat ic negative tense used inW isa , of the form (e. g . )nsi-a I wi ll certa inly not do, is not used in L '
ska .
LALA GR AMM AR
commonnega tive adverb inL ala is y oo, inW isa y a i , but tapa lzy oo is by no means so common, as a general negative in L ala , astapa lz
’
. y a :'
inW isa .
(4) I M PE RAT I VE M oon.
91. The verb-stem w ithout prefix suppl ies the simple directimperat ive second personsing. , and w ith -m
‘
added, second person
plur. I f a monosyllable, z’
is prefixed inthe sing.
e. g. S ing. tema, cut. P lur. temam
’
.
g‘wa , die. fwam'
.
92. The verb-stemwith person-prefixes and km, forms animperat ive of a ll persons e. g. kantema , letme cut ; koy a (ka-uy a ), go.
93 . The subjunctive mood is a lso often used as a mi ld or
courteous imperative, or expression of request , w ish, purposee. g. nkufiele, let me give you.
94 . And in this ca se a lso ka is oftenused, before or after, orbefore and after the person-prefix,
e. g. kanteme, let me cu t .
nje nkateme, let me go and cut .
kanka teme,95 . mi , added to these (subjunct ive) forms, adds force to the
command or appeal , ina ll persons e. g . mbonem'
,let me see.
96 . Two verbs often used, or combined, w ith an imperative arezbula (take) , and tay a (for tang a , be first, do first),—2(
"mla havinga k ind of explet ive force.e. g.mbzde-njye or zimlenjye, let me take and ea t, of course I must
(w ill) eat .tay e
-nda le, let me sleep first.
97 . The negative impera tive is formed by inserting z’
or £10
between the prefix and the stem, for al l persons. The infinitiveformis also used inplace of the stem.
e. g. w i-tema , w z’
kutema , do not cut.w z
’
lo-tema , w z’
lokutema ,w i w i loz
’
zi‘
za , do not steal.
(5) S UBJUN CT IVE M oon.
98 . The subjunctive mood consists of a verb-stemwith person
” mfixes and fina l e for a .
VE R B S 33
99 . B esides i ts use as a mi ld impera tive i t has the usua lsubjunctive meanings, i . e. expresses uncerta inty, intent ion, probabi l ity, w ish (may, might, could, would, should , and whendependent onanotherverb, chiefly expresses purpose inorder totha t
100. ka and ng a are somet imes inserted between the person
prefixand stem,—ka expressive ofenergyor action,ng a ofuncerta inty;
e. g. néa teme,I would go and cut .
ungawd e, you would (probably) return.
(6) IN F I N I T I VE M oon.
101. The characterist ic prefix of the infini t ive mood is ku , uku .
I t is oftenused as a noun and a lso innarrative and
inplace of a present part iciple ; e. g. éu tema , to cut, cutting.
102. A negat ive infini tive is supplied by the use of wula (bew ithout), te or ta , viz.,
kmbula kutema,not to cut.
te kutema ,
ku la tema (to not cut).
(7 ) Vo i cns.
108. The characteristic of the passive voice is 20 before the fina l
vowel of a stem, ina ll moods and tenses, and of the neuter, -eéa , ifthe preceding vowel is e or 0
,-z
’
ka,if a , z
’
, 11,— as the stem—ending.
S ome verbs ending in-w a and 4 6a have an a ct ive meaning ; e. g .
tawwa , (1) be cut, (2) like, love.
104 . The neuter does not, like the passive , imply reference to
anagent . I t is oftenused to express what is possible and practic
able ; e. g. cfia temeka , i t canbe cut , i t i s cut .
(8) VE RB-S TE M S .
105 . A h example of these has beengiven Their charac
teri stic form and meaning may be briefly described as follows .
E ach consists of a root and afl‘ix.
106 . S tem1 . S imple, afiix -a (w ith few except ions), e. g. tema ,cut.
L O'L O a o
34 L A LA GR AM M A R
107 . S tem2. Applied, affix -ela , after e or a inthe root, ~z‘
la , after
a (w ith some except ions), z'
, u, but
~ma ,~z
’
na , if the precedingconsonant i s morn, e . g. l emma . This stem conveys any of the
meanings usua lly expressed in English by placing a preposit ionafter the verb, context ma inly deciding .
wh ich meaning is intended ;e. g . l emma
, cut for (w ith, a t, upon, from,
108 . S tem3. Causa l,Intensive , afii x -z
’
slzy a (or -es}zy a , after e, o,and insome verbs a , preceding), somet imes -y a . The affix impliesforce, either as producing (causa l) or characterizing (intensive) anact or sta te. As intensive , i t may be genera lly transla ted by anadverb, e. g. very,much , grea tly, severely, strongly, &c . As causa l,i t may include any mode of effect ing a result, including suasion,
permission, collusion, as well as compulsion.
109 . S tem4. R eciprocal, afii x -ana . This a l so is comprehensiveinmeaning, including mutua l, combined action, a s well as interaction, react ion, a lterna t ion, &c. ,
often transla table by words likeeach other other,
’ mutually,’to and fro ,
’together.
’
110. S tem 5. R eversive, affix -u la . B es ides actua l reversa l ofanact or sta te (e. g. kakula , unbind), the afii x may be used of actsor sta tes implying change. T he stem i s sometimes the same inmeaning as the S imple (cf. E nglish loose unloose but inmanywords i ts characteri stic meaning is not discernible.
111. S tem6. S ta tive, affix -ama , implying more or less clearlya fixed state, position, or character.
112. S tem 7 . E xtensive, afi‘
i x -au la , -ola , w ith the idea of wha tis w idespread, sweeping, wholesa le, thorough , on a large sca le,promiscuous, but the idea is not a lways apparent.
118. Other common stem-afii xes, whose distinctive meaningsseemmostly lost, are -a l a , -ata , mg
‘
a ,-uluéa ,
-muéa .
114 . Compound-stems are common, combining the affixes and
meanings of two ormore of the above stems, e.
tema, temana , temam
’
sizy a .
VE R B S 35
(9) A uxmmw AN D OTH E R VE RB S .
115 . To be i s:represented by the follow ing verbs—wa , be,
become ; z’
kala , continue, be constantly, be. These have the usua lforms of other verbs.
116 . lz'
, be, orw ith Class 1 1a , used ina few indicat ive tenses only.Pres. S ing. 1 . M a in, ndz
'
lz’
, nd z'
, I am. Plur. 1 . tulu , tulz'
.
2. u lu , u lt'
. 2. mulu, mulz’
.
3. 162112
W i th Classes 2—10, the -lz°
form is used.Another formof present is
S ing. I . I am.
Past S ing. 1. na l z’
, I was.
3. w a lz’
.
Other tense-signs used are ng a , ka , 460.
117 . m‘
, is, are,—ah invariable form, used w ith a ll persons,
numbers, and classes.
118 . To have is expressed by one of the above forms followedby m
“
, rte, or somet imesms, or by kw a ta , v. own, possess
119 . The verb tz‘
is seldomused, except inthe formsS ing. 1 . ntz
’
. Plur. 1. tutz'
.
2. mutz'
.
3. a tz'
. 3. Wa tt?
and other forms used as conjunct ions e. g. a lz’
, éutz’
, ekutz’
,
pakut i 124,
120. InW isa (1) ndz’
lz’
, ulz’
, &c., is used, not ndulu, ulu ; na i sthe preposition regularly used to denote having, possessing and
I f is freely used as a regular verb, w ith moods, tenses, &c.
T he verb z’
sa,come, is used as anauxiliary to forma future tense
86)
LALA GRAMMAR
(10) L I S T OF COM M ON VE RB S .
(F or further explanationof verbs, see Part III, Vocabulary.)
A buse, tuka .
wepa .
A gree, mw ina , (be ali ke) pa lana ,pelana .
A llow (permi t) , leka .
be Angry, ka lzjfla .
Annoy, ka taslzy a .
Answer, apuka .
A rrange, longa .
A rri ve,fika .
A sk , (inquire) zyuslzy a , (beg) Zomba ,
be B ad, 292104 , (rotten) 200161.B e, wa , z
'
ka la ,Bear, (carry) p inta , mz
’
nta , (produceyoung)fl a la , (frui t)
B eat, pama .
B eg , Zomba smga, apata .
Begin, ta tz'
ka, (y mba , (be first)
B oi l , w z’
la, w z
’
l i sby a .
be B orn,fl a lw a.
B reak, tow a ,pu tu Ia .
B ring , Zeta , 183414 ,120214 .
B ui ld, z'
w aka , (y )aka.
B urn,oclza , (as fire) py a .
B ury, sl u'
ka .
B uy, slzz'
ta .
Call , z'
ta .
Care for, take care of,mnga ,pem6¢la .
Carry, p into , minta .
Catch , t’
kata .
Change, a lu la , a luéa , sangu la .
Cheat, c/zmjeslzy a , tampa i ka .
Choose, sa la .
be Clean,ma , (make clean) tm’
shy a .
Collect together, lmgana , Ionguni
Come,z'
sa ,fika .
Consent, surm'
na .
Consider, Ianga luka , 1a m.Convey
,twa la , peleka .
Cook, p i t a .
be Cool , cold,pola , tontola .
Count, fi nda .
Co regfi mzléa .
C toss over, azbuka, sazfiuéa .
Cut , tam , clzeéa , sesa .
D esire, fway a , kumb'wa , ta sby a .
D estroy, onaula .
be D ifii cul t, ajj'a , kangu .
D ig, z'
mba, (cul tivate) I ima .
D ivide, awa, awany a .
D o, ch i ta .
D ramfitll
rag) ku la , (water) tapa .
D ress, a la .
D rink , nwa .
be E asy, naéi lz'
la .
E a t , lz'
a .
E xceed , excel , cbi la .
Fa i l , sby ama .
F al l ,pond , wa .
F ear, tz'
uc .
F eel (percei ve) , umfwa .
Fetch , wa ltz, tw a la , Iota .
F i ll ,f uh'
sby a .
F ind sangu , (by search) fway a .
F inish , slzz’
la,mam .
F ol low , konka , londa .
F orbid, kana , kama , kkeshy a .
Forget , luw a .
F orgi ve, lekcla .
Get , wu la , tw a la .
be Glad, sangala , seka .
Go, y a , y )mda , z’
ma . Go after,konéa . G0 before, tangi la . Godown, i ka , seluka , tentemwéa . Goln, z
’
ng i la . Go out , fuma . Goup, m
‘
na,kwela .
be Good, w ama .
Grow , ku la , (as plant) mend .
Guard, pemba ,mnga .
Guide, nongvla .
be H appy ,sanga la , seka , tota , tem'wa .
H ate, pa i d .
H ave, (ku)[i na , (ku)wa na , kwata .
H ear, umfwa .
H elp ,qfwa .
H inder, kanga ,pz’
ngu.
H oe, lz’
ma .
H old, t'
kata
H onour, chmdz'
ka .
38 LALA GR AM M AR
Uncover,f 111111112 .
Understand , umfwa , 1121102 .
Undress ,fw 1112 .
Unt ie, 2221112 . well, polo.
W a i t, s2y a la , £2212 .
W ake, 121122 .
W ant,fway 2 , 21111121112 , (1ack) 121112 .
B e wanting, 02002 .
CH A PT E R V I
ADVE R B S , PR E PO S ITI ON S , CON JUN CTION S ,I N TE R JE CT I ON S
122. The L a la-E nglish Vocabulary (Part I I I ) conta ins the princ ipa l adverbs and other part icles, and the lists and notes g iven inthe
‘W isa H andbook are applicable to L a la w ith few except ions .Among these some may be noted, as characteristic of La la .
A
1011122 , now , next, then, but (W i sa ,pa2z1 i z
°
,21111, for, because (rarely 0217112102 , as inW isa) .
102010, for nothing, gra t is, idly, uselessly, merely (inW isa ,
21001 11, 21001111, 2102 120, (a t) my (your, h is) home (W i sa , 211 1100111,
1112 10121, day before yesterday, day after to-morrow (rarely 1112 10,
W isa ,1°
11y 2 , 1112 , yes (W isa , 111110,y 00).
1°
)f00
, y oo, no
22 11121, 2ay a , 11110, 1011122 , 021p210, perhaps, possibly, apparently (W isa , 22 110,
22 111, either or (W isa , y angwla ) .
110, as well as 112, used as prep. and conj . (where W isa
uses
211mfw a, and, then, so, a s a common connective conjunction in
narra tive.
22 , as a part icle of emphas is, commonly interrogative at the beginning of a clause (not inW isa) .
” 4 5
°
inneg a ti ve 0111use, (not) even, (inW i sa , yangu) .
W ash , 1211122 .
W aste, 111/ya , tay a .
W atch , p0m2a.
be W el l , 2012 . Get
i s wel l , 02111101110.
W ound 1212 .
be W rong , 12112 .
ADVERBS 39
2111111111 (111111111111, above, up (not as inW isa generally,21111111111, 1111111111111 ,
2111111011210, outside (as well as 2111110 ; W isa ,Adverbs are formed fromadjective-roots by using the prefixesfi
(ch icfly of manner, degree, k ind) , 211 11111 (oi circumstances,t ime, pla ce) , 22 11 (w ith numera ls).
e. g.fine,1 711101110, well, rightly, truly ; 22 1110, 111110, once.
123 .
The simple prepositions are as inW isa.2 , of, w i th concord-prefixes.
112,w ith also commonly 110, 111, which are not so used inW isa .
211, 11111, 12 , and (of persons) 21111, 21112 . (S ee Vocabulary .)Other preposit ions are formed by using adverbs followed by -2 ;
e. 3 . 2111111111 y a , upon.
12 111112 , under.
122111111112 (followed by noun), without.
124 .
Commonconnect ives are110, and, both of words and clauses ; a lso 112 (as inW isa), 10, and
not , but not .
1011122 , 010, 021111, 211111fi 112 , 22 111111, now , then, presently, next, but ,so
,—according to context .
125 . (1) DE PE N D E N T S E N TE N CE S may be briefly described as
follows
(2 ) R ela t ive (who, which) .This
, when the subject of the verb is concerned, is representedby the verb-form (1) unchanged, or (2) for grea ter distinctness ,w ith the vowel of the concord-syllable prefixed, (3) w ith one of thedemonstra t ives meaning th is that before i t
e. g. 1112 1110110, he saw ,also, (he) who saw.
111112 1110110, 2 102 100110
}(he) who saw11y 11 (uy o) 1112 1110110
126 . W hen the object of the verb is concerned, the proper con
cord-syllable of the object is prefixed to tha t of the subject.
e. g. 1112111100110, he saw them(the things) .1111112 100110, those (things) wh ich he. saw
40 L A LA GR AM M AR
127 . Inthe ca se of 1112 112 , 11 112 , 12212 112 , meaning have the
object-concord syllable w ith i ts vowel changed to 0 is a lso afiixed to112 , e. g.ji 11111j1
'
211 1121310, the things which he has.
128 . (2) Tempora l, loca l (when, where).211 11111 or12 (212 ) i s prefixed to the verb, oftenpre l ,
ceded by 11211 , 11111111 , 11112 (or 1120, 1111110, 11110,e. g . 11211 1121112110
,where he went .
129 . W hen is a lso commonly expressed by ( l ) 211 followed bythe subjunctive or infini t ive ; (2) 111, 0111, w ith the indicat ive ;
3) 2 prefixed to the verb ;e. g. 211
’
21120, 1111 112111122 , whenhe arrives.111 2222 , whenhe arrives.221 22 , when(if, incase) he arrives .
130. (0) Condit iona l (i i ).
( 1) T he future tense w ith -22 e. g . 11221112 , if you eat.
(2) 2 prefixed to a verb-form e. g . 2 1112312, i f they go.
3) 21111, 1111, followed by a verb e. g. 21111 111111 12 1110, if theyare together.
(4) 11g 2 , followed by or prefixed to a verb, and sometimes t e
peated w ith the principa l verb ; e. g . 11g 2 11121111220, 11g 2 1111211210,if you give us some, we would eat i t.
181. As to other dependent sentences.21111 i s used for inorder that (a lso the subjunctive mood), so
tha t so as to,
’ because (a lso tha t (of reportedspeech .
1fi (011, 100, as, l ike a s, inthe way that.
132.
These, a s well as descriptive adverbia l syllables similarly used ,are at once one of the most common, characteristic, and interest ingfea tures of L a la and other B antu dialects, and a lso the lea st necessary to examine inan elementary grammar. S ome exammes w illbe found inthe Vocabulary.
E i s commonas aninterject ion, or part icle of emphasis, prefixedto words of a ll k inds.
A DVE RBS 41
133 . (2) L I S T OF COM M ON ADVE RB S A N D OTH E R PA RT I CL E S .
(The preposi ti on-2 fol lowing anadverb indicates i ts use as a preposi tion,d not as adverb. A dverbs beginning w i th 211 may also be used w ith the
prefixes 11111 and12
A bove, 2111111111 (y a, 111111111111
(y a , 1111111 (ya ,A l ike,A lready , 2211 .
Among, 12 2211 (22 ,And , 112 , 111 . ( Innarra tive) 1011122 ,2111111112 , 110, 121111.
Anyhow , (a t random, carelessly)
A s, 11g2 , 211 111, 1'
fifiA t , 211, 11111 , 12 .
A t once, 11112210, 1011122 , 12 110.
B ack , 21111111112.
B adly ,fi 1111'
.
B ecause, 1221111.Beh ind, 21111111112 (y a) .Beneath, 21111121 (y a ).B etween, 122211 (22 ,B ut , 1011122 , 110, 22111111.B y, 211 , 112.
D own, 21111121.E lsewhere, 21111121.
E verywhere, 101111 , 201111 .E xactly,jj'e1121fi 0.
E xcept , 21111111 .F irst , I anga , 221110.
F ormerly, 2211 .
F orward, 121112 111111 , 12F rom, 211 , 211f 111112inF ront (of) ,12 1111 1110
Gradua l ly, 12121 12121 , 12 111111.H ere, 211110, 12 110, 11211 , 11112 , 212 .
I f, 11311, 21111, inverbs) .In, Inside, Into, 11111 , 11111 2211 (22 ,
Jnst ,102010,21111111 jj'm21jj'0,L ately , 1011122 , 12112111110.
L ong ago, 2211 .
M ore than, 21112112.
M uch , 210221111, 211111111.N ear, 1111, 21111
S ee first word inthe L ist . )
N ext , 22111111.N o , 1100, 1 00, 12 11 , 2020.Vocabulary.)Not 11 .
Now , 1011122 , 12 110, 11112210.Often, 22 111111 22 111111.On(upon) , 2111111111 y a ) . S ee A bove,F orward.
Once, 221110, 111110.
Only,fy 11122 ,111122 , 1 2 1 122 , 102010.
Or, 22111.
O therwi se , 21111121.Ou
(t , (
gutside, 211111011111 2111111
ya
Perhaps, Possibly, Probably , 22 111,22y 2 ,2211121, 1011122, 1011121, 1211211,11110.
Presently, 1011122 .
Purposely, 1111111 11122.
Quickly, 1112 11g11 .S eldom, 22 1110 22 1110.
S low ly,21111110 21111110, 12121 12121 .
S ometimes, 22111111.T hat , 21111.
T hen, 111, 111, 11310, 21111 2 .
T here , 21111 2 , 121y 2 .
T o , 211 , 11111, 12 .
T o-day. 1110.
T ogether, 12 1110.
T o-morrow , 1112110.
morrow,111210121.
Twi ce , 22 111111
Under, 21111121 (y a) .Up,Upon, 2111111111 (y a) . S ee A bove.
Very,2111221111, 21111111 .
W el l , 21111110,1911111111 .
W i th , 112 , 111, 1111.
W i thout , 12211121112 .
Yes, 1111 2 , 1112 .
Yesterday, 1112110.
(S ee
D ay after to~
PA R T I I
M ISCEL LANEOUS PH R A SE S A N D S E N TE N CE S , A N DSTORIES I N LALA, LAM B A, A N D WI SA,
W IT H N OTE S A N D TR A N S L AT ION S .
This part conta ins1. M i scellaneous sentences and phrases, English-L ala and Lala
English.
I I . A (tentat ive) Translat ionof the Lord’ s Prayer,and the T en
Commandments.I I I . S tories inLa la , Lamba, and W isa, w ith notes and transla
t ions.
Common sa lutes, usually for courtesy inthe plura l form , are
(1) Oumeet ing : (Address)mw aoneka (li t. A re you to be seenA re you there ? Do I see you ? I s i t you ? (R eply) Tw aoneka ,you see me, I am here, i t is I . Or (Address) muka la sby am
’
?
H ow are you ? (ih the morning) mwala la sky am’
? H ow did yousleep ? (R eply ) tw akala fiaw eme, we are well, tw a la la mutende,we slept inpeace. Or (Address)mutmde? A re you well ? (R eply)mutmde, I am well.
(2) On part ing : (going) shy a lam’
, sfiy a lz'
lmzléo, ka lusfiy a le, stopwhere you are, do not move, I amgoing ; (rema ining) ka lw endeke,nga lukafike, kaw zjyem
’
mutende, pa ss ou, arrive at your joumey’
s
end, a safe journey to you.Terms of address : (respectful) z
’
nfimm, aski kulu ; (familiar)wemw ame, muvy anjz
‘
; (onentering) kal upz'
nte, may I come iniCome here , i sa kuno.
Tell me, mbu lz'
la .
W ho are you ?unam‘
w ezi‘
zo
W ha t is your name ? unam‘
sl a’
na {yowe I
W here do you come from?waf uma km’
sa .9
M ISCEL LANEOUS PH RASES A N D SENTENCES 43
W hat do you want ?wqfw ay endoW ha t are you saying ?w a lawz
'
lendo utz’
sfiam'
H ow do you sell (i t) i w as/u'
ta slzam’
?
G iveme food, mpela cfiakulya .
B ringme water, ndetela amenda .
Cut me some firewood , kantemene nkum’
.
I do not know, mfiz’
sfiz‘
, slzz‘
slzz'
po.
Go away, koy a , kaw zya ; (pa ss on) pz’
ntam'
, y endam’
; (get out)fumako.
W hat t ime, A t what t ime ? kasua ka lz’
skaw'
H ow far (is i t far) to N g a ka talz'
kufika P
W here does he (you, they) l ive ? ma w ekala w a lokuz’
dzele
W henw ill they come back ?w akuwela lz'
sa
Do not do tha t,mw z
'
cl u‘
te-fl 'o.
I w ill come presently, nkesa Zomba .
Tell themto stop,ma zbuslzy a kutz'
W a it t ill I come,pembelani nakm’
sa .
Come and sit downhere, kaw z’
sa ka le-mpa .
Pronounce dist inct ly, slzz’
mbu la pacfie-paclze.
Thank you , na tota (I ampleased) ; na temw a (I like it) nakuta
(I have enough) .A base, nkoz
'
sa kumleta,if he comes, I w ill bring h im.
M bulz’
lam’
ckezi‘
zo clwme, tell me a ll about i t.
K a tuz'
ma katupz'
tako kepey e kafunda kaw aw a ka teméa kafiba
kumusl u‘
amaslzz'
ku, we started and went there and k illed (game)and sk inned (i t) and divided (i t) and carried i t (onpoles) and gotto the village a t night.E y e w amjj'ele, tha t is my (rea l) father (mother).Tukepay e z
’
uama , let us k ill game (go hunt ing).Teff ndy epo, I w ill not eat i t.Uta lz
'
mapalu ,he is not a hunter.
Ulz'
munanda .9 is he indoors ?
Iy oo, w ay a , no, he has gone away.
M u lz‘
w am‘
mw ezi‘zo who are you 2F w ezbo ta lz
’ Wa la la Wine nene, we are true L a las.
W a zoo sizah'
16mm16a zf/me, they are strangers, they belong to
others.
44 LALA GRAMMA R
Ukoz'
sa nam‘
m‘
nezi‘m,
who is that coming ? I t is I .M anta okaz
’
moko (ao uboz'
ma aka) , the manwho i s ‘standingthere .
Wantu zi‘
xanaona panama , the menI saw behind.
Clzz'
tz'
cfienkecfio clzapon-o-ko, that very tree fell (or, wh ich fell )there.
Tw aka ta la M i chele, we are t ired of wa it ing.W amposela ma menda , he threw me into the wa ter.
give me back my things .
W anta fl yfya si tam'
? why do you drive me away ?Unkonkelmdo why are you follow ing me ?W z
’
na'eka (mi—n-leka ) , do not leave me.
K afwa ta kazbe kunda lesfiy a neu‘
za,your idle ta lking sends me to
sleep .
IVang umfi oa do you understand me ?W omfw a .
9 do you hear?(understand).P anang a (paw ng a ) napana , I almost fell.P anang a tzmfika kw esu , we have nearly reached home.M do not be ta lking.
M ukopu luslty afintu , you w ill sca re things away.Uly a w onaka , ndz
'
ng a zi‘mtuka newo, that manis weak, I canrun .
N du lz’
m‘
namz'a I have two houses.Ta z
'
sl u‘
le kunom’
(or, mi x) kamo, he never once came here .
Ulz’
ma l d lz’
pamo (or, new , be is a s ta ll as I am.
Ulz’
ma l d lz'
m’
(or, kuclzz’
la ) nezi‘
zo, he is ta ller than I .M anama mkuy u lz
'
sa .9 when w ill you go after game (go
hunt ing)Tu ipuslzy epo lokoso, we are only ask ing.
M w a lokula zbz’
la a tz'
tukoy a ma z’
lo, you were saying to us tha t‘we w ill go to-morrow ’
.
N clzz‘
toy anjz’
m‘
kusambz’
la cltz'
lal a , my business is to learnL ala .
Tamulukumfwapofitulukulafi z’
la , you do not understand wha twe are saying.
K uwepa lokoso, a downright lie.K w inemm, quite true.
46 LALA GRAMMA R
One piece (N o. 6, W a la la ), due to M r. J. E . S tevenson, appears
to be a graphic reminiscence of a b i t of traditiona l h istory, mostcarefully taken down and certa inly intelligible to natives, but i tsfull transla t ion has to be left largely to a future student.T he first stories are rather more fully annota ted than the
rema inder. L a la (1 Lamba (7 and W isa (9- 12) are repre
sented. Two fully-parsed W isa stories w ill be found inthe W isaH andbook ’
.
In the notes references are given to the paragraphs, numberedconsecutively, of the Grammar.
1 . (LALA.) KA LULU N E N KA L A M U .
(1) K a lulu ekuimaka nanda pa mpanga. (2 ) Wanka lamu neWakash i ekulokw iya, Wasanga ni nanda yakwe ka lulu. (3) M w inewaya mu mpanga ka lulu. (4) Aka sua ich ingulo a t i awele, a sangamuli nka lamu mu nanda yakwe. (5) S h ikulu, wafuma kw isa
(6)‘Twafuma mwenka mu cha lo chesu.
’
(7 ) Kav‘
t'afuma lucheloWanka lamu emukuipay-e-nama . (8) A ti awele ich ingulo ne finane
ne ku ipika ch inongo chikulu, Wakalulu ch inongo ch inini . (9) Ch inongo chikulu ach ilunga kumwichele,Wakululu fyantonto, fyakufi'ulamw ichele.
( I O) U luchelo kalulu a t i , Twendeni kampele ich ipa .
’
( 1 1) W ayamu mpanga Wow i lo, Wankalamu na Wakalulu. Wafika mu lupi li .
(12) A t i , S h ikulu, ichipa chanji , kamw iya peulu pa lupi li, ukunkulushye ch i bwe chise chipule.
’
(13) A t i k ifuma ku lup ili , k ilesa nemafingwa , ka lulu chenama . ( I 4) Lomba chi lokw isa ch ibwe, ka luluka shyeta mavula , kapa lamavula ku ibwe. (15) I li nka lamu afumineku lupili, a t i , I sani kuno.
’
K awesa . (16) A t i , K amw ichenama ,ch ipule mma la. ’ (17 ) E fyangapalako fyankamfi, Wanka lamu ati ,
Mmala chapula mwa kalulu.
’
(18) N a nkalamu chenama .
(19) A ti nkalamu chenama,ich ibwe ch ifuma ku lupili, ch i lesa na
mafingwa nkulu-nkulu, ekupama apa pa meno a nkalamu , amenone kukulauka . (20) Um-m-m! nafwa , kalulu. Kanshi wantum
pa ika .
’
(2 1) A ti ,‘T amw ichenamishye.
’
(22) Ameno onse ash i la .
(23) Ka tuyeni kumush i , kamukande pa menda .
’
(24) N a kumush i ,ne finane fya mohole. (25) A ti ,
‘Tul iepo.
’ Kafilukuwawa . A t i ,
Pele fyakufi’ula mwichele.
’
(26) Ka lulu ne kumupa fya muchele.
(27) Penkapomuluchelo Wankalamu nekufwa . (28) Kaw inda.
STORIES IN LALA , LAM BA, A N D WI SA 47
T H E RA B B IT A N D T H E L ION .
(1) The rabbit built (z’
w aka , v. infini t ive of narrative, 89) ahouse in the forest .
(2) T he lion(nka lama is here used in the plura l , of courtesy, ofClass I , the lionbeing regarded in the story as a person. Otherw ise nka lamu is a nounof Cla ss 5, wh ich does not change in the
plura l) and (h is) w ife were pa ssing (y a , (ya , v. go, the infinitive
kuy a , bwz’
y a , w ith prefixes used innarrat ive ekulo-bmfya , 68,
and came upon(sang a , v.) the rabbit ’ s house (lit . they found, i t ish is house the rabbit) .
(3) T he owner was away inthe forest, i . e. the rabbit.
(4) Inthe evening (l i t . sun(be ing) evening) whenhe came back ,he found there was (mul i is idiomat ic for z
’
lz’
ma ) a l ion in h ishouse.
(5) S ir (sa id the rabbit), where do you come from(6) W e come just from our country (wa s the reply) .(7 ) T he lions went out inthemorning to k ill game (z
'
pay a , v . k ill.E muku indica tes occupa t ionor object . Ipay a inama is pronouncedz'
pay enama ) .
(8) W henthey came back inthe evening w ith mea t they cookedpz
'
ka , v . cook), (the lion) a large pot, the rabbit a sma ll pot.(9) (T he lion) sea soned (h is) large pot w ith sa lt , the rabbit (had)
pla in food w ithout (zi‘mla , v. be w ithout, fya , of, agreeing wi th
fl antonto, kmfmla , infinit ive mood) sa lt (mw z’
clzele i s a lso pronounced mudwle, umcfiele) .
(10) Inthe morning the rabbit sa id,‘Come a long (enda , v . go.
tu-ende-m’
, l i t. let us go, you, i . e. suppose we go) and let me showyou (l i t . give,pa , v. kampele, for ka-n-pele, -pele being the appliedstemofpa , give to, subjunctive mood) a trick .
(1 1 ) They went into the forest together (lit . the two of them), thelionand the rabbit (the plura l here of one individua l). They cameto a hill .(12) S a id (the rabbit), S ir, my trick (is th is), go up the hill, (and)
roll down a big stone, (so tha t) i t may come (and) pa ss into (my(I sa , v. come,pa i d , v. pass in.)
( 13) (The liondid so and) whenthe stone starts, i t comes onandonw ith stones—and earth—and rubbish (bz
'
lesa, for ki-la-tu , of
48 LALA GR AM M AR
regular continuous movement. M afing w a, of any worthlessma teria l) , (while) the rabbit (stood) w ith his mouth open(c/zenama ,agape, a descriptive adverb used a s verb).(14) Now the stone is coming. (M eanwhile) the rabbit chewed
(si ty eta , v. chew) some leaves, and spat out the leaves onthe stonewhen i t stopped) (ch i bw e
,z’
b'we, may also be written cfiz’
zi‘
ze, M /e,
but the 6 sound is usua lly distingu ishable).
(15) W henthe lioncame (fim u'
ne, modified stem fromfimza , v.)fromthe h ill, (the rabbit) sa id, Come here.
’H e came (kaw asu for
(16) Sa id (the rabbit), N ow you stand with your mouth w ideopen, so that (the stone) may pa ss into your stomach.
’
(17 ) (S eeing) the chewed stufi'
which (the rabbit) had spat thereincludes 03. the very (things) wh ich , ang apa la ,
past tense ofpa la , v. spit out, ko, adverbia l aflix of place) the lionthough t ,
‘
(The stone certa inly) went into the rabbit ’s stomach .
’
(M mala , ormuma la , forma ma la , is treated as itself a noun, and
the prepositionfollow ing i s therefore mwa , not a .)(18) S o the l ionstood w ith mouth open.
(19) As the l ion stood open-mouthed, the big stone starts fromthe h ill , comes rubbish and all with a rush, and struck full on theteeth of the l ion, and the teeth were sha ttered .
(20)‘Um-m-m (mumbled the lion), I amdead, rabbit. I see you
have made a fool of me.
’
(K aml u’
includes various degrees of
certa inty, I know, I see, I th ink, I dare say, I fancy, &c.)
(2 1) S aid (the rabbit) ,‘You did not Open your mouth w ide
enough the intensive stemof dzenama , openvery wide) .
(22) All the (lion's) teeth were gone.
(23) L et us go to the village and you canbathe themw ith water’
(kanda , v.,knead, foment) .
(24) S o they went (the verb of motion is often thus omitted) tothe village (tak ing) w ith (them) the dish ofmea t which had sal t.
(25) Sa id (the rabbit) , Let us have ameal.’ (T he meat) makes
(the lion's gums) smart. Said (the lion), ‘G ive me some w ithout
sa lt. ’
(26) And he gave the rabbit the saltedmeat .
(27 ) And as soon a s i t was morning the lion died (penkapo,i . e.pa oenka pa, just there, onthe spot, at the very t ime) .
STORIES IN LALA, LAMBA, A N D W l s
‘
A 49
(28) That is the end. (K aw z'
nda means the child born la st, andno other afterwards. H ence, the end.)
2. (L ALA .) WA KOM BOLWE N A WA KA N S US W A .
1 )Wakombolwe ekuka tana ich iWuza na Wakansuswa . (2) Kombolwe ekuchelela kwa Wakansuswa
,kafika . M uvyanji ul i kw isa ?
’
3) M ukash i wa Wakansuswa a ti , M ulume wanj i wal i le kushyanangoma ya ch inkalamutw i . (4) K ansh i Wakansuswa Wa inji la mminkonka ya mukashi . 5 ) Wachipush i a ti Wapye, ukuifununa pa l iWach ipush i , ka ima ku minkonka . (6) A t i ,
‘W ona ! na l i mmutondowa Wach ipushi , neli kupya apo. T auwene chipa , kombolwe, chipachanji ? S h ipi lepo Wach ipushi Wa lya .
’
(7 ) U luchelo at i , N aya .
’ Wakombolwe kawaya kwaw'o .
(8) Wakansuswa at i , Nane nekansuswa nakuchelela. Kamunteya .
’Kawaya kawala la . (9) U luchelo nekuchelela . M kakom
bolwe mkuswa Wach ipushi . (10) A t i wa lete, nekutangishya
Wakombolwe kunsh i na Wach ipushi peulu. (1 1) N a Wakansuswakav
’
irafika . Kombolwe ul i le kw isa ?’ Kumfwa mkakombolwe at i ,
U li le kushyana ngoma ya chinka lamutw i .’ (12) Lomba filokupya .
A ti fipye, nekufununapo. Wakofuma Wakombolwe, kansh i Wapya ?
( 13) Lomba kawepula fichipushi a t i , Pano twa ipula .
’ Kafish i la .
( 14) W a sanga Wakombolwe Wapya . M ka sh i mkakombolwe a t i ,‘W al itumpa ik i le molume.
’A ti
,
‘O-o ! wa l i le kunsh i . K ansh iuli tumpi le.
’
( 15) K aWelela Wakansuswa . Penkapo WakombolweWafwa .
T H E Cocx A N D T H E (NIGH T-B IR D ).
(1 ) A cock made friends w ith a night-bird (ka tcma , recipr. stem
of ka ta , v . seize, hold) .
(2) T he cock went to ca ll upon (c/zelela , applied stem of el m,chela , v. rise in the morning, pay a morning visit) the night-bird .
H e arrived (and sa id) , W here is my friend
(3) T he night-bird’s w ife replied, My husband has gone away
to a dance (ng oma y a'cl u
’
nk ., name of a well-knowndance) .
(4) R ea lly the night-bird had slipped into his w ife’s armlet .
(5 ) W hen the pumpk ins (wh ich she wa s cook ing) were ready,and she uncovered (the pot, inwhich were) the pumpk ins, i t had
got into her armlet.
LALA GR AM M AR
(6) (Thenthe night-bird appeared and) sa id, L ook ! I was inthe
pot of pumpk ins , but not a b i t burnt there (nelz’
,not in the lea st).
D o not you see the trick, M r. Cock, my clever trick ? (tauw ene,
nega tive formofmodified stem of wona,v. see). I was not burnt
among those pumpk ins (sizipz'
le,negat . ofpy a , v. be cooked, burnt ,
modified stern) .
(7 ) Inthe morning (the cock ) sa id,‘ I amgoing.
’And the cock
went home .
(8) T he night-bird sa id,‘And I the night-bird w ill make a ca ll.
S o prepare forme (tey a , v. prepare for). They went and slept .
(9) Inthe morning he made h i s ca ll. The cock’ s w ife was busy
gathering pumpk ins (mkm‘wa,for ma karma , infini t ive of swa , v.
break off, gather) .
( 10) W henshe had brought them (wa lete for awalete), she first
put the cock (inthe pot) a t the bottomand (then) the pumpk ins a tthe top.
(1 1) And the night-bird arrived.
‘W here is M r. Cock ?’ Thecock
’s w ife repl ied (kumfi ua , used as connect ive only, here), H e
has gone (ul i le, past tense of y a , v. go) to a dance.
’
(12) Now (the pumpk ins) were cook ing (1?is used as cla ss-prefixof a quantity of things, evenwhen referring to a noun of another
cla ss, as here waclzzléus/u’
. Cf. below ). W hen theywere cooked
,she uncovered them. W ill the cock come out, or i s
be burnt ?
( 13) Now she dished up (kawepula , for kar wa-z'
pula ) the pumpk ins, saying, N ow we have di shed them up.
’ They were all
dished (slzz'
la,v. finish) .
( 14) S he found the cock burnt. T he cock ’s w ife sa id, You made
a fool of my husband.
’S a id the night-bird,
‘Oh ! Oh ! he went
(h imself) to the bottom (of the pot). Of course he was a fool(w a l i le, past tense ofy a , v. go ; ulz
’
tumpt'
le fromtumf a ,(1 5) And the night-bird went home aga in. The cock died on
the spot (fwa , v. die).
3 . (LALA.) S mxtwmows N E N K E N S E .
(1 )Wash ik iwangwe ekw iya kuli ka lulu, at i ,‘W emwame, nkense
nsh i i shipo, umtwa le nka i sh iwe.
’K a lulu a t i
,N di i sh i . T wende
nkakuWule.
’
(2) E kufika ku nika ikulu, k asanga iki t i k i l i le pa
menda . A ti,‘N ina uku kwiulu. Naya. ’ (3) Kakaya ka lulu kuli
S TOR I E S IN LALA, LAM BA, A N D WI SA 5 :
nkense. A t i , N eWo, S h ikulu, nawonapo inama .
’ Wankense a ti ,I sh ina nindo K a lulu at i , KiWawala
’
(imbi a t i ni sh ikiwangwe) .Kawaya . (4) Kalulu a t i , W oneni . ’ I chinsh ingwa chaya pa
menda , umw ine ul i kw iulu ku chit i ch ikontamine pa menda.
Ka lulu a t i , T amuwene?’ —ukusonta ich insh ingwa cha sh ikiwangwe,
ch ili pa menda . W ankense kaweWi la . (5) Ka lulu a t i ,‘T owene,
shik iwangwe, nkense iw ipushya ? S h ik iwangwe a t i,
‘S h imw ish i .’
(6) W ankense kawa tumpuka.
‘W amtumpa ika , ka lulu.
’Ka lulu
a t i ,‘N gi lya nama epoi le mwa ishyapo pa menda .
’ W ankensekaweWi la . (7 ) Ka lulu at i ,
‘T omuwene, sh ikiwangwe, ngu ul i pa
menda ?’ W ankense kawa tumpuka , a t i ,‘Ta ipo.
’
Kalulu a t i ,E poi le, mwa i shyapo. T uchewepo, Wankense) (8) W asangaepoi le kansh i chinsh ingwa , inama ili kw iulu. Kawalema , Wakensea t i ,
‘Yakanga. N aWelela . Nga lukafike, ka lulu.
’Kawaya kwax
‘
iro
Wankense.
(9) Ka lulu ati , S eluka , sh ik iwangwe, ngi lya nkense. Toiwene
ng i lya yaya ?T wende,nawe wa i sh iwa.
’
N a kumush i . S hik iwangwea ti
, N a ish iwa lelo nkense i tui ka ta .
’
Penkapo chapela.
T H E B US H BUCK A N D T H E L E OPARD ,
1) The bushbuck went to the rabbit , and sa id, My friend, I donot know the leopard (by sight). B ring h im that I may know
T he rabbit sa id,‘ I know h im
,come a long and let me
show you .
’
(I sht’
, z’
slzz‘
wa , v. know ;qla , convey informa t ion, tell.)(2) They arrived a t a large river, and found a tree, which spread
over the wa ter. S a id (the rabbit) ,‘Climb up there. I
’m
(S ang a , v. come upon, find. K a i s used as a connect ive innarra tivew ithout person-prefixes, Ya , v. go, pa st tense, J i le for l i
3) T he rabbit went to the le0pard , and sa id, I , sir, have seen
game.
’T he leopard sa id, W hat is i ts name The rabbit sa id,
K iv’
t'awa la (anothername for bushbuck ). They went 06 .
(4) T he rabbit sa id, L ook .
’ The reflectionof the bushbuck fell
on the wa ter, he himself was up in the tree wh ich bent over the
water. shadow , p icture, here reflected image.K ontama, v. crouch over.) The rabbit sa id, Don
’
t you see h im
pointing to the reflect ion of the bushbuck in the water. The
leopard dived ih . (S oni a , v. point, infini tive used as present
part iciple ; z’
zbz‘
la , v. dive, ka-wa
52 LALA GRAMMAR
5) The rabbit sa id, Don't you see h im,
B ushbuck, the leopardyou a sked about i (Tawane, for ta-u-wene, from w ane, w orm,v . see. I w z
'
puslzy a , i-u-zpuslzy a , which you a sked about.) T he
bushbuck sa id ,‘ I don’
t know
(6) T he leopard came to the surface. You have made a fool ofme, R abbit.
’ T he rabbit sa id, That’
s the anima l, there’
s where he
went , you have left h im there in the wa ter.
’
(Epoz'
le,for epo, it i s
there ; zjyz'
le, he went, fromy a , v . go. S ky a , for 311122, leave.) T he
leopard dived (aga in) .
(7 ) T he rabbit sa id , Don’
t you see h im,B ushbuck ?tha t ’
s h imin the water.
’ T he leopard came up aga in, saying,‘H e is not
there.
’T he rabbit sa id, T ha t ’s where he went, you have left h im
there. L et us look carefully, L eopard.
’
(8) They found where he went was rea lly a reflect ion, the anima l
wa s up above. T he leopard was t ired and sa id, I t i s too much
(forme) . I amgoing back . Good-bye , R abbit.’And the leopard
went off home. (K ang a , v. ba ifl e, overcome . N g a lukafike, acommon form of leave-tak ing.
‘I hope your journey (u lwmdounderstood) may end well . ’ fil m, v . arrive).
(9) T he rabbit sa id, Come down, B ushbuck . That ’s the
leopard. Don’
t you see i t i Tha t ’s i t , going away. Come a long
,
and (now ) you know S o they came to the village, and the
bushbuck sa id,‘ I know now (Ielo, to-day) the leopard wh ich
catches us.
’
Tha t is the end.
4. (LALA .) WA N GUM N A WA N KW A S H L
(1) Wanguni eku ikatana i ch iv’
t'uza na Wankwash i . K asosa
ekWiya kuli Wankwash i , a ti , W anguni Wa lukumtukeni , a ti , M ush
ipwa nkwash i . N eli kundetelapo isaw i , woyu A ti , E fya lukun
tuka , a t i fyenkefyo.
’Ka ima kasosa , kaya kul i Wanguni , kafika .
A t i M weWo Wa lukumtuka Wankwash i,ati , M ush ipwa nguni, nel i
kundetelapo v’
iruch i , woyu
(2)Wanguni kaWapinta mitondo ingi i ta tu ya Wuchi, kaWa twa lakwa Wankwash i , kaWap ika .
‘W awoneka , Wanguni ) N av’
t'o a t i ,
Twawoneka .
’KaWeka la
,nesawi Wakalya . N guni
a t i ,‘
M wemwame Wankwash i , nindo mwalukuntuki la A t i , M bo
wa la-Wile.
" S osa a t i ,‘N ane
, ni sosa , shambul i le.
’
A t i,
‘Wufi.
N eWo sby akutukilepo.
’ Wanguni kaWelela nesawi kwaWo.
54 LA LA GR AM M AR
carried themto the stork , and arrived. I s tha t you, H oney-birdH e answered,
‘Yes, here I am.
’ They sat down, and he madeh im a present of fish , and they had a meal . T he honey-bird sa id,‘M y friend S tork , why do you keep abusing me ?’
S aid he ,
That ’s the fellow who told The tell-ta le sa id, W ha t, me
I’m Tell-ta le
,I did not tell h im.
’ Sa id the stork , ‘ I t’
s a l ie. Inever abused you .
’
S o the honey-bird went back home w ith the
fish .
(3) T he tell-ta le came to the honey-bird's house, and sa id ,H oney-bird, the stork
’s ch ild has died by the sting of a bee. T he
stork is coming to k ill you.
’ Thenthe tell-ta le went off and cameto the stork ’
s house, and sa id, S tork .
’ ‘Th is is he ’
(sa id the
stork ). T he honey-bird, his ch i ld has died by the prick le of afish . H e is coming to k ill you, S tork .
’ The stork started 01? and
h is people, a great many. And the honey-bird started off (w ith)a grea t many people. (K a zbema
,for kawa
(4) T he tell-ta le went a long the road, and burnt some gra ss w ithfire. And he came to the honey-bird and sa id
,Don’
t you see the
fire there I And he showed the honey-bird, and sa id, I t is the
stork , be burnt (the gra ss) . They are coming, a great lot of them,
to k ill the honey-birds.
’And he went to the stork , and on the
road he set fire to the gra ss (near) where the honey-birds werecamping. And he went and arrived, and on the road met thestorks, and sa id, Do you not see fire there ? T he honey-birdslighted (the grass). They are coming to k ill you storks.
’
(K uwalukutu lz
’
la , fromtula , v . lay downa load,rest , camp— present tense
of the applied stem, w ith ku as relat ive prefix.)5) They met, the honey-birds and the storks, and set to
wounding each other, and fighting and fighting. A man on the
honey-birds’ side was k illed, and a man of the storks was k illed .
And (i t was) a rea l hard struggle to the end, and a t last they leftofl struggling and la id downtheir bows and arrows. (K afikumana ,kamema , v. meet together. F i is used of th ings large or numerous,referring to nouns of any class. L eka
,v. leave ofi
'
. Wuta, u . how ,
plur. mauta,orma ta . )
(6) T he stork sa id, My friend H oney-bird,wha t is the cause of
a ll this ?’ The honey-bird sa id, H e who told me is the tell-ta le,
i t wa s h e who toldme.
’ Said (the other) , And I too, I the stork ,
S TOR I E S IN L A LA , LAMBA , A N D WI SA 5 5
the tell-ta le came to my house and sa id, The honey-bird's child
is dead , he died by the prickle of a fish. S a id the honey-bird,And I too , he who told me was the tell-tale, he sa id , T he stork ’
s
child has died by the st ing of a bee. T he storks are coming to k illyou honey S a id the stork , And I the stork , I too, tha t
’
s
wha t he sa id to me. H e sa id ,“ They are coming to k i ll
(Yata lcfi ,for y a
—ta la-zjfi, ta la , v . make, cause. Ifi ,these th ings.
E w ambulane, from zi‘mla
,v. inform,
w ith e prefix of emphasis,and me (i f rightly writ ten) for m a, I . Thus e-w a-n-wu la-ne,me repea ting and empha sizing the n person-prefix of object .)(7) And they se ized the tell-tale and k illed h im. They sa id
,
You are a liar.
’
(E w a, perhaps e of emphasis ; w a
,v. be ; i . e. you
are indeed. W awepa , he lies, he who lies, a liar.)
5 . (LALA.) I N FUM U N A KA LULU .
1) Infumu ekukumb-o-walwa . Kakalulu kakali kwakwe. Infumua ti , Keteni Wakalulu Wese Wanwe uwalwa .
’Kafizesa Waka lulu
kav’
irafika kunfumu. A t i Wafike, infumu at i , M uli Wanga Kalulua t i ,
‘T uli Wasano.
’lnfumu a t i ,
‘N i wani mul i Ka lulu
a t i , Na wanne,ne Wach i lulu ishi lu.
’ Infumu a t i,Ka lulu, kamw iya
ku muko wanj i , mkampokele ng’
ombe.
’Kawanany-e-nsh ima , a t i ,
M pinte ne finane.
’
(2) N a Wach i lulu ishi lu na kakalulu kachenjele kaWafika ku nikaikulu. Ka lulu a ti , M weWame, na tuposepo insh ima pa menda .
’
Kaka lulu kawawmla ichifwasa kakaposa pa menda . Wa ch i lulu
i sh i lu kawula insh ima kawaposa pa menda, ne k inane kaposapo.
Kafi'a lokw iya , kav‘
ira sanga inkomfwa (fisepo) mu chulu,fyankomfwa
fimb i fil ipi le. Kakalulu a ti , M weWame, koswa fiswetele, ifi fifit i le
te fiweme.
’K amtumpa ika kaka lokuswa fifiti le
,Wach i lulu ish i lu
kaWalokuswa fiswetele. K aWapinta , kakeka la ka lulu, a t i , Kuifu
kuta lya mukulu , takoWula kamba nkokoto.
’ Wachi lulu ish i lu a t i ,W a tumpa ika , naposapo pa menda ne ch i lulu i sh ilu
,napos-e
nsh ima pa menda .
’Ka lulu a ti , U l i tumpi le.
’Kawapako kanini
kaka lulu kachenjele ku ch ilulu ch ish i lu.
3) KaWap inta , ka lulu a ti , Nga tuikale, tutushyepo, tangendyepoinkomfwa shyanji .
’Kakaw’ula ishifit i le ish ip ile,Wachi lulu fiswetele
fiw is i . Ch i lulu ish i lu a t i W a tumpa ika Kanshi ul i tumpi le.
’
KaWapinta kasanga ichani. Kalulu ati , M wewame ,\zmd\ w ax».
L A LA GRAM M AR
tewete muninga , w ise upokeko ichani tuwaw ishye muninga tul ic.
’
Wakap inta . Kansh i ko kaka lulu kap intapo ichani kawika ku i fu
kuta . K aWasanga inchoncho (impampa ). K akaWulako kaka lulu
a ti , Ch ikulu i sh i lu, w ise upokeko, kani wa tutewete inyangu, tw isetul ieko. T owene inchoncho (impampa ) Wune
(4) K aWafika kumush i ku ch i lukwa chamuninga . Ka lulu at i , Ka
poke chani ch ilya ch itwaona .
’ Wachilulu ish i lu kawaya mukupoka .
Kakashya la kalulu, kakawawa ichani icho cha li kuifukuta . K a lulu
at i,Pa lya tupapwa , pa lya tupapwa , palya , kukumanya yonse
ng’
anda .
’KaWafika Wach i lulu i sh i lu. Ka lulu a t i , M wev
’
irame, aw'enewa muninga Wa lya . T owene mulya monse ? tolamo toto tuninga ,tuv
‘
irashyamo aWene.
’ Weka la , Wawona k inongo cha nyangu .
K a lulu a t i,M weWame, kapoke mpampa kulya kutwaona , in
choncho shyesu.
’ Kawaya Wach i lulu i shi lu , waka shya la kaka lulu .
K aka l ia, pa lya tunini , palya kakaponyeshapo yonse ng’
anda .
Ukufika wach i lulu i sh ilu. Ka lulu a t i , M wefirame, towene ?Walyaav
’
t'ene wa sh iko nyangu. S hyash i la nyangu.
’
5) A t i Wekaleko,kav
’
t'ach ipuma ch ish ima ne finane. K akaWula lusanso, ka lulu a t i ,‘Katape amenda , twise tusambe .
’ Kach iya chikulu i shi lu, kakashya la kaka lulu kaka lia insh ima . Pa lya akakusu,pa lya napo akakusu
yonse ng’anda
,kakakumanya . Kach ifika chi lulu ish i lu, a t i , N tape
amenda (ku Ka ituluka . Kach iWela ch i lulu i shi lu, a ti ,
M weWame,wantana insh ima penkapo.
’K a lulu a t i
,Wa lia
aWene.
’
(6) Kaw ila ne mushiku, ne mbushi kawepaya kenka kakalulu.
Ch i lulu ish i lu a l ilele,kakaWula ama la ambush i kakaw ikamumukosh i
mwa ch i lulu i sh i lu . KaWucha ushiku, ne finane ka l ia kakalulu fyambush i , kakafundumuka uluWi lo. K a lulu a ti ,
‘W a lia mbush i yaku Wuko, ta luwa , ul i ne ma la pa mukosh i Wach i lulu i sh ilu.
’ A ti
wafume ne mala , kav’
irekatana aWamush i . K akalulu kaka inji laumo mwa l i le mbushi. Wach ilulu i sh i lu kaWangi la pa w ina
,
kaWaWa tula kaWaWepaya.
(7 ) Kaka lulu kakaya ku nfumu iyakumb i le uwa lwa,a t i , Ch i lulu
ishi lu wa l i iw'i le mbushi ya Wene, Wa limw ipeye. K aw'andasa ifumoawa iv
’
iri le mbushi yawo.’ Infumu kawakapa fituntulu Wanne, at i ,
Koya.’
S TOR I E S IN LA LA , LAM BA,’
A N D WI SA 57
T H E CH IE F A N D TH E R A B B I T .
1) The chief was brew ing beer. T he rabbit was at h is house.
The chief sa id, Ca ll the rabbit to come and drink beer. ’ T he
rabbit came and arrived at the ch ief’ s place. W henhe arrived, thechief sa id, H ow many are you ?’
T he rabbit sa id, W e are five.
’
T he chief sa id, W ho are these w ith you i (l i t . you are w ith them).The rabbit sa id, There are four and‘
the M arch hare.
’T he ch ief
sa id, R abbit, go to my son-in-law , and get me anox.
’ H e cooked
porridge and sa id , Take th is andmeat (to ea t w ith (Wa cfiz'
lu lu
z’
s/zi lu,l i t. the mad B ig-rabbit. M kampokele, i . e . ma-ka-n-pob-ele,
frompoka , v . take, get. )
(2) T he M arch hare and the crafty rabbit arrived at a largeriver. The rabbit sa id, My friend , suppose we throw our porridgeinto the water.
’And the rabbit took a lump of earth and threw i t
into the wa ter. And the M arch hare took h is porridge and threw
i t into the wa ter, and themea t he threw in too. They were goingon, whenthey came upona fruit grow ing on anant-hill, and someof i t was fit for ea t ing frompya , v . be ripe). T he rabbitsa id, My friend, gather the ligh t-coloured ones, these dark onesare not good.
’H e made a fool of h im (M arch hare) and was
gathering the dark ones , while the M arch hare gathered the lightones. They passed on
, when the rabbit stopped and sa id, In agreat man’
s bag, he does not fa il to have a scrap of someth ing to
eat .’
(K amba nkokoto, remnants of an evening meal .) S a id the
M arch hare,‘You have made a fool of me. I threw i t into the
water, I did, I threw my rice into the water.
’ Sa id the rabbit ,‘You are a fool. ’ And the cra fty rabbit gave a little bi t to the
M arch hare. (Inkomfw a,a k ind of edible forest fru it
(3) They went ou, and the rabbit sa id, S uppose we st0p and
rest here,and let me ea t my frui t (before going Tang endy e,
for M ang e n-lz’
e,let me first eat .) And he took the da rk ones
,
wh ich were ripe, and the M arch hare the light unripe ones. T he
M arch hare sa id,‘You have made a fool of me.
’ I t seems youare a fool ’ (was the reply ).They went on and found some grass. The rabbit sa id
,My
friend, if the people make us a present of nuts , you come and get
this grass, so that we may cook the nuts and eat them: T u rn
LA LA GRAM M AR
passed ou . R ea lly that rabbit carried off some grass and put i t inh is bag. Thenthey came uponsome (sticks used as) spoons. T herabbit took some, saying, M arch H are, you come and get some,i f the people give us beans, and come and ea t them. Don’
t yousee the beaut iful spoons ?
’
(M uning a and t’
ay ang a are commonart icles of food, here called nuts and beans. Tuw aw z
‘
sby e, intensivestem from w aw a
,v.)
(4) They arrived at a village and (received) a basket (clzi lukw a,
properly a piece of bark, used to carry th ings on) of nuts. T he
rabbit sa id, Go and get that gra ss wh ich we saw.
’ T he M arch
hare went to get i t. T he rabbit rema ined beh ind, and k indled the
grass wh ich wa s in h is bag. And the rabbit sa id,‘There some
scraps , there some more, and there, a ll about the house.
’T he
M arch hare arrived , and the rabbit sa id, My friend , the owners
of the nuts have ea ten them. Don’t you see yonder everywhere ?
P ick up the little scraps, wh ich the owners left there.
’ They wa itedand (presently) saw a pot of beans (presented to them) . T he
rabbit sa id, My friend, go and get the st icks where we saw them,
our spoons .
’
06 went the M arch hare, and the rabbit wa s leftbeh ind. And he a te, and threw here a little, and there, a ll aboutthe house. W hen the M arch hare arrived the rabbit sa id, ‘M y
friend, don’t you see ? the owners of the beans have ea ten (them).
T he beans are fini shed.
”
(B oth a zbene, plur. of mw z’
ne,and
mam, appear to mean
5) W hile they were sitting there they cooked some porridge and
meat . And the rabbit took a stra iner and sa id,‘Go and draw
water, and we w ill wash ’
(l i t. that we may come tha t we maywash). Away went the M arch hare, and the rabbit rema inedbeh ind, and a te up the rice. H ere he put a mouthful, and therehe put a mouthful, all about the house, and i t was everywhere.
The M arch hare arrived (a t the well), saying,‘L et me draw the
water (inthe stra iner) And i t ranout. S o the M arch hare cameback , and sa id, My friend, you have just kept all the rice foryourself. ’ T he rabbit sa id,
‘The people have ea ten i t.’
(6) I t grew dark and night came on them (l i t . ma arl a'
ka,
i . e. (they were) in the night), and the rabbit k illed a goat a ll byh imself. T he M arch hare was a sleep, and (the rabbit) took the
g oa t’
s entra ils and put themonthe neck of the M arch hare. T he
S TOR I E S IN LA LA , LAMBA , A N D WI SA 59
night came to an end (kau‘mcha
, from cha , v. become dawn) , andthe rabbit a te up the goat
’s flesh ,and rushed offat full speed shouting,H e has ea ten the goat of the (chief
's) brother-in-law, (but) he
has not escaped (l i t. is not lost, 1mm, he has the entra ils onh i s neck , the M arch hare.
’ W hen he came out, there were theentra ils (round his neck) , and the people of the village a ll joinedtogether, and the rabbit raninto the house where he had eaten thegoa t (mw a lz
'
le, for ma-a lz
’
le,from lz
'
a,v. ea t ), and the M arch hare
raninto a hole, and they dug h imout and k illed him.
(7 ) T he rabbit went off to the chief, who had brewed the beer,and sa id, T he M arch hare stole some one’ s goat , and they ki lledh im. And the people whose goa t he stole wounded me w ith a
spear.’T he chief made (the rabbit) a present of four slave-women,
and sa id, Go away.’
6. (LALA.) W A LA LA .
(1) L uchele ewalengele awantu, ukuwashya pano pesonde.
E lomba ekusandika , lomba ekukumana cha lo. L ombwa kafwa,
ka telapo Nkankomba. Lomba fya lo na fya lo kafi'akomanaU kankomba . N a wafwa , Washya la. Kaw i l i av
’
ira nafiro kawate
lapo. Lomba tush i na tushi . A ti Wawe tush i na tush i, lombane ng
’
onkwa Watelapo. Lomba ne ng’onkwa yat i telapo, lomba
ech ipyano.
(2) Kumfwa Wa ti,
‘
pa mipando ya ku lesa .
’ Kumfwa Wat i,‘
pano nfumu shyakomana .
’Kumfwa ,
‘F wayeni mpemba shya
ku Kankomba .
’
Kumfwa Wa ti, ‘Wakalama Wa ku K ankomba .
’
Kumfwa Wambi Wa t i,‘Wach ishw i la Wa ku Kankomba, na mute
mela na Wachish ika mulilo, na Wach ishiswa Wa ku Kankomba .
’
(3) Wa t i ,‘Pano tufwaye wamwene masala , Kamw iya mukan
kaulepo. Konkeni Wavyenu, mukasanse mukaposeko.
’
B a muliweneshye ? N ingat i kuli ukuw'ela .
’
I yoo, kuweme.
’
N ingat i takula lwa‘ I yoo, kuleka l ikwa .
’
M wemwame, ningat i u i mpanga ifiI yoo, ingele-ngele.
’
Pakula la tulo ?’ ‘A laa !’
N inga t i yatuchenjeleka Um-m-mN ingati il i tufisami le I A-a , u i kwambuya .
’
L A LA GR AM M AR
N inga t i ni ku Wana muw'ela ? N ingat i takul imwaL ekeni ukusa la .
’
M w ifi'ushya mpanga . A-a , Wa lukwenda ifiw i , mw1wushyampanga , kuti kamul ikwenda afi'a tekanishye. Ni pekotelo. T wa li
fumine polokoso. Tapa li nangu nkankoweshya . Kukana uko
tw ile, twa sh i li lapo. T ul iwoleleko ne Wana muma la . K ulya kupupunt ika . Kulya u i kw ikulwe. T apawoneka ne kutomboka .
T ul imanine .
Um-m-m. VVi lukula sa . (Kumfwa kaw i l i a t i ) W i lukulanguluka ,we mwaniche . Ya tusesela , shya tunukula nsuka . Um-m-m. B o
mwaniche, ifwe Wantu kaw i li ukulunduluka . M apindo kokwete
,
kaw i li wapoka . M bawe Wa tupaula . A -a , kamul i l ishya ukufwa
kwa ka le . Wach ish i le Wakulu, ne Wakufya lwa ma ilo. Waku
ch isanga , tach ili cha Ielo, ch i shawa mpeeka .
’
‘Pano apo twa ish ile, tapa li bw ino, pav’
irip i le. I fwe Wantu kulyana ngufwa . E ch ikulu pano, esonde. Pantu pa l i ukwewa i fiw i .
A ! ka lya kanwa takafya ku Wautu. T amukufyamba ika . Wa lru
fifushyapo lokoso. F isa laulwa . N i nkuni mwakufushya ku ch i piko.
Tapa li fiweme. Te pa luansa ? B e ku wana mubwelela . Amesoakokola pa mutwe. B e i li yawa ne uluwo. I i kansh i mamanga wa linsh ik i le. Tul ipelelwe pano, tukopauka lokoso. Wakulu
shyakulaw i la , mwafushya . M wakupompapo ne kwapa . M ush i1nene Wando ? M ukokung
’ow i la . B o kumulandu ? U-u, namuka
mulandu omfwe . M wakulema u i mponwa . M wakupona lukoso ,mwakupolomoka .
’
E kupeshya .
A LALA CH R ON ICL E .
This curious example of L a la ha s a lready beennoticed (p . I t
appears to conta ina traditiona l summary of triba l h istory,remin
i scences of a grea t chief, K ankomba , and of a critica l moment ofadvance into new territory, perhaps when the tribe wa s pushedsouthward by the W isas, and occupied the M a swaka forests. I t
begins w ith narra tive and changes into dia logue, th is la st endingw ith a k ind of duel, inwhich i t is difficult to dist inguish the comba tants, and easier to see the litera l meaning of the figura tive
expressions used, than their actua l point . N o complete or connected transla tion is here ofi
'
ered, but notes and suggestions on
some words and sentences may be of use to any who may care
LA LA GR AM M A R
settlements, and the discussion on i ts return, ending with an
exchange of l ively (and no doubt forcible, but not very intelligible)repartees.P ano tufway e, now let us search for (masa la , ?ma slzy a l a ,deserted plantations) .K amw z
'
y a , &c. Go andmake a clearing.’
K onkem’
, &c. F ollow your friends, and lop trees, andmake an
offering there.
’
(Then follows a cross-questioning of the pioneer party on i ts
return.)E umulz
’
wenesby e, &c., B ut did you look a t i t carefully? Perhapsi t is (only a ma tter of seeing and) coming back.
’
Ly oo kuweme, N o, it is a good country.
’
N ing a t i takula lw a, Perhaps i t is not a place to sleep
(L a lw a,l i t. be slept
Iy oo, ku leba lz’
kfwa , No, i t is regularly inhabited (ku-la-t’
kul-z’
k
20a , from z’
ka la , dwell) .M w emw ame, &c.
, My friend, perhaps i t i s just jungle.
’
Iy oo, m’
ng ele-ng ele, No
,i t is quite hea lthy.
’
P akula la tulo,‘a place to sleep in
A la 1 Of course — expressing surprise.
N ing a t i ya tuc/zmjbleka , Perhaps it is deluding.
’
Um-m-m Oh , no
N ing a t i‘Perhaps it i s hid from us (Pdifficul t to
find)A a m
’
kw ambuy e, No, i t is excellent .’
N ing a t i m’
bu 20am, &c. , Perhaps i t is for your childrenyoucome ba ck (i . e. why did you come back, thenP). Perhaps i t is not
(fit to be) cultiva ted.
’
L ekeni ukusa la , S top your insulting questions.’
The rest may be left to a future transla tor. M any of the wordswi ll be found in the Lala-English Vocabulary, but i t i s oftendi fficult to gather the metaphorica l from the litera l meaning.)
7 . (LAM BA.)
(1) Akantu kakaya ne muvyakwe mumpanga , ne kul i-o-uchiwi lo. A ti WaWele, nekusanga twenda mwifwasa . A t i kamfwa
S TOR I E S IN L A LA , LAMBA , A N D WISA 63
muvyakwe, M wemwame, nwapo amenda .
’A ti kumfwa muvyakwe,
Kani nwepo, ndukushi la amenda .
’
Uyo muvyakwe nekunwapo.
A ti anwepo, ich iso ka l ishya la pa menda . (2) Ne kumush i nekufika .
Awakumush i kaw'ema Wonse, T uka lipi le ich iso, tuli ika te.
’
A t i
waye, y a sanga ch i shiwa ne chiso paka t i . E li WangaWelako.
A t i ,‘W eleko enka .
’ Asanga twafi'ela mw ifwasa utwenda . E l i
angayapo, nakuinamapo, ne kufi'ela mumutw i ch iso.Chapwa.
Tram‘latz'
on,
1) A man(akantu , dimin. for manta ) went w ith a companioninto the forest , and they a te honey together. As they came back ,they came upon a t iny pool of wa ter formed on a sma ll ant-h ill .And h i s companionsa id
,My friend, take a drink of water
’
; sa idthe other
,I f I drink , I finish the wa ter.
’And the man drank i t.
W henhe had drunk , one of h i s eyes rema ined inthe wa ter.
(2) They went on to the village, and got there. A ll the peopleof the village started ofi
'
(saying),‘L et us pay for his eye, and get
i t.’W henthey had gone they found a lake of water and the eye
in the middle of i t. Then they went ba ck aga in,and sa id , Go
back by yourself.’ H e found the water had shrunk up (into a t iny
pool) onthe ant-hill. Thenhe went up to i t, and bent down, andhis eye went ba ck into h is head.
Tha t is the end .
(I clzi so, so here written, represents a pronuncia tion of the wordfor eye a lso heard as lz
'
so, limo, z
'
lz'
so, dz
’
so, dy z’
so,jz'
so,
8. (LAM BA .)
(1) I kanga kali fyala masana . A t i a l i fyele, ne lusato. Kumfwaikanga a t i , T amwenda wantu muno.
’Kuli wansofu kafi'esa , a t i ,
‘ N indo kulila ?’A t i ,
‘Wana wanj i ndukul i la. S ombank i ich ichapoka wana .
’Kumfwa wansofu waloleshye at i , Kanshi ek iki . ’
Pakufulumuka ulufi'i lo. E li wanges-e-nka lamu, at i , N indo kulila ,muntu wewo ? Ndukuli la Wana .
’ ‘W emuntu, nindo Sombank i ik i l ipo.
’
E pakufulumuka ulufi'i lo.
( 2) E kushya la Wampash i , ‘N indo kulila ?’A t i ,
‘Wana
wanj i .’ N indo ikakati shye S ombank i ik i l ipo chalusato.
’
Mpash i pali walusato na minwe, ekuika ta. Ukufungauka , ekutu
L A LA GRAMMAR
mapo pa masana . Na ikanga ka li sotwa pa masana , al iko. A t i,
T owene finach i ta , na kulwila Wana wowe?’
Chapwa .
(1) A gu inea-fow l la id eggs. W hen she had la id them, therewas a python! Then the guinea-fow l thought , People do not
pass th is way.
’
(Tammenda , th is seems a ca se of idioma t ic changeof subject-prefix to object, i . e. tamuenda muno, for ta-w a-enda-momum.) An elephant came up, and sa id,
‘W hat are you cryingfor i S he sa id, M y ch ildren I am crying for. I think th i s th inghere gets my children.
’ Thenthe elephant looked hard and sa id,‘S ure enough
, that’s i t. ’ And he went ofi
‘
a t full speed. Thena lioncame and sa id, W hat are you crying for, woman ‘ I amcrying for my children.
’ W oman, wha t is i t I think i t is th isthing here .
’ Away he went a t full speed.
(2) There rema ined the ant. H e sa id,
‘W hat are you cryingfor i S a id she, My children.
’ W ha t w ill get hold of them?I think that big python there
’
(Mm, prefix of size). T he ant
went a t the pythonw ith his hands and grabbed i t. I t uncoileditself, and went away from the eggs. And the guinea-fow l flewdownto where the eggs were. Said the ant, Don
’
t you see wha tI d id, and how I fought for your ch ildrenTha t is the end .
9. (W I SA.) N S I AWUF I .
(1) M untu waupile mizi iw i li . Nomba wantu tawal ikwenda ;wal ikuika lamw il inga . M bu us iku Nsiawufi a t i , Nkoya nje kuwonamuka sh i wanp .
’ Ngo N siafirufi wa ima . Pa kat i pa nzila waku
mana na njove nka lamu, a it i, W ewo, nga wafumakw i A ti , N i
kumuzi nafuma .
’ ‘T aut ina newo ? N dat ina .
’N ka lamu a t i ,
I sa nkuno, nkulye.
’M untu a t i ,
‘Ya i, linda . A walinda
,nje ku
wona mukash i wanji, anawela , elyo ukoiza kundya .
’ Nka lamu a t i .
Ya i , wachenjela , wemunanji . T awafirele.
’ M untu a t i , Ya i . N eWo
ine Nsiawufi. Ukoi sa kundya .
’N ka lamu a t i , Chawama . K a iye
iye kuwona mukashi wowe. N ga nkoika l i la kw i i’ M untu a t i ,
W ika le mw isamba lya ich i ti muli amenzi ayata la la , emu nku
STORIES I N'
L A L A,LAMBA , A N D WI SA 65
(2) N go muntu na kumuzi . NJ1zui leniko.
’ Awat i, Nga wapitakwi ?
’A t i
,
‘N a i zave mu nzila .
’ Wamw izui la , na ku muka shi,at i ,
‘N sikofwaya kula la . Njipik i leni insima ,mpinte. N awizya nka
lamu, a it i , Njize nkulye. E po nakana na t i , Ukoiza ukundya ,
anafi'ela . Na iw izya n-e-zina , na t i, Ine N s iafi’ufi.
’ Ngo mkazi wakwewa ipaya nkoko ziw i l i
,wanaya n-e-nsima , nokup-o-mulume , at i ,
M we Wa lume Wanp , nkoya kufwaya ukufwa . L a leni , mwakw izama ilo.
’M ulume a ti
,Ya i . Ine Nsiafi'ufi
,nsikofwaya ukuwepa
nka lama .
’
(3) Njo nsima nokupi ta na mu nzila . A t i , wenka lamu we,
ninawo , na iza . I za undye. Ine Nsiafi'ufi.
’ N ka lamu ya iza,at i ,
Inde,niwe Nsiav
’
irufi,na iziw izya .
’
N go muntu na mw isamba lyaich i ti , momul i amenzi
,wa ikala pans i . N kalamu a it i ,
‘Nombakankulye .
’M untu a it i ,
‘Ya i . Leka nane mba le-ndye insima ,nane nga undye.
’ Nka lamu a t i , Inde, l ia insima yowe.
’
Umuntu
pa nsima wa lya , wapwa , wanwelapo na menzi, a t i, N omba
'
iza
undye.
’N kalamu yaula ngu muntu, ya lya.
(4) Nomba nayo a it i , Kanwelepo amenzi pal i ngu muntu ngulyaNsiaWufi.
’M oyanwa amenzi a t i , N jimilile.
’
Yamvwa pun!
M untu wa ika la pansi, N siafirufi,a t i ,
‘Wela undye. N ine N siaWufi.
’N ka lamu a t i ,
‘N dolesye.
’ Yasanga N siaWufi na kambingove muntu mmove. Ya lya , a t i , M bwele, nwelapo amenzi .’
Yanwa pa menzi, a t i , N jokw iya .
’ Na kambi yanya . (Umuntu) a t i ,‘Wela undye, nine N siaWufi, na kambi Wela undye .
’ N kalamua t i i lolesye, mwenzo wa iza ku nka lamu, a it i,
‘N si lawona Wantu
Wonse nasi la ukulya . L elo wewo waneng-o-mwenzo. Nombanakulya l iw i l i , nomba nsi kofwaya kukulya . N kowomba njokw iya .
’
M untu a ti , Ya i . Ine N s iav’
irufi, mbula na kambi undye.
’N ka lamu
a t i iwone a it i , N go muntu akonjipaya , N s iafirufi.
’N kalamu na pa
luw'i lo. N omuntu ngove N s iaWufi na panuma ya nka lamu, a t i ,
N inda undye, ine N siaWufi.
’
E po njo nka lamu wa iwutuzya
amazua asano na limo, akopenda masano na aw i l i , nka lamu a it i ,‘N apapa ta , nsiaWelele ku mizi ya kumwenu, nsiax
’
i'eleleko ya i .
Nomba naya ukuta l i .’
5) N go muntu wafire lele ku muzi kumwaWo. W at i, W efiro,nga
v indo wondele ? W a waya ku muzi wa Wautu A t i , Ya i . Na l i
kutamfya nka lamu.
’
AWantu Wa t i, Wufi,waWepa. Ngapo itaku
l ile A ti , Chawama . Amkot i nkofi'epa , akufumi leni kunze g-e
L .° L . H .
66 LA LA GRAMMA R
linga .
’ AWantu nsiku ikumi wakoyenda kunze y-e-linga . Infumu
at i , M untu wa bw ino N s iawufi.
’ Nokuula nzovu ziw il i , at i , N siaa
Wufi,ul i muntu wa bwino. W atamfya nka lamu. AWantumba nga
Wapwa kul injo nkalamu. Nomba wach i ta bw ino. W akoyenda
ichende-ende.’
Chapwa.
Transla tion.
1) A manmarried into two villages . A t tha t time the peopledid not go outside the village, they stayed w ithin the stockade.
One nigh t s’
a zfmfi (meaning Truthful thought , I w ill go and
see my (other) w ife.
’S o Truthful started. On the road he met
the very lion(the terror of the village), (and the lion) sa id, H ullowhere do you come from Said the man, I t ’
s the village I comefrom.
’ Aren’
t you afra id ofme i Yes,I amafra id.
’ The lionsa id
,Come here and let me ea t you.
’ The mansa id, N o wa it.I f you wa it, wh ile I go to see my wi fe, whenI come back, thenyousha ll ea t me.
’ T he lion sa id,‘N 0 ! you are playing a trick, my
friend. You w ill not come back .
’ Sa id the man, No I amTruthful, I am. You sha ll ea t me.
’ Very well,’ sa id the l ion, go
a long and go and see your w ife. W here sha ll I wa it for you ?’
T he man sa id,‘W a it at the foot of the tree by the pool of cold
water. There let me find you.
’
(2) S o the manwent on to the v illage (and sa id) ,‘L et me in.
’
They sa id, W hich way did you pass by i H ow did you get by iH e sa id ,
‘ I have just come along the road.
’ They let h im inand
he went to h i s w ife, and sa id,‘ I don’
t want to sleep (here) . Cookme some porridge to take w ith me. I have promised the lion. I t
sa id, I’
ll come and ea t you,
” so I remonstra ted and sa id , You
shall ea t me when I come back .
”And I told h immy name, too ; I
sa id, I amTruthful.” H is w ife k illed two fow ls andmade porridgetoo, and gave themto her husband, and sa id, O ,
my husband,you
w ill be sure to meet your dea th. S top here to-night . You sha ll goto-morrow .
’ N o,
’ sa id her husband, I amTruthful . I refuse todeceive the lion.
’
(3) S o he took the porridge and went a long the road. L ion,’
sa id he, here I am,I have come. Come and ea tme, I
’mTruthful . ’
Th e l i oncame and sa id, S ure enough, i t is you, Truthful. I recog
STORIES I N ‘
LA‘
LA , L AM BA ; A N D WI SA s;
nize you .
’S o the mancame ,
to the foot of the tree by the ,waten
and sa t down. T he lion sa id, N ow let me ea t you.
’N o,
’sa id
the man,let me first ea t my porridge, and thengyoup aneatme .
’
S a id the lion,‘Very good. E a t your porridge.
’
S o the man tookh i s porridge and ate i t and finished and drank some wa ter after i t.
Thenhe sa id, Now come and ea t me.
’
S o the liontook the manand a te h im.
(4) After that he sa id, L et me wa sh downtha t fellow Truthfulw ith a l ittle wa ter. ’ W henhe had drunk the wa ter, he sa id, L et
me wa it a minute .’ H e heard a bang ! There sa t the manTruthful on the ground, saying, Come back and ea t me. I t is I
_,
Truthful . ’ S a id the lion,‘L et me have a look,
’
and he found i twas Truthful, the very same manover aga injust where he was . H e
a te h im (aga in), and sa id, I ’ ll just go back and take a drink ofwa ter.
’H e drank some water, and sa id, N ow I amgoing .
’ And
aga ina bang (There was the man) saying, Come back and ea t
me,i t is I , Truthful ,
’and aga in, Come back and eat W hen
the lionhad looked, fear came over the lion, and he sa id,"Never
yet have I seen(one oi) a ll the people I have finished and ea ten.
B ut to-day you make me afra id ; -I have eaten you tw ice, and
I don’t want to ea t you any more. I w ill runand go away.
’
S a idthe man,
‘N o,I ’m Truthful , take and ea t me aga in.
’B ut when
the lionsaw h im,he sa id
,
‘This fellow w ill kill me.
’And the lion
set 06 running. And tha t man Truthful set 06 a fter the lion,crying
, S top and eat me. I’mTruthful . ’ Then tha t lionran a s
hard a s he could six whole days , and he was counting the seventh ,whenthe lionsa id
,Please forgive me, I w ill never go back to the
v illages inyour country. No, I w ill never go back there anymore .
I amgoing a long way5 ) T he manwent back to h is vi llage. T he people sa id
,W hy ,
wha t are you so thin for? H ave you been to other v i llages ?’
No,
’ sa id he,‘ I wa s driv ing away the lion.
’ T he people sa id,I t
’
s fa lse. You a re lying. W hy did i t not ea t you ?’ ‘Very
well,’
sa id he, i f you ca tchme lying, go a long outside the stockade .
’
F or tennights people went outside the stockade. Then the chiefsa id
, A good man i s Truthful. ’ And he took two tusk s of ivory,and sa id
,Truthful
,you are a good man. You have driven away
the lion. These people here would a ll have come to am.
LA L A GRAMMA R
tha t lion. You have done a good deed. Now they canwa lk abouta s they plea se .
’
Tha t is the end.
I o. (W I S A .) ZYA M B A KA L E .
( 1) Umuntu n-o-mkazi wakwena Wanyina-vya la Wa ta tuWa fumilemu muzi mu Wanawo nokuya kuimaka ng’
anda pa chonde. MpoWa ika la , ngove mwezi Wanyina-vya la nokufwa . N go muntu a t i ,
Yenda , tukafwaye umunda .
’M kazi a t i , E ndeni . ’ Nokupi ta
uwule much isele, nokuya ku munda wawo. Wa ti Wafike ku munda ,nokukaw i la uWulemu munda Wa itrelela ku muzi , nokuya kula la .
(2) M a ilo muha zi wa sya la ku muzi , umwana lume waya enka ,wasanga ku munda uWule wapya i siku limo mbo uwule. N okupu
tula nokukaka mmutolo. Pakuw'ela kumunda pa nzila nokukumanana aw'ena msumba . Awena msumba afira t i , W ewo wa fuma kw ilakw i lelo ?’
N go muntu a t i ,‘N afuma ku munda wanj i
,mwe
Wananji . N efiro nal imi le mmunda ma ilo imbuto zyonse, lelo njekonasanga imbuto zyapya , nev
’
tro epo nakaka mmutolo.
’ Awenamsumba a t i , UkoWepave.
’A t i , Ya i , chine kantu .
’ Awenamsumba a ti , K akula tuone.
’N kukakula ivikungo n-e-nsa lu .
Awena msumba a t i ,‘W a iw'a ivintu vya muka zi wa nfumu.
’ N go
muntu a t i,Ya i , nine Zyambaka le, na l imi le imbuto , akazua kamo
nokupya zyonse. Mwew'o tamulaona mvi ya i . ’ A t i , K ufi'epa .
’
3) N okumka ta n-o-mutolo, Wa pi ta Wakot i kumuzi , ax’
i'a ti , T wa
kaka muntu wa iv’t'i le ivintu .
’Infumu a iti , M koWepave. K aleteni
mutolo tuone.
’ W a l iletele mutolo , wa sanga uWule n-e-mbutozyonse. Infumu a iti, Oneni nomba mulandu woyo umwa leta .
’
Infumu nokukaka mbo Wautu Wamw ikete ngo muntu, infumunokuula aWantu Wawi l i , umwanalume n-o-mwanakay i , n-o-mtumbaumo nokumfuta ngo muntu uWa ikete, ich ifukwa Wamw ikete uta iWa .
N omba wa imaka umuzi ukulu Zyambaka le woyo. Chapwa .
Tramla tz'
on.
( 1) A manand hi s w ife and h is mother-in-law , three (a ltogether) ,left the village of their people and went to build a house in the
forest . There they stayed, and the same month the mother-in-lawd ied. Then the man sa id
,
‘Come, let us make our way to our
l fiel d .
’H is wi fe consented, and they took some mi llet ina basket
Q Q Q
yo L A LA GRAMM AR
mwe‘
ns ima z1nanj1, 1mi l i leni . Umuntu al i nenzala .
’Zyafumapo zinne,
Insim’
a nendi lo zya munane zinne, zyaya pal ingo muntu. Ngo
muntu wawula insima akolia . N zi zya sya lako, was ia zi ta tu . A t i ,
N kop ita ntwa le‘
awana nomkazi wanJ1 Waye kuliako. W akaka
n’
okupi ta kumuzi .
(2) Ku mba li ya muzi wakumana nomunakwe umwana lume.
‘Kunzila ukuwa i la .
’
Zikoch i ta
s iani?’ ‘Zikoyenda .
’N go ul inensima walifik ile kumuzi.
‘W emwana‘
wanji'
na wemkazi wanj i, l ienikoins ima .
’
3) N go awakumene na munakwe a ti , Newo eko nkoya nkulyauku wa ilo.’ T aw izizye munakwe. W apita nov
‘
vuta wakwe, wazisanga insima zik0pita munzi la ummozipi ta. Al i nomvw i nov’ irutaW akwe a t i , N da se insima.
’ 'Insima zyavulumuka uluw i lo. Umumvw i‘
wa lasa pansi . M imvw i yal i i inji ine. W akotamfya uluWi lo insima .
M imvw i yapwa yonse. A t i,Nga nch i te siani Ins ima zyawela
pep i , azi t i,
‘Nomba tapa li mimvw i , yasile mimvw i .’M pa pepi
°
z'
yawela , a ti ,‘M wule wuta
,mpume insima .
’Uv
’
iruta wavunika ,wa sya lave mv ino. Ins ima zyaya pepi , at i , Np ira te Insima zya to
woka uluw i lo . N go muntu usiku wa ila , wala la . Insima zya iza
pep i . A w ik i le minwe pa nsima . M uwafi'uka , insima yav’
irutuka .
N go muntu tapa li kuWuka akazua .
(4) Ngo wawene nzo nsima,mw ine waziwene, uwaziwene nzo
nsima a t i , Kanjenje kuwambankolya nkonawene insima .
’ W asanga
ngo munakwe ul i lele. N ga wach i t ile siani i’ Nal ikufwaya nkuzi
lasa ins ima . Insima zy’
a l ikene nkuzi la sa .
’ Ngo munakwe at i ,?W a l ipusi le, nga wa l itekenye. Ukul ia insima kunak i l i la .
(5) M unakwe ngo mw ine wa ins ima waziwene wafisa uWuta
nemimvw i yakwe. A t i,N apapa ta , mwenfumu zyanji , ndi nenza la .
’
Ins ima zyawela 1zinji zinenamenzi pamo. W awula menzi wa samba .
M unakwe a ti , Wuka,wech ipua chamuntu, alanzi 1nsima izyo ziwa
l iwutuzya nazyo.
’
M unakwe wawuka . Ins ima waya kanya , at i ,W
'
ula , nane nzino zyanp ,nawe 1ns ima zyowe. Ukul ia insima kuna‘
M bo Wantu'
Wa l iako insima , ngo m'
untu na munakwe .
M utima wa ikala , wav’
irulamenzi wanwelapo. M unakwe a ti,Yenda
kumuzi . Nomba tapa li kuwelezyapo.
’
W aya kumuzi . Awa tiukufika , nenzala yaya . M unakwe a t i ,
‘W ona ! nga wal ifw i le.
’
STORIES I N LA L A , LAM BA ; A N D WISA 71
PonmncE .
(1) A famine fell upon the whole country. A man sa id,‘I am‘
ofl‘
to hunt in the forest . ’ H e went and there (l i t . there where hewent) he came uponporridge (inpots) and seasoning (s ide dishes),in grea t quant i ties, quite a mass, passing a long the path whichwas their .regular track . (Porridge is ofteninst ifl
‘
lumps for handling and carrying. H ere pots
’is used in transla t ion.) H e had
his bow and arrows, but he took h is bow and hid i t,and sa id,
‘ I beg
pardon, I am hungry, I want you to listen to wha t I say.
’ Themanwent down humbly on his knees and sa id, ‘ I beg you k indlyto stop.
’T he ch ief porridge-pot sa id, F ellow porridge-pots there,
stop. The manis hungry.’ F our porridge-pots came forward, andfour d ishes of sea soning, and went to the man. And the mantook
porridge and a te i t. Of those tha t rema ined,he left three. And
he sa id, I w ill carry 05 (these) and take them(to)my childrenandw ife , that they may eat them.
’H e tied them up and carried
(them) to the village.
(2) Outside the village he met a manhe knew . This mansa1d‘ I say , where did you get tha t porridge from ?’ On the road(that he went a long).
‘W ha t are they doing there ?’ They arewa lk ing a long.
’ The manw ith the porridge came to the villageand sa id, Ch ildrenand wife, come and ea t porridge.
’
3) T he friend who had met h im thought , I w i ll go to the placehe went to yonder.
’ H e did not tell the other man. H e took hisbow , an
'
d found the porridge-pots going a long their usual track . H e
had his a rrow and bow and though t , L etme‘
shoot a porridge-pot .’
T he porridge-pots rushed off a t full speed. T he arrow h i t the
ground. There were a grea t many arrows . H e kept runningafter the porridge-pots, (till) a ll the arrows were fini shed. Thenhe thought , W ha t am I to do?
’T he porridge came back close
to h im,saying
,Now there are no arrows, the arrows are a ll gone.’
W hen they came back close, he thought, L et me take my bow ,
and strike a porridge-pot .’T he bow broke in two, and there he
(or, i t) wa s left. T he porridge-pots camenear aga in, and he thought,‘L et me seize one .
’ Away hopped the porridge-pots a t full speed.
N igh t came and themanlay down. The porridge-Qots came mm .
7 2 L A LA GR AMMA R
H e la id his hand onone,but as he woke up, the pot ranaway. The
mandid not wake a (whole) day.
(4) T he manwho found the porridge-pots, the one who found
themh imself, who actua lly found the porridge-pots, thought, L et
me go and hunt yonder where I found the porridge.’
And he
found h i s friend a sleep. W ell , what did you do to them i’ ‘I tried
to shoot a porridge-pot . B ut they refused to be h i t.’ S a id theother, You were a fool. You should have been gentle. To get
porridge to eat is quite easy.’
(5) H is friend , tha t i s the manwho got the porridge-pots, whofound them, hid away hi s bow and arrows
,and sa id,
‘ I beg your
pardon, my masters, I amhungry.
’
T he porridge-pots came back,grea t numbers of them,
and water too. The man took the wa ter
and wa shed. Then the first one sa id, W ake up, you fool of afellow ,
here they are, these are the very porridge-pots you cha sed
away.
’T he other woke up. H is friend went and divided the
pots, saying,‘Take them,
I take these as mine, and you (take)your pots. To get porridge to ea t is quite easy.
’S o the menate
their porridge, the man and his friend. Their appet ites were
satisfied, and they took water and drank i t . Thenh i s friend sa idCome to the village. N ow we need not come back here aga in.
They went to the village. W henthey arrived, the famine came toanend. S a id his friend, S ee I you would have died.
’
Tha t is the end.
12. (WI SA.) KALONGA KALULU .
(1) K alulu nenama zyonse amenzi al iavizye, inama tapal i kunywamenzi ya i . Nombankalamu ya ikele pa menzi pa mumana . N ombankalamu inama zya likut ina pamenzi . N omba ka lulu ati , M weWO
mwenama, nindo pakuti tapa li kunywa menzi N omba inamaazi ti , Ka longa ka lulu, fwev
’
iro ta tunwa menzi ya i , ch ifukwa nkalamu
ya ika la pa menzi .’ Nomba kalulu a ti , L elo Wonsemwenama kaw i
yeni mw iye munwe amenzi .’ Nomba inama azi ti
, Ka longa ka lulu,
tukot ina ukunwa amenzi .’
(2) Nomba ka lulu a t i , Kaw iyeni kumumana . Amwafika kumumana , mw iyokut i , Ka tunwepo amenzi , infumu i ta la iza .
’Inama
zy onse nok wiya kumumana, zyal11sang i le nka lamu mpove pa mu
STORIES I N LA LA , L AMBA , A N D WISA 73
mana . N omba inama azit i , Ka tunwepo nomba amenzi , infumui ta la iza .
’
(3) Nomba nkalamu a iti , N dindo inama zyonse pakut i azi ti, tu
nwepo amenzi , infumu i tala iza ? N ewo tapa l i kuika ta inama, kuntu
njo nfumu aya iza ,njize njikate njove nfumu.’ Inama zyonse zyapwa
ukunwa menzi. Inka lamu yaonda nenza la , tapal i kuika ta inama
ya i . N omba panuma kalulu wa iza a t i , Kanwepo amenzi , nenfumunewlo.
’
N omba nkalamu a i ti ,‘Ka lulu, niwe infumu wa kuch i la pa li
nev’
iro ? N omba pamenzi mpano sya lapo wewo, ka lulu. N ew'o nsi
kofwaya ukuika la mpano ya i , ch i fukwa wewo, ka lulu, aut i, ndim’umu nev’iro, nenka lamu ns i li nfumu. N omba newlo tapa l i kuika lampano ya i . Ka lulu, awa iza ku ika la kumbi uku nku nkoya , awa izako, nkoiza kukuipaya, ch ifukwa uli nech ipwata . N omba newonaya kumbi .’
(4) Inkalamu yal i le, yafumapo pamenzi . Nomba inama zikonwa
amenzi zyonse. Tapal i kutina . Kalulu watamfya nka lamu.
Chapwa
LOR D RA B B IT .
The rabbit and all the anima ls could get no water. T he anima lshad noth ing to drink . There was a lionliving by the wa ter wherethe anima ls were . And the anima ls were afra id of the lionby thewa ter. (A t la st) the rabbit sa id,
‘You animals,why is i t you do
not drink wa ter?’S a id the anima l s, Lord R abbit, we do not
drink water, because of the lion living by the water.
’T he rabbit
sa id, T o-day all you animals just go a long and go and drinkwa ter.
’B ut the anima ls sa id, Lord R abbit , we are afra id to drink
wa ter.
’
(2) S a id the rabbit , Go a long to the stream. W hen you get tothe stream, keep on saying,
“L et us drink water, the chief is not
yet come.
” All the animals went off to the stream,and found the
lion just there by the stream. 80 the animals sa id,‘Now let us
drink wa ter,the ch ief ha s not yet come.
’
(3) S o the lion thought, W hat do a ll the anima ls mean by saying, Let us drink water, the chief has not yet come ?” I won’
t
ca tch ananima l t i ll tha t ch ief comes a long, and then I’ll just catch
tha t chief. ’ All the animals fini shed drink ing. T he lionwas th inand hungry. Not ananimal did he catch. After a t ime. Qu e.
LA LA GRAMM A R
comes a long and says, H ave your drinks there. I amthe chief. ’
Thenthe lionsa id, R abbit, are you a bigger chief than I N ow
this water here, you just stop by 1t yourself, R abbit. I refusealtogether to stop here, because you, R abbit , say, I t is I who amk ing,
”and I , the lion, amnot k ing. S top here I w ill not , there !
R abbit, if you come and live at another place where I amgoing, i f
you come there ( I tell you), I sha ll k ill you, because you haveinsulted me. N ow I amgoing away.
’
(4) Away went the l ion, and left the place where the water was .
N ow a l l the anima ls have water to drink , and are not afra id. T he
rabbit drove the lionaway.That is the end.
PA R T 111
LALA (LAM BA)-EN G I. I S H VOCABULARY
fR E F A CE
T H E genera l arrangement of words in this Vocabulary is as
followsN ouns are given ina lphabetica l order under the singular prefix
of the class to which they belong, and the prefix in the shorter
(monosyllab ic) form, viz. M a (m-w ), Ch i (Ci t ), K a (K ), I n, 1m,
L a U 1, K u (km). The plural forms are indicated inbrackets.
A di ed i z'e: and Verbs (simple stem) are given under the first
letter of the root . Derived stems are occasiona lly given, but ingenera l canbe readily supplied by the rules given inthe Grammar
(Part I ).I f a word is not found under any givenletter, reference should
be made to the note onthe letter itself.W ith few exceptions (perhaps 10 per cent .) the L a la and W isa
tribes use the same or very similar words, the differences natural lybeing greater in the districts most distant from each other,
'
e. g .
the W isas east of the L uangwa and the L a las (M aswaka ) ontheL unsenfwa , inN orth-W esternR hodesia , fromwhose informa tionth isVocabulary wasmostly compiled . S ome words which seem specia lly to belong to this district are marked (W . i . e. W est L ala .
Thus th is Vocabulary may be usefully regarded a s supplement ingand supplemented by the lists of words gi ven inthe W isa H andbook ’
(Oxford, ClarendonPress, F rowde, B ut i t should beremembered tha t inW isa
(1 ) Z l,
’
Z /iy a very commonly represent S , 5 11, S hy a in L a la ,and F the V sound inL a la .
(2) T he longer (dissyllabic) forms of the noun-prefixes are st illmore commonly heard, i . e. Umu , A zba , ( chi , I
'ui , Amofi m
76 LA LA GRAMMA R
(3) The adject ival form of the verb is supplied by the simple,rather thanthe modified, stem; e . g. W isa vi ta , black, L a la gfitz
'
le.
(4) T he applied stem a lways ends in-la , and the modified inle,evenwheninLa la 4 1a , me.
5) S ome important commonwords are different ; e. g.
L ala . W isa.
F orest M panga Chonde.
R iver I uika M umana .
W ater Amenda Amenzi .F owl Insumbi N kuku.
E gg I sana I l ini .M i llet Amawe Uule.
M a ize M atawa Ch i tonga .
T h irst Ch i laka Ch ipemba .
Door Ch iw i Ch i sasa.
R el ish Wnchisa N diwo.
F ornothing, gratis L okoso W aka .
W here I Kw i sa I Kwani lYes Inya I nde.N O I yoo Ya i .M y friend, fellow M uvyanjiAnold man M upembaF ollow L ondaBe wh i te, clean T uwa
Consent S umina
singular.plural .prefix.
compare, refer to.
the words following.
Various Verb-stems are indicated byS . S imple. A p. A ppl ied.
M d. M odified. Cs. Causat ive.Ps. Passive. Int. Intensive.
A ct . A ctive. R p. R eciprocal .N t. Ncuter. R v. R eversi ve.
E L . E ast L ala , near the W isa Country.W .L . W est L a la , the M aswaka Country.S wa. S wahi l i .F or. Foreign, not B antu.
M /af—A ftermany words a reference i s g iveninbrackets to other words,
” H as tra ting or can ccted W i th theminformormeaning.
AB B REV IATION Sconj.s.
pl .
pfx.
cf.
fol lg.
~A N A K A B H I
bow . Ana ngana , make a (grass)pad. M d.
~me, A p.-ma , Cs.
~anak ash i , a . F emale.
mwana-éas/u,~anal u ine , a . M ale. (Cf. J ame,
mwana-lume, Jy a lume.)A ndamuk a , v. Get up and start
off, start up, w ake up . A lso
Undamuéa .
A nd i k a , v. Be (come) near,draw close to, si t by. M d.
-z‘
le. Cs.
-zsfiy a . Andzka na , andikana , showsympathy (p i ty , fel low-feel ing) for.
A nge, v. S hine, gl itter, gleam.
(Cf. wa la .)A ngel a , also Ange, v. Be
happy (pll
ayful , cheerful , in goodspi ri ts) , play games. M d
(Cf.Angama , W angamafl . B e hot
(of w ater). M d.~angeme, Os. unga
mzs/ry a . (Cf. w i ld , kawa , selaka . )A ngufy a , W angufy a , v. M ake
haste , hasten, do quick ly, be in a
hurry. Cs. Int . fi slzy a , make greathaste. A lso A ngufl /any a . (Cf.wangu ,
endeslzya , kulumz’
sfiy a . )A nga k o, v. B e l ight ( i h weight ,
substance, worth), be of poorqua li ty(worthless, tri fl ing, mean, despieable) . (C i . follow ing and pua .)A ng ina , v. T reat ligh tly, disparage, despise, be di srespectful to,abuse, scorn.
A ni k a , Y ani ka , 17. Put out inthe a i r or sun, expose, dry, a i r
(clothes, R v. amma , N t .ana ka . (S ee below, and cf. tam
’
ka .)-anji , ~ang i , aa . M y, mine.
A nna , v . L ay out , put evenai
l
ny,
spread flat, lay down (e. g .
sta lks , grass, thatch) . (Cf. foa
l
mlg .
and sanama .)A nauma , v. B e flat, extended,
l ie even. M d.-ameme
,and as a .
broad, flat, outspread, extensive(e. g . pla in, ri ver) .Ansh i k a , v. S pread out , lay out
fla t , extend (e. g . ma t) . (Cf. ama,
A nsh ula , 7 . F old up (e. g. mat) .(Cf. ama .)A nte , v. A nta "tofu , play a t
ball (throwing and ca tching) .A nak a , yv. ( 1) M ention, speak
about ; (2) be excited; show strong{c
o
eling (word or act ) (3 ) be ex
sethgg.)
et dry, be a ired. (Cf. améa ,and folA nuna , v. Get dry (by sun or
a ir) . (Cf. am'
ka , amata .)A p e, A p o , adv. H ere, now,
thi s (time, place) , there, then, tha t.Penkapa , now , at once, onthe spot.(Cf. mp0, eko.)Amat eur. Answer, reply. M d.
4 70. (Cf. amka , zpmlzy a . )A pul a , v. (1 ) Get oncredi t , get
an advance (oi goods in trading),borrow , M d.
-apwz1¢, Cs. apwz‘
slzy a ,advance (goods, money ), g ive oncredi t , lend. (Cf. a : l nma , kongola . )(2) Draw out of danger, rescue, save.
A shima , v. B orrow , lend,(of something to be i tself returned.
S wa . , and cf. apu1a .)A sh y a , v. Cause to burn, l ight
(fire) , kindle. (Cf. koslzy a , aka .
A suk a , Y as i1k a , v. Answer,reply. M d.
A tata ,Watate, n. F ather. (S eeT ate.)A ti , a subordinate conjunction
of very genera l meaning , (saying ,think ing) that, as (that) , as i f, l ike,so (that , as , when. A ti m, as i f
(i t were) , l i e, as though . (Cf. 11,km, kuwati ,pakuti .A t imuna , v. S neeze. M d.
(Cf. la dl z’
.
L u l a , v. Yawn. (Cf. mwau.)A vw a , A fw a , v. H elp, assi st ,
a id, succour. N guw em'
,M uka
ng'av'we, help me.
A vy a , A fy a , v Be hard (di thcul t , puzzl ing, a problem, a fix) , behard to get (sett le, find, do), be lost ,be scarce, be dear. M .d -aw le, Cs.Int. avzsfiya . (Cf. uma , kanga .)A w e, (w )aw a, v . A llot, dis
tri bute, di vi de. Nt. awz'
ka, A p.
awi'
la,R p. awaua , amany a . (Ci .
kawa , kany a .)A fi i k a , v. S oak , souse inwater,
di li w i sh i , Waw i sh i , n. F ather.
(S ee W i sh i , and cf. atata . )-afi o , a. T heir, theirs. (Cf.
kwa'zfio.)Am , a lso B awuh e , 17. Pass
across (ri ver) , cross over, get across.
Cs. arbus/zy a , take across , put across.
(Cf. fol lg.)Awu l e , 17. S ave fromdrowning.
(Cf.pokeslzy a , pu lumuslzy a .)
N ote. W ords not found under B
may be looked for under W . (Cf.Part I . 5 5E u, a particle of emphasis,
commonly introducing a question,translatable by H ow about , but as
to Often combined w i th word
follow ing, a being dropped beforea vowel or contracted w i th i t , e. g.
boku lz'
la for 6a “ku l i la , ba lmforM 12110, bz
’
for 6a z'
bukum a or
bakumf 'waj.
‘i
(Cf. fofig.)fw
B ak umu , B ukumu,adv. A t
once, soon,quickly.
B unamo, adv. T ogether.
B w a to, B w el a , B w ino . S eeunder W .
Oh Ch i i s here used for the
sound of the class-prefix of nounswh ich (w i thout involving di fferenceof meaning) i s also heard in somenouns regularly as and a lso as
tciz, ty , and as z'
ky , ky , and bi ,especi a lly inW .L .
Ch a used as augmentative prefix(s.) of size, quanti ty ; pl . jj'a ; e. g.
clza lzja la , chamnéu lu .
Ch e , v. D awn, ri se (of the sun) ,bring morning. M d.
-c/zele, A p.
( field , cbelela , Cs. citeslty a . (S eeCh e la and Ch elw e , L uoh elo,K umach a .)Ch e , prp. O I . (S ee -a .)S h ak a , n. (jjyaka ). Year. (Cf.mwaka .)
CH E M
Ch ak eta , Ch ai kata , n. (jj/a-k.)F rui t . (Cf. z
'
ka ta , cka twa la .)Ch akuly a,n. (fi a-k. ) (Li t . a thing
of eating, i . e.) anyth ing eaten, (0°C!
(ia general ) . (Cf. Iz'
a,ly a .)
Ohnl a , n. (fya la ) . N ai l (offinger or toe) , claw . (C I . z
'
a/a ,clmly a la .)Ch al o, n. (fl ab ) . District,
region, land, country, the earth ,world. (Cf. muta la , mu landu .)Oh a ly al a , n. L arge
claw (e. g. of beasts of prey) , talon.
(Cf. ( kala,Ch ambo, n. ( y-a .) Ba i t .
Ch ambw a , n. (jjt-a .) Cake (oftobacco) .Chamunda , n. Col ic. (Cf. lu
wanda . )Chendw e , n. (jjr-a .) (1 ) fish
dam, weir ; (2) a kind of parrot.(Cf. t lzam'
a .)Ch ani , i ch ani ,n. Grass
( i h genera l) . (Cf. ( 111210111103 , cl ulpz’
y a ,ma lenjz
’
, mapelele.)Ch ankamfl , n. (jj'a-n. ) Any
th ing chewed and S pa t out.
Ch ance, n. (fl -a . ) F i sh-dam,
weir. (Cf. cbandwe. )Ch antonto ,
n. (jj'a-n.) Foodea ten plain, w i thout seasoning or
rel i sh .
Ch ap ew a , 11. (E uropean) hat .
(F or. Cf. cl n'
soti , clzombo.)Ch atw ala , n. (fi a-t . ) F rui t ( in
genera l ) , produce of tree. (CI .twa la , chaéa ta .)Ch em, 11. W awu ) . L andingplace (of canoe) , place of crossinga ri ver ; (hence, place of) ford, ferry,bri dge.
-oh e , a . L i ttle, small , weak ,feeble, th in, few , insuflficient. (Cf.chepa , uclze, kaclze, mwam
’
ke,mini . )Cheohj, Ch eoh o , Int. Used
interrogatively, ask ing leave to enter
or approach, May I come in? T he
answer i s, I ng i Ia , come in. (N otW .L .)Ch ok e, v. Cnt um(1t ms .
CH E L A .
Also Clzekaula . (Cf. tema for
synonyms.)Ch el a , 11. (fi eld ) . Piece of iron,
i ron.
Ch el a , v. A p . from£110,v. , dawn
(cf. clza , chalw a ) . A lso , Clzelela .
( 1 ) R i se early, be in good t ime
(qu ick , too soon) . Clzelela ka le,
get up very early. ( 2) Pay a
morning vi si t , make a ca l l . Ch lela
pansi , salute humbly (prostra te) .(Cf.Ch elw e
,v . B e late (too late,
slow,beh indhand) , not arri ve in
t ime . (Cf. c/za , koéola .)Ch emb el a , n. (jjf-e.) H erdsman,
keeper of ca ttle, goa ts, &c. (Cf.embela ,
Ch ena,v. Fi le the teeth .
Gh ana , 11. Place of
abode.
Ch enama , v. Gape, grin, standw i th mouth w ide open, show the
teeth . M d.~clzeneme
,A p . clima
mz’
na, Cs. 4 21113141. A lso used as
adv. , open-mouthed,agape. (CI .
fol lg . )Ch enaw i l a , v. Gasp for brea th(as indrowning) . (Cf. clmzama . )Ch ench emes i , 11. S exua l sin,
adul tery. (CI . ukunushz’
,uclzmde .)
Ch ench ent a,v. Peep about , look
here and there, glance around, heinqui si tive (curious, prying) . (Cf.c}:ew a
,loleslzy a , lengeIeIa , lengaula .)
Ch anda , Ch ind a , v . Commi tadul tery , rape . (Cf. éumma , pom
Ch ende-onde , 11. Going as you
please , act ing as you li ke, freedom.
(Ci . enda .)Ch enjela , v . ( 1) B e (speak, act
as) clever, shrewd; sensi ble, w i se
(2) be cunning (cra fty, decei tful ,unscrupulous) , chea t, delude ; (3) behappy, pleased, contented) . N t .
ckmjeleka , Cs. cli enjeslzy a (as above,a lso ) , pumsh , correct .-ch enjele , a . Clever, decei tful ,
& c. ( S ee above.)C b eny a , V. M ake a large plan
OH I F UA
tati on, hoe much ground.
Ch op s , v, Be few (l i ttle, scanty,short, sma ll ) , be insufli cient, be
w ant ing , fa i l , run short , be less.
Cs. c/zejj'a . A lso Cs. and Int .ch pesfiy a , e. g. ( 1) be very de
ficient ; (2) lessen, dimini sh , makesmal ler. (Cf. pungu la , awy a ,
Ch ess , 17 Cut off (ears of
sorghum), ek p, reap. (Cf. lama .)Ch esh y a , v. Pay a vi si t to ,
call
upon, appea l to. (Cf. ( Ira , ( Izdd a . )Ch eeh y o , n. (fl -e.) (A ct or
means of) trying, test ing ,measuring,measure, gauge. (Cf. eshy a . )Cheso, n. (fi -e.) Gourd di videdlengthways, used as a ladle or spoon.
(Cf.Ch ew a , v. F ix eyes ou , look
careful ly at, look for, search after.
(C I . Iolesfiy a , clumbmta ,fi vay a .)Ch ewo , n. ( 1 ) E x
press ion, saying , word ; (2) subjectof talk, affa ir, ma tter, business ;(3) cause, reason, argument. (Cf.mu landu , ezfia .)Ch ow u l a
,v. Beckon, make
s igns, call (reca ll ) by gestures.
A lso Ckewau la , andCs . cbe'wuslzy a .
(Cf. 10100111 , lenzba .)Ch i bw e , 11. S ee Ch iwe .
Ch i ch e , n. (fiche) . A l i ttle
th ing , a smal l piece, a bi t. (Cf.-c}ze
,clupa .)
Chi ch i la , v . ( 1 ) S top, obstruct,block the way, make obstacles ;
(2) stop a blow ,w ard off
, guard
oneself. (Cf. ch i lz’
ka , (ama la ,
sltz'
nka , Iey a .)Ch i eng e , K i engo, n. (fi-e.)
L i ghted st ick , firebrand, torch .
Ch i fl so , 11. (fi-f . ) ( 1 ) Place or
means of conceahng , case, cover ;( 2) secret, mystery. (Cf. mw z
'
ko,
fisa .)Ch i fu ,
I ch i fu ,n. (1 ) S tomach
(2) lump of earth (cf. kq/u , ch ifwasa ) (3) (k ind of) fal l ing trap.Ch i fua , n. (fly?) Chest , breast ,
CH I F'
UK O
chest a i lment (pneumonia , phth i sis) .(C i .Ch i fuk o , n. (fi-jfi) Cap.
Ch i fuk u l o,n. (fif ) Thing to
dig w i th .
Chi fuk w a , n. Cause , reason,argument ; also conj. because of.
(N ot W .L . Cf. mu landu , cbefim,pakut i .)Ch i fu lo , n. (fi-f ) ( 1 ) Vi llage
communi tyunderone ch ief ; (2) ci rcleof relations
, and friends ; (3) smi th’
s
anvi l .Ch i funda , n. B undle , package,parcel , load of th ings ti ed together.
(Cf. fol lg. )Ch i funda , n. (fi-f .) ( 1 ) A knot(2) a strong feeling , e. g . (a ) grudge,scruple, spi te, anger, resentment ,(b) pi ty, compassion, shame. (Cf.fundz
'
éi la ,Ch i fungo , n. (fi-f .) F astening,
e. g. button, lock , buckle. (Cf.
Chi funi k o , n. fi-jl) L id, cover,covering . (Cf. funi ka , funukz
'
la ,
Ch i funtu ,n. (fi-f .) Corner,
angle, sharp turn.-a fifuntu , zig
zag . (Cf. junta .)Chi fush i , n.
(fif ) S houlder.
(Cf. ( I: ipz’
éz’
ti , cl:sz'
éo, éawey a .)Ch i fu tenuma , adv. (W alk ing,
moving) backwards. (Cf. nama . )Ch i fu to , n. (fif ) Pecul i ari ty
of speech or manner, odd, i dioma ticcharacteri stic phrase, or way of
speaking.
Ch i fw asa , n. (fi-jfi) S ma ll hardheap of earth , thrown up by ants in
grassy openpatches. (Cf. t ka lu .)Ch i k ak a , n. fi-k .) Angry word
or act , anger. (Cf. c/zi kam'
,nkama
,
£1140171} c}:z’
pwata .)Ch i k al ango , n. (fi-é.) E arthen
cook ing vessel . (F or others, see
I nong o)Chi k al a , n. M ode of
l iving, condit ion, sta te. (Cf. M a la .)Ch i k ani , n. (fi-k .) W ord or
act of refusal, contradiction, angry
L o'L o "0
CH I KUN GU"
rebuke, perverseness, obstinacy. (Cf.éana .)Oh i kasa , n. (fi-k. ) 1) L arge
foot , footmark (mostly of anima ls.
Cf. lukasa) ; (2) mucuna (stinging )bean; (3) anima l ingood condi tion(fat, sleek ).Ch i k ata , n. (fi-k .) Anklet,
bracelet. (CI. c/u'
kungu , uta le. )Ch i k o , n. (flea) . A th ing , art icle,
object . M w ine wa ( 111160, a grea t
owner, wa cfiz'
éo adding the idea of
importance. (C i . chintu . )Ch i k ok a ,
n. (fi-k. ) B rushwood,bush , underwood, thicket (trees or
grass) .Ch i k okolw a , n. (fi-k.) Pro
tuberance of tree stem, where a
branch has been cut off. (Cf.
Ch i k olok a , n. (fi-b.) L oad
carri ed on stick over the shoulder.
(Ct. temba . )Ch i k omo, n. (fi-k.) ( 1 ) L ower
Kart of the back (cf. ukome) ; (2) blow ,
nook, rap (cf. koma ).Ch i k ondo , n. (fi-k.) B ark
canoe. (Cf. ma la.)Ch i k onk o, n. (fi-k.) Anus, vent .(Cf.Ch i k onkoto, n. (fi-k.) A grass
yi elding salt .
Ch i k op o, n. (fi-é. ) E yel id. (Ci .
Oh i k oshy a , . n. (15'
k Phlegmcoughed up. (Cf. kala . )Ch i ku l imb a , n. (fi-k.) Pigeon
house. (Cf. inku lz'
mba . )Ch i k umb i , n. Ck. M a mwera ,
cold dri zzle and l ight ra in in July(cold season) .Chi kumbul a , n. (fi-k .) (K ind
of) bi rd of prey k i te) .Ch i kumo, n. (fi-k .) T humb ,
big toe. (Cf. kakumo.)Chi kungo ,n. ( -k. ) Cord, string,
thong (of tw isted bark ) . (Cf. lu
Ch i kungu , n. (fi-é.) Ornament ,usua lly of brass, for arms or anklets.
(Cf. eh&at a ,manhonho.
OH I KU N K U
Ch i kunku ,n. (fi-k.) M ist. (Cf.
fajuta , f uwe, kamfi va . )Ch i k u p a-k up a , n. (fi-k. ) T ick
(anima l) .Ch i kw el el o, n. fi-k.) L adder.
(Cf. kwela .)Chi l e, v . B e above (over, higher,
longer, more), overtop, project , exceed , excel , surpass, overcome. Ps.
cl n'
lwa .
Ch i l e , 11. (fila ) . Dance. (Cf.M arta .)Ch i l ak a , n. T hirst . (Cf.mulaka ,
Ch i la l a , n. (fi-l . ) ( 1) Desertedplanta ti on (cf. la la ) ; (2) the L alalanguage (cf. mulala ).Oh i l alo , n. (fi-l . ) Case , cover,
sheath . (Cf. la la , cbifiso, cfii tmflu . )Oh i l ambu
,n. (fi-I . ) W ages, pay,
h ire. (Cf. la fl zbu la .)011111013 , 11. (fi-l . ) (1) R eel ing ,
staggering , unsteady gai t ; (2) clusterof bees (swarm) . (Cf. Id a . )Oh i lolu , Oh i l elw i , n. fi-I . )
S hade, shadow. (Cf. kanto, cl u'
mh ing
'wa . )Ch i l ema , n. (fi-I .) A lameperson, cripple.
Chi l i l a, v . B lock the way , ohstruct , oppose, hinder. N t. cl u
’
lz'
ka .
Cs. (Cf. cbz'
cl u'
la , 111i
nki la . )Chi l i lo , n. (fi-l .) F i re, blu e,
l ight (candle, lamp) . (C i . mu l i lo,mum
'
éa
Ch i l ind i , n. D eep place,hol e, pi t , chasm, di tch.
Oh i l indo,n. (fi-I . ) W atchman’s
shel ter (poles and tha tch ) .Ch i l ol a , n. (fi-l . ) L ook ing-glass,
glass arti cle, glass . (Cf. Iola . )Ch i lolo , n. (fi-l . ) S ki l led work
man, mechani c. (Cf. mashz'
ri , ch i
patziéo, cku lumano. )
Oh i l onda,n. (fi-l .) S ore, ulcer,
wound.
Ch i lu k a , Ch u l uk a , 17. Jump(over) , leap, spring .
Ch i l ukw a , n. (fi-l .) (K ind of)bask et. (Ct:tézjfle, luéwa ,mwz
’
kwa .)
CH I N D I KA
Ch i luw‘
i , n. (fi-l .) B lockhead,simpleton, dunce, fool . (Cf. Imfla . )Ch imento, n. (fi-m. ) ( S mi th
’
s)pincers, tongs .
Ohjma simas i,n. (fi-m. ) S pider
’
s
egg-bag.
Ch imb ala , 11. (fi-m.) F ood put
away after a meal . (Cf. mu la la ,zlrlzyala .)Ch imb ol o , n.
-m. ) H yena.
(Cf. imuntwe. )Ch imbw oto,n. (acb i-m.) Zebra .
(Cf.Chime, n. (fime) . D ew. (Cf.mama. )Ch imot o, n. (fi-m.) S howing
ofl'
, concei t , vani ty, boastfulness,
arrogance. (Cf. mcka )Oh im9nda ,0h imensh i ,n. (fi-m.,
jjra-m. ) W ater inabundance, wateradded, e . g . flood, food boi led wi th
water. (Cf. menda ,enda . )
Chimfunsh im. (fi-m. ) Knuck les,
glenched fist. Puma dc. strlke w i th
st .
Chimino. n. (fi-m. ) M ucus of
nostri ls. (Cf. mind , mane .)Ch imo, adv. A like, same . (Cf.
-mo, puma, pa lana . )Ch imp eleshy a , n. (ji-m.) Deep
hole, recess.
Ch impe lw e , n. Cooked (di shof) beans , ea ten as seasoning wi thother food.
Ch imuntu,n. (M anta ) . A big
man. (Cf. manta . )Ch imu t i
, 11. (M in) . A bigtree . (Cf.Ohimw a l a , n. (fimy a la ) . L arge
rock,big stone. (Cf. kamw a la , cl:Chi nanda , n. (ji-n. ) Ornament
wornonupper l ip. (Cf. utzmdu . )Ch inane , n. (fi-n) R eli sh eaten
wi th other food, (especia lly) mea t.
(Cf. wmm , chz'
towelo. )Ch inangw a , n. (fi-n. ) R ubbish ,
sweepings , anything useless or
thrown away. (Cf. ch'
slzy a la ,gingzua .)Ch indi k a , v. H onour, show
respect (for), be civi l (courteous,
CH I N D O
respectful) , compl iment , pra i se. Int.~z
'
slxy a . (Cf.Ch indo , Chi ndu , interrog.
W ha t ? why ? (Cf. mdu ,~ndo. )
C h ina , 11. (fine). T ruth, fact,real i ty. (C i . ~na.)Ch ing a , v . S top the way , bar,
h inder. Cs . c/n'
mlzy a . (Cf. ck i cfiz’
la,
cl:
Ch inga ,n. (fingw a ) . B roken
piece of pottery, sherd.
Ch ingul o, 11. E vening .
Ch ingw a l i , n. S mal lpox. (Cf.z'
néanga , z’
ntomba . )Chi ngwe, n. (fingwe) . Cord
,
string. (Cf. ins/zi slzi , mwana’o,
Ch ink a , 11. (fl ui d ) . Goat-house,or pen. (Cf. cfiz
'
pata .)Ch ink aw a la , 11. 09 E di ble
(k ind of) caterpi l lar. Pepawa la , gather ca terpi llars.Ch ink ol i , n. (fi-n.) H eavy
knobbed st ick , club . (Cf.kaéolz
'
, ba t i , Imako. )Ch ink u l i , n. (fi-n.) Gourd or
ca labash used for drinking, waterbottle . (Cf. ch ipanda .)Chi nk unda , n. (fi-n.) Pigeon
house. (Ci . t'
ukanda .)Ch inone , n. (fi-n. ) W hetstone,
grindstone. (Cf. nana , mupelo. )Ch insa , I ky insa , n. (fi-n.)
B i rd’
s-nest.Ch insa l a , n. (fi-n. ) A (kind oi)
trap. (Cf. dzifu ,chz
'
tembo.)Ch insengw e , n. (fi-n.) Present
givento dancers.
-n.) ( 1 ) S hade ,shadow ; (2) l1keness (pi cture) ,image , sta tue ; (3) ghost, S piri t(gobl in, fa i ry) ; (4) di zziness, g iddiness
,daze. (Cf. sizz
'
ng'wa , musk imu,
mupaskz'
, ( 111'
wanda . cl: into
Ch insh oto ,n. (fi-n. ) P inch (wahfingers , na i ls) . (Cf. sham. )Ch inso , I ch inso , and S h i so , n.
(finsa) . F ace. (Cf. cl u'
so, l imo.)Ch intantu , Ch intantw e , n.
(fi-n. ) S tep of ladder. (CI . cl u'
tanfi lo, ch ikweIelo.)
CH I P E ’
Ch into, n. (fin/o) S hadow ,
shade. (Cf. kanto, d umkz'
ngw a . )
Ch intu , n. (fintu ) . T h ing , ar
ti cle, object. (Cf. cl u'
éo, manta .)Ch inw a ,
n. (finwa ) . Ji be, sneer,insult. (Ci . kanwa , d upwata , z
’
mele,
Ch i p s , 11. (fipa ) . Clever plan,tri ck , dodge , device, novelty,marvel ,wonder.
Ch i p a la ,n. (fi-p .) B are rock or
patch . (Cf. zipa/a . )Ch i p a le, adv. Perhaps, possibly,
i t may be, or else, or. (Cf. éam’
,
kambi,
Ch i p anda , 11. (fig ) (1) Gourdor calabash used for drink ing (bow l ,cup) ; (2) fish-weir. (Cf. ckz
'
nkulz’
,
fukamba.)Ch i p ande, n. (fi-p .) ( 1) Piece(spl i t or cut off) , part , fragment , bit(cfipanda , c/zi clze, t acks) ; (2 ) oblongpiece of bark used for carrying (cf.muk'wa ).Chi p engo, n. (fi-p .) F ence, of
enclosure. (02. lushz'
to, ckz'
s/npa ,i cfiec/u. )Ch i p anta , n. (fi-p.) Palm, of
hand . (Cf. ck i sasat t‘
lo. )Ch i p ap a . Ch i p apw a , n. (fi-p .)
Outer integument , sk in, shel l , rind,bark. (Cf. z
’
mpapa .)Ch i p ep o , n. (fi-p .) S kin or
cloth used for sl ing ing a chi ld onthe back . (Cf. papa . )Oh i p apul w a , n. (fi-p .) Part of
the head shaved bare. (Cf. c/i t'
wayo,
Ch i p apw a , Ch i p ap a , 11. (fiS k in, bark , rind, shel l .
Ch i p eta , n. (fi-p .) Cattle-pen.
(Cf.Ch i p etano , n. (fi-p . ) M utual
‘hatred, feud. (C I . pa ta , cbzlpa to.)Oh i p at i k o ,
n. (fi-p . ) S k i l led
w orkman, mechanic. (Ci . ck i /olo,
Ch i p a to , n. (fi-p.) H atred. (Cf.para , d npatano.)
CE I P E h A.
(1111711151 , ka lupe) , 1111° °
wza 1
1111711111111 (ka tzmdu) , chzlukwa (kmlubwa ) , kah ui , muscle (1111211141, kasele) , 11111113 11, 1111111110, 1
°
maéo, kasa
”kawula , musantu , 810. A lso (2)used genera lly of a load earned inbasket or otherw i se.
Oh i pola , n. (fli p ) Charm hungona house, to keep 05 wi ld anima ls,ra in, &c. (CI. 11115 11111, clzipupo.)1 C h i p embel e, 11. (fi p. ) One whowatches, guards, pries about , keepsan eye on; watch 1nan, guard, spy.
(CI . pemba .)Ch i p embe lo, 11. R hi
noceros. (C I. nkol i .)Ch ipembw e, n. (fi-p .) V i l lage
m wh ich ch iefs.
or ancestors died.
(C I . éaw ungo.)Ch i pemp e , n. Desire for indul
gence (e . g . beer, tobacco) , lust .Ch i peni , n. (fi-p .) E yebrow.
Ch ip epe, n. (fi-p.) F in.
Ch i p es i , n. (fi-p .) L ight hole,window ,
fissure, crack . (Cf. 1115110,ch ipunda,21 111111.Ch i p asu , n. (fi-p .) R eed-mat .
Oh i p osw e, n. (fi-p. ) B i t broken
off, scrap, chi , fragment. (CI .pamba , cl upa e. )Ch i p eto, n. (fi-p F old, crease.
wrinkle. (CI . para .)Ch i p i ano, 11. (fi 15 ) H eir, suc
cessor, inheritor.Ch i p i k i t i , n. (fi-p .) S houlder.
(C I . 111171151112)Ch i p i k o ,n. (fi-p .) ( 1) Cook ing
vessel
hand di recti on, e. g . eu d np i éo, tothe left (of. luly o) .Ch i p i l i , n. (fi-p. ) Angry word
or act , anger, i rri tation, resentment .
(CI . dziéaka ,
Ch i p 1ni , n. (fi p . ) N ose ring or
stud.
Chi p ini k o, n. (fi-p.) T usk of
boar. (CI .Ch i p i shy a-menda ,n. ( 1) W ater
b oi ler; e. ma i d-of all-work (2)
CH I B A M B W E
01119 011010, 11. (ji-p. ) Pouch (011bel t) .Ch i p ol o , Ch i p ol op olo, n. (fi-p .)
B ullet. (C I. imba la .)Ch i p oly ongo , n. (fi-p .) H ole,
pi t . (Cf.
Chinomo, 11. (1111-11 ) Cl i pspringer (buck) .Chi p onge, Oh i p onje , n. (fi-p. )
Loop, noose. (CI . muponje.)Ch i pu , n. (fipu ) . B ug . (CI .
15 1111111112)Ch i puku tu , n. (fi-p . ) Core of
ma ize-cob .
Ch i p umbu , n. (fi-p.) Clusterforming the ear of mi l let or sor
ghum.
Ch i p una , n. (fi-p . ) S tool , seat
(cha i r) . (CI . kandela . )Oh i p unda . n. (fi-p .) H ole (in
genera l ) , aperture (w indow ) , fissure,rent , tear. (CI . c/zsesi , 11116110,u l i ango, 111171111112)Ch i p up a , n. (fi-p .) Angry out
burst (word or deed) , retort , rebuke.
(CI . ch i kaéa , 111{ban 111121112)Ch i p up o , n. (fi-p .) Ceremoni al
offering (commonly mea l or grain,for ra in, (CI . pupa .)Oh i pup u , n. (fi-p. ) ( 1 ) Ghost,
spi ri t , rush (or sound) of w indpass ing ; ( 2) cluster (e. g. dowers) ,bunch . (C I . pa i d , pu lu la . )Ch i p u sh i , n. (a-cfi.) A (kind of)
gourd, calabash . (CI . mungu .)Chi p u ta , n. (fi-p .) B i t oI horn,
wornas charm(t ied to head or am )aga inst si ckness, enemies, &c. (C I .ckz
'
pela , kaputa .)Ch i p u t i , n. (fi-p.) Planta tion
of ground-nuts nutpa tch .
Ch i pw a ta , n. (fi-p .) Violent
(insult ing) word or act, injury,
oppression, insult. (Cf. cl u'
éaka,
111
Ch i p y ango , n. (fi-p .) B room,
brush . (Cf. py anga .)Ch i p y ap y a , n. (fi-p . ) A new
thing , novel ty. (CI . f y a .)Oh i rambw e , n. (fi-r.) S wamp .
l
OH I S UM I CH I W I
Oh i sumi , n. (fi-s .) Bug . (Cf.1111110, 1111p0 . )Ch i sungu , n. (fi Grown-up
gi rl , adult. (Cf. 111111110111, 101111111011and for younger g i rl, 111111111161, 11111
Ch i ta , v. ( I ) D o,make ; (2) (offeel ings) show in act , exhi bi t, display ; (3) cause pa in, hurt. 011.
11111f 1111, a im anarrow . Md .
A p.-110
, N t. Ps.-111110 , Cs.
and int . -1111y 0 . n.ja 11ga , le1zga ,
Ch i ta , n. W ar. (Cf.1111011110, and S wa .
Ch i ta l a , n. (fi-t . ) Insult, derision, mockery, importuni ty, annoyance. (Cf. 111116010 , 1111pw1110,
Ch i ta l a , n. (fi A (kind of)cook ing
-pot . (C f. 111011g0.)
Chi tant i lo, n. (fi S tep 01 a
ladder, rung . (Cf. 1111101111111 , 1111
Ch i tamb om. 01 A (k ind of)noose trap , snare, g in.
Ch i tendw e,n. (fi-t . ) (1 ) S oli
tary , deserted condi tion, lonel iness ;(2) i dleness, doing noth ing.
Ch i tenge , Ch i tenje , n. (fi-t. )Open shelter, roof on poles only.
(Cf.Ch i tew a, n. fi ~1.) R a i sed plat
form for watching crops, stage,scaffold. (Cf. lup111g
'w1 . )Ch i t i , I ch i t i , n. (fi11) . Tree,
wood (substance) , beam, pole, post,pfank . (Cf. 1111111, ka t i . )Ch i t imb o, n. (fi-t . ) B uri al
place of chiefs or ancestors. (Cf.111113101111, kazfmngo.)Chi tow el o , n. (fi-t .) Seasoning ,
rel i sh for food. (Cf. 1111110111 ,
Ch i tufl , n. (fi-t .) Dung , ordure,excrement. (Cf.Ch i tumb i , n. (fi-t . ) D ead
creature. (Cf.Ch i tundu , n. (fi L arge
ba sk et. (C11 110111111111,‘ m mp o, 11. (fi -t .) Place for
keeping fowls, pigeons, 810. (Cf.11 1
°
1111111d0 ,Ch i tuan, n. (fi A irs, affec
ta tion,concei t. (Cf.
Ch i ta fi u, Ch i tu fy u , n. Sheath ,
case, cover. (Cf. 1111110, 1111010.
Ch i tw i , I ch i tw i , 11.
Angle, comer, projection, peak , t ip .
(Cf. 111111101 , 111f 111110.)Chi w a , I ch i w a , 11 . (100111100)Dove.
Ch i w alw a , 11. B ig drinkof beer. (Cf.Ch iv amb i , Ch uamb i , n. (fi-w .)
Pa tch , to repa ir a rent or tear. (Cf.100111611.
Ch iw and a,n. Ghost,
gobl in, demon. f. 111°
111111g100,1111111111111, 11111p01111. )Ch i w aw a , n. (fi-w .) Uproar,
noise, brawl , shoutmg. (Ci . 111110
Ch ifi aw al u, n. B ush
buck . (A lso 11116010010 , 1111110011g101,
Ch iw a , I ch iw e , n. (fiwe).
(x) S weat (cf. (2)warmth , hea t (o i fire or sun) .
Ch i fi e , I ch i bw e , n. (fizfie) .L a rge stone, rock, boulder. (Cf.11111 ,Ch iw e la, n. (j? Gardenplot, pa tch .
Ch iw el e , n. (fi-w . ) ( 1 ) L oudshouting , cry (cf. (2) largeudder (cf.Oh iw el o, n. (fi-w .) Upper part
of leg , thigh . (Cf.Ch iw ama
, v . I t i s wel l , verywel l. (Cf. paweme, 151011111 ; and
see W ama. )Ch iw enga ,n. (fi-w .) Sore place,
ulcer, wound. (Cf.Ch iw esh i , n. (fi-w . ) L arge
kni fe. (Cf. 111101111,Chi w ey o , n. (fi-w . ) Bare(shaved) patch on the head. (Cf.101m, 1111p010, 1111
'
1011g010, 111100pu lwa .)Ch iw i , I oh iw i , n. (fiw i ) . ( 1)
OH I W I A .
D oor (cf. 1111111011g0) ; (2) a crime,evxl deed (cf. ~101
°
Ch iw i a , 11. S ee Ch i h a.
Ch iw i la , n. (fi-w .) Coney.
Ch iw ind a , n. (fi-w. ) H unter.(Cf. 11110111101111111, 11111p0111 .)Ch iw omba , n. fi Inner
bark of tree, used for cord. (Cf.
Ch iw ow o , n. (fi Insult ,rudeness , di scourtesy. (Cf. 111
p10010 .)Ch i v
‘
b'u , 11. L iver.Ch iv
‘
vu l u . n. (134 1 ) A dea f
person. (Cf.Ch i v
‘
vu l u Ch i v‘
i'u lungenen. (11
°
A nyth ing rounded ofl'
,
round lump, knob , protuberance.
Ch ifi'umb a , n. ( 1 ) M ud
wa l l of but ; ( 2) h igh river-bank.
(C f. 1111111 11110 ,Ch i h za , n. fi ( 1) F ri end,
companion, comrade ; (z) friendsh ip,acqua intance.
Ch i fi y a , I k ifiry a , n. (fi( 1 ) B asket ; (2) load. (Cf.Ch och o , n. (jji -o. ) S pike at butt
end of spear.
Ch ok ol o , n. (fi B elongingsof person deceased (w i fe , goods,& c ., passing to the heir) . (Cf.p1
°
0110 . )Ch ombw e, 11. (fy-o.) Forest ,
jungle , w i lderness. (Cf. 11111011g0 ,
may amba . ( 1011111 is a lso used byE L . )Gh ana , 11. (fji-o.) La rge (k ind
of) fish-trap. (Cf.Ch esh i , n. (jji-o. ) Dream. (Cf.
1010 11
Ch u l o, n. (fi -u .) S ee 010
Ch u lu , n. (jjl-u .) Ant-heap.
Ch u l umano , n. (fy-u l. ) S k i l ledworkman, mechanic ( i . e. 111161110
(Cf.
Ch ums , n. Pel sonal property,wea lth . (Cf. 111011,Ch ambw e , n. ( y Grave.
Ch ungw a,11. 04 S impleton,
blockhead , dance, fool . (Cf. 11111111
pulu ,
E N D A
Ch uni , n. (fl -u . ) Bird. (Cf.10111, 1
°
11g11111.)Ch u sh i , n. (fy-u . ) S team,
smoke, vapour. (Cf.011115 11 , 11. (100 W aterbuck .
Ch ufi'o, n. (jji-u .) Case shea th .
(Cf.
D i s sometimes used for L ,
especi ally a t the beginning of nounsof the L 1 (111) class, e. g. dangv, for
E Oftenprefixed as a part icle ofemphasi s to verbs and other words.
E fy efy o , E fy o , adv. Just so,
thus , exactly, tha t is the way. (Cf.
~ek a , -enk a , a. (1) A lone , only,by i tsel f, unique, singular, th is andnoth ing else ; ( 2) bare, pla in, simple ,nnadomed. Often w i th 111101010 or
101010 fol low ing , emphasizing the
i dea ; or -1110 preceding , e. g . 11110
y 1n1a , just one , only one.
E k o , E ku , adv. T here, then.
Emphat ic form of 1110, 11111 . (Cf.111111 , 11110, 1110, ely o,E k u t i , conj . (common connecti ve
in n°
arrat ive) . And so , so , then,thereupon, and then. (Cf. 1p0, 1011160 ,1010111, 1111111900 ,1310 , v . S epara te husks
gra in, w innow . A p . 11110.
E lel a , v. Float , onwater.
from
(Cf.
B lush y a , v. E xpla’n, make
clear, settle a dispute, deci de a lawsui t (mu landu ) . (Cf. pz
‘
ndu la , 0111
11110, whi ch are more used inW .L .)E ly o , adv. em hat . T hen, i t
was then. (Cf. 1 0, 11yo, 1110,
E mb a, v. W a tch, keep an eye
ou . A p . 11111110 , esp. tend cattle,act as herdman, goatherd, &c. Cs.
Int . 1111111100 . (Cf. 111101 1061111,and E L . W 110. )E nds , Yenda , v. Go, move ,pass, depart , walk. A p. 11111110
,
e. g. pay court to , visi t , mm . $ 01 .
endeéa , e. g. be fit for wa lking on,be pag b le, be a good road. Cs
Int endesbq by a , e.g. ( 1 ) hastcn,move ; {2} go fast , burly . KmM eade (minke ,
l ive in peace
(happines‘. (CLmuhwndo, It em,
y a , ima ufimla . )E nde ls . v. T aste, take a tastc
cl . (C i . sonda , 106 11141, tep i d . )B ugs , v . M ake smooth ml sur
faoe, rub smooth. (Ci . Iollg . )E nznls , v. S kima li quid (beer,make smooth .
o enn, 3 . Your pL ) , yours.E pop i , adv. for
pepo ifi ; Jus t
here , close by, qui te near. (Cf.
and so,and then. (Cf. apo, eh
E nh y a , Y a hy a , v. ( I ) T ry ,endeavour, attempt , make aneffort ;4 ) ta t
, prove , m ine ; (3)mm , weigh , estimate. (Ci .
-fl , a . B ad, false, counterfei t.Usua l ly of moral badness, i . e. of
and then commonly -apersons,abuji , seldom of things. (Cf. fi ufi ,
mbz/i , 4m,w ipe , w ifi .
m a , A rrive , m ch , get
to’a place) . Cs. fibixlcy a , fisbj a ;
( 3 place (a thing) across (another,crossw ise ) put right , adjust .F i lw a , 7 . B e overcome (deb
fa ted, baffled, bea ten, exhausted).-\Ci . M ap ,
and per. ( M a .d im . )P imb s , v. Put thatch on (but ) ,
thatch ; ( 2) w ell , swell up. (Cf.foi ls)
thatch ofl’
(hut‘.
What ?why ? how ? (Cf. a dv and
P ine , adv. and n. (sing . d ine) .In tmth , ta l ly , truth , fact. rea l i ty .
absol telyb ring
,m fi
t‘
fl afic
P im m.
Checkfl thru tcn ro
squeeze, press hard ; be narrow
( tigh t,b
mw , oppresswe) 7 x3) muse
pa in, hurt, be painful , ache. M d.
M V. Sqneeu ont ,mb ont , e. g . of someth ing in the
to . (Ctl jmna )P im, v H ide, conceal , cover.
(Cf. d ifiso and Iollg .
F inns,v . B e in hiding , hi de
onesel f, lie inambnsh. A p.fisc a ina ,h ide fi'om, l ie mwa i t for.
”finh i 1 . Of
ga rk colour, black,
handsome . C a, in h i
,
ufid n’
. i la . )fl fin:
( 1 ) A ccuse,charge aga inst ; (2) make pro(to parents) of
P imnga, n. pl. ( 1) A th ink ind of porridge, gruel ; (z) a l ightsweet kind of beer. (Ci . uwa lwa . )P i t t , 11. (sing. ch i l d ) . ‘Var,
fighting , battle. (Cf. S wa . vi ta ,inhmdo. )P i ta , v. Re (become) black
( dark , dirty, soi led) . Cs. fil isbya ,M d. 41a. (Ci . follg .)-nt i le , a . B lack , dark , d irty.
P i r anh a , adv. \"e ,l l rightly.
(Cf. m m,W ,
‘
P iw i , adv. Badly, wrongly.
(CL °m ) f ) M )P a tch , v. R ub sk in03 , M e.
F UF UT A .
F ufnta, n. F og , haze, mist .(Cf. dziéunku , fuwe.)F a k e , v. (x) S mell badly, stiqk(z ) dig up, dig out . (Cf. fuku la ,fuéi la . )F uk ama , v. B end the knee,
kneel , squa t on heels. A p.-z
°
na ,e. g . si t oneggs. (Cf.fukaw£la and
follg.)F uk amuk a , v . Unbend, stra ight
en, stretch out. (Cf.fukama , laudamuka , tamba la la .)F uk ana , v . Play
,play games
(as chi ldren). (Cf. angula , puku ta . )F uk aw i l a , v. B end the knee,
kneel , squat. (Cf. fukama . )P a k i la , v. D ig at ( into, for,
up ) . (Cf. fuéa and fol lg .)F uk u la , v. ( 1 ) D ig out, dig up
(cf. (2) ta lk aga inst ,slander. (Cf. waya . )F uk u ta , v. (x) S tow away, put
away, e . g . inbag , pocket (ci .futz'
ka,
zfuku ta ) (2) blow (smi th’
s bel lows) .
(Cf. muuwa .)E u la , v. ( I ) A bound, be inplenty(numero us, copi ous, full , flooded,overflow ing) , be enough , be too
much , overflow (cf. z'
su la ) ; (2) bammer (metal ), do smi th ’
s w ork (cf.muja sh i ). M d.
~fu lz'
le, N t. fu lz'
ka,
Ps. fu lz’
lw a , be hammered, be beaten.
Cs. fidz'
shy a , fus/zy a , e . g. fil l up,pi le up , do more andmore, increase ,add to.
F u luki la , v. F a l l into (a hole).(Cf. ku lukz
'
la .)P u lumuk a, F undumuk a , v.
R ush away,rush off, make a dash,
escape hast i ly.F u langana , v. R ol l over and
over.F ul w a , v . L oathe, hate, be dis
gusted w i th . (Cf. jula ? i . e. be
filled up, have too much of. A lsopata .)F u lw e , n. (waf ) Tortoxse.
F ume, v. Go (come) out , go
(start , depart) from, go away ;( 2 ) (of feel ings) be roused (exci ted,stirred) . M d.
~z'
uc, Cs.-y a ,
-z’
slzy a,
P U N U'N A
tak e (but , send) out (off, aviray,from) .F umb a , v. A sk quest ion, inqui re,
ask. (N ot W .L . Cf. ipus/zy a . )F umb ata , v . Close the fist (on) ,
grasp.F umb i k a , v. Cover t h hot
ashes or embers, put in a hot
place.
P umps , v. B e short (low, sh a l
low) . M d. fim’
mpz’
le, Cs. fwz‘
mp i shy a . (Cf.F ummmmkmv. Fall by chance,
he let drop, slip fromhand .
F una , v. F . zi‘mta , draw a
bow . M d .-z
°
ne.
F una i k a , v. B e feeble (weak ,relaxed, exhausted) . (Cf. naka .)F um e, v. L i e on the face
( face downwards) . (Cf. tuw ama .)F unds , v. S tri p ofi
'
(e. g . sk in,bark) . (Cf. f undu la .)F und i
, n. (waf ) M etal-worker,smi th,mechanic. (S wa . Cf. c/n
'
IoIo,mash in
'
, c/ziwu lumano.)F undi k a , v. T ie in a knot,
fasten. A p.~z
'
1a . (Cf. c/ufundu . )F undu la , v . S trip ofi
'
(e. g . h ide,bark ) .F unga , v. ( 1 ) Curl (fold, bend,
coi l) up, e . g . s unga , curl up armsand legs ; (2) fasten, tie, bind,makefast (otherwxse than the commonway, i . e. bark cord) (cf. S wa.
f unga ) ; (3) mi ss, regret, feel lossof, long for (cf. tasky a ) R p. fun
gama , A p.-amz
’
na , be m the coi ls,be ended up, e . g . as snake . (Cf.Iol lg. and gfungu . )F ungul a , F ungul u l a , v . R V .
of funga , uncut ], uncoi l , unfold .
A lso Nt . fangama , be uncurled,uncurl i tself.a i k a , I funi k a , v . Cover,
cover over, put l id on. (Cf. fmmkula , c/ufum
'
ko,fmmna .)F unta , v . Be mad (crazy, an
idiot). (Cf. us/zi lu , ( It i
fuam.)F unnna , F unnkul a, v. Un
cover, take l id off. QC{ . funi k °
F UN fiN UN A
F unununa , v. (Of liqu id inmoti on) bubble up , pour forth ,ripple along. Ps. f 1mzm'wma .
F up a , v . M ake an offering or
present . S ee P a pa .
F up u l a , v . Jerk (a fish out of
the water).F use , v . E ject frommouth , spi t
out .
P ush y a , v. S ee E u la , F u l i sh y a .
F u ta , v. Pay a fine , give com
pensa tion, settle a cla im, e. g . futamu landu ; (2) i for fula , be
abundant .F uw e , n. D ri zzle, l ight ra i n.(Cf. zfl gfu la , mu lod n. )F w a , v . ( 1 ) D ie, be fini shed,
be disused (wornout , useless) . M d.
s z’
le, Cs fiuz'
slty a , k i ll ; ( 2) stra in,fil ter, Cs. fw z
’
sfiy a . (Cf. S wa .
lusanso.)F w ak a , n (wa-f .) T obacco.
(Cf. kanska z, tong'we, z
’
ntek'we,clzambwa .)F w al a , v. Put onclothes, wear,
dress (oneself) . M d. f ini te, f wa l i le,be dressed up (smart , 111 fine clothes).A p.fi va1zla , dress up. N t .fwa1ika ,also A ct . dress (a person) . (Cf.
fl vzfiéa , fw a la . )F w andul a , v . S ei ze w i th claws
(fw . ma la ) , scratch , tear. (Cf. t ina ,
fwend . )F w a t a , v . B abble, chatter, talk
nonsense .
F w ay a , F w aa , v . ( 1 ) W ant,
l ike, desire, w i sh for, intend ; ( 2)seek , search for, look for ; (3) find
(after search) , get . M d.-t
'
le, Cs.
F w e ~rw e, pr. W e,~used as
prefix and afli x.
p.(Cf fwewo.)
F w amp a , v. (Used of a springy,up and down, bending movement ,as of hammocko
pole, dancing , & c.)B end , rebound, be spri ngy . R v.
fivempu la , M d. fi vempw zle, bend,make bend (something springy ,elast ic) . (Cf. fol lg. )F w emunuk a , v. Be elastic,
F wena, v. S cratch (for rel ief) .A lso F w eny a. (Cf. fwandu la .)F w enfw entel a , vv. ( 1 ) S weepup , clear up, make t idy ; (z) sta l
game.
F w enk ula , v. F w . wuta , drawa bow .
F w efi'o, pr. W e. (Cf.fiue -em.)
F w i k a , F w a l i k a , v. Put clothes
on, dress (another) .F w imp a , v. B e short (low ,
sha llow ). (Cf.q l a , v . Undress (onesel f) ,take off clothes. M d.
~fmle. (Cf.
F y a Used as a plural prefixto express quanti ty, numbers, si ze,
e. g. jjramka, a number of ri vers ;fy amapete, many creases (folds ,w rinkles) . (Cf. clza
P y al a , v. Produce (ofl'
s ring) ,bear (fru it) , beget . Ps. y a lwa ,N t .jjfa l tka , M d . fl ak . A p .jj'a lzla ,
e. .g be a na ti ve of, be born at.
bal d , sema .)F y enk efy o , adv. Just so, ex
actly thus ki . e. fl enka ify o). (Cf.
F y omp a , v. S uck , suck up, l ickup. (Cf. onka .)F y ona , v. B low the nose. (Cf.mw a . )E y a k a , v. R un OH
,11111 away,
fly, escape. (Cf. wa tuka , lmfzflo. )
Gw ap i , int . of incredul i ty or
contempt . N onsense ! rubbi sh !
W ords not found under I may belooked for under I N or N or L I .
L ,L i I l i class-prefix (sing .)
of nouns w i th plur. prefix M a . S ee
L i .
Ia l a , Li al a , n. (ma la ) . Claw ,
ta lon. (Cf. cha la , cha/y a la . )Iamb a , L i amb a , n. (mamba ) .
S ca le (of fish).I ch ech e , n. (ma dz.) F ence (of
enclosure) . (Cf. clzipango. )I fl , adv. T hus
,so. (Cf. ijjro,
I F I N A
I flna,n. Usu . inpl . i . e. majina ,
ma tter, pus. (Cf. clzifina ,finy a . )
I flngw a , I l i flngw a , M aflngw a
(plur. ) 11. Anyth ing thrown, roll ing,fa ll ing , e. g. stones, sticks, earth ,rubbi sh.
I flw i,n. (plur.) Crime
,evi l
do ing. (Cf. cl u'
w z’
,
I fnk u ta , n. (ma-f .) B ag , ,pocket .
(Cf.I fumb i , I vumb i , n. (ma-f .)
S ize, dimensions, length, th ickness,gi rth , heigh t . (Cf. mu tambo. )Ifumo
,I vumo , n. ( 1 )
W omb , belly, pregnancy. (Cf.
Ifumu , n. (magi ) S pear. (Cf.z’
nf umu ,ajaw u . )
I fungo , L i fungom. (maf ) B ag ,bundle. (Cf.funga , g
'
fukuta . )I fungu , Ivungu ,
n. (ma-f .) ( 1 )Empty space under bed, stool , & c.
(z) coi l , roll, fold (e.g. of snake) .
I fup a , F u p a , n. (maf ) B one.
I fu su ,n. (ma-jl ) W oodenmortar
forpounding gra in, &c . (Cf.mum/u'
,
lwa , z'
wmde. )I fw as a , I fw azam. (ma f ) S tone
used for fire-place, three supportinga cooking-pot . (Cf. z
'
slzz'
éo, cli ff
wasa . )I fy o ,
I fy i fy o, adv. T hus , just so,exactly, truly, indeed. (Cf. t
'
ji , cfy o. )I k a , v. Come (get , go) down,
descend (e. g . from h i ll , tree) . (Cf.tanlamuka
,seluka .)
Ik a la , K a l a , v. B e, cont inue,rema in, dwel l , stop, si t. 1k. malandu ,
hear a di spute , decide a case.M d.
~z'
c1wle, A p. kul i la , N t . ka lz'
ka,
e. g . be inhabi ted, be inhab i table ;a lsoCs .makesi t down. Int . ka lz
'
dtya ,si t qu ite onground .
Ik anga , K anga , n. (ma-k.)Guinea-fowl .I k ani , 11 . (ma-k.) Usually inthepint . makam
'
, talk , news, gossip,conversat ion argument . (Cf. i l iasl u.)Ik a ta , K a ta , v. ( 1 ) H old , sei ze,
catch hold of, grasp ; (z) bear
(frui t) , produce. (Cf. tzva la mla . )M d. Cs. i
'
ka fzslzy a , zka s/zy a ,R v. katana , e.g. katana clmfiuza ,formfriendship.
Ik ok o , 11. (ma-k.) Sta lk (ofsorghum) .I k omb o
, 11. (ma-k.) N avel .(Cf. muko'wa .)I k onde , 11. (ma-k .) (1 ) M arks
tatooed onside of face (cf. nembo) ;(2) banana (plant and frui t.)I k onk o , 11. (ma-k.) Fru i t (edi
ble) of the mukonko (tree) .I k osa ,
-k ) I voryring , wornas bracelet.
Ik osh i,Ik os i
,11. (ma-k.) Nape
of neck . (Cf. mukashi . )Ik owa , 11. (ma-k. ) Oar. (Cf.
kawa .)I kow el o , n. (ma-k.) Usually inplur. , stockade (of vi llage) , pa l isading, fence. (C i .I kufi ,
L i k ufl , 11. (ma-k.) Knee.
Ik umb i,11 . (ma-k .) Cloud .
Ikum i , 11. (ma-k.) T en.
I kundw e , 11. A preparati on of
bark used indressing the ha i r.I l a , L i la , 11. (ma la ) . Usually in
plnr. , contents of abdomen, bowels,entra i ls. (Cf. gfumo, z
'qu,dzi
u .)fI l a , v . Get dark , dusky, gloomy
(of tw i li ght) . (C i . ma i lo, Ielo.)Il a la , W i la l a ,
n. T he L alacountry, i . e. of the L a la people.
(Cf. mu la la , d ula la , w ala la . )I l amb a , 11. (ma I . ) ( 1) Usually
in plur. i ron ore, for smel ting (cf.luwe) ( 2) bel t (but W . .L commouly use mukwanda la ) ; (3) the
L amba country , also W z’
lamba .
I langa luk o , 11. (ma-l .) T bough t.remembrance, care, anxiety. (C i .Ianga luka .)I l ang o , (also) D ang o , n. (ma-l .)( 1) D i recti on, advice , order ; (2)plan, scheme. (Cf. langa , ka lcmgo,mu langwe.)I l i , L i , conj. W hen. (Cf. I i sa ,
l ino,z’
ly o.) A lso class-prefix sing.
(Cf. i
I L I A BH I M B U BA
I l i ash i , 11. (ma-l .) T alk , conversat ion, gossip, rumour, news.
(Cf. makani .)I l i l i , 11. S ee M al i l i .
I l i l i l a , v. Go onbus iness (errand ,engagement ), be sent away, be goneaw ay (for someth ing) . (Ci .and perh . y a , v. go . A p.
A lso 17171011.
I l i l o , 11. (ma -I .) ( 1 ) Usual ly inplnr. , mourn ing for dead, lamentati on(ci . (2) someth ing burning , candle , lamp (of. J igger.I l i lw a , v. B e employed, be on
service, be engaged. (Cf. A dm. (Cf.Il i ma
, 11. Fi le, rasp .
Il ing a , 11. (0111-1. S tockade,vi l lage fence. (Cf. 1
°
kowelo.)Il ino
,L ino,
T ooth .
I l inso , L i so , D ino, 11 . (memo,
mesa) . E ye. (Cf. cl u'
mo.)I l i ri , 11. S ee M a l i l i .
I l i ah y a , vv. S end,employ
, cause
to go (on errand, business). (C i .1°
11°
111a , and follg .
I lomb e,11. (ma Ch i ld (male
or female) .Il owa ,
L i l ow a , 1111. S oi l , ea1th.
Ilua , 11. (ma F lower, blossom.
I lundo , 11. (ma 1. Joint , joi ning , knot ( i h tree or reed) . (Ci .
Ilungu , 11 (ma-l .) T reeless,
grassy depress1on in forest w i th a
stream through i t . (Cf.I l y o ,
adv. T hen. (Cf. elyo,1110 ,
I m W ordsnot found under111may be looked for under M .
I ma , v. ( 1 ) R ise up, get up, stand,be erect (upright, s teep) ; (2) makea start , go 06 , go away, depart (3)stand sti l l
,stop . M d. a lso
as a. upright, steep.
N t . (a11d Cs.) 1°
1111111°
ka ,e.g . set up, fix
1°
my a , e. g . ra ise up , l i ft , 1ake up,a lso imi s/zya , make upright . make
m y
), send off.
Imak a, 11. B ui ld (a hut, house) .(C i . aka .)I makana
,11. Stand sti ll
,stop.
(Ci .Imb a , v . (1 ) D ig (cf. 111111100)
(2) sing . (cf.Imb ak o, 11. S nuff-box .
(Cf. intakwe.)I mb al a , 11. (1110 B ullet . (Cf.
Imb a l al e , 11. L eopard.(Ci . 111411131 , 111I mb a l iw a l i
, 11.
A lso I fimndu .
Imba so , 11.
Imb ata,11. (1110 D uck .
I mb aw a l a , 11. B ushbuck .
A lso Ch i w aw a l a , S h i k i w angw e .
I mbe lel e , 11. S heep.I nh a lo, 11. L ight
-hole,w indow . (Cf. ( bipesi , ct unda .)Imb eshi , 11. H erdsman(oi
ca ttle, goa ts, (Cf. 11110110,
1111010100111
I mbow a , 11. F ield-rat .Imb i a , 11. E arthencook ing
vessel. (Cf. 1°
11011g0. )I mb i fl
,11. A bad man
,
rasca l , rogue. (C i .Imb i l i , 11. Rumour, news,
fame, renown.
I mb i l o , 11. (sing. Usedas adv.
,runn ing , w i th speed ,qui ckly ,
hasti ly.
I mb i sh i , 11. Zebra . A lso
Oh imbw ete .
Imb ok oma,11. T obacco
pi pe. (Cf. kawokoma ,I mb oni , 11. ( 1 ) Pupi l of eye ;
(2) eyew i tness, evidence, proof.(Cf. 1001111, 7 ( 1 ) not W .L .)Imb ono , n. Castor-oi l.
(Cf. 11100110,Imbote
, 11. A sweet beer,fermented honey. (Ci .I mbu l i , 11. Young gi rl (not
adult) . (Ci .I mb a sa
,11. Infant, baby}.
A lso 1111110110,
11101110 . (Cf. ng’
o
nkwa .)
I M UN I K O I N GUM’
B A
I muni k o ,n. S ee M ani ko .
I N W ords not found under I nmay be looked for under N or I .
I na , I ny a , adv. Yes, very well ,i t i s so.
I na , v. B e (get) fat, be sleek .
M d .-1111111 , used as a.
,fat, plump,
ingood condi ti on.
I nama , v. Bend down, st00p,slope down, bow down. (Cf. 1111160,M d. Cs. 111011113/1y 0.)I nama , n. ( 1 ) Animal ,
brute, beast ; (2) game, buck ; (3)flesh, meat . (Cf.I nanda , I ng
’anda , N anda
,n.
and 1110 Nati ve hut, cottage,house.
I nch ense , n. L eopard.
(Cf. and 1110
I nch i sa , n. K indness , l iberal i ty ,pi ty ; a lso other strong feel ings, e.g.
anger. (Cf. 1111711 11110,I nch i w a , n. Dove. A lso
I nch onch o ,n. pint . of1111150111120,.v.qI nda , n. L oose.
I nda l a , n. E ye-glass, field
glass. (Cf. 10010,?l i t . something
shining. )I nda l ama , n. Coin, cash ,
sh i l ling .
I nda l aw a , n. Rust .I nda l i l a , n. B rass anklet,
bracelet . (Cf. W a le.)I ndew el ew e, n. E ar orna
ment .I ndosh i , n. W izard
,w i tch .
(Cf. Iowa , 11111101111,I u dow o, n. Fish-hook.
(Cf. 111301110,I ndume , 11. (100 Brother
,
son(i a relat ionto si ster ormother) .(Cf. 1
'
11k05 111.)I nduwul u l a , n. B ird-cal l
made w i th a pieceofhorn(Cf. lusang
'wa .)I ndufiru lw a , n. Rescuer,preserver, ransomer. (Cf.4 119 , me, a . Good (inany sense)
( 1) p leasing , ni ce, pretty, fine,
sweet ; (2) right, true, honest , kind,just ; (3) real , genuine, actual ; a lso(4) self, the very one, the part icularone, by oneself (i tself) . (Cf. 111101111 ,W 111 ,
I nfu t i, n. Gun. (Cf. 1111
1011g0. )I u fw a , n. A dead thing.
(Cf. fwa ,I nfw i , n. plur. S ee L umfw i .I nfw i t i , n. W i zard, w i tch.
(Cf. 11fw111'
,
I ng a la , (1110 F ea ther.I ngami , n. Innocent party(i h a case of w i tchcraft).Ingana , n. Pad (of grass
for carrying load on head or
shoulder) . (Cf.I ng
’anda , n.
H ouse. S ee I nanda .
I ng’
anga , n. D octor,medicine-man. (Cf. mung
’
anga ,111111g
’
011g0 .)I ng
’
ansa , n. P iece of barkcloth . A lso 111101110. (Cf. lukwa .)I ngaw a , 11. (1110 D ebt .I ug ow o , n. S h ield.
I nge , n. S corpi on.
I ngele-ng e le , n. H eal th ,hea lthy condi tion, a good cl ima te,a healthy spot .-ing i , -inji , a . M any , much ,
enough , plenty. too many, too
much .
I ng i lo, I nji la , v. Come (go)i h
, enter, pass into . M d.-111g 1
'
11 ,A p . 111g111
'
10 , Cs. Int . e. g . put
(take, place, force) i h , admi t ; (a) interfere, intrude.
I ngolw a , n. H om used as
wind-instrument . (Cf.I ng
’
oma , n. Drum.
I ng’
omb e , n. Ox, cow ,
ca ttle. (Cf. 1111pw 11lz1’
,
I ng’
ondo , n. B ark cloth .
(Cf. luk'wa .)
I ng’onkw a , n. S ee I n
k onk w a .
I ngu luw e, n. B ush pig .
I usumb a , n. B arrenwoman.
I N GU R I
I nguni , n. H oney-bird.
(Cf.I ngu o , N gu o , n. Anymateri a l for cloth ing, bark cloth ,cloth , ca l ico. (Cf.I ngw ena
,n. Crocodi le.
I ni k a , N i k a , 11. (1110R iver, stream.
-inji , a . S ee -ing i .I nji l i , I ng i l i , n. W art
hog.
I nk ak ash i , n. A cidi ty, sourness,bi tter ta ste.
I nk a lamba , n. M essenger,one sent w i th a summons or invi tat ion. (Cf. 1111111g01/11.)I nk al amu , n. L ion. A lso
5 1111 1110101 . (Cf. 11111 111fi00 .)I nk ana , n. S hare, portion,part . (Cf. kany a . )I nk anda , n. S kin, h ide,
lea ther, strap, bark. (Cf.
I nkanga , n. S mall-pox.
A lso 0111115770011.
I nk ansa , n. (sing.
Anger, fury , cruelty, passionate actsor words. (Cf.I nk asal o , n. S wea t . A lso
(3111101 , M 0111é1110 .
I nk as lu’
, n. S ister,
daughter ( i h relat ion to brother,fa ther) . (Cf.I nk ash y a , n. Unseasoned
(tasteless , insipi d) food, lack of
rel ish (flavour) . (Cf.I nk asu
,n. N iggardl iness,
greed , meanness, selfishness.
I nk ata , n. Grass pad (forcarrying load onhead or shoulder).(Cf. 1
'
11g0110.)I nh ou se , I noh ense , n. L e0pard.
(Cf. 1111101011 ,I u k ok a , n. ( 1 ) Bunch ,
knot , protuberance (cf. 111110101100)(2) cluster of bees (of.
.
I nk ol e,n. Captive inwar,
pri soner.I nk ol i , n. Knobbed stick,
club. A lso 0111111011, 1201111011.
I N ON D O
I nk ombalume , 11. (160H unter of elephant . (Cf. 111110111110,mupa lu .)I nk ombo , n. D ry shel l of
gourd, calabash . (Cf. 11112011110,
I nk omw e , n. W al let ,bag, satchel , pocket. (Cf.I nk onde, n. Cry , note,
vo ice (of man, animal, bird . E .L .
I u k ondo ,n. W ar,fight ing,
battle. (Cf. 111110 ,I nk one , n. F ist, knuckle.
(Cf. 1111111f 11 111111.)I nk onkw a , I ng
’
onkw a , n.S uck ing ch i ld. (Cf. 1101110 , a1tka .)I nk onsh i , n. H artebeest.I nkontw e, n. A (kind of)monkey.
I nk Op e , n. ( l ) E yelash.
n plnr. ( t ) appearance, look ;2) modesty , shame, discomposure.
Cf.
I nk oaa ,n. Physical strength ,force, vigour, heal th, power. (Cf.
I nku l imb a , n. A (kind oi)pigeon. (Cf.I nlmlunk ul u ,
adv. Violently,hasti ly
,w i th a rush.
I nk umb a , n. D omestic pig .
(Cf. 111g11111w1 .)I nkumbu , n. ( 1 ) Consider
ation, attention, care, compassion(2) pity, sympathy. (Cf. 11111111110,
I nkunda , n. Pigeon.
I nkunde, n. A (k ind of)bean.
I nknni , n. F irewood. S eeL ukuniI ukunk a , n. H ut , hovel
(poles resting on the ground andmeet ing overhead) .I nlmnk i l a , n. A (kind of)
monkey.I nkw ash i , n. A (kind of)
hawk.
I nondo, 11. Anvi l , piece ofi ronset upright. (Cf. 1111194 103
W ON GO’
I nongo , n. E arthenvessel,for wa ter and cook ing. & c. (F orother vessels , cf. 11112110, 11111010,
1111101 011510, 1111610, 161
p iki lo, 1111110, 111111111011161 , 111111011110,
I nsak a , n. Open shed
(circular roof, no wal ls) , used as
common resort for ta lking, hea li ngcases, 810. (Cf.I nsak o
,n. A (k ind of)
basket. (Cf.
I nsa l a , n. H unger, famine,scarci ty of food .
I nsa lu , n. Any wovenmateri al , ca l ico , cloth , clothes. (Cf.111g
‘110,
I usamb a , n. Otter. (Cf.
I u samb o , n. B rass w ire.
I nsamu ,n. Old (torn, worn
out ) clothes, rags, tatters.I nsanguni , n. A water
snake.
I nsansa , n. B ark cloth .
(Cf. 1111101110, lukw0.)I nsant a , n. F i sh-hook .
(Cf.I nsase, n. R ays of l ight,
dazzl ing l ight , gl i tter, radiance.
I nsaw i , I saw i , n. F i sh (ofany kind) .I usak o, n. L aughter, smi le,
joy , mi rth, happiness. (Cf. 1110,
I nsel a,n. T assel (of cap) .
I nsol e , n. Used of anyforctble, pointed, tel ling utterance,or expressi on, e. g . argument , re
proof, retort , remonstrance, sarcasm,
810. A lso 11111.
I nsol el o, n. K 11 11111110, downstream. (Ci . k11I nsembe ,n. H usk (ofgra in) .I nsengw e , I usangu , 11. Open
space, outsi de a house. P0 111111517111
,
out of doors, outside, in the open.
W OT"
I N S UM B I
I nseul a ,n. Pookoo (buck ).I nsh aw a , N sh y aw a , n.
Ground-nnt . (C f. 16W 1.)I nsh ensh i , n. Cane-rat.I u sh i ku , N s i ku , n. D ay,peri od of twenty-fonr hours , be
g inning a t sunset . 111161611 16y01111 ,every day, always. M 616“ 161110,these days , nowadays. N 161611
16y 0 6011 , old times, long ago. (Cf.11161611 , 601110 ,
I ush un, n. Path , road, way.
(Cf. 111111111 ,I ush ima
,n. Porridge .
(Cf. 1611611110, a large plate of
porridge.)Insh imba , n. A (kind of)
w i ld cat.
I ush ima,n. Bees (sing .
I nsh ink o , n. S toppercork , bung) , anything to fill a hole.
Cf. 161116110 ,I nsh i so, I noh i so,n. S ee Ch inao .
Insh i ta , n. A (magiccharm, worn for securi ty. (C1111p111g0.)I nsh ye , n. L ocust. A lso
1111011161 .
I nsofn, n. E lephant, ivory ,tusk (as art icle of trade) . E lephantsare a lso cal led , 111116110 6010111
,
1110191116100 11g110, (b ig males) 11161111g 11111 , 1111g011 , (young male) 161111100w0p0111 , (female) 111110 11101111 , (task
I u sok a n A snake (of anykind) .I nsok i , I naoch i ,n. Pri ckles
(fromgrass,I nsomb e
,n. L ocust . A lso
I nsongo , n. E land .
Insoni ,n. S hyness ,modesty ,shame ; (2) depression, wretched
ness ; (3) compassion, pi ty. (Cf.11160101 , 1617
'
11 11d0 . )I nsonta , n. Poles used as
rafters. S ee L u sonta , s inI nsuk a , n. T a i l 501 b ird) .(Cf.I ngumb i , n. F owl .
I S A K O I S UN U
I sako , n. (1110 F eather, fur
(animal) , ha ir, wool. (Cf. 11111161161,
I sa l a , v. Shut , close (entrance,door) . M d .
~11111 . (Cf.I samb a , 11. (1110 L ower part,
foot , bottom (of tree, hi ll .I sami k o, n. (1110 Ornament ,
decoration, fittings, furni ture. (Cf.
I samp i , 11. (1110 B ranch (oftree) , bough .
I sana , L i sana ,n. (1110 E gg.
I sansh i,11. (1110 Ch i ld
’s toy
house .
I saw i , 11 (1110 A large fi sh .
(Cf.I aat i , 11. (1110 S talk (ofma i ze,
mi llet, sorghum) . (Cf.I sau k o ,
11 . (1110 H ardsh ip,sufi
'
ering , misery . (Cf.I sa
,11. H oe . (Cf.
I sek o , 11. (1110 L aughter.
joke. (Cf.I sel e
,11. (1110 S ee Insole .
I semb e, n. (L arge) axe. (Cf.
I sh i , v. ( 1 ) Know, be acquaintedw i th, have inmind ; (2) know how ,
understand, be able. M d.~116111 .
Cs. and Int . 116116110 , 116y 0 , e. g .
remind,remember, know well . (Cf.
1161100, 116110110 , 111161
,
W 1161, (111161,one (who) knows,
a clever (expert , wel l-informed)person.
I ab i k o ,11. (1110 Cook ing
place, ki tchen. P 116160 (pa 116160)cook ing-place. (Cf.I sh i l i lo, n. (1110 Ending , end.
(Cf. 16110 ,I sh i l u
, n. (1110 A madman.
(Cf. 161111 , 11161111 , f11 1110.)I sh i l y a , 11. (1110 S ide (of
ri ver, i . e. one of two sides, andusua l ly) fa rther side
,other side,
i . e. p-1-16z'
1y a . £ 1110 11611y a , thisside. (C f. 11110011,I sh imb a , n. (1110 F oot of
fea t, h ippopotamus, or rhino
I sh ina,11. (1110 (1) N ame
(2) root (of tree, above ground) .(Cf. 1111116y 11 .)I sh i ngosh i , I sh ingaush i , 11.
(1110 M essenger, one sent about
on errands. (Cf. 1611100, 11160
I sh iw a , 11. (1110 Pool inriver,broad sheet ofwater. (Cf.I sh iw a , v. ( I ) Know ,
knowof, be acqua inted w i th , understand ;(2 know how , be able (to) . A p.
-10, Cs.
~116y0. (Cf. 1161 and follg .)I sh i w i , n. Sound , utterance,
vo ice, cry (of any k ind) . (N otW . L . Cf.
I shi w i la , v. B e accustomed to,fami l iar wi th, used to, tamed,domest icated. (Cf.I ahi w i l o, I sh i w i sh y o ,
11. (1110Sign, mark , token, indi cation, ihformation
,advi ce, h int
, warning ,direction, order. (Cf. 1161,I sh y al a , 11. (1110 R ubbi sh
heap. Usual ly in plnr. , leavings,rema ins, scraps
,rubbish . (Cf.
16y 010,I sh y amo, 11. (1110 D isaster,
fa i lure, i l l-luck,mi sfortune, accident ,loss in trade . (Cf. 16701110 andfol lg . )I sh yuk o , 11. (1110 A dvantage,
success, good luck, ga in, prosperi ty.
I aonde , n. Outside . Kw11011d1.
p11011111, outside, inside out, upsidedown. (Cf. 111111117 01 , pame.)I songa , n. (1110 S harp point ,
t ip (of tool , weapon, (Cf.
I sono , I sunu , n. (1110 A
helping of food, mouthful , bi te ,morsel taken in the fingers. (Cf.111110
, 101110, 61110,I su la (sometimes v. (1 ) B e
full , be filled up (of a ri ver) , be inflood ; (2) Open (door, box,M d. 4 1 11111, Cs. 111116y0 , 11111116y 0 ,A p . 1111110 . (Cf. ( l ) f 1110, 61110
,
(2)l amu ,n. S ee I sono.
I to, v. Call , summon, invi te.
(Cf.I tak o, 0. (1110 Buttock, haunch ,
ham.
11. (1110 S ide, (of positi ou) far side, other side . A dv. ,
61011010, peta l a . (Cf 111111110,
I taw a , 11. (1110 I ndian corn,
ma i ze.
I taw a , v. Answer a cal l , t e
S pond, reply. (Cf.I tenga , 11. (1110 R iver-pool .
(Cf.I tete , 11. (1110 A (kind of)
reed . (Cf.I t i l a , v. Pour out , pour away .
(Cf.I t ipa ,n. Usual ly inplur. 111011150,
mud.
I tongw e , 11. (100 Tobacco
(plant and leaf) . (Cf. fw060,
I tow o , 11. (1110 ( 1 ) Cheek (cf.11110100 ; (2) a (kind of) reed (cf.
I toy i , 11. (1110 A sh (of fire) ,ashes. (Cf.I tufl ,
0 . (1110 Dung , ex
crew cut. (Cf.I tuk a , 11. (1110 A buse, bad
language, insult . Usually in plot .
(Cf. 1110111161,I tumba , 0 . (1110 Bag , ba le,
bundle, sack. (Cf. 171161110, 111
I tu S h i , 0 . (1110 A busive ex
pression, insul t. (Cf. 11160,111111 , 11. Upper part (regi on,port i on, side, top) . (Usua lly w i thprep. 610111111
, peu la , 11110111111 . Cf.
I vumb i , 11. S ee I fumb i .
I vumo,11. S ee I fumo .
I v‘
im, v. Steal . M d. 4 16111 . (Cf.
pompwe, mungv. )I w a l a
,11. (1110 ( 1 ) S pot ,
band of colour) , stripe ; -0 111010010 ,
stri pe speckled, spotted. (Cf.110011g0 .)I w a l l a , n. (ma-w .) Plantation,
K A OH E
cultivated field, garden. (Cf.
I w ang a , n. (1110 S pot ,streak (of colour) , band
, stripe.
(Cf.I fi‘
e, I bw e , n. (1110101 ,A stone. (Cf. 161101 , 60101 ,I w e le , L i w ol o, I l i w el e
,n.
(1110 B reast (of a fema le),udder.
I w ende , n. (ma-w . ) W oodenmortar for pounding gra in, & c.
(Cf.I w i l o
,n. Usually in plur., M 0
10110, meeting-plaoe of rivers, paths,& c.
I fi'o , pron. person. They, them.
I w o , n. Usua l ly inplum, M 0100,
01110100, mi llet .I w ondo, n. F oot (01
anima ls) , hoof. (Cf. 1116010,
I v‘
b'u cb i sh y a , I firuk i sh y a , v.
emind. (Cf. 1011161111y 0, Cs. of101110 ,
1011s6y a , 11-1011161s6y a .)I fi‘
u l a , n. (1110 L eaf.I h lu , 11. (1110 H ouse of
ch ief’
s first w i fe. A lso 1111011011111
(i . e. 11111
I fi'umbn, n. (1110 ( 1) Clay ,
used for pottery, plaster ; (z) groncrowd
,throng, company, herd, floc}:
(Cf. 161101111100,I v‘h mdu , 11. (1110 J igger.
A lso M 001110011.
I y amb a , 11. Usual ly in plan,1110y 011100, forest, jungle, bush . (Cf.1111p011g0 .)I y e , Y e, pron. person. H e, she .
I y oo ,adv. N o
,not so , by no
means. (Other negatives are : 160,111110 , py a , 1011 , 60-60, 1110-1110,
pa-pa , 100
K an Class-prefix ofnouns, oftena lso A 111», and often used w i th a
diminutive sense before other classprefixes.
K aoh e , 11. A very smallth ing , a
“
l i ttle bi t , morsel. atom,
(Cf.
KA OH E CH E
K aoh eoh o, n. (111 L i ttle
ch i ld. (Cf. 60110 ,K aoh eku l u ,
n. (111 A veryold manor woman.Rach eta ,
n. (111 ( 1) Boyslave of ch ief (cf. (2) a(k ind of) monkey.
Rach i t i , n. ( 1 ) A smalltree, shrub , bush ; (2) sma l l pole,stick , sw i tch. (Cf. 6011, 16111, 1111111,
K afl , n. Cobra .
Kath, n. A gra inof soi l ,
a tom. (Cf.-kafu , a . Poor, desti tute. (Cf.
60100 ,Kafungo, n. (tuf ) B ad smell
,
stink . (Cf. f 1160. )K a i oh e , Ka i k e , n.
S ee Rani ch o.
K nk a , v. T ie, fasten, bind. A p .
606110 , e. g . tied up, 60611110, tie al l
round ; Cs. and Int . 606116y0,6016y 0,ti e tight, make fast ; R p. 6060110,e . g . be in a tangle ; R v. 6061110 ,unti e.
Kap k a , int. of denial , contem t,
or rejection. N o, not a bi t , rabbi s
(Cf.Knk olgolw a
,n. (111 S hoot
,
bnd, sprout. (C i . 111111011g0.)K ak ol i , 11. (111 R after-pole,
one of those first placed and secured
in posi tion to carry roof. (Cf.111101110, mupanda .)Kak u la , 11. R V. of 6060 (which
see) , unt ie, unloose.
Kakumo, n. (111 Toe. (Cf.
Ka l a , v. S ee I k ala .
Kal ama , n. (100 A ttendant ,page. (Cf.Ka lango, 11. (111 ( 1) Plan,
system, di rect ion, order ; (2) sense ,intell igence. (Cf. 1101130, 111111011g101,101130 ,
K a l e , n. and adv. Past t ime,( 1 ) long ago, old times ; (2) lately ,already , some time ago.
-0 6011,anci ent, p ast. (Cf. -0 111100
K A I B I L A
K al eful a , K aneml a , n. (111Chin.
K al endn, n. (111 A (k ind of
pig . (Cf. 111g11111101. )K al endefi u la , n. (111 A
large (kind of) axe. (Cf. 11111101 ,
J u l i , a . Unkind,crnel , severe
strict, i ll-tem red, cross,’Cf
Ka l imb a , n. (111-1.strument (metal tongues mounted on
gourd).Kal i pa , v. ( 1) Be unkind ( ia
word or act) , angry, threatening ,fierce, severe ; (1 ) be painful , ache,hurt. A p.
~110, e . g . scold, reprove ;Cs. and Int. -i 16y a , ofi
'
end, provoke,exasperate, be very angry. (Cf.11110 ,K a lola , n. (111 L ooking-glass,
glass. (Cf.K al omb e-lomb e , 11. (111 A
dandy, one who makes a di splay offinery or appearance. (Cf. 111011101
K al omo, 11. (111 S harp end,point, edge. (Cf. 11111101110
,11011g0 .)
Kalu l u,
11. (100-6 . or 111-1.
Rabbi t.K al ume , n. (1110 M ale slave.
(Cf. 1111116y 0 . )K a luw ul a , 11. (111-1. B lood,
gore, bloodstain. (Cf.Kama , n Press, squeeze, wring ,mi lk (a cow) . A p . Cs .
K amba , Rumb as , n. K 01110011606010, 601110010 (111 dry, hard
rema inder of food, put away over
night. (Cf.Kamb atana , v. Embrace, clasp
each other, stick (hold) together.
(Cf. 6111110010,K amb el ek a , n. (111 L ight
hole,w indow. (Cf.
K amb i , adv. Another time,aga in, besides , also , and farther.
(Cf.Kamb i l a , L amb i l a , v.
L amb a .
K A N T U
Kant u , adv. Especially , part icularly, very. (Cf.Kanw a , 11. ( 1 ) Month
(or anythi ng similar) , orifice ; (1 )quarrelsomeness, abusive language,bragging. (Cf.Kanw e,n. L ittle finger.
(Cf. 1111111101, 1111111gz1111:6y 0 .)Kany a , v . ( 1) Cs. of 60110,
oppose, contrad ict, refuse ; (z) dividein portions
,a llot, distribute, share.
(Cf. 1 ,1160110
K any amb i , 11 . (111 Specialdrinking-vessel of chief. (Cf. 1111111
K any ense, 11. (100 A (kindof) bean.
K any eny eni , 11. (111 A (kindof) ant.Kapa fu , 11. (111 Belly, womb,pregnancy. (Cf. 110111 , 111q11 ,
K ap apu lw a , 11. (111-1 H urricane.
K ap apw a ,n. (111-p .) Outerbark ,shell , envelope. (Cf impapa .)Kap i l i , 11. (111 S mall hi ll ,
mound, heap.
Kapingo , 11. (111 Cross
piece , cross-pole (strut , thwart, rungof ladder) . (Cf. 1111510 ,
1111pz11g0 .
K ap ingw ee , 11. (111 H ut or
shelter raised on a platform for
w atching craps. A lso L up ingw e .
(Cf. 16111100 ,
K ap i shy a , v. W ink (as a sign),give a w ink (to) .Kapok o lo ,
11. (111 Pouch ,purse.
K ap okoso, 11 . (111 Ankle,wri st .Kapondo , 11 . (111 M urderer,
outlaw , brigand.
Kapu ta,11 . (100 S ee Ch i
pu t a .
Kapu t i , 11. (111 D ouble lengthof cloth (cal ico) , four yards. (Cf.
Ka sak o , 11. (111 S ma ll stick.
K A T E M O
yielding salt ; ( 1 ) a reed holder forsmoking tobacco .
Kasaw a , 11. (111 Chief’ s sparehouse
,not lived i a ,
used for sittingand talking ia . (Cf. 1pa11g0 .)K asafi e , 11 . (111 A fishing net .
(Cf.Kasel e , 11. (111 A smal l (k ind
of) basket. (Cf. 161p1 .)Kasemba , 11. (111 Spot, speck,mark . (Cf. 1
'
10011g0,Kasembe , 11 . (111 ( 1 ) T setse
fly ; (2) smal l axe. (Cf. 11111161 ,
Kasengo , 11. (111 S mall horn.
(Cf. 1111111go.)Rash aw a
,11. (111 A small
yellow bean or pea . (Cf. 111
Kash i,11. S mal l vi llage,
hamlet. (Cf.-k ash i , a . Fema le. A lso Ana
Rush i h a , v. Be of a red colour.
M d .-601616111 .
Ka sh inga , 11 . (111 ( 1) Stumpof tree ; (2 ) a broken-ofi part, e.g .
stump of armor leg, a disablement,infirmi ty ; (3) a niggardly , closefisted ,selfish person. (Cf. 16116111g0. )K ashjng e , K ash inje , 11. (111
S mal l (kind oi) ant-h i ll . (Cf. 161
f 10010 ,
K ashjsh i lo ,11 . (111 Heel .
Kasok oso, 11. (111 N oise,hubbub , uproar. ( Cf.
Kasu a , n. S un, sunl ight ,day, dayt ime, dayli ght , time of day.
K 01 110 6011 160111, what time i s i t ?K 01110 6110 , wh ich day ? (Cf. 1111110
Kata , v . S ee I k ata .
Ka ta l a , v. B e tired (weary ,exhausted , bored) . M d.
~601111 ,Cs. 601016y a , 6011111110 , 611119 10 ,t i re , annoy, hara ss, bore, worry .
A lso Int . 601016116y 0.
K atanda l a , 11. (111 Star. (Cf.
Ka temo, 11. (111 A xe. (Cf.11111161
,
K A TE N D E
Katende, 11. (111 A bi t of dry
grass, a dry stalk .
Ka tete, n. A strong , bitter
(kind of) beer. (Cf. uwa lwa ,
Ka t i , n. ( 1) Middle , centre ,inside. Usua lly w ith prep. 611601160,11111601160 , inside, among , between(2) small tree. (Cf.K at iw i , 11 (111 Breast, chest .(Cf. 1617110,K atu l o , 11 . (611 Short sleep ,
nap . (Cf. 11110,Kaw a , 11. ( 1 ) B e hot , boil (of
water) . (Cf. M d.-6010111 ,
A p. 6010110, Cs. 601011116y 0 (2) bepoor, destitute, miserable, sad. (Cf.
K aw a lw a , 11. (111-w . ) S malldrink (draught , a llowance) of beer.
(Cf. uwa lwa ,
Kaw anga-w ang a , 11 . (111Star. (Cf.K aw aul a ,Kaw u l a , v . L ap w ith
the tongue, drink w ith the hand11 3mm, 11. (111 M osqui to.
Kawe, Kabw e , 11. (111101 ,S ma l l stone. (Cf. 1101 ,Kaw ea , adv . Sideways.Kaw e l e, 11 . (111 Cry, shout ,noise, uproar. (Cf. 60106010, 161
Kaw anga, 11. (111 S mall sore.
ulcer. (Cf.K aw engele , 11. (111 S ma ll
heap. (Cf. 1111111110 ,
Kaw esh i , 11. (111 S mallkni fe. (Cf.K aw esh y a , 11. (111 W ind ,
breeze . (Cf. impepo. )K aw i l i , adv. Tw i ce
, a secondtime, aga in, besides, next, further.K 010111 6010111, again and aga in,repea tedly , often. (Cf.K aw i l i sh y a , K aw i sh y a ,
v.
Hea t ,make hot , boi l . Cs. of 60100 .
Kaw inda , 11. (111 (1) L astborn chi ld ; (1) the last, the end.
(Cf.K awowoto , 11. (111 Ankle
joint, projecting bone of ankle .
K OM ON ON A
K awungo, 11. Place in whichchief or notable ancestor died andwas buried, a grave. (Cf. 161
Kewo , 11 . W ord , expression . (Cf. M 0 ,
K ing i k a , v. Partly close (door,passage, A lso C6111j160.
Kok a , v. Pul l,drag , haul .
Kok o , Koku , adv . mega t. N o,
not so. (Cf. 1y 00. )4 10 A fter a verb, often repre
sents i ts object , e. g . i t, some of i t ,them,
thus. N 11111060, give mesome of i t .Kok ol a , v. ( 1 ) L oiter, linger,
delay, be behind time , be late ; ( 1 )last a long time, be durable, wearwell . M d.
-60610111 .
Kok ola , v. L op , chop. S ee
Konkol a .
Kola , v. ( I ) K eep 06 (ra in, &c. )by charms (cf. 11111111g0) ; (2) intoxicate, make drunk ; (3) a lso
60010 ,cough (cf. 601060,
Ps . 601100 , M d.~601111 , Cs. 601116y 0,
make drunk , be very drunk .
Ko l ek a , v. S et fire to grass,stubble, &c.
Kol oma , v . Snore. (Cf. 1111111
Kolw a,v. B e drunk, intoxicated .
S ee Kol a .
Kolw e , 0. (1110 Baboon.
Koma , v . Knock , hit , hammer,strike in fighting . M d.
-601111111 ,R p . 601110110, fight .
Komb a , v. Scrape out,clean
out , e. g. contents of a vessel .Komb e
,11 . (1110 F i shing-net ;
also small net , spider’ s w eb , & c. ,
and then . plur. 1011111 . (Cf.
K omb olw e, n. (fi0 Cock .
(Cf.K omek a , v. Threaten, menace ,
frighten .
K omek el a , v. F asten together,join, sew .
K omena , v . S ow , plant kmseparate holes) . (Cf. 101010,K omonona , v. Break QQQt imx .
K ON A I K A .
cobs 1, gather, glean. (Cf. 60110110,601100 ,
and follg. )Roua i h a , v. Be broken off,snapped off, gathered. (Cf.Kond a , v . Please , sati sfy , content, sui t. M d. A p . 601111110 ,Cs. 60110
'116y 0 , Ps. 601111100, be
pleased (w i th), be fond (of) , l ike,be sa t i sfied. Md .
-6011d11101 ; and
as a .,beloved , dear. (Cf.
K ond ol ok a ,v . L ook about,
look here and there, peer about .(Cf.K onek e lw a , v.
deserted, w ithout parents.
Kongola , v . ( I ) Borrow , get
an advance ; (1 ) give security for.(Cf.Kongol o , 11 . A lso
B e bereaved,(Cf.
R ainbow.
Koni , 11. (Any) smallb i rd . (Cf.Konk a , v. ( 1 ) Fol low , go be
hind, keep the direction of, aecompany, be guided by . M d.
-60116111 ,A p. 601160110 (cf. (2 ) suck(the breast) . A lso 01160.
Konkol a , v . L op away, chopoff. (Cf. 6111161110,K onk ol ek a , v. W alk with a
stick (as anold man) .Konoa ,
Konona , v. Break off,snap off, gather (maize CObS ) . (Cf.601110110110 ,Konta , v. S i t by fire, bask inthe sun, warm onesel f. A p. 60111110
(111111110, (Cf.Kont ama
,v. Bend down, bend
over. A p. 6011101111110. (Cf. 601110,
K op ols , v. Cut across, cut
through (by drawi ng kni fe, &c.,
across) . (Cf.Kosa , v. ( I ) Be well (strong inhealth, vigorous) ; (2) have strength(for) , be able (to) ; (3) be firm(brave, determined, capable) . (Cf.1116010
,
K osa u la, Kosola , v. Break intwo, map of}: I
’
Cfl 601010,
K UL I
K osh y a, v. Cause to burn,kindle (fire) .K osok a , v. ( 1) Cough (cf. 6010)
( 2 ) break off, break intwo .
Kosol a , v. S ee R ouanl a ,Kotol a .
Kosw e , 11. (100Ka ta , v.
House-rat .Become (get) old .
A p . 601110. (Cf.Kotol a , v . Break off, snap off.
(Cf. 601010,Kow a
,v. Propel (a canoe) .
'
\Cf.
Kowak a,v. Hang, hang up (ou
wall,round the neck, onarm) . (Cf.
fol lg . )K ofi el a
,v. Unhang , take down
(off, of something hanging) . (Cf.
v. Unravel, disK ow olol a ,
entangle, undo.
E u , prep. of comprehensivemeaning, defining place, time or
circumstances generally, e .g . at , to ,
from,i h
,w ith
, by. Used w ithnouns to formmany adverbial expressi ons . (Cf. 11111 , 10 ,
E u,interrog. W here ? (Cf.
610110 ,
Ku ch a,Uk uch a , n. Dawn.
( Infin. of
K u ch i p i k o, adv. T o the left(left hand) , on the left hand. (Cf.6111111310,Kuk a , v. M ove house , migrate ,change place of abode. Md.
-6116111.
(Cf.E u-ku
,adv. of negation. N o ,
not so. (Cf. 1y 00, 60-60, 60Kukul a , v. G ive a k ick (cuff,
blow) to.
Ru l e,v. ( x) Grow , increase ,
get big (bigger, more) , becomeadult, grow old. Md.
~6111111 , Cs.
611s6y a , makemore , add to, increase(2) draw , drag, pull (cf. (3)cultivate , dig , hoe (cf.Ku l ank a , v . Be broken , knocked
about , smashed .
Ku l i , used as ( 1 ) prep . like 611 ,esp. of persons, to, from,
w ith ( 2)
K UN BE
K unse , adv. Outside. (Cf.more commonK unsel el o, adv. D own-stream.
(Cf. 61111111111, 6any 0n161. )K unl h i , adv. Down. S ee P anah i .Kunta , v. ( 1) Shake out, shake
about ; ( 2) tap, rap , knock gently.
\Cf.
K untanje ,K untanji le, K un
tansh i , adv. Forward, on, infront,before. (Cf. 1011g110. )Kuntu , adv . Only, just , just so,excepting.
K unuma , adv. After, behind,back . (Cf. 111111110,panama .)K ununa , v. Commit adultery.(Cf. p0m6010.)K uny ansh i , adv. Downwards,
down-stream. (Cf.Kusa , v. ( 1) M unch , chew (cf.
(2) rub smooth, file,poli sh .
Ku sh y a , v. C5 . of 61110,make
more, add to, increase.Ru cul a , v . Pound (sorghum) .
(Cf. 1100, lupu la .)Ku ta , v . H ave enough
,be
sa ti sfied , be content. Cs. and Int .6111116y0 .
Ku ta l a , K u tau l a,v. ( 1 ) E a t
food plain (w ithout relish or seasoning
, cf. (2) rub, smear,anoint (one’ s body, onesel f) (cf. 1110 ,
Ku tal i , adv. F ar, far off, distant.A s distance, a longway. (Cf.K u tanji l e, Ku tanja, adv. B e
fore, infront, forward. (Cf. tanga ,
611111011g1 .)Ku t i , conj . That, so that
,in
order that. (Cf. 11,K u t i k a
,v. B e silent
,keepquiet ,
be onthe alert , listen.Kutw i , 11. E ar (of
body ) . (Cf. 1111111111,Kuw a , v . Scream, cry, bawl .
n. 1110,
K uw a t i , conj . A s, as i f, as
though. (Cf. -11,K ufi oko , Uk ufi oko, n. (1110
Ann(of body) .
L A M B A
K ufi u la , v. F ord a river. (Cf.
K w a , prep. T o, from at (ofpersons). (Cf. 611 , -0 ,Kw aku t i , adv. Much, very.
(Cf.Kw a ta , v. ( I ) H ave, possess,
own. M d.~6w111 , -6mot1le ; (2)
marry. (Cf. 11110 , 11°
11g1110.)Kw apa , u kw ap a , n. (1110110,
11za6waya ) . A rmpi t.K w afi'
o (i .e. 611 A t theirhome (village, country) . A lso usedas a 11010 . (Cf. 611115 11 ,Kw el a , v. Go up, ascend ,climb. (Cf.K w i k a , v. Fix tight (as hoe inhandle, spearhead onshaft) .K w ine, adv. W ell, truly, real ly ,rightly, much , very. K 1111111 111 111 ,
very well ,quite right. (Cf.Rw indi , adv. M uch , very. (Cf.
-111j1,Kw i sa , interrog. W here (Cf.
61111211,K w i sonde , adv. Outside . (Cf.
K w i ta la , adv. A t (to. fromthe side (far side, other si de) . (C11010,
K w i u l u , adv. Above, on the
top , up. Km. 170 , prep. on, upon,& c. (Cf.
L and B being mostly convertible sounds, L is ch iefly usedin this vocabulary.
L a i ah a , v. S ee L aya , L ay i ah a .
L el a , v. ( I ) L ie, l ie down, sleep ,rest. L 010 11110, go to sleep. M d.
-1111 , A p. 1111110 , N t . 101160 ; (A ct )e.g. put aside, put off, adjourn, letrest ; Cs. Int . 101136y 0 , 1011111y 0 (cf.111010
,111111010 , ( 2) be
abundant , plentiful. A lso 4111 , 111100 .
k .f1110.)L ama , v. Take care of
,keep
watch, guard , tend. Md. 401111111 .
(Cf. 1110101110,pemba , 11116110,Lamba v. Approach humbly,grovel before, ( I ) beg , appea l ; (2)
L A M B A T I L A L E 8A
fla tter, praise. Usual ly in A p.
(Cf. 601116110,1011161110 ,L amb at i l a
,v. Stick to, be
sticky . (Cf.L ambu la , v . Pay wages. (Cf.
111110111611 ,L amuk a, v. Open the eyes ,
wake up. (Cf. 161160 ,L amum ,
v. Take in the hand ,receive.L andami ka , v. Set in line, put
inrow . (Cf. 101130,L anga , v. ( I ) Show , point out( 2) arrange, direct, manage, command, instruct ; (3) punish, correct .A p. 1 10, Cs. 4 1113
10. (Cf. 1101130,60101130,L anga luk a , v. ( I ) Think , be
thoug ,htful have inmind, remember,
expect, wish , bel ieve (cf. 1010 , 611 111(1 ) look thoughtful, be sad
(melancholy, anxious, perplexed).(Cf.L anganla ,
v. L ook about, peerabout. (Cf.L aps , v. Swear, take an oa th .
Os. 10p116y 0 , e. g. cause to swear,put on oath ; A p. 10p110 . (Cf.1191111111 , 111alap1 .)
.
L ap uk a , v. B urst out (w ithcries, abuse, anger) , cackle
,scold,
storm. A p.-10p10111 .
L am, v. ( t ) W ound, damage ,hurt ; (2) give pain, be pa inful , ache,hurt ; (3) think, reflect, be perplexed(anxious, thoughtful ) ; (4) go inthedirectionon the fire,1010110
, e. g. fight . L a1011y 0 , be
thoughtful,puzzled, at a loss. (Cf.
L auk i l a , vv. F ind (a thing lost ,unexpectedly) , l ight upon after
searc (Cf. fw0310 ,
L aw i l a , v . Speak, talk , say.
M d.~1010111 , A p . 101011110 , e. g.
1111110111111 , ( 1) bring to trial, charge,accuse (2) decide (settle, judge) a
(Cf. M 0, andc
L afiruk a , v. F orget. (Cf.
L aw u la , v. ( 1 ) Untie, release,take out of a trap ; ( 1 ) taste (food) .L ay a , v. B id good-bye to, send
off, let go , part w ith , let depa rt .Cs. 10111160, send away, dispatch(of. R p. 10y 0110 , bid good
bye to each other,take leave.
L ek a , v. ( 1 ) Let, allow , permi t,give leave ; (1 ) let alone, leave,leave ofl
’
, stop (doing) , abandon,desert, part from. A p . 116110, 1161
1110 , e. g. let off, acqui t, pardon,remi t . Cs. Int . 1161 167 0 ,
les6y a ,cause to leave 06, e. g. forb id
,pre
vent,stop. L 1
°
11 56y 0 , refrain from,
absta in . R p. 1160110, e. g . partcompany, diverge, be different, god ifferent ways, be contra ry (contradictory ) . Cs . 116019
10, put apart ,part , separate.L ela , v . ( 1 ) N urse (9. chi ld) ,
rear, bring up ; (1) form a clusteror swarm (as bees) . (Cf.L 910, 11 . and adv. This day , to
day , the present time , now . (Cf.110 ,L ama , 11. B e heavy, feel heavy ,be weary (tired , exhausted) . A p .
11111110 , Cs . 111111:6y 0 . (Cf. 19110,601010 ,Lemb a , 11. M ake marks (signs,
figures) : ( 1) carve, cut, tattoo ;(1 ) draw , write , sketch ; (3) makea sign (w ith head, hand, eye), beckon ,gi ve a hint. (Cf.L emy a , v. H onour, show te
spect (to) , be civil (courteous,poli te) . (Cf. 1611111160 ,L enga , v . Make, produce,manu
facture, cause, create . A lso of
feelings , e. g . lenga 1111011110, feel fear.(Cf. 16110 , panga , 1111160 ,Lanzel el a , v. Peep, peer about,
pry , spy . (Cf.
L engu lu ls , v . Slander,accuse
falsely, use angry (abusive, violent)language to . (Cf.L esa , 11. (160 G od, thunder,providence, chance , accident . L 150
111f1111111 , paramount chief, absoluteruler.
L E S H Y A .
L esh y a ,v. Cs. of1160 (which see) .L eta , v. Bring , fetch . (A p .
L eya ,v Avoid a blow , get out
of the way . (Cf.L i also 1 111 Class
prefix of nouns (sing here givenunder I
,w ith plura
gl M 0 Also
( 1 ) reflexive particle, self, selves ,w ith verbs
,e. g. 11p01110, strike one
self (1 ) of t ime, times, e. g. 111110,one time ; 116111111, ten times ; 1110,which time ? when ?L i , v . (defective) B e. (Cf. 100,
16010 ,L i a , use
up .-1111 , A
};1110
, e. g . eatw ith (as eat up, eatal l . Cs. Int . 1116310, eat greedily,cause to eat, feed . 10116060 100
6111110 , right hand (cf. 1111110, 160
N t . 1160 , Ps. 116100 , beeaten
, fit to eat ; A p . 116110,Ps.
11611100 , be eaten up, devoured bodily(as by l ion) .L i al a , I l y ala , L i amba , 11. S ee
I al a ,I amba .
L i l a , v. (1 ) Sound, give a sound ,make a noise ; (1 ) cry, shout, scream ,
exclaim (3) cry, shed tears, mourn,lament. Cs. 1116310, e. g. play onaninstrument, beat a drum. L zs6y 0
11111 1 (111api ) , clap the ha11ds. L 1:6y 0fire a gun. 11111113611 ,
whistle. (Cf.L i la , 11. Usually in plur. 111010,bow els
,en trails, intestines .
L ima , v . Cultivate, dig, hoe.
(Cf. 11111111110, 11111111111,L imb s ,
v. (1 ) Be strong (firm,
energetic , hard-working,brave) ,
make an effort, apply strength ;(2) plant (seed) . (Cf.L imb i , adv. A t another time,
ona different occasi on. (Cf.L imek a , v. Show pride , show
off, swagger, brag . S ee M ek a , and
L i reflexi ve.
L inga , adv . H ow many times,110 1? often. (Cf. -11g0.)L ima , 11. ( I ) B e l ike, be equal ,
-L OM B E
match , suit , fit (1) do like, copyimitate. R p. 1111ga 110 , be alikeCs. 1111g011y0 , match , compare. (Cf.111111111gv, p010110.)L ingula , v. M arry . (Cf. 1110,
L ino , i l ino, 11 . (1111110, i . e . 1110
Tooth.
L ino , adv. Perhaps , possibly, i tmay be so. (Cf. -110,L inso , Li so , I l i ac ,
D i sc , 11.
(11111110, i . e. 1110-11110,
E ye.
(Cf. 1611110,Cs.
1111111910 . (Cf. f1110.)p
Li sa , L w i sa , interr. W hen(Cf. -110 ,L i sh y a , v . Cs. of ( 1 ) 1110,
(2) 110 , ly a .
L i w i l i , n. A second time, again.
(Cf. 60101l
L iwuk i sh y a , L i fvuch i sh y a , v.
R emind oneself, recall to mind, 1emember, recollect. (Cf. 11611161
s6y a .)L ok a , v. ( 1 ) Ra in, fall as rain ;(1 ) leak, drip, let rain through . Ps.
106100, be rained on; Md.~10611101.
(Cf. 1111110161, ny a .
L ok oso, adv. ( 1) M erely, only,just ; (2) for nothing, gratis, invain ,idly, uselessly ; (3) anyhow, unintentionally, by chance (accident)(4) w ithout use (reason, occupati on) .Often w ith -0 forming an adj. asabove
,e. g .
-0 106010, idle, useless,empty , &c.
L ol a , v . Look , gaze , fix eyes 011.Cs. Int . 1011 16y 0 , e. g . look carefully,observe , examine. (Cf.L omb a , vv. B eg , ask (for) , pray.
A p. 101116110 , Cs. 101116116y 0 . (Cf.”1111011161161.
L omb a,adv. (1 ) N ow ,
at once,soon, inthese days, as i t i s (2) but,still , nevertheless ; (3) as connective,so
,the11, next, although ; 1011160pano,
at once, onthe spot.-l omb e , a . Good-looking, handsome. pretty, well dressed. (Cf.111011161 ,
L UKW AW I L O
L ukw aw i lo, 11. (111 S andal
(shoe).L uk welel o , 11. (1110 L adder
(steps, sta irs). (Cf.111 M ole (animal ) .
L u la , v. Be angry. (Cf. 601110 ,111111,L ul embo
,11. (1111111160,
M arks cut or drawn, carving, writing , draw ing, tattoo marks. (Cf.
L u l i lo , n. S ma ll earthendish or bow l . (Cf.L u lu
, U lu lu , 11. Anger (word ,act or feel ing) . (Cf.4 11111
, 11. Angry, fierce, bruta l .(Cf.L u l y o , 11. R ight hand (direction) ,
the right. (Cf. 110 (ly a ) ,L ama
,v. Bi te, sting, hurt. Md.
4 111111111 . (Cf. 1111110 and fol lg.)L umana , L umany a, v. Grip
each other, grapple, fight . A lso
L umany a , Cs. make hold together,prop, support. (Cf. 1111110 andfol lg .)L umata , v. B ite hard, grip, be
sharp (e. g. a tool) . (Cf. 1111110 ,
L umb a , v . (1) praise, flatter
(cf. (1 ) divi de up, distribute(cf. 01110, 6011y 0)L umbu la , v. S peak of, mention
a llude to. (Cf.-lume
,a . Male. (Cf. 111111111111,
-01101111111 ,-1y a l111111 .)
L umfw i , n. (111fw1) . Grey ha i r.L umfw i l a , 11. (no plnr.) Keen
hearing, sharp ear. (Cf.L umi ka , v. Bleed (surgi ca ly,
by cupp ing) , let blood . (Cf. 111111160,
Lum ini , 11. (11111111, 1111111111 for
11 Tongue. (Cf.L umpundu , 11. (1111p1111d11) .
Trilled cry or scream (ot°
joy or
welcome) .L unda
,v. Join, make a joining,
fasten together.
L UPU'I 'I
L unga, v. S eason, add rel ishto (food) , 3 . g. ( kinane, dzi tozbelo,chz
'
sa‘wo.
L ungams , v. Be even, stra ight,flat, smooth, level. Cs.
~z'
ka,make
even, & c. (Cf. fol lg.)L nng i ka , v. M ake even, level.
L . z’
nfid z‘
, level (a im) a gun. (Cf.
L unsh i, U lunsh i , n. (wa-I .)
Common fly.
11 . (maola ) . S ting, e. g.
of bee.
L up afiu, n. (mpafu) . B ag (ofbark cloth, for carrying gra in) .(Ci . ziqu
,éapafic, z
’
tumba ,L up ak o, n. (mpaéo) . Cavi ty
,
hollow , hole.~a lupako, hol low .
Lupanda ,n. (mpanda and ma-p .)F ork of tree or post. (Cf. panda ,mapandwa , mapanda .)L u p ande, n. (ma-Iup. ) Oneyard of calico. (Cf.pam1a ,
c/n'
pande,muk'wamba ,Lupango,n. (mpango) . R ansom,
redemption , payment, bai l. (Cf.
L u p ap atal a , n. (ma-p.) F lat
(side) of kni fe , board, & c.
L u p e , U lup a, n. (ma-lupe) . A
(kind of basket. (Cf. ckg’
pe) .L up i , U lupi , n. (mapz,Pa lm, whole inner side of hand.
L z’
s/zy a mapz'
, clap the hands.
a i l i , n. (ma-p . and ma-Iup .)H i ll ,mountain. (Cf.mupz
’
lz’
,
L up ingw e, n. (m-p .) W atchman’
s
stage, platform w i th shelter hut .
(Cf chz'
te'wa , dz
Lupopo, 11. (mp . and ma-p .)W ooden peg, na i l . (Cf. papa .)Lupot o
,11. (mp. ) Crest, tuft,
topknotImpa la
,v. ( 1) Pound (sorghum),
(cf. twa , kusula ) (z) wash clothes
(by beatingg; (3)make a great
catch of fis
(flag)Upright
pole, carrying roof. f. lasanta .)L uputi , n. ( I ) M ound,
L U BA F U
garii en) , grave-monnd ; (2) swell ing,
boi
Luanfu,n. (ma) Calf (of leg) .
L usak a , n. (ma-s .) S t ick . (Cf.kul i , z
'
w aka,Lusa le , n. (mm) A long, thin,
cord-l ike snake.
Lu samb o , n. (ma) B rass-anklet,bracelet . (Cf. z
’
mambo.)L usangw a
,n. S eed-shel l or
husk used to make a bird-cal l .
(Cf. musembe, z'
nduzbulula .)L usanso , n. (ma) S trainer,
filter, colander. (Cf. ma ,fwa .)L u satu ,
n. (ma) Python.
L use , n. (mam) H oe. (N otW .L . Cf. z
'
se.)L usengo, n. (ma-s .) H orn.
Lu sanan, n. (ma) Grassy, treeless depression in forest, wi th a
stream. (Cf. cbz’
sema , z'
lzmgu .)L ush imu , a . (min) B ee.
L ushi nga , 11. (min) ( 1) Bloodvessel , vein; (2) string of bow (3 )trigger of gun. (Cf. kas/zz
’
nga , andfol lg.)
.
L ush i p a , 11. (min) B lood-vessel,vem.
L u shi shi , n. Barkin strips used for rope, cord ,string . (Cf. mwando, z
'
mpapa , dziwombwa , clzikungo. )L ush i to, n. (mlz. ) Fence, for
catch ing game .L u sonta , n. (ma) L eaning roof
poles , rafters. (Cf. mpampa , mapanda .)La sota, n. (m.) N ipple of
breast.
L usu a, 0 . S unshine, sun’
s light(hea t, power) . (Cf. kama .)Lu tengo, n. B i t of dry
grass. (Cf. katmde. )L u tow a , n. (fi-t . ) Hollow(middle) of check . (C i . z
’
towo.)L uw a , v . (1 ) Be at a loss, stray,
wander, be lost ; (2) forget. A p.
luw z'
la,e .g . ml n
'
la , lose the road ;M d . J uwz
'
le, Os. lajj'u, lose, waste,
throw away (cf. pond , taya Os.
lufi islty a , -i ski slzy a , R p. Iu y any a ,
L W A L A
e. g. mix up, confuse,make ajumbleof.
L uw afu , n. R ib.
L uw ak a,n. L uak a .
L uw a l a , n. A kindof (human) tick .
L uw uli , n. (mba l i ) . S ide , side
part , side portion. M al i shyom‘
e,
onal l sides, a l l round.
L uw ul i-w a l i , n. (mba l iFlea . (Cf. luwa la . )L uw a l o ,n. (mbula). Cross-picce,
la th carrying thatch onrafters .
L uw amb a , 11. F i lmover the eye,dim l ight, stupidi ty. (Cf. zbamba ,
L uw anga , n. (zfia-w . ) A (kindof) fish-trap. (Cf. muono.)L uw angul a , 11. Indi an hemp ,
bhang.
L uw ao , n. Fence for
ca tch ing game. (Cf. Iml u'
ta. )L ufi e, L ubw e
,n. I ronstone.
Cf. iwe. )L uw emb a , n. B rass . (Cf.
z’
mambo, mukuwa . )L uw engw a , n. (ma-w . ) Powder
horn.
L uw eshi , n. (ma-l .) Knixe.
(Cf. cl u’
weslzz’
, way a . )L ufi l o , 11 . A ct of running,
speed, quick motion. A s adv. ,
qui ck ly, speedi ly, in haste. (Cf.z
’
mbz’
lo,wa tuba , wang
'u .)
L uw o, u luw o , n. Quarrel ,struggle , debate. (Cf. lwa , maIomo, mu landu . )L uw ol a , n. S ee L u ol a .
L uw omb a-nongo ,n. G iraffe.
L ufvu k o, n. (ma-zfi. ) Doctor’ s
art , detection and treatment of i l lness. (Cf. zfiuka . )L ufi u ku
,n. (ma-l . and mbuku) .
H igh river-bank .
L ufi'u l a , v . R ansom, redeem,
buy back . (Cf. lupango. )L ufi unda , n. (munda , ma lu'zb.)
H ip , loin.
L w a , v. W restle, struggle ,quarrel, fight . (Cf. lwana , luwo.)L w al a
,v . S e. M esmex
~L W E L E
sick , be a i l infi
. M d .~lwele. (Cf.
tenda , and fo lg .)-lw el e, -1w esln
'
,~lw ashj, a .
S ick,i ll . (Cf. lw a Ia , u lwele. )
L w iny angu ,n. A
(k ind of) bean.
L y a , v. S ee L i a .
-ly a , a . demonstr. That, that
yonder. (Cf. ono. )A y ak ash i , a . F ema le.
nkaslzz'
,-anakasl¢
-ly a lume , a . M ale. (Cf. J ame,ana lume.)
M a o. Class-prefix pla t . ofmany
nouns w i th I , In, u ,as prefix in
sing . Under th i s are givena numberof words used only or mainly inplur.
M afina , n. M atter, pus . (Cf.
M afingw a , n. T hings throwndown, rol ling, fal l ing, &c. , e.g. rub
bi sh , stones, earth onhi llside.
M afuta, 11. F at, oi l, grease ,ointment .M a i lo,n. T o-morrow , yesterday.
(Cf. z’
la , Ielo.)M a insh a
,n. R a iny season
(N ovember to M arch) .M aku p a, 11. (H uman) mi lk .
(Cf. muéaéa .)M akw efi o
, n. Goods for sale,merchandise. (S . Iué'wewo.)M al a , n. B owels , entrai ls.M al amb a , 11. I ronore forsmelt
ing. (Cf. mu tapo, luzfie.)M a l ap e ,
n. Oath (of asseveration) . (Cf. lapa , mapunde.)M al ek ano, n. Part ing, division,
going di fferent ways, difference,contradi ction. (Cf. Ieka ,mpand
'w a .)M a l engany a , n. L i zard.
A lso K amal engany a .
M a l enji , n. L ong, h igh grass.
(Cf. chani .)M al i , amalj, n. Personal property
, weal th . (S wa. Cf. cl mma .)mum, n. Bed-frame, bedstead.
M A S O
M al a , 0. Place. P a mala -a ,
inplace of, instead of. (Cf.ma la .)M a luk o, n. Vomi t . (C i . luka .)M aluk u , n. M al icious slanderer,
backbi ter, decei ver, l iar.
M ama , v . Cry out , exclaim(a t ,aga inst, A p . mami la , Cs.
mamz'
s/zy a . (Ci . ama .)M ama, n. (zfia-m.) M other. M .
muku lu , mother’
s elder sister. Mmwa i ke
,mother’
s younger si ster.
M .fi ra la ,mother-i h-law . M ma mazfmku lu , step-mother. (Cf. ny z
'
na . )M amb i rima , n. F al ls (oi a
river) . (C i . mapota .)M ammmda , n. F ork of road.
(Cf. panda , and follg.)M amp andw a , n. For]: of tree .
(Ci . panda , lupanda .)M am , v . Come to an end
,he
finished, completed . A lso A ct ., i . e.
bring to an end, finish, cpmplete.
M d. 4m, (Cf. pela , shi la .)M anata , n. L eprosy, leper.M ani ka , M ani oh a , M ank a, v.
Grip, hold tight , seize wi th fingers.R p . Cs. mankany a(used of fourth day’s beer-brew ing.
Cf. kumba ) .M ank olw e , n. Fence or screen
of veranda (mulokolo) .M ap anda , 11. S ee M amp anda .
M apu a , n. (filamapasa ) . Twinsof di fferent sex. (Cf. mupundu .)M ap ota , n. R api ds (of river).(Ci .M an , M ata , v . A pply mudplaster (of first rough coat) , plaster(a hut ) . N t . w atz
’
ka , be lastered,covered w i th mud. (Cf. sgz
'
nga . )M asak a , n. S orghum,
K affir
corn.
M asa la, M ash y al a , 11. L andgone out of cu ltivation, abandonedplantati on. (Cf.ma tonga , z
'
slzy ala .)M ashi ri , M i sh i l i , n. (wa-m. )
S k i lled workman, mechanic , usuallysmi th. (Cf. cbz
'
lolo, mufmlzi . )M ash y al a , n. S ee M asal a .
M aso, 0. H a irof pudenda . (Cf.follg.)
M UCH I N D A .
member of a vi llage, free man.
( Cf. kachete. )M u ch i la , n. (mi-ch .) T a i l (of
anima l ) . (Cf. z'
w aka . )M uch inda , n. (mi -ck.) S temof
pipe. (Cf. z'
ntuntu , z’
mbokoma .)M uch inz i , n. (mz
'
-clz.) H onour,respect, compl iment, present, ci vi l ity,attention. (Cf. cbindz
’
ka . )M uch omb o, n. (ma o ch .) W h i telico worked (S wahi l i ) cap. (Cf.
cl:z'
sotz'
, cl:apewa . )M uemfu,
11. S ee M w emfu .
M u ensh i , n. (mi-e.) A (kind of)ant . (Cf. mama . )M ufl l a
,n. (zfia-jfi) A h idler, one
who neglects to hoe h i s garden.
M ufl to, n. (nayi ) S oot, grime(on cooking
-pot, roof, (Cf.
mmi n’
to, mu la le.)M ufu lw a , n. F arrow,
groove , trench.
M u fundw a ,n. (mi-fi ) A sweet ,
rather l ight beer. (Cf. uwalwa ,
n.
{mi-jD Ceremoni aloffering . (Cf. cbzlflupo, pupa . )M ufimh i , n. (waf ) W orker inmeta l
, smi th . (Cfifula )(mz
'
f ) A rrow .
M ufy a l a , n. (waf t) Cousin.
(Cf. fi fa la .)M u fy ash i , n. (waf ) Parent .
(Cf. fy a la . )M ui l i , n. (1) B ody ;(2) substance, bulk , bigness .
M u i l ima , n. (mi A (kind of)bat. (Cf. z
'
mpepe.)M u i p i , 11. S ee M uw i p i .
M uk a, umk a , n. (mm) . W i fe.
M ka wa wane, another man’
s w i fe.
M ka ma-filwa , mka kushy a la , a
w i dow . (Cf. mukashi . )M uk ak a , n. (mi-k.) M i lk (of
anima ls) . (Cf. maéupa . )M uk ul o, n. (mi-k .) Water-hole,
wel l . (Cf. mushz'
ma .)M uk amata , n. (zba-m.) Person
M UKUL U
W al let ,
M ukanga , M uk ama , n. (mi-k.)W rinkle (ou faec) .M uk ash i , n. (zba-k.) W ife, woman. (Ct
'
. mwanaéaski .)M uk a tamwono , n. (fi a-k .) Per
sonal servant inch ief’
s household.
M uk at i , adv. M eanwhi le, inside,inthe middle. (Cf. kul i ,M uk o, Umuk o, n. (wako,
azfiako) . S on-in-law. A lso s’
ko.
M nk ofu, n. (mi-k.) S car.
M uk ok a ,n. Fetish (distinguishing a fami ly or clan in a tribe) ,fami ly, clan. (Cf. mukowa .)M ukol o , n. (ma-k .) ( I ) F irst
(head) w i fe of a chief ; z) (mi-é.)deep water-channel , gu l y, ravine.
A lso M ukolwa . (Cf. mukonkola .)M nk oma , n. (mi-k.) H ammer
for smi th’
s work . (Cf. koma .)M uk ondo, n. (mi -k.) (1 ) T rack
of game, 5 oor, trai l ; (2) war spear(cf. inkM ukonk a , M unk onka ,n. (mi-é.)
B racelet, anklet , ofbrass w ire. (Ci .Iw ambo, wuta le.)M uk onko, n. mi-k.) T ree w i th
edible frui t (z’
kon 0, pl . maM uk onk ol a , n. (mi-k.) W ater
channel , dra in, di tch . (Cf. ma
M uk onkoto, n. (mi-k.) old
man’s staff, walking-sti ck .
M uk onono, n. (mi-k .) S nore,snoring . (Ci . koloma .)M uk op a , n. (mi nin
gsa tchel. (Cf. z’
néomwe.M ukoshi
,n. (mi-é.) N eck ,
throat (external ) . (Cf.M uk ow a , n. (mi-k. ) ( 1 ) Nave];(2) fami ly, clan. (Ci . mukoka .)M ukuk u , n. (mz-k.) ( t ) Current(ofwater) ,draftg
ofa ir) ;Sc) (M b ) ,
grandmother (c z‘
mbuy aM uk ul a , n. (mi-k.) Track oi
someth ing dragged on the ground.
(Cf. kula , mukondo.)M ulml ama , n. (wa-k. ) Guard,
attendant . (Cf. lama .)M u lml u , n. (zfia-é
g( 1) A great
person(ci . ( 2 elderbrother,
H UR UN U BH I
e. g . "mbula ant“ (in general ) ;muku lu wanjz. my elder brother.
M uk unush i , n. (zba-é.) A dul
teter. (C i . h muna , mudmzde. )M ukup a ,n. N ativebeer(uwa lwa )
inthe second stage ofmaking . (Cf.kumba . )M ukmh i ta
,n. (zfia-k .) T rader,
one who buys or sel ls, customer,seller. (Cf. sl u
'
ta .)M ukusu ,
n. (mi -k.) H elping ,bi te
,mouthful , morsel of food taken
in the fingers. (Cf. mna , i sono,kw a . )M ukuw a , n. C0pper.
M uk wa , M w i kw a , n.
Pi ece of bark used for carrying .
(Cf. lukwa .)M ukw akw a , n. (mi-k.) Path,
road. (Cf. z'
nshz’
la , mmm.)M ukw al a , n. (mi -é.) T rack ,
footstep (of man or anima l ) . (Cf.mukondo, lukasa . )M ukw amb a , n. (mi -k. ) One
fathom of cloth. (C i . lupcmde .)M ukw andal a , n. (mi-é.) B el t,
girdle. (Cf. z’
ntandwe.)M ukw aw'
o, n. (ma-k.) One of
their vi llage, neighbour. S
wam (mukwanu ), my (your) neighbour. (Cf. -e.m,
-erm,
M ul ak a , n. (mi-l .) ( l ) T ongue(cf. lumz
'
m'
, u laka ) ; (2) language,speech .
H ul d a , n (wa-l .) ( 1 ) A personof the L ala tri be (of. cl u
'
la la ,mi la la )(2) (mi-I . ) remainder of food, food
put away, reserve (of. cl u'
mbala ) ;(3) crack , fissure, crevice .
M u l al e , n. (mi-I . ) S oot (fromsmoke, on roof), ashes (of burned
grass) . (Cf.M ul amu , n. (wa-I. ) B rother or
si ster-in-law .
M ul anda , n. (zfia-l . ) Dependantof a chief, one of a vi l lage. (Cf.mut ilate.)M u lendo
,n. (mi-I .) ?D ead,
fallen tree.
M u l andu , n. (mi-l .) ( 1 ) A ffa ir,case, matter, subject of debate,
H UL ON D A.
business ; (2) difficulty, questi on,quarrel , di scussion, argument ,reason
,cause.
M ul ongw e, n. (mi-l.) ( 1 ) S ense,intellect , understanding ; (2) cleverword or act , devi ce, trick , argument ,ji be ; (3) advi ce, warning , instructi on. (C i . langa , z
'
lcm kalangv.)M ul enah i , n. (mi-I . B arrel of
gun. (Cf.M ul ay o, n. (fi a-l . ) D octor, me
dioine-man. (Cf. z'
ngunga .)M u l emb e , n. (wa-l .) T runk of
elephant . (Cf. muango, mumpa .)M ul iango . S ee M uh ango.
M ul i lo, n. (mi-l . ) Fire, blaze,heat. (Ci . cl u
'
we, éawa . )M ul imi , n. (wa-l .) One who
culti vates the soi l , peasant. (Cf.l ime: and fol lg .)M ul imo , n. (mi-l .) ( I ) H oeing ,
digging , cultivati on; (2) labour,work , occupa tion. (Cf. lz
'
ma , t’
u
cl u'
to.)M ul imw a , n. (mi-l .) A (kind
of ) bean. (Ci . z’
nkunde, [w i ttyangu .)M u l indu , n. (zim-l .) Young
gi rl , not adult. (Cf.M u l ingo , n. (mi -l . ) Pattern,measure , copy. (Cf. I t
'
aga .)M a l iwo, n. (mi-l .) S hoot,
sucker, tendri l of creeping plant.M ul och i , n. (mi-l . ) F al l ing
ra in, shower. (Cf. z'
mmt la,loka .)
M nl okash i , n. (zfia-l .) Daughterin-law . (Cf. muko. )M ul okol o , n. (mi-l . ) S pace
under projectin eaves of house,often snpporte by poles, andenclosed wi th screen, verandah .
M u lombe, n. (fi a-I . ) A finelooking , handsome, wel l-dressed
person. (Cf. u lombe, ka lombe.)M u l omb osh i , n. (wa-l .) A
beggar, suppl iant . (Cf. lomba . )M ul omo , n. (mi
-I . ) ( 1 ) L i pbeak ; (2) projecti on, edge, brim(3) insult, provoca tion,(Cf. ka lomo. )
M UL ON GA
ing , tracking, search forgame. (Ci .
M ul onga , -l .) Current,rush of water (of. muéuku ) (2)(zba-k. ch ief
’
s overseer (cf. longa ) .M ul ongo, n. (mi-l . ) A row or
l ine of things, and so a number or
quanti ty, crowd, groupp, herd , flock ,gang (ci . Ionga ) ; (2) (vi a 1. one of
the same vi llage, neighbour (cf.mukwa'zbo) .M u l op o, 11. B lood. (Ci . ka lu
zbula .)M ul osh i , n. (1) (zba-l . W i tch
doctor (of. indoslzz'
,zw
nfwztz, Iowa)(z) (mz-l . whi stling, wh istle (cf.mama , mus/m) .M ul u
,n. U per part of ri ver or
stream. 80 amal a , up-stream.
(C i . z'
melelo, z'
u lu .)H u luk o , n. Vomi ting. (Ci .
luka,ma luko. )
M u lu l i, 11. (mi 1) B arrel of gun.
A l so M u lam/u’
.
M ul umbw ana , n. (fi a-I .) Youth ,lad , attendant.M u lume
,n. (wa-l .) M a le, man,
husband. (Ci . J ame.)M u lumu ,
n. (mz'
-l .) Cuppinginstrument, usually horn. (Cf. lumzka , mumku .)M u l unda
,11. (mi H eap, pi le.
(C i . mzw umba .)M u l undu
,n. (mi-l .) L and,
country, dry land. (Ci . c/za lo.)M nlung ani , n. (wa-l .) A pro
fl igate, adulterer. (Ci . muckende,
M u lw ashi , M ul w al a , 11. («0nS ick person, inval id. (Ci . Iwa Ia .)M ulw endo , n. (zba-l .) T raveller,passer-by, stranger, guest . (C i .enda , Iwendo. )M u ly ongo, n. (mi-l .) H ole,
aperture , doorway, entrance. (Cf.mupata ,
ckipuna'a .)
M amb o, n. Purpose, intent ion.
A s adv. on purpose , intentional ly.Te mambo, acci dentally.
otato-l i ke
“UN I ON “
M umbw e , n. (wa-m.) A (k indoi ) wi ld dog, fox (Ci . imbwm)H ume , n. (mtmc) . D ew . A lso
Cl u’
me.
a ena , n. (mi-m.) Plant , herb .
(Cf. mm .)M umino, n. (mi-m.) T hroat
(internal) . (Cf. mz’
na , mukash i )M umoy e, n. (wa-m.) Young
gi rl , adult . (Cf.n. (mimpa) . Trunk of
elephant. (Cf. mu lembe.)n L a la m., be
gorged, glutted W i th food.
M ump ul u , n. (zba-m. ) F001,i diot, simpleton. (Cf. pusa , clmngwa .)M unasara , n. (tba-n. ) A S wahi l iman, M ahommedan.
M unda , n. (minda . ) Culti vatedland, plantation, garden. (Cf.
M undonda , n. (mi-n.) A drop(oi l iquid) . (Cf. londa .)M unefu ,
n. (mi-n.) F leshy partof meat , flesh (not bone) . (Cf.z’
uama,cbz
’
nane.)M ango, n. Thorn
,
prickle.
M unganga , n. (ma-n.) S ee I n
gang a .
M ung’o,n. (awango) . Th ief.
(Cf. pompwe.)M ungu , M uungu , n. (mi
Pumpk in. (Ci .M ungw e , n. (wongwe) . A single,
unmarried person. (Ci . musli i ke.)M uni , n. (mint) . Anus
,vent.
H uni h u , v. G ive l ight , l ight up ,show by l ight. (Cf. mus/iy a , andfol lg .)M uni k o , n. S ometh ing
that g ives (artificial) light , torch,fire, candle, & c. A lso
(C i . mum'
éa . )M uning a , n. (mi-n.) Ground
nut . A lso I nshawa .
M unk ombo, n. (mi-n.) E arthenvessel , for water or cooking. (Cf.
M unk onk a, 11. S ee M ukonka .
M UP UT U
combry ; (z) (wa-p .) a si lly,va in,
overdressed person. (Cf pw a,
pm. )M up u tu , n. (mi -p .) N ame of a
tree.
M usafu ,n. (mi -s.) S harp, bitter
speech , taunt, rebuke. (C i . z’
sele.)M usak o , n. (mi-s.) W ooden
shaft of spear (Cf. lu
M u sa l e , n. (mi-s.) S ugar-cane.
M usambo, n. (mi-s. ) A tree
fromwhich bark-cloth i s made.
°
(Cf.lukw a .)Mm mp ala , n. (mi -s.) R el i sh ,
seasoning for food. (C i . zfiud u’
sa,
cl:z'
tozbelo,lunga .)
M usamp i , n. (mi -s.) B ough ,branch (oi tree) .H u enna , n. (mi -s .) B ack (oi
body) . (Cf. z'
u ama . )M usankw a , n. (wa-s.) Young
boy. (Cf. mwaniche. )M usantu , n. (mi-s.) Grass used
as a wrapper or cover for carryingnuts, & c.
M usu a , n. (mi-s.) S hed, shelter
(oi bonghs, grass, (Cf. matana’a ; not W .L . )M a sawo, n. (mi-s.) W ooden
rest for head, pi llow . A lso M u ta
mz‘
no.
M use , n. (mi sc) . S weet taste.
(Cf tepela , mm. )M nsemb e , n. (mi-s.) Piece of
horn used as a bird-call . (Cf.nduwulu la .)M u senga , n. (mi-s.) S and.
M usep o, n. (mi-s .) E dible forestfruit or herb . (Cf. sof a .)M usesh y a , n. (mz
'
-s. ) R iverchannel .M u sh ang ala l a , n. (mi-s.) Char
coal . (Cf.M ush i
,n. Vi l lage. (Cf.
M ush i k e , n. (zba-s. ) Unmarriedperson.
M u sh i l i , 11. Ground, earth.
Ending,
M U S ON GA
M a shna , n. (wa-s.) M adman.
(Cf. ~sl u'
lu,w him?mi-s. W ell ,M ush ima
,11.
wa ter-hole. (Cf. muka lo. )M ush imb i , M us imb i
,n. (fi a-s.)
Grow ing gi rl, not adult. (Cf. cl u
sungu .)M ushi mb i lfl i , n. (mi-s.) Charo
coa l. A lso M mlzangala la .
M ush impu l o , 11 . Beer in the
first stage of making. (Ci . kumba ,uwa lwa
,sh impula .)
M uahimu,
11. (mt'
D i s
embodi ed spiri t, sonl, ghost . (Cf.
mupaslzz'
,cfiz
’
wanda , chiml u'
ngwa .)M ush inku
,n. (mi-s.) (1) S ize,
stature, bulk, volume ; (2) kind , sort.(Cf. mulandu . )M ush i nso, n. (mi o s.) L ong
journey, long way, great distance.
M uah int i l i l o , n. (mi -s.) B lood
vessel,ZVein, artery. (Cf. lushz
'
ngu,
M ush i shi, H u ai s i , n. (mi -s.)
H a ir of head (human). (Cf.q fu ,
M ush i to,n. (mi -s.) S oot , grime.
M ush iw a , n. (zba-s.) A personbereaved, orphan, w i dow . (Cf.slzz
'
a , shy a la , musky ala . )M a sh y a , n. (zba-s.) S lave (male
or female) . (Cf. kahuna.)M a sh y a , v. G ive l ight , make
li ght , light up. (Cf. mum'
ka .)M u sh y al a , n. (zfia os.) One de
setted, derelict , w idow ,orphan
, cast
away. (Cf. muslzz'
w a , s/zya la .)M ush y al a , n. (mi-s.) Foot.(C i . lukusa .)M a sh y a , n. (mi-s.) R oot (oi
tree , & c underground) . (Cf.
M us i , 11. S ee M unsh i , M u sh i .
M usokolw e, n. (mi-s. ) N ew
place of abode, new settlement.M usomo , n. (mi-s.) S kewer,
spi t.M usonga , n. (mi -s. ) (1 ) S harp
end, tip , point (oi stake) , tooth (oicomb, &c. ) (of. songola , i songu)
M U S ON T E
(2) bad, shoot , sprout (cf. kako
M usonte, n. (mi -r.) E ar (oi
grain) . (C i .M usop el o, n. (mi -s.) R amrod.
(Cf. sopela . )M usosh i , M ush osh i , n. (mz-s.)
Tear (of the eye) .M usow a , n. (mi-s.) W a i l ing,
lamentati on. Cf. Ida . )M usuk a , n. (mi -s. ) I ron shaft
of spearhead , S p ike-end (oi axe-head,of hoe-blade) . (C i . cl wc/i o, z
'
w a ka . )M usuk u ,
n. (mz-s. )?1 ) H ornused
as cupping instrument of mulumu ,
lumi 'ka ) (z) tree w i th a sweet
edible fru i t (masuku ) .M u suma, n. W holeness, sound
ness, entirety, completeness.~a
mw ama , and mmuma,whole
,t1u
broken, perfect.M usumb o , n. (mi -s. ) N at ive
boring tool , aw l . (C i . menda.)M u sumb u , n. (mi -s.) A fish
spear. (C i . sumba .)M u sundo , n. (mi-s.) Puntingpole.
M usung i l o, n. (mi-s .) N ot
doing as asked, contrariness,i 11
nature.M usungu , n. (wa-s.) E uropean,
whi te man.
M ususu , n. (mi -s.) M ode of
wearing ha ir (Cf.mwa la . )M usw a , n (mi swa ). W h i te ant .M u ta l a n (mi -t . Di strict under
one ch ief.M u tambo n, n. (mz-t .) L arge si ze,
bnlk,stature, fine physique. (Cf.
ifumbz. )M u tnmino , n. (mi -t . ) W ooden
head-rest,pi llow . (C i . musawo,
ta amz’
na . )M u tanda , n. (mi-t .) S hed,
shelter of bonghs, grass, and leaves.
(Cf. mw asa .)M a tanda , n (mi -t .) L ine, row
(oi th ings side by side) . (Cf.mu lango, row in file. )M u tang i k o, n. (mi-t .) B egin
M U T ON D O
M u tondo, n. (mi-t .) E arthen
(cooking or water) pot .
mango. )(Cf.
ning , leading ofl'
, guiding .
fol lg . )M u tanji l i sh i , n. (wa-t. ) One
who goes in front , leader, guide.
(Cf. tangz'
la,kanongola . )
M u tano , n. (mi-t .) L arge l imbof tree, ma in fork or branch . (Cf.
musampz’
, a smal ler bongh .)M u tant i , n. (mi -t .) Cross-pole
(resting on forked poles) ; cross
piece, e. g . of bed-frame. .
M utap o, n. (mi -t .) I ronore for
smelting. (Cf. Imba, ma lamba .)M u t at i k o, n. (mi -t .) B eg inning.
(Cf. tatz’
ko, y amba ,M u ta tu i shi , n. (zfia-t . ) L eader
insinging , conductor.
M u tefu , n. (mi -t. ) H oop (e. g .
round top of a basket. (C i . cfiz'
sele. )M u tembo, n. (mi-t . ) Pole for
carrying a load between two men.
(Ci . temba . )M u temela , n. (wa-t.) W ood
cutter, in chi ef’
s household. (Cf.l ama . )M u tende , n. (mi -t . ) Peace,qu iet settled state or condi tion, usedas commonsalute.
M u tenga , n. (zfia-t .) M essenger,carri er.
M utenje ,M u tengem. (mi -t .) 51 )
R oof ofna tive hnt (round, coni ca(2) 0 enshed (roof onpoleswi thoutwa lls (Cf.M u t i , umu t i , n.
( 1 ) T ree (of. cl u’
tz’
,kat i ) ; (2)medicine
(ci . muy anda ) .M u t i k a
,n. Th ickness, stoutness,
firm texture, strength , substance.
(Cf. tz'
ka . )M u t ima, n. (mi -t. ) ( 1 ) H eart
(2) feel ing, desire, appeti te (3)di sposi ti on, ch aracter.
M u to , 11. Gravy, soup,
sauce.
M u tole, n. (mi o i .) B i rd-cal l,made of horn. (Cf. musembe,
M UTUL O
M utu lo, n. (mi-t .) Customarypresent to chief, tribute . (C i .tula .)M u tumba , n. (mi -t . ) B ale of
cal ico. (C i . t'
tumba . )M u tumw a ,n. (zba-t .) M essenger.
(C i . tuma . )M u tundu , n. (mi -t .) S ize, k ind,
sort , qual i ty (cf. muslzz'
nku ) . M
umo, a like. M umbz’
,difi
'
erent.
M u tunte, n. (mi-t .) H i l l , undulation, ri sing ground.
M u tw i,11. H ead, top ,
peak . (Ci . cl u'
tw i ,M unngn, 11. S ee M ungu .
M uuw a , n. (mi uw a ) . S mith ’s
bel lows, w i th handles (u lupa , plur.mpa ) , clay stand
Sch i tupi ) , pipe to
nozzle(kawamba1a nozzle (imhelo) ,clay fireplace into whi ch nozzle
passes (mod ulo) . Cf. fuku ta .)M uv i
, n. (zbaw'
F ri end, ao
qua intance, fellow , neighbour onlyused in combinat ionw i th a possessive adj. , e.g . muvy anjz
’
,zbavymu ,
& c. (Cf. ~w’
,cki zfiuza , muk wau‘zo,
mwame, and E L .
M ummb a , n. (mi-v.) H eappi l e, ful l measure. (Cf.M uw el e , n. (wa-w . ) F i rst-born
chi ld. (Ci . kaw z'
nda , z'
w ele.)M uw era , n. Cold season (S E .
w inds, June to dry season.
(Cf.M uw i , 11. S ee M uv i .
M uw i p i , n.
‘ W idth , breadth .
(C i .M uw ono , n. (mi-w .) Castor-oi lplant . (C i . imbono.)M um , n. A l iar, scoundrel .
(Cf. wufi , tfi. )M uWundo ,n. (mi-zé. ) B eginning
of ra iny season, first ra in. (Ci .ma im/za .)M ufirungo ,
n. (mi -zfi.) Indiarnbber tree. (Cf. z
'
ntqfu .)M uv
'buy u ,
n (mi-zb. ) B aobab
tree ; z'
zI/uy u (ma i ts frui t.
M uy ambo, n. (mi -y . ) B eginning ,commencement , start. (Ci . y amba ,
N ot W . La la.)
H W A P O
M uy anda , n. (mi-y .) D rug,medicine, poison.
M uy endo, n. (ma-y . ) T ravel ler,stranger, guest . (Cf. enda
,mu l
menda. )M w aoh eso ,
11. Past t ime , old
t ime , long ago :-a mwac/zeso, old,
ant iquated ; mwezz'
(mw aka ) w a m.
last month (year) . (Ci . ka le.)M w afl , n. Poi son, used as
ordeal .
M w aful i , n. (mi-a .) Umbrella .
( S wa .)M w a i oh e M w ai k e , n
Chi ld, young boy or g1rl . A lso
M w ani oh e . (Ci . mwana , ~clze.)M w ak a , n. Year.
M wak-o-no (mwaka mm) , th i s year ;mwaéa zua mad am, last year. (C i .c/zaka .)M w al a , n. ( 1 ) R ock ,
boulder, stone , cl ifi'
; (2) way of
wearing ha ir band fromfront to back . (Cf. mam a . )M w amba , n. (mi-a . ) Crosspole, ridge
-pole of roof. (Cf.mutanti .)M w ame, n. (warns) . F ri end,
companion. (Cf. mum'
,cfii zfiuza . )
M w ana, n. (wand ) . ( 1 ) Chi ld,son, daughter ; (2)K
erson. M wanaw a kusanga , step-c i ld. (Cf. mwana lume kam'wana , kana , mwam
’
ke. )M w anak ashi ,n. (wa-n.)W oman,
female. (Cf.M w anal ume , n. (wa-n. ) M an,male. (Ci . J ame. )M w andi , interj . A l l right, that
’s
enough , I see, I understand, thankyou . Often ccmwandz
’
.
M w ando, n. (mz'
-a .) S tring (oftwi sted fibre) . (Cf.M w angal o, n. (mi -a .) H appi
ness, joy , merriment , sport , fun,play. (Cf. angala .)M w ani k a , M w am
’
oh e, 11. S ee
M w a i oh e .
H w ap o, n. (mi-cc
z
lpo) . S omething
borrowed, advance got orgivenoncredi t . (Cf. apula .)
N A N G'
U
lazy, be beh indhand ; (3) be gentle,easy, affable, kind. N aka Konaka Ibe quiet gently ! take i t easy !A p.
-z'
1a , Cs. Int. naki shy a ,na slzy a , e.g. relax, loosen, weary,t ire ont , soften.
N angu, adv. N ot even, not at
al l , by no means. (C i .N ani , interrog. W ho ? N dam
’
,
who is i t -a namfl z kwam’
, whose?
N ani ka , v. A ply (as oi l ,rub ou . (Cf. magN ay a , N any a , v. S ti r about
(porridge, wh i le cooking) .N dolo , N dol o-ndolo , N dol ol o ,
adv. (Oftenafter ~enka , i .e. )qui te,just ,entirely, nothing but . (Cf. lokoso. )-ndu ,
~ndo, a . W hat (C i .-z
'
sa, slzam
’
,clzz
'
ndu, findu .)
N du l o, adv. (I t is) then, when.
(Ci . u lo, z'
lyo, I i , i l i , lomba .)N dume
,11. S ee I ndume .
N duno , adv. ( I t i s) now , at
once , on the spot. (Ci .N e , prep. conj . And
, w i th .
(Ci . na .)me
,a . S ee -ine, v
’
hme .
N o -ne,pron. , I . N am, and I ,
wi th me. N emw z’
ne, I myself.(Ci . newo. )N el i , adv. (before noon, adj. or
infin. mood) . N ot even, by nomeans, not a bit . (C i . nangu .)N emb o,N demb o ,n. (S . lu lembo) .
T attoo-markings, carving , wri t ing ,sketches. (Ci . lamba .)N e-ne , adv. Very , truly, real ly ,
only a fter-z'
uc (me) . (Ci . kwakut i .)N owo , nebo , nefo , pron. , 1,me. (Ci . neN ga . H as various uses
, ( 1 ) l ike,as, incompari sons, e.g.muku lu nganewo
,as big as me ; (a) introducing
a question, e.g. nga nchz’
ndo?whati s i t ? (3) in condi tiona l clauses, i i ,would, nga af ka , i f he comes, (or)he would come ; pano-nga , a lmost ,e. g .pano
-nga napona , I almost fell .men, a . interrog. H ow many ?N gu , a . demonst. ( I t i s) he,
N YA N B H I
N guo, n. C loth , clothing . S eeIngu o.
N i,v. I s, are (copula ) . S ome
t imes prep . by , w i th—after a passive
verb .
N ina , v. Go up, mount up ,cl imb, ascend. Ind. minim. (Cf.M ela . )N ina , 11. S ee N y i h a .
N indo , interrog . W hat ( i s i t) ?why, wha t for? (Cf. ~ndu . )
~N in¢at i , N i ngat i , adv. I tmaybe, perhaps, possibly, I dare say .
(Cf. kam'
,l ino. )
~nini , a ., Li ttle, sma ll, few .
P am'
m’
, a l i ttle, ina smal l degree.
(Ci . w i n. )N km, R h ano , adv. (I t is) here,
now . (Ci . wmo, mpa , pano. )-nne
,a . F our.
-no,
a . demonst . T hi s, that.
(Cf. nga ,Jy a . )
N ona , v. ( 1 ) Be (get) fat , stout,plump, sleek (cf. z
'
na , 4 20m) ; ( 2)sharpen (metal on stone) , whet ,
grind. (C i . songolo, pela , chi
noneN ongol a , v . L ead the way ,
show the road, act as guide. (C i .tang i la , kammgola .)N onk a , v. M ake ga in, profit ,
earnby trading .
mono, a . Fat,sleek
,plump.
(Ci . nona , ina .)N t i , conj . L ike, as, i f. (Ci . ti ,
ku l i ,N a lml a , v. Pluck . pul l up out ,
e. g. grass, post, feathers) . d.
~nus’
l (Ci . tupu la .)N unk a , v. Smel l, (N t. ) have a
smel l , esp . of a bad smel l (cilfuka ) .Cs. mmslzy a .
N w a , v. Drink , absorb , drinkup . M d. mwana , N t . mueka , be
drinkable, fit to drink Cs. nwes/zy a .
(Ci . kanwa , cl u'
nwa , nya .)N y e, v. Pass excreta (dung ,
urine) . (Cf. sunda .)N y amuna
,v. R ai se, li ft . (Cf.
z'
mma , z'
mi a .)N y anshj, K uny ansh i , 11. D own
N YA N T A P A L A M A
(a river) , down-stream. (Ci . kun frighten, terri fy. (Cf. t ina ,selelo, kumu lu ,
N y anta , v. T read, trample, -ow e, a . (i . e.-a awe) . Your
stamp. (C i . ny anl z’
la . ) yours. (Ci . wetbo, ~ma . )N y emuna , v. L et out, unloose, -otatu -ov i lo) , a . T hree to
release, take out (of hole, bag, re gether, (two together) . (Cf.ceptacle). (Cf. imam .) ~onam. )N y ina , N ina , n. (zfia-n.) Usually Oy u , oy o, a . demoh at. (emphatic) .
in plur. (oi respect) , mother, my H e, she. (Cf. nga , uy o, iye. )mother. N y z
’
na fi a la , mother-inlaw . (Cf. mama , and the follg . ;
smoke,your mother ; um
’
na,h is
mother ; any z'
nefioe, ourmother.)N yong
’
ona , v. Tw i st . (Ci .
pom. )N yuk i sh y a , N yuoh i shy a , v .
D ress a sk in(by rubbing) , rub soft ,bray.
Ooh a , v. A pply fire to, burn,roast , bake. (Cf. mockelo. )O l a
,W ol a , v. D ecay, go bad,
he rotten, putrid , decomposed . M d.
O lok a , v. B e stra igh t , even,level . (Cf. l zmguma , and follg. )O lola , v. M ake stra ight , even,level , stretch out .
Omb a , v. Cause to sound, e. g .
0. ngvma , beat a drum. 0. u lupi ,cla the hands. Cs. and Int . ombes y a .
Omb ola , v. R edeem, ransom,
buy back. (Cf. 1mi!u la . )Ona , v. S ee W ona .
.onane , a . Four together, fourat once. (Cf. 4 2m,
~owz'
lo, -ota tu .)Onaula , v. Destroy
,S poi l , ru in,
ravage, devastate. M d.
Onda , v. B e (get) th in, emaciated, lean, starved. Cs. omfiy a .
Onek a , v. S ee W ona .
Onk a , k onk a , v . S uck , as ch i ld.
Cs. onslzy a . (Ci .fyompa , kenka . )-onse (sometimes -eme) , a . A ll
,
the whole.
Onta , K onta, O ta , v. S i t byfire, bask in sun. (Ci . koma . )Opa , v. F ear, be afra id. Os.
o/j'a , R p. apana . Cs. af any a ,
P a , v . G ive, present, offer, e. g .
nimpaéo, gi ve me some. P a memo,
cause fear, frighten. A p. pela , Cs.Int . pesky a , pelaslzy a , e. g. givefreely , be li bera l .P a , prep. A t , to, from, in (ofplace or time), as to , concerning,about (of. ku , ma ) . A lso adverbialprefix as infollg.
P a p enk a , adv. In a uniqueway or degree, most , very much ,extraordinari ly. (Ci . -enka .)P ach e , adv . In a sma l l way or
degree, a l i ttle , sl ightly. P ar/ze
parka, l i ttle by li ttle, by slow
degrees, gradual ly. (Cf.P afwe , 11. S ee Imp afw a .
P ak a t i , adv. In the midst, between, among , through the middle.
(Cf.P ak i l a , v. Place food onplatter
ready for eating, dish up.
P aku lu , adv. Ona large scale,
greatly, much . (Cf. mbu la .)P ak u t i
, conj . B ecause, in that ,for tha t , seeing that . (C i . pa ,
P akuw'u la ,
used as prep. W i thout, not having , in lack of. (Ci .101110
,kawu la . )
P a l a , v. ( 1) S crape, grate ,scratch up (earth) , scrape clean
(e. g . sca les 03 a fish) , scrape to a
point , sharpen; (2) spi t out ; (3)pa lampaf we, inflate the lungs, draw inbrea th . (Ci . pa lay a ,M ankany a .)P al a l a , v. F ly (w i th wings , as
bi rd) . (Cf.P a l ama, v. Be (come) close to ,
si t by, he in attendance on. A p .
-mw a .
PA L A N A
P a lana , v. B e al ike (equa l ,simi lar), match , correspond, t e
semble, agree. M d.-pa1me. (C i .
P a l angany a , v. ( 1 ) S preadabout everywhere , set down here
and there ; (2) throw about, mi xup , make a jumble of. (C i . p i t anéany a , pu la , pa lay a . )P al au la , v. H oe the second
t ime (betweengrowing plants) . (Cf.pai d ,
tz’
mp ula .)P a l ay a , v. ( 1 ) S cra hard ,
scrape everywhere,sera te about ;
( 2) spread about . (Cf. pa i d , pa lm:éany a . )P ama , v. B eat , strike, knock .
M d.-pamz
'
ne, A p . parm’
na , pumim
’
na, Cs. Int . pamz
’
s/zy a . (C ifol lg . and pana ma . O ther words
for strik ing are Ionona ,f ula ,puma ,fipa z
'
ka . )P amank any a , v. B eat up to
gether, uni te by force, stick together.
(Cf. puma , and fol lg. )F amanl a , v. B eat about every
where, lay about one, gi ve a general
beat ing . (Cf. pama , pumau la .)P ambana , v. Pass by each
other, mi ss each other, fa i l to find.
P amb i,adv. ( 1 ) E lsewhere, to,
(from, at) another place (or time) ;(2) otherw ise, or. (Cf. -mbz
'
,ku
P ambuk a , v. B e separa te (separated) from,
be parted, be apart ,branch oh
'
, come oh'
(as plaster) .(N ot W .L . in this sense. Ci . panduka , pa tuka .)
-p amfi , a . F at, stout, plump .
(Cf. ina . )P amo, adv. ( 1 ) A t one (same)place or t ime ; ( 2) together, al ike,equal (ci . pelana pamo, be of the
same length , size, & c. ) (3) inaddi
t ion, as wel l , too . (Cf. -mo. )P amp a, v. Cut (ri p, sl ice) meat
off bones. (C i . sesa , maz'
la .)P amp al a , n. (ma-p.) T rack (oi
an anima l) , footmarks, spoor. (Cf.
PA PA UK A
P amp anta . v. Grope (as a blindman) , feel about.P amuna , v. S trike off, knock
06, part (sunder) by a blow , heat
into pieces. (R V. of pama . )anda , v. S pl i t, crack , part
asunder, cleave. R v. pandu la , spl i tup. (Ci . fol lg. andmupana
'e,lupanda ,
ch ipande , mampandw a , mupasa .)P andauk e , v. S pl i t (di vide,
chop up) in pieces (al l to pieces) .(C i . panda and follg . )P anduk a , v. B e spl i t off, parted ,
branch off, separate from. (Ci .panda , pambuka .)P anga , v. Construct , make,
carry into efi'
ect , use . (N ot W .L .
C i . oh t'
ra ,lenga , wa ltz. )
P anga l a , v. B e happy,joyful .
A lso A nga Ia , S anga la (whi ch see) ,and P angama .
P ano , adv. H ere, now , there,then. (Ci . ~no
,h mo. )
P anouse , adv. (panopause) . A llabout, everywhere.
P ause, adv. Outside . (Usual ly
pasonde inW .L . C i . kume.)P ansh i , adv. D own, below, be
neath, at the bottom,onthe ground,
under. A lso as n. bottom, and a .
deep, e. g . mm/u’
ma ulz’
pam/n‘
, the
wel l i s deep. (C i . kamb i , peu lu .)P anuk a , v. M ake room,
spreadout , scatter about.
P anuma , adv. ( 1 ) B ack , backwards
,at the back , behind, at the
rear ; (2) after, afterwards ; (3) later,presently , soon, hereafter. (Cf.z’
uama , kunuma . )P a-p a , adv. negat . N o, not so .
(C i . zfyoo, ko-éo. )P ap a , v . Carry chi ld on the
back ( in a sl ing, cloth,or sk in) .
(Cf.P ap ata, v. S a lute w i th gentle
hand-cla ping , i . e. beg pardon,appeal humbly , apologize, makerequest. (Ci . lamba . )P ap auk a , v. B e exci ted, eager,
ravenous,expectant , amb i tious, in a
panic , horror-struck , &c. (Cf. follg. )
P E P E
smoke (tobacco) (3) collect (caterpi llars) for food (cf. cl u
'
nkawa la ) .P ep e , n. (zfla-p .) H e-goat. (Cf.
P ap ak a , v. S ni ff, smell about ,get scent (in hunting) .P ep eta , v . S i ft (by tossing) ,
w innow .
P ep i , adv. (pa zpi ) . N ear, close,soon (cf. M a l i ). Pano pep i ,soon, a lmost.P esa , v. Part , divide asunder,
cut intwo. Ps.peswa , M d.-perwz
°
le,N t.pesuka , R V.pesu la . (Cf.mupesu ,
mupesa , panda , pa taka .)P esh y a , v . Cs. ofpela .
P a sonde , adv . Outside. (Cf.
pame, i sonde, M sonde.)P eta , v. B end round
bend, fold, make curved or round.
M d. ¢etele, N t.~eka , R p .
-ana, Cs.
~es/zy a . (Cf. fol lg . and impete,
P etama , v. Be curved, bent ,rounded, ci rcular. M d. and a .
-peteme. (Cf. f eta , and potama .)P etauk a , v. Be curved (crooked ,
w inding) . M d. and a .
coi led, &c. (Cf. peta , and t'
ollg .)P etelul a , v. Unfold, unroll ,
stra ighten, flatten. (Cf. pai d .)P eu lu , adv. (pa A bove,
ou, up, at the top . (C i . z'
u lu , s'ulu ,
P iana , v. B e heir, inheri t, suc
oecd to, claim inheri tance, ca l l at
dead man’
s house , visi t scene of
dea th . N t. pz’
am’
ka , be heir ; Cs.
p i ani s/zy a ,make heir. (Cf. imp i dno,
P i k a , v . Cook, make hot, boi l(water) Cs. pz
’
slzy a .
P i kank any a , v. M ix up, mixtogether, make a jumble of, confuse.
(Cf. lujj'any a .)P i k i l a , v . S tick in the wa i st
band (belt , irdle). R V. pa’
kulu la ,take out , pu l out .
P i k i ah y a , v. T aunt reproach,
POK A
F i h a ka, P i ku luka , v. R eturnto old home.
P i la , v. B ale out (water) .-p i le , aa . R
ife. M d. ofpy a
P ima , v. easqe, weigh , estimate , ca lculate. am. (Ci .
fiend“ )P imp a , P emp a , v. Ofl
'
endpeople’
s feelings, disgust, shock ,e. g . by indecency. (Cf. follg. )P imp uk a , P emp uk a, v. B e
offended , scanda l ized, disappointed,disgusted. A p. e. g . turnawayindi sgust, give up (a search).P inda
,v. ( 1 ) Claim as a right,
demand ; (2) accuse, bring a chargeaga inst ; (3) decide a case, adjudicate (4) close and fasten
,bar (a
door) .P indi
,11. S ee I np indi .
P indo , nn. (ma-pc).f
W ing (ofbird , insect, (C . zpap iko.)P indu l u la , v. T u1nabout , turn
round and round. (Cf. pinda .)P inga , v. ( 1 ) Oppose, obstruct,
hinder, put in the way ; (2) argue,debate, contradict . P . makam
’
,
argue, ta lk, discuss. P z'
ngamu landu ,settle a dispute, adjudicate. (Cf.pinch .)F ini k e
,v. Cut . A p. p im
'
kz'
la ,
take by surpri se, l ie in wai t for.
(Ci . lama .)P into, v. ( 1 ) A lso minta , c(as a load, on head or shoulder) ;(2) a lso p i ta , pasap
e
(ci .P i p e , v.
stool ) . A p . pi‘XI
Iape
P i riwul a , v. Overturn, turnon one side, upset . (Ci . pz
’
ndu
(a fter
P i ta , F lu te , yv. Pass, pass on
(by, along, off) , go, flow (as water) ,blow (as w ind), pass away (ast ime) .-p ofu , a . B lind. (Cf. fol lg .)P oful a , v. B lind, make blind.
N t .quka , be bl ind, bl inded. (Ci .sokowolu, t iwuka .)P ok a , v. ( 1 ) T ake, receive,
accept ; (a) take by force or fraud,
P OL A
steal , rob, plunder ; (3) rescue, save.
Cs. pokeslzy a , rescue ; A p. pokela ,poéelela .
P ol a , v. Be (get, become) cool ,get wel l after i llness) . Cs . posizy a ,make we 1, cure . (Cf. tala la , ton
P olongwela , v. F all into a
hole. (Cf. éulukz'
la .)P omb a , v. ( 1 ) Put round, en
ci rcle, gird ; (2) fold round, wraround, roll up, encircle, coi l rounR p.pambana .
P ombola,v. H ave sexual inter
course. (C i . tomba . )P ompw e, n. (zfia-p. ) Thief.
(C i . mung’o. )
P ona , v. ( 1 ) F al l , fall down,drop (down) ; ( 2) happen, come topass, fa l l out , occur, take place.
A p.panda , Csifina
,paslza ,posesfiy a ,e. g . let fal l , own down, throw .
(Cf. para . )P onda , v. Crush , pound, break
inpieces. (Ci . mupona'o, lwa .)
P ap a , v . Knock , hammer (wood) ,drive (a stake, peg). (Cf. fol lg.,
and lupopo.)P op ol a , v. G ive a knock ing
(hammering, chopping) , knock at ,
knock to b i ts. (Cf. papa .)P osa , v. ( 1 ) Cs. of pom: (which
see) , throw , cast, hurl , throw down,throw away, throw aside, get rid of,sendaway. P .mufwz
’
,shoot anarrow .
P . unga , make a mea l-ofi'
ering . P .
ch i t i , fell a tree. P . mu li lo, set
fire to (grass , &c ., of. koleka ) . P .
menda , urinate. P . mwanakasl u'
,
send away , divorce a woman. (2)a lso para , roll , twi st, pla it , e. g.
string , by rolling on leg.
P ota , v. ( 1 ) Twi st , tw i rl , rollround
, e. g . fibre inmak ing string ;( 2) tw i rl wri the, e. g. lntravai l . (Cf. pom and fol lg. )P ota, 11. S ee M ap ota .
P otama , v. B e (become) twi sted,crooked, warped, awry. M d . a .
~
poteme. (Cf. pom.)P ua , v. ( 1 ) B e l ight ( i h weight) ,
PUM A U L A
easy, tri flingg ; (2) be poor (inqual i tyor condi tion), th in, fl imsy, unsubstanti al, worthless 3) despicable,desti tute, badly off, in a wretched
(mi serable ,mean) state. M d. 7 510223,Cs. Int. pmlza , pusky a ,patj'a . (Cf.anguéa , para , and follg.
~pua , pw i l e, a . 1) L ight ;(2) poor, mean. (Ofl pua
a,v M ake l ight oi , treat
l i htly, desp1se (2) dog
’
ma careless
oghand w ay , be quick, hasty, in a
hurry. S opufi fany a ,pufirlm. (Cf.wangu .)P uk a , v . S hake to and fro. P .
mut’
,shake the head.
P ukumuna , v. S hake to bi ts,crumble. (Cf. puéa .)P uku ta , v. ( 1 ) Clean a house,
dust , sweep ; ( 2) play (as chi ldren).(Ci .fa kuna .)P ul a , v. ( 1) Pass, make a pas
sage (hole) , make a way (into,through , out of
,by) , escape, dis
appear, pass by, sl ip away, appear.K ama kapu la , the sun came out .
M d.~puh
’
le, A p.pu lz°
la , Cs.pu lz'
sfiy a ,
pmlzy a , e. g . cause to di sap ear,
remove, destroy. Ch iwanda c ibu
pu l i sfiy e ! the devi l fly away w i thyou ! Pusby a mi songo, put out
shoots ; (2) begg , ask (for) ; (3)snort. (Cf. follPu luk u, v. 0 out , emerge, get
out , escape. Cs. pu luslty a , takeout, save, scare away , drive away.
(Ci . pula and fol lg. )P ul umuk a , v. B urst out , di s
charge, w i th violence, pour out ,rush (dart , dash) off. Cs. pa lammhy a , e. g. of
gouring out abuse,
of emptying the owels , of an ava
lanchepof stones, &c., of a premature
b irth ; (also) efi'
ect a rescue, save
from danger.P uma , v. ( 1) B eat , strike
, (oiheart) throb cf. pama ) ; (2) cook(porri dge, ms zwa ) . (Ci . my a .)P umanla , v. G ive a thorough
heat ing (to) , lay about on al l sides .
(C i .puma .
PUM B A
P umb a , v . Cc and get food
elsewhere in time of famine, bybarga in, working, & c.
P umuna, v. R est , stop on a
journey , encamp. (N ot W .L . C i .
P anama , F ouama , v. B e a
fool , stupid, 3111y M d. and a .
panama. (Ci . pm, pa w.)P unga , v. S i ft , by shaking
round in basket.sel f. pepeta .)
P ungama , v. out of place,onone side , awry, slanting, crooked,& c. (Ci . follg. )P unguk a . S et sideways, tip up,make slant .P ungu l an'. Get less, d1m1nish
decrease, lessen. (Cf. cliepaP up a , v M ake a (ceremonial )
offering, sacrifice. A pp. pupi la ,pupi
'
lzla (cf. cbipupo) ; (2) blow in
pufl'
s (gusts, of w ind) (cf.f follgP upu lu, v . S hake ofi
'
(ags dew
fromgrass) .P ush a , P usa , v. ( 1 ) B e fooli sh,
si lly, fri volous, triflin ,mischievous( a) fa i l , mi ss (a ss ot) , make a
blunder. R p . pw ana , e. g. mi sseach other, pass and not meet.(Ci . pua , panama . )P ush y a , v. Cs. ofpu la, put out,
e. g . put out buds, s rout .
P usu l a , v. C can grain (ofhusks) .P usumuk a , v. S l i away, es
cape.
-p u tu ,a . T h ick , stout . (Cf.
ma tted .)P u tul a , v. B reak ofl
'
, snap off,out (pul l) in two, bring to an end.
P w a , v ( 1 ) B ry n , evaporate,be drunk upp, absorbecl
J
cease,
fai l , come to an end. L . Cf.slzzla , pela .)P y a , adv. negat. N o, not so .
(Ci . z'
y oo, my th ).
P y a , vv. B e ri e, cooked (boi led,heated , dressed , one) , be ready, fitfor use (cf. M d. and a.
S A N GA L A
~p y a , a. N ew , fresh , recent,
modern.
P y anga, P i ang a , v. S wee
(house, floor, (Cf. chzjfiy angosP y ata , v . T wi st, spin, roll up ,make by roll ing, e. g . string (mwando) . (Cf.posa ,pata , and fol lg.)P y atau l a , v. S hake ofl
'
, rub ofiP y a tuw i l a , v. Untw ist , unravel .(C i .py al a .)
B . F or words beginning wi th Bsee under L .
S ak ama , v. ( 1) Crouch down,conceal onesel f,move stealth i ly (cf.fukama ) ; (2) tremble, shake (w ithcold, fear,S ak ul a , v. Comb , comb out .
A p. sakm'
la . (Ci . ch isakulo. )S a la , v. (1 ) M ake a noi se,
shout ; (2gdisturb, insul t , tease,
annoy ; (3 choose, select , prefer ;(4) tap, beat (e. g . bark inmak ingcloth ) ; (5 ) see I sol a .
~sa1i , a . Unclean, di rty, foul,filthy. (Cf.S a lul a, v. Cook infat , fry.
S ame, v. ( 1 ) A dorn, decora te,furni sh, e nip. N t . samika , e. g.
wear fine c othes, a lso A ct . (cf.fwah
’
la ) ; (2) cut instrips, smal l pieces(ci . tanta ) .S amb a , v. W ash (body , clothes.
vessels) , bathe , swim. Cs. samfl a ,
sambz'
s/zy a , e. g . ( 1) cause to wash
(bathe, sw im) ; (a) teach , show how ,
instruct , direct .S amb al a , v. B e rich . (Ci .
follg.)~sambash i , a . R ich, wealthy.
(Ci .S amp a , v. H ave several w ives,practi se polygamy.
S andi k a , v. S pread about, increase, mult iply. (Ci . fu la , ku la. )S anga , v. F ind, come upon,
fall in w ith, meet . R p . sangana
(cf. éumcma ) . M wana clam) waka sanga , stepchi ld (fatherS angal a , S angal a la , v.
S E N G A
thing dead, find a dead th ing. A lso
S endw a .
S enga , v. ( 1 ) R ub, rub hard ,rub soft (e. g . of a h ide) , file (cf.tu la ) ; (2) beg, importune (ci .loméa ) .S enk el i , n. (wa-s.) A deaf
person.
S ensa , v. S peak aga inst , tel l
l ies of,slander (cf. waya , sew a ,
songela ) . A p. sensela . ( 1 ) T ripa long, take sma ll steps , go li ttle byl i ttle ; ( 2) scatter about. (C i .mw asby a , pa lay a . )S ep a , v. ( 1 ) M ake ra ised beds
(lapa i t'
) forpotatoes, pumpk ins, &c. ;
( 2 ) gather (cut of?) cars of mi llet(amawo) ; (3) eat (l ive on) forestroots and frui ts (as infamine) .S ep u l a , v . Graze (skin) , rub
the sk in ofl'
.
S osa , v . Cut (by draw ing a sharpedge across
,and so) sl i t, sli ce, saw .
H ence of cutt ing grass
ha ir bark
luk'w a ) , the throat (mumino) . A lso
of ambush ; A p . J erald,cut off, l ie
in wa i t for (cf. Cs.
ses/zy a .
B a sanla , v. Cut up in pieces(al l about , everywhere) . (C i . rem.)S esema , v. T 1emble, shake,quiver
,sh i ver, throb. A lso T otema .
(Cf. tutuma .)S ew a , v . ( 1 ) Cut grass w i th
axe ; ( 2) separa te husks , si ft, w in
now ; (3 ) slander, di sparage. (Cf.fi epa . )S ew any a , v. S . zi mta , a im an
arrow .
S ew auk a , v . W alk about,
gossip, pass t ime away. (Cf. tanda la ,
amba u la .)S h . W ords not found under 811
may be looked for under S h y , or 8 .
S h a l e , S h aina, v. S ee S h y a l a ,S h y amu.
S h amb ol ol o , n. K oodoo (buck) .S h amb u la
,v. W a lk up in a
defiant way , provoke, attack , showdefiance. C12werfiy a .)
S H I LU
S hana , S h y ana , v. Dance.
(Cf. cl u’
la . )S h anga . v. S ow (seed) . (Cf.
wz'
a la , wz'
éa . )S h ani , S h y ani , interr. H ow ?
how much ? what sort ? -a slzam'
,
of what k ind, what sort of i of wha ttribe ? for wha t use ? W ashz
'
t a
slzy am'
, how do you sell ?wha t i sthe price ?S h eta , S h y eta , v . Crush w i th
teeth , chew ,mast ica te.
sh i ( I ) A plur. (concord) prefixof adjectives and verbs ; ( 2) the
common negative prefix of verbforms infirst personsing . (C i . taS h i a
,v. L eave
,abandon, desert ,
leave beh ind. A p . sh i la , leave to(for, a t , Cs. slzz
’
sfzy a , slzz'
lz’
slzy a ,Ps . slzz
'
wa,e. g . be bereaved (as
orphan, w idow ) . S ee a lso B hi la ,S h y a l a . (C i . leka .)S hi k a , v. ( 1 ) S weep, clean (by
sweep ing ) , clear of di rt (rubbi sh ;cfipy angzz) ; (2 )make fire by fri cti on(two firesticks) ; (3) bury, cover up,e.g . ingrave, inhot ashes.
S h i k i sh i la , v. R ub away, rub
out , e .g . someth ing inthe eye.
S hi k i w angw e , n. B ush-bnck.A lso [mbawa lmS h i k u , 11 . D ay . S ee I nsh i lm.
S h i hnl u , 11. Usual ly inplur. (ofrespect) . A sl u
'
éu lu , grandfather.
A lso used inaddressing a ch ief or
any superior.S h i l a , v. ( 1) End, come to an
end , cease, stop, leave off, be finished(completed, done) (2) end, bringto an end
,finish , put an end to.
S i t . mu landu ,settle, deci de, adjudi
cate a case. 5 11. wantu, k i ll peo le.
N asbz’
l o muslzy a , i . e. na s i la
(ku )m-uslzy a , I have a lready toldhim. A p . sbz
'
lz’
la , Cs.
(C i . slzz’
a , slzy a la , pela ,mana . )S h i l i h e, v. S l u
'
lz’
ka / be quiet !si lence ! no noise !
~sh i 1u , a . M ad, not in
mind, indecent. (Ci . ushz'
lu
S H I L UW E
S hi l uw e,n. L eopard. A lso
[nkense.
S h ima,v. E xt inguish , put out
(fire, l ight) . A lso S izz'
ma u i/a .
A p . slzz’
mz’
na , Nt . slzz'
mz'
ka,be
ext ingui shed.
S h imb u l a , v. M ent ion, refer to ,speak of
,use an expression
, pro
nounce.
S h imfy a , v . Amaze,surprise ,
astoni sh , confound. Ps. slzz’
mp'wa ,Cs. I nt . slzz
'
mfisizya .
S h imi k a , v . G ive an account ,narra te, relate, report , make a state
ment , tel l a story, give an answer.
(Cf dz2'
s}: intS h imina , v . M ake a (mud)
floor (oi but) .S h imp u l a ,
v Used of part of
process of brewmg (kumba ) nativebeer (uw a lw a ) .S h imy a , v . K i l l
,massacre,
slaughter. (C i . zlpay a . )S hi na ,
v. B e blunt (not sharp) .M d. and A . blunt ; Cs.
shz'
nauslzy a , utterly blunt , ruin theedge of (Cf. sbz
'
nola . )S hi na i k a , v. B ebroken(smashed,
pounded) to pieces.S h inda i k a , S h inda i sh y a , S h in
da i l a , S h i nd i k a , v. A pply pressureto , press , push ,
ram, force down.
S h ind i k i sh y a , v . A ccompany onthe road, go a short way w i th ( inrespectful leave-taking . (Cf.peleka .)S h ingang a , 11. S ee I ngang a .
S h i ngano , n. N eedle (forei gn) .(C i . kany enda . )S h ingu l a , v. A pply (the final
coat of) plaster (mud, clay,pa int ,
to a hut) , fini sh off. (Cf. ma m,slzz
'
wu lu la . )S h i ngu luk a , v . ( 1 ) Be round
,
rounded, circular ; (2 ) be around,surround, encircle, go round ; (3)go round
, revolve,turn round .
M d. and a . Cs. sizin
gu lus/zy a , put round, encircle (gi rd ,surround) w i th , make go round.
A lso S l u'
ngauka . (C i . peta . )S hi ngw e , v. Be perplexed, con
B H U L A
fused, dazed, depressed, troubled .
(Cf. kam’
ka,tumcma .)
S h ink a , v . B lock , close , shut ,stop up (hole, passage, pa th ) , cork ,e. g . S . nslzz
'
la, close a path by a
l ine or sti ck across i t. S . kanwa ,
keep s i lence, S . ma t’
, be deaf.
A p. slzz’
nkz’
la , R V . slzz’
nku la , unstop,Open, clear the w ay , uncork , open.
(Cf. z'
mzma , z'
w a ka .)S h i nol a, v . M ake blunt , i . e.
sl u'
nau la . (Ci .S h imea , v. D andle a ch i ld in
arms,fondle, nurse, caress.
S h insh i la,v. Be sleepy, doze .
(Cf. sbz'
pu la , tu la . )S h intu l a , v . E xchange, g ive (or
take) inexchange. (Cf. sl u'
ta . )8 h i p a , v. S pi t, expectora te. (Cf.
mate, pa i d .)S h i p u la , S i p ul a, v . D oze
,have
a nap . (Cf. slzz'
wata , sbz’
mu la,tu la . )
S hi shimuk a, v . W ake up sud
denly, revive, recover consci ousness,come to l i fe aga in.
S h i ta,S i ta , v . B uy , sel l , barter,
exchange, engage in trade (business ,commerce) . R p. slzz
’
tana . (C i .mukushz
’
ta , sl u'
ntu la .)S h i t i la , v. M ake a game fence .
(Cf. lushz’
to, luwawo. )
S h i w a , v. S ee S h i a . a .~sfiz
'
wa ,bereaved, deserted , orphan, w i dow .
S h i w ata , v. Close the eyes,doze , go to sleep. (Cf..r/u
'
zbuka tu la. )S h iw'uk a , v . Open the eyes,
wake up . (Cf. wa ke , lamuéa,
s]: i s}:z'
w a ka,sit t
'
wa ta .)S h iwu l a
,v. R ub the eye. R v .
s/zz’
zbu lu la, rub smooth mud-wa l l ,
floor, & c.S h ol a l ok a , v. M ove to one side ,
draw aside. Cs. s/zolaushy a , sh i ft ,
(put , push) aside.
S h olol a , v . S t ir up (food incook ing) . (Cf. my a .)S h ota , v. N ip (w i th na i ls),pinch. (Cf. claimlzoto,finy a .)S h ul a , v . Cut away, cut al l
round , e. g. root. oi a. wee"
B H U L U K A .
S h u l uk a, v. B e drawn out,l i fted out (as post in hole) .S h umbw e , n. (wa -s. ) L ion.
(Cf. z'
nka lamu , a lso s/mngfw a . )S h ungu l uk a , v. B e mel ted
,
mel t . A lso S kungu lz’
ka, S m:
g mm/éa .
-sh w esh i , a. L ight-coloured
,
bright (in hue) , fa ir-complexioned.
S hw ata , S w et a , v. ( 1) B e
(become) bright , l igh t (in hue) ;( 2) be l ighted up , l ight , full of
l ight ; (3) be open, clear, bare ,
exposed to view , empty. M d. anda .
~swete,-.rwetele, Cs. swetes/zy a ,
swes/zy a .
8 h y a l a ,v. B e left , rema inbeh indstop a t a place, stay
,wa i t. A p .
s/zy a lz'
la , e. g . stop for, w a i t at . In
taking leave, s/zy a lz'
lempo, i . e .
rema inwhere you are , I am going ,good
-bye. A lso K a lm/zy a le. Cs.s/zy a lz
'
slzy a . (Cf. sbz’
a,slzz
'
la . )S hy ama , v . F a i l, be unlucky,
have a di saster, not succeed , have
losses. (Cf. s/zy uka ,S h y eta , v. Chew . S ee S h eta .
S h y uk a , v. S ucceed , be lucky ,ga in, prosper, get , profit . (C i .s/zy ama ,S ok a ,
v. S prout, put out shoot
(bud, blossom, (Ci . tu l a ,musango.)S ok ow ol a ,
S h ongow ol a,
v.
B ore out the eye, make blind. (C i .quka . )S omb i
, B omb a ,adv. Perhaps ,
possi bly,i t may be. (Cf. kam
'
,
S omena , v . A ch e , hurt , be
pa inful . (C i . finy a , ka l ipa , a lso
soma . )S omp a , v. F ix post in hole .
A lso S umpa.
S omp ol a , v. S natch , catch at,sei ze hasti ly .
S onda , v . T aste, take a taste of.
B ou dela , v . G lance at , peer a t,cast eye on.
8 0113 3 , Y. A ttack (hurt, gore)mtb born
, e.g . an ox.
S U M I N A .
S ong any a, v. F ight , argue ,quarrel .S ongel a , v.
accuse, slander.
T el l stories about ,Cs. songes/zy a
S ongol a , v. Cut to a point ,point , sharpen. (C i . i songu .)S onk a , v. B ring tri bute (con
tri but lon, tax) . Cs. sonkeslzy a ,R p.
sonkana , gather together, col lect ,assemble . (N ot L . Cf. tu la . )S onk el a , v. M ake up fire, add
fuel . (Cf. koshy u. )S onkw el a
,v. D ig hole (for
post) .S anta , T onta , v. Point w i th
finger, point out , show , indicate.
(Cf. tanuka . )B ou tama , v. S quat onheels.
S Op el a , v. R amcharge in(gun) ,load. (Cf. musopelo. )8 0p ok a , v. E scape, get away,
get out of trouble. (C i . pu lumuka . )S osa , S h osh a , v. S peak
, say ,ta lk , argue, reply. A p. sosela
, Cs.
sosy a , sores/zy a , R p. sosana . ( L a fi n’
la
i s commonly used inW .L . )S u a , v. Anoint , rub w i th o i l .
S uk ul a , v. T ug at, pull of?
(e . g . bark from tree). Cs. suku
lz’
s/zy a , pull hard a t, e . g. launch (acanoe).S u l a , v . ( 1 ) S how di sda in (dis
l ike, resentment) , reject , refuse ;
(2) pound (sorghum) .S uma , v. B i te, grip, nip , sting ,
hurt .
B umau l a , v . Grip t ight (w i thteeth , vice,S amb a , v. S pear (fish). (C i .
mmumbu .)S umbul a , v. L i ft up , ra ise ,
hoi st . (Cf. ny amuna , z'
my a ,
z'
mma .)S umi k a , v. L et blood, bleed,
cup . S ee L umi k a .
S umi na , v . ( 1) A gree, assent ,acquiesce, al low , grant ; ( 2) ao
know ledge, confess, bel ieve ; (3)prom
ise, undertake, come to terms ,
T A N T A .
T ant a , v. ( 1 ) D ip (food) ingravy or rel ish (cf. towela ) ; (2) cutflesh in pieces (ofi
'
bone of a dead
animal ) (of. w a z’
la ) ; (3) be pa inful ,be ch i lly , cold (cf. tontola ).T antamuk a , T ent emuk a , v.
Descend a h i l l , go down. (Cf. z’
ka,
seluka .)T ant i k a , v . (1 ) W eave, pla i t
(cf. luka ) ; ( 2) unwrap , unroll ,spread out . (Cf. f ungu lu la , tanda . )T anuk a , v. ( 1) Point out , show
(cf. sonta ) ; (a) climb , about (e. g .
onrafters inbu i lding roof) .T ao, T au , negat . N o, not so.
(Cf.T ap a ,
v. T ake a piece, takepart, take in parts or portions , layhold oi , take, sei ze. T . menda ,draw w a ter (by dipping up) . S o
a lso tapu la menda . (C i . (w a l tz,
poka ,z'
ka ta .)T ap a l i , v. T here i s not (no one
,
none , nothing ) , no. (C i . taku lz'
,
T ap u l a , v .
’
D i p up, dip out ,take l ittle by l i ttle. (Cf. tapa . )T ash y a , v . S et heart on
,1 )
des ire, admire, pra i se , long for ;
( 2) feel loss of, regret , mi ss. T
kwmu , be homesick ; lz’
tas/zy a , be
proud (boastful) , think too much of
oneself.
T a ta , 11. Usual ly in pl . of t e
spect , a ta/a , wa tata , 16a m, fa ther.
A . w a kansanga , step-father ; A .
jfya la ,fa ther-m-law ; A . nkaslzz
'
,
fa ther’
s sister, aunt (Cf.T a t i k a , v. R egm,
make a beg inning , start . (Cf; langa , y amba ,ta tu/a . )-t a tu ,
a . T hree.
T a tu l a , V L ead off (insinging) .
(C i .T au l a
,v . S crub (a personclean),
rub , wash . (Cf. samba .)T aw a ,
v. Creep (of a plant) .T aw a-tawa , pound gra in(cf. l wa ).T ay a , v . Part w i th, g ive away,
p ut ( throw) away, lose, sacri fice.
A p . e. g . make an offering
T E N T E M UK A
(to , for) (of. pupa ) ; N t. tay z‘
ka, Cs.
tay z'
s/zy a .
T e , negat. N ot ( ia connexionw i th a word follow ing ,butnot prefix ,
as Ta Te m m’
, i t i s
nei ther Tefyo, notso
T ek a,v. ( 1 ) Calm,
paci fy ,makequiet , comfort ; ( 2) domestica te ,tame ; (3) plunder, carry of?(goods ,and persons by violence) , take capti ve ; (4) a im (a gun, arrow ) ; ( 5 )put down, put by the fire. (Cf.follg .)T ek any a , v. Be quiet , calm,
composed , pacified , contented,mi ld .
Cs . teéam'
slzy a . (Cf. teéa . )T el a , v . A lso S el a , whi ch see.
T el el a , v. S l ip, sl ide, gl i de .
Cs. teleslzy a , tes/zy a . (C i . terb i
muka . )T oma , v . Cut, cut down, cut
off. (F or various kinds of cutt ingcf. tewa , ta bu la
,cheka , pz
’
nz’
ka ,
pand a , sesa , sewa , feta ,panda ,tanta
w a z'
la , fingu la , tz’
mbu la , tema la ,temau la . )T ema l a
,T emau l a , v . Cut on
a l l sides, make a large clearing .
T emb a , v. Carry on a pole(betweentwo men) . (Cf. mutembo.)T emw a ,
v . L ike, be plea sedw i th
, fond of, love, be contented,sa tisfied. M d.
~temenwe, R p . te
mw ana , Cs. Int . temweslzy a . (C i .éonda , i ota .)T enda , v. Groan, be i l l . (C f.
lwa Ia ,T endeka , v. B e aggressive ,
start upon, provoke , annoy , meddlew i th . A p. tendeéela .
T enenk a , v. B e sore
Spa inful ) ,
hurt . (Cf. somena , ka lz’
pa .
T ong a , v . D ecl ine , refuse. (Cf.16mm. )T enk ana , v . S hake to and fro
,
tremble, w ave about . Cs. tmkanya ,shake about (e . g . vessel , so as to
spi l l contents) .T entemuk a , v. S ee T anta
T E N TU L A.
T entnl a , v . Knock, hammer.
(Ci . ju la , pama . )T ep el a , v. T aste nice , be sweet
(savoury, taste) . (Cf. muse.)T esa , v . Throb, qui ver, palpi
tate. (Cf. tetema . )T esh imuk a , v. S l ip, slide.
A lso Tesl u'
ma . (Cf. I elela .)T eta
,v. Cut, cut down. Te
tau la , cut on al l sides (w idely ,genera l ly). (Cf. fema , sesa
,se
sa u la .)T ete l a , v . Cackle. (Cf. lapuka .)T eul a , v. T ake (a pot) oi? (the
fire) . (C i . z'
pu la . )T ew a ,
v. Cut up, cut firewood.
(Ci . Iema . )T ewet a , v. M ake a present of
food.
T ewu l a , v . Cut (stalks of grain).(Cf. sanjya . )T ey a , v. ( 1) Get ready before
hand,prepare, provide, put ready ,
supply ; (2) set trap , trap.T i , v. S ay, think
,do . Used
ch iefly inconj. ku l i , a ti , ngatz'
,& c.
T i k ama , v. Be th ick , firm,
stout, substant ial , of good qua l i ty.
and a . J ikeme. (C i . mu tz’
ka .)T imbu l a , v . ( 1 ) S l ice flesh of?
bones (cf. tanta , wa z'
la ) ; $2) hoe a
second time (between p ants (cf.pa lau la ) ; (3) help to food.
T ina , v . ( 1 ) Be afra id, fear
(cf. opa , mwemo) ; (2) sei ze wi th
claw s (or na i ls) scratch , nip. Cs.
tz'
uy u . (C i . slmta . )T inanga , v. F eel w i th fingers ,press.
T int a , v . D raw t ight, pull ,stretch . N t. tz
'
ntz'
ka,M d.
Cs. Int . tz’
nl z'
sfzy a .
T i u l a , T y u l a , T u l a , v. B ore a
hole, pierce ; (a) strip flesh off dead
anima l . A lso T i zfiula . (Cf. fol lg.
and tu la . )T iw auk a , v. H ave cracked
(sore, chafed) feet.T iwuk a, v. B l ind, make bl ind,
be b l inded. (Ci . pofuka , t i ala ,sot a'wala .)
-TU I S H I
T ola , v. ( 13Pick up, take up ,
in the fingers, nd by acci dent, get ,acqui re ; ( a) fasten, t ie (cf. kaka ,f unga , sanga ) .T ol a la , T ol aul a ,
v . P ick upall about , find everywhere, get
quickly (easi ly) . (Ci . tola .)T ol ok a , T o lek a , v . R unaway,play truant
,desert , leave a master.
A p . tolekela , Cs. toles/zy a .
T omba , v. H ave sexua l intern
course .
T ompw e , n. (tba-t .) B ra in(substance), contents of skull .T ongol a , v. R emove the gra in
from a cob of ma i ze.
T onoun,v . B eat, stri ke. (Ci .
T ont a , v. S ee Bonta .
T ontola , v . Be cold.
-tontwele. (C i . pola ,tanta . )
T osh y a , v. A rgue, quarrel .(Cf. sosa , soslzy a .)T ote, v. Be contented (pleased,
happy, sat isfied, grateful ) , be glad .
Cs. totes/iy a . (C i . kona’a , temma ,
sanga la .)T ow a , v . ( 1 ) B reak (i a general ) .
M d. J awele, N t . tow eka ,A p . towe/a ,
Cs . toweslzy a (cf. m a , funa z’
ka,and
( z) T . ma luwa , flower,blossom. M d.
-tow ele.
T ow a i k a,v. B reak , be broken,
e. g . have a spl i tting headache, beinviolent pa in.
T ow a la,v . B reak a l l to pieces ,
smash up. (Cf. towa .)T ow al a , v . D ip (morsel , mouth
ful) of food inrel i sh (gravy , seasoning , d ish ) . (Cf. Iowa , clzz
‘
to'welo,
T ow ok a , T ow auk a , v. H op
(as frog) , jump.
Tun, T uw a , v . ( 1 ) Be (become)wh i te
,l ight coloured , clean, pure,
innocent ; (a) pound (gra in; see
T w a ) . M d.~t
’
le, -tuw z'
le. Cs .
Int . tuw islzy a , N t. ta ika . (C i .follg .)-tu.i ah i ,
~tv i sh i, a . Whi te, clean,
pure. (Ci . tua .)
TU K A .
T uka ,v. Use abusive language,
abuse. M d .o lub
'
le. Cs . ta rby a ,tukz
'
s/zy a , R p. tukana . (Cf. z'
tuka ,
T uk u ta , v . Perspire,
sweat .
(Cf. z'
tubuta ,ch iwe.)
T u l a , v. ( 1 ) Begin, have i ts
source or origin, ri se (o i ri ver, sun) ,appear ; (a) pay tri bute (usualpresent , tax to chief) ; (3) put download , rest ; (4) a lso t i u la
, bore a
hole, pierce ; (5 ) a lso tuu la , rub ,pol ish , file. N t. tu l i kmbe wel l
known, famous.
T ul o , 11. Pl . sleep. L a la tu la ,
go to sleep , sleep. (C i .shz
’
pu la , slzz'
wata , u lo.)T u lul a , v. Pour (into a vessel ) ,pour out . (Cf.T uma
,v . S end , di spatch , em
ploy (as messenger) . N t . tumz'
éa ,Cs . tumi slzy a , tumz
'
kzklzy a . (Ci .lay z
'
slzy a ,
T umana , v . Be sad, sorrow ful,
depressed , s i lent , melancholy. M d .
-tumene, Cs. z‘
s/zy a , harass, brow
bea t , persecute, oppress, treat badly.
(Cf. éa tarlzy a , saw by a , sa uéa ,Zangaluka .)T umbu la , v . Cut open, ri p up .
T amp a , v. Be a fool , stupid,si l ly. M d. (Cf. puslza , punama , and follg .)T ump a i k a , T ump a i l a , v . M ake
a fool of, deceive, chea t . (Cf.l umpa , chenjela . )T ump u k a , v. F lounder
, gasp(as m drowning) .T unda , v . A lso S unda
,urinate.
(Cf. ”y a ,
T ung a , v. Insert , pass (string,thread, needle, skewer) through,e . g . thread needle, string beads.
Tung u lu l a , n. L ong narrowmat of S pl i t reeds. (Ci . mapasa .)T ungumi sh y a , v. Bewa i l ,
mourn, lament . (Cf. lz'
la , tusuka . )T unk a , v . Pri ck , stab. A p .
l y z ée/d . A 15 0 s éu la .
T ant i k a , V. M ake heaps, pi les,
UCH I S A .
pi le up, heap. (Cf. mutunta , and
fol lg. )T untuk a , v. A scend, go up ,
slope upwards. (C i . mutzmta .)T up u l a , v. Pluck (e. g . fea thers
from fow l ). (Cf. muku la . )T u push y a , v. D i smi ss, send
aw ay, drive away. (C i . pu luslzy a ,wa tusky a .)T u sh y a , v. Cs. of tu la , e. g .
encamp, rest .
T u suk a,v. ( 1 ) Bewa i l , mourn,
lament (c i . lz’
la ) ; (a) (of bi rds) ri seand fly away.
T u ta , v . S prout , put out leaves,buds . (Cf. soéa . )T a te , n. (zfia-t .) Cassava (plant
and root) .T u tu l a , v. S tumble, trip . M d.
-tut°
1e, Cs. I a t’
slzy a , trip up ,make stumble.
T utuma , v . T remble, sh iver,pa lpi tate, throb . (Cf. tetema . )T uw a . S ee T u a and Tw a .
T uw ama , v. L ie on the face,face downwards. (C i . funama . )Tw a , Tu a , v. ( 1 ) Pound (as
gra in w i th pestle ; cf. ifusu ) ; (2 )be sharp (edged , pointed ; cf. lu
ma ta ) . Cs. tw i slzy a , sharpen.
T w al a , v. T ake, bring , convey,conduct ; (a) bear frui t
,w i th
i rreg . M d .-t
'
le, in ast tense only.
(Cf. clza twa la , jj/a laj)
Tw i k a , v. Put load onshoulder,l i ft up . (Cf. tu la .)
U . W ords not found under U
may be looked for under W , W u,
Uw .
U anga , 11. S ee Uw anga .
U ch e,n. S ma l lness, thinness,
feebleness. (C i . w ire. )U ch ende
,n. A dultery. (Cf.
cbemlzemen’
,uéunus/u
'
,c/zemla . )
U ch enjesh i , n. D eceit,cheating ,
fraud. (Cf. chenfi la . )U ch ing a , n. (md-ck.) P i tfa l l
(for game) .U chi sa
,Wuch i sa , 11. (Any)
seasoning , rel ish , eatenwi th porridge
U L U L U'
U lu l u , n. Anger. (Ci . Iu la ,lukama . )U l uma , v. R umble, growl , roar(as thunder, l ion) .U lumbw ana , n. Youthful age,
youth . (Ci . mu lumbzvana . )U l ume , n. M anhood, courage.
(Cf. J ame. )U lunda , n. F riendship. (Cf.
dzi zbuza . )U lungu ,
Wu l ungu , n. B ead,beads, necklace of beads.
U lw ash i , U lw e le , n. (ma-l .)S ickness, i l l-hea l th . (Cf. lwa Ia .)Uma , v . ( 1 ) B e (become) dry ,
hard,tough ; (2) dry up, decay ,
w i ther, die ; (3) be a hard barga in,expensive, dear.
W ork inUmb a , Wamb a , v .
clay,do pottery work ,
form,fashion,
mould . (Ci . umumba ,Umfw a , v. ( I ) Perceive, be
sensi ble of (by any organor faculty ,but especia l ly by the ear) , hear ; ( a)l i sten, a ttend , heed ; (3) understand.
N t . umfw z’
ka , be heard, he audible ,intel ligi ble M d . mmw i le, A p.
umfiuz’
la , Cs. Int . um 02'
s/zy a , ande .g. l i stena ttentively,
R p . umfw ana , e. g . feel for, pi ty,sympath1ze.
Umoy o , M oy o, n. L ife , vi ta l ity,hea lth , consciousness, v igour.Um-um,
negat . N o, not so.
(Cf. eu-ku , ma -ma , zjyoo.)Undamuk a , v. R ise (fromlying
down) , get up. (Cf. z'
w a , zfiuka .)Une , m e
,n. Goodness (in
genera l , but speci al ly of appearance ,
i . e. beauty . S ee -ine ,-no. Used
a lso as a . w i thout prefixes, beauti ful ,pretty.
Unga , v . Gather, col lect, put in
groups (heaps) . R p. ungana , forma group , ga ther together, assemble ;Cs . unganz
'
slzy a . (C i . Ionga , zi'mmba . )
Ung a , W unga , n. Flour,mea l ,
powder. U. w a nf u tz’
, gunpowder.
Unina , 11. H i s (her) mother ;110/ai d , y our mother. (C i . ny z
’
na ,
UW A L W A .
U p a , v. M arry (oi the man) .M d. mpz
'
le,Ps. mp i lwa , be married
(of the woman) . M d mpz’
lwe, Cs.
ufya , g ive in mamage, arrangemarri age. (C i . kwa la , lz
’
ngu la . )U sak ul a , n. N udi ty, nakedness .
(Cf. lufunw a .)U sal i , 11. Dirt , fil th , unclean
ness. (Cf.U sal u , 11. Thread. (C i . in
sa lu . )U samb ash i , n. R i ches, wealth ,
luxuri es. (Cf.U eaneme , adv. On the back,
supine (posi tion) . L a la a .,l ie on
the back . (Cf. ug’
fzmeme, utuweme,sanama .)U sh i , n.
(Ci . cl mslzi .)U sh i ku , n. (ma-w lz. andma-slz.)
N ight, night-time. A dv. a t night .
(C i .U sh i l u , n. M adness. (Cf. ~sl u
'
lu ,
S moke, steam, vapour.
U sooh i , U sos i,
11 . T a lk ing ,conversa tion. (Cf. sosa ,U t a , n. B ow . S eeWu t a .
U tal i , 11 . D i stance, length ,height . (C i . J a l i .)U ta l l a , n. (ma-t .) S torehouse ,
granary.
U tani , n. M eanness, selfishness,niggardl iness. (Cf. tana . )U tesh i , n. S l ipperiness. (C i .
U tufi , n. (matufi ). Dung , excrement . (Cf. ny a ,
mz'
koslzi . )U tuk a , 11. S eeW a tuk a .
U tund a ,n. (ma-t . ) L ip orna
ment , l ip-ring. (Cf. cl u'
nanda .)U tuw eme
,adv. Ou the face,
prone (posi tion) . (C i . usaneme,
tuwama .)c hi ,Wuch i , 11. H oney.
c h i sa , 11. S eeWu ch i sa .
U ufl , 11. S ee U fl .
U w a l l a , n. (ma-w .) Cul ti vated
plot,plantation, garden. (Cf.
munda .)U w a lw a , W alw a , U w a la, 11.
N ative beer. S ee W alw a .
UW A N GA .
Uw anga , W anga , n. (manger) .Poi son (for man, gi ven in food or
drink L o'wa w anga , poison bymagi c, w i tchcraft. (C i . a lembe,mwafi , u tbufl
‘
za. )Uw ina , U ina , n. (maw z
’
na ,
mend ) . H ole, pi t .
Ufi no ,n. Goodness, excel lence.
(Cf. rbz'
no,bw ino
,wunz
'
no,um.)
Uwowoni , 11. Property, goods,wealth . (Cf.Uwumb a , 11. Group, company ,
crowd, mass, col lect ion. (C i . ma
U v‘
iruwa , n. Poison (for fish) .(Cf. a wanga .)Uwu y a , 11. Good (fine, arti stic)
work , fini sh , art .
U y u , U y o, a . Th is (person) .(Cf. uno
,u (ya .)
V . W ords not found under Vmay be looked for under F .
V i plur. pref. of nouns havingCh i as prefix insing . (F :
'
inW . L .)~vy akw e
,-vy awo , a . Other
(of same sort) , i . e. i ts fel low , their
fellow . (Cf. ~mbz'
, mum'
,muvy akwe,
friend, companion. )
V y ata , F y at a , v. F lash , dazzle
(as l ightning).
W . W ords not found under Wmay be looked for under U , Uw .
W a Awam Plur. prefix of oneclass of nouns, having M a as prefix
1nsmg .
W a , W a , prp. Of. (S ee -a . )W a , v. ( 1 ) B e, exi st, become,
take place, occur. M d.~w z
'
1e ; (2)be let be, rema in, be let a lone (putaside, put off, deferred) (ci . la la ,fl ui d ) ; (3) go down, fa l l , sinkdown, set (oi sun). I nsom
’
s/zy awa ,shame was felt. Uwa lwa kaw ua,
let the beer a lone,let i t wa i t.
K a ma kawa,sunset . Cs. w z
'
slzya ,cause to fa ll, fell , cut down.
W a i l a,v. Cut (rip) flesh (off
bones of dead animal). (Cf. tanta ,rem.)
W A N GA M A
W ak ama , v. S hine , be bright
(e . g. of bright pol i shed surface) .
(Cf. wa la , wemba .)Wakambw a-S enga , n. L a la
speak ing tribe onW est side of the
LA
uangwa river. A lso W a-ambo,Wambo-S mg
'
a .
W al a , v. ( 1) M ake, produce,do , cause, bring about , e. g . war,
theft, qua rrel , (not so oftenofmateri al objects ; ci . c/zz
'
ta,Ienga ,
ta la ) ;(a) be beforehand , be first , be in
t ime (not W . L . C i . tanga ) ; (3)be bright , sh ine (as sun, moon)(ci . w akama ) .W alw a , 11. N ati ve beer, taking
five days to prepare. (C f. éumba ,
and for various k inds and stages,
fisunga , ka tele, imbala, mufundwa ,mu la/a , mus/zimpulo, mukupa , malzuméa
,a lso c/zz
'
wa lwa , kaw a lwa .)W ama , v. Be good ( ingenera l ,
i .e. ni ce, sui table, pleasing , excel lent ,fine, ri gh t, wholesome, profitable,
M d. and a .~weme
,A p .
wamz’
na , e. g . be good for
su i t, please, Ps.-z
’
nwa , Cs. and
Int . wamz'
s/zy a , mamy a , w amz'
s/u'
shy a , e .g . set righ t , improve, correct ,adjust , arrange instruct , educate,&c.
e.g. pawamz’
skz'
sky a , i t i s very goodindeed. (C i . ~w eme, paweme, fiweme,W amb a , v. S tretch (spread)
ti ght (covering) over (some thing) ,e.g. W . ngoma , cover a drum w i th
b1de . W . cover a p i tfa l lw i th sti cks, earth ,& c. R v . waméu la ,
uncover, slacken, loosen. (C i . cit iwambz
’
, luwumbu .)W amb o
,11. A lso Wambo S enga .
S ee Wak ambw a-S enga .
W andafuw e , a lso Tandafuwe,n. A (kind of) spi der.W anga, n. ( 1 ) S ee Uw anza ;(z) a (k ind of) fish-trap.
W ang a , v. F asten crosswi se,e. g . W . mbula, fix cross-laths onrafters.
W anam a , v. Be hot (ofl iquids) . M d.
vwangmmN t. , ma.
W A N GU W I N D A
ngamz‘
ka , make hot , be hot. Cs.
(Cf. kaw i la , w i ld . )W angu , adv. Qui ck ly, hast i ly,
fast, speedi ly. (Cf. lu zfiz'
lo, andfol lg .)W angul a , v. E xtract (e. g.
thorn, j igger) .W angul uk a , W angufy any a, v.
M ake haste, do (act ) qui ckly, hurry,bequ ick. (Cf. pujj/q, w angu . )W any a , v. S t i r about (food in
cook ing ) . (C i . nay a .)Wany ina , 11. M other
,mothers.
S ee N y ina .
W asa, v. Use anadze (ou) , trim,cut smooth. (Ci . imbaso. )
a t a , Wat a ta , n. F ather,fa thers. S ee T at a .
W ansh i , B au sh i , n. A tribel iving north of the L ala di strict,south of B angweolo. K u B ambi ,northwards.
W a-w a , negat. N o, none, notat a l l . (C i . zjyoo. )W aw a , v. ( I ) S et fire (to grass,partly burn, char; ( 2) hurt, be
pa infu l. (Cf. koleka ,finy a . )W aw auk a , v . B rush ofi
'
,sweep
aside .
Wawo, pron. T hey. A lso used
as interj . of contempt .W el a , v. ( 1) Go back , come
back , return, be repeated, comeaga in. M d.
~welele, A p. wald o,Cs. Int . w elcs/zy a , e.g . return
, g iveback, pay back , restore , bring back ,do (say) over aga in, repea t, renew,
a lsoweleslzeslzy a ;
gs) bewa i l , lament,
mourn. (C i . l i la .
W al ama, v. L ie inwa i t for, l ieinambush .
W emb a, v. ( 1) S h ine, be l ight(pol ished) (cf. w akama ) ; (2) lookfor, reconnoi tre, S py about, wa tch .
A p . w embela , e.g. act as herdsman,tend ca ttle (cf. embela , mwembeski ) .-w eme . a . Good, ni ce, plea sing ,
& c. (C i . wand , -z’
ne, paw ama. )
W ene sb y a , V. S ee W ona .
Wep a, v. ( 1) S lander, tell l ies,
accuse falsely ; (2) pretend, act
hypocri tical ly,d isgu ise (truth . one
self, Often wepa u ufi , l ie.
A p . zfiepela , Cs. Int. wepeslzy a .
W esama , v . Crouch down,move stea lthi ly, look out , l i e inwa i t . (Cf. w elama , fisama .)W esh y a , v. B e contented,pleased , sati sfied , comforted. W .
mtz'
ma ,feel pleased (cf. naka ) ; (2)
attack (cf. slzambu la ) .et a , v. A ct as herdsman,
tend ca ttle, &c. (N ot W . L . C i .embela .)W ewo
,pron. You (sing ).
W ay a , v . Cut ha ir close, shave .
(C i . kamo, rem. )-w i , a . B ad
,wrong, unpleasant ,
di sastrous. (Cf. -mifi , zfiq‘a , ~fi ,
cl u’
w z'
W i al a , v. Plant (seed) . (Cf.mime
,komma , pelela , slzanga .)
-w i .n, a . Bad, w icked. (Cf.wz
'
pq, z'
mbzfi .)W i fy a , v. Cs. Int . of wipa
(wh i ch see) , do wrong (wrongly,badly), treat badly, damage, hu1t ,make a mi stake, b lunder.W i k u, v. Put , place, set , lay ,
put down (aside , by, away) . A p .
w i kz’
la,e. g . add to. W . masana
,
lay eggs, Cs. Int .
W i l a , v. B e hot , Cs.
M d .~w z
’
lz'
le (cf. kawa , py a , w anguma ( 2) meet together, join,un1te (as streams) , paths ci . mawz
'
lo) ; (3) destroy, ravage, plunder(cf. Aonau la ,
teka ) .W i l a, Iwi l a , v. (1 ) Plunge
into wa ter, dive, sink, be drowned .
Cs. wz'
slzy a ; (a) sewW i l a l a
,U i la l a, U l al a , n. D i s
tri et of the L ala tribe . (C i .mu la la,cl u
'
la la . )~w i l i , a . Two. (Cf. baw i l i ,
l iw i l i ,W i li k i ah y a ,
v . Cal l to someone a t a di stance, shout to.
W ina , n. (mw a ). H ole. S ee
U w ina .
W inda , v. W ear loinocloth
wmmuo
Wunino , n. Goodness, excel
lence. (C i . zfiune, tbz’
no.)Wush a
,v. Cs. of rank (whi ch
see) .Wush i , U sh i , 11. S moke
,steam,
vapour.
Wus h y a , n. S lavery . (Cf.musfiy a ,
ka lume. A lso v . Cs. of
zimla , inform,instruct ; also w a shi
s/zy a ,remind, cause to
recol lect . S eeWul a .)ush y o , n. Informat ion, warn
ing , sign. (Cf. zi mla , rbushy a . )u ta
,n. (mama , ma la ).
W eapon, bow and arrow,bow .
(C i . cma , fund ,
u t a l e , n. (ma-t .) B rass anklet
or bracelet . (Ci . luwemba , z’
ndal z
'
la
Wino ,n. (mbu to) . S eed .
W u tuk a , v. R un, run away.
A p . wa tuki la , Cs. Int . zfiu tukz'
slzy a ,wa tu s/zy a , e . g . drive away, runfast .(C i . lu
'ti'
J i lo, y uéa , womba ,
tamjj/a .)
Y . W ords not found under Ymay be looked for under the vowel
follow ing Y , e. g .Y ak a
,A k a
Y end a , E nda .
Y a , v. Go, go away. (The Ysound i s fa int or absent inmanyforms as commonly pronounced . )M d. A p. (yji lz
'
la ,
e. g. go on and ou , go a long way ,
go on an errand (ou business ,have anengagement . Cs.
R p . y ana , e. g. go together, agree
together, be ongood (fri endly) terms.
Cs. y any a . (Cf. z'
ma ,Y a
,afli rm. Yes , i t i s so. (Cf. z
’
na ,
z'
ny a .)Y amb a , v. B egin. (S ee Amb a ,
not W .L .)Y ana , Y any a , v . S ee Y a .
Y a sh y a , v. Cs . of (y )aka , ( 1)bu i ld, have (get) bui lt ; (a) kindle,l ight (a fire) . (C i . aka .)Y asuk a , A suk a , v . Answer,
reply.
Y elu l ul a , v. S hake out. (Cf.kuntu .)Y ok oma
,v. Pa lpi tate, throb .
(Cf. tutuma .)
Z,see under 811.
