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Landslides (2012) 9:285–297DOI 10.1007/s10346-012-0328-6Published online: 7 June 2012© Springer-Verlag 2012
Kyoji Sassa I Paolo Canuti I Claudio Margottini I Yueping Yin
The Second World Landslide Forum, Rome, 2011and the Third World Landslide Forum, Beijing, 2014
Abstract The SecondWorld Landslide Forum was held at the head-quarters of Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nationson 3–9 October 2011 in Rome, Italy. The Third World LandslideForum (WLF3) is to be held at the China National Convention Centerin Beijing, China from 2 to 6 June 2014. This article first outlines theaims and background of theWorld Landslide Forums, reports on theSecond World Landslide Forum in Rome, and then announces theplans for the ThirdWorld Landslide Forum in Beijing. Finally, it callsfor contributions for the organization of WLF3 and participa-tion in the International Consortium on Landslides (ICL) andthe International Programme on Landslides.
Keywords International Consortium on Landslides (ICL) .
International Programme on Landslides (IPL) . World LandslideForum (WLF)
Aim and backgroundThe International Consortium on Landslides (ICL) was establishedby the 2002 Kyoto Declaration “Establishment of an InternationalConsortium on Landslides”, with Statues adopted in January 2002.The Objectives of the Consortium and the General Assembly (itssuccessor from 2008 is the World Landslide Forum) are stated inthe chapter II and XI of the Statutes (http://icl.iplhq.org/).
Chapter II: ObjectivesThe principal objectives are to:
(a) promote landslide research for the benefit of society and theenvironment, and capacity building, including education,notably in developing countries
(b) integrate geosciences and technology with appropriate cul-tural and social contexts to evaluate landslide risk in urban,rural, and developing areas including cultural and naturalheritage sites, as well as to contribute to the protection of thenatural environment and sites of high societal value
(c) combine and coordinate international expertise in landsliderisk assessment and mitigation studies, thereby creating aneffective international organization which can act as a partnerin various international and national projects
(d) promote a global, multidisciplinary program on landslides
Chapter XI: General assemblyIn order to report and disseminate the activities and achieve-ments of the consortium, a General Assembly shall be con-vened every 3 years by inviting Members of the InternationalConsortium on Landslides, individual members within thoseorganizations, and all levels of co-operating organizations andindividual researchers, engineers and administrators. The
General Assembly will receive reports on Consortium activi-ties and provide a forum for open discussion and new ini-tiatives from all participants.
The First General Assembly 2005 to the First World Landslide Forum 2008The First General Assembly was organized at the Keck Center ofthe National Academy of Sciences in Washington D.C., USA on 12–14 October 2005. It was hosted by the US Geological Survey and theNational Research Council of the National Academy of Science ofthe USA. At this Assembly, the first full-color book by the Inter-national Consortium on Landslides, reporting consortium activi-ties for the initial 3 years, 2002–2005, was published as“Landslides-Risk analysis and sustainable disaster management”through Springer (Sassa et al. 2005).
The 2006 Tokyo Round-Table Discussion “StrengtheningResearch and Learning on Earth System Risk Analysis andSustainable Disaster Management within UN-ISDR as RegardsLandslides”—towards a dynamic global network of the Inter-national Programme on Landslides (IPL) was held at theUnited Nations University, Tokyo, from 18 to 20 January,2006, to formulate a framework for cooperation and to iden-tify focus areas to reduce landslide risk worldwide. The 2006Tokyo Action Plan was adopted as a summary of the meeting,to be implemented within the scope of the Hyogo Frameworkfor Action 2005–2015, “Building the Resilience of Nations andCommunities to Disasters”, declared at the United Nations WorldConference on Disaster Reduction held in Kobe, Japan in 2005 (Sassa2006). The Tokyo Action Plan established the IPL. It realized item (d)“promote a global, multidisciplinary Programme on Landslides” inArticle II: Objectives in the Statutes of the consortium (http://www.iplhq.org).
The IPL is a joint programme established by the ICL, the UnitedNations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization(UNESCO), the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), Foodand Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), theUnited Nations International Strategy for Disaster Risk Reduction(UNISDR), United Nations University (UNU), the InternationalCouncil for Science (ICSU), and theWorld Federation of EngineeringOrganizations (WFEO). The International Symposiumon Landslidesexchanged the Memorandum of Understanding with each of theabove seven global stakeholders to promote the 2006 Tokyo ActionPlan and the International Programme on Landslides within 2006.The International Programme on Landslides defined the WorldLandslide Forum as one of its promotional activities to create aglobal information platform for future joint activities of the world-wide landslide community. A General Assembly plan was developedto meet at a World Landslide Forum convened every 3 years. Thesecond General Assembly 2008 was replaced by the First WorldLandslide Forum, held at the United Nations University, Tokyo,Japan on 18–21 in November 2008 (Sassa 2009).
Landslides 9 & (2012) 285
ICL/IPL Activities
Report of the Second World Landslide ForumThe Second World Landslide Forum, held on 3–9 October 2011, wassubtitled Putting Science into Practice and was organized by theIPL Global Promotion Committee, including ICL, UNESCO,WMO, FAO, UNISDR, UNU, ICSU, and WFEO, Italian Institutefor Environmental Protection and Research, and Earth ScienceDepartment of University of Florence.
From 63 countries, 864 people participated. Table 1 presentsthe number of participants from each country. From Italy, 529people attended, and 335 people attended from other countries.More than 10 people attended from each of Austria, Canada, Chinaincluding Taiwan, France, Germany, Japan, Norway, Russia, Spain,
Switzerland, and UK. Participants attended from almost allregions of the world. The number of attendees was greater thanexpected and twice the number that attended the First WorldLandslide Forum 2008 in Tokyo, Japan (430 participants; 175participants from Japan, and 255 participants from abroad).
Twenty-five technical sessions were organized (Table 2),and 465 full papers were submitted. All accepted papers areedited in seven volumes with partial or full-color illustrationspublished by Springer (Table 3). Each communicating authorof an accepted paper will receive that volume free of charge.Other volumes may be purchased from Springer at a discountedprice.
Table 1 Participants of the Second World Landside Forum
No Country Participants Percentage No Country Participants Percentage
1 Albania 1 0.10 33 Kyrgyzstan 1 0.10
2 Algeria 1 0.10 34 Lithuania 1 0.10
3 Andorra 1 0.10 35 Luxembourg 1 0.10
4 Argentina 2 0.20 36 Macedonia 1 0.10
5 Australia 1 0.10 37 Malaysia 5 0.57
6 Austria 17 2 38 Malta 2 0.20
7 Belgium 7 0.80 39 Mexico 3 0.34
8 Brazil 6 0.69 40 Netherland 8 0.92
9 Bulgaria 2 0.20 41 New Zeland 2 0.20
10 Canada 10 1.15 42 Nigeria 1 0.10
11 China 14 1.60 43 Norway 20 2.31
12 Colombia 2 0.20 44 Pakistan 1 0.10
13 Croatia 7 0.80 45 Poland 2 0.20
14 Cyprus 1 0.10 46 Portugal 2 0.20
15 Czech Republic 6 0.69 47 Romania 6 0.69
16 Denmark 1 0.10 48 Russia 10 1.15
17 Estonia 2 0.20 49 Serbia 2 0.20
18 Etiopia 1 0.10 50 Slovenia 8 0.92
19 Finland 1 0.10 51 Slovakia 6 0.69
20 France 25 2.80 52 South Korea 2 0.20
21 Germany 14 1.60 53 South Africa 1 0.10
22 Ghana 1 0.10 54 Spain 24 2.77
23 Greece 7 0.80 55 Sri Lanka 4 0.46
24 Hungary 1 0.10 56 Sweden 4 0.46
25 India 7 0.80 57 Switzerland 20 2.31
26 Indonesia 3 0.34 58 Thailand 3 0.34
27 Iran 1 0.10 59 Turkey 7 0.80
28 Ireland 1 0.10 60 Uganda 1 0.10
29 Island 1 0.10 61 Ukraine 2 0.20
30 Italy 529 61.2 62 UK 13 1.50
31 Japan 19 2.19 63 USA 8 0.92
32 Kenya 1 0.10 Total participants 864 100
ICL/IPL Activities
Landslides 9 & (2012)286
Table 2 List of general themes and technical sessions
General themes Sessions
Landslide and global change L01. Landslide scenarios accounting for the climatic, geomorphological andgeotechnical context
L02. Landslides, land-use systems and food security
L03. Wildfires and slope instability
Advances in landslide mapping and hazardassessment
L04. Landslide inventory and susceptibility and hazard zoning
L06. Landslides and extreme weather
L29. Rapid landslide runout analysis
Emerging technologies in landslide research andpractice
L07. Landslide instrumentation and monitoring
L08. GIS application developments
L09. Advances in slope stability modelling
Impact of landslides L10. Landslides and Socio-economic Impact: Basic Data and Loss Modeling
L11. Landslides, transportation network and lifelines
L12. Landslides and reservoirs
L13. Landslide as sediment sources
Landslide risk assessment and management L15. Landslides and urban risk reduction
L16. Early warnings and emergency plans
L17. Advanced technologies for landslide stabilisation
L14. Landslides (and legislation), policies, cost benefit analysis and decision makers
L20. Integrated approach to landslide risk mitigation
Landslide awareness and prepardness L21. Landslide education, training and capacity development
Other general themes L22. Submarine landslides and tsunami
L23. Landslides in coastal areas
L24. Landslides and cultural heritage
L25. Seismically induced landslides and seismic landslide hazard analysis
L26. Landslides in cold regions
L28. Risk mangement in a Multi-hazard environment
Table 3 Volumes of books—proceedings of the Second World Landslide Forum
Book Title Landslide Science and PracticeEditors Claudio Margottini, Kyoji Sassa and Paolo CanutiPublisher Springer, Heidelberg, GermanyVolume Subtitles for Each Volume Pages
1 Landslide inventory and susceptibility and hazard zoning 650
2 Early warning, instrumentation and monitoring 690
3 Spatial analysis and modelling 480
4 Global environmental change 420
5 Complex environment 520
6 Risk assessment, management and mitigation 430
7 Social and Economic Impact and Policies 430
Landslides 9 & (2012) 287
Word Centres of ExcellenceWorld Centres of Excellence (WCoE) on Landslide Risk Re-duction are identified at every World Landslide Forum, basedon a proposed 3-year activity plan laid out in the 2006 TokyoAction Plan. The objectives and criteria for WCoE candidatesare:
Objectives of WCoE1. to strengthen the IPL and IPL Global Promotion Committee2. to create “A Global Network of entities contributing to land-
slide risk reduction”3. to improve the global recognition of “Landslide Risk Reduction”
and its social-economic relevance, and to improve recognition ofentities contributing to this field
Criteria for WCoE candidatesGovernmental and nongovernmental entities such as universities,agencies, and other institutions, and their subsidiary entities
(faculties, departments, centers, divisions, or others) which meetthe following two conditions:
& Contributing to “Risk Reduction for Landslides and RelatedEarth System Disasters”
& Willing to support IPL intellectually, practically and financiallyby either joining ICL or contributing to IPL-GPC and promote"landslide research and risk reduction" on a regional and/orglobal scale in a mutually beneficial manner
Applications to be recognized as aWorld Centre of Excellence for2011–2014 were requested on 3 December 2010. Applications wereevaluated and identified through the following steps of screenings:eligibility examination by ICL Secretariat, evaluation by a technicalcommittee, and evaluation from awider perspective and endorsementby the Independent of Panel of Experts consisting of five membersfrom UNESCO, UNU, ICSU, a landslide expert (Varnes Medal recip-ient), and a disaster reduction expert. Finally, the recommendedcandidates of WCoEs were reported and approved by the IPL-GlobalPromotion Committee. Fifteen World Centres of Excellence were
Table 4 List of the world centre of excellence 2011–2014
No Short title Leader Institution, country
1 Canadian landslide loss risk reduction strategyand implementation
Peter Bobrowsky Geological Survey of Canada
2 Risk assessment and disaster mitigation code forlong run-out landslides
Yueping Yin China Geological Survey China
3 Scientific research for landslide risk analysis andinternational education for mitigation andpreparedness
Vit Vilimek Charles University, Faculty of Science, Czech Republic
4 Training, research and documentation on landslidesrisk management
Surya Parkash National Institute of Disaster Management, India
5 Development of community-based and most adaptivetechnology for landslide risk reduction
Dwikorita Karnawati Universitas Gadjah Mada Indonesia
6 Research on landslide risk managementharmonisationin support to European Union policy making
Javier Hervás Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Italy
7 Advanced technologies for landslides N. Casagli, F. Catani Dept of Earth Science, University of Florence, Italy
8 Development of a methodology for risk reduction ofearthquake-induced landslides
Keizo Ugai The Japan Landslide Society, Japan
9 Risk identification and land-use planning for disastermitigation of landslides
Hideaki Marui Niigata University, Institute for Natural Hazardsand Disaster Recovery, Japan
10 Landslide monitoring and community based earlywarning systems
Irasema Alcántara-Ayala National Autonomous University of Mexico
11 Research on mitigation of landslide risk and trainingof specialists
Farrokh Nadim International Centre for Geohazards Norway
12 Annual Summer school on rockslides and relatedphenomena in Kyrgyzstan
Alexander Strom Inst. of Geospheres Dynamics of Russian Academyof Sciences & Kyrgyz Institute of Seismology,Russia and Kyrgyz
13 Mechanisms of landslides in over-consolidated claysand flysch
Bojan Majes University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Civil andGeodetic Engineering
14 Promoting knowledge, innovations and institutionswith south–south focus through a regionalnetwork of landslide risk reduction
N.S.M.I. Arambepola Asian Disaster Preparedness Center Thailand
15 Scientific research for landslide hazard analysis,US Geological survey
Peter Lyttle U.S. Geological Survey Landslide Programme
ICL/IPL Activities
Landslides 9 & (2012)288
indentified and announced in the opening ceremony of the SecondWorld Landslide Forum on 3 October 2011. Centers are from 12countries: Canada, China, Czech Republic, India, Indonesia, Italy,
Japan, Mexico, Norway, Russia and Kyrgyz Republic, Thailand, andUSA. Table 4 lists the WCoEs for 2011–2014. The participating leadersof the WCoEs are shown in Fig. 1 after receiving their certificates from
Fig. 1 The participating leaders of the WCoEs
Fig. 2 An example Certificate for the International Centre for Geohazards in Norway
Landslides 9 & (2012) 289
Dr. Salbano Brineco (Chair of the IPL Global Promotion Committee,Director of UNISDR 2001–2011) with the endorsement words from theIndependent Panel of Experts (Chair: Hans van Ginkel, the formerrector of UNU). An example Certificate for the International Centrefor Geohazards in Norway is shown in Fig. 2.
IPL Awards for successIn 2011, 43 IPL projects had ongoing status in one or more aspectsof scientific research, capacity development, publication, and in-formation dissemination. These projects were carried out either bya group of developed countries or a group of developing countriesin 2011. The basic concept of the award for success is:
1. The achievement of IPL projects is much affected by the financesand the infrastructure of the developed or developing country. Theaim of the IPLAward for Success is not to select the best IPL project,but to select the successful IPL projects relative to the circumstancesof the group.
2. Although funds are required to implement projects, ICL is not afunding agency and cannot allocate research funds to each IPLproject. ICL, however, may evaluate the results of IPL projects andaward 3,000 USD to successful project leaders, with a certificateendorsing the successful project implementation. This can be ef-fective in furthering the research and capacity development activ-ities of the group.
The guidelines of IPL Awards for success are as follows:
1. IPL awards will be given to a maximum of three successfulprojects implemented within the previous 3 years of IPL activ-ities at each World Landslide Forum.
2. IPL awards for 2011 were selected from all ongoing and pastIPL projects because it was the first time that such awards havebeen made.
3. Leader(s) of an awarded project will receive 3,000 USD and acertificate.
4. Technical evaluation of IPL projects will be carried out by theEvaluation Committee by rating three aspects: project objec-tives (20 %), implemented activities (40 %), and outcomes(40 %) using different weights based on the application form,the annual reports, and articles submitted to the IPL book“Landslides: Global Risk Preparedness”.
5. Evaluation of projects was based on the types of projects:research, capacity building, implementation of disaster miti-gation, and others.
The evaluation committee of IPL Award for Success (Chair:Badaoui Rouhban,Director, Section ofDisaster Reduction ofUNESCO)recommended the following three projects, which have been approvedby the IPL Global Promotion Committee (Chair: Salvano Briceno,Director of UNISDR 2001–2011).
1. Lynn Highland, US Geological Survey and Peter Bobrowsky,Geological Survey of CanadaIPL 106 Best Practice handbook for landslide hazard mitigation(2002–2007; publication)
2. Farrokh Nadim and Bjørn Kalsnes: International Centre forGeohazards, Norway
IPL 102 Assessment of global high-risk landslide disaster hot-spots (2002–2004) and IPL 144 Changing pattern of landsliderisk and strategies for its management(2009–present; research)
3. Dwikorita Karnawati and Faisal Fathani: Universitas GadjahMada, IndonesiaIPL 158 Development of Community-based Landslide Early Warn-ing System (2009–present) and IPL 159 Development of EducationProgram for Sustainable Development in Landslide VulnerableArea through Student Community Service(2009–present; capacity building)
The leaders of the groups granted IPL Awards for Success areshown in Fig. 3 after receiving their awards from the Chair of IPLEvaluation Committee, Dr. Badaoui Rouhban (Director, Section ofDisaster Reduction of UNESCO).
The certificate of IPL Awards for Success (example IPL 106) isshown in Fig. 4.
New members of ICL and IPL-Global promotion committeeICL welcomed six new members in 2010 and 2011. Certificatesof membership of The International Consortium on Land-slides were presented by Executive Director of ICL (KyojiSassa) at the closing ceremony of the Forum on 7 October2011. The new members of ICL in 2010 and 2011 with theirboard member and deputy are:
1. Albania: Albania Geological Survey (Mentor Lamaj and LediMoisiu)
2. Croatia: Croatian landslide group from Faculty of Civil Engi-neering, University of Rijeka and Faculty of Mining, Geologyand Petroleum Engineering, University of Zagreb (ZeljikoArbana and Snjezana Mihalic)
3. India: National Institute of Disaster Management, New Delhi(P.G.Dhar Chakrabarti and Surya Prakash)
4. Serbia: University of Belgrade, Faculty of Mining and Geology(Biljana Abolmasov and Gordana Hadzi-Nikovic)
5. Slovenia: Geological Survey of Slovenia (Marko Komac andMagda Carman)
6. Vietnam: Institute of Transport Science and Technology (DoanMinh Tam and Nghiem Minh Quang)
Figure 5 is the Certificate of Membership of the InternationalConsortium on Landslides (example for the Croatian landslidegroup from the Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Rijekaand the Faculty of Mining, Geology and Petroleum Engineering,University of Zagreb). The color red on the frame of ICL certificateis symbolic of the color of the Journal of International Consortiumon Landslides “Landslides”.
Plan of the Third World Landslide ForumThe Third World Landslide Forum will be held in 2014 in China.The organizer is the IPL Global Promotion Committee and thehost organization is the China Geological Survey.
Subtitle: Landslide Risk Mitigation towards a Safer Geo-Environment.Date: 2–6 June (conference) and 7–11 June (Field Trip) in 2014Venue: China National Convention Center, Beijing, China.
ICL/IPL Activities
Landslides 9 & (2012)290
Topics (preliminary)
& Recognition and mechanics
& Monitoring, prediction and warning
& Modeling and advance technology
& Risk control for key facilities and urbanization.
& Natural dams and landslides in reservoirs
Fig. 3 The leaders of the groups granted IPL Awards for Success
Fig. 4 The certificate awarded for IPL 106: Best Practice handbook for landslide hazard mitigation (2002–2007)
Landslides 9 & (2012) 291
& Landslide prevention and reconstruction for earthquakedisasters
& Community-based early waning and emergency responses
& Risk management and policy
Session topics and conveners of World Landslide Forum IIIwill be examined in 2012 meetings of the IPL Global PromotionCommittee and the ICL Board of Representatives to be held at theHeadquarters of UNESCO, Paris on 21–23 November 2012.
Field trips on 7–11 June in 2014Three routes are planned as post-forum trips on landslides.
T1 Loess landslides and their prevention in Northwestern China(Beijing–Xi’an–Lanzhou–Beijing)
T2 Catastrophic landslides triggered by the Wenchuan Ms 8.0Earthquake and reconstruction (Beijing–Chengdu–Beijing)
T3 Landslide Prevention and Early Warning at the Three GorgesReservoir (Beijing–Wanzhou–Yichang–Beijing)
PublicationIt is planned that all accepted papers will be edited and publishedby Springer before the Forum in a series of book volumes with full
or partial color illustrations. The communicating author will re-ceive one volume containing the accepted paper free of charge;other volumes will be available for purchase at a discounted price.An electronic copy of the author’s paper will be given to the authorfree of charge.
The first announcement of the Third World LandslideForum has already been printed. Its pdf is shown below(Third World Landslide Forum (WLF3)—1st announcement)in Fig. 6-1 and 2.
Call for contributions to WLF 3 and support for the activities of ICLand IPLThe ICL and the IPL have developed through IPL projects thequarterly International Journal of Landslides and the Firstand the Second World Landslide Forums. ICL is supportedby the registration fees of around 50 members of ICL atdifferent rates depending on the economic situation of thecountry and the institution. An ICL member can be a singleentity or group, or a group of combined entities such as theCroatian Landslide Group from the Faculty of Civil Engineer-ing, University of Rijeka and the Faculty of Mining, Geologyand Petroleum Engineering, University of Zagreb (Fig. 5).Government and city agencies that work for landslide riskreduction can be members as are the Ministry of Agriculture
Fig. 5 The Certificate of Membership of the International Consortium on Landslides for the Croatian landslide group from the Faculty of Civil Engineering, University ofRijeka and the Faculty of Mining, Geology and Petroleum Engineering, University of Zagreb
ICL/IPL Activities
Landslides 9 & (2012)292
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and Cooperatives, Land Development Department, Thailand,the City of Zagreb, Emergency Management Office in Cro-atia. Landslides are a cross-disciplinary field between Sci-ence and Society. Cooperation between the scientific,government, and private sectors are very much necessaryand promoted within the International Consortium onLandslides.
Article IV: Membership of the International Consortiumon Landslides
4. Members are organizations supporting the objectivesof ICL intellectually, practically and financially. Memberswill come from one of four categories:
(a) Intergovernmental organizations(b) Non-governmental organizations(c) Governmental organizations and public organizations(d) Other organizations and entities
The International Programme on Landslides is a jointprogramme of ICL members and UNESCO, WMO, FAO,UNISDR, UNU, ICSU, WFEO, and the International Unionof Geological Science. Those global stakeholders effectivelysupport ICL and IPL activities by mobilizing their networks.An important contribution comes from a large number ofvolunteers willing to contribute to ICL and IPL activities.ICL and IPL is a bottom-up initiative from landslide research-ers, engineers, and individual government officers.
ICL and the IPL Global Promotion Committee request ofreaders of Landslides to cooperate in ICL and IPL activities,including the Third World Landslide Forum 2014. ICL willexpand the Journal Landslides from the current quarterlyjournal to a bimonthly journal from 2013, vol.10. The numberof contributions has continued to increase since the journal’sfoundation in 2003. Many landslide researchers voluntarily co-operate to edit and review submitted papers. ICL needs a greaternumber of active editors and reviewers who can respond promptlyfor the coming issues.
AcknowledgmentsICL gratefully acknowledges the support from many organizationsand individuals for the first decade from January 2002 to 2012.Sustainable development of ICL and IPL will need further contri-butions from relevant institutions and individuals. We invite thosereaders who are willing and able to cooperate with ICL and theIPL-Global Promotion Committee, especially in organizing theThird World Landslide Forum 2014, to attend the coming meetingon 21–23 November 2012 in Paris. Please make contact with ICL-Network ([email protected]).
References
Sassa K, Fukuoka H, Wang F, Wang G (eds) (2005) Landslides: risk analysis andsustainable disaster management. Proceedings of the First General Assembly of theInternational Consortium on Landslides. Springer, New York, p 385
Sassa K (2006) 2006 Tokyo action plan—strengthening research and learning on land-slides and related earth system disasters for global risk preparedness. Landslides 3(4):361–369
Sassa K (2009) Report of the 2008 First World Landslide Forum on 18–21 November2008 at UNU, Tokyo. Landslides 6(3):167–179
K. Sassa ())International Consortium on Landslides,UNITWIN Headquarters Building, Kyoto University Uji-Campus, Uji,Kyoto, 611-0011, Japane-mail: [email protected]
P. CanutiInternational Consortium on Landslides,Via La Pira 4, 50121, Florence, Italy
C. MargottiniISPRA-Institute for Environmental Protection & Research, Geological Survey of Italy,Vitaliano Brancati 60, 00144, Rome, Italy
Y. YinChina Institute of Geo-Environment Monitoring, China Geological Survey,Dahuist 20#, Haidian, Beijing, China
Landslides 9 & (2012) 297