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MEtrOmffi YdPTg RffiffiP. ln the last section, you read about romantlctsm ano

realism !n the arts.

ln this sectiop, you will read about the beEinning of

the Industiial Revolution'

ffiS YOE$ REAE' Use this chart to take notes on important developments

' and conditions that led to industrialization'

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The lndustrial RevolutiomBeginS (pages 253-254)

Revolution begln?

The Indttstrial Revolutiora was the great increase

*-pr"a."Oon that began in England during the

igJh """a"ry.

tsefore the Industrial Revolution'

people ,nade most goods by hand' By the middle of

the 1700s, more and mti" gtods were made by

machines'

The trndustrial Revotrution began with an agri-

cultural raoolution. trn the early 1700s' Iarge

landowners in tsritain bought inuch of the iand that

had been owned by po""i fut*ers' The landown-

ers collected the-se lands into.large fields closed-in

6y: f"rr"", or hedges' These fields were called

"*olo.*"*r. Manf of the poor farmers who lost

their lands became tenant famnnrs' Others gave up

farming and moved to the cities'

New farm methods made farmeYs more pro-

ductive For example, ]ethro Tull invented a seed

dri1l that rnade planting rhore efficient' Farmers

atrso practic"d "nop rotitioir' Crop rotation is the

fr*",i"" of planUng a different crop in a different

field each Year.The increase in farm output made rnore food

avariable' Feople enjoyed bettel dietis' The popYh-

tion of Britain grew'"Fewer faimers were needed to

grow food. M-bre' people began to make goods

OE

fEffin?s ANE NAfWEF

Ectdustnia! Revo!utiocl' G reat increase

in machine production that began in

England in the '!Bth cent[rY

emeEosetre Large closed-in field for

farming

arop rotation Planting a differ6n1

crop in a different field each Year

imdustrializatior Process of

developing machine Production of

goods

factors of Production Conditions

needed to produce goods and

services

factory Building where goods are

made

entrepreneur Person who organizes,

manages, and takes on the financial

risk of a business enterPrise

Cneprs,n 9 'Tirg [Nousrnrer' Rnvol'urrou

other than focd. The growth in the numler of peo-

ple in cities to work iri factories helped create the

industrial Revolution. ' ,

For several reasons, Britain was the first coun-

try to industrialize. Industrializatiorl is tlieprocess of developing machine production ofgoods,

Great Britain had all the resources needed forindustrialization. These resources included coal,

water, iron ore, rivers, harbors, and banks. Britainalso had all the factors of production that the,Industrial Revolution required. These factors ofproduction included land; labor (workers), and

capital (wealth).

t - Why was Britain thte first country to industrihlize?

lnvent'ons Spur TedrnologicalAdVaneeS {pages ?55-2571

\

What inventiorn helPedchange bus.zr:ess?

.1

The Industrial Revolution began in the terti.le

industry. Several ner,v inventions helped businesses

make'cioth and clothing more quickly. Richard

Arlannight invented the water frame in 1769. Itused water power to run spinning machines that

made yarn. InL779, Samuel Compton invented the

spinning mule that made better thread' In 1787,

Edmund Cartwright developed the power loom.

The power loom was a machine that sped up the

cloth-mahng process.

These new inventio[s were large and expensive

rnachines. $usiness owners built large, water-Pow-

ered'factories io house and run these machines. \...1

these machines needed water-power to run them.

The invention of the steam engine in 1705

brought in a new sourc€ of power. The steam , l

engine used fire'to heat water and produce steam.

The power .of the steram drove the engine.

Eventually steam-driven engines were used to run :

factories.At the same time, improvements were being

made in transportation. Robert Ftlton, an

,American, iqvented'the ffrqt steam-driven boat' \ '

This invention allowed people to send goods more

quickly over rivers and canals.

Starting in the 18203, steam brought a new

burst of industriai-growth. George Stephenson, a

Britiqh engineer, iet up the world's first railroad

line. It used a stearn-driven locomotive' Sooh, rail-

,oads w"r" being built all over Britain.

The railroa d boqn helped business owners

move their goods to {narket more quickly. It creat-

ed tho,rsandl of new j'obs in several &fferentindus-tries. The railroadhad a deeq effect on British soci-

. (.,,/ety. For iqstance, people could now travel through'.out &e country more quicklY.

2. What eflbcts did the invention of the steam

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HndustrfraEfzatioxe

BET{}ME YOIF ffiEffiP

Revolution began'

ln thissection, you will read about some of its effects'

f,S YOItr REEEUse the chart below to record the effects

;;;.lr;triatizatlon'

Posttive effects

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lndustrial ization ChangesWaYs Of Life (Pases258-260)

Idow did ndustrializatton changepeople's waYS of life?

trndustrialization brought lrlaoy -changes

to the

' en,rrh people. More plopl3 cluld use coal to heat

,fr"i, irf*"s, eat. better food' and wear 'better

clothing.Aniher change was urbanization-city build-

ins and the movement of people to cities' For cen-

,"i;;, ;"tt people in dorop" had.lived in the

;;;;,ry. ey th" 1'800s more ^"d

*"u people iived

in cities.* -L;"g confitions were bad in crowded cities'

Many people coutrd not find good housing' schools'

o, p"li"u ^protection.

Filth, garbage, and sickness

w"'i" prrt:of life in the slums' A person in a city

lJal*p""t to live 17 years' In the countryside' a

nerson ctrlld erpe"t to live 38 years'' Work.rg

"orr^ditioru were also bad' The average

rvor&erupJrra 1a hours a day on thg job' 6 days a

*";f., ni*rry'workers were killed or seriously

injured in.accidents.' So*" people's livesrwere improved in the new

""orro*y''Th" lrrdl,tttial Revolution created new

;;"Lh'fo, thu middtre class, which included

rfofd *"*ers, plofessionals, business people' and

*erfrfry f"rm"i,' People in-.the middle class

;;;;"e **fortable hvls in pleasant homes' This

qJ# U"g-" to grow in size Some people 'grew

Creap'rsn I Tim lspusrnr'u- Revolu-uox 9?

TERMIS AND NAIWES

us'hanization Citv building and the

movernent of PeoPle to cities

mriddle class A social class of skilled

workelrs, Professionals, business

pqople, and wealthY farmers

I

rvealthier than the nobtres who had been in control

tor many centuries. ,

The Indusirial R6volution had: many -good

effects. It created wealth. It created jobs for wprk-

ers agd over timq helped many of them live better

lives. It produced better &ets, beiter housing, and

better clothing at lower prices;

t - What were three positive and three negative :

' effects of iridustrializatien?

The Mills o-f Manch€Stetr lpuses261-v6zl

fhe nngiish city of Manchester is a good example

of how industrialization changed society. Rapid

glolvth made the city crowded and filthy. The fac-

tory owners risked their rnoaey an{ workedJonghours to make their businesses grow, II1 return,

Itheyr, enjoyed huge priifits, and built huge houses,

The workers also worked long hog,rs, but had'fewbenefits. M*y qf thgse woikers were'children,

some,only six years old..The British government

did not limit the use of childrin as .workers

. The large amount of industry in Manchester

caused environrnenial problems. Coal smo]<e and

cloth dyes from the fr"t"ri"t polluted the air

2. if,Jhy is Manchester a good example of howiidustrialization ehartged eities?

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SkillbuilderUse the cha*.to aqswerthese questions.

1. How many years rioes this data cover?

2, What was the rate of grow,th in Manchesterbetween 1801 and 187t?

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rgNMS AND NAMES

Eaissez faire Economic theorythatargues that governme.nts should not

'intenfere with business affairs

Adanr Srmkh PhilosoPher whodefended laissez faire economics.

capitalisrm Economic sYstern in

which people invbst money to rnake a

profit

utilitarianismr Belief that an idea is

only as good as it is useful

socialisnn Belief that businesses

should be owned bY societY as a

whole

*unt **o Economic thinker who

wrote about a radicalform of

communism Forrn of.socialism in

which all production is owned bythepeople

union 0rganized grouPs of workers

that bargiin with business owners to

get better pay and wqrking conditions

collective bargaining Talks and-

a greements between organized

workers dnd business owners

srrike Organized refusal to work

EETOMH Y{E[T MEfiPlnthelastseqtion,yousawhowindustrializationspreadtodifferent nations.

,lnthissection,youwill|ear,naboutnewideasbndreforms.

ffiS. Y{E[T NEffiMFillinthewebbeloWwiththerrrajorldeasandchangesyou read about.

The PhilosoPhers oflndustrial izatioh {

pa ges 267 -26?i\

What is caPrtaltsm?

Industrializatioq Ied to new ways of thinking about

society. Some economists thought that the govern-

mentlshould leave business owners alone' Their

view is called laissez fair.e'

Adarm Smith argue-d that govern*TT should

not put limits on business' He believed this free-

dom would help a nationt e-conomy grow H1

and other writers supported a system calied

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capltalisrn. In a capitalist economy, people invest

the'ir money in businesses to make a profit' Smith

and others teliered that society would benefit over

time from'this system. Supporters of laissez faire

opposed laws to Protect workers'

Other writers challenged these ideas' One

group was called the utilitarians' According to util-

iar*itir*, an idea or practice is good only if it is

useful.The utilitariaps thought it was unfair that work-

ers should work so hard for such iittle pay and live

in such poor conditions. They thought the govern-

CHAPTER I ?'mfr lNousrnrar- Rsvoillrrol'{ t$t

'.: .. l

,I

,

ment should work to end greatwealth among people. ' . '

X,. lfow does bapitalism work?

differences in

Rise Of S0Cialism {pages268-27o}

What ts socialism?Some thinkers wanted society as a whole to ownbusinesses- This way a few peogle would not growwe4lthy at the e4pense.of eyeryone else. trnstead,

all people would gnjoy the benefits of increased

production. This view--called soeialisrn-grewout of a belief in progress and a concern for justice

and fairness

A German thinker named Karl Marx proposed a

form of socialism that became known x Marxism.He said that factory owners apd workers wouldstruggle for pgwer. Overltime, he said, the capital-ist system would destroy, itself. The great mass ofworkers would rebel against the wealthy few.

Marx wrote The Communtit Manifesfo. Itdescribed communism, a foT*,of socialism inwhich production is controlled !y the people. Inthe early 1900q, these ideas would bring revolution.

2- How are eapitalisrn and socialismr different?

Unionization and LegislativeRgfOfm (pageszTo-271)

IIow did workers take action.to improve their lives?

While thinkers discussed these different ideas;

workers fought to irnprove their lives. Many work-,

ers joined unions, A union is. a group of workers

that tries to bargaiq with employers for better pay

and better working con&tions.

When employers resistad these efforts, the

102 Cs*BrunQ Sucrrox4

workers weut on ste'i.ke, or refused to work, Brjtishand American workers strr:ggled for a long time towin the rigllt to'form unions, By the late 1800s,

workers- in both countries had made sofne

progress.

The tsritish Farliainent and reformers in'iheUnited States also tried to fix other social problIems. Britain passed laws to limit how much wor(women anfl children could do. Groups in theUnited States pushed for similar laws.

3. How did both the government and workersthemselves try to improve workers' lives?

Other Reform Movennents(pages 271-Zl2l

Tfr{hat other refbrms were takingplace at this trne?Another major reform movement of the IB00s was

tlre effortto ubolish slavery. The British Parliamentended the slave trade in 1807. It then abolished

Slavery was ftnally.abolished in tle UnitedStat-es in:1865, after the Civil War. Spri, endedslavery in Puerto Rico in 1873 and in,Cuba in 1886.

In 1BBB Brazil became the last country to banslavery.

Women rryere active in many reform move-

ments. As they fought for the end of slavery many

wornen began to fight for equal rights for women.

The movement for equaiity began in the UnitedStates in 1848. In l8BB, womeil from around theworld fofmed a group dedicated to this cause,

R.eformers took on other projects as well. Some

pushed for-and won-improved education.-'Others hoped to improve conditions in,prisons.

4" ltame two nnaior reform movements ol ther1800s.

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