TECHNICAL REPORT – PATENT ANALYSIS - UNIDO's Open

Enhancing Productivity in the Indian Paper and Pulp Sector

2018

TECHNICAL REPORT– PATENT ANALYSIS

TAble Of CONTeNTS

AcknowleDgements 10

executive summAry 11

introDuction 13

overview of the PulP AnD PAPer sector 152.1. Status of the Indian Paper Industry 152.2. Overview of the Pulp and Papermaking Process 202.3. Patenting in the Paper and Pulp Industry: A Historical

Perspective 222.4. environmental Impact of the Pulp and Paper Industry 25

methoDology 273.1. Search Strategy 27

AnAlysis of PAtent Documents using gPi 314.1. Papermaking; Production of Cellulose (IPC or CPC class D21) 314.2. Analysis of Patenting Activity in Different Technology Areas

using GPI 38AnAlysis of the inDiAn PAtent scenArio within the context of this rePort 81

5.1. Analysis of Patents filed in India 81

concluDing remArks 91

references 93

Annexure 94Annexure 1. Technologies related to paper manufacturing 94Annexure 2. Sustainable/green technologies related to pulp and

paper sector 119Annexure 3. emerging Technology Areas 127

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6 | Patent Analysis

lIST Of fIGUReS

figure 2.1: Geographical Spread of Indian Paper Mills .................................16figure 2.2: Share of Different Segments in Total Paper Production .......................19figure 2.3: Variety Wise Production of Paper from Different Raw Materials ........19figure 2.4: Different Varieties of Paper Made from Various Raw Materials ..........19figure 2.5: Diagram of a Process Block Pulp and Paper Mill ...............................20figure 4.1: Top IPC Main Groups within the Families Related to Papermaking and Production of Cellulose ...................31figure 4.2: Top IPC Subgroups within the Families Related to Papermaking and Production of Cellulose ...................32figure 4.3: Top Publishing Offices for the Patent Families Related to Papermaking and Production of Cellulose ...................32figure 4.4: IPC vs. Date of Priority Cross-Reference Graph ...................................34figure 4.5: Top Applicants in the Pulp and Paper Sector ..................................35figure 4.6: Top Inventors in the Pulp and Paper Sector ..................................35figure 4.7: Applicant vs. IPC Cross-Reference Graph ...................................36figure 4.8: Applicant vs. Date of Priority Cross-Reference Graph ..........................37figure 4.9: Number of Patent Documents with Date of Priority 2006-2016 ................37figure 4.10: Comparison of Number of Patent Documents in Different Technology Areas Related to Paper Manufacturing in Top Ten Jurisdictions .....39figure 4.11: (a) Applicant vs. Date of Priority Graph: Raw Materials and Their Mechanical Treatment ...........................41figure 4.11: (b) Applicant vs. Date of Priority Graph: Technologies Related to Pulping ................................................41figure 4.11: (c) Applicant vs. Date of Priority Graph: Stock Preparation ...........42

figure 4.11: (d) Applicant vs. Date of Priority Graph: Paper-Making Machines and Methods ........................................42figure 4.11: (e) Applicant vs. Date of Priority Graph: Calendars and Accessories ..43figure 4.11: (f) Applicant vs. Date of Priority Graph: Pulp or Paper Comprising Synthetic Cellulose or Non-Cellulose Fibres ..43figure 4.11: (g) Applicant vs. Date of Priority Graph: Non-Fibrous Additives Added to the Pulp .................................44figure 4.11: (h) Applicant vs. Date of Priority Graph: Coated Paper, Coating Material ...............................................44figure 4.11: (i) Applicant vs. Date of Priority Graph: Special Paper .................45figure 4.11: (j) Applicant vs. Date of Priority Graph: Fibreboard; Manufacture of Articles from Cellulosic Fibrous Suspensions or from Papier-M.ch. ..........45figure 4.12: Comparison of Number of Patent Documents in Different Technology Areas Related to Pulping in Top Ten Jurisdictions .............................46figure 4.13: Applicants and Date of Priority for Patents in the Area of ‘Pulping of Cellulose-Containing Materials’ ...........47figure 4.14: Cross-Reference Graph Between Applicants and Date of Priority for the Technologies Related to Digesters ..48figure 4.15: Cross-Reference Graph Between Applicants and Date of Priority for the Technologies Related to Bleaching ..49figure 4.16: Cross-Reference Graph Between Applicants and Date of Priority for the Technologies Related to Regeneration of Pulp Liquors .................49figure 4.17: Top Publishing Offices in the Area of Wastewater Treatment ..........50figure 4.18: Top Applicants for Wastewater Treatment ...........................51figure 4.19: Applicant vs. Date of Priority Graph for Wastewater Treatment .............51

| 7Patent Analysis

figure 4.20: Top Publishing Offices in the Field of Recycling of Waste Paper ......52figure 4.21: Top Applicants in the Field of Recycling of Waste Paper ...................53figure 4.22: Top Applicants and Date of Priority Graph for Recycling of Waste Paper ..53figure 4.23: Top Publishing Offices in the Field of Pulp from Non-Woody Plants .......54figure 4.24: Top Applicants in the Field of Pulp from Non-Woody Plants ..............55figure 4.25: Top Applicants and Corresponding Date of Priority in the Field of Pulp from Non-Woody Plants ......55figure 4.26: Top IPC Subgroups for Chlorine-Free Bleaching of Pulp..............56figure 4.27: Top Publishing Offices for Chlorine-Free Bleaching of Pulp..............57figure 4.28: Top Applicants for Chlorine-Free Bleaching of Pulp..............57figure 4.29: Top Applicants and Corresponding Date of Priority in the Field of Chlorine-Free Pulp Bleaching ......58figure 4.30: Top Publishing Offices in the Field of Nanotechnology in the Pulp and Paper Sector .............................................60figure 4.31: Top Applicants in the Field of Nanotechnology in the Pulp and Paper Sector .........................................60figure 4.32: Top Applicants and Corresponding Date of Priority in the Field of Nanotechnology in the Pulp and Paper Sector ..................................61figure 4.33: Date of Priority of Patent Documents in the Area of Nanotechnology in the Pulp and Paper Sector ....................61figure 4.34: Top IPC Main Groups in the Area of Nanotechnology in the Pulp and Paper Sector .........................................62figure 4.35: Top Publishing Offices in the Area of Enzyme Technology ..............66figure 4.36: Top Applicants in the Area of Enzyme Technology ...........................66

figure 4.37: Top Applicants and Date of Priority Cross-Reference Graph in the Area of Enzyme Technology ....................67figure 4.38: Top IPC Groups in the Area of Enzyme Technology ...........................68figure 4.39: Top Publishing Offices in the Field of Lignin Recovery ...................71figure 4.40: Top Applicants in the Field of Lignin Recovery .................................71figure 4.41: Top Applicants and Date of Priority Cross-Reference Graph in the Area of Lignin Recovery .........................72figure 4.42: Top Publishing Offices in the Field of Hemicellulose Recovery .......73figure 4.43: Top Applicants in the Field of Hemicellulose Recovery .....................73figure 4.44: Top Applicants and Date of Priority Cross-Reference Graph in the Area of Hemicellulose Recovery..............74figure 4.45: Top Publishing Offices in the Field of Bioethanol ..........................74figure 4.46: Top Applicants in the Field of Bioethanol ........................................75figure 4.47: Top Applicants and Date of Priority Cross-Reference Graph in the Area of Bioethanol ................................76figure 4.48: Top Publishing Offices in the Field of Organic Solvents in Pulping ...76figure 4.49: Top Applicants in the Field of Organic Solvents in Pulping ...............77figure 4.50: Top Applicants and Corresponding Date of Priority in the Field of Organic Solvents in Pulping ........78figure 5.1: Top 10 Applicants for Indian Applications .........................................82figure 5.2: Top 10 IPC Codes Among the Indian Applications ...............................82figure 5.3: Top 10 Inventors for Indian Applications .........................................83figure 5.4: Filing Trend of Patents in India in the Pulp and Paper Sector from 1996 to 2017 .........................................83

8 | Patent Analysis

lIST Of TAbleS

table 2.1: Statistical and Financial Parameters of the Indian Paper Industry .....16table 2.2: Structure of the Indian Paper Industry ................................................17table 2.3: Production of Various Grades from Different Raw Materials ..................18table 3.1: Description of Subclasses Belonging to IPC/CPC Class D21 (Papermaking; Production of Cellulose) ...28table 3.2: Identified Technology Areas in the Pulp and Paper Sector ......................29table 4.1: Description of Top 10 IPC Main Groups and Subgroups ...........................33table 4.2: Number of Documents Retrieved in GPI Related to Manufacturing of Paper .................................................38table 4.3: Top 10 Applicants in Different Technology Areas ...................................40table 4.4: Top 10 Applicants in Different Technology Areas Related to Pulping .......46table 4.5: Number of Patent Documents Retrieved Using GPI in Different Sustainable/Green Technology Areas ......50table 4.6: Number of Patent Documents Retrieved Using GPI in Different Application Areas of Nanotechnology in the Pulp and Paper Sector ......................63table 4.7: Top Applicants in Different Application Areas of Nanotechnology in the Pulp and Paper Sector ......................63table 4.8: Top Publishing Offices in Different Application Areas of Nanotechnology in the Pulp and Paper Industry ................................................64table 4.9: Number of Patent Documents Retrieved Using GPI in Different Application Areas of Enzyme Technology in the Pulp and Paper Sector ...................69

table 4.10: Top Applicants in Different Application Areas of Enzymes in the Pulp and Paper Industry .........................69table 4.11: Top Publishing Offices in Different Application Areas of Enzymes in the Pulp and Paper Industry ................69table 4.12: Number of Patent Documents Retrieved Using GPI in Different Application Areas of Biorefinery in the Pulp and Paper Sector ..70table 5.1: Description of Top 10 IPC Codes Among the Patent Applications Filed in India ..........................................83table 5.2: Number of Patent Applications Filed in India in Different Technology Areas Related to the Manufacturing of Paper ..........................84table 5.3: Top Applicants Filed in India in Different Technology Areas Related to Paper Manufacturing ..............................85table 5.4: Number of Patent Documents Filed in India for Different Technologies Related to Pulping ..................................86table 5.5: Number of Patent Documents Filed in India for Different Sustainable/Green Technologies ................................86table 5.6: Top 10 Applicants in India in Different Sustainable/Green Technologies ..87table 5.7: Number of Patent Documents Filed in India in the Area of Nanotechnology ......................................87table 5.8: Number of Patent Documents Filed in India in Enzyme Technology ........89table 5.9: Number of Patent Documents Filed in India in Technologies Related to Biorefinery ............................................89

| 9Patent Analysis

10 | Patent Analysis

ACkNOwleDGeMeNTS

The Technical Report – Patent Analysis was drafted in the context of project - Development and adoption of appropriate technologies for enhancing productivity in the paper and pulp sector - funded by the Government of India, Department of Industrial Policy & Promotion (DIPP).

The report was produced by UNIDO’s department of Trade, Investment and Innovation (TII), under the directorship of Dr. Bernardo Calzadilla-Sarmiento, the project being managed by Dr. Anders Isaksson.

The technical content is the work of the following UNIDO technical expert Dr. Arundhati Bhattacharyya from the Technology Information, Forecasting and Assessment Council (TIFAC). The results presented in this report, have been reviewed and edited by Dr. Ritin Koria and Ms. Shraddha Srikant.

Proof reading was undertaken by Ms. Lauren Cooke, and final layout and Design was undertaken by Mr. Mauricio Mondragon and Ms. Maria Grineva.

Furthermore, we would like to extend thanks to the staff of the Central Pulp & Paper Research Institute (CPPRI) and the , Patent Facilitating Centre (PFC) at TIFAC, in particular Bipin Prakash Thapliyal, and Mr. Yashawant Panwar respectively, for availing the necessary logistical support for the hosting of technical workshops and seminars, for support in data collection and active participation in the project. Additionally, a special thanks to Mr. Yashawant Panwar (TIFAC) for his technical inputs and support in the IPR workshop.

| 11Patent Analysis

exeCUTIve SUMMARy

UNIDO has implemented a project titled ‘Development and adoption of appropriate tech-nologies for enhancing productivity in the paper and pulp sector’, in collaboration with the Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion (DIPP), Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government of India.

The project aimed to support the Indian pulp and paper industry by strengthening the capac-ity and capability of the nodal technical institution for the sector, the Central Pulp and Paper Research Institute (CPPRI). It also aimed to select industry associations to provide better management and technical support for the industry to improve productivity and competitive-ness while ensuring sustainability of the sector.

As part of the project, a diagnostic assessment of the Indian pulp and paper industry and technology benchmarking vis-à-vis global best practices were undertaken to gain an under-standing of the challenges and opportunities for the industry. The project aims to address some of these challenges through a range of technical capacity building and knowledge shar-ing activities including demonstration of appropriate technologies, workshops and twinning with international organizations.

To fulfill this objective, one of the activities of the project was to conduct a technical work-shop on ‘Patents and Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) for the paper sector’, conducted on 8-9 June 2017. In continuation to the discussions held during this workshop, this technical report provides a detailed analysis of paper-related patents across various jurisdictions and trends that have driven inventions in the paper and pulp sector in various countries. This report describes the search methodology and tools used to perform a global collection of patent documents related to the broad technology areas applicable to the pulp and paper industry. It provides a general overview and analysis of all patent documents identified from the search. Information related to the key applicants and inventors, their history of patent-ing activity and their technology strength were identified and are included in the report. The report also tries to identify the emerging technology areas in the pulp and paper sector and summarize the patenting activities in those areas. Green technologies that can reduce the adverse impact on the environment were also identified and the patenting activity in those areas has been analyzed.

| 13Patent Analysis

INTRODUCTION 1

UNIDO has implemented a project titled ‘Development and adoption of appropriate technologies for enhancing productivity in the paper and pulp sector’, in collabora-tion with the Department of Industrial Pol-icy and Promotion (DIPP), Ministry of Com-merce and Industry, Government of India. The project aimed to support the Indian cement sector by strengthening the capac-ity and capability of the nodal technical institution for the sector – the Central Pulp and Paper Research Institute (CPPRI) - and selecting industry associations to provide management and technical support to the pulp and paper industry.

The project looked to facilitate structured expert dialogue, transfer of state-of-the-art technologies to the Indian pulp and paper sector, and a wide range of technical capac-ity-building and knowledge sharing activi-ties to bolster the capacity and capability of the CPPRI to enable it to better support clusters and individual SMEs in enhancing their productivity performance and enter-ing export markets.

One of the activities under the aforemen-tioned project was a workshop on ‘Patents and Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) for the paper sector’, conducted on the 8-9 June 2017.

The purpose of this report is to provide an overview of the global patenting scenario and corresponding scenario in India in the area of technologies important to the pulp and paper industry. The patent analysis performed was quantitative in nature and the patent search conducted was mostly based on IPC/CPC codes. The report provides an analysis of pat-ent documents using GPI for papermaking and patenting activity in specific technology areas, segregated by technologies, jurisdic-tion, applicant and date of priority. The report also provides an analysis of the Indian patent scenario, covering technologies in the pulp and paper sector, sustainable/green technol-ogies, and emerging technology areas (nano-technology, enzyme technology, biorefinery and organic solvents in pulping).

The report aims to provide the CPPRI, as the nodal technical research institute for the paper and pulp sector in India, with a broad background of how to utilize patents and speed up the R&D process to facilitate further inventions. Intensive and extensive efforts are required in India to generate new knowl-edge through inventions in order to remain competitive, not only in India but also glob-ally. Educational institutions, research insti-tutions and industries must be encouraged to carry out more research and development, making this a pertinent topic for the CPPRI.

| 15Patent Analysis

OveRvIew Of THe PUlP AND PAPeR SeCTOR

The pulp and paper industry is one of the old-est industries in the history of mankind. It uses wood and other lignocellulosic materials as raw materials and produces numerous prod-ucts that have become an essential part of life including: pulp, paper, paperboard, packag-ing materials, and personal hygiene products.

Presently, the global pulp and paper indus-try is thriving and the growth rate has been estimated at 2.8% each year from 2014-2019. The major driving force for demand of paper in the global markets is the increasing demand for specialty papers in packaging and printing applications. In recent times, the shift of businesses to online retailing has also contributed to increased demand for packaging and labelling from various e-commerce platforms.

The global production of paper and card-board stood at approximately 407 million metric tonnes in 2014. More than half of that production was attributable to packaging paper, while almost one third was attributa-ble to graphic paper. The world’s three larg-est paper-producing countries are China, the United States, and Japan. These three countries account for half of the world’s total paper production, while the leading coun-tries that import and export paper are Ger-many and the United States.

The leading companies of the forest, paper, and packaging (FPP) industry, as of 2015, were International Paper and Kimberly-Clark, both based in the United States. The U.S. paper industry earned around 96.1 billion U.S.

dollars of annual revenue in 2015. In 2016, International Paper generated more than 21 billion U.S. dollars of revenue, while Kim-berly-Clark made around 18.2 billion. Other leading paper industry companies include the Indonesia-based Asia Pulp and Paper, Svenska Cellulosa of Sweden, Stora Enso and UPM-Kymmene from Finland, as well as Oji Paper and Nippon Paper Group from Japan [1].

With some 407.5 million metric tonnes of paper consumed globally in 2014, the world’s paper consumption is roughly equal to the amount of paper produced annually. China is the world’s largest paper and paperboard consumer in the world, using more than 103 million metric tonnes annually, followed by the U.S. with a consumption rate of more than 71 million metric tonnes. North America, how-ever, has the world’s highest paper consump-tion, per capita, consuming 221 kilograms per capita; the world average paper consumption is just 57 kilograms, per capita, per year [2].

2.1. Status of the Indian Paper Industry

The pulp and paper industry plays a signifi-cant role in the Indian economy with a turno-ver of Rs. 50,000 crores and a resultant con-tribution of Rs. 4500 crores to the national exchequer. At the start of this study, the CPPRI had a data set of over 750 paper mills, with an installed capacity of 15 million tonnes. The most recent census by the CPPRI includes a list of 854 mills, compiled from various

2


sources. Out of these, about 50 mills do not strictly fall under the category of pulp and paper mills; some of these mills are cardboard mills while others are engaged in converting operations. These mills were consequently excluded from the scope of the study and the Census Survey was focused on 804 mills.

The total installed capacity of the mills that needed validation and detailing was a lit-tle over 21.42 million tonnes. Out of this, a capacity of 2.99 million tonnes lies idle with the closure of 217 mills operating. Therefore, the 587 pulp and paperboard mills that are in operation produce 14.78 million tonnes of paper against an installed capacity of a little over 18.4 million tonnes. The present value of consumption of paper, paperboard and newsprint stands at about 16.52 MMT/annum resulting in per capita consumption of 13.2 Kg.

The Indian paper industry contributes to 3.7% of the global paper production. Despite tremendous demand for domestic consumption, capacity utilization rates are

only around 80%. Low operational capac-ities of Indian pulp and paper mills are largely attributed to the acute shortage of fibrous raw materials available to the indus-try. A part of the domestic consumption is met through import of paper [3].

The industry provides direct employment opportunities to about 0.5 million people and indirect employment of over 1.5 million people. The Indian paper industry ranks sixth among the energy intensive indus-tries with an energy requirement of about 10 Mtpa of coal and 10.6 GWh of electricity. On average, one tonne of virgin paper requires 2-3 tonnes of coal. A summary of data along with the financial and social parameters of the Indian pulp and paper sector are pre-sented in Table 2.1.

The paper mills are distributed throughout India with some pulp and paper mill clusters located in and around Vapi, Muzaffarnagar, Kashipur, Coimbatore and Ahmedabad. Fig-ure 2.1 shows the regional distribution of the pulp and paper mills in India.

table 2.1: Statistical and Financial Parame-ters of the Indian Paper Industry

number of mills 804

Total Installed Capacity, MMT 21.42

Operating Installed Capacity, MMT 18.4

Production of Paper, Paperboard and Newsprint, Mtpa

14.78

Capacity Utilization, % ~80

Per Capita Consumption (kg) 13.2

Contribution to Exchequer, Rs. Crores 4500

Employment Direct, million people 0.5

Indirect Employment, million people 1.5

Indian Share in World’s Production, % 3.7

Source: working Group report of 12th fyP & IPMA.co.in

figure 2.1: Geographical Spread of Indian Paper Mills

GujaratUPTamilnaduMaharastra

PunjabAndhra PradeshUttrakhandwest bengal

karnatakaMadhaya PradeshkeralaHaryana

ChattisgarhHimachal PradeshOdishaRajasthan

Overview Of the pulp and paper sectOr

| 17Patent Analysis

2.1.1. structure of the indian Paper industry

The Indian paper industry has a highly fragmented structure consisting of small, medium and large sized paper mills. These have capacities ranging from 10 to 1500 tpd and employ wood, agro residues and recycled waste paper as major raw materi-als. This fractured structure is attributed to the setting up of large numbers of smaller units for manufacturing paper after the ‘paper famine’ in 1970; after which several small, medium and large mills came in to co-existence. The economic reform of 1991 further acted as a booster for the growth of the industry when the paper industry was de-licensed.

The Indian paper industry is categorized into different sectors based on raw material use or by the variety of paper produced.

2.1.2. Paper industry segments based on raw material

The industry is typically divided into three major sectors based on the raw materials used. These are forest-based, agro-based and waste paper-based. The consumption of different raw materials by the industry depends upon the variety of paper produced,

the availability of raw materials and environ-mental factors, to a certain extent.

The distribution of the Indian paper industry based on the type of raw material used for making paper viz. wood, agro residues and recycled/waste paper is given in Table 2.2.

The raw material consumption pattern has changed over the last few decades. In the early seventies the share of wood-based raw material was 84%, whereas the agro-based and waste paper-based only contrib-uted 7% and 9% respectively. Presently, large, integrated, wood-based paper mills have installed capacities in the range of 250 -1500 tpd with a production share of around 24.4%. The medium sized, agro-based paper mills have capacities from 30-550 tpd with a production share of 11.0%; whereas the waste paper-based paper mills operate in the range of 10-1400 tpd contributing to 64.6 % of the country’s total production. Until a few years ago, the wood-based, agro-based and recycled fibre-based paper mills contributed 31%, 22% and 47% respectively to the total production. This spurt in mills shifting to the use of waste paper over other raw materials is mainly for environmental compliance. Figure 2.2 illustrates the chang-ing raw material consumption pattern of the Indian paper industry.

table 2.2: Structure of the Indian Paper Industry

no. of mills Production, mtpa*

Production share (%)

wood-Based (large integrated) 31 3.6 24

Agro-Based (medium scale) 144 1.61 11

recycle fibre-Based (medium and small scale) 629 9.57 65

total 804 14.78 100

(*) Figures based on production of operating mills.


2.1.3. Paper industry segments based on products

The Indian paper industry mainly produces writing and printing grade, newsprint grade and industrial grade paper. In terms of volume, the highest contribution to the domestic paper production comes from the industrial sector, followed by writing and printing paper and newsprint sectors. Out of the total production of 14.78 million tonnes of paper/paperboard and news-print, writing and printing paper constitutes 35 %, packaging paper 55% and newsprint around 10%. However, certain specialty papers such as security paper and check paper are imported into the country.

The writing and printing grade of paper is com-prised mainly of uncoated varieties viz. cream

wove, maplitho; branded copier is mainly pro-duced from wood-based raw materials with a little share from agro and recycled waste paper, whereas the industrial paper, classified into kraft paper, white board, machine glazed (MG) poster, duplex board and grey board, is mainly produced by the small and medium sized recycled waste paper and agro-based mills. Newsprint grade paper is produced by mills mainly utilizing recycled waste paper as the raw material. Table 2.3 presents the grade wise production of paper from different raw materials in the Indian paper industry.

Figure 2.3 shows the raw materials used for production of different grades of paper.

A representation of variety wise production from wood, agro and recovered paper-based mills is presented below in Figure 2.4.

table 2.3: Production of Various Grades from Different Raw Materials

variety raw material Production (mtpa)

total production (mtpa)

% contribution

writing Printing Grade

Wood-based 2.67

5.17 35*Agro-based 0.54

Recycled fibre-based 1.96

Packaging Grade

Wood-based 0.85

8.13 55*Agro-based 1.07


Newsprint Grade

Wood-based 0.08

~1.48 10*Agro-based Nil


Total Production 14.78 100


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figure 2.2: Share of Different Segments in Total Paper Production

wood-based waste Paper Agro-based

65.00

47.00

11.00

22.0024.00

31.00

10

20

30

40

50

60

0

20112015

Prod

uctio

n of

Pap

er &

Pap

erbo

ard

%

figure 2.3: Variety Wise Production of Paper from Different Raw Materials

Writing Printing NewsprintPackaging Grade

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

0

wood-based

Agro-based

RCf-based

10.4

38.0

10.5 13.2

76.3

95

5 0

51.6

figure 2.4: Different Varieties of Paper Made from Various Raw Materials

wood 8.7 million

tonnes

2014-15writing Printing Grade

5.17 million tonnes35%*

Packaging Grade 8.13 million tonnes

55%*

Newsprint Grade~1.48 million tonnes

10%*

baggase5.8 million

tonnes

wheat Straw2.64 million

tonnes

waste Paper 12.5 million

tonnes

2.67

0.54

1.07

*fig

ures

roun

ding

off

at s

econ

d pl

ace

of s

igni

fican

ce

1.416.20

1.96

0.00

0.85

0.08

wood-based3.59 million

tonnes(24%)

Agro-based1.61 million

tonnes(11%)

Recycled fibre-based9.57 million

tonnes(65%)


figure 2.5: Diagram of a Process Block Pulp and Paper Mill

Raw Material Preparation

Causticisation Green liquor Tank

white liquor

Recovery furnace

evaporator Paper Machine

Stock PreparationbleachingPulping &

washing

lime sludge, Reburning lime, kiln

limeSludge

Greenliquor

backwater

Pulp

filters, Retention aids, sizing chemicals, etc.

NaOH, Na2Ssteam & water

NOx & SOx Air emissions

Raw Material

Marcaptans

Steam for use in the Mill

waste biomass(Dust pith bark)

Pump

lime lime Smelt

NCG's

finished Paper

weak black liquor(Total Solids - 12 to 18%)

Heavy black liquor(Total Solids - 60 to 70%)

effluent 30m3

(Color, COD, bOD, AOx)

Cl2,ClO2, H2O2, NaOh

Source: psa.gov.in/sites/default/files/Pulp___Paper_-final.pdf

2.2. Overview of the Pulp and Papermaking Process

Pulp and paper are manufactured from raw materials containing cellulose. The most commonly used materials are wood, recycled paper, and agricultural residues. In develop-ing countries, about 60% of cellulose fibres originate from non-wood raw materials such as bagasse, straw, bamboo, reeds etc. The main steps in pulp and paper manufacturing

are: raw material preparation and handling; pulp manufacturing; pulp washing and screening; chemical recovery, bleaching; stock preparation, and papermaking. Pulp mills and paper mills may exist separately or as integrated operations. An integrated mill is one that conducts pulp manufacturing on-site. Non-integrated mills have no capac-ity for pulping but must bring pulp to the mill from an outside source. The following block diagram depicts the major processes involved in pulp and papermaking.


| 21Patent Analysis

2.2.1. Pulp making Process

Manufacturing of pulp starts with the raw material preparation, which includes debark-ing of wood, chipping, and other processes such as depithing (in case of non-wood raw material). The manufacture of pulp for paper and cardboard can be performed by mechanical (including thermomechanical), chemimechanical, and chemical methods.

Mechanical pulping achieves separation of the fibres from each other by applied mechan-ical energy, which causes gradual breaking of the bonds between the fibres and the release of fibre bundles, single fibres, and fibre frag-ments. The mixture of fibres and fibre frag-ments gives mechanical pulp its favourable printing properties. In mechanical pulping, the main part of the lignin is maintained in order to achieve high yield with acceptable strength properties and brightness. Mechani-cal pulps have a low resistance to aging which results in a tendency to discolour. The main processes are: stone groundwood pulping, pressure roundwood pulping, thermo-me-chanical pulping, or chemi-thermo-mechani-cal pulping [4].

In chemical pulping, the raw materials are cooked in a digester with chemicals. Cook-ing removes lignin, breaking up the wood into cellulose fibres. The process results in a slurry in which fibres are loose but intact and have maintained their strength.

The kraft sulphate process is the most versa-tile method of pulp production that results in strong and long fibres with low lignin content. In this process the wood chips are cooked at temperatures of 165-170°C with sodium hydroxide (caustic soda) and sodium sulphide to separate lignin and wood resins from the pulp. The pulp is then washed and bleached, if necessary. About 92-95 % of the chemicals (sodium hydroxide, sodium sul-phide and lime) are recovered and reused by operating in a closed loop system [4].

The alternative method is the sulphite pulp-ing process. This method is based on an acid-cooking liquor process, and is best suited for specialty pulp. The sulphite mills produce pulps that are easilly bleached, generally with hydrogen peroxide. These pulps are mainly used in the production of ‘chlorine-free’ products in the hygiene paper sector and also in printing and writing paper.

2.2.2. stock Preparation and Papermaking Process

Before pulp can be made into paper, it must undergo several steps called stock prepa-ration. Stock preparation is conducted to convert raw stock into finished stock (fur-nish) for the paper machine. The pulp is pre-pared for the paper machine including the blending of different pulps, dilution, and the addition of chemicals. The raw stocks used are the various types of chemical pulp, mechanical pulp, and recovered paper and their mixtures. The operations performed on the prepared stock in the paper mills are: dispersion, beating/refining, metering, and blending of fibre and additives.

On the paper machine, more water is added to produce a fibre suspension of as little as 1 to 10 parts fibre to 1000 parts water and the resulting mixture is passed into a head-box which squirts it through a thin, horizontal slit across the full machine width (typically 2 - 6 m) on to a moving, endless wire mesh.

The water is then removed on this wire sec-tion by a mixture of gravity and suction in a process known as sheet formation where the fibres start to spread and consolidate into a thin mat, which is almost recognisable as a layer of paper on top of the wire mesh.

This web of wet paper is then lifted from the wire mesh and squeezed between a series of presses where its water content is low-ered to about 50%. It then passes around a series of cast-iron cylinders, heated to


temperatures in excess of 100ºC, where drying takes place. Here the water content is lowered to between 5% and 8%, its final level. Throughout its passage from the wire mesh to the drying operation, the paper web is supported on various types of endless fabric belts moving at the same speed. After drying, some papers may also undergo sur-face treatments e.g. sizing and calendering. The latter process consists of smoothing the surface of the paper by passing it between a series of rotating, polished, metal rollers. It is then wound into a reel.

2.2.3. Deinking

Increasingly, large volumes of used paper are recovered for recycling; the printing inks have to be removed to increase the whiteness and purity of the manufactured paper. A chemical process using alkali and detergents is used. The recovered paper is first dissolved in water and separated from the non-fibre impurities. The fibres are then progressively cleaned in order to obtain the pulp and during this stage the ink is removed in a flotation process where air is blown into the solution. The ink adheres to bubbles of air and rises to the surface where it is separated. After the ink is removed, the fibre may be bleached, usually with hydrogen peroxide [5].

2.3. Patenting in the Paper and Pulp Industry: A Historical Perspective

Paper is undoubtedly the most widely used writing material around the world. It is well-known that the name paper derives from Papyrus, the writing material used by the ancient Egyptians. Papyrus, however, is only one of the predecessors of paper that are known by the generic term ‘tapa’ and are mostly made from the inner bark of paper mulberry, fig and daphne.

Tapa has been found extensively in nearly all cultures along the equatorial belt and is made by what is possibly the oldest paper-making technique – one still practised in some parts of the Himalayas and South East Asia. The tapa technique involves cooked bast, which is flattened with a wooden ham-mer to form a thin, fibrous layer and then dissolved in a vat with water to make a pulp. The fibres normally used for textiles, like flax and hemp, also served as substitutes for bast. In later times, the fabric was replaced by fine bamboo sticks.

In 105 A.D., the Chinese court official Ts’ai Lun invented papermaking from textile waste using rags. This can be considered as the birth of paper as we know it today. Later, Chinese papermakers developed a number of specialities such as sized, coated and dyed paper, and paper protected against ravages by insects, but they had great prob-lems satisfying the growing demand for paper for governmental administration. They also used a new fibre-yielding plant, bam-boo, which they de-fibred by cooking in it.

Chinese papermaking techniques reached Korea where production of paper began as early as the 6th century A.D. Pulp was pre-pared from the fibres of hemp, rattan, mul-berry, bamboo, rice straw, and seaweed. According to tradition, a Korean monk named Don-cho brought papermaking to Japan by sharing his knowledge at the Impe-rial Palace in approximately 610 A.D., sixty years after Buddhism was introduced in Japan. The technique eventually reached Tibet around 650 A.D. and then to India after 645 A.D. By the time Hsuan Tsang from China arrived to India in 671 A.D., paper was already widely used there.

In 751 A.D., the Arabs learned the art of papermaking from the Chinese prisoners after the defeat of the Chinese army by the Ottoman Turks in 751 A.D. The first paper industry in Baghdad was eventually built in


| 23Patent Analysis

793 A.D. Owing to the lack of fresh fibres, the predominant raw material used was rags. Although the pulping process, such as breaker mills, produced a rather inferior ground pulp, the Arab papermakers used screens made of reeds when filtering the pulp which produced thin sheets which were then ‘coated’ with starch paste. This gave Arabian paper its good writing properties and fine appearance.

The technique of papermaking then came to Europe, in particular Italy. From the 13th century onwards, papermakers at two early Italian centres, Fabriano and Amalfi, tried to improve upon the Arabian technique. The first documented papermaking on Ger-man soil was in 1390 when the Nuremberg councillor, Ulmann Stromer, commissioned a paper mill. By the end of the 16th century there were 190 mills in Germany.

The tremendous upsurge in papermaking during the Reformation in the 16th century, coupled with the introduction of printing with movable type, soon led to a serious shortage of raw materials and to regula-tions governing the trade in rags. The sys-tematic search for substitute materials met with little immediate success. In the early 18th century straw was certainly used as a raw material but failed to make head-way on quality grounds. However, in 1843, Saxon Friedrich Gottlob Keller invented a wood-grinding machine which produced groundwood pulp suitable for papermak-ing. This milestone was soon followed by an alternative way to turn wood into paper; Hugh Burgers and Charles Watt first pat-ented chemical pulp in 1854.

Following the invention of the first paper-making machine by J.N.L. Robert in 1798, other machines soon appeared on the market, such as Dickinson’s cylinder machine. The machines could contin-uously fill wire moulds and couch the sheets of paper on felt.

Flat screen and cylinder machines, which were first seen in the 19th century, were con-tinuously improved and extended to include a dryer section. This soon led to a consider-able widening of the paper web and to an increase in production speeds.

The history of the paper industry in the 19th and 20th centuries can be broken down into five partly overlapping periods, each marked by definite trends.

In the first stage (from about 1800 to 1860), all work sequences previously performed by hand were mechanized. This included the rag preparation, the use of fillers, pulp beating, the paper machine with its various parts, and the machines required for finish-ing the paper (the headbox, wire section, press section, dryer section, units for reel-ing, smoothing and packaging).

During the second stage (about 1840 to 1880), efforts were made to obtain rag sub-stitutes on an industrial scale (groundwood pulp and chemical pulp) and appropriate industrial plants (groundwood and chemical pulp mills) were developed.

The third stage (1860 to 1950) was marked by the enlargement of the web width, an increase in working speeds, the introduc-tion of electric drive and further improve-ments to various machine parts. Machines designed specifically for the production of particular paper and board grades (for example the yankee cylinder and mul-ti-cylinder machines) were also devel-oped. The web working width grew from 85 cm (1830) to 770 cm (1930), while pro-duction speeds rose from 5 m/min. (1820) to over 500 m/min. (1930).

The fourth stage (1950 to 1980), which was still dependent on the old methods as far as the mechanics were concerned, brought unprecedented changes in papermaking. Alongside further increases in web width


and working speeds, there was the use of new materials (thermo-mechanical pulp, deinked recovered paper, new fillers, pro-cessed chemicals and dyes), new sheet forming options (e.g. by twin-wire formers), neutral sizing, greater stress on ecology (closed loops) and, most of all, automation. The operational impact of these changes was: specialisation in certain paper types; development of new paper grades (LWC - lightweight coated paper); corporate merg-ers; company groups with their own raw material supply and trading organizations, and closure of unprofitable operations.

Some landmark patents and inventions in the history of the pulp and paper industry are listed below:

1798Nicolas-Louis Robert received a French pat-ent for a paper-making machine; a moving screen belt that would receive a continuous flow of stock and deliver an unbroken sheet of wet paper to a pair of squeeze rolls.

1806Henry Fourdrinier received a British patent for a paper-making machine with a method of making a machine for manufacturing paper of an indefinite length, laid and wove, with separated moulds.

1807Henry and Sealy Fourdrinier received an Eng-lish patent for an improved version of Rob-ert’s machine.

1809John Dickinson, an English papermaker, devised a cylinder paper machine for mak-ing paperboard.

1857Joseph Gayetty invented toilet paper.

1866Benjamin Chew Tilghman invented a sulphite

process to make wood pulp for paper pro-duction. In 1867 he received a U.S. patent on the use of calcium bisulfite, Ca(HSO3)2, to pulp wood.

1871Seth Wheeler of Albany, NY received a pat-ent for an ‘Improvement in Wrapping-Paper’; perforated wrapping paper was wound into rolls that could be easilly torn off at perfora-tions. This saved the cost of cutting, count-ing and bundling stacks of pre-cut sheets. It made storage more convenient and saved paper from drying or becoming brittle by exposure to the atmosphere.

1871Albert L. Jones, of New York City, received the first U.S. patent for an ‘Improvement in Paper for Packing’, titled ‘New and Improved Corru-gated Packing-Paper’, which he assigned to Thomson and Norris Company of Brooklyn. They became the first U.S. manufacturer of corrugated paper. In 1890, boxes made from corrugated paper came into use.

1872On February 20, Luther Childs Crowell, of Boston, MA, received a patent for an ‘Improvement in Paper Bags’ for a machine for manufacturing square-bottom paper bags with two longitudinal inward folds.

1879The kraft process (due to the superior strength of the resulting paper, from the Ger-man word Kraft for ‘strength’) was invented by Carl F. Dahl in Germany. The U.S. Patent 296,935 was issued in 1884, and a pulp mill using this technology started (in Swe-den) in 1890.

1918Jacques Edwin Brandenberger, Swiss chemist, of Thaon-les-Vosges, France, received a patent for ‘Composite Cellulose Film’ which was assigned to Societe Dite: La Cellophane [6,7].


| 25Patent Analysis

2.4. environmental Impact of the Pulp and Paper Industry

The pulp and paper industry is a chemical process industry with major impact on the environment. The potential pollutants from a pulp and paper mill can be classified into four categories: liquid effluents, air pollut-ants;,solid wastes, and noise pollution. The major pollutants in the pulp and paper indus-try are the various gases like sulfur com-pounds and nitrogen oxides emitted to the air, and chlorinated and organic compounds,

nutrients and metals, which are discharged to the wastewater. The pulp and paper indus-try is among the world’s largest generators of air and water pollutants, waste products and the gases that cause climate change. It is also one of the largest users of raw mate-rials including fresh water, energy and forest fibres. Some of the important environmental issues associated with the paper industry are: large use of water and discharge of coloured effluent; presence of chlorinated by products in the effluent system; odour control; acid deposition and stack emission; solid waste; denudation of forests and destruction of nat-ural habitats of wild animals.

| 27Patent Analysis

This report describes the search method-ology and tools used to perform a global collection of patent documents related to the broad technology areas applicable to the pulp and paper industry. It provides a general overview and analysis of all patent documents identified from the search. Infor-mation related to the key applicants and inventors, their history of patenting activity and their technology strength were iden-tified and are included in the report. The report also tries to identify the emerging technology areas in the pulp and paper sec-tor and summarize the patenting activities in those areas. Green technologies that can be useful in reducing the adverse impact on environment were also identified and pat-enting activity in those areas were analyzed.

3.1. Search StrategyPatent searches can be performed by using search strategies based on keywords or based on patent classification codes, or by a combination of both. The patent clas-sification system most commonly used for classifying patents is the International Pat-ent Classification (IPC), established by the Strasbourg Agreement. This system provides a hierarchical system of language inde-pendent symbols for the classification of patents and utility models according to the different areas of technology to which they pertain [8]. The IPC divides technology into

eight sections with approximately 70,000 subdivisions. Each subdivision has a sym-bol consisting of Arabic numerals and letters of the Latin alphabet.

The patent search started with identifying relevant patent classification codes. The International Patent Classification (IPC) was chosen as the primary patent classification scheme as it is used by the vast majority of patent jurisdictions. The Cooperative Pat-ent Classification (CPC), currently adopted by the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO), and European Patent Office (EPO) were also searched to supplement IPC search results.

Initially the IPC definitions were searched for terms that specifically cover any subject matter within the scope of the report. The IPC class D21 was identified, because its defini-tion covers the whole of the pulp and paper industry. As its definition falls entirely within the scope of the project, all patent docu-ments (granted patents or patent application publications) that have been classified in this class were searched. The corresponding CPC class was found to be D21 and the sub-classes, groups and subgroups within the class D21 was found to be the same in both IPC and CPC classification. The descriptions of all the subclasses belonging to the class D21 are provided in Table 3.1. Other IPC/CPC classes that were identified were the sub-group C02F (treatment of wastewater) and

3MeTHODOlOGy


the IPC subclass C02F103/28 (wastewater from paper or cellulose industry). The Global Patent Index (GPI) was used as the main searching tool and for statistical analysis of the results. A trial version of the GPI was used for preparation of this report. After ini-tially searching with D21 in IPC or CPC, other IPC subclasses corresponding to different technology areas were identified. As most of the subclasses identified specifically belong to the class D21, which is specific for the paper and pulp industry, an IPC/CPC-based search was thought to be sufficient for most of the technology areas. A combination of keyword and IPC/CPC search was performed for some technology areas like nanotechnol-ogy and biorefinery.

The IPC/CPC codes and the keywords used in the search for different technology areas and the number of documents retrieved for the corresponding queries are provided in the text of this report in the relevant sec-tions. Representative examples of patent documents belonging to different categories of technologies are provided in the annexure with their abstracts.

The technology areas identified were classi-fied into three main classes:

1. Technologies related to manufacture of paper

2. Sustainable technologies related to pulp and paper sector

3. Emerging technologies

The subcategories of technologies that were identified in each of the three categories are shown in Table 3.2.

The analysis of the patents was done by using the analytical tool GPI. Initially a broad search was performed for the whole of paper and cellulose and top technology areas within this sector were identified from statis-tical analysis of the IPC codes. Top countries of filing, top technology areas, top appli-cants/inventors in each technology areas and year wise, technology area wise and applicant wise filing trends were found out. The following section describes the results of the patent analysis in GPI in detail.

MethOdOlOgy

table 3.1: Description of Subclasses Belonging to IPC/CPC Class D21 (Papermaking; Production of Cellulose)

iPc/cPc subclass under

class D21 Description

D21B Fibrous raw materials or their mechanical treatment

D21CProduction of cellulose by removing non-cellulose substances from cellulose- containing materials; regeneration of pulping liquors; apparatus thereof

D21D Treatment of the materials before passing to the paper-making machine

D21F Paper-making machines; methods of producing paper thereon

D21G Calenders; accessories for papermaking machines

D21HPulp compositions; preparation thereof not covered by subclasses D21C, D21D; impregnating or coating of paper; treatment of finished paper not covered by class B31 or subclass D21G; paper not otherwise provided for

D21JFibreboard; manufacture of articles from cellulosic fibrous suspensions or from papier-mâché

D99 Subject matter not otherwise provided for in this section

| 29Patent Analysis

table 3.2: Identified Technology Areas in the Pulp and Paper Sector

s. no.

Broad technology Area specific technology Area corresponding

iPc code/s

1.

Technologies related to the manufacture of paper

Technologies related to fibrous raw materials or their mechanical treatment

D21B

2.

Technologies related to pulping » Pulping cellulose-containing materials » Digesters » After treatment of cellulose pulp-Bleaching » Regeneration of pulp liquors

D21C D21C3/00 D21C 7/00 D21C9/10 D21C11/00

3. Technologies related to treatment of the materials before passing to the paper-making machine (stock preparation)

D21D

4. Technologies related to paper-making machines and methods of producing paper thereon

D21F

5. Technologies related to calendars, accessories for making paper

D21G

6. Pulp or paper, comprising synthetic cellulose or non-cellulose fibres or web-forming material

D21H13

7. Technologies related to non-fibrous additives added to the pulp

D21H17 and D21H21

8. Technologies related to coated paper, coating material D21H19

9. Technologies related to special paper D21H27

10. Technologies related to fibreboard; manufacture of articles from cellulosic fibrous suspensions or from papier-mâché

D21J

11.

Sustainable/green technol-ogies related to the pulp and paper sector

Wastewater treatment from the paper or cellulose industry

C02F C02F103/28

12. Recycling of waste paperD21B1/32, D21C5/02

13. Non-wood fibres D21H11/12

14. Chlorine-free pulp bleaching

D21C9/14, D21C9/147, D21C9/15, D21C9/153, D21C9/16

15.

Emerging tech-nologies

Nanotechnology » Nanocellulose » Additives » Coating/coated paper » Special paper

16.

Enzyme technology » Biopulping » Biobleaching » Working up waste paper » Pretreatment of materials before digesting

C12N and D21

17. Organic solvents in pulping D21C3/20

18.

Biorefinery » Extraction of hemicelluloses » Extraction of lignin » Bioethanol production

| 31Patent Analysis

GPI is an advanced tool for searching the European Patent Office’s (EPO) worldwide bibliographic and legal status patent data. This worldwide database offers the possibility to search for published patent applications from over 90 patent-granting authorities. The results of searching in different technological areas, as described in Table 3.2, are elaborated on in the following sections.

4.1. Papermaking; Production of Cellulose (IPC or CPC class D21)A search was done for this using the query string IPC or CPC=D21*. The query retrieved 508322 doc-uments (181278 families). The results were then further analyZed to determine the top countries of publication and top IPC main groups and subgroups. The results are depicted in the following figures.

figure 4.1: Top IPC Main Groups within the Families Related to Papermaking and Production of Cellulose

# iPc main group Documents ranking (%)1. D21H27/00 8 886 1.752. D21F1/00 6 346 1.253. D21G9/00 3 273 0.644. D21G1/00 3 173 0.625. B41M5/00 2 941 0.586. D21C11/00 2 636 0.527. D21H5/00 2 520 0.508. D21F7/00 2 493 0.499. D21F11/00 2 479 0.4910. D21J3/00 2 355 0.4611. D21J1/00 2 241 0.4412. D21F5/00 2 200 0.4313. D21C5/00 2 112 0.4214. B32B29/00 2 101 0.4115. F16C13/00 2 085 0.4116. D21C9/00 2 032 0.4017. D21F9/00 1 739 0.3418. D21C3/00 1 621 0.3219. D21H11/00 1 568 0.31

4ANAlySIS Of PATeNT DOCUMeNTS USING GPI


figure 4.2: Top IPC Subgroups within the Families Related to Papermaking and Production of Cellulose

# iPc subgroup Documents ranking (%)1. D21H27/30 4 155 0.822. D21H19/38 3 779 0.743. D21C5/02 3 413 0.674. D21H17/67 3 312 0.655. D21C9/10 3 296 0.656. D21H21/14 3 256 0.647. D21H19/20 3 145 0.628. D21H21/16 2 933 0.589. B41M5/52 2 884 0.5710. D21G1/02 2 748 0.5411. D21H27/20 2 745 0.5412. B41M5/50 2 497 0.4913. D21F3/02 2 496 0.4914. D21F1/02 2 413 0.4715. D21F5/02 2 277 0.4516. D21F7/08 2 265 0.4517. D21H17/37 2 191 0.4318. D21C3/02 2 036 0.4019. D21H19/10 1 981 0.39

figure 4.3: Top Publishing Offices for the Patent Families Related to Papermaking and Production of Cellulose

# Publishing office Documents ranking (%)1. JP 36 099 7.102. US 31 196 6.143. CN 25 214 4.964. DE 20 366 4.015. WO 11 713 2.306. EP 8 708 1.717. FR 8 428 1.668. GB 6 972 1.379. FI 5 508 1.0810. SU 5 258 1.0311. KR 3 159 0.6212. NL 1 956 0.3813. CA 1 689 0.3314. AT 1 573 0.3115. SE 1 459 0.2916. BE 1 316 0.2617. CH 1 209 0.2418. RU 1 160 0.2319. ES 1 141 0.22

analysis Of patent dOcuMents using gpi

| 33Patent Analysis

It is evident from Figure 4.3 that the coun-tries where the most patent applications related to paper are filed in Japan, the USA and China. WIPO and the European Patent Office (EPO) also published a large number of patent documents.

The description of the top 10 IPC main groups and subgroups is given in the following table.

The top IPC main groups and subgroups give a fair idea of the different technolo-gies in paper manufacturing in which the highest numbers of patents have been filed. To get an idea of the emerging areas in paper technology as well as the tech-nologies, which are gradually becoming redundant, an IPC versus date of priority graph was prepared.

table 4.1: Description of Top 10 IPC Main Groups and Subgroups

iPc main group Description iPc

subgroup Description

D21H27/00Special paper not otherwise provided for, e.g. made by multi-step processes

D21H27/30 Multi-ply

D21F1/00Wet end of machines for making continuous webs of paper

D21H19/38Coated paper; coating material characterized by the pigments

D21G 9/00 Other accessories for papermaking machines

D21C5/02 Working up waste paper

D21G 1/00 Calender, Smoothing apparatus D21H17/67Water-insoluble compounds, e.g. fillers or pigment

B41M 5/00 Duplicating or marking methods; Sheet materials for use therein

D21C9/10After-treatment of cellulose pulp-bleaching

D21C 11/00 Regeneration of pulp liquors D21H21/14

Non-fibrous material added to the pulp characterised by function or properties in or on the paper

D21H5/00Special paper or cardboard not otherwise provided for

D21H19/20

Coating material comprising macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds

D21F7/00Other details of machines for making continuous webs of paper

D21H21/16Sizing or water-repelling agents

D21F11/00

Processes for making continuous lengths of paper, or of cardboard, or of wet web for fibreboard production, on paper-making machines

B41M5/52 Macromolecular coatings

D21J3/00Manufacture of articles by pressing wet fibre pulp, or papier-mâché, between moulds

D21G1/02 Rolls; Their bearings


From Figure 4.4 it is evident that in areas of technologies belonging to IPC subclasses D21H, D21J, D21C, D21G and D21F, the num-ber of innovations in the last 20 years is more or less constant. In the IPC subclasses D21D and D21B, there is a gradual increase in number of patents over the years, whereas in the IPC subclasses B05C, B05D, D04H and D06M there is a gradual decline. The sub-classes belonging to class D21 pertain to dif-ferent technologies related to papermaking, raw material and their treatment and pulp compositions, whereas B05 class describes spraying or atomising in general; applying liquids or other fluent materials to surfaces. D04 and D06 groups pertain to textiles. From Figure 4.4, it can be safely concluded that not a single broad technology area can

be detected where a prominent change in terms of the number of patents over the last 20 years has taken place.

The top applicants and top inventors in the pulp and paper sector were identified next and also the cross-reference graphs between IPC and applicant, was prepared to understand the major technology areas where the individual applicants have more strength. Figure 4.5 and Figure 4.6 depict the top applicants and top inven-tors respectively and Figure 4.7 shows the IPC vs. Applicant graph. Figure 4.8 is the cross-reference graph between applicant and the date of priority, which helps in understanding the patenting activities of the top applicants over last 20 years.

figure 4.4: IPC vs. Date of Priority Cross-Reference Graph

FIG. 4.49

Date of priority

Appl

ican

t

1985 1986 1987 1989 1990 1997 1998 2000 2001 2002 2003 2007 2008 2010 2012 2013 20141978

API IP HOLDINGS LLC

BRUSS TI KIROVA

ALCELL TECH INC

CANADIAN IND

CELANESE INT CORP

CHEMPOLIS OY

DU PONT

LE LESOTEKH AKAD

JINAN SHENGQUAN GROUP SHAR...

LE T I TSELLYULOZNO BUMAZHNOJ

LIGNOL INNOVATIONS LTD

NOVOZYMES AS

PASZNER LASZLO

SHELL INT RESEARCH

ROUSU ESA

SHELL OIL CO

THERMOFORM BAU FORSCHUNC

TIGNEY TECHNOLOGY INC

NIPPON KAMI PULP KENKYUSHO

WEYERHAEUSER CO

FIG. 4.21

D21J

D21H

D21G

D21F

D21D

D21C

D21B

D06M

D04H

C08L

C09D

C08J

C08G

C08F

B65D

B41M

B32B

B05D

B05C

B01D

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

IPC

Date of priority


| 35Patent Analysis

figure 4.5: Top Applicants in the Pulp and Paper Sector

# iPc subgroup Documents ranking (%)1. VOITH PATENT GMBH 2 251 0.442. OJI PAPER CO 1 980 0.393. MITSUBISHI PAPER MILLS LTD 1 817 0.364. METSO PAPER INC 1 747 0.345. VOITH PAPER PATENT GMBH 1 660 0.336. JUJO PAPER CO LTD 1 602 0.327. VOITH GMBH J M 1 260 0.258. DAIO SEISHI KK 1 155 0.239. KIMBERLY CLARK CO 1 059 0.2110. BASF AG 971 0.1911. BELOIT CORP 878 0.1712. MITSUBISHI HEAVY IND LTD 795 0.1613. PROCTER GAMBLE 781 0.1514. VALMET CORP 705 0.1415. BAYER AG 697 0.1416. DU PONT 693 0.1417. KAO CORP 657 0.1318. VALMET PAPER MACHINERY INC 593 0.1219. VOITH SULZER PAPIERMASCH GMBH 574 0.11

figure 4.6: Top Inventors in the Pulp and Paper Sector

# iPc subgroup Documents ranking (%)1. WEIPING HE 420 0.082. YUNLAN ZHAO 212 0.043. SCHIEL CHRISTIAN 211 0.044. LI WENBIN 208 0.045. RUF WOLFGANG 175 0.036. SAKAKI MAMORU 174 0.037. TROKHAN PAUL DENNIS 173 0.038. RICHTER GEORGE A 159 0.039. STEINER KARL DR 141 0.0310. AIKAWA YOSHIHIKO 141 0.0311. SCHNEID JOSEF 136 0.0312. MESCHENMOSER ANDREAS 134 0.0313. LLOYD HORNBOSTEL 128 0.0314. JUSTUS EDGAR J 128 0.0315. HENRICSON KAJ 126 0.0216. NANRI YASUTOKU 121 0.0217. ARAI RYUICHI 120 0.0218. UEBERSCHAER MANFRED 114 0.0219. HIRABAYASHI TETSUYA 114 0.02


figure 4.7: Applicant vs. IPC Cross-Reference Graph

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 20161989

AHLSTROEM OY

ANDRITZ INC

BABCOCK HITACHI KK

INT PAPER CO

JUJO PAPER CO LTD

KAMYR AB

KAMYR INC

KAO CORP

KVAERNER PULPING TECH

METSO PAPER INC

MITSUBISHI HEAVY IND LTD

MITSUBISHI PAPER MILLS LTD

MO OCH DOMSJOE AB

OJI PAPER CO

PULP PAPER RES INST

VN PROIZV OB CELJULOSZNO

VOITH GMBH J M

VOITH PATENT GMBH

WEYERHAEUSER CO

Date of priority

Appl

ican

t

B01F B01J C01B C02F C08B C08H C08L C11D C12N C12P C12S D06L D06M D21B D21C D21D D21F D21H F23GB0D1

AHLSTROEM OY

ANDRITZ INC

BABCOCK HITACHI KK

BROWN CO

INT PAPER CO

JUJO PAPER CO LTD

KAMYR AB

KAMYR INC

KAO CORP


METSO PAPER INC



MO OCH DOMSJOE AB

OJI PAPER CO

PULP PAPER RES INST


VOITH GMBH J M

VOITH PATENT GMBH

WEYERHAEUSER CO

IPC

Appl

ican

tanalysis Of patent dOcuMents using gpi

A close observation of Figure 4.7 reveals that the largest number of documents for each top applicant can be found in different sub-classes belonging to the IPC class D21, which is specific for papermaking and production of cellulose. The highest number of docu-ments for the top applicants belongs to sub-classes D21H, D21F, D21G and D21C. Other IPC classes with prominent presence in this chart are C08 and C09 which mainly stands for organic macromolecular compounds and paints and dyes and their compositions. Dif-ferent subclasses of subsection B pertaining to printing, separation, layered products and packaging materials can also be seen. The presence of a comparatively smaller number of IPC codes belonging to subsections B and C cam be explained by the fact that generally multiple IPC codes are assigned to a single patent document, depending on the nature of the invention. For example, an invention pertaining to sizing agents can be assigned classification in both C08 and D21 classes,

whereas an invention describing coated paper or board will be assigned classifica-tion in both B32 and D21 classes.

Figure 4.8 reveals that most of the top appli-cants have a large number of patent docu-ments with priority dates of 1996-2012. After 2012, there is a notable decline in the num-ber of documents for most of the applicants except a few like Procter & Gamble, Mitsubi-shi Paper Mills Ltd. and Kimberly Clark.

The overall filing trend in the last 10 years was next analysed by plotting the number of documents versus the date of priority. The results can be seen in Figure 4.9.

Figure 4.9 reveals that overall there is very lit-tle change in the number of documents with relation to date of priority during the last 10 years. It indicates that the last 10 years may not have witnessed any sudden increase or decline in patent filing in this sector.

| 37Patent Analysis

figure 4.8: Applicant vs. Date of Priority Cross-Reference Graph

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 20161989

AHLSTROEM OY

ANDRITZ INC

BABCOCK HITACHI KK

INT PAPER CO

JUJO PAPER CO LTD

KAMYR AB

KAMYR INC

KAO CORP


METSO PAPER INC



MO OCH DOMSJOE AB

OJI PAPER CO

PULP PAPER RES INST


VOITH GMBH J M

VOITH PATENT GMBH

WEYERHAEUSER CO

Date of priority

Appl

ican

tB01F B01J C01B C02F C08B C08H C08L C11D C12N C12P C12S D06L D06M D21B D21C D21D D21F D21H F23GB0D1

AHLSTROEM OY

ANDRITZ INC

BABCOCK HITACHI KK

BROWN CO

INT PAPER CO

JUJO PAPER CO LTD

KAMYR AB

KAMYR INC

KAO CORP


METSO PAPER INC



MO OCH DOMSJOE AB

OJI PAPER CO

PULP PAPER RES INST


VOITH GMBH J M

VOITH PATENT GMBH

WEYERHAEUSER CO

IPCAp

plic

ant

figure 4.9: Number of Patent Documents with Date of Priority 2006-2016

0

5 00

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006



4.2. Analysis of Patenting Activ-ity in Different Technology Areas using GPI

4.2.1. technologies related to Paper manufacturing Process

A patent search was performed using GPI as the search tool in different technology areas within the IPC class D21. The numbers of documents retrieved are shown in the following table.

4.2.1.1. Jurisdiction wise AnalysisWith the help of the GPI statistical tool the top publishing offices in each technology areas were identified. It was found that in all technol-ogy areas the top publishing offices are the USA (US), Japan (JP), China (CN), Germany (DE), the

European Union (EU), WIPO (WO), Great Britain (GB), France (FR) and the Soviet Union (SU).

Figures 4.10 (a) and (b) depict the technology wise distribution of patent documents in the top 10 jurisdictions.

4.2.1.2. Applicant and Date of Priority wise AnalysisTop applicants in each of the technology areas were identified. Tables 4.3 (a) and (b) show the names of the top 10 applicants in the identified technology areas related to paper manufacturing. Furthermore, cross-reference graphs of applicants were plotted with the date of priority. This type of graph helps to identify not only the top compa-nies in particular technology areas but also the time period when a particular company was active in that technology area. It also gives indication of

table 4.2: Number of Documents Retrieved in GPI Related to Manufacturing of Paper

s. no. specific technology Area corresponding iPc code/s no. of documents

1. Technologies related to fibrous raw materials or their mechanical treatment

D21B 31411 (10933 families)

2.

Technologies related to pulping » Pulping cellulose-containing materials » Digesters » After treatment of cellulose » pulp-bleaching Regeneration of pulp liquors

D21C D21C3 D21C7 D21C9/10 D21C11

94523(30296 families) 22867 (7788 families) 8492 (3097 families) 16333 (3702 families) 20512 (6672 families)

3. Technologies related to stock preparation D21D 34922 (13213 families)

4. Technologies related to papermaking machines and methods of producing paper thereon

D21F 129040 (44031 families)

5. Technologies related to calendars, accessories for making paper

D21G 38121 (11141 families)


D21H13 24871 (8224 families )

7. Technologies related to non-fibrous additives added to the pulp

D21H17 and D21H21

132434 (37816 families)

8. Technologies related to coated paper, coating material

D21H19 72148 (24360 families)

9. Technologies related to special paper D21H27 64809 (24285 families)

10.Technologies related to fibreboard; manufacture of articles from cellulosic fibrous suspensions or from papier-mâché

D21J 17706 (9842 families)

| 39Patent Analysis

figure 4.10: Comparison of Number of Patent Documents in Different Technology Areas Related to Paper Manufacturing in Top Ten Jurisdictions

(a)

0100020003000400050006000700080009000

JP US CN DE WO EP FR GB FI SURaw material Pulping Stock preparationPaper making machines and methods Calendars and accessories

(b)

0100020003000400050006000700080009000

10000

JP US CN DE WO EP FR GB KR SUsynthetic celluose Additivescoated paper/coating material

Special paperFibreboard/papiermache

the current scenario in that particular technology area in terms of applicants who have been work-ing in that area in the last 5-10 years and compa-nies who are no longer active in that field.

Figures 4.11 (a) to 4.11 (j) represent the relation-ship between the top applicants and the date of priority in different areas of technology related to paper manufacturing.

From Figure 4.11(a) it can be seen that in this technology area the only company with

continued presence over the years is Voith (Voith Paper and Voith Patent); The rest of the top companies have intermittent presence.

From Figure 4.11(b) it can be concluded that in this technology area the companies with con-tinued presence over the years are Jujo Paper Co. Ltd., and Mitsubishi Paper Mills. Oji Paper, despite being the top applicant in this area, does not have application with priority date beyond 2011 in the area of pulping.


table 4.3: Top 10 Applicants in Different Technology Areas

technology Area (a)

Raw Materials Pulping Stock Preparation Papermaking machines

Calendars and accessories

Top

10 A

pplic

ants

Voith Gmbh J M Oji Paper Co Voith Patent Gmbh Voith Patent Gmbh Metso Paper Inc

Voith Patent Gmbh

Kamyr Ab Voith Gmbh J MVoith Paper Patent Gmbh

Voith Patent Gmbh

Voith Paper Patent Gmbh

Jujo Paper Co Ltd

Voith Paper Patent Gmbh

Metso Paper IncVoith Paper Patent Gmbh

Escher Wyss Gmbh

Ahlstroem Oy Ahlstroem Oy Voith Gmbh J M Valmet Corp

Kimberly Clark CoKvaerner Pulping Tech

Beloit Corp Beloit Corp Voith Gmbh J M

Seiko Epson Corp

Vn Proizv Ob Celljuloszno

Black Clawson Co Valmet CorpValmet Paper Machinery Inc

Beloit CorpMitsubishi Paper Mills Ltd

Metso Paper IncValmet Paper Machinery Inc

Beloit Corp

Black Clawson CoMitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd

Aikawa TekkoMitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd

Kuesters Eduard Maschf

Sunds DefibratorMo Och Domsjoe Ab

Bauer Bros Co Beloit Iron WorksVoith Sulzer Papiertech Patent

Metso Paper IncWeyerhaeuser Co

Ni Pk I Tsellyuloznogo Mash

Voith Sulzer Papiermasch Gmbh

Voith Sulzer Papiermasch Gmbh

technology Area (b)Synthetic

cellulose/non-cellulose fibres

Non-fibrous additives

Coated paper/coating material Special Paper fibreboard/

papier-mâché

Top

10 A

pplic

ants

Teijin Ltd Basf Ag Oji Paper Co Oji Paper Co Kao Corp

Mitsubishi Paper Mills Ltd

Oji Paper CoMitsubishi Paper Mills Ltd

Daio Seishi Kk Keyes Fibre Co

Kuraray CoJujo Paper Co Ltd

Jujo Paper Co LtdMitsubishi Paper Mills Ltd

Ibiden Co Ltd

Du Pont Daio Seishi Kk Daio Seishi Kk Procter Gamble Masonite Corp

Toray IndustriesMitsubishi Paper Mills Ltd

Canon Kk Jujo Paper Co LtdDiamond National Corp

Oji Paper Co Bayer Ag Haichuan Ind Co Ltd Kimberly Clark CoDaiken Trade Industry

Mitsubishi Rayon Co

Kimberly Clark Co

Ocean Power Corp Canon KkMatsushita Electric Works Ltd

Asahi Chemical Ind

Hercules Inc New Oji Paper Co LtdToppan Printing Co Ltd

Oji Paper Co

Univ Shaanxi Science Tech

Procter Gamble

Basf AgFuji Photo Film Co Ltd

United States Gypsum Co

Tomoegawa Paper Co Ltd

Tsnii Bumagi Fuji Photo Film Co LtdDainippon Printing Co Ltd

Brown Co


| 41Patent Analysis

figure 4.11: (a) Applicant vs. Date of Priority Graph: Raw Materials and their Mechanical Treatment

(a)

FIG. 4.11b

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 20161989

Date of priority

AHLSTROEM OY

ANDRITZ INC

BABCOCK HITACHI KK

INT PAPER CO

JUJO PAPER CO LTD

KAMYR AB

KAMYR INC

KAO CORP




MO OCH DOMSJOE AB

OJI PAPER CO

PULP PAPER RES INST

VN PROIZV OB CELLJULOSZNO

VOITH GMBH J M

VOITH PATENT GMBH

WEYERHAEUSER CO

Appl

ican

t

METSO PAPER INC

FIG. 4.11a

AIKAWA TEKKO

ANDRITZ AG MASCHF

ANDRITZ INC

BAUER BROS CO

BELOIT CORP

BLACK CLAWSON CO

DUPLO SEIKO CORP

ESCHER WYSS GMBH

KIMBERLY CLARK CO

METSO PAPER INC

SEIKO EPSON CORP

SUNDS DEFIBRATOR

SUNDS DEFIBRATOR IND AB

UNIV JINAN

UPM KYMMENE CORP

VOITH GMBH J M

VOITH PAPER PATENT GMBH

VOITH PATENT GMBH

WEYERHAEUSER CO

Appl

ican

t


1978 1979 1983 1990 1991 1993 1998 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 20151977

Date of priority

figure 4.11: (b) Applicant vs. Date of Priority Graph: Technologies Related to Pulping

(b)

FIG. 4.11b

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 20161989

Date of priority

AHLSTROEM OY

ANDRITZ INC

BABCOCK HITACHI KK

INT PAPER CO

JUJO PAPER CO LTD

KAMYR AB

KAMYR INC

KAO CORP




MO OCH DOMSJOE AB

OJI PAPER CO

PULP PAPER RES INST


VOITH GMBH J M

VOITH PATENT GMBH

WEYERHAEUSER CO

Appl

ican

t

METSO PAPER INC

FIG. 4.11a

AIKAWA TEKKO

ANDRITZ AG MASCHF

ANDRITZ INC

BAUER BROS CO

BELOIT CORP

BLACK CLAWSON CO

DUPLO SEIKO CORP

ESCHER WYSS GMBH

KIMBERLY CLARK CO

METSO PAPER INC

SEIKO EPSON CORP

SUNDS DEFIBRATOR


UNIV JINAN

UPM KYMMENE CORP

VOITH GMBH J M


VOITH PATENT GMBH

WEYERHAEUSER CO

Appl

ican

t


1978 1979 1983 1990 1991 1993 1998 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 20151977

Date of priority


figure 4.11: (c) Applicant vs. Date of Priority Graph: Stock Preparation

(c)

FIG. 4.11d

BELOIT CORP

BLACK CLAWSON CO

ALBANY INT CORP

ESCHER WYSS GMBH

ICHIKAWA CO LTD

KIMBERLY CLARK CO

METSO PAPER INC


NIPPON FILCON KK

PROCTER GAMBLE

VALMET CORP

VALMET OY


VOITH GMBH J M

VALMET PAPER MACHINERY INC

VOITH PATENT GMBH

VOITH SULZER PAPIERMASCH G...

VOITH SULZER PAPIERTECH PAT...

Appl

ican

t

TSNI PK I PROEKT OBORU DLYA TS

1988 1989 1990 1996 1997 1998 1999 2001 2002 2005 2006 2007 2008 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 20161987

Date of priority

FIG. 4.11c

AIKAWA TEKKO

ANDRITZ AG MASCHF

AHLSTROEM OY

BAUER BROS CO

BELOIT CORP

BIRD MACHINE CO

BLACK CLAWSON CO

ESCHER WYSS GMBH

KAMYR AB

LAMORT E M

NI PK I TSELLYULOZNOGO MASH


UNIV SOUTH CHINA TECH

UK NIl TSELLYULOZNO BUMAZH...

TSNII BUMAGI


VOITH GMBH J M


Appl

ican

t

METSO PAPER INC

Date of priority1979 1980 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 20161977

figure 4.11: (d) Applicant vs. Date of Priority Graph: Papermaking Machines and Methods

(d)

FIG. 4.11d

BELOIT CORP

BLACK CLAWSON CO

ALBANY INT CORP

ESCHER WYSS GMBH

ICHIKAWA CO LTD

KIMBERLY CLARK CO

METSO PAPER INC


NIPPON FILCON KK

PROCTER GAMBLE

VALMET CORP

VALMET OY


VOITH GMBH J M


VOITH PATENT GMBH



Appl

ican

t


1988 1989 1990 1996 1997 1998 1999 2001 2002 2005 2006 2007 2008 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 20161987

Date of priority

FIG. 4.11c

AIKAWA TEKKO

ANDRITZ AG MASCHF

AHLSTROEM OY

BAUER BROS CO

BELOIT CORP

BIRD MACHINE CO

BLACK CLAWSON CO

ESCHER WYSS GMBH

KAMYR AB

LAMORT E M

NI PK I TSELLYULOZNOGO MASH



UK NIl TSELLYULOZNO BUMAZH...

TSNII BUMAGI


VOITH GMBH J M


Appl

ican

t

METSO PAPER INC

Date of priority1979 1980 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 20161977


From Figure 4.11(c) it can be concluded that except Voith and Andritz, none of the top companies have patenting activity in this area in the last 20 years. The graph 4.11(d) shows that Voith is the top applicant in this technology area and it is still active, but the amount of applications by Voith have

steadily decreased since 2008. Other top applicants who are currently active in this field are Ichikawa Co., Procter & Gamble, Metso Paper and Albany Corp. In the same way, similar information can be found out from the rest of the plots given below. The areas where patenting activities of the top

| 43Patent Analysis

figure 4.11: (e) Applicant vs. Date of Priority Graph: Calendars and Accessories

(e)

FIG. 4.11f

Date of priority

BASF AG

BENGBU SHOUCHUANG FILTER C...

ASAHI CHEMICAL IND

UNIV SHAANXI SCIENCE TECH

DAIO SEISHI KK

DU PONT

HERCULES INC

JAPAN VILENE CO LTD

KIMBERLY CLARK CO

KOLON INC

KURARAY CO

MITSUBISHI RAYON CO

MITSUI PETROCHEMICAL IND

TEĲN LTD

PROCTER GAMBLE

OJI PAPER CO

TOMOEGAWA PAPER CO LTD

TORAY INDUSTRIES

UNITIKA LTD

Appl

ican

t


1973 1987 1989 1990 1997 20002001 20032004 2005 200620082009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 20161972

FIG. 4.11e

Date of priority

ESCHER WYSS AG

ESCHER WYSS GMBH

BELOIT CORP

KLEINEWEFERS GMBH

KUESTERS EDUARD MASCHF

METSO PAPER INC


SIEMENS AG


VALMET CORP

VALMET TECHNOLOGIES INC

VOITH GMBH J M



VOITH SULZER FINISHING GMBH



Appl

ican

t


1989 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 20121988

figure 4.11: (f) Applicant vs. Date of Priority Graph: Pulp or Paper Comprising Synthetic Cellulose or Non-Cellulose Fibres

(f)

FIG. 4.11f

Date of priority

BASF AG


ASAHI CHEMICAL IND


DAIO SEISHI KK

DU PONT

HERCULES INC

JAPAN VILENE CO LTD

KIMBERLY CLARK CO

KOLON INC

KURARAY CO

MITSUBISHI RAYON CO

MITSUI PETROCHEMICAL IND

TEĲN LTD

PROCTER GAMBLE

OJI PAPER CO

TOMOEGAWA PAPER CO LTD

TORAY INDUSTRIES

UNITIKA LTD

Appl

ican

t


1973 1987 1989 1990 1997 20002001 20032004 2005 200620082009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 20161972

FIG. 4.11e

Date of priority

ESCHER WYSS AG

ESCHER WYSS GMBH

BELOIT CORP

KLEINEWEFERS GMBH

KUESTERS EDUARD MASCHF

METSO PAPER INC


SIEMENS AG


VALMET CORP

VALMET TECHNOLOGIES INC

VOITH GMBH J M



VOITH SULZER FINISHING GMBH



Appl

ican

t


1989 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 20121988

applicants are persistent over time are mainly the technologies dealing with synthetic cellu-lose or non-cellulose fibres, additives (pulp compositions), coated paper/coating material

and special papers. In the technology areas related to calendars and accessories and fibreboard, very few of the top applicants were active in the last 10 years.


figure 4.11: (g) Applicant vs. Date of Priority Graph: Non-Fibrous Additives Added to the Pulp

(g)

FIG. 4.11h

Date of priority

BASF AG

BYER AG

ASAHI CHEMICAL IND

TSNII BUMAGI

CANON KK

DAIO SEISHI KK

FUJI PHOTO FILM CO LTD

HAICHUAN IND CO LTD

JUJO PAPER CO LTD

KANZAKI PAPER MFG CO LTD

KIMBERLY CLARK CO


MITSUI TOATSU CHEMICALS

OJI PAPER CO

OCEAN POWER CORP

NEW OJI PAPER CO LTD

SHENZHEN OCEAN POWER COLOR...

SUMITOMO CHEMICAL CO

TOPPAN PRINTING CO LTD

Appl

ican

t

KURARAY CO

1993 1995 1996 1997 1999 2002200320042005200620072009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 20161992

FIG. 4.11g

Date of priority

BASF AG

BAYER AG

ARAKAWA CHEM IND

CIBA GEIGY AC

DAIO SEISHI KK

DU PONT

GIESECKE DEVRIENT GMBH

HERCULES INC

HYMO CORP

JUJO PAPER CO LTD

KIMBERLY CLARK CO


OJI PAPER CO

NALCO CHEMICAL CO

PROCTER GAMBLE



Appl

ican

t

KAO CORP

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2015 20161997 2012 2013 2014

figure 4.11: (h) Applicant vs. Date of Priority Graph: Coated Paper, Coating Material

(h)

FIG. 4.11h

Date of priority

BASF AG

BYER AG

ASAHI CHEMICAL IND

TSNII BUMAGI

CANON KK

DAIO SEISHI KK


HAICHUAN IND CO LTD

JUJO PAPER CO LTD


KIMBERLY CLARK CO


MITSUI TOATSU CHEMICALS

OJI PAPER CO

OCEAN POWER CORP

NEW OJI PAPER CO LTD

SHENZHEN OCEAN POWER COLOR...

SUMITOMO CHEMICAL CO


Appl

ican

t

KURARAY CO

1993 1995 1996 1997 1999 2002200320042005200620072009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 20161992

FIG. 4.11g

Date of priority

BASF AG

BAYER AG

ARAKAWA CHEM IND

CIBA GEIGY AC

DAIO SEISHI KK

DU PONT

GIESECKE DEVRIENT GMBH

HERCULES INC

HYMO CORP

JUJO PAPER CO LTD

KIMBERLY CLARK CO


OJI PAPER CO

NALCO CHEMICAL CO

PROCTER GAMBLE



Appl

ican

t

KAO CORP

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2015 20161997 2012 2013 2014


| 45Patent Analysis

figure 4.11: (i) Applicant vs. Date of Priority Graph: Special Paper

(i)

FIG. 4.11i

Date of priority

DAINIPPON PRINTING CO LTD

DAIO SEISHI KK

CANON KK


FUJI XEROX CO LTD

HOKUETSU KISHU PAPER CO LTD

HOKUETSU PAPER MILLS

JAPAN TOBACCO INC

JUJO PAPER CO LTD

KAO CORP

KURARAY CO


OJI PAPER CO

PROCTER GAMBLE


Appl

ican

t

KIMBERLY CLARK CO

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 20082009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 20161996

OJI HOLDINGS CORP

FIG. 4.11j

Date of priority

DAIKEN TRADE INDUSTRY

FIRST SEZHE CO LTD

UNITED STATES GYPSUM CO

HARTMANN AS BRDR

IBIDEN CO LTD

KAO CORP

MASONITE CORP

MATSUSHITA ELECTRIC WORKS L...


OJI PAPER CO

Appl

ican

t

1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2007 2011 2012 20151992

figure 4.11: (j) Applicant vs. Date of Priority Graph: Fibreboard; Manufacture of Articles from Cellulosic Fibrous Suspensions or from Papier-M.ch.

(j)

FIG. 4.11i

Date of priority

DAINIPPON PRINTING CO LTD

DAIO SEISHI KK

CANON KK


FUJI XEROX CO LTD

HOKUETSU KISHU PAPER CO LTD

HOKUETSU PAPER MILLS

JAPAN TOBACCO INC

JUJO PAPER CO LTD

KAO CORP

KURARAY CO


OJI PAPER CO

PROCTER GAMBLE


Appl

ican

t

KIMBERLY CLARK CO

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 20082009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 20161996

OJI HOLDINGS CORP

FIG. 4.11j

Date of priority

DAIKEN TRADE INDUSTRY

FIRST SEZHE CO LTD

UNITED STATES GYPSUM CO

HARTMANN AS BRDR

IBIDEN CO LTD

KAO CORP

MASONITE CORP

MATSUSHITA ELECTRIC WORKS L...


OJI PAPER CO

Appl

ican

t

1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2007 2011 2012 20151992


figure 4.12: Comparison of Number of Patent Documents in Different Technology Areas Related to Pulping in Top Ten Jurisdictions

0

200400600800

100012001400160018002000

US CN WO JP FR DE SU FI EP CAPulping cellulosic materials Digesters Bleaching Regenerating pulp liquors

table 4.4: Top 10 Applicants in Different Technology Areas Related to Pulping

technology Area

Pulping cellulosic materials Digesters bleaching Regenerating pulp

liquors

Top

10 A

pplic

ants

Vn Proizv Ob Celljuloszno

Kamyr Ab Oji Paper CoMitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd

Mo Och Domsjoe Ab Kamyr Inc Mo Och Domsjoe Ab Babcock Hitachi Kk

Kamyr Ab Andritz Inc Kamyr Ab Ahlstroem Oy

Kvaerner Pulping Tech Kvaerner Pulping Tech Jujo Paper Co Ltd Jujo Paper Co Ltd

Jujo Paper Co Ltd Mo Och Domsjoe Ab Degussa Kvaerner Pulping Tech

Kamyr Inc Bauer Bros Co Int Paper Co Babcock Wilcox Co

Oji Paper Co Siemens Ag Mitsubishi Paper Mills Ltd Oji Paper Co

Andritz Inc Metso Paper Inc Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Co Mo Och Domsjoe Ab

Weyerhaeuser Co Einar Morterud Kvaerner Pulping TechKawasaki Heavy Ind Ltd

Le Lesotekh Akad Ahlstroem Oy Kamyr Inc Andritz Oy


4.2.1.3. Patent Analysis in Different Technology Areas Related to PulpingThe class D21C is a large class encompass-ing several technologies related to pulping, therefore three groups pertaining to impor-tant technologies like production of pulp, digesters and regeneration of pulp liquors and one subgroup pertaining to bleaching

were identified and patent analysis was per-formed using these groups/subgroups.

The top publishing offices for pulping related technologies are shown in the fol-lowing figure (Figure 4.12). The top appli-cants in each technology area are shown in the following table (Table 4.4).

| 47Patent Analysis

figure 4.13: Applicants and Date of Priority for Patents in the Area of ‘Pulping of Cellu-lose-Containing Materials’

Date of priority

AHLSTROM MACHINERY INC

ANDRITZ AHLSTROM INC

AHLSTROEM OY


ANDRITZ INC

BAUER BROS CO

BELOIT CORP

KAMYR AB


METSO FIBER KARLSTAD AB

SHANDONG TRALIN PAPER CO LTD

MO OCH DOMSJOE AB

METSO PAPER INC

SIEMENS AG

SNEKKENES VIDAR

TOYO PULP CO LTD

Appl

ican

t KAMYR INC

1975 1976 1978 1979 1990 1991 1992 1995 1996 1997 2003 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 20141973

Date of priority

ANDRITZ INC

DU PONT

AHLSTROEM OY

INT PAPER CO

JUJO PAPER CO LTD

KAMYR AB

KAMYR INC


KOGYO GĲUTSUIN

LE LESOTEKH AKAD


OJI PAPER CO


SNEKKENES VIDAR

SHELL OIL CO

TOYO PULP CO LTD


WEYERHAEUSER CO

Appl

ican

t

MO OCH DOMSJOE AB

1974 1975 1976 1978 1979 1980 1987 20052006200720082009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 20161973

The following figures depict the patenting activity of the top applicants in terms of the date of priority in each of the technol-ogy areas under pulping.

It is evident from Figure 4.13 that only four or five of the top applicants have actually

been active in this area during recent times. The highest numbers of applicants have documents with priority dates from 1973 to 1987. It can also be noted that not a single document exists bearing the date of priority from 1988 to 2004 in this area.


figure 4.14: Cross-Reference Graph Between Applicants and Date of Priority for the Technologies Related to Digesters

Date of priority

AHLSTROM MACHINERY INC

ANDRITZ AHLSTROM INC

AHLSTROEM OY


ANDRITZ INC

BAUER BROS CO

BELOIT CORP

KAMYR AB


METSO FIBER KARLSTAD AB


MO OCH DOMSJOE AB

METSO PAPER INC

SIEMENS AG

SNEKKENES VIDAR

TOYO PULP CO LTD

Appl

ican

t KAMYR INC

1975 1976 1978 1979 1990 1991 1992 1995 1996 1997 2003 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 20141973

Date of priority

ANDRITZ INC

DU PONT

AHLSTROEM OY

INT PAPER CO

JUJO PAPER CO LTD

KAMYR AB

KAMYR INC


KOGYO GĲUTSUIN

LE LESOTEKH AKAD


OJI PAPER CO


SNEKKENES VIDAR

SHELL OIL CO

TOYO PULP CO LTD


WEYERHAEUSER CO

Appl

ican

t

MO OCH DOMSJOE AB

1974 1975 1976 1978 1979 1980 1987 20052006200720082009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 20161973


Figure 4.14 clearly shows that only one com-pany among the top applicants, namely Andritz Inc., has actually been active in this area during recent times. The highest num-bers of applicants have documents with pri-ority dates from 1973 to 2009. It can also be noted that not a single document exists bearing the date of priority from 1980 to 1989 in this area.

Figure 4.15 clearly shows that the larg-est numbers of companies among the top applicants were active in this area during the period 1989 to 2005; after 2000 the numbers of documents have gradually reduced. It can also be noted that not a single document exists bearing the date of priority from 1980 to 1988 and also from 2006-2010 in this area.

Figure 4.16 clearly shows that the highest numbers of companies among the top appli-cants were active in this area during the

period 1973 to 1999. After that not a single document of the top applicants exists bear-ing the date of priority from 2000 to 2009. From 2010 to 2014 only two companies can be seen to have a considerable number of patent documents.

| 49Patent Analysis

figure 4.15: Cross-Reference Graph Between Applicants and Date of Priority for the Tech-nologies Related to Bleaching

Date of priority

ANDRITZ OY

BABCOCK HITACHI KK

AHLSTROEM OY


BABCOCK WILCOX CO

COMBUSTION ENG

ERCO ENVIROTECH LTD

JUJO PAPER CO LTD

KAMYR INC

KAWASAKI HEAVY IND LTD




ROSENBLADS PATENTER AB

OJI PAPER CO

MO OCH DOMSJOE AB

STERLING DRUG INC

UPM KYMMENE CORP

Appl

ican

t

LE T ITSELLYULOZNO BUMAZHNOJ

1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1978 1983 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1997 1999 2010 2011 2012 2013 20141971

Date of priority

EKA NOBEL AB

INT PAPER CO

DEGUSSA

BASF AG

AHLSTROEM OY

JUJO PAPER CO LTD

KAMYR AB

KAMYR INC


MITSUBISHI GAS CHEMICAL CO


MO OCH DOMSJOE AB

OJI PAPER CO

PULP PAPER RES INST

UNION CAMP PATENT HOLDING




WEYERHAEUSER CO

Appl

ican

t

NOVO NORDISK AS

1979 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000200220042005 2011 2012 20151975

figure 4.16: Cross-Reference Graph Between Applicants and Date of Priority for the Technologies Related to Regeneration of Pulp Liquors

Date of priority

ANDRITZ OY

BABCOCK HITACHI KK

AHLSTROEM OY


BABCOCK WILCOX CO

COMBUSTION ENG

ERCO ENVIROTECH LTD

JUJO PAPER CO LTD

KAMYR INC

KAWASAKI HEAVY IND LTD




ROSENBLADS PATENTER AB

OJI PAPER CO

MO OCH DOMSJOE AB

STERLING DRUG INC

UPM KYMMENE CORP

Appl

ican

t

LE T ITSELLYULOZNO BUMAZHNOJ

1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1978 1983 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1997 1999 2010 2011 2012 2013 20141971

Date of priority

EKA NOBEL AB

INT PAPER CO

DEGUSSA

BASF AG

AHLSTROEM OY

JUJO PAPER CO LTD

KAMYR AB

KAMYR INC




MO OCH DOMSJOE AB

OJI PAPER CO

PULP PAPER RES INST





WEYERHAEUSER CO

Appl

ican

t

NOVO NORDISK AS

1979 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000200220042005 2011 2012 20151975


table 4.5: Number of Patent Documents Retrieved Using GPI in Different Sustainable/Green Technology Areas

s. no. specific technology Area corresponding iPc code/s no. of documents

1.Wastewater treatment from the paper or cellulose industry

C02F103/28 2263 (1354 families)

2. Recycling of waste paper, deinking

D21C5/02, D21B1/08, D21B1/3217156 (5609

families)

3. Non-wood fibres D21H11/12 3966(1681 families)


D21C9/14, D21C9/147,D21C9/15, D21C9/153, D21C9/16

12594 (2846 families)

figure 4.17: Top Publishing Offices in the Area of Wastewater Treatment

# Publishing office Documents ranking (%)1. CN 896 38.972. SU 207 9.003. WO 86 3.744. RU 53 2.315. EP 44 1.916. US 35 1.527. KR 13 0.578. FI 11 0.489. BR 11 0.4810. TW 8 0.3511. FR 7 0.3012. DE 3 0.1313. NL 2 0.0914. CS 2 0.09 15. TN 1 0.0416. PH 1 0.0417. NZ 1 0.0418. MX 1 0.0419. GB 1 0.04


4.2.2. sustainable technologies related to the Pulp and Paper sector

The number of documents retrieved from the GPI database in different sustainable technology areas are shown in the follow-ing table (Table 4.5), along with the IPC/CPC codes used in the search.

4.2.2.1. wastewater/effluent Treat-ment from the Paper or Cellulose IndustryThe search in this field was conducted using query string IPC= C02F103/28 as this is a dedicated IPC subgroup. The number of doc-uments retrieved for this search is shown in Table 4.5. The top applicants and top filing offices are shown in the following figures.

| 51Patent Analysis

figure 4.18: Top Applicants for Wastewater Treatment

# Applicant Documents ranking (%)1. UNIV SOUTH CHINA TECH 27 1.172. VN PROIZV OB CELLJULOSZNO 17 0.743. IR POLTI 16 0.704. IR INST ORGANICHESKOI 15 0.655. UPM KYMMENE CORP 14 0.616. NIl BIOLOG PRI IR G UNIV IM A 13 0.577. UNIV SHAANXI SCIENCE TECH 12 0.528. LEE MAN PAPER MFG LTD 12 0.529. CHINA CEC ENG CORP 11 0.4810. VOITH PATENT GMBH 9 0.3911. UNIV ZHEJIANG SCIENCE TECH 7 0.3012. UK NIl TSELLYULOZNO BUMAZHNOJ 7 0.3013. KEMIRA OYJ 7 0.3014. BOYING XIAMEN SCI TECH CO 7 0.3015. WU HAO 6 0.2616. UNIV NANJING 6 0.2617. SHANDONG TRALIN PAPER CO LTD 6 0.2618. QUANZHOU HUAXIANG PAPER CO LTD 6 0.2619. NALCOCO 6 0.26

figure 4.19: Applicant vs. Date of Priority Graph for Wastewater Treatment

Date of priority

DAIO SEISHI KKDUPLO SEIKO CORP

BLACK CLAWSON CO


ESCHER WYSS GMBHHENKEL KGAA

HONSHU PAPER CO LTDJUJO PAPER CO LTD

KAO CORPKIMBERLY CLARK CO

MITSUBISHI PAPER MILLS LTDLION CORP

LAMORT E M

OJI PAPER COSEIKO EPSON CORP

VOITH GMBH J M

Appl

ican

t


1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 200020082009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 20161989

VOITH PATENT GMBHVOITH SULZER PAPIER TECH PATE...

VOITH SULZER STOFFAUFBEREIT...

Date of priority

INST KOLLOIDNOJ CHIMIIIR INST ORGANICHESKOI

CHINA CEC ENG CORPBOYING XIAMEN SCI TECH CO

IR POLT IKEMIRA OYJ

LE T I TSELLYULOZNO BUMAZHNOJLEE MAN PAPER MFG LTD

NiI BIOLOG PRI IR G UNIV IM ANALCO CO

QUANZHOU HUAXIANG PAPER C...

UK NiI TSELLYULOZNO BUMAZH...

UNIV SHAANXI SCIENCE TECHUNIV SOUTH CHINA TECH

UPM KYMMENE CORPUNIV ZHEJIANG SCIENCE TECH

VN PROIZV OB CELLJULOSZNOVOITH PATENT GMBH

SHANDONG TRALIN PAPER CO LTDAppl

ican

t

UNIV NANJING

1979 1980 1981 1984 1990 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 20161978


figure 4.20: Top Publishing Offices in the Field of Recycling of Waste Paper

# Publishing office Documents ranking (%)1. JP 1 334 7.702. CN 866 5.053. DE 737 4.304. US 696 4.065. WO 411 2.406. EP 408 2.387. FR 181 1.068. GB 140 0.829. KR 112 0.6510. SU 102 0.5911. CA 96 0.5612. AT 74 0.4313. BR 53 0.3114. NL 49 0.2915. FI 42 0.2416. RU 35 0.2017. AU 33 0.1918. SE 29 0.1719. NO 27 0.16


From the above figures it is clearly seen that in the area of effluent treatment from the paper and pulp industry, China is the top publish-ing office and the University South China Technology is the top applicant. Figure 4.19 shows that a majority of top applicants have the highest number of patent documents with the date of priority after 2006. No pat-ent document from the top applicants can be found with the priority date from 1985-1989 and also from 1991 to 2005.

4.2.2.2. Recycling of waste PaperThere are three IPC subgroups correspond-ing to the recycling of waste paper. D21C 5/02 corresponds to working-up waste paper, whereas mechanical processes for working-up waste paper belong to sub-groups D21B 1/08 and D21B 1/32. The query string used for this search was IPC or

CPC=(D21C5/02 or D21B1/08 or D21B1/32). The number of documents retrieved is shown in Table 4.5. The top publishing office and top applicants are shown in the following figures.

Figures 4.20 and 4.21 reveal that the top publishing office in this field of technology is Japan followed by China, Germany and the USA. WIPO is in the fifth position, certifying to the fact that a large number of the patent documents are PCT applications.

Different subsidiaries of Voith are among the top applicants in the field. Figure 4.22 reveals that for all the top applicants the ear-liest priority date is 1989, which indicates that compared to the other fields of technol-ogy in the pulp and paper sector, patenting activity started relatively late in the field of recycling of waste papers.

| 53Patent Analysis

figure 4.21: Top Applicants in the Field of Recycling of Waste Paper

# Applicant Documents ranking (%)1. VOITH GMBH J M 143 0.832. KAO CORP 143 0.833. VOITH PATENT GMBH 119 0.694. OJI PAPER CO 78 0.455. VOITH PAPER PATENT GMBH 72 0.426. ESCHER WYSS GMBH 68 0.407. JUJO PAPER CO LTD 56 0.338. HENKEL KGAA 56 0.339. LION CORP 54 0.3110. DUPLO SEIKO CORP 54 0.3111. DAIO SEISHI KK 48 0.2812. HONSHU PAPER CO LTD 41 0.2413. VOITH SULZER STOFFAUFBEREITUNG 37 0.2214. KIMBERLY CLARK CO 37 0.2215. LAMORTEM 36 0.2116. KANZAKI PAPER MFG CO LTD 36 0.2117. VOITH SULZER PAPIERTECH PATENT 35 0.2018. MITSUBISHI PAPER MILLS LTD 34 0.2019. BLACK CLAWSON CO 34 0.20

figure 4.22: Top Applicants and Date of Priority Graph for Recycling of Waste Paper

Date of priority

DAIO SEISHI KKDUPLO SEIKO CORP

BLACK CLAWSON CO


ESCHER WYSS GMBHHENKEL KGAA

HONSHU PAPER CO LTDJUJO PAPER CO LTD

KAO CORPKIMBERLY CLARK CO

MITSUBISHI PAPER MILLS LTDLION CORP

LAMORT E M

OJI PAPER COSEIKO EPSON CORP

VOITH GMBH J M

Appl

ican

t


1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 200020082009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 20161989

VOITH PATENT GMBHVOITH SULZER PAPIER TECH PATE...

VOITH SULZER STOFFAUFBEREIT...

Date of priority

INST KOLLOIDNOJ CHIMIIIR INST ORGANICHESKOI

CHINA CEC ENG CORPBOYING XIAMEN SCI TECH CO

IR POLT IKEMIRA OYJ

LE T I TSELLYULOZNO BUMAZHNOJLEE MAN PAPER MFG LTD

NiI BIOLOG PRI IR G UNIV IM ANALCO CO

QUANZHOU HUAXIANG PAPER C...

UK NiI TSELLYULOZNO BUMAZH...

UNIV SHAANXI SCIENCE TECHUNIV SOUTH CHINA TECH

UPM KYMMENE CORPUNIV ZHEJIANG SCIENCE TECH

VN PROIZV OB CELLJULOSZNOVOITH PATENT GMBH

SHANDONG TRALIN PAPER CO LTDAppl

ican

t

UNIV NANJING

1979 1980 1981 1984 1990 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 20161978


figure 4.23: Top Publishing Offices in the Field of Pulp from Non-Woody Plants

# Publishing office Documents ranking (%)1. CN 775 19.272. JP 280 6.963. US 150 3.734. WO 148 3.685. KR 91 2.266. EP 54 1.347. DE 48 1.198. GB 33 0.829. SU 31 0.7710. FR 29 0.7211. CA 11 0.2712. BR 9 0.2213. TW 7 0.1714. AU 6 0.1515. RU 5 0.1216. PH 4 0.1017. PL 3 0.0718. NL 3 0.0719. ID 3 0.07


4.2.2.3. Non-wood fibresThis field of technology pertains to pulp from non-woody plants or crops, e.g. cotton, flax, straw or bagasse. The corresponding IPC/CPC subgroup was found to be D21H11/12. The results of patent analysis in this field are shown in the following figures.

Figure 4.23 clearly shows that China is the major publishing country in this field,

followed by Japan and the USA. The differ-ence between the numbers of patent doc-uments belonging to the top applicants is very little suggesting the absence of a dom-inant player in this field. Priority date anal-ysis reveals that patent filing in this field also started relatively late, the earliest pri-ority date being 1996.

| 55Patent Analysis

figure 4.24: Top Applicants in the Field of Pulp From Non-Woody Plants

# Applicant Documents ranking (%)1. ONDA AKIO 26 0.652. MITSUBISHI PAPER MILLS LTD 23 0.573. HANGZHOU SPECIAL PAPER CO LTD 21 0.524. KIMBERLY CLARK CO 20 0.505. SHANDONG TRALIN PAPER CO LTD 19 0.476. PROCTER GAMBLE 19 0.477. SHANDONG FUYIN PAPER ENVIRONNE 14 0.358. HU ZHONGSHENG 12 0.309. UNIV SHAANXI SCIENCE TECH 11 0.2710. OJI PAPER CO 10 0.2511. MITSUBISHI HEAVY IND LTD 10 0.2512. UNIV SOUTH CHINA TECH 9 0.2213. CHUZHOU CIGARETTE MAT FACTORY 9 0.2214. CANON KK 9 0.2215. UNIV KUNMING SCIENCE TECH 8 0.2016. JINAN SHENGQUAN GROUP SHARE HOL. 8 0.2017. DAIO SEISHI KK 8 0.2018. BENGBU SHOUCHUANG FILTER CO LTD 8 0.2019. VN PROIZV OB CELLJULOSZNO 7 0.17

figure 4.25: Top Applicants and Corresponding Date of Priority in the Field of Pulp from Non-Woody Plants

Date of priority

AIR LIQUIDE

DEGUSSA

AHLSTROEM OY

SUNDS DEFIBRATOR INDAB

DU PONT

EKA NOBEL AB

INT PAPER CO

JUJO PAPER CO LTD

KAMYR INC


MO OCH DOMSJOE AB



OJI PAPER CO

PAREN AARTO

PULP PAPER RES INST

Appl

ican

t

KAMYR AB

1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2006 2009 2010 2011 2012 2014 20151988



Date of priority

CANON KK

CHUZHOU CIGARETTE MAT FACT...


DAIO SEISHI KK

HANGZHOU SPECIAL PAPER CO L…

HU ZHONGSHENG



KIMBERLY CLARK CO

NINGXIA ZĲINGHUA PAPER INDU...

OJI PAPER CO

PROCTER GAMBLE

SHANDONG FUYIN PAPER ENVIR...

UNIV KUNMING SCIENCE TECH




Appl

ican

t

ONDA AKIO

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 20161996


figure 4.26: Top IPC Subgroups for Chlorine-Free Bleaching of Pulp

# iPc main group Documents ranking (%)1. D21C9/16 1 536 12.202. D21C9/10 1 176 9.343. D21C9/147 690 5.484. D21C9/14 676 5.375. D21C9/153 424 3.376. D21C3/02 245 1.957. D21C9/12 153 1.218. D06L3/02 132 1.059. D21C9/02 131 1.0410. D21C5/02 122 0.9711. D21C/ 109 0.8712. D21C3/22 106 0.8413. D21B1/16 83 0.6614. D21H11/12 79 4.9915. C11D3/39 71 0.5616. D21C9/08 62 0.4917. D21C3/04 58 0.4618. D21C1/06 53 0.4219. D21C9/18 50 0.40


4.2.2.4. Chlorine-free bleaching tech-nologiesThe IPC/CPC subgroups corresponding to this area are D21C9/14, D21C9/147, D21C9/15, D21C9/153 and D21C9/16. Each of these codes describe different non-chlo-rine bleaching agents e.g D21C 9/14 corre-sponds to bleaching with ClO2 or chlorites, D21C 9/147 corresponds to bleaching with oxygen or its allotropic modifications. The query string used for this search was IPC or CPC= D21C9/14 or D21C9/147 or D21C9/15 or D21C9/153 or D21C9/16. The numbers of doc-uments retrieved were 12594 (2846 families).

Initially top IPC subgroups were found in this area. Figure 4.26 shows the result of the top IPC subgroups.

From the IPC subgroup analysis it can be seen that D21C9/16 (with per compounds), D21C9/147 (with oxygen or its allotropic modifications), D21C9/14 (with ClO2 or chlo-rites) are the technologies used most, fol-lowed by D21C9/153 (with ozone).

The top applicants, top publishing offices and the date of priority of the top applicants are shown in Figures 4.27, 4.28 and 4.29.

From Figure 4.29 it is clearly evident that a majority of the top applicants have docu-ments bearing priority dates between 1988 and 2011. Only one applicant, the Univer-sity of South China has been active in the last five years.

| 57Patent Analysis

figure 4.27: Top Publishing Offices for Chlorine-Free Bleaching of Pulp

# Publishing office Documents ranking (%)1. US 460 3.652. JP 451 3.583. WO 444 3.534. CN 432 3.435. EP 192 1.526. DE 133 1.067. FR 125 0.998. SE 107 0.859. CA 77 0.6110. FI 76 0.6011. SU 47 0.3712. RU 44 0.3513. AT 31 0.2514. GB 30 0.2415. AU 27 0.2116. NO 26 0.2117. BR 20 0.1618. BE 12 0.1019. PL 10 0.08

figure 4.28: Top Applicants for Chlorine-Free Bleaching of Pulp

# Applicant Documents ranking (%)1. OJI PAPER CO 71 0.562. MITSUBISHI PAPER MILLS LTD 60 0.483. MITSUBISHI GAS CHEMICAL CO 55 0.444. INT PAPER CO 52 0.415. MO OCH DOMSJOE AB 48 0.386. KVAERNER PULPING TECH 43 0.347. UNION CAMP PATENT HOLDING 42 0.338. AHLSTROEM OY 37 0.299. DEGUSSA 33 0.2610. JUJO PAPER CO LTD 32 0.2511. SUNDS DEFIBRATOR IND AB 31 0.2512. KAMYR INC 30 0.2413. PULP PAPER RES INST 29 0.2314. DU PONT 28 0.2215. AIR LIQUIDE 24 0.1916. KOGYO GIJUTSUIN 23 0.1817. KAMYR AB 23 0.1818. UNIV SOUTH CHINA TECH 22 0.1719. PARENAARTO 22 0.17


figure 4.29: Top Applicants and Corresponding Date of Priority in the Field of Chlorine-Free Pulp Bleaching

Date of priority

AIR LIQUIDE

DEGUSSA

AHLSTROEM OY

SUNDS DEFIBRATOR INDAB

DU PONT

EKA NOBEL AB

INT PAPER CO

JUJO PAPER CO LTD

KAMYR INC


MO OCH DOMSJOE AB



OJI PAPER CO

PAREN AARTO

PULP PAPER RES INST

Appl

ican

t

KAMYR AB

1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2006 2009 2010 2011 2012 2014 20151988



Date of priority

CANON KK

CHUZHOU CIGARETTE MAT FACT...


DAIO SEISHI KK

HANGZHOU SPECIAL PAPER CO L…

HU ZHONGSHENG



KIMBERLY CLARK CO

NINGXIA ZĲINGHUA PAPER INDU...

OJI PAPER CO

PROCTER GAMBLE

SHANDONG FUYIN PAPER ENVIR...

UNIV KUNMING SCIENCE TECH




Appl

ican

t

ONDA AKIO

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 20161996


| 59Patent Analysis

4.2.3. emerging technology Areas

4.2.3.1. NanotechnologyNanotechnology, and its uses in the indus-try, is still in the early stages of develop-ment and a large number of areas are still open for further exploration. While many mills have only recently begun introducing micro and nanotechnology, there are a wide range of paper and packaging products that already use nanotechnology through-out their production. The use of nanotech-nology may lead to the eventual produc-tion of paper without any pollution and at a low cost. For example, nanotechnology is employed substantially in the production of packaging materials for security, coun-terfeiting, safety and anti-microbial uses. New products such as antibacterial paper, tissue paper and newsprint have been introduced using nanotechnology.

nanocellulose (also called microfibrillated cellulose, MFC or nanofibrillated cellulose, NFC) has been around since the early 1980s. It is produced by delaminating cellulosic fibres in high-pressure homogenisers. Fully delaminated nanocellulose consists of long (1-2 micrometres) microfibrils (5-20 nm in diameter) and has the appearance of a highly viscous, shear-thinning transparent gel.

There are a wide variety of potential appli-cations for nanocellulose, including, the manufacture of both paper and board. In the manufacturing of paper/board, nano-cellulose could be used as a strengthen-ing agent in paper with high filler content. Other areas of application may be surface sizing and coating, e.g. as a barrier material (against oxygen, water vapour, grease/oil) in food packaging. Other applications can be in the field of nanocomposites, non-ca-loric food thickeners, emulsion/dispersion, oil recovery applications, cosmetic/pharma-ceutical applications, and applications in the electronics sector.

Some potential application areas of nano-technology in the pulp and paper industry are listed below:

» Manufacturing of lightweight paper with high strength (aerogel)

» Preparation of improved construction materials

» Preparation of materials with controlled heat conductivity and capacity

» Formation of nanofibres for composite processing

» Manufacturing of improved filtration and membranes

» Improved printability

» Self assembly and reinforcement for tensile strength and elasticity

» Surface functionality and tailoring (hydrophobic/hydrophilic biosensors)

» Specialized optics by photonic nanostructure

» Printed electronics – displays, solar cells, fuel cells, medical sensors

4.2.3.1.1. Patent Analysis in the Area of nanotechnology

The query string used for performing patent analysis in this area was (IPC or CPC=D21*) and word=nano*. The top publishing offices, top applicants and priority dates of the doc-uments are shown in the figures below.

From Figure 4.30, it is evident that most pat-ent documents are filed and published in China in this field and the number of docu-ments is almost 4 times larger than the num-ber of documents published by PCT.


figure 4.30: Top Publishing Offices in the Field of Nanotechnology in the Pulp and Paper Sector

# Publishing office Documents ranking (%)1. CN 920 18.372. WO 257 5.133. US 136 2.724. JP 122 2.445. EP 82 1.646. KR 81 1.627. DE 40 0.808. FR 17 0.349. FI 14 0.2810. PL 12 0.2411. ES 11 0.2212. RU 10 0.2013. TW 8 0.1614. CA 8 0.1615. BR 7 0.1416. YU 5 0.1017. MX 4 0.0818. GB 4 0.0819. AU 4 0.08

figure 4.31: Top Applicants in the Field of Nanotechnology in the Pulp and Paper Sector

# Applicant Documents ranking (%)1. BENGBU SHOUCHUANG FILTER CO LTD 48 0.962. JUJO PAPER CO LTD 47 0.943. UPM KYMMENE CORP 41 0.824. BENGBU PHOENIX INT CO LTD 32 0.645. UNIV SOUTH CHINA TECH 28 0.566. UNIV NANJING FORESTRY 21 0.427. UNIV ZHEJIANG SCIENCE TECH 19 0.388. ANHUI SOYA DECORATIVE MAT CO LTD 19 0.389. HANGZHOU SPECIAL PAPER CO LTD 18 0.3610. UNIV SHAANXI SCIENCE TECH 17 0.3411. STORA ENSO OYJ 17 0.3412. BENGBU PHOENIX FILTER CO LTD 15 0.3013. SHANDONG INST LIGHT INDUSTRY 13 0.2614. VOITH PATENT GMBH 12 0.2415. HUAIBEI LONGPAN INDUSTRY AND TRAD. 12 0.2416. HU ZHONGSHENG 12 0.2417. GOLD EAST PAPER JIANGSU CO LTD 11 0.2218. API IP HOLDINGS LLC 11 0.2219. UNIV TOKYO 10 0.20


| 61Patent Analysis

figure 4.32: Top Applicants and Corresponding Date of Priority in the Field of Nanotechnology in the Pulp and Paper Sector

FIG. 4.32

Date of priority1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 20161986

Date of priority

API IP HOLDINGS LLCBENGBU PHOENIX FILTER CO LTD

ANHUI SOYA DECORATIVE MAT C...

BENGBU PHOENIX INT CO LTDBENGBU SHOUCHUANG FILTER C...GOLD EAST PAPER JIANGSU CO L...HANGZHOU SPECIAL PAPER CO L…

HUAIBEI LONGPAN INDUSTRY AN...HU ZHONGSHENC

JUJO PAPER CO LTDMIYAWAKI SHOICHI

SHANDONG INST LIGHT INDUSTRYSTORA ENSO OYJ

UNIV SHAANXI SCIENCE TECHUNIV NANJING FORESTRY

UNIV SOUTH CHINA TECHUNIV ZHEJIANG SCIENCE TECH

UPM KYMMENE CORP

Appl

ican

t

PHOENIX INT CO LTD

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 20162005

VOITH PATENT GMBH

figure 4.33: Date of Priority of Patent Documents in the Area of Nanotechnology in the Pulp and Paper Sector (area of bubble directly proportional to number of patent documents)

FIG. 4.32

Date of priority1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 20161986

Date of priority

API IP HOLDINGS LLCBENGBU PHOENIX FILTER CO LTD

ANHUI SOYA DECORATIVE MAT C...

BENGBU PHOENIX INT CO LTDBENGBU SHOUCHUANG FILTER C...GOLD EAST PAPER JIANGSU CO L...HANGZHOU SPECIAL PAPER CO L…

HUAIBEI LONGPAN INDUSTRY AN...HU ZHONGSHENC

JUJO PAPER CO LTDMIYAWAKI SHOICHI

SHANDONG INST LIGHT INDUSTRYSTORA ENSO OYJ

UNIV SHAANXI SCIENCE TECHUNIV NANJING FORESTRY

UNIV SOUTH CHINA TECHUNIV ZHEJIANG SCIENCE TECH

UPM KYMMENE CORP

Appl

ican

t

PHOENIX INT CO LTD

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 20162005

VOITH PATENT GMBH


figure 4.34: Top IPC Main Groups in the Area of Nanotechnology in the Pulp and Paper Sector

# iPc main group Documents ranking (%)1. D21C5/00 104 2.072. D21H27/00 94 1.873. D21H17/00 62 1.244. D21C9/00 59 1.185. B82Y30/00 45 0.906. B82Y40/00 34 0.687. D21H11/00 32 0.648. D21H19/00 31 0.629. D01F2/00 30 0.6010. B32B29/00 29 0.5811. D21F13/00 26 0.5212. D21F11/00 22 0.4413. B32B33/00 21 0.4214. B82B3/00 20 0.4015. C08B15/00 17 0.3416. D21H21/00 16 0.3217. B82B1/00 14 0.2818. B41M5/00 14 0.2819. D21F5/00 12 0.24


Figure 4.32 shows that the earliest priority date of patent documents belonging to top applicants in this area can be traced back to 2005. The largest numbers of patent doc-uments have a priority date starting from 2008 till 2016, indicating that the patenting activities in this field have increased post 2008. Figure 4.33, below, shows the patent-ing trend in this area over the last 20 years much more clearly. This figure shows that although some documents are there with the priority date 1986, major activities in this field started from 1998 and the highest number of documents have priority dates between 2006 and 2016.

Further analysis was done in the field of nanotechnology by identifying its areas of application in the pulp and paper sector.

For this, an IPC main group analysis was done. The result of this analysis is shown in Figure 4.34.

From Figure 4.34 it can be observed that nanotechnology is used in almost all areas of the pulp and paper industry. The areas which were selected for further analysis based on the top IPC subgroups and expert opinion are nanocellulose, additives, spe-cial paper, and coated paper/coating mate-rials. The search strategy used as well as the number of patent documents retrieved are given in Table 4.6 for each of these areas.

The following tables 4.7 and 4.8 show the top publishing offices and top applicants for each of the technology areas under nanotechnology.

| 63Patent Analysis

table 4.6: Number of Patent Documents Retrieved Using GPI in Different Application Areas of Nanotechnology in the Pulp and Paper Sector

s. no. technology Area Query string used no. of documents

1. Nanocellulose(IPC or CPC=D21*) and word=(nano* and cellulose)

1806 (580 families)

2. Additives(IPC or CPC=D21H*) and word=(additive or composition or pulp) and word=nano*

1165 (523 families)

3. Special paper(IPC or CPC=D21H27) and word=nano*

1098 (534 families)

4. Coated paper/coating materials

(IPC or CPC=D21H19) and word=nano*

1403 (453 families)

table 4.7: Top Applicants in Different Application Areas of Nanotechnology in the Pulp and Paper Sector

technology Area

Nanocellulose Additives Special paper Coated paper/coating materials

Top

10 A

pplic

ants

Upm Kymmene CorpBengbu Shouchuang Filter Co Ltd

Bengbu Shouchuang Filter Co Ltd

Jujo Paper Co Ltd

Univ Nanjing Forestry

Bengbu Phoenix Int Co Ltd


Huaibei Longpan Industry And Trade Co Ltd


Upm Kymmene CorpHangzhou Special Paper Co Ltd


Hangzhou Special Paper Co Ltd

Jujo Paper Co LtdBengbu Phoenix Filter Co Ltd


Univ Zhejiang Science Tech

Bengbu Phoenix Filter Co Ltd

Anhui Soya Decorative Mat Co Ltd

Hangzhou Special Paper Co Ltd

Univ TokyoHangzhou Special Paper Co Ltd

Huaibei Longpan Indus-try And Trade Co Ltd

Univ Zhejiang Science Tech

Miyawaki Shoichi Hu Zhongsheng Phoenix Int Co Ltd Univ South China Tech

Api Ip Holdings Llc Phoenix Int Co LtdTongling Sanjia Transformer Co Ltd

Tongling Fengfan Color Printing Co Ltd

Stora Enso OyjTongling Sanjia Transformer Co Ltd

Jujo Paper Co Ltd Stora Enso Oyj

Upm Kymmene CorpAnhui Sanhuan Paper Group Co Ltd

Anhui Sanhuan Paper Group Co Ltd

Omya Development Ag


table 4.8: Top Publishing Offices in Different Application Areas of Nanotechnology in the Pulp and Paper Industry

technology Area

Nanocellulose Additives Special paper Coated paper/coating materials

Top

10 P

ublis

hing

Offi

ces

CN CN CN CN

WO WO WO WO

JP JP KR US

US US US JP

EP KR JP EP

FI EP DE KR

KR RU EP DE

RU FR FR PL

DE FI TW FR

FR DE PL RU


4.2.3.2. enzyme TechnologyThe use of enzymes in the pulp and paper industry started in the 1980s and has grown rapidly since then. Although applications of enzymes in the pulp and paper industry are still in the developmental stage, sev-eral applications are already commercially available. Presently, the most important application of enzymes is in the prebleach-ing of kraft pulp for which xylanase enzymes have been found to be most effective [9]. The enzymatic pitch control method using lipase, introduced in the 1990s, was the first instance of the successful commercial application of an enzyme in papermaking. Improving pulp drainage with enzymes has become a regular practice in many mills. Large-scale enzymatic deinking has also been successfully tried and is expected to expand in application. Pulp bleaching with a laccase mediator system, enzymatic debarking, enzymatic beating, reduction of vessel picking with enzymes and other enzymatic applications, i.e., removal of

shives and slime, retting of flax fibres, and selective removal of xylan, are all currently in different stages of development. All these technologies have the potential to create a profound impact on the pulp and paper industry.

Making pulp using enzymes (biopulping)Biopulping is the treatment of wood chips with lignin degrading fungi. It is used prior to the mechanical pulping of wood. It facili-tates subsequent mechanical and chemical pulping by improving penetration and effec-tiveness of chemicals during the ‘cooking’ of wood chips which separates the cellulose fibres from the lignin. Biopulping decreases the demand for energy and chemicals, improves paper quality, and reduces the environmental impact of pulp production.

Pulp bleaching using enzymes (biobleaching)Chlorine used for the bleaching process has huge polluting potential. The brown colour of pulp is attributable to the presence of lignin.

| 65Patent Analysis

Xylanase breaks down the carbohydrate xylan which entraps pulp lignin and thereby reduces the need for chlorine in bleaching. Thermostable microbial xylanases active under alkaline conditions of pulping are generally preferred for biobleaching. They save production costs and prevent forma-tion of unwanted products during the pulp bleaching process.

Biobleaching of pulp with enzymes has sev-eral advantages like: reduction of chlorine consumption; pulp dewatering; deinking; removal of pitch; degradation of dissolved and suspended organics in concentrated effluents of mills, and enhancement of fibrillation resulting in greater paper strength.

enzymes used for deinkingDeinking is an essential step in the recy-cling of used paper. Presently, a chemical deinking process involving sodium hydrox-ide, flocculants, dispersants and sur-factants is commonly used. Subsequently, hydrogen peroxide is used to bleach the alkali-deinked pulp. Alkaline deinking also decreases the strength of the pulp fibre and the chemicals used contribute to environmental pollution. An enzyme-based biotechnology, alternative to chem-ical deinking, is therefore highly desirable. Several enzymes have been used for deink-ing of various recycled fibres, but the main enzymes used are cellulases and hemicel-lulases [10,11].

other uses of enzymesLipases are used to control deposits of pitch, while cellulases are used to improve rates of dewatering of pulp (drainage, deinking, and fibre modification), and pectinases for digesting pectins. Enzymes control the properties of the pulp fibre and,

therefore, the end product. The hydropho-bicity of fibre surfaces can be altered by the enzyme laccase. Catalase is used to con-vert residual hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen. Bleached fibres need to only be rinsed once. The enzymatic process saves water and energy and the effluent is ecologically harmless. Laccase is also used for direct delignification of pulp, ena-bling the replacement of current bleach-ing chemical stages such as the oxygen or ozone stage. Lipase has been used to con-trol pitch buildup; It has also been used for deinking applications for inks containing vegetable oil.

4.2.3.2.1. Patent Analysis in the Area of enzyme technology

The search strategy used in this area was to combine two IPC/CPC codes together. The IPC subclass C12N pertains to microorgan-isms or enzymes, hence the search string used was ‘IPC or CPC= (D21* and C12N*)’. The search retrieved 5203 documents (1062 families). The top publishing offices and top applicants in this area are shown in the fol-lowing figures.

Observation of the following figures reveals that the largest number of documents are published by WIPO followed by the USA, China, Japan and EPO. Novo Nordisk is the top applicant. Figure 4.37 shows that the earliest date of priority in this area starts from 1989 and Novo Nordisk does not have any patenting activity after 1999. Novozymes Inc. has continuous activity till 2014. Similarly, another top applicant, Oji Paper, does not have any patent documents with a priority date beyond 2004. This indi-cates that, apart from Novozyme, very few of the top applicants have published pat-ent documents in the last five years.


figure 4.35: Top Publishing Offices in the Area of Enzyme Technology

# Publishing office Documents ranking (%)1. WO 298 5.732. US 203 3.903. CN 149 2.864. JP 109 2.095. EP 68 1.316. DE 54 1.047. CA 51 0.988. FI 29 0.569. FR 16 0.3110. AU 13 0.2511. GB 10 0.1912. ZA 8 0.1513. NL 5 0.1014. SU 4 0.0815. SE 4 0.0816. DK 4 0.0817. RO 3 0.0618. PL 3 0.0619. NZ 3 0.06

figure 4.36: Top Applicants in the Area of Enzyme Technology

# Applicant Documents ranking (%)1. NOVO NORDISK AS 71 1.362. JIA PING 42 0.813. NOVOZYMES AS 33 0.634. GENENCOR INT 31 0.605. BEIJING TIAN AN BIOSCIENCE TECHNOL... 20 0.386. GAVAGAN JOHN EDWARD 18 0.357. DICOSIMO ROBERT 18 0.358. OJI PAPER CO 16 0.319. VALTION TEKNILLINEN 14 0.2710. DU PONT 14 0.2711. UPM KYMMENE CORP 13 0.2512. PAYNE MARK SCOTT 13 0.2513. HERCULES INC 13 0.2514. VERENIUM CORP 12 0.2315. NOVOZYMES INC 12 0.2316. MEIJI SEIKA KAISHA 12 0.2317. SCHUELEIN MARTIN 10 0.1918. JUJO PAPER CO LTD 10 0.1919. HENKEL KGAA 10 0.19


| 67Patent Analysis

figure 4.37: Top Applicants and Date of Priority Cross-Reference Graph in the Area of Enzyme Technology

Date of priority

ANDRITZ OY

API IP HOLDINGS LLC

AHLSTROEM OY

TOMANI PER

AXEGARD PETER

DOMTAR INC

DU PONT


KIRAM AB

LAKE MICHAEL A


OEHMAN FREDRIK

METSO POWER AB

SHELL INT RESEARCH

SHELL OIL CO

THELIANDER HANS

Appl

ican

t

KAMYR INC

1987 1990 1993 1998 1999 2000 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 20151985

UPM KYMMENE CORP

WESTVACO CORP

Date of priority

BEĲING TIAN AN BIOSCIENCE TE...DICOSIMO ROBERT

DU PONTGAVAGAN JOHN EDWARD

GENENCOR INTHENKEL KGAA

JIA PINGHERCULES INC

JUJO PAPER CO LTDMEĲI SEIKA KAISHA

NOVOZYMES ASNOVOZYMES INC

PAYNE MARK SCOTTOJI PAPER CO

SCHUELEIN MARTINUPM KYMMENE CORPVALTION TEKNILLINEN

Appl

ican

t

NOVO NORDISK AS

1990 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1999 20002001 2003 2004 20062008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 20141989

AB ENZYMES OY

VERENIUM CORP


figure 4.38: Top IPC Groups in the Area of Enzyme Technology

# iPc main group Documents ranking (%)1. D21C5/00 373 7.172. D06M16/00 122 2.343. D21C3/00 90 1.734. C12N1/00 75 1.445. D21C1/00 74 1.426. D21C9/00 73 1.407. C12N9/00 66 1.278. D21H17/00 60 1.159. C05F5/00 58 1.1110. A01H5/00 53 1.0211. C12S11/00 41 0.7912. C05F7/00 36 0.6913. C12N15/00 34 0.6514. C12P19/00 27 0.5215. C12P1/00 26 0.5016. A01P1/00 26 0.5017. D21H11/00 25 0.4818. C08B37/00 22 0.4219. A23K1/00 16 0.31


Analysis of the top IPC main groups within enzyme technology reveals the major areas of application. From Figure 4.38, it can be seen that highest number of documents belong to the IPC main group D21C5/00, which pertains to other processes for obtaining cellulose fibres and working-up waste paper. Other top IPC main groups are D06M16/00 (biochemical treatment of fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods), D21C3/00 (Pulping cellulose-con-taining materials), D21C1/00 (pretreatment of the finely-divided materials before digest-ing), D21C9/00 (after-treatment of cellulose

pulp) and D21H 17/00 (non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its con-stitution). Accordingly, further patent analy-sis was performed in the areas of biopulp-ing, biobleaching, treatment of waste paper and pretreatment of materials before digest-ing. The search strategy used and the num-ber of patent documents retrieved for each of these areas are given in Table 4.9.

The following tables 4.10 and 4.11 show the top publishing office and top applicants for each of the technology areas under enzyme technology.

| 69Patent Analysis

table 4.9: Number of Patent Documents Retrieved Using GPI in Different Application Areas of Enzyme Technology in the Pulp and Paper Sector

s. no. technology Area Query string used no. of documents retrieved

1. Biopulping IPC or CPC = (D21C3 and C12N*) 586 (199 families)

2. Biobleaching IPC or CPC = (D21C9/10 and C12N*) 1405 (226 families)

3. Treatment of waste paper IPC or CPC = (D21C5/02 and C12N*) 490 (88 families)

4. Pretreatment of the materials before digesting

IPC or CPC = (D21C1/0 and C12N*) 384 (113 families)

table 4.10: Top Applicants in Different Application Areas of Enzymes in the Pulp and Paper Industry

technology Area

biopulping biobleaching Treatment of waste paper Pretreatment of materials before digesting

Top

10 A

pplic

ants

Novo Nordisk As Novo Nordisk As Novo Nordisk As Novo Nordisk As

Genencor Int Jujo Paper Co Ltd Meiji Seika Kaisha Meiji Seika Kaisha

Oji Paper Co Oji Paper Co Novozymes As Novozymes As

Novozymes AsConsortium Elektrochem Ind

Meiji Seika Pharma Co Ltd Meiji Seika Pharma Co Ltd

Verenium CorpValtion Teknillinen

Dongguan Leveking Biotechnology Co Ltd

Dongguan Leveking Biotechnology Co Ltd

Repligen Corp Novozymes As Verenium Corp Verenium Corp

Kobe Steel Ltd Kobe Steel LtdSouth China Univ Of Technology Scut

South China Univ Of Technology Scut

Basler Adolf Genencor Int Schuelein Martin Schuelein Martin

Henkel Kgaa Ab Enzymes Oy Penn State Res Found Penn State Res Found

Gist Brocades Nv Schuelein Martin Oji Paper Co Oji Paper Co

table 4.11: Top Publishing Offices in Different Application Areas of Enzymes in the Pulp and Paper Industry

technology Area

biopulping biobleaching Treatment of waste paper Pretreatment of materials before digesting

Top

10 P

ublis

hing

Offi

ces

US WO WO US

WO JP CN WO

JP CN JP CA

CN EP US CN

CA CA EP JP

EP US CA FR

DE FI DE FI

FR DE AU EP

PL SE NL DE

TW PT FI NL


4.2.3.3. biorefinery Technologies There are many potential reasons for pulp mills to be converted into the future biorefin-eries. The scale of the industry allows large volumes of biomass feedstock in large pro-duction sites permitting economical produc-tion. Secondly, some by-product streams, e.g. black liquor, are already partly processed in pulp production and can be more suitable for further refining than wood waste, agro-fi-bres or other natural-fibre feedstock. Thirdly, location of the biorefinery industries at the pulp mill will offer excellent process integra-tion opportunities such as: access to heat sources and heat sinks; waste and effluent handling; water; general infrastructure and logistics [12]. Some important biorefinery technologies relevant for the pulp and paper sector are described below:

» lignin recovery: Extracted lignin from the black liquor can be used either within the mill, e.g. by replacing fossil fuel oil in the lime kiln, or externally e.g. in CHP plants. Lignin can also be used as a raw material for the production of chemicals and materials, e.g. carbon fibres, activated carbon or phenols.

» hemicelluloses recovery: In a conven-tional kraft mill, most of the hemicellu-loses end up in the black liquor. Hemicel-luloses can be extracted from black liquor via different methods such as heat treat-ment, ultrafiltration and a combination of ultrafiltration and nano-filtration. Extrac-tion of hemicellulose from black liquor, in particular when lignin extraction from black liquor is targeted, has caught inter-est because a lower content of hemicellu-loses in the black liquor would facilitate

the extraction of lignin, as well as increase the purity of the final lignin product, e.g. less ash content in the separated lignin.

» Bioethanol production: Converting an existing pulp mill or one of the fibre lines, to an ethanol production plant is another alternative for utilizing cellulose. The etha-nol production plant may have a potential of enabling large-scale production of eth-anol with relatively low investment costs, as many of the process units required for ethanol production already exist in a kraft pulp mill. A process suitable for integration in a pulp mill is alkaline and sulphur-free pretreatment of lignocellulosic material. The process starts with rather pure cellu-lose in the hydrolysis stage, which makes it unique from other processes that aim to produce ethanol from lignocellulose.

Patent analysis in the above mentioned biore-finery technologies were conducted separately. The search strategies used and the number of documents retrieved corresponding to the searches are shown in the following table 4.12. The IPC main group D21C11 corresponding to regeneration of pulp liquor was used for searching in combination with keywords.

4.2.3.3.1. Patent Analysis for lignin recoveryThe top publishing offices for patent doc-uments in this area and top applicants are shown in figures 4.39-41. It can be observed that China is the top publishing office in his area and Shell Oil Co. is the top applicant. The priority date analysis indicates that although some applicants have started patenting in this field from 1985 onwards, major patent-ing activity is observed in the last 10 years.


table 4.12: Number of Patent Documents Retrieved Using GPI in Different Application Areas of Biorefinery in the Pulp and Paper Sector

s. no. technology Area Query string used no. of documents retrieved

1. Lignin Recovery (IPC or CPC=D21C11) and word=lignin 2406 (570 families)

2. Hemicellulose Recovery

(IPC or CPC=D21C11) and word=hemicellulose

497 (96 families)

3. Bioethanol(IPC or CPC=D21C and C12P7) and word =(ethanol or butanol)

470 (families 95)

| 71Patent Analysis

figure 4.39: Top Publishing Offices in the Field of Lignin Recovery

# Publishing office Documents ranking (%)1. CN 159 6.612. WO 131 5.443. US 122 5.074. EP 28 1.165. DE 25 1.046. JP 16 0.677. GB 16 0.678. FR 15 0.629. FI 13 0.5410. CA 11 0.4611. SE 7 0.2912. RU 5 0.2113. NZ 5 0.2114. AU 3 0.1215. KR 2 0.0816. ES 2 0.0817. CS 2 0.0818. CH 2 0.0819. UY 1 0.04

figure 4.40: Top Applicants in the Field of Lignin Recovery

# Applicant Documents ranking (%)1. SHELL OIL CO 14 0.582. API IP HOLDINGS LLC 12 0.503. UPM KYMMENE CORP 7 0.294. TOMANI PER 7 0.295. SHELL INT RESEARCH 7 0.296. WESTVACO CORP 6 0.257. METSO POWER AB 6 0.258. JINAN SHENGQUAN GROUP SHARE HOL. 6 0.259. DU PONT 6 0.2510. DOMTAR INC 6 0.2511. WEST VIRGINIA PULP PAPER CO 5 0.2112. THELIANDER HANS 5 0.2113. SHANDONG TRALIN PAPER CO LTD 5 0.2114. OEHMAN FREDRIK 5 0.2115. LAKE MICHAEL A 5 0.2116. KAMYR INC 5 0.2117. YIBIN HIEST FIBRE LTD CORP 4 0.1718. YIBIN GRACE GROUP CO LTD 4 0.1719. YIBIN GRACE CO LTD 4 0.17


figure 4.41: Top Applicants and Date of Priority Cross-Reference Graph in the Area of Lignin Recovery

Date of priority

ANDRITZ OY

API IP HOLDINGS LLC

AHLSTROEM OY

TOMANI PER

AXEGARD PETER

DOMTAR INC

DU PONT


KIRAM AB

LAKE MICHAEL A


OEHMAN FREDRIK

METSO POWER AB

SHELL INT RESEARCH

SHELL OIL CO

THELIANDER HANS

Appl

ican

t

KAMYR INC

1987 1990 1993 1998 1999 2000 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 20151985

UPM KYMMENE CORP

WESTVACO CORP

Date of priority

BEĲING TIAN AN BIOSCIENCE TE...DICOSIMO ROBERT

DU PONTGAVAGAN JOHN EDWARD

GENENCOR INTHENKEL KGAA

JIA PINGHERCULES INC

JUJO PAPER CO LTDMEĲI SEIKA KAISHA

NOVOZYMES ASNOVOZYMES INC

PAYNE MARK SCOTTOJI PAPER CO

SCHUELEIN MARTINUPM KYMMENE CORPVALTION TEKNILLINEN

Appl

ican

t

NOVO NORDISK AS

1990 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1999 20002001 2003 2004 20062008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 20141989

AB ENZYMES OY

VERENIUM CORP


| 73Patent Analysis

figure 4.42: Top Publishing Offices in the Field of Hemicellulose Recovery

# Publishing office Documents ranking (%)1. US 32 6.442. WO 24 4.833. CN 17 3.424. EP 7 1.415. DE 6 1.216. CA 3 0.607. RU 2 0.408. SU 1 0.209. JP 1 0.2010. GB 1 0.2011. FR 1 0.2012. AT 1 0.20

figure 4.43: Top Applicants in the Field of Hemicellulose Recovery

# Applicant Documents ranking (%)1. API IP HOLDINGS LLC 9 1.812. YIBIN HIEST FIBRE LTD CORP 5 1.013. YIBIN GRACE CO LTD 5 1.014. CELANESE INT CORP 5 1.015. YIBIN GRACE GROUP CO LTD 4 0.806. YOON SUNG HOON 3 0.607. WEYERHAEUSER CO 3 0.608. SHELL INT RESEARCH 3 0.609. KAMYR INC 3 0.6010. VIRDIA LTD 2 0.4011. VIRDIA INC 2 0.4012. RHODIA ACETOW GMBH 2 0.4013. QIN CAIDONG 2 0.4014. LEITE MARCELO MOREIRA 2 0.4015. KARSTENS TIES 2 0.4016. GREENFIELD ETHANOL INC 2 0.4017. BIOJOULE LTD 2 0.4018. BIO SEP LTD 2 0.4019. ALLIED CHEM 2 0.40

4.2.3.3.2. Patent Analysis for hemicellu-lose recovery

The top publishing offices for patent doc-uments in this area and top applicants are shown in the following figures. It becomes evident from Figures 4.42, 4.43 and 4.44

that the highest numbers of documents are published in the USA, followed by WIPO and China. None of the top applicants have more than 10 patent applications to their credit and patenting activity has significantly increased since 2006.


figure 4.44: Top Applicants and Date of Priority Cross-Reference Graph in the Area of Hemicellulose Recovery

Date of priority

Appl

ican

t

1982 2002 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 20151980

Date of priority

ALLIED CHEMAPI IP HOLDINGS LLC

9198 4740 QUEBEC INC D B A VE...

BIO SEP LTDBIOJOULE LTD

CELANESE INT CORPGREENFIELD ETHANOL INC

KARSTENS TIESKAMYR INC

LEITE MARCELO MOREIRAQIN CAIDONG

SHELL INT RESEARCHVIRDIA INC

WEYERHAEUSER COVIRDIA LTD

YIBIN GRACE CO LTDYIBIN GRACE GROUP CO LTDYIBIN HIEST FIBRE LTD CORP

Appl

ican

t

RHODIA ACETOW GMBH

1980 1993 1996 1998 2006 2007 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 20151969

YOON SUNG HOON

BENECH REGIS OLIVIERBENSON ROBERT ASHLEY COOPER

API IP HOLDINGS LLC

BIOTECH PROGRESS A SBOUSKA FRANTISEK

CIBA SPEC CHEM WATER TREAT...DOTTORI FRANK A

GREENFIELD SPECIALTY ALCOHO...GREENFIELD ETHANOL INC

HUGHES JONATHANINST PROCESS ENG CAS

KRATOCHVIL ZDENEKMACHEK FRANTISEK

PURDUE RESEARCH FOUNDATIONMASCOMA CORP

PYLKKANEN VESARETSINA THEODORA

UNIV NAT CHONNAM IND FOUND

KAMYR INC

XYLECO INC

figure 4.45: Top Publishing Offices in the Field of Bioethanol

# Publishing office Documents ranking (%)1. US 30 6.382. WO 23 4.893. CN 13 2.774. CA 11 2.345. JP 4 0.856. EP 3 0.647. NZ 2 0.438. KR 2 0.439. FR 2 0.4310. AU 2 0.4311. UA 1 0.2112. DD 1 0.2113. BR 1 0.21


| 75Patent Analysis

figure 4.46: Top Applicants in the Field of Bioethanol

# Applicant Documents ranking (%)1. XYLECO INC 8 1.702. API IP HOLDINGS LLC 7 1.493. INST PROCESS ENG CAS 6 1.284. GREENFIELD ETHANOL INC 6 1.285. BENSON ROBERT ASHLEY COOPER 5 1.066. BENECH REGIS OLIVIER 5 1.067. DOTTORI FRANK A 4 0.858. GREENFIELD SPECIALTY ALCOHOLS INC 3 0.649. UNIV NAT CHONNAM IND FOUND 2 0.4310. RETSINA THEODORA 2 0.4311. PYLKKANEN VESA 2 0.4312. PURDUE RESEARCH FOUNDATION 2 0.4313. MASCOMA CORP 2 0.4314. MACHEK FRANTISEK 2 0.4315. KRATOCHVIL ZDENEK 2 0.4316. KAMYR INC 2 0.4317. HUGHES JONATHAN 2 0.4318. CIBA SPEC CHEM WATER TREAT LTD 2 0.4319. BOUSKA FRANTISEK 2 0.43

4.2.3.3.3. Patent Analysis for BioethanolThe search in this field was conducted using a combination of IPC codes and keywords. The IPC/CPC subclass C12P describes fer-mentation or enzyme-using processes to synthesize a desired chemical compound and the main group C12P7 under this sub-class describes preparation of oxygen con-taining organic compounds. Therefore, the search strategy combined C12P7 and D21C with keywords ‘ethanol’ or ‘butanol’. D21C was combined in this search strategy as this class is specific to pulping, which is an essential step in bioethanol production. Several other strategies were also tried but the query string (IPC or CPC=D21C* and

C12P7) and word =(ethanol or butanol) were found to retrieve the most relevant results. The top publishing offices for patent docu-ments in this area and the top applicants are shown in Figures 4.45-47.

From these figures it can be easily observed that the top publishing offices in the area of bioethanol production are the USA, WIPO and China. All of the top applicants have become active in this field after 2002. Only Kamyr Inc. can be seen to be active in 1980 and 1982. No patent application can be found from the top applicants bearing the priority date from 1983 to 2001, indicating that patenting in this field is still in the nascent stage.


figure 4.47: Top Applicants and Date of Priority Cross-Reference Graph in the Area of Bioethanol

Date of priority

Appl

ican

t

1982 2002 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 20151980

Date of priority

ALLIED CHEMAPI IP HOLDINGS LLC

9198 4740 QUEBEC INC D B A VE...

BIO SEP LTDBIOJOULE LTD

CELANESE INT CORPGREENFIELD ETHANOL INC

KARSTENS TIESKAMYR INC

LEITE MARCELO MOREIRAQIN CAIDONG

SHELL INT RESEARCHVIRDIA INC

WEYERHAEUSER COVIRDIA LTD

YIBIN GRACE CO LTDYIBIN GRACE GROUP CO LTDYIBIN HIEST FIBRE LTD CORP

Appl

ican

t

RHODIA ACETOW GMBH

1980 1993 1996 1998 2006 2007 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 20151969

YOON SUNG HOON

BENECH REGIS OLIVIERBENSON ROBERT ASHLEY COOPER

API IP HOLDINGS LLC

BIOTECH PROGRESS A SBOUSKA FRANTISEK

CIBA SPEC CHEM WATER TREAT...DOTTORI FRANK A

GREENFIELD SPECIALTY ALCOHO...GREENFIELD ETHANOL INC

HUGHES JONATHANINST PROCESS ENG CAS

KRATOCHVIL ZDENEKMACHEK FRANTISEK

PURDUE RESEARCH FOUNDATIONMASCOMA CORP

PYLKKANEN VESARETSINA THEODORA

UNIV NAT CHONNAM IND FOUND

KAMYR INC

XYLECO INC

figure 4.48: Top Publishing Offices in the Field of Organic Solvents in Pulping

# Publishing office Documents ranking (%)1. US 307 11.722. WO 123 4.693. CN 91 3.474. DE 41 1.565. SU 35 1.346. EP 28 1.077. JP 20 0.768. FR 19 0.739. FI 17 0.6510. RU 16 0.6111. CA 16 0.6112. AU 14 0.5313. AT 10 0.3814. NZ 7 0.2715. GB 7 0.2716. NO 6 0.2317. NL 5 0.1918. BR 4 0.1519. SE 3 0.11


| 77Patent Analysis

figure 4.49: Top Applicants in the Field of Organic Solvents in Pulping

# Applicant Documents ranking (%)1. SHELL OIL CO 18 0.692. API IP HOLDINGS LLC 15 0.573. LE T I TSELLYULOZNO BUMAZHNOJ 12 0.464. JINAN SHENGQUAN GROUP SHARE HOL. 10 0.385. CHEMPOLIS OY 10 0.386. THERMOFORM BAU FORSCHUNG 9 0.347. SHELL INT RESEARCH 9 0.348. DU PONT 9 0.349. WEYERHAEUSER CO 8 0.3110. BRUSS Tl KIROVA 7 0.2711. TIGNEY TECHNOLOGY INC 6 0.2312. LIGNOL INNOVATIONS LTD 6 0.2313. LE LESOTEKH AKAD 6 0.2314. CANADIAN IND 6 0.2315. WISCONSIN ALUMNI RES FOUND 5 0.1916. US AGRICULTURE 5 0.1917. UNIV KUNMING SCIENCE TECH 5 0.1918. ROUSU PASI 5 0.1919. ROUSU ESA 5 0.19

4.2.3.4. Organic Solvents in Pulping (Organosolv)Organic solvents at high pressure and temper-ature are used to selectively dissolve lignin and hemi-cellulose, by hydrolytic cleavage of alpha aryl-ether links into fragments that are soluble in the solvent system, leaving only the pulp. After fractionation, the solvents are stripped and internally recycled in the pro-cess. The hemicellulose and lignin-rich side streams can be recovered for other bio-based applications. Solvents used include: acetone; methanol; ethanol; butanol; ethylene glycol; formic acid; and acetic acid. The concentra-tion of solvent in the water ranges from 40 to 80%. Solvents with higher boiling points have the advantage of a lower process pressure. This is weighed against the more difficult sol-vent recovery by distillation. Ethanol has been suggested as the preferred solvent due to cost and easy recovery. Although butanol is shown to remove more lignin than other solvents and solvent recovery is simplified due to immis-cibility in water, its high cost limits its use.

4.2.3.4.1. Patent Analysis for organic sol-vents in Pulping

The patent analysis in this field was done using the IPC/CPC subgroup D21C3/20 which specifically covers organic solvents in pulping. The total number of patent doc-uments retrieved was 2620 (496 families). The top applicants, top publishing offices and applicants versus date of priority rela-tionship are shown in Figures 4.48-50.

From these figures, it can be observed that a majority of the documents in this field were published in the USA, followed by WIPO, China and Germany. Surprisingly, none of the major paper manufacturers are among the top applicants. The date of priority graph of the top applicants shows that patenting activity has been sporadic by all the top applicants. In the last 10 years an increase in filing by some of the top applicants can be observed in this field.


figure 4.50: Top Applicants and Corresponding Date of Priority in the Field of Organic Solvents in Pulping

Date of priority

Appl

ican

t

1985 1986 1987 1989 1990 1997 1998 2000 2001 2002 2003 2007 2008 2010 2012 2013 20141978

API IP HOLDINGS LLCBRUSS TI KIROVA

ALCELL TECH INC

CANADIAN INDCELANESE INT CORP

CHEMPOLIS OYDU PONT

LE LESOTEKH AKADJINAN SHENGQUAN GROUP SHAR...

LE T I TSELLYULOZNO BUMAZHNOJLIGNOL INNOVATIONS LTD

NOVOZYMES ASPASZNER LASZLO

SHELL INT RESEARCHROUSU ESA

SHELL OIL COTHERMOFORM BAU FORSCHUNC

TIGNEY TECHNOLOGY INC

NIPPON KAMI PULP KENKYUSHO

WEYERHAEUSER CO


| 79Patent Analysis

| 81Patent Analysis

UNIDO is currently implementing a project titled ‘Development and adoption of appro-priate technologies for enhancing produc-tivity in the paper and pulp sector’, in col-laboration with the Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion (DIPP), the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, and the Govern-ment of India.

Under the aegis of the UNIDO International Centre for Inclusive and Sustainable Indus-trial Development (IC-ISID), New Delhi, the project aims to support the Indian pulp and paper industry by strengthening the capac-ity and capability of the nodal technical institution for the sector, the Central Pulp and Paper Research Institute (CPPRI). It also aims to select industry associations to pro-vide better management and technical sup-port to the industry to improve productivity and competitiveness while ensuring sus-tainability of the sector.

As part of the project, a diagnostic assessment of the Indian pulp and paper industry and technology benchmarking, vis-à-vis global best practices were undertaken to gain an understanding of the challenges and oppor-tunities for the industry. The project aims to address some of these challenges through a range of technical, capacity building and

knowledge sharing activities, including the demonstration of appropriate technologies, workshops and twinning with international organizations. This report has been prepared as an integral part of the project and therefore seeks to gain an insight into the Indian pat-enting activities in this sector.

5.1. Analysis of Patents filed in India

The patent analysis was done for patent applications filed in India using the Derwent Innovations Index. It covers over 14.3 mil-lion basic inventions from 40 worldwide pat-ent-issuing authorities including India.

5.1.1. general search in the Pulp and Paper sector

A broad search for all published patent doc-uments in the pulp and paper sector was conducted by using the basic search option combining the queries D21* in Interna-tional Patent Classification and IN* in Pat-ent Number. The search yielded 2593 doc-uments. The top applicants in India were found out from the Assignee Names. The top 10 applicants are depicted in Figure 5.1.

5ANAlySIS Of THe INDIAN PATeNT SCeNARIO wITHIN THe CONTexT Of THIS RePORT


analysis Of the indian patent scenariO within the cOntext Of this repOrt

figure 5.1: Top 10 Applicants for Indian Applications

020406080

100120140160

figure 5.2: Top 10 IPC Codes Among the Indian Applications

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

D21H

D21F1/0

0

D21H27/0

0

D21C9/0

0

C09D7/12

D21F7/0

8

D21H17

/00

D21H17

/67

D21H19

/38

D21F

It is evident from Figure 5.1 that the top 10 applicants in the pulp and paper sector are all multinationals. When the list of the top 100 applicants was scanned, it was found that the Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR) is the only Indian applicant with 25 documents among the top 100 applicants.

Next, the top 10 IPC codes were analyzed and Figure 5.2 shows the IPC wise analysis of the Indian patent documents. Descrip-tions of the top IPC main groups and sub-groups are provided in Table 5.1.

The top 10 inventors were also found and the results are shown in Figure 5.3.

The Indian filing trend over the last 20 years in technologies related to pulp and paper was also studied and the number of documents filed in an interval of two years in the last 20 years were recorded. Figure 5.4 depicts the results.

It can be seen that the number of patent applications filed in India has increased sig-nificantly from 2004-2005 and the most pat-ent applications were filed in 2008-2009.

| 83Patent Analysis

table 5.1: Description of top 10 IPC codes among the patent applications filed in India

iPc main group/ subgroup Description

D21F1/00 Wet end of machines for making continuous webs of paper

D21H27/00 Special paper not otherwise provided for, e.g. made by multi-step processes

D21C 9/00 After-treatment of cellulose pulp

C09D7/12 Features of coating compositions- other additives

D21F7/08 Other details of machines for making continuous webs of paper- felts

D21H17/00Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its constitution; Paperimpregnating material characterised by its constitution

D21H17/67 Water-insoluble compounds, e.g. fillers or pigments

D21H19/38 Coated paper/coating material characterized by the pigments

figure 5.3: Top 10 Inventors for Indian Applications

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

GANE PAC

BURI M

GANE PA

HANSEN R

TROKHAN PD

RENTSCH S

HANSEN RA

CHENG W

MODOFF M

EAGLES D

figure 5.4: Filing Trend of Patents in India in the Pulp and Paper Sector from 1996 to 2017

050

100150200250300350400450

2016-2017

2014-2015

2012-2013

2010-2011

2008-2009

2006-2007

2004-2005

2002-2003

2000-2001

1998-19

99

1996-19

97


table 5.2: Number of Patent Applications Filed in India in Different Technology Areas Related to the Manufacturing of Paper

s. no. specific technology Area Query string used

no. of documents

1. Technologies related to fibrous raw materials or their mechanical treatment

D21B 188

2. Technologies related to pulping D21C 676

3. Technologies related to stock preparation D21D 136

4. Technologies related to papermaking machines and methods of producing paper thereon

D21F 537

5. Technologies related to calendars, accessories for making paper D21G 87


D21H13 51

7. Technologies related to non-fibrous additives added to the pulpD21H17 and D21H21

875

8. Technologies related to coated paper, coating material D21H19 460

9. Technologies related to special paper D21H27 258

10. Technologies related to fibreboard; manufacture of articles from cellulosic fibrous suspensions or from papier-mâché

D21J 85


5.1.2. technologies related to manufacture of Paper

The search for these technologies was done based on IPC main groups/subgroups. The search strategies used are shown in the fol-lowing table along with the number of docu-ments retrieved.

The numbers of documents retrieved in dif-ferent technology areas related to paper man-ufacturing are shown in Table 5.2.

The top 10 assignees in each of these tech-nology areas were analysed and the names of the top applicants, along with their cor-responding number of applications, are presented in Table 5.3.

| 85Patent Analysis

table 5.3: Top Applicants Filed in India in Different Technology Areas Related to Paper Manufacturing

technology Area (a)

Raw Materials Pulping Stock Preparation Papermaking machines

Calendars and accessories

Top

10 A

pplic

ants

Andritz Inc (14)Metso Paper Inc (23)

Andritz Inc (15) Albany Int Corp (140) Albany Int Corp (13)

Xyleco Inc (9) Andritz Inc (20) Metso Paper Inc (15)Astenjohn-son Inc (31)

Metso Paper Inc (7)

Medoff M (6)Weyerhaeuser Co (20)

Voith Paper Patent Gmbh (14)

Metso Paper Inc (24)Astenjohnson Inc (4)


Andritz Oy (17) Comer Spa (12)Voith Paper Patent Gmbh (22)

Nalco Co (4)

Beta Renewables Spa (5)

Nalco Co (16)Valmet Technol-ogies Inc (9)

Procter & Gamble Co (19)

Kadant Web Systems Inc (3)

Comer Spa (5)Council Sci&Ind Res India (13)

Wemade Technology Co Ltd (7)

Hansen R A (13) Karlsson J (3)

Metso Paper Inc (5)

Ondeo Nalco Co (13)

Dal Maso G (6) Nalco Co (13) Mourad S (3)

Greenfield Ethanol Inc (4)

Shell Int Res Mij Bv (13)

Andritz Oy (5) Manninen A R (12) Ondeo Nalco Co (3)

Masterman T C (4) Shell Oil Co (13) Magaraggia F (4)Georgia-Pacific Con-sumer Prod Lp (11)

Sandvik Intellectual Property Hb (3)

Valmet Oy (4) Basf Se (12)Aikawa Fiber Tech-nologies Trust (3)

Ondeo Nalco Co (11)Voith Paper Patent Gmbh (3)

technology Area (b)Synthetic

cellulose/non-cellulose fibres

Non-fibrous additives

Coated paper/coating material Special Paper fibreboard/

papier-mâché

Top

10 A

pplic

ants

Allied Colloids Ltd (3)

Omya Int Ag (55) Omya Int Ag (54)Procter & Gamble Co (15)

Pakit Int Trading Co Inc (13)

Ciba Specialty Chem Water Treat-ments Ltd (3)

Ciba Specialty Chem Hold-ing Inc (53)

Omya Dev Ag (50)Georgia-Pacific Con-sumer Prod Lp (12)

Pakit Int Trading Co (11)

Eastman Chem Co (3)

Omya Dev Ag (50) Gane P A C (23)Kimberly-Clark Worldwide Inc (11)

Nilsson B (9)

Teijin Aramid Bv (3)

Basf Se (46) Basf Se (20)Philip Morris Prod Sa (10)

Baskman L (7)

Droux M (2)Giesecke & Devri-ent Gmbh (36)

Hewlett-Packard Dev Co Lp (20)

Philip Morris Usa Inc (9)

Usg Interiors Inc (7)

Faber R D (2)Giesecke & Devri-ent Gmbh (34)

Buri M (18) Fort James Corp (8) Usg Interiors Llc (7)

Froass P M (2)Ciba Sc Hold-ing Ag (32)

Ciba Specialty Chem Holding Inc (17)

Kimberly-Clark Corp (7)

Graffton L (5)

Hewlett-Packard Dev Co Lp (2)

Nalco Co (31)Hewlett-Packard Dev Corp (17)

Omya Dev Ag (7) Int Paper Co (3)

Hewlett-Packard Dev Corp (2)

Ciba Specialty Chem Corp (30)

Kemira Oyj (16) Omya Int Ag (7) Shand J (3)

Int Paper Co (2)Ondeo Nalco Co (30)

Ciba Sc Holding Ag (11)Arjowiggins Security (6)

US Gypsum Co (3)


table 5.4: Number of Patent Documents Filed in India for Different Technologies Related to Pulping

s. no. specific technology Area corresponding iPc code/s

no. of documents

1. Pulping cellulose-containing materials D21C3/00 104

2. Digesters D21C7/00 39

3. After treatment of cellulose pulp-Bleaching D21C9/10 104

4. Regeneration of pulp liquors D21C11/00 91

table 5.5: Number of Patent Documents Filed in India for Different Sustainable/Green Technologies

s. no. specific technology Area corresponding iPc code/s

no. of documents

1. Wastewater treatment from the paper or cellulose industry C02F103/28 36

2. Recycling of waste paperD21C5/02, D21B1/08, D21B1/32

93

3. Non-wood fibres D21H11/12 35


D21C9/14, D21C9/147, D21C9/15, D21C9/153, D21C9/16

65


5.1.2.1. Technologies Related to PulpingSome important technologies under pulping were further analyzed as per the methodol-ogy already discussed in section 4.2.1.3. The numbers of published patent documents in India in the important areas of pulping are shown in Table 5.4. The results indicate that the highest numbers of patent applications were filed in the areas of pulping processes and bleaching of pulp.

5.1.3. sustainable/green technol-ogies related to the Pulp and Paper sector

The search for these technologies was done based on IPC main groups/subgroups. The search strategies used are shown in Table 5.5 along with the number of docu-ments retrieved.

| 87Patent Analysis

table 5.6: Top 10 Applicants in India in Different Sustainable/Green Technologies

technology Area

wastewater treatment Recycling of waste paper Non-wood fibres Chlorine-free pulp

bleaching

Top

10 A

pplic

ants

Omya Int Ag (5) Comer Spa (6) Comer Spa (6) Gp Cellulose Gmbh (7)

Omya Dev Ag (4)Voith Paper Patent Gmbh (5)


Georgia-Pacific Consumer Prod Lp (6)

Dequest Ag (3) Verenium Corp (4) Verenium Corp (4) Andritz Oy (4)

Gane P A C (3) Andritz Inc (3) Andritz Inc (3) Courchene C E (4)

Gantenbein D (3) Applied Cleantech Inc (3) Applied Cleantech Inc (3) Luo M (4)

Italmatch Chem Spa (3) Basf Enzymes Llc (3) Basf Enzymes Llc (3) Nonni A J (4)

Schoelkopf J (3) Dal Maso G (3) Dal Maso G (3) Weyerhaeuser Co (4)

Council Sci&Ind Res India (2)

Diversa Corp (3) Diversa Corp (3) Metso Paper Inc (3)

Cytec Technology Corp (2)

Magaraggia F (3) Magaraggia F (3) Slone C M (3)

Dow Global Technologies Inc (2)

Metso Paper Inc (3) Metso Paper Inc (3) Unilever Plc (3)

table 5.7: Number of Patent Documents Filed in India in the Area of Nanotechnology

s. no. specific technology Area Query string used no. of documents

1. Nanocellulose (IPC=D21*) and topic=(nano* and cellulose) 31

2. Additives IPC=D21H17 or D21H21 and topic=nano* 41

3. Special paper (IPC or CPC=D21H27) and topic=nano* 9

4. Coated paper/coating materials

(IPC or CPC=D21H19) and word=nano* 14

The names of the top applicants with the corresponding number of applications in each of these areas are given in Table 5.6.

5.1.4. emerging technology Areas

5.1.4.1. Nanotechnology To check the corresponding number of nanotechnology-related documents filed in India, the same technology areas cho-sen for analyzing nanotechnology-related patents using GPI were used. The search strategy was a mixture of IPC codes and keywords. The search string used and the number of documents retrieved for India using Derwent Innovations Index are shown in Table 5.7.

The top applicants for nanocellulose are Omya Dev AG and Omya Int AG, with 4 appli-cations each, followed by Ecolab USA Inc., with 3 applications.

In the area of nano-additives, the top appli-cants in India are Omya Dev AG and Omya Int AG, with 5 applications each, followed by Ecolab USA Inc., with 3 applications.

In the area of special paper, the top appli-cant in India is Georgia Pacific Chem LLC, with 2 applications.

In the area of coated paper, the top appli-cants in India are Omya Dev AG and Omya Int AG, with 3 applications each.


5.1.4.2. enzyme TechnologyFour different areas were identified where enzymes have potential application as already discussed in the previous sections. The search string used and the numbers of documents retrieved for India, using Derwent Innovations Index, are shown in Table 5.8.

The top applicants for biopulping were found to be Diversa Corp and Verenium Corp, with 4 applications each, followed by BP Corp North America Inc., with 3 applications.

The top applicants for biobleaching were found to be BASF Enzymes LLC, BASF SE, Kerovuo J S, Meiji Seika Kaisha Ltd., and Meiji Seika Pharma Co., Ltd., with 2 applica-tions each.

The top applicant in the area of enzyme appli-cation in waste paper treatment was found to be Verenium Corp, with 4 applications.

The top applicant in the area of enzyme appli-cation of materials before digestion was found to be Novozymes AS, with 4 applications.

5.1.4.3. biorefineryAs previously discussed, three different tech-nologies were identified in this category. The search strategy used and results of searching for Indian applications in Derwent Innova-tions Index are shown in Table 5.9.

The top applicant in the area of enzyme application in lignin recovery was found to be Lignol Innovations Co., Ltd. and Lignol Innovations Ltd., with 3 applications each, followed by Anderson N D and Andritz Inc., with 2 applications each.

The top applicant in the area of enzyme application in hemicellulose recovery was found to be Celanese Int Corp, with 2 appli-cations, followed by Anderson N D and Andritz Inc., with 1 application each.

The top applicant in the area of bioethnol production was found to be Greenfield Eth-anol Inc. and Xyleco Inc., with 5 applications each, followed by Du Pont De Nemours & Co. E I and Greenfield Specialty Alcohols Inc., with 4 applications each.

5.1.4.4. Organic Solvents in PulpingIn India, the patent analysis in this field was done using the IPC subgroup D21C3/20 in Derwent Innovations Index, as it was done in case of GPI, as this subgroup is specific for organic solvents in pulping. The number of patent documents retrieved was 49. The top applicants were Hempolis Oy, Nalco Co., Shell Int Res Mij Bv And Shell Oil Co., with 4 applications each.


| 89Patent Analysis

table 5.8: Number of Patent Documents Filed in India in Enzyme Technology

s. no. specific technology Area Query string used no. of documents

1. Biopulping IPC or CPC = (D21C3 and C12N*) 23

2. Biobleaching IPC or CPC = (D21C9/10 and C12N*) 14

3. Treatment of waste paper IPC or CPC = (D21C5/02 and C12N*) 7

4. Pretreatment of the materials before digesting

IPC or CPC = (D21C1/00 and C12N*) 19

table 5.9: Number of Patent Documents Filed in India in Technologies Related to Biorefinery

s. no. specific technology Area Query string used no. of

documents

1. Lignin Recovery (IPC or CPC=D21C11) and topic=lignin 30

2. Hemicellulose Recovery (IPC or CPC=D21C11) and topic=hemicellulose 11

3. Bioethanol(IPC or CPC=D21C and C12P7) and topic=(ethanol or butanol)

47

| 91Patent Analysis

6CONClUDING ReMARkS

This report tries to highlight the global pat-enting scenario and the corresponding sce-nario in India in the area of technologies important to the pulp and paper industry. The patent analysis performed was quan-titative in nature and the patent search conducted was mostly based on IPC/CPC codes. Although the IPC/CPC code-based searches are considered superior to key-word-based searches, due to them being unambiguous and specific, some limita-tions of the analysis must be kept in mind. Firstly, the same patent document can be allotted multiple IPC/CPC codes based on the nature of the invention. Therefore, the same document can be retrieved in multi-ple searches leading to overlapping results for different search strategies. Secondly, the technology areas that were identified for performing patent analysis may also overlap and have multiple applications in different areas. Thirdly, assignation of IPC/CPC codes by different patent offices all over the world may not follow uniform standards and may vary.

The total number of patent families in the broad area of pulp and paper was found to be close to 2 lakhs which evidently shows that the potential for innovations in this field is huge and lot of innovations have taken place given the number of patent applica-tions filed over the last 10 years. Compared to the huge number of patents filed globally, India fares rather poorly in terms of patent filing in this area. In India, a total of 2593

patent documents were filed, according to the database of Derwent Innovations Index, which is about 1.5% of the patent families filed globally. It was seen that there is a sud-den increase in the number of patents filed in India from 2004 onwards which may be attributed to the introduction of product patents in India as mandated by the TRIPS agreement. The top applicants in India are mostly foreign corporates; the only Indian applicant among the top 100 applicants is the CSIR. Although there are many large size paper manufacturers in India, the numbers of patent applications filed by such compa-nies seem to be negligible in comparison to their foreign competitors.

China has excelled in terms of the number of patent applications in this area. In most of the different technology areas identified China was found to be among the top five publishing offices. In the newer technology areas, such as nanotechnology and waste-water treatment, China was found to be the top publishing office. There is enormous scope for research and development in the upcoming technology areas in the pulp and paper sector. The number of patents filed in India in emerging technology areas such as treatment of wastewater, nanotechnology, enzyme technology and biorefinery, were found to be very few. A concerted effort, by all the stakeholders, to file patents in the green and emerging technology areas is needed to improve the current scenario and to modernize Indian paper mills.


| 93Patent Analysis

references

[1] Pulpandpaper-technology. (2015) Leading U.S. forest, paper and packaging (FPP) companies based on revenue in 2015 (in million U.S. dollars).[Online].[Accessed April 20th 2017]. Available from: <http://www.statista.com/statistics/252974/leading-us-forest-paper-and-packaging-companies-based-on-revenue>

[2] Statista. (2018) Paper Industry - Statistics & Facts.[Online].[Accessed April 20th 2017]. Available from: <http:// www.statista.com/topics/1701/paper-industry>

[3] Jain, R.K. (2015) Compendium of Census Survey of Indian Paper Industry (CPPRI). [Online]. [Accessed April 20th 2017]. Available from: <http://www.cppri.org.in:80/img/compendium.pdf>

[4] Bajpai, P. (2018) Biotechnology for Pulp and Paper Processing. 2nd ed. Springer: Singapore; pp 8-13.

[5] Office of the Principal Scientific Advisor to the GOI New Dehli. (2014) Opportunities for Green Chemistry Initiatives. Pulp and Paper Industry.[Accessed April 20th 2017]. Available from: <psa.gov.in/sites/default/files/Pulp___Paper_-Final.pdf>

[6] Paperonline. (2018) Timeline. [Online].[Accessed April 20th 2017]. Available from: <http://www.paperonline.org/history-of-paper/timeline>

[7] J K Paper Ltd. (2012) Paper History.[Online].[Accessed April 20th 2017]. Available from: <http://www.jkpaper.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=51&Itemid=52>

[8] WIPO. (2018) About the International Patent Classification.[Online].[Accessed April 20th 2017]. Available from: <http://www.wipo.int/classifications/ipc/en/preface.html>

[9] Business History. (2008) Industries: Business History of Paper & Packaging.[Online].[Accessed April 20th 2017]. Available from: <http://www.businesshistory.com/ind._paper_&_pkng.php>

[10] Bajpai, P. (1999) Application of Enzymes in the Pulp and Paper Industry, Biotechnol Prog. Mar; 15(2):147-57.

[11] Trivedy, R.K. and Pathak, R.K. (2015) Role Of Biotechnology In Pulp And Paper Industry, Journal of Industrial Pollution Control.[Online].[Accessed April 20th 2017]. Available from: <http://www.icontrolpollution.com/articles/role-of-biotechnology-in-pulp-and-paper-industry-.php?aid=65729>

[12] Pettersson, K. and Mahmoudkhani, M. (2012) Opportunities for Biorefineries in the Pulping Industry. [Online]. [Accessed April 20th 2017]. Available from: <http://publications.lib.chalmers.se/records/fulltext/185714/local_185714.pdf>


ANNexURe

(Abstracts of representative patent applications)

Annexure 1. Technologies related to paper manufacturingA. fibrous raw materials and their mechanical treatment A.1. method for the Production of tissue Paper

Abstract Application No.

The invention relates to a method for the production of a tissue web (1) produced from a mate-rial suspension comprising fib-ers. To this end, the volume and the tear length is to be improved, with minimized freeness degree, such that the material suspension comprises lignocellulosic pulp of wood or annuals, which has a tear length of more than 6.5 km at 12 °SR, or a tear length of more than 8.0 km at 15 °SR, and a lignin

content of at least 15% in rela-tion to the otro pulp for conifer-ous wood in an unbleached state, or a tear length of more than 4.5 km at 20 °SR, and a lignin con-tent of at least 12% in relation to the otro pulp for hardwood in an unbleached state, or a tear length of more than 3.5 km at 20 °SR, and a lignin content of at least 10% in relation to the otro pulp for annu-als in an unbleached state.

WO 2008/077450 A1

Priority Date23/12/2006, 11/04/2007

Applicant /InventorsVoith Patent GmbH/ Hans-Ludwig Schubert, et. al.

A.2. A method for manufacturing mechanical PulpAbstract Application No.

The present invention relates to a method for manufacturing mechanical pulp, the method com-prising -introducing raw material of the mechanical pulp, -refining the raw material in a first refining stage in order to form the mechan-ical pulp, -adjusting the pH of the mechanical pulp between 9 and 11 in aprocess step in which a first process delay is arranged, the first process delay being at least 0.5 hours, -sorting the mechanical pulp

into a first accepted stock (A1) and a first rejected stock (R1), -ozonizing the first rejected stock (R1) whose pH at the start of the ozonation process is between 9 and 11, -refining the ozonated first rejected stock (R1) in a second refining stage so that at least a part of it will belong to a second accepted stock, and -combining the accepted stocks. The present invention also relates to the use of the mechanical pulp.

WO 2008/081078 A1

Priority Date28/12/2006

Applicant /InventorsUpm Kymmene CorpItt Mfg Enterprises Inc./Haerkonen Eskoet, et al.

| 95Patent Analysis

A.3. Processing of ligno-cellulose materialsAbstract Application No.

A method of processing lignocel-lulosic material includes the steps of comminuting the material to a size that it can be processed in a hydrothermal pressure vessel, drying the material in moving air to obtain a specific moisture con-tent, packing the material into the vessel and subjecting the material

within the vessel to steam under pressure, decompressing the vessel to return the temperature and pressure to ambient, and drying the product to specific moisture content. The product so formed can be used for injection moulding or to form panel boards and the like.

CA 2464760 C

Priority Date06/11/2001, 16/10/2002

Applicant /InventorsLignotech Developments Ltd./ Rafferty Andrew James

A.4. high Defiberization chip PretreatmentAbstract Application No.

A chip pretreatment process and apparatus which comprises con-veying the chip material through a compression screw device hav-ing an atmosphere of saturated steam at a pressure above about 5 psig, decompressing and feeding the decompressed material from the decompression region into a fiberizing device, such as a low

intensity refiner, where at least about 30 percent of the fiber bundles and fibers are sepa-rated, without substantial fibril-lation of the fibers. In another embodiment of the invention the chip defiberizing can be com-bined with chemical treatments, for improving the pulp property verses energy relationships.

WO 2004009900 A1


Applicant /InventorsAndritz Inc./ Marc J. Sabourin

A.5. enzymatic treatment of wood chipsAbstract Application No.

A process using a multicomponent enzyme preparation to treat chips that have been crushed using a device that combines shear and compressive forces where treatment occurs mainly during decompression and reduces the specific energy consumption and/or increasing production of subse-quent refining while maintaining

or increasing handsheet physical properties. The enzyme prepa-ration is to have a major endo-glucanase activity, a significant mannanase activity and a slight cellobiohydrolase activity. This enzyme mixture is prepared from a genetically modified strain of Trichoderma reseii.

US 2014209260 A1


Applicant /InventorsUniversity of New Brunswick/ Kecheng Li, Andre Pelletier


B. Pulping cellulose-containing materialsB.1. method of digesting wood with an alkaline liquor by adding an acidic agent to precipitate

dissociated ligninAbstract Application No.

A method for producing pulp, comprising digesting lignocel-lulosic wood, containing one or more xylan derivatives selected from the group consisting of xylan bound with lignin, xylan bound with hexenuronic acid, and mix-tures thereof, with an aqueous alkaline pulping solution contain-ing sulfide and having an initial free hydroxyl ion concentration of at least 1 mole per liter, under conditions whereunder xylan is

dissociated from said one or more xylan derivatives and the pH of the solution remains above 12.5; then while the pH of said solu-tion is above 12.5, adding a suf-ficient amount of an acidic agent to said pulping solution to precip-itate dissociated xylan from said pulping solution while minimizing precipitation of lignin from said pulping solution. Carbon diox-ide is a preferred acidic agent.

US 6464827 B1


Applicant /InventorsPraxair Technology Inc. / Jorge Luiz Colodette

B.2. continuous method for producing pulp with spent liquor impregnationAbstract Application No.

This invention relates to a new and improved way of continuously cooking fibre material, wherein temperatures and alkaline levels are controlled to be maintained within specific levels in different zones of the digesting process in order to optimise chemical con-sumption and heat-economy and at the same time achieve very good pulp properties. The fibre material is heated and impreg-nated by the aid of black liq-uor to a temperature less than 140 °C and passed in con-current in an impregnation zone (A). The heated and impregnated

fibre material is transferred to a con-current cooking zone (B) in the upper part of a digester (6). At least 60 % of the quantity of liquor (F) required for the cooking reac-tion is supplied in the up-stream end of the con-current cooking zone (B) in order to obtain a level of effective alkali exceeding 35 g/l. The cooking temperature in the con-current cooking zone (B) is lower than 160 °C. Spent liquor (E), with an amount of effective alkali of at least 13 g/l, is withdrawn from a strainer girdle (8). A substantial part of the spent liquor is sup-plied to the impregnation zone.

PCT/SE1997/000192


Applicant /InventorsKvaerner Pulping Ab/ J. Engstrom, et al.

annexure 1 − pulping cellulOse-cOntaining Materials

| 97Patent Analysis

B.3. method for producing chemical pulp containing non-woody and woody resource as raw materialAbstract Application No.

Problem to be solved: To store and transport a huge amount of non-woody and woody resources as raw materials of a pulp without putrefying, to stably supply the resources to a huge pulp plant, to easily produce and supply a large amount of the excellent pulp and to allow measures to environment and promotion of rationalization.

solution: This method for produc-ing the pulp preferential in envi-ronment and rationalization is characterized by comprising mix-ing a pulp waste fluid by hydro-gen peroxide-alkali method (PA method) with the non-woody and

woody raw material of the pulp as a preserving agent to store and transport, digesting the stored non-woody and woody raw mate-rial of the pulp in a liquid phase or a vapor phase by the PA method or digesting in the liquid phase or the vapor phase while compulsively stirring, separating and collect-ing the pulp waste fluid and the pulp from the digested product, collecting a part of the pulp waste fluid as a new preserving agent, collecting a PA digesting agent from an ash obtained by combus-tion treatment of a part thereof and recycling the both agents.

JP 2001248083 A


Applicant /InventorsOnda Akio/ Mita Akio

B.4. A process for producing cellulose with low impurities from sugarcane bagasseAbstract Application No.

The present invention relates to a process for producing cellu-lose with low inorganic impuri-ties from sugarcane bagasse, the process comprising treating pre-hydrolysed sugarcane bagasse with a mixture of sulfite and at least one alkali to obtain resi-due having undissolved cellu-lose along with lignin rich liquor.

The residue having undissolved cellulose is further subjected to delignification and addition of at least one enzyme to obtain a cel-lulose rich pulp. The cellulose rich pulp obtained is then treated with bleaching agents followed by sep-arating pure cellulose rich pulp having high α-cellulose content and low inorganic impurities.

WO2017029685 A2


Applicant /InventorsGodavari Biorefineries Ltd. / S. Srivastava, et al.

B.5. method for producing celluloseAbstract Application No.

According to one embodiment, a method for producing cellulose is provided, in which a chemical pulp and a mixed solution com-prising 1.0 to 30.0% by weight of sulfuric acid, 0.5 to 40% by

weight of hydrogen peroxide and 50.0 to 94.0% by weight of water are used, and the produced cellu-lose has a polymerization degree of 350 or less and a Hunter white-ness degree of 90% or more.

WO2015037424 A1


Applicant /InventorsMitsubishi Gas Chemical Company, Inc. / Takamitsu Tsuruga, et al.


c. Digestersc.1. Arrangement for mounting a screen

Abstract Application No.The present invention relates to an arrangement for mounting a screen (20) in a continuous reactor used for mak-ing chemical pulp or paper pulp. Such a reactor comprises a substantially cylin-drical vessel arranged in an upright posi-tion, the vessel having a smaller diam-eter at the top end of the reactor than at the bottom end of the reactor, the diameter of the reactor being changed at regionally defined areas by means of

one or more conical sections (4). Said screens are mounted at these conical sections to remove liquid from chips or pulp in the reactor. In the present arrangement an upper edge (21) of the screen (20), which, in the operating posi-tion, is located higher, is arranged in the region of the conical section (4). In par-ticular, the screen extends substantially to the section of the conical section, which has the smallest diameter.

EP 1316638 A1


Applicant /Inventors

Metso Paper Inc. / Antti Isola

c.2. Displacement heating in continuous digestersAbstract Application No.

An apparatus and method for treating cellulosic wood chips in a digestion process for the liberation of pulp in a caustic hydroxide solution at high pres-sures and temperatures by delivering preconditioned wood chips to a first chamber and circulating a low temper-ature black liquor through the chamber to preheat the chips, while continuously feeding the chips through the cham-ber to a second chamber at high tem-perature and pressure, circulating high

temperature black liquor to the chips in the second chamber to advance them to cooking temperature, feeding white liquor and the chips to a digester for the digestion process over a prede-termined period of time, and remov-ing digested pulp and delivering the pulp to a washer with the black liquor for washing being utilized for the first chamber, and heating the white liq-uor through a heat exchange process with the high temperature black liquor.

US 5256255 A



Beloit Technologies Inc./ Bertil K.E. Fagerlund

c.3. Digestion units configured for high yield biomass processingAbstract Application No.

Digestion units for processing cellu-losic biomass can comprise a chamber having a height that is greater than its width, the chamber having an opening suitable for solids introduction located within the upper 20% of its height; one or more first fluid conduits con-nected to the chamber within the lower 20% of its height, at least one of the first fluid conduits extending into the chamber and being elevated above the bottom of the chamber; one or more

second fluid conduits connected to the chamber within the upper 20% of its height, at least one of the first fluid conduits being fluidly coupled to at least one of the second fluid conduits; a porous medium located in the cham-ber within the lower 20% of its height; and a movable pressure isolation device covering the opening; wherein the digestion unit is operable to main-tain a pressure of at least about 30 bar.

US2014004015 A1



Shell Oil Co./ E. J. Denton, et al.

annexure 1 − digesters

| 99Patent Analysis

c.4. method and system for thin chip digester cookingAbstract Application No.

A method to cook thin chips in a continuous digester vessel includ-ing: introducing thin chips having a thickness of no more than 6 mm, into a chip bin; adding white (cook-ing) liquor to the chip bin or to a chip transport passage extending from the chip bin to an upper inlet of the continuous digester vessel; injecting medium pressure steam or another heated fluid to an upper region of the digester ves-sel to elevate a cooking tempera-ture of the chips in the vessel to at

least 130 degrees Celsius; cooking the chips in the vessel as the chips flow downward through the vessel without substantial extraction or introduction of liquor in the cook-ing section of the vessel; inject-ing wash liquid to a lower region of the vessel; extracting at least wash liquid through a wash liq-uid extraction screen in the lower region of the vessel and above the injection of the wash liquid, and discharging the cooked thin chips from the lower region of the vessel.

US2011120663-A1


Applicant /InventorsAndritz Inc. / J. Engstrom, et al

c.5. system and method for preextraction of hemicellulose through using a continuous prehydrolysis and steam explosion pretreatment process


A system has been developed for pretreating cellulosic biomass feed stock including: a first pres-surized reactor receiving the feed stock, wherein the feed stock undergoes hydrolysis in the first pressurized reactor; a sealing device having a first pressurized coupling to a feedstock discharge port of the first pressurized reac-tor, and a second pressurized coupling to a second pressur-ized reactor; a drain for a liquid including dissolved hemi-cellu-losic material extracted from the feed stock in at least one of the first pressurized reactor and the sealing and extraction device;

the second pressurized reactor assembly receiving the pressur-ized feed stock from the sealing device at a pressure substantially greater than the pressure in the first pressurized reactor, wherein cells of the feed stock are infused with water in the second pressur-ized reactor, and an expansion device downstream of the sec-ond pressurized reactor assem-bly, wherein the expansion device rapidly releases the pressure of the feed stock discharged from the second pressurized reactor such that the feed stock under-goes a steam explosion reaction.

US8057639B2


Applicant /InventorsAndritz Inc. / P. Thomas,, et al.


D. BleachingD.1. novel method for treatment of substrates

Abstract Application No.The invention provides a method for the application of a bleaching agent to a substrate, the method comprising the treatment of the substrate in an aqueous sys-tem comprising a liquid bleach-ing agent in a closed container, the treatment being carried out at a ratio of liquor to substrate which does not exceed 3:1. Typ-ically, the method is applied to the bleaching of textile fibres and may optionally comprise a bleach-ing and scouring treatment. The invention also provides a method for the removal of surplus bleach-ing agents following the bleaching

treatment, the method compris-ing not more than three aque-ous wash-off treatments of the substrate. In addition to facili-tating the use of much reduced liquor levels, the method also allows for significant reductions to be achieved in usage lev-els of bleaching agents, auxil-iary agents and rinsing agents, thereby reducing generation of waste liquors requiring disposal. Furthermore, treatment tempera-tures are also significantly lower than for prior art methods, pro-viding yet further benefits in environmental and cost terms.

WO2016042329-A1


Applicant /InventorsUniversity of Leeds /Stephen Burkinshaw

D.2. Process for increasing mechanical wood pulp brightness in a refinerAbstract Application No.

A pulp refining and bleaching pro-cess for increasing the pulp bright-ness of a mechanical wood pulp prepared from softwood chips wherein the pulp is treated in one or more stages in refiner by add-ing sodium perborate or peracetic acid generated in a bleach generat-ing unit by reacting sodium perbo-rate or hydrogen peroxide with an activating agent such as tetraacet-ylethylenediamine in the pres-ence or absence of caustic solu-tion and the pulp discharged from the refiner is subjected to another bleaching stage in a bleach tower by separate addition of sodium perborate or hydrogen peroxide with or without a bleach activator.

The process is preferably carried out by passing the pulp through a primary refiner at elevated pres-sure and optionally to a bleaching tower, a solution of sodium perbo-rate or in-situ generated peracetic acid from a mixture of sodium perborate or hydrogen peroxide and an activator, tetraacetylethyl-enediamine being fed in the refiner and sodium perborate or hydro-gen peroxide with an activator, tetraacetylethylenediamine, being fed in the bleaching tower. The pulp after refining has improved brightness and pulp brightness after an optional tower bleaching has exceeded 75 ISO% points.

CA 2230315 A1


Applicant /InventorsCeline Leduc, et al.

annexure 1 − Bleaching

| 101Patent Analysis

D.3. modified cellulose from chemical kraft fiber and methods of making and using the sameAbstract Application No.

A diaper, incontinence device, or other urine absorbing prod-uct comprising an oxidzied kraft fiber produced by bleaching a cellulosic kraft puip using a mui-ti-stage bieaching process; and oxidizing the kraft pulp during at least one stage of the multi-stage bleaching process with a peroxide

and a catalyst under acidic con-dition, wherein the multi-stage bleaching process comprises at least one chlorine bleaching stage following the oxidation stage, and wherein the urine absorbing prod-uct has at least a 10% improve-ment in vertical wicking, horizon-tal wicking, or 45 degree wicking.

WO2014140819-A1


Applicant /InventorsGp Cellulose GmbH/ A. J. Nonni, et al.

D.4. Production method for machine pulp of high efficiencyAbstract Application No.

Purpose: A production method for a machine pulp of a high effi-ciency is provided to improve the fibrous characteristics such as the intensity and the softness, and to increase the bleaching efficiency.

constitution: The machine pulp of the high efficiency yield rate is produced by performing the bleaching process at the same time by inputting 0.5¯20 wt.% of the hydrogen peroxide and

0.5¯20 wt.% of the sodium car-bonate for 100 wt of the wood chip during the refining process. The wood chip is pre-processed by 0.1¯5 wt of the chelate agent or the stabilizer for 100 wt of the wood chip. The chelate agent is the diethylene triaminpenta ace-tic acid(DTPA), the ethylene tetra acetic acid(EDTA), or the diethyl-ene triaminpenta methyl phos-phoric acid(DTMPA). The stabi-lizer is the magnesium sulfate.

KR 20000009067


Applicant /InventorsHansol Paper Co Ltd./ Jae-Whan Kim, et al.

D.5. synergistic composition and a process for biobleaching of ligno cellulosic pulpAbstract Application No.

The present invention relates to a synergistic composition for biobleaching of ligno cellulosic or hardwood pulp. The syner-gistic composition comprises of lignin modifying enzyme, lignin

degrading enzyme, pH regulating agent and surfactant. The inven-tion also provides a process for biobleaching of ligno cellulosic pulp, particularly hardwood pulp.

WO2009069143A2


Applicant /InventorsAdvanced Enzyme Technologies Ltd./ C. L Rathi, et al.


e. regeneration of pulp liquore.1. method of utilising unreacted carbon from black-liquor gasification

Abstract Application No.The subject of the invention is a method for utilising the unre-acted carbon from processes for gasifying the spent liquor (black liquor) of alkaline pulping pro-cesses. In the new method, the final separation of the unre-acted carbon from the soluble salts derived from black liquor does not take place until after the causticising stage. The car-bon and limestone are separated and washed together and the

limestone-carbon mixture is fed to the calcination reactor where the said carbon functions as a fuel. With this method, carbon replaces, to a significant extent, the normal fuel used in the cal-cination process. The method differs from other alternatives for utilising unreacted carbon in that its application requires vir-tually no additional equipment and has no negative effects on the water balance of the pulp mill.

WO 2005003449A1


Applicant /InventorsValtion Teknillinen Tutkimuskeskus/Paterson Mckeough

e.2. Desulphurisation of the odorous gasesAbstract Application No.

The invention relates to a method and an arrangement for the removal of concentrated odorous gases of a pulp mill. According to the method, the concentrated odorous gases containing sulphur compounds are collected from the odorous gases of the sulphite pulp mill and combusted with under

air to oxidize the sulphur com-pounds, so that at least an essen-tial part of the sulphur com-pounds is oxidized into elemental sulphur. The elemental sulphur is recovered in a liquid or solid form. It can be returned to the process or used in other processes.

FI 20031438 A


Applicant /InventorsMetsae Botnia Ab Oy/Ismo Reilama, Kaisu Annala

e.3. Processing method of recovery boiler collected ash and processing deviceAbstract Application No.

Problem t0 be solved: To provide a processing method capable of efficiently exhausting potassium or chlorine from collected ash of a recovery boiler.

solution: The invention relates to a processing method of recovery boiler collected ash having a pro-cess of mixing at least a part of col-lected ash of a recovery boiler and

moisture to obtain a molten slurry and a process of separating a solid content from the molten slurry, where time for mixing the collected ash and moisture is 5 to 120 minutes and the percent-age content of crystal water in the solid content is 40 mass% or less based on the total mass of the solid content.

JP2015094042-A


Applicant /InventorsOji Holdings Corp/Hajime Takahashi

annexure 1 − regeneratiOn Of pulp liquOr


e.4. A process for producing high value-added phenol Pulping productAbstract Application No.

The present invention discloses a method for preparing a high value Pulping phenol product, the method proceeds directly after the hydrothermal conversion pro-cess by simply Pulping, issued phenol product yield, product selectivity, industrial great pro-motional value. Said method comprising the steps of: (1) pulp-ing black liquor was diluted 5-10 fold with a pH adjusting agent to pH 2-3; lignin and obtain a super-natant layer after standing layer;

(2) discarded the supernatant layer after the step of lignin layer solution (1) was added the sul-fonating agent, after uniformly stir-ring the lignin layer solution was transferred to a reaction kettle for hydrothermal conversion reaction; after (3) the reaction, the reaction solution was filtered, the filtrate was extracted with the extraction agent, after evaporation under reduced pressure to give phenolic products with high added value.

CN106906685-A


Applicant /InventorsQilu University of Technology

e.5. Process for recausticizing green liquorAbstract Application No.

In a process for recausticizing green liquor in a sulphate or craft process for wood pulp produc-tion, in which a green liquor con-sisting of an aqueous solution of sodium carbonate as main com-ponent and sodium sulphide is admixed in a slaker with calcium oxide and is subjected to a reac-tion in a recausticizer (10) to give an aqueous suspension contain-ing sodium hydroxide and calcium carbonate as main components, which suspension is filtered off on a first filter (19) and subsequently

passed over further filters (22, 26) two or three times after dilution with water in a dilution vessel (21, 25) and filtered for separating off solids suspended therein, charac-terized in that, after a first separa-tion of calcium carbonate as main component and calcium oxide as minor component, at least dur-ing a dilution in a dilution vessel (18, 21, 25), and in particular in the dilution vessel(s) (21, 25), car-bon dioxide is added upstream of a second and/or a third filter (22, 26) to the aqueous suspension.

WO2014131067-A1


Applicant /InventorsMondi Ag/Walter Rüf, et al.


annexure 1 − treatMent Of the Materials BefOre passing tO the paperMaking...

f. treatment of the materials before passing to the papermaking machine (stock preparation)

f.1. screening apparatus and screen basket for screening pulp suspensionsAbstract Application No.

A screening apparatus for screen-ing pulp suspensions comprises a screen basket (8), a rotor (26) for providing pressure and suction pulses in the suspension to be screened along the screen bas-ket, and a dilution liquid header (28) for supplying dilution liquid to counteract thickening of the suspension during operation. The header forms a tubular chan-nel (46), which divides the screen basket into at least two parts and

extends around the basket, and is provided with a plurality of dilution ejection nozzles. Each ejection nozzle forms a channel (58) including at least two chan-nel sections, an entrance channel section (60) that opens into the channel of the header and an exit channel section (62) downstream of the entrance channel section, wherein the entrance channel section is substantially wider than the exit channel section.

WO 2005045128A1


Applicant /InventorsMetso Paper Inc./ Börje Fredriksson

f.2. refiner and blade elementAbstract Application No.

A refiner (10, 11) for refining fibrous material comprises at least one first refining surface (1’) and at least one second refining surface (2’), which refining sur-faces (1’, 2’) are arranged oppo-site to one another and mobile in relation to one another. In the refiner (10, 11) either at least the first (1’) or the second (2’) refining surface comprises refining surface portions (15, 27) feeding mate-rial to be refined and/or refin-ing surface portions (15, 27) dis-charging refined material as well as refining surface portions (16)

grinding the material to be refined, on the upper surface of which there are blade bars (17) and between them blade grooves (18). In at least one refining sur-face (1’, 2’) of the refiner (10, 11) the cross-sectional area (A) of at least some blade grooves (18) is arranged to decrease from one blade groove (18) to the next from the direction of the feed edge (13) to the direction of the discharge edge (14) of the refining surface (1’, 2’). Further a blade element (12) for a refiner (10, 11) intended for refining fibrous material.

WO2012101330-A1


Applicant /InventorsMetso Paper Inc./ Håkan Sjoström, et al.


f.3. Process for removal of solid non-fibrous material from pulpAbstract Application No.

The present invention relates to a process for removal of solid non-fi-brous material from an aqueous pulp suspension comprising pro-viding an aqueous pulp suspen-sion comprising solid non-fibrous material, removing at least part of the solid non-fibrous material from the aqueous pulp suspen-sion thereby forming an aque-ous pulp suspension depleted in solid non-fibrous material, dewa-tering the aqueous pulp suspen-sion depleted in solid non-fibrous material thereby forming a web comprising cellulose-containing fibres and a filtrate comprising residual solid non-fibrous material

removing at least part of the resid-ual solid non- fibrous material from the filtrate thereby forming a filtrate depleted in residual solid non- fibrous material and an aque-ous stream comprising at least part of the removed residual solid non-fibrous material and dilut-ing the aqueous pulp suspension and/or the aqueous pulp suspen-sion depleted in solid non-fibrous material with at least part of the filtrate depleted in residual solid non-fibrous material, whereby the aqueous stream comprising at least part of the removed resid-ual solid non-fibrous material is purged from the system.

WO2013149913-A1


Applicant /InventorsOvivo Luxembourg S.a.r.l./ Sven Caldeman, et al.

f.4. Deflaker plate and methods relating theretoAbstract Application No.

A deflaker plate (102) for use in a deflaker for reducing fibrous flakes in a slurry of fibers. The deflaker plate may include at least one annular ring (104,106,108) consisting of multiple teeth, in which at least one tooth (404) has a leading face (480), a trailing face (482), and an impact-generating

side-face (484). The impact-gen-erating side-face may be adapted to generate an impact force dur-ing operation, such that the force corresponds to a first vector radi-ally pushing the slurry towards a center of the deflaker and a sec-ond vector tangentially pushing the slurry towards the leading face.

EP2243879-A2


Applicant /InventorsAndritz Inc./ Peter Antensteiner

f.5. improved filtering drum for fibre suspensions in waterAbstract Application No.

The invention concerns a filter-ing drum (1) for fibre suspen-sions in water, comprising a plu-rality of shaped bars (2; 11, 13) with mainly longitudinal devel-opment, arranged side by side in order to define a tubular struc-ture having substantially circu-lar cross section, with the inner lateral surface (4) covered by a

plurality of slits (3) that create a fil-tering surface, two or more annu-lar elements (15) coaxial with one another and spaced according to the longitudinal axis (X) defined by the tubular structure, cou-pled through contact outside the shaped bars (2; 11, 13), wherein the shaped bars (2; 11, 13) are arranged according to a helical pattern.

WO2009141147-A1


Applicant /InventorsComer S.P.A./ Maso Giancarlo Dal


g. Papermaking machines and methods of producing paper thereong.1. twin-wire press

Abstract Application No.The present invention relates to a frame for a twin-wire press, com-prising a first and a second pair of longitudinal side members (32, 34) that at least partially are com-posed of sections of flat sheet metal element, the respective pairs of side members comprises an upper side member (32’; 34’) and a lower side member (32’’; 34’’)

that are mutually releasable con-nected by distance elements (38), and the frame further comprises several transverse beams (36) arranged between the first and the second pair of opposite side members (32, 34). The present invention also relates to a method for exchange of wire in twin-wire press comprising said frame.

WO2005121444A1


Applicant /InventorsMetso Paper Inc./ Anders Löfstrand

g.2. roll to be used at a dryer section of a web forming machineAbstract Application No.

The invention relates to a roll to be used in the dryer section of a web forming machine. The wire (12) is arranged to travel over the roll (10, 11). The roll (10, 11) includes a shell (16) and end pieces (17) at both ends of it. In addition, means are arranged in connection

with the roll (10, 11), for creating a pressure or temperature differ-ence inside the roll (10, 11), rela-tive to its environment. The shell (16) is of a thin-sheet material. A stiffener structure (18) is fitted inside the shell (16).

WO2006010795 A1


Applicant /InventorsMetso Paper Inc./ Leo Kurkinen Rami Vanninen

g.3. Paper machine and method for manufacturing paperAbstract Application No.

Paper machine (1) for manufactur-ing a fibre web (12) of paper without through air drying (TAD) or press-ing, comprising: a wet end (2), hav-ing a wire section (5) with at least one forming wire (7, 8), a clothing (16), being air and water perme-able, and a dewatering unit (20) for dewatering the fibre web; and a drying section (3), comprising

a drying surface (24) for the fibre web; and also a transfer roll (23) for transferring the fibre web to the drying section, wherein the fibre web is supported by said clothing from the wire section all the way to and over the transfer roll. The clothing has a three-di-mensional structure for structur-ing the fibre web.

WO 2005116332 A1


Applicant /InventorsMetso Paper Karlstad Ab/ Ingmar Andersson, et al.

annexure 1 − paperMaking Machines and MethOds Of prOducing paper thereOn


g.4. Arrangement in a paper machineAbstract Application No.

The invention relates to an arrange-ment in a paper machine or simi-lar, including a press section (11) equipped with one or more press nips (13.1, 13.2) and a dryer sec-tion comprising a web-supporting

web transfer. Between the press and the first dryer cylinder there are a compactly arranged pre-impingement dryer (20) and a ver-tical impingement dryer (21).

WO 2005068713


Applicant /InventorsMetso Paper Inc./ Kari Juppi et al

g.5. Papermaking device for producing a multilayer liner and associated methodsAbstract Application No.

A method for the production of a liner comprising at least a top layer and a base layer is pro-vided, wherein a forming section with at least two forming units is used to create a fiber web, said fiber web being conveyed through a press section and further to a drying section, said press section

comprising a number of roll nips and at least one impermeable transfer belt with at least one smooth surface, wherein said transfer belt runs through the last nip in the press section in such a manner that its top layer is pressed against said smooth sur-face of the transfer belt.

US 6699361 B1


Applicant /InventorsMetso Paper Karlstad AB/ Anders Leandersson


h. calendars, accessories for making paperh.1. method for treating a fibrous web downstream of slitting

Abstract Application No.The invention relates to a method for treating a fibrous web down-stream of slitting. In the method, the finishing of a fibrous web for providing desired properties is

performed by using one or more fin-ishing units, at least one of which comprises a web processing appa-ratus provided with a metal belt.

WO2006000633A1


Applicant /InventorsMetso Paper Inc./ Reijo Pietikäinen, et al.

h.2. method for producing a paper web and paper-making machineAbstract Application No.

The invention relates to a method for producing a calendered paper web in a paper-making machine. Said method is characterised in

that the paper web is produced using a fibrous material sus-pension containing fibres that are partially loaded with ash.

WO 2005121446 A1


Applicant /InventorsVoith Patent GmbH/ Reijo Pietikäinen, et al.

h.3. Papermaking machineAbstract Application No.

The machine for the production or finishing of paper, tissue or card-board. from a pulp, has at least one marking unit (9) to apply at least two marks to the web (1), with a longitudinal gap between them in the direction of web travel. A mon-itor (10) is after the marking unit, to measure the space between the marks by scanning with-out contact. The marking unit is

at the fourdrinier or the press sec-tion. A further monitor is at a roller (13), as a rotary transmitter (14) or trigger, which measures mov-ing web lengths especially as an encoder or a drive signal meter. A control (15) compares the signals from the two monitors, linked to an evaluation unit (21) which is connected to a further control (20) with an off-line processor (16).

EP 1596002 A1


Applicant /InventorsVoith Patent GmbH/ Egon Bild, et al.

annexure 1 − calendars, accessOries fOr Making paper


h.4. extended nip calender and process for satinizing a material webAbstract Application No.

Compensation is provided for thinning of the pressure shoe (9) roller (2) casing (5), which oper-ates against a counter-roller (3), forming a wide nip (4). Compen-sation includes a casing (5) which is thicker near its edges than in the middle. One of the surfaces bordering the wide nip deforms in a direction in which central area pressing becomes more uniform. Compensation reduces towards the axial center of the working region. Further compensation vari-ants are cited. The casing includes a reinforcing inlay, e.g. a fabric. The compensation is located in the half of the casing thickness, which is remote from the counter roller. It acts inside the casing and/or on the pressure shoe, which it heats.

In the central region it exerts reduced pressure towards the counter roller. It produces greater pressure at the edges of the work-ing region. The compensation pro-duces a locally-enlarged oil cush-ion between the shoe and the casing. The pressure shoe projects further towards the counter roller at the edges, where it is thicker than in the center. The compen-sation acts on the counter roller, heating it more at the ends than in the central region. The compensa-tion provides an expansion zone for the casing, outside the working region. Compensation is controlled as a function of measured product thicknesses. An independent claim is included for the corresponding method of glazing (or satinizing).

EP 1609907 A1


Applicant /InventorsVoith Patent GmbH./ Jörg Rheims


i. Pulp or paper, comprising synthetic cellulose or non-cellulose fibres or web-forming material

i.1. non-woven fibre mat, method for production thereof and fibre composite materialAbstract Application No.

The invention relates to a non-wo-ven fibre mat as semi-finished product, containing an engineering thermoplastic as fusion fibre and a reinforcement fibre, a method

for production of such a non-wo-ven fibre mat and fibre compos-ite materials produced from said non-woven fibre mat.

WO 2004097111 A1


Applicant /InventorsFrenzelit-Werke GmbH & Co. Kg./ Wilfried Erb Peter Übelmesser

i.2. non-woven fiber webs with nylon binderAbstract Application No.

The present invention relates to a non-woven web comprised of metal or refractory fibers with nylon as a binder. The non-woven web is prepared by forming a foam furnish by agitating the fibers in a foamed medium, and passing the foam furnish onto a screen and

defoaming the furnish. It is pre-ferred that the nylon binder is added to the foam furnish in the form of fibers. Once the furnish is defoamed to form a non-wo-ven web, the sheet is dried at a temperature sufficient to melt the nylon binder.

US 2003201082 A1


Applicant /InventorsFiberMark Inc./ Homan Kinsley

annexure 1 − pulp Or paper, cOMprising synthetic cellulOse Or...


J. non-fibrous additives added to the pulpJ.1. A dispersing agent and preparation method for papermaking

Abstract Application No.The present invention discloses a dispersing agent for papermak-ing, in particular to a method for preparing paper and dispersing agent. It comprises the following parts by weight of component: parts acrylamide 150-250, 120-150 parts of toluene, ammonium persulfate 80-100 parts, 35-45 parts of styrene, acrylonitrile 35-50 parts, 25-35 parts of mer-captoethanol , 0.5-2 parts sur-factant, and 90-120 parts of water.

With the above-described method, since a reasonable proportion of the formulation and the manu-facturing method, so that various components can be well-mixed reactor, the production process a rational elements added, particu-larly soluble it, particularly fast dissolution rate, in the production of additional reasonable control during the reaction temperature and time can be obtained so as to improve the paper quality.

CN106948216-A


Applicant /InventorsZhejiang Research Institute of Chemical Industry co, Ltd./ Zhu Hongbing

J.2. Paper quality improver compositionAbstract Application No.

The present invention provides a paper quality improver com-position for papermaking, which is excellent in improved effi-ciencies of bulky value, bright-ness, opacity and the like of pulp sheet, demanded at lightening paper and increasing a blending amount of deinked pulp, even by adding a small amount thereof as well as which is further excel-lent in an improved efficiency of paper-strength. That is, the pres-ent invention provides a paper quality improver composition for

papermaking; which comprises (A) a compound having lyotropic degree measured by a specific method of not less than 4% and satisfying at least two of (i) stand-ard improved bulky value of not less than 0.02 g/cm3, (ii) stand-ard improved brightness of not less than 0.5 point, and (iii) stand-ard improved opacity of not less than 0.5 point and (B) a water-sol-uble polymer satisfying an aver-age molecular weight and/or a viscosity thereof of specific value.

EP1113107A2


Applicant /InventorsKao Corp/Yasushi Kao, et al.

J.3. complex of calcium phosphate particles and fibers, and method for producing said complexAbstract Application No.

The present invention addresses the problem of providing a tech-nique for producing a complex of calcium phosphate particles and fibers. A complex of calcium phosphate particles and fibers

is provided by the present inven-tion. According to the pres-ent invention, a calcium phos-phate-fiber complex to which titanium has also been affixed can be obtained.

WO2017043585-A1


Applicant /InventorsNippon Paper Industries Co. Ltd./ Moe Fukuoka, et al.


J.4. sizing of paperAbstract Application No.

The invention relates to an aque-ous dispersion containing a cel-lulose-reactive sizing agent and a dispersant system compris-ing a low molecular weight cat-ionic organic compound having a molecular weight less than 10,000 and an anionic stabilizer, its preparation and use in the pro-duction of paper. The invention

further relates to a substantially water-free composition contain-ing a cellulose-reactive sizing agent, a low molecular weight cat-ionic organic compound having a molecular weight less than 10,000 and an anionic stabilizer, its preparation and use in the prepa-ration of an aqueous dispersion of cellulose-reactive sizing agent.

US 5969011


Applicant /InventorsAkzo Nobel NV/Sten Frolich, et al.

J.5. emulsification of Alkenyl succinic Anhydride with an Amine-containing homopolymer of copolymer


The present disclosure provides for a method of preparing and using an emulsion for treating a papermaking process. The emul-sion is an oil-in-water emulsion of alkenyl succinic anhydride emul-sified with a polymer comprising at least one primary or secondary amine containing monomer. The method comprises adding an oil-in-water emulsion to the paper-making process; wherein the oil-in-water emulsion comprises

alkenyl succinic anhydride emul-sified with a polymer comprising at least one primary or secondary amine containing monomer; and wherein the oil-in-water emulsion is added in an amount sufficient to improve sizing of the paper produced by the papermaking process. The primary or second-ary amine may be a secondary amine comprising diallylamine, and the polymer may be a dially-lamine-acrylamide copolymer.

US2017218571-A1


Applicant /InventorsEcolab Inc./ Michael R. St. John, et al.

annexure 1 − cOated paper, cOating Material


k. coated paper, coating materialk.1. coated roll printing paper suitable for printing with cold-set links

Abstract Application No.A coated printing paper roll (I) for printing with cold set inks in cold-set-offset rotary printing processes. The process comprises a raw paper as support, containing paper fibres and mineral fillers and a coating pig-ment and binding agent containing coating, has the following properties:

(a) penetration test value of 80-25, preferably 70-30 % after 1 second using a dynamic penetration appara-tus DPM 27 (emco-Test); (b) a colour loss test value of 1.1-0.25, prefera-bly 0.8-0.3; (c) Bekk smoothness of 250-600 sec; and (d) Lehmann gloss value of at least 25% at 75 degrees.

EP0908560B1



Haindl Papier GmbH/ Hans-Peter Hofmann, Dr. Hartmut Wurster

k.2. recyclable moistureproof paper having light-shielding propertyAbstract Application No.

Problem to be solved: To obtain a light-shielding moistureproof paper suitable as a packaging paper for photosensitive materials, etc., by forming a defiberable and heat- seal-able moistureproof layer on a surface of a paper substrate having a light- shielding layer composed mainly of a pigment and free from aluminum foil or aluminized film.

solution: A light-shielding layer hav-ing a brightness index of 25-70 and a light transmittance of <=0.5% over the whole wavelength range of 200-800nm is produced by coating a kraft paper with a liquid mixture obtained by compounding 5-300 pts.wt.

(in terms of solid) of an aqueous binder such as polyvinyl alcohol to 100 pts.wt. of a light-shielding agent composed mainly of a pigment con-sisting of 2-50wt.% of graphite, 10-70wt.% of a color pigment such as red iron oxide and 10-70wt.% of a white pigment such as titanium oxide at a coating weight of 3-25g/m<2>. A moistureproof layer having defibera-bility and heat-sealability is formed by coating the light-shielding layer with 3-25g/m<2> of a mixed liquid produced by mixing 100 pts.wt. of an acrylic emulsion having a gel frac-tion of 90-100% with 1-5 pts.wt. of a wax emulsion to obtain the objective light-shielding moistureproof paper.

JP3262980B2



Nippon Paper Industries Co., Ltd./Akiko Dojo, et al.

k.3. coating additive and related production processAbstract Application No.

The invention relates to a coating additive ready for immediate use for utilization in the paper manufactur-ing industry comprising the follow-ing components in water: activators of optical correctors in quantities of 5-23% by weight; typically polyvinyl alcohol; thickening and water reten-tive agents in quantities of 1-5% by weight; typically carboxymethyl

celluloses; stiffening agents and bind-ers functioning as correctors of viscos-ity in quantities of 1-10% by weight; typically polyacrylates and derivatives of acrylic acids the additive being characterised by a viscosity within the range befinreen 900 and 12,000 cps at 20°C and 20 rpm measured with Brookfield viscosimeter and pH 3-6 with a dry content of 20 to 40%.

WO 2005088012 A1



Wittsun S.A/ Augusto Simonelli


k.4. Board product and method for making the sameAbstract Application No.

A coated board product, which has its outside plies consisting of bleached chemical pulp and middle plies of mechanical pulp and/or broke or recycled fiber, and which board has a surface density of 150-500 g/m2 and the production of said board involving prior to coating the use of one or more surface conditioning devices functioning as a precalender and comprising a flexible jacket fitted around a fixed support element, such that a board web travels

between the jacket and a coun-ter-roll, a load element provided in connection with the support ele-ment, such that the flexible jacket is applied by the load element against the heatable counter-roll, and the coated product has sur-face properties on the top side of the board as follows: PPS-s10 roughness (ISO 8791-4) 0,8-3,0 µm Hunter gloss (ISO/DIS8254) 30-80 %, and which product has a density (SCAN-P7:75) within the range of 180-1000 kg/m3.

WO 2004048688 A1


Applicant /InventorsMetso Paper Inc./ Matti Lares

k.5. Actinic energy ray curable overcoating varnish for deinking, its printed material and method for regeneration of printed material


Problem to be solved: To pro-vide an actinic energy ray curable overcoating varnish curable by the irradiation of ultraviolet light or electron ray and having espe-cially excellent deinking property and provide its printed material and a method for regenerating the printed material.

solution: The invention provides an actinic energy curable overcoat-ing varnish for deinking, having

excellent deinking property and containing (A) 1-20 wt.% alkyd resin having an aromatic ring structure obtained by the esterifi-cation reaction of (A1) a monoba-sic acid, (A2) a polyol and (A3) a polybasic acid and having a sof-tening point of 50-180°C and (B) 80-99 wt.% (meth)acrylate mon-omer and its printed material.

JP 2005314832 A


Applicant /InventorsToyo Ink Mfg. Co., Ltd./ Koji Sato, et al.

annexure 1 − special paper


l. special Paperl.1. reinforced recyclable paper

Abstract Application No.Reinforced paper comprising two paper sheets (2, 3) adhered by means of a water-soluble or dis-persible adhesive to one another and a watersoluble reinforcement (4) provided between the two paper sheets (2, 3). The reinforcement consists of wires and/or strips

made of polyvinyl alcohol soluble in water at a temperature lower than or equal to 60°C, preferably lower than or equal to 40°C. In this way, the reinforced paper can be recycled together with other non-reinforced waste paper with-out having to use boiling water.

WO2005068721A1


Applicant /InventorsMondi Packaging Tubize S.A./ Stéphane Missante

l.2. Absorbent tissue layerAbstract Application No.

The invention relates to an absor-bent tissue layer comprising at least one ply where the density of the layer is equal to or less than 130 kg/m3 and the elastic recovery value of the layer is greater than 90%, more preferably 95%, and most preferably 98%. The inven-tion also relates to a product such as a roll or bundle of tissue layer where the elastic recovery value of the layer is greater than 90%,

more preferably 95%, and most preferably 98%, and the density of the roll or the bundle is 200 to 300 kg/m3 and also the ratio between the density of the layer, when it has been separated from the roll or the bundle, and the density of the roll or the bundle is less than 0.65, and the density of the layer when it has been separated from the roll or the bundle is 30 to 130 kg/m3.

WO 2004035932 A1


Applicant /InventorsSca Hygiene Products Ab/ Anna Månsson, et al.

l.3. strengthened tissue paper products comprising low level of xylanAbstract Application No.

Disclosed is a tissue paper prod-uct comprising one or more plies of a tissue paper; wherein at least one of the plies comprises cellu-lose and from about 0.005% to

about 0.14% by weight based on the weight of cellulose of xylan. Also disclosed is a process for mak-ing tissue paper products compris-ing these ultra low level of xylan.

US 2008128100 A1


Applicant /InventorsFrank Rehders, Jeffrey Glen Sheehan


l.4. Papermaking belt with a knuckle area forming a geometric pattern that is repeated at ever smaller scales to produce irregular shapes and surfaces


The present disclosure is directed toward a papermaking belt hav-ing an embryonic-web-contacting surface for carrying an embryonic web of paper fibers and a non-em-bryonic-web-contacting surface opposite the embryonic-web-con-tacting surface. The papermaking belt has a patterned framework having a continuous network region and a plurality of discrete deflection conduits isolated from one another by the continuous network region. The continuous

network region has a pattern formed therein by a plurality of tes-sellating unit cells. Each cell has a center and at least two continuous land areas extending in at least two directions from the center. At least one of the continuous land areas at least bifurcates to form a continuous land area portion hav-ing a first width before the bifur-cation and at least two continuous land area portions having a sec-ond width after the bifurcation.

US 2012043042 A1


Applicant /InventorsProcter & Gamble Co./Osman Polat, Paul Dennis Trokhan

l.5. foam wall paperAbstract Application No.

Problem to be solved: To obtain foam wall paper which improves adhesiveness of a pattern layer without forming a primer layer for printing and has uniform foamed cells and a smooth surface and improved scratch resistance.

solution: In the foam wall paper in which a foam layer composed of an ethylene-based resin, a

protective layer composed of an ethylene-based resin and a sur-face layer are successively formed on a paper substrate, the protec-tive layer is a layer containing a polyether polyol. The protective layer is composed of two layers and the layer positioned at the surface layer side is the layer con-taining the polyether polyol.

JP 2004308039 A


Applicant /InventorsDai Nippon Printing Co., Ltd./ Masaru Okamoto

annexure 1 − fiBreBOard; Manufacture Of articles frOM cellulOsic fiBrOus...


m. fibreboard; manufacture of articles from cellulosic fibrous suspensions or from papier-mâché

m.1. Device and manufacturing process for forming articles from plant fibreAbstract Application No.

The present invention disclosed an automatic moulding device and a process for manufacturing an moulded article from plant fibre slurry. The present invention comprising at least one thermal forming station located at each side of a moulding station. Each thermal forming station consists of a conveyor to transport the

finish-moulded article off from the automatic moulding device. The significance of this feature is that the time required for thermal drying operation is substantially longer than the time required for the moulding operation. Therefore by having the forming station at each side of the moulding station can increase the speed of production.

WO 2005012640 A1A1


Applicant /InventorsEcologico Packaging Sdn Bhd/ Kim Luang Yeo Tian Bo Zheng

m.2. Pulp molded product and process for production thereofAbstract Application No.

Purpose: A pulp molded product capable of improving freshness of material around them and having deodorizing and sterilizing effect and a process for preparing the same are provided, which can be widely used as a vessel such as food and electronic products.

constitution: This pulp molded product is prepared by a process consisting of: forming a mixture by adding a specified amount of charcoal powder to pulp pow-der; introducing the mixture into a mold having a specified size of space; and pressing.

KR 20010046730 A


Applicant /InventorsSeong Soo Kim

m.3. Pulp molded product and process for production thereofAbstract Application No.

A method of making a formed, dried lignocellulose fiber material comprising (a) providing an aque-ous lignocellulose fiber pulp slurry having an effective consistency; (b) de-watering the slurry to pro-vide a de-watered material at an effective de-watering rate under an effective pressure to prevent or reduce the formation of fissures and voids within the material; (c) drying an effective amount of the de-watered material at an effective

temperature and period of time to provide the formed, dried lignocellulose fiber material hav-ing a thickness of at least 5 mm. The formed, dried lignocellulose material may be used to make a lignocellulose fiber-resin compos-ite material of use as a cost effec-tive structural member, as a sub-stitute for steel, in, for example, bridges, processing equipment, and the like.

US 2005061463 A1


Applicant /InventorsMichael A.N. Scobie


m.4. method for producing soft fiberboardAbstract Application No.

Problem to be solved: To provide a lightweight soft fiberboard.

solution: This method for produc-ing the soft fiberboard is character-ized by cooking and disintegrating

wood chips, thermally drying the obtained wet pulp to impart a hydrophobic property to the pulp, dispersing the pulp in water, and then making the paperboard from the slurry.

JP 2003027400 A


Applicant /InventorsNichiha Corp/ Kyoichi Ito, et al.

m.5. Process for the control of the physical and chemical characteristics of cellulose fiber containing molded articles

Abstract Application No.A process is disclosed for engi-neering the architectural arrange-ment and inter-fiber bonding of fibers within an article being molded form a pulp. This allows for optimal structural character-istics and additive disposition within the article. Complex forms can be fabricated, articles so made having regional variations in chemical and physical parameters

as well as those defined by the gross structural form of the article. The addition of osmotic gradients as well as electrical and hydro-static potentials applied during molding control the migration of additives and solvents through the body of the article in preset directions, thereby controlling the spatial arrangements and bond-ing of fiber material.

US 2004007342 A1


Applicant /InventorsGeorge Gary Coulter

annexure 2 − waste water treatMent frOM the paper Or cellulOse industry


Annexure 2. Sustainable/green technologies related to pulp and paper sector

A. waste water treatment from the paper or cellulose industryA.1. fermentation and chemical treatment of pulp and paper mill sludge

Abstract Application No.A method of chemically treating partially de-ashed pulp and/or paper mill sludge to obtain prod-ucts of value comprising taking a sample of primary sludge from a Kraft paper mill process, partially de-ashing the primary sludge by physical means, and further treat-ing the primary sludge to obtain the products of value, includ-ing further treating the resulting

sludge and using the resulting sludge as a substrate to produce cellulase in an efficient manner using the resulting sludge as the only carbon source and mixtures of inorganic salts as the primary nitrogen source, and including fur-ther treating the resulting sludge and using the resulting sludge to produce ethanol.

US 2012273413 A1


Applicant /InventorsAuburn University/ Y. Lee, et al.

A.2. hydrothermal gasification of wastewater sludge and black liquorAbstract Application No.

The invention relates to a method and to an apparatus for with-drawal of biomass from a sludge (8), wherein water and biomass in the sludge (8) are converted to a reaction gas (12) by hydrothermal gasification of the sludge (8), and the reaction gas (12) is then with-drawn from the hydrothermally gasified sludge (8). The invention further relates to the processing

of black liquor and wastewater (1) by means of the method accord-ing to the invention. Preferably, the black liquor is heated to a subcritical state with a temper-ature of 350°C and a pressure of 220 bar in a pressure vessel prior to the hydrothermal gasification, and then passed in the subcriti-cal state to a reactor for hydro-thermal gasification.

WO 2014180755 A1


Applicant /InventorsSiemens AG/ Jürgen Mielke, Uwe Wittendorfer

A.3. reactor for anaerobically purifying waste water comprising multi-phase separator devicesAbstract Application No.

The invention relates to a reactor for anaerobically purifying waste water (1), particularly waste water (1) from the paper industry, com-prising a reactor vessel that has at least one inlet (2) for supply-ing waste water (1) to be purified into the reactor, at least one outlet (3) for discharging purified water,

at least one sediment filter (4) and at least two multi-phase separator devices (5, 6) arranged on top of one another. The aim of the inven-tion is to improve the capacity of the reactor with as little effort as possible in that at least two multi-phase separator devices (5, 6) are designed differently.

WO 2011020651 A1


Applicant /InventorsVoith Patent GmbH/ Jari Järvinen


A.4. A method of processing side flows and waste flows of pulp and paper industry and a fertilizerAbstract Application No.

The present invention relatesto the treatment of various waste and side flows of pulp and paper indus-try. The flows are treated in view of utilizing each one of the flows in the best possible manner, whereby only commercially interesting end

products are produced. It requires a novel way of dividing and/or frac-tionating the flows between incin-erationand treatment in a bio refin-ery. The end products may be, for instance, one or more of ethanol, methanol, fertilizer etc.

WO 2014044905


Applicant /InventorsCursor Oy/ Axel Gommel, et al.

A.5. method and system for reducing phosphorus in effluent or filtrateAbstract Application No.

The invention relates to a method for reducing phosphorus in efflu-ent or filtrate from a process which comprises at least one stage in which conditions are acidic, wherein the method comprises the steps of: a) obtaining a first portion of an effluent or filtrate from a stage in which conditions are acidic; b) obtaining a second portion of an effluent or filtrate from the same or different stage in which condi-tions are acidic; c) adjusting pH of the first portion of the effluent or filtrate to alkaline with an alkaline agent; d) allowing phosphorus to be precipitated in form of a phos-phate salt; e) separating using centrifugal forces the precipitate

to produce purified effluent or fil-trate; and f) combining the purified effluent or filtrate with the second portion of the effluent or filtrate. The process may be a chemical pulping process in which pulp is cooked in a digestion apparatus (1), washed in a washing appara-tus (2), bleached in a bleaching apparatus (3) in which an acidic bleaching stage (3’) takes place, after which the pulp is separated in a separation apparatus (4) from an acidic effluent or filtrate which is divided into the first and second portions of effluent or filtrate. The invention also relates to the cor-responding chemical pulping and purification apparatus.

WO 2015150629 A1


Applicant /InventorsUpm-Kymmene Corpora-tion/ Matti Ristolainen, Dayana Travers

annexure 2 − recycling Of waste paper


B. recycling of waste paperB.1. machine for kneading waste paper and water


Problem to be solved: To provide a new type of kneading machine for waste paper and water in order to attain the paper recycling sys-tem that can full-automatically knead the waste paper and water in one step.

solution: This kneading machine for waste paper and water com-prises a cylindrical kneading tank 1, a rotation axis 6, a drive unit 8, and at least a pair of long and short rotary blades 4, 5 and the interval between the top end of the long rotary blade and the inner wall of

the kneading tank is adjusted to 15 to 20 % of the inner radius of the kneading tank, the interval between the top end of the short rotary blade and the inner wall of the kneading tank is adjusted to 15 to 30 % of the inner radius of the kneading tank, the long rotary blade are inclined in the range of from 12 to 18° to the rotating face of the rotary blade, while the short rotary blade is inclined upward on the front side of the rotation direc-tion of the rotary blade in the range of from 40 to 50° to the rotary face of the rotary blade

JP 2005226206 A


Applicant /InventorsJiro Kobori

B.2. Process for removing impurities by flotation from an aqueous fibrous suspensionAbstract Application No.

In a process to recycle waste paper, an aqueous suspension (S) of paper and pigment cas-cades through a series of floata-tion cells (1-5) forming foam (R1-R5) in each cell, with re-usable fibres advancing to the next cell. Different floatation chemicals are introduced to each cell and their combinations are unique to that cell. Each cell has less impurities

in suspension than the previous cell. Foam is generated by admix-ture of air to the suspension as it cascades from one cell to the next. Foam is skimmed off to a drain. The chemicals are admixed prior to or during the paper break-down pro-cess resulting in the aqueous sus-pension. The impurities removed are printing inks or pigments.

EP 1591583 A1 A


Applicant /InventorsVoith Patent GmbH/ Herbert Britz, et al.

B.3. improved method of bleaching of old corrugated container and other waste paper pulpsAbstract Application No.

A method for bleaching old corru-gated containers and other waste paper pulp to enhanced bright-ness levels which comprises the steps of: a) pre-treatment of

starting waste paper pulp with a chelating agent, b) reaction with peroxymonosulphuric acid, and c) bleaching the reacted pulp with hydrogen peroxide.

CA 2319223 A1


Applicant /InventorsAlfred Wong


B.4. method for forming pulp from processed recycled fibersAbstract Application No.

A method for processing recycling mill sludge into pulp, and cellu-losic products made from such pulp, is described. The method for forming cellulosic pulp comprises first forming an aqueous composi-tion in a pulper comprising recy-cling mill sludge, caustic agent, bleaching agent and a chelating agent. The aqueous composition also preferably includes a deink-ing agent and sodium silicate. The composition is then processed in the pulper for a period of time suf-ficient to form pulp from recycling mill sludge. The disclosure also describes a method for forming cellulosic products. The method comprises forming a cellulosic

pulp from recycling mill sludge, and thereafter forming cellu-losic products from the pulp. The method for forming cellulosic products may further comprise forming a pulp mixture compris-ing from about 1 to about 40 per-cent pulp from recycled materials and recycling mill sludge, and from about 99 to about 60 percent virgin pulp. The pulp from recy-cled materials and recycling mill sludge may comprise from about 1 to about 100 percent by weight pulp from recycling mill sludge, with any remaining portion of the pulp mixture comprising pulp pro-duced from post-consumer recy-cled material.

US 5772847 A


Applicant /InventorsStone-Consolidated (US) Corp/ Carl W. Simpson, Raymond Lam

B.5. method for deinking printed waste paperAbstract Application No.

Problem to be solved: To provide a method for producing deinked pulp from printed waste paper as a raw material, by which the finization of adhesive foreign matter can be prevented to lower the COD of drain water, and the deinked pulp small in residual ink content can be produced.

solution: The method for produc-ing the deinked pulp of printed waste paper includes adding an anhydrous crystalline laminar sil-icate, peeling the ink at pH 7.0 to 9.9 in a deinking process, add-ing a deinking agent (preferably a nonionic surfactant not contain-ing a fatty acid), and removing the ink in an ink-removing process.

JP 2010100985A


Applicant /InventorsNippon Paper Industries Co., Ltd. / Yuko Iijima, et al.

annexure 2 − nOn-wOOd fiBres


c. non-wood fibresc.1. Paper pulp, method for the production thereof, and use of the paper pulp


A paper pulp is produced from a non-woodlike lignocellulose-con-taining biomass and has the following characteristics: the proportion of holocellulose is greater than 90 percent by mass with regard to the dry mass of the paper pulp; the proportion of hemicelluloses to the proportion of cellulose does not fall below a mass ratio of 0.4: 1; the lignin con-tent is no greater than 2.5 % by mass with regard to the dry mass of the paper pulp, and; the pulp yield is determined, in essence, by the removal of lignin. A method for producing the paper pulp by

delignifying a starting material formed by a non-woodlike ligno-cellulose-containing biomass comprises the following steps: mixing the biomass with a del-ignification agent containing an organic decomposing agent for lignin, whereby the decomposing agent has a base constant KB > 10-6; thermally treating the mixed biomass in order to decompose the lignin; separating the delig-nification agent containing the decomposition products of the lignin out from the delignified bio-mass, and; extracting the paper pulp from the delignified biomass.

WO 2004061224 A1


Applicant /InventorsGMPV Ineta AG/ Urs Domeisen

c.2. Bleached and unbleached fibrous paper pulps and a method for producing the sameAbstract Application No.

Highly efficient fibrous paper pulps are produced according to the invention from stems of the plant Sida hermaphrodita Rusby, which is characterised by the absence of resinous substances, lignin con-tents lower than in the wood, and a high proportion of long phloem fibres. Gaining and preparing a raw material for a technological process is waste-free, low ener-gy-consuming and labour-con-suming. Methods for producing pulps according to the invention in a chemothermomechanical

process are friendly to the envi-ronment, and in particular they are suitable for using in little and mediate enterprises. Products resulting from using the invention have useful properties which are required in manufacturing various types of paper of common usage, are easier processed with paper-making machines than pulps from the wood, because they do not give rise to formation of precipi-tations of resin acid compounds. Technological waste water can be used to soil fertilization.

WO 2005042838 A1


Applicant /InventorsBiotek Sp. Z O.O./ Halina Stupinska, et al.


c.3. A continuous process for production of cellulose pulp from grass-like plant feedstockAbstract Application No.

The present invention discloses the continuous process for pro-duction of cellulose pulp from grass-like plant feedstock suitable for papermaking. Process com-prising the steps of: preparing the grass-like plant feedstock by comminuting, dedusting, continu-ous digestion, disperging, diluting the cellulose pulp, screening and fractionation, concentration to remove black liquor, dilution with fresh water, yielding final cellulose pulp suitable for manufacturing of paper or cellulose sheets, and, optionally, pulp bleaching pro-cesses. The continuous digestion is performed in the vertical col-umn at 70-100 °C for 40 minutes

to 2 hours; average composition of thus formed digestion suspen-sion is maintained within the fol-lowing ranges: 0.9-1.5% w/w of NaOH; 0.15-0.4% w/w of NaCl or Na

2SO

3; and 15-18% w/w of grass-

like plant feedstock; where con-centrations of ingredients being calculated on the weight of the liquid phase. Screening and frac-tionation are resulting with two fractions; one being further pro-cessed by milling, and another being further processed to final pulp with or without bleaching processes. The preferred grass-like feedstock for the process is miscanthus /Miscanthus x gigan-teus, Andersson/

WO 2015150841 A1


Applicant /InventorsMarinko Mikulic

c.4. Paper for packaging water-containing material and preparation method thereofAbstract Application No.

The present invention relates to paper which is durable and soft and has excellent water-retaining properties and water resistance in order to prevent damage, rot-ting, and dryness occuring dur-ing packaging and distribution of water-containing materials such as red ginseng, and a preparation method thereof. More specifically, the invention provides paper for packaging water-containing mate-rial including paper mulberry, Edgeworthia papyrifera pulp, abaca pulp, UKP pulp, BKP pulp, SP pulp, and bast fiber pulp. A method for preparing the packaging

paper comprises: (a) a step for pulping paper mulberry; (b) a step for mixing the pulped paper mul-berry with Edgeworthia papyrifera pulp, abaca pulp, UKP pulp, BKP pulp, SP pulp, and bast fiber pulp in a weight ratio of 2:2:2:1:1:1:1 and then injecting a paper strength enhancer and beating the mixture to form a paper mate-rial; (c) a step for injecting pol-yethylene oxide into the beaten paper material and then paper-making to obtain damp paper; and (d) a step for winding the damp paper in a roll and then dehydrat-ing and drying the damp paper.

WO 2010038992 A2


Applicant /InventorsHaesung Specialized Inc./ Hee-Suck Han

annexure 2 − chlOrine-free pulp Bleaching


D. chlorine-free pulp bleachingD.1. environmentally-friendly fiberline for producing bleached chemical pulp


An environmentally friendly (ECF), yet commercially viable, process produces fully bleached (typically having a brightness of over 89 or 90% ISO) cellulose pulp using a (ZEND) treatment. Typically pulp is produced in an essentially sul-phur-free pulping process (such as an soda/AQ process), and is then treated by a D-E

O¯, D-E

P¯, or

D-EOP¯

sequence before the (ZEND) treatment. Optional oxygen del-ignification may also be used, and subsequent elemental-chlo-rine-free bleaching sequences may also be employed, although normally not necessary since the pulp after the (ZEND) treatment has high brightness and good vis-cosity (e.g. over 21 cP).

US 2004026051 A1


Applicant /InventorsAndritz Inc./ C. Stromberg

D.2. method of bleaching chemical pulp for making paperAbstract Application No.

Problem to be solved: To increase the whiteness of the chemical pulp for paper, as the amount of chemical for ECF bleaching is reduced in the chemical pulp for papermaking.

solution: The chemical pulp for papermaking is subjected to the digesting treatment and to the oxygen delignification, followed by chlorine dioxide step- chlorine

dioxide step-four step bleaching sequence. Further, the resultant pulp is bleached in the 4-step chlorine dioxide sequences of the chlorine dioxide step-al-kali extraction/oxygen/peroxide step-chlorine dioxide step-chlo-rine dioxide step. In this case, the pH after the third chlorine dioxide treatment step is maintained at 6-8 and the pH at the final step is kept at 4.5-5.5.

JP 2001214390A


Applicant /InventorsMitsubishi Gas Chemical Company, Inc. / Takahiro Cho

D.3. Bleaching of cellulose pulp in a first chlorine dioxide bleaching stepAbstract Application No.

The invention concerns a method for bleaching cellulose pulp hav-ing an MC consistency in a first step with chlorine dioxide in a bleaching sequence with sev-eral bleaching steps. The pulp is bleached in this first chlorine diox-ide step in a first phase at a lower temperature of 60 +/- 10 °C during a retention time of from 30 sec-onds to 30 minutes, after which the pulp is heated by at least 10 °C

to a reaction temperature of 90 1/- 10 °C for a second phase, which has a retention time of 60-200 minutes. With this process mod-ification of a first chlorine diox-ide step, an efficient destruction of undesired organic acids is obtained, while at the same time improved viscosity/strength of the pulp can be obtained of the finally bleached pulp with a whiteness of approximately 90 % ISO.

WO 2004079087 A1


Applicant /InventorsKvaerner Pulping Ab / Martin Ragnar, Marcelo Leite


D.4. method for bleaching papermaking pulpAbstract Application No.

Problem to be solved: To provide a method for producing paper-making bleached pulp in which a pulp bleaching treatment is per-formed without using elementary chlorine and a chemical amount can be reduced than a conven-tional method to obtain high brightness pulp.

solution: A method for producing papermaking pulp is provided in which an alkaline oxygen bleaching

is carried out for unbleached pulp obtained by digesting conifer, and then a chlorine dioxide bleaching stage-an alkaline hydrogen per-oxide bleaching stage-an alkaline stage-an chlorine dioxide bleach-ing stage are carried out. The requirements for the alkaline stage are: a pulp concentration of 5-15%; a temperature of 40-80°C; a time of 10-180 minutes; and an alkaline addition rate of 0.01-0.2 mass% based on the amount of the pulp.

JP 2012057263 A


Applicant /InventorsOji Paper Co., Ltd./ Yukinori Kizara, Yosuke Uchida

D.5. method for removing hexenuronic acidsAbstract Application No.

The present invention relates to a method for removing hexenuronic acids from pulp. The method com-prises obtaining pulp by chemi-cal pulping, treating the obtained pulp by using a further delignifica-tion process comprising an oxygen

treatment stage, and carrying out the oxygen treatment stage in the presence of at least one per-benzoic acid. The invention also relates to the use of perbenzoic acid for removing hexenuronic acids from a pulp.

WO2012022840A1


Applicant /InventorsÅbo Akademi University/ Pedro Fardim, Malin Ekroos

annexure 3 − nanOtechnOlOgy


Annexure 3. emerging Technology AreasA. nanotechnologyA.1. method of preparing cellulose nano-fibres from stalks of annual plants


The method of manufacturing cel-lulose nano-fibres from stalks of annual crops consist in that pieces of the stalks of annual plants are in sequence subjected to the action of steam, mechanical defi-brillation, digestion in a digest-ing liquor, oxygen delignification in aqueous medium containing NaOH and MgSO

4, bleaching with

sodium chlorite done at least twice,

alkaline extraction in an NaOH solution, enzymatic treatment of the prepared cellulose pulp by cellulase with 10-1000 J/g activity of endo-l, 4-beta-glucanase 10-1000 J/g. After washing and enzyme deactivation, the aqueous suspension of the cellulose is put to homogenization and centrifuga-tion to obtain a supernatant which contains cellulose nano-fibers.

WO 2016013946 A1


Applicant /InventorsInstytut Biopolimerow I Włokien Chemicznych/ Janusz Kazimierczak, et al.

A.2. method for manufacturing fiber and leather containing carbon-based nano structure as metal material having electric conductivity, and product therefrom


Problem to be solved: To increase the whiteness of the chemical pulp for paper, as the amount of chemical for ECF bleaching is reduced in the chemical pulp for papermaking.

solution: The chemical pulp for papermaking is subjected to the digesting treatment and to the oxygen delignification, followed. by chlorine dioxide step- chlorine

dioxide step-four step bleaching sequence. Further, the resultant pulp is bleached in the 4-step chlorine dioxide sequences of the chlorine dioxide step-alkali extrac-tion/oxygen/peroxide step-chlo-rine dioxide step-chlorine dioxide step. In this case, the pH after the third chlorine dioxide treatment step is maintained at 6-8 and the pH at the final step is kept at 4.5-5.5

JP 2011047096 A


Applicant /InventorsTaisei Kaken:Kk/ Matsubara Yoshimasa

A.3. nanocelluloseAbstract Application No.

A nanocellulose material of plant origin comprising nanocellulose particles or fibres derived from a plant material having a hemicel-lulose content of 30% or higher (w/w) (calculated as a weight percentage of the lignocellulosic components of the material). The

nanocellulose may have an aspect ratio of greater than 250. The nano-cellulose may be derived from plant materials having C4 leaf mor-phology. The plant material may be obtained from arid Spinifex. The nanocellulose can be made using mild processing conditions.

WO 2015074120 A1


Applicant /InventorsThe University Of Queensland/ Darren James Martin, et al.


A.4. manufacturing method for nanocellulose paper with ultrastrengthAbstract Application No.

Purpose: A method for manufac-turing nanocellulose paper with high strength and the nanocel-lulose paper with high strength manufactured thereby are pro-vided to offer high tensile strength with the high strength.

constitution: A method for manu-facturing nanocellulose paper with high strength includes the following steps: processing nanocellulose

fiber with alkali; agitating the nanocellulose fiber processed with the alkali with a binding agent; and drying the fiber after dipping the nanocellulose fiber in a mixture. The nanocellulose fiber is formed with a step for agi-tating cellulose suspension with a homogeniger. The nanocellu-lose fiber is processed with alkali of potassium hydroxide or NaOH for 1 ~ 2 hours.

KR 100946630 B1


Applicant /InventorsRepublic Kr Forestry Res Inst/ Lee Sun Young, et al.

A.5. multilayer filtration material for filter, method for manufacturing same, and air filterAbstract Application No.

The prevent invention addresses the problem of providing a mul-tilayer filter medium for a filter having low pressure loss and high collection efficiency, a method for producing the same, and an air filter not only having low pres-sure loss and high collection effi-ciency but also being excellent in pleatability and wind-pres-sure deformation resistance. The multilayer filter medium for a fil-ter as a means for resolution is obtained by laminating a wet-laid non-woven fabric layer (2) on a wet-laid non-woven fabric layer (1). The wet-laid non-woven fab-ric layer (1) includes a nanofiber A

having a single-fiber diameter within a range of 200 to 800 nm and a fiber length within a range of 0.4 to 0.7 mm, a fiber B having a greater single-fiber diameter than the nanofiber A, and a binder fiber C. The wet-laid non-woven fabric layer (2) includes a nano-fiber A having a single-fiber diam-eter within a range of 200 to 800 nm and a fiber length within a range of 0.4 to 0.7 mm, a fiber B having a greater single-fiber diameter than the nanofiber A, and a binder fiber C, the weight proportion of the nanofiber fiber A being greater than in the wet-laid non-woven fabric layer (1).

EP 3100779 A1


Applicant /InventorsTeijin Ltd./ Mie Kamiyama

annexure 3 − enzyMe technOlOgy


B. enzyme technologyB.1. Process for bio-bleaching of kraft pulp using bacterial consortia


The present invention relates to an environment friendly, safe, and efficient four-step method of bio-bleaching Kraft pulp using bacterial strains of accession no. MTCC 5096, MTCC 5094, MTCC 5095, and MTCC 5098, a microbial consortium comprising a synergis-tic mixture of ligninolytic bacterial isolates of accession no. MTCC 5094, MTCC 5095, and MTCC 5098, bacterial strains of accession

Nos. MTCC 5096, MTCC 5094, MTCC 5095, and MTCC 5098, and a process of preparing an inoc-ulum of the bacterial isolate of accession no. MTCC 5096, further, a process for the preparation of a consortium comprising the ligni-nolytic bacterial isolates of acces-sion nos. MTCC 5094, MTCC 5095, and MTCC 5098, in addition, a pro-cess for the preparation of pulp suspension for the bio-bleaching.

US 2004011485 A1


Applicant /InventorsThe Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)/ Rita Kumar, Anil Kumar

B.2. Perhydrolase providing improved specific activityAbstract Application No.

An acetyl xylan esterase variant having perhydrolytic activity is provided for producing peroxy-carboxylic acids from carboxylic acid esters and a source of per-oxygen. More specifically, a Ther-motoga maritima acetyl xylan esterase gene was modified using error-prone PCR and site-directed mutagenesis to create an enzyme

catalyst characterized by an increase in specific activity. The variant acetyl xylan esterase may be used to produce peroxycar-boxylic acids suitable for use in a variety of applications such as cleaning, disinfecting, sanitizing, bleaching, wood pulp process-ing, and paper pulp processing applications.

US 2011236336 A1


Applicant /InventorsOriginal Assignee E I du Pont de Nemours and Co./ Robert DiCosimo, et al.

B.3. lignin decomposition using laccase and lignin decomposing agentAbstract Application No.

Problem to be solved: To effi-ciently decompose lignin in pulp without using a chlorine-based chemical by using both a lac-case-containing substance and a composition containing terremu-tin and/or terreic acid.

solution: Lignin of scrap wood, pulp, etc., is decomposed by using a lignin decomposing agent obtained by mixing a laccase-con-taining substance composed of a cultured product of at least one

laccase producing fungus selected from the group consisting of Schiz-ophyllum commune, Coriolus ver-sicolor, Pycnoporus coccineus, Pleurotus octreatus and Fomitella fraxinea or its treated substance with a composition containing terremutin of formula I and/or ter-reic acid of formula II composed of a cultured product of a fungus Aspergillus capable of producing terremutin and terreic acid or its treated substance.

JP 2000064185 A


Applicant /InventorsAgency Of Ind Science & Technol: Japan Bioindustry Association: Mercian Corp/ Ryuichiro Kurane, et al.


B.4. method of deinking inkjet ink-containing suspensionsAbstract Application No.

The invention concerns a method for deinking inkjetink -contain-ing suspensions, such as inkjet ink -containing pulps or process waters of deinking processes. The method comprises providing paper raw material containing aqueous dye-based inkjet-printed paper,pulping the paper raw material to obtain pulp containing inkjet ink from the inkjet-printed

paper, and decolorizing the ink-jet ink of the pulp. According to the invention, the decolorization phase is carried out by laccase treatment. The invention also relates to a novel use of laccase for the decolorization of aque-ous dye-based inkjet inks. By means of the invention, the recy-clability of inkjet-printed papers can be increased.

WO2011030003A1


Applicant /InventorsUpm-Kymmene Corporation/ Katariina Nyman, Terhi Hakala

annexure 3 − BiOrefinery


c. Biorefineryc.1. method for recovering a low sodium content lignin fuel from black liquor


There is disclosed a method for recovering a low sodium content lignin from spent kraft cooking liquor without the use a of strong mineral acid for acidulation com-prising the steps of acidulating a spent kraft cooking liquor with carbon dioxide gas to a pH below

about 10.5, precipitating at least a portion of the lignin forming lignin agglomerates and lignin particles in the spent kraft cooking liquor and recovering a low water and low sodium content lignin product comprising calcium or magnesium compounds bound to said lignin

WO 2008079072 A1


Applicant /InventorsKiram Ab/ Lars Stigsson, Curt Lindstrom

c.2. method for lignin separation from black liquorAbstract Application No.

The present invention relates to a method for separation of lignin from original black liquor (BL

IN)

comprising a first precipitation phase (PR1/PR2) for precipita-tion of lignin by a first acidifica-tion using acidifier, CO

2, at alka-

line conditions, then separating a lignin cake with subsequent suspension of the lignin cake in a strong acid in order to leach our metals from the lignin followed by dewatering and obtaining a clean lignin product LP. According to the

invention are lignin germ parti-cles (LG) added to the original black liquor in the first precipi-tation stage, preferably between two phases in said precipitation stage, in order to increase lignin particle growth on such lignin germ particles instead of sponta-neous nucleation of lignin parti-cles in said original black liquor. This will result in improved filter-ability in subsequent dewatering and lignin cake formation and hence an increased lignin yield.

WO 2013137790 A1


Applicant /InventorsMetso Power Ab/ Fredrik Öhmnan, et al.

c.3. Process for preparing purified fractions of hemicellulose and cellulose-hemicellulose complexes from alkali treated fiber and products made by the process


A process for obtaining purified hemicellulose, cellulose and cel-lulose-hemicellulose complexes comprising the steps of adding alcohol to caustic liquor from alkali extraction of fiber to precip-itate the hemicellulose and the simultaneous, or about simultane-ous, density separation of hemi-cellulose from the caustic liquor.

The alcohol transforms the soluble high molecular weight hemicellu-lose into a light precipitate which floats on top of the caustic liquor solution. The caustic liquor can be subjected to a second separation step whereby the insoluble com-ponents (e.g. cellulose and cellu-lose-hemicellulose complexes) can be removed from the caustic liquor.

US20050061457A1


Applicant /InventorsIngredion Inc./ Roman Skuratowicz


c.4. method of processing and fractionating biomass and use of fractions thus obtainedAbstract Application No.

The present invention relates to a method of treating biomass, com-prising providing a lignocellulosic biomass feedstock; contacting the biomass feedstock in a mixture, which is formed by the biomass, water and an alkaline agent, with an oxidizing agent at an elevated temperature; and continuing the contacting of the biomass feed-stock with the oxidizing agent until a notable part of the lignin is solubilised. The step of providing the biomass feedstock comprises contacting a biomass raw-mate-rial containing cellulose, hemicel-lulose and lignin in an aqueous

phase with an alkaline agent; continuing the contacting of the biomass with the alkaline agent until a significant portion of the hemicellulose is dissolved in the aqueous phase to provide a modi-fied biomass; recovering the mod-ified biomass; optionally opening the structure of the modified bio-mass by mechanical treatment; and using the modified biomass as a lignocellulosic biomass feed-stock. Treating the biomass pro-vides hemicellulose, lignin and cellulose fractions that have a multitude of applications in the bioeconomy.

WO 2016062919 A1


Applicant /InventorsTeknologian Tutkimuskeskus Vtt Oy/ Antero Varhimo

c.5. conditioning of so2-ethanol-water spent liquor for fermentation by clostridiaAbstract Application No.

The present invention relates to producing chemicals and biofuels from wood material, e.g. mixed forest biomass. Specifically, the invention concerns a process for conditioning spent liquor

produced by SO2-ethanol-water

(SEW) fractionation of wood chips for fermentation to butanol, etha-nol and acetone/isopropanol (so called ABE process) by Clostridia bacteria.

WO 2012123644 A1


Applicant /InventorsAalto University Founda-tion/ Heiningen Adriaan Van, Evangelos Sklavounos

c.6. Processes for producing fluff pulp and ethanol from sugarcaneAbstract Application No.

The disclosure provides a pro-cess for producing fluff pulp and ethanol from sugarcane bagasse or straw, comprising: fractionat-ing the feedstock in the presence of an acid catalyst, a solvent for lignin, and water, to generate a solid/liquid slurry comprising cel-lulose-rich solids, hemicelluloses, and lignin; separating the solid/liquid slurry into a solid stream and a liquid stream; further treat-ing the cellulose-rich solids to produce fluff pulp; hydrolyzing the hemicelluloses to generate

hemicellulose monomers; and fermenting at least a portion of the hemicellulose monomers to cellulosic ethanol. Lignin is removed from the process dur-ing one or more steps and com-busted to provide energy for pro-cess requirements. The process is integrated with, and provides energy to, a first-generation pro-cess that ferments sugarcane-de-rived sucrose to first-generation ethanol. Similar processes are possible with energy cane, corn, and other crops.

US 2015259709 A1


Applicant /InventorsAPI Intellectual Property Holdings LLC/ Theodora Retsina, Vesa Pylkkanen

annexure 3 − Organic sOlvents in pulping (OrganOsOlv)


D. organic solvents in pulping (organosolv)D.1. method of manufacturing for pulp using aqueous solvent of high-boiling organic solvent


Problem to be solved: To pro-vide a method of solvent pulp-ing enabling the recycling of a high-boiling organic solvent to a pulping process or the like in which an operation for separating and recovering the high boiling organic solvent is omitted.

solution: This method for produc-ing various pulps for paper mak-ing, cellulose derivative produc-tion or saccharification comprises the following processes: a pulping process in which a known pulp raw material such as a woody mate-rial or agricultural wastes, and an aqueous solvent containing 50-90% a high-boiling organic sol-vent (referred to as HBS) having a boiling point of 150-250 deg.C and soluble in water are filled in a pres-sure-resistant container at a liquid ratio of 4-10, and they are treated

at 180-230 deg.C; a process for separating waste liquid from the pulp; a process for washing the separated pulp (crude pulp) with the high-boiling organic solvent and boiling water; a process for separating the washed pulp; a process in which lignin is precip-itated from the above waste liq-uid and the washing liquid of the washing process by adding dilu-tion water and the precipitated lignin is recovered by filtration; and a process in which a specified amount of water is removed by dis-tillation from the filtrate to recover a solvent containing 70-80% the high-boiling organic solvent, the recovered solvent is recycled at least to the pulping process, and the hot water generated by the distillation of water is recycled to the crude pulp washing process as the boiling water.

JP 2001089986 A


Applicant /InventorsJapan Science & Technology Corp/ Yoshihiro Sano

D.2. organosolv processAbstract Application No.

The present disclosure provides an organosolv biorefining pro-cess. The present process com-prises treating a lignocellulosic

biomass in the presence of a sol-vent and under certain condi-tions to separate at least a part of the lignin from the biomass.

WO 2012000093 A1


Applicant /InventorsLignol Innovations Ltd./ Alex Berlin, et al.

D.3. method for the hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomassAbstract Application No.

The invention relates to a method for the hydrolysis of lignocel-lulosic biomass, comprising a pre-treatment stage using ionic liquids and a subsequent hydrol-ysis treatment using acidic rea-gents. The method of the invention

demonstrates that the speed of the hydrolysis increases by between 2 and 8 times depending on the temperature and the con-centration of acid, as well as the type of acid used in the hydrolysis.

WO 2015004296 A1


Applicant /InventorsConsejo Superior De Investigaciones Científicas (Csic)/ Silvia Morales De La Rosa, et al.


D.4. Process for converting biomassAbstract Application No.

The present invention relates to a process for converting biomass comprising lignin, hemicellulose or combinations thereof, to valuable components, where the process

comprises the step of treating biomass comprising lignin, hemi-cellulose or combinations thereof with deep eutectic solvent.

WO 2017032926 A2


Applicant /InventorsTeknologian Tutkimusk-eskus Vtt Oy/ Lauri Kuutti, et al.

D.5. Process for the production of digested biomass useful for chemicals and biofuelsAbstract Application No.

In the pretreatment, the biomass is contacted with a solution con-taining at least one α-hydroxysul-fonic acid thereby at least partially hydrolyzing the biomass to pro-duce a pretreated stream contain-ing a solution that contains at least a portion of hemicelluloses and a residual biomass that contains cel-luloses and lignin; separating at least a portion of the solution from the residual biomass providing an solution stream and a pretreated biomass stream; then contacting the pretreated biomass stream

with a cooking liquor containing at least one alkali selected from the group consisting of sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, sodium sulfide, potassium hydroxide, potassium carbonate, ammonium hydroxide, and mix-tures thereof and water. A pro-cess that allows for higher recov-ery of carbohydrates and thereby increased yields is provided. Alco-hols useful as fuel compositions are also produced from biomass by pretreating the biomass prior to hydrolysis and fermentation.

US 2014024093 A1


Applicant /InventorsShell Oil Co./ Robert Law-rence Blackbourn, et al.

annexure 3 − Organic sOlvents in pulping (OrganOsOlv)
