Review ~f Palaeobotany and Palynology, 70 (1991): 199-216 199 Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam

Spathian-Anisian (Triassic) palynology at the Svalis Dome, southwestern Barents Sea

G u n n M a n g e r u d a a n d A r n f i n n R o m u l d b

"Continental Shelf and Petroleum Technology Research Institute (IKU), N-7034 Trondheim, Norway bStatoil a.s. Postboks 300, Forus N-4001 Stavanger, Norway

(Received January 9, 1991: revised and accepted May 16, 1991 )

ABSTRACT

Mangerud, G. and R~muld, A., 1991. Spathian Anisian (Triassic) palynology at the Svalis Dome, southwestern Barents Sea. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol., 70:199 216.

Based on palynological and faunal evidence, two shallow cores from the Svalis Dome in the Barents Sea are interpreted to represent Upper Spathian to Middle Anisian deposits. The two palynological assemblages recognized, are correlated to assem- blages M and L recorded in the Spathian-Anisian deposits of the Sassendalen Group in Svalbard. The palynofacies is characterized by high amorphous content up to the middle part of the Middle Anisian, where there is an increased input of wood, charcoal and more terrestrially dominated remains. This change in palynofacies can be related to a change from marine, dysoxic or anoxic conditions to a more oxygenated environment. A moderately humid climate is interpreted from a slight dominance of hygrophytic palynological elements.

Introduction documenta t ion o f the Spa th ian-Anis ian paly- noflora o f this region.

The I K U Barents Sea Mapping P rog ram was This paper will present interpretations o fpa laeo- initiated in 1984, with the objectives o f collecting ecology and deposit ional environments based on and interpreting geological, geophysical and or- palynomorph-assemblagecharacter is t ics , quanti ta- ganic geochemical data to reveal the geological tive data and palynofacies. The different assem- history o f the Barents Shelf and also support the blage characteristics and datings are outlined, explorat ion for oil and gas in the area. based upon the occurrence o f selected taxa and

The core sites are situated south-east o f quanti tat ive data. Both cores are ammonoid-da ted Bjornoya, in the Barents Sea (Fig. l , Table I). The and are correlated to the Keyserlingites subrobus- locality, named the Svalis D o m e (Gabrielsen et al., tus, Lenotropites caurus (7323/07-U-04) and Ana- l990) (earlier known as the "Dia-s t ructure") , is a gymnotoceras varium (7323/07-U-01) Zones dome structure in Bjornoyrenna and was first (Wolfgang Weitschat, written commun. , 1986)and reported by Sundvor (1974) and described by compared with the recent a m m o n o i d compilat ion Kristoffersen and Elverhai (1978). At this location by M o r k et al. (1989) (Fig.4). The outlined strati- dipping strata are brought up close to sea floor graphic range o f the pa lynomorphs is one o f the (Fig.2) with Paleozoic sediments centrally and first documenta t ions from Lower to Middle Trias- Mesozoic sediments surrounding (Fig.3). Nine sic sediments in the Barents Sea region and will shallow cores were drilled in the Triassic succession therefore prove valuable for future palynostrati- in 1986. This paper deals with studies o f the graphic studies and correlations within the Barents microfloras in the Svalis D o m e cores 7323/07-U- Sea region. 04 and 7323/07-U-01 (Table I) which contain well Various palyno-strat igraphic investigations have preserved microfloras and give a representative been carried out on the Triassic succession, mostly

0034-6667/91/$03.50 ~) 1991 Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. All rights reserved.

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:ig.l. Barents Sea with main structural elements and location of the Svalis Dome. (Modified from Gabrielsen et al., 1990).

PALYNOLOGY AT T H E SVALIS D O M E 201

T A B L E I

Core hole key data

LOCATION DEPTH BELOW ! Year Core SEABED (m) Penetration m Core recovery

drilled number LatitudeN Long~tudeE Baseof Top of bedrock (m~ core core

1986 7323/07-U-04 73 16'37 701" 2302'59.887" 13862 95 15 43 47 100%

1986 7323/07-U-01 73 16'42.638" 23 02'32204" 12690 9375 3315 100%

N W SE

: SVALIS DOME 1986 ! DRILLSITES WITH ESTIMATED DEPTH llOOms

i ",4

- - ~ ~ - - 0 . 5 s - - -M ",4

I I C C

Fig.2. Analog sparker line from the 1986 I K U drilling project showing prominent seismic reflectors• Nine of these were penetrated during drilling, and 40% of the Permian to Ladinian sediments were recorded• The X-line is indicated on Fig.3. Localities of the drillsites discussed in this paper are indicated by core numbers•

concerned with records from limited intervals of of the present Arctic regions show that due to the Triassic stages. For the Alpine Triassic, a set different palaeo-climate conditions, some of the of preliminary range-charts showing the strati- important genera recorded in the Alpine region graphical distribution of selected species was pub- are only rarely present or absent in the Arctic. The lished by Visscher and Brugman (1981). Recent stratigraphic range of many species is so far incom- unpublished theses (Mangerud 1988; Romuld, pletely known. 1988) and published investigations (Hochuli et al., Hochuli et al. (1989) presented the Triassic 1989: Mork et al., 1990) in the Triassic sequences biostratigraphy of the Barents Sea region based

202 G. MANGERUD AND A. ROMULD

,-.: ~,. MAP SYMBOLS !:~,!:.!..~:..(:'~:!:::!,~.::~,!~J;~.*,~;:~ ~ Cretaceous, Jurassic

-" ' ;~.' ~ Triassic

• ,: ( .... :!i ~ Upper Palaeozoic

J,~i~i::~.ii£ , , , " ~ Reverse fault I ~ Stratigraphic

':i"~;" 5 " ' S bundaries 5 km 10 15 X . . . . . Section with

drill sites

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Fig.3. Map of the Svalis Dome area, with N S section th rough the dome. Paleozoic rocks outcrop centrally with Mesozoic rocks surrounding. The cores are drilled on the X-line indicated on the north-western flank of the structure. The line is shown as analog sparker-line in Fig.2.

SUB- SERIES STAGE SVALBARD SVERORUP BASIN

STAGE

Frechites laqueatus LATE Gymnotoceras beds

z Anagymnotoceras u.I _~ MIDDLE varium Anagymnotoceras - - 9 - - 7323/07-U-01 _j z . . . . . varium £3

£3 Lenotropites caurus Lenotropites caurus =~ EARLY

Karangatites evolutus ? 7323/07-U-04 241

Keyserlingites Keyserlingites SPATH subrobustus subrobustus

>- IAN Subolenekites pilaticus

Wasatchites tardus Wasatchites tardus < SMITH LU IAN Euflemin~ites Euflernin~/ites

romunaeri romunaen

Fig.4. Biostratigraphic correlation chart compar ing ammoni te zones of Svalbard and the Sverdrup Basin. Stratigraphic core position is shown. Time scale is based on Har land et al. (1990). Ammoni te correlation is based on M~rk et al. (1989).

PALYNOLOGY AT THE SVALIS DOME 203

on material from outcrops in Svalbard as well as Ammonoid correlation material from the Barents Sea. They differentiated 15 palynological assemblages, A to P. The two Established ammonoid zones have been defined Spathian and Anisian assemblages recorded at the for the Early and Middle Triassic in Svalbard Svalis Dome are here discussed in relation to these (Tozer and Parker, 1968; Korchinskaya, 1972; palynozones and the established ammonoid zones. Weitschat and Lehman, 1978, 1983) and in the

A more extensive presentation of all data includ- Sverdrup Basin (Tozer, 1965, 1967) and correlated ing seismic interpretation, sedimentological, mac- throughout the Arctic by Mork et al. (1989) (Fig.4)

and with Arctic U.S.S.R. by Weitschat and Dagys rofossil and palynological documentation will soon be presented. (1989). The macrofaunas recorded in the present

cores allow direct biostratigraphic correlation with these on-shore areas. Here, all the data from the

Materials and methods two discussed cores are summarized based on preliminary studies by Wolfgang Weitschat (Uni-

Palynomorphs from 79 core samples are investi- versity of Hamburg). gated. All samples are referred to core-depth. The preservation of the palynomorphs varies, but is Core 7323/07-U-04 generally good.

The illustrated specimens are housed in the The presence of ammonoids Keyserlingites sp. collection of Paleontologisk Museum in Oslo and and Svalbardiceras sp. indicates a correlation with given PMO numbers. Reference material is stored the Keyserlingites subrobustus Zone for the lower at IKU. All coordinates refer to England finder, part of this core. This zone is recognized in Svalb-

The samples were prepared in the biostratigraph- ard and in the Sverdrup Basin and is assigned to ical laboratories of IKU, using standard palyno- the late Spathian. From above 100 m and upwards

in this core the deposits contain Grambergia sp. logical techniques. Semi-quantitative analyses are and Lenotropis sp. indicating a correlation with

based on the counts of about 200 specimens per the Lenotrop& caurus Zone. This zone is also

sample. Palynofacies analyses were carried out recognized in Svalbard and in the Sverdrup Basin

using sieved, unoxidized residues. Where remnant and is assigned to the Early Anisian.

minerals dominated the sieved material, the or- From ammonoids it is evident that the Spath-

ganic residues were separated by ZnBr 2 after the Jan Anisian boundary is penetrated in this core, use of a mild oxidative (10% HNO3) treatment to but there is left an interval of about 8 m (106-98 m) remove pyrite. Approximate quantification of where faunal evidence is missing within which the different constituents was estimated visually. Spathian-Anisian boundary must be located.

Lithology Core 7323/07-U-01

An abundant ammonoid fauna with Anagymno- The lower part of core 7323/07-U-04 consists of toceras sp. and Amphipopanoceras sp. was re-

dark grey, silty shale with graded medium grey corded, indicating that the recovered succession siltstone laminae (Fig.5). Nodules and beds of can be related to the Anagymnotoceras varium calcite, phosphorite, pyrite and dolomite are pre- Zone. This zone is recorded in Svalbard, in Siberia sent. It is overlain by medium dark grey silty and in the Sverdrup Basin and is assigned to the claystone, continuing into the lower part of core Middle Anisian. 7323/07-U-01, which also contain graded siltstone and sandstone laminae. An abrupt change to the Palynostratigraphy and age overlying bioturbated siltstone with common side- rite-cemented, graded siltstone and sandstone beds, Our oldest palynological assemblage is domi- occurs between 106 and 107 m in this core (Fig.5). nated by marine palynomorphs of little strati-

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PALYNOLO(~Y AI THE SVALIS DOML 205

graphic value. The regular presence of cavate lished, but we provisionally regard assemblage M spores including Densoisporites nejburgii character- to be of late Spathian age. izes these deposits compared to the overlying as- Our youngest assemblage is dominated by ma- semblage (Fig.8), where it only occurs rarely in r inepalynomorphs and bisaccate pollen. The quan- the lower part of the Middle Anisian strata. The titative palynological composition is clearly last appearance of Lundbladispora obsoleta is also different in Spathian and Anisian sediments, but within this assemblage. Further, the following spe- the intervening interval with missing faunal evi- cies with restricted ranges in the Alpine region are dence, shows a gradual palynological transition. recorded: Cvclotriletes triassicus, Cyclotriletes pus- Cavate trilete spores become a minor group, while tulatus, Hexasaccites muelleri and C),cloverrutri- cavate monolete spores mostly Aratrisporites, be- letes presselensis. The latter is known as a late come an important group during the Anisian. The Spathian marker species in the Alpine region Angustisulcites, Triadisporaand lllinitesgroups are (Visscher and Brugman, 1981). The base occur- more diverse and are regularly present compared rence of Jerseyiaspora punctispinosa is recorded to the assemblage below. within this assemblage. The species Dyupetalum cf. vicentinense is re-

According to Hochuli et al. (1989) the regular stricted in range. This species is first described occurrence of cavate spores is a characteristic from the Upper Anisian of the southern Alps feature of their assemblage M. Last occurrences (Brugman 1983) and is one of the Anisian marker of Punctatisporites Jungosus and Rewanispora cf. species of the Alpine Triassic of Europe (Visscher vermiculatus in the late Spathian strata are men- and Brugman, 1981). Species with first occurrence tioned by Hochuli et al. (1989), but these species in this assemblage are Asseretospora gyratra and are not observed in the assemblages from the Svalis Anapiculatisporites spininger, the former is known Dome. The base range of the species Succinctispor- to have its oldest appearance in Anisian strata of ites grandior, which according to Hochuli et al. Arctic Canada (Fisher, 1979). The latter is not (1989) is within assemblage M, is not recorded at recorded before the Ladinian by Fisher (1979) and the Svalis Dome. Following Scheuring (1970)Suc- is not seen in older sediments in the Barents Sea cinctisporites grandior is considered to be synony- area. Species with last occurrences are Densoispor- mous with Illinites spp., which we recorded rarely ires nejhurgii and Endosporites papillatus, the latter in core 7323/07-U-04. The records of Cyclotrih'tes was used as a Scythian marker species by Visscher presseh, nsis at the Svalis Dome are a characteristic and Brugman (1981), but seems to extend up in feature of assemblage M. Range charts (Figs.6, 7) the Anisian in the Barents Sea area. Densoisporites show the ranges of all recorded species, nejburgii is often very common in Spathian strata

Hochuli et al. (1989) proposed a general Spath- (e.g., Balme, 1970; Fisher, 1979), but its top occur- ian age for their assemblage M. At the Svalis fence seems to be within the Middle Anisian. Dome the palynological assemblage corresponds At the Svalis Dome this last assemblage is to the late Spathian Kevserlingites subrobustus recognized within Early and Middle Anisian am- Zone. The base of this assemblage is not estab- monoid zones Lenotropites taurus and Anagymno-

PLATE I

Selected palynomorphs. All magnifications approx. × 500. [. Raistrickia puncti~spinosa slide 131.01A, UI9/I, PMO number: 121.757 2. Raistrickia punctispinosa slide 99.01 ox.2, J23/3, PMO number:121.758 3. Cycloverrutriletes presselensis slide 127.00 0xl, C26/4 PMO number: 121.759 4. Cyclotriletes pustulatus slide 126.02A, X21/2, PMO number: 121.760 5. Endoq~orites papillatus slide 124.1 ox2, XI5/I, PMO number: 121.761 6. Dyupetalum cf. vicentinense slide 104.01 ox3, R27/4, PMO number: 121.762 7. Cordaitina gunvalensis slide 97.01 oxl, W17/4, PMO number: 121.763

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P A L Y N O [ O G Y AT T H E SVALIS D O M E 207

~ b ~ b b ~ b ~ a b ~ & ~ b ~ b ~ a ~ b b ~ a ~ CORE 7323/07--Um04

~ - ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CYCLOTRILETES TRIR$SICU$ MREOLER L964 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NEVESIRPORITE5 SPP. .............................................................................................................................. RNGUSTISULCITE5 GDRPII VISSCHER 1966 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NEVESISPORITE5 LIMRTULUS PLBYFORD 1965 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RRRTRI~PORITE8 TENUISPINO$U6 PLRYFORD 1965 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CORISRCCITES 5ffP.

JERSEYIRSPORR PUNCTISPINOSQ KRR, KIESER & JRIN I982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PUNCTRTISPORITE$ SPP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PROTODIPLOXYPINUS SITTLERI ~L~US 1964

PROTOHRPLOXYPINU5 SPP, : ' LUNRTISPORITES PELLUCIDUS (COUBINI BQLME l g ? o

QRRTRISPORITE$ SPP. - - V E R R U E O S I S P O R I T E $ SPP.

OEN$OISPORITE$ NEJBUROII ($CHULTZI BRLME 1970 LUNQTISFORITE$ 5PP. CYCRDOPITE5 @PP. TRSMRNITE$ 5PP,

--CYMRTIOSPNRERR 5PP. VERYHRC|UM SPP, MICRYSTRIDIUM SPP.

............................................................................................................ LUNDBLRDISPORR SPP.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GRANULRTISPORITES SPP, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RNGUSTISULCITE$ GRRNDIS (FREUDENTHPLI VISSCHER ~966 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CYCLOTRILETES SPP, .......................................................................................... OICTYOTIOIUM SPP-

~ C B L R M O S P O R R SPP. LUNRTISPORITE$ NOVIRUL, ENSI$ (~,E$CHIK~ B~LME 1970

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TOOISPORITES MINOR COUPER 1956 LUNRTISPORITES RCUTU$ (LESCHIKI SCMEURING 1970 TRIRDI@PORR SPP.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RLISPORITE5 SPP. 5TRIQTOQBIEITE5 BRLMEI tKLQUS') SCHEURING 197B STRIQTOABIEITES MULTISTRIRTUS HART

.................................................................... ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ ...... KRREUSELISPORITES SPP.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TRIROISPORR CRRSSR KLRUS 1964

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . TODISPORITE$ SPP, ....................................................................................................... CYCLOTRILETES PUSTULQTU$ MREDLER 1954

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PRETRICOLPIPOLLENITE$ SPP. TODISPORITES MRJOR COOPER I958

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PLRTYSRCCUS PRPILLIONI'$ POTONIE ~ KLRUS I954

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PLRTYSRCCU$ SPP. ...................................................................................................... ILLINITES MELRNOCORPU5 KLRUS 1964 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VERRUCO$1SPORITE$ JENENSIS REINHRRDT ~ SCHMITZ '65 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ILLINITE$ SPP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RNGUSTISULCITE5 KLAU$11FREUOENTHRL t964 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CYCLOTRILETE$ OLIOOORRNIFER MREDLER 1964

................................................................................................ POLYCINGULRTISPORITES SPP. PTEROSPERMOPBI$ SPP.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CYCLOVERRUTRILETE$ PRESSELEN$!$ $CHULZ I964

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . THYMOSPORR SPP.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O~CTYOPHYLLIDITE$ MORTONII /DE JERSEYI PLRYF.~DETT, . ' 65 LEIOSPMRERIOIUM SPP.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VITREISPORITES PRLLIOUS (REI$SINGER] NILSgON I958 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LYCOPODIRCIOITE$ KUEPPERI KLRU$ 1960 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BRCULRTISPORITE5 SPP. . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ OOROONISPORR FOSSULRT~

I

(BRLME i VAN OER EEM I 983 I

5TRIRTOQBIEITE$ 5PP. . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RROTODIPLOXYPINU$ ORRCILI5 IFRUT$CH) $CEURING 1970

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . . . . PROTODIPLOXYPINUS 9PP, . . . . . ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RRRTRI~FORITES PRLETTRE I~LRU$1SCHULZ 1967 ~ - - ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OENSOISPORI?ES SPP. ~ - - ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . RRRTRISPORITE$ FIMBRIRTUS {KLRUS] PLRYF, & OETTM. 1965

............................................................................. HEXRSRCCITE5 MUELLERI REINHRRDT ¢ SCHMITZ 1965 ....................................................................... DELTOIDOSPORQ MINOR [COUPER] POCOCK 1970 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BRRCMYSRCCUS,SPP.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VOLTZIACEAESPORITES HETEROMORPHQ HLRUS 1964 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . STRIRTOPOOOCRRPITE$ SPP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FRLCISPORI IE5 SPP.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NRREUSELISPORITE5 CUSP'IOUS BRLME 1963 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CHORORSPORITE$ SPP.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LAPPOSISPORITE$ RRMRTUS VIS$CHER 1966

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CYCLOGRRNISPORITE$ SPF,- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LIMITISPORITES SPP.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VERROCO$1$POR]TES MORULRE KL~"S ] 960 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . @$SERETOSPORA GYRRTR (,PLAYFORO ~ OETTMANNI SCHUURMRN'77 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BHRRROWRJISPORn LRBICHEN$I5 JQNSONIUS 1962 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LUECKISPORITES JUNIOR KLAUS 1960 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OISCISPORITES 5PP. ...................... ~ RNRPICUL~TISPOR]TE$ SPINIOER ILE$CHI~) REINH~ROT 196]

~ R C C I N C T I S P O R I T E 5 CIRCUMDRTU5 (LESCHIK) JR[N 1958 - - R L I S P O R I T E S GRQUVOGEL[ KLRUS 1964

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ RNRPICULRTISPORITES SPP. ....................... FRLCISPORITES 9NOP~OVAE V]$SCHER 1966

. . . . . . . . . . . . . ILLINITES CRITINOIDE$ KLAUS I,g$4

. . . . . . . . . . . . . FRLCISPORITES STRBILI5 OALME ,,!,970 ~ - EPHEDRIPITE$ SPP.

ALISPORITES MICRORETICULATU$ REINHRROT 1964 ARRTRISPORITES 5CABRRTU$ ~LRU5 1960

-- OSMUNOACIDITES SENECTUS BRLME I963

Fig.6. Range chart of palynomorphs from core 7323/07-U-04.

2 0 8 (] M A N G F R U I ) A N I ) A R~)MUI D

~ £ S z k 5 8 8 S S 5 8 5 6 6 S S S S S S ~ S S S 8 8 ~ 8 5 8 8 S ~ CORE 7323 /07-U-01

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E P H E D R I P I T E S S P P .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V E R R U E O S I S P D R ] T E $ MORULAE K L A U $ 1 9 6 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D I C T Y O T I D I U M T E N U I O R N A T U M E I S E N A C K 1 9 5 5

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C O N V E R R U C O S I S P O R I T E $ C A M E R O N I I {OE J E R S E Y ) P L . & D E T ' 6 S

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L U E C K I S P O R I T E S J U N I O R KLQUS 1 9 6 0

............................................................................................... FALCISPORITES KEUPERIANUS PAUTSCH I 9 7 I BRLTISPHQERIDIU~ SPP.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P T E R O S P E R M O P S I S S P P . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CONBQCULATISPORITES S P P .

VITREISPORITES PRLLIDUS (REISINOER) NILSSON 1968 TRIADISPORA OB5CURA SCHEUR|NG 1970

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GRBNUL@TISPORITES 5PP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PLATYSBCCU$ 5PP.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GORDONISPORA LUBRICA (ORLOHSKA-Z~OLINSKA)V.D.EEM'83 LUNATISPORITES NOVIAULENSI5 [LESCHIKI SCHEURING 1970 PUNCTQTISPORITES 5PP.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . KRAEUSELISPORITES SPP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LESCHIKISPORIS QDUNCUS ELESCHIK] POTONIE 1958

PROTODIPLOXYPINUS SPP. LUNQTISPORITE$ SPP. FALCISPORITES S P P . STRIQTOABIEITES BALMEI {KL~US) SCHEURINO 1978

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PEROTRILETES SPP. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PROTODIPLOXYPINU$ SITTLERI [KLAUS) SCHEURING 1970

CYCQDOPITES S P P . CALAMOSPORR SPP. TQSMQNITES SPP. TODISPORITES MINOR CDUPER 1968 QRRTRISPORITES SCQBR~TUS KLQU$ 1960 QLISPORITES MICRORETICULATUS REINHQRDT 1964 MICRYSTRIDIUM SPP. VERYHACHIUM SPP. LEIOSPHQEIDIUM SPP. QLISPORITE$ SPP. BRATR[SPORITES MACROCAVBTUS BJQERKE ~ MANUM 19~3

'TRIADISPORA SPP. Q R Q T R I S P O R I T E S S P P - K R R U S E L I S P O R I T E ~ C U S P I D U 5 BRLME STRIBTOABIEITES MULTISTRIRTU5 HART 1964

................................................................................................. ENDOSPDRITES PRPILLRTU5 JRNSONIUS 1952

.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OENSOISPORITES NEJBUROII (SCHULZ) BALME 1970

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TRIRDISPORR AUREA 5CHEURING 1970 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . U V A E S P O R I T E S S P P .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PODOSPORITES ANICU5 SCHEURING 19~0

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ANOUSTISULCITES ORANOIS (FREUOENTHAL) VISSCHER 19gS

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . nCANTMOTRILETE5 S P P .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PEROTRILETES 5 P P .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TOOISPORITE5 CINCTUS {MALJNWKINA] ORLONSKA-ZNOLINSK~'71

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CONVERRUCOSISPORITE$ S P P . LUNATISPORITE$ ACUTUS {LESCHIK] SCHEURING 1970

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LYCOPODIA[IEDITES $PP. CY~ATHIOSPHAERAE SPP.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ANGUSTISULCITES KLAUSI! FREUOENTHAL 1964 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DELTDIDOSPORQ MINOR [COUPER) POCOCK ]gTO

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ARATRISPORITES PQLLETAE (KLQUS) SCHULZ 19~7

.............................................................................................. PROTODIPLOXYPINUS GRQCILIS (PQUTSCH] SCHEURING 1970

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RETICULRTISPORITES SPP.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VERRUCOSISPORITES 5PP. GORDONISPORR FOSSULRTA (BRLMEI VAN DER EEM 1983

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L U N A T I S P O R I T E 5 PELLUCIDUS IGOUBINI B~LME 1 9 ~ 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DELTOOISPORR S P P .

ILLINITES CHITONOIDES KLAUS 1964 ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TYTTODISCUS SPP- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RRBTRISPORITE5 TENU|SPINOSU5 PLRYFORD ]955 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TRIRDISPORR MODESTR $CHEURING 1970

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BRCULATISPORITE5 SPP. JERSEYIBSPOR£ PUNCTISPINOSR KQR. KIESER & JRIN 1982 @SSERETOSPORQ OYRRTQ [PLAYF.&OETTM.] SCHUURMRN 197?

........................................................................... RLISPORITES GRRUVOOELI] KLAUS 1954 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . QCQNTHOTRILETES SPP.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CHORDASPORITE5 VOLTZIRFORMIS VISSCHER 196~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CONERVISPORITES SPP.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TRIPLEXISPORITES PLAYFORDII {DE JERS.&HQ~[L.)FOSTER'?9

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TRIADISPORA CR~SSA KLAUS ]954 ................................................................................ PUNCTR~OSPDRITES SPP.

.................................................................................. TRIADISPOR£ PLIC~TR (KLRUS] PLAYFORO & DErTMANN 1965 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MICRORETICULATISPORITES SPP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DYUPETQLUM CF. VICENTINENSE BRUOMAN ]983 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NEORRISTRICKIA 5PP.

............................................................................... ~CANTHOTRILETES VBRIU5 NILSSON 1958

.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CORD~IT]NQ MINOR (PAUTSCH) PRUTSEH 1973 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CUCULLISPORB 5PP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CYCLOTRILETES OLIOOGRANIFER MAEDLER 1964

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . KRQEUSELISPDR]TES QPICULQTUS JANSONIUS )962 .............................................................. PROTODIPLOXYPINU6 FASTIDIOIDES {JANSON.~HQRRINGT.'?4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RNAPICULQTISPORITES S P P .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . STEREISPOR]TES SPP.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DELTOIDOSPORA RUSTRALIS {COUPER) POCOCK Ig?O ........................................................ ACCINCTISPORITES CIRCUMDATUS {LESCHIKI JQIN 19G8

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OSMUNACIEDITES SENECTUS BALME 1983 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . KRREUSELISPORITE$ PUNCTBTU5 JBNSONIUS 1962

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . APICULRTISPORITE5 5PP.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OELIOIDOSPORA CONCQVUS (8OLffHOVITINA) DETTnRNN 1 9 6 3 CORDRTINA OUNYALENSI5 (PANT ~ SRIVRSTRVRI BALME 1970

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TODISPORITE5 ~BJOR COUPER 1958 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ILLIN|TES MELANOCORPUS RLAU5 1964 ........................ LIMITISPORITES SPP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CBLAHOSPORQ TENER {LESCHICK) MQEDLER ]964

................ PROTOOIPLOXYPINUS POTONIE (MAEOLERI SCHEURINC [q?O

P A L Y N O L O G Y AT T H E SVALIS D O M E 209

toceras varium ammonoid zones. Assemblage M, diverse terrestrial and marine palynomorph assem- recorded within the late Spathian ammonoid zone, blages. restricts the assemblage downwards. Hochuli et al. (1989) assigned the palynological assemblage L to Palynofacies and depositional environment the late Spathian to Middle Anisian. The assem- blage described corresponds to assemblage L, but A four-fold subdivision of the acid-resistant is of Early to Middle Anisian age. organic matter is used. The terrestrial components

are divided into liptinitic and wood/charcoal Palynomorph assemblages groups. The marine components include acritarchs

and marine algae, while the amorphous group is The Late Spathian palynomorph assemblages composed of structureless organic matter. Relative

recorded from the lower part of core 7323/07-U- amounts of amorphous, marine, liptinitic and 04 are dominated by marine taxa, with specimens wood/charcoal organic matter are plotted against such as Tasmanites spp. and Micrhystridium-Very- total organic carbon data (Fig.5). The figure also hachium group equally well represented (Fig.8). includes the lithological log and the relative distri- Cvmatiosphaera and Pterospermopsis are only pre- bution of pollen, spores and marine plankton. sent in lower numbers. Lunatisporites dominates the bisaccates, while the proportion of Striatoa- Core 7323/07-U-04, Late Spathian Early Anisian bieites increases towards the Early Anisian (Fig.8). Non-striate bisaccates like Alisporites are rare. Amorphous material dominates the organic rich Spores are present in all samples, representing an interval from the base up to about 104 m (Fig.5). average of about 12% through the late Spathian. The average total organic carbon (TOC) content Most species are represented by few specimens, in this interval is 3.6%, with a maximum of 8.8%. only Densoisporites, Verrucosisporites and Arat- Rich assemblages of marine species are recorded, risporites are uniformly present, including abundant Tasmanites. Below 125 m

The Anisian assemblages represented in the small, unidentified cysts and small algae are corn- upper part of core 7323/07-U-04 and in core mon. These silty shale deposits are believed to 7323/07-U-01 are dominated by bisaccate pollen, represent a marine dysoxic, even anoxic envi- which represent about 45% of the total microflora, ronment. Although the striate group is the most numerous, From 104 m up to 95.15 m the liptinitic content alete bisaccate pollen like Alisporites contribute to is higher, but the amorphous matter is still domi- an average of 5%. nant. Total organic carbon values are between 1%

The marine microflora which constitutes about and 4%, with the section above 98 m averaging 35% of the total assemblage shows a sudden 1.5% in organic richness. Bisaccate pollen types decrease corresponding to a level between 106 and increase quantitatively and Tasmanites are still 107 m in core 7323/07-U-01 (Fig.5). At the same common. As below, the deposits represent a marine level a significant increase in spore content occurs, dysoxic or anoxic environment, but show an in particular the number of species Aratrisporites increased input of terrestrial organic matter. The (Fig.8). change in palynofacies coincides with the Spath-

The total amount of bisaccate pollen shows no ian Anisian boundary. change, but monosaccate pollen becomes a regular part of the microflora. Seen in relation to the Core 7323/07-U-01, Middle Anisian change from shale to siltstone, this relative increase of spores indicates a shallowing or higher energy Amorphous material dominates the interval environment. This is also seen from the reduction from the base of the core up to about 107 m. At in number of marine specimens above the same three levels increased terrestrial input resulted in level, a relatively lower amorphous content with corre-

In conclusion, the two cores contain rich and spondingly low TOC values (Fig.5). These samples

210 G . M A N G E R U D A N D A. R O M U L [ )

/ / " EARLY I MIDDLE AGE (TRIASSIC LATE SPATHIAN ,-'//" ANISIANI ANISIAN

Sample no. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ o ~) ~-c4

Dictyotidium 691 //[~ spp. 3- r-~ -

Cymatiosphaera~:spp. - .,.._.

27- VeryhachiUmspp. % ~8:9. ~

3O -

Tasmanites 2~ • spp. % ~8-

3b- Micrhystridium 24' ~ ~ ~ , ~ ~ s p p , % 18:12.6.. ,

Striatoabieites ~2 multistriatus / K /1X .,¢,

• . - - ~r--T---m~ IXV/ I " k r ~ I Nh---t-.-,

Lunatisporites complex

Densoisporites nejburgii % ~ . . . . Cycadopites

spp.% ~ . ~ _J--~..._-.

36 33 30 27

Aratdspodtes ~4 complex 2~ 15 12

11i Triadispora complex

Fig.& Frequency d i s t r ibu t ion of the mos t c o m m o n species (compr is ing more than 3% of the microf lora in more than one sample).

may represent very thin storm deposits. Rich as- soxic or anoxic marine environments, interrupted semblages dominated by bisaccate pollen types and by periods of oxic conditions. marine plankton are recorded throughout the in- Above 107 m terrestrial input predominates terval. This type of palynofacies characterizes dy- (Fig.5) and bisaccate pollen and spores dominate

PALYNOLOGY AT THE SVALIS DOME 2[1

the assemblages, which are characterized by abun- Core 7323/7-U-04

dant Aratrisporites spp. Despite a decrease of O/o %

marine plankton relative to terrestrial palyno- 5 o ~ 5 o q 40 ~ 40

morphs, there is an increased marine palynofacies 3o 30 component. This might be due to larger size of 20 20 the acritarchs, although the number of specimens 10 10 0 ', 0 present i n t h e s e d i m e n t is l o w e r . W o o d material, A B C D'E F 13 H A B C D E F G F

138.62 100 metres 100 95.15 metres including charcoal, represents up to 60% of the organic material in some samples. This is charac- teristic for oxygenated environments with high Core7323/7-U 01

% % terrestrial input. 5 o q 5o

The boundary between the two palynofacies in 4 0 ~ ~ 40 30 30

core 7323/07-U-01 is sharp, and follows the change 2 o ~ ~ 20 from shaly to silty lithology. A marked drop in 10 10

0 ', 0 r e l a t i v e s e a l e v e l is postulated o n t h i s e v i d e n c e . A B C D E F (3 H A El C D E F G H

Interval 126.90-107 metres 106-93.75 metres

Palaeoecological interpretations o

ml A. Trilete and monolete acavate spores ~ B. Trilete cavate spores

The Triassic Period had a stable climate with a o,,, i c Aratrisporites group ev~

wider tropical belt than at present (Frakes, 1979) D. Monosuleate pollen grains o

ii and the Middle Triassic Epoch was generally char- F. Taeniate bisaeeate pollen grains acterized by being warm and dry. Due to north- G. Triletebisaccatepollen grains

H. Monosaccate pollen grains wards continental drift during the Triassic, the Svalis Dome area had moved to about 50°N in Fig.9. Relative frequency histograms showing the relationships the Early/Middle Triassic and the Barents Sea area between hygrophytic and xerophytic elements.

had gained a humid climate in the Spathian/ Anisian time (Steel and Worsley, 1984). A humid to dominance of the Aratrisporites group within belt surrounding the Arctic Ocean in this period the spores across the Spathian/Anisian boundary. is also suggested by Parrish et el. (1982). Their Both groups may represent a mangrove/swamp- atmospheric circulation models were, however, like type of flora. based on a land configuration of a nearly entirely It is not known with certainty whether the alete, assembled Pangea in the earliest Triassic. Accord- bisaccate pollen group which quantitatively is so ing to later reconstructions by Embry (1989), a important, belongs to the hygrophytic or the xero- northern separated continent was present, making phytic flora element or both (Visscher and Van the model less valuable for the Arctic area. The der Zwan, 1981). recorded palynomorph associations reflect, how- The xerophytic element includes striate bisaccate ever, a moderately, humid climate according to pollen, Triadispora, and monosaccate pollen. A the principles of Visscher and Van der Zwan well drained soil would generally contribute to a (1981). xerophytic aspect. In this case a significant part of

The palynomorph assemblages have a slight the xerophytic elements in these deposits is repre- dominance of hygrophytic elements (Visscher and sented by taeniate, bisaccate pollen types, many Van der Zwan, 1981) (Fig.9). Included in this of them produced by conifers. Triadispora, which element are monosulcate pollen and spores. Trilete, has been associated with the conifers Albertia and cavate spores of the Densoisporites type were wide- Voltzia (Grauvogel-Stamm, 1978), dominates some spread over the area from western Europe to China intervals and suggests, together with the taeniate associated with the lycophyte Pleuromeia. Arat- bisaccate group, long distance transport from a risporites occurred worldwide (Meyen, 1987). dry high-land flora. This is related to the "Neves" There is a change from Densoisporites dominance effect (Traverse, 1988)where the coniferous vegeta-

212 G M A N G E R U D A N D A R ~ M U L I )

tion in an upland zone produces pollen which are sional identifications of specimens collected by the deposited and dominate marine environments far Cambridge expeditions. Recent work by Mork et from the coast. The different palaeoecological set- al. (1990) also reports palynologically dated Lower tings are reflected by quantitative variations in the and Middle Triassic deposits from the Urd and palynoflora between the two main litho-facies rep- Skuld Formations on Bjornoya, but only sparse resented by shale-claystone facies through core evidence of Spathian and Anisian deposits are 7323/07-U-04 and lower part of core 7323/07-U- documented. A condensed sequence separating the 01 and siltstone in the upper part of the latter, two units is interpreted as being of undifferentiated The quantitative differences in palynomorph distri- (?early) Middle Triassic age. bution between the two lithofacies are therefore For the Barents Shelf little information has been interpreted as mainly deposition-controlled and do released. In the Hammerfest Basin (well 7120/12- not reflect real differences in the original flora. The 2) Jacobsen and Van Veen (1984) reported 1500 m presence of marine macrofossils, acritarchs and of Triassic clastic rocks which they subdivided into prasinophycean algae throughout the sequence is five lithostratigraphical units mainly corresponding evidence of marine depositional environment, to the subdivisions on Svalbard. Age determin-

The two cores are interpreted as representing a ations were based entirely on palynological evi- regressive development, based on the change dence from side wall cores, but their fossils are towards more terrestrially dominated palynofacies, not documented. Their unit 4 correlates with the the general lithological coarsening upwards trend cored interval presented here, and is of Spathian and the change in quantitative distribution of to Anisian age. Their unit 3 and lower part of unit palynomorphs from marine dominance towards a 4 correlate to the Tvillingodden Formation at spore dominance. Palaeogeographic reconstruc- Svalbard, while the upper part of their unit 4 tions show a shallow shelf formed upon the edge resembles the Bravaisberget Formation described of the Eurasian platform between the Laurentian

from western Svalbard. Unit 4 of Jacobsen and Shield, the Baltic Shield and the Uralian front

Van Veen (1984) comprises parts of the Klappmys (Fig.10). The Svalis Dome was situated close to Greenland, but on the Barents Shelf a general and Kobbe Formations, including a break in sedi-

mentation between the two formations at the west/northwest progradation of the shelf edge took place during the Anisian. The spore dominated Spathian-Anisian transition. A formal lithostratig- interval supports short transport from the vegeta- raphy for the Barents Sea was later established by tion area, but we have no evidence from which Worsley et al. (1988), based on the same well

area the palynomorphs were transported. (7120/12-2). On northern Greenland, in the Wandel Sea

Stratigraphic discussion Basin, Sassendalen Group equivalents occur in Parish Bjerg and Dunken Formations (Hfikansson and Stemmerik, 1984). The lower part is undated, Lower and Middle Triassic deposits outcrop on

most land areas surrounding the Barents Shelf. but the upper part is of Early and Middle Anisian For Svalbard the Triassic stratigraphy was outlined age (Hfikansson and Heinberg, 1977). by Buchan et al. (1965) and revised by Mork et In the Sverdrup Basin the Triassic deposits are al. (1982). For the Lower and Middle Triassic the dated on ammonoid evidence (Tozer, 1961, 1967). Sassendalen Group was defined as a mainly shale As emphasized by M~rk et al. (1989) and Embry and siltstone sequence occurring between the dis- (1989) the similarities between Svalbard and the tinctive Permian Tempelfjorden Group below and Sverdrup Basin are striking, despite the separated the Kapp Toscana Group above. All stages includ- locations on different plates. Embry also draws ing Spathian and Anisian, are present in this correlations to northern Alaska. The upper part succession. The age assignation by Buchan et al. of the Bjorne Formation in the Sverdrup Basin (1965) and Mork et al. (1982) was based on correlates wi th theSt ickyKeep/Tvi l l ingoddenFor- extensive palaeontological literature and on provi- mations on Svalbard, while the Murray Harbour

PAI.YNOLOGY & l THE SVALIS DOME 213

LEGEND ~ Land, ~ Deltaic to

non - d e p o s i t i o n ~,...',.;::4 m a r i n e s a n d s

~ Continental clastics, ~ i a r i n e s h a l e s m o l a s s e

Fig. 10. Early and Middle Triassic palaeogeography. The Svalis Dome is marked by arrow, (Modified from Dor& in press).

Formation of the Sverdrup Basin correlates with ranges can be used to date these deposits to late the Botneheia Member (Embry, 1989). Spathian to Anisian.

Conclusions Two distinct palynological assemblages can be calibrated to a late Spathian ammonite zone (Key-

The data presented from the Svalis Dome show serlingites subrobustus) and an early (Lenotropites that distinctive palynomorphs with restricted taurus) Middle Anisian (Anagymnotocesvarium)

214 G, MANGERUD AND A. ROMULD

ammonite zone, As on Svalbard, no faunal evi- Acanthotriletes varius Nilsson 1958 dence of the earliest Anisian is recorded. The two Accinctisporites circumdatus (Leschik) Jain 1968

Alisporites spp. palynological assemblages correlate well with as- Alisporites grauvogelii Klaus 1964 semblages M and L of Hochuli et al. (1989). Alisporites microreticulatus Reinhardt 1964

Anapiculatisporites spiniger (Leschik) Reinhardt 1961

-The palynofacies is dominated by amorphous Anapiculatisporites spp. Angustisulcites gorpii Visscher 1966

organic matter characteristic of deposits in dysoxic Angustisulcites grandis (Freudenthal) Visscher 1966 to anoxic environment, normally giving a good Angustisulcites klausii Freudenthal 1964 source rock potential for hydrocarbons. An in- Aratrisporitesmacrocavatus Bjaerke et Manum 1977 terval in the uppermost part of the cored section Aratrisporites scabratus Klaus 1960

Aratrisporites tenuispinosus Playford 1965 shows a change to more oxic conditions, reducing Aratrisporites spp. the source rock potential. Aratrisporites palettae (Klaus) Schulz 1967

Aratrisporitesfimbriatus (Klaus) Playford et Dettmann 1965 Asseretospora gyrata (Playford et Dettmann) Schuurman 1977

A moderately humid climate is postulated on the Baculatisporites spp. basis of the slight dominance of palynomorphs Baltisphaeridium spp.

belonging to a hygrophytic element. The relatively Brachysaccus spp. high frequency of palynomorphs considered to Bharadwajispora labichensis Jansonius 1962

Calamospora spp. belong to a xerophytic element is interpreted as Calamospora tenet (Leschik) Maedler 1964 representative of an upland flora. Chordasporites voltziaformis Visscher 1966

Conbaculatisporites spp.

On lithological, palaeontological and palynologi- Concavisporites spp.

cal evidence the cored deposits from the Svalis Converrucosisporites spp. Converrucosisporites cameronii (de Jersey) Playford et Den-

Dome area can be correlated to the Sticky Keep mann 1965 and Botneheia Members of the Barentsoya Forma- Cordaitina minor (Pautsch) Pautsch 1973

Cordaitina gunyalensis (Pant et Srivastava) Balme 1970 tion on Svalbard. The lithological similarities were Cucullispora spp.

reported by M~rk et al. (1989). Chordasporites spp.

Corisaccites spp.

Acknowledgements Cycadopites spp. Cyclogranisporites spp. Cyclotriletes spp.

The authors would like to thank Atle M~rk and Cyclotriletes oligogranifer Maedler 1964 Tom Bugge for comments and helpful suggestions Cyclotriletes pustulatus Maedler 1964 on the manuscript. Special thanks are due to Cyclotriletes triassicusMaedler 1964 Jorunn Os Vigran for many helpful discussions Cycloverrutriletespresselensis Schulz 1964

Cymatiosphaera spp. throughout the investigation. Thomas Leslie Leith Deltoidispora spp. was responsible for organic geochemistry, Geir Deltoidospora australis (Couper)Pocock 1970 Elvebakk made the core logs and Wolfgang Deltoidosporaconcavus(Bolkhovitina) Denmann 1963

Deltoidospora minor (Couper) Pocock 1970 Weitschat determined the ammonoids. Thanks are Densoisporites spp.

also expressed to Inger Lisbet Berg and Ingrid Densoisporites nejburgii (Schultz)Balme 1970 Brandslet for preparing the figures and to Ellen Dictyophyllidites mortonii (de Jersey) Playford et Dettmann M. Solberg for assistance with the manuscript. We 1965 are also grateful to IKU for support to publish Dictyotidium spp.

Dictyotidium tenuiornatum Eisenack 1955 this paper, and to the companies which economi- Dyupetalum cf. vicentinense Brugman 1983 cally supported the Shallow Drilling Project, 1986. Discisporites spp.

Endosporites papillatus Jansonius 1962

Appendix Ephedripites spp. Falcisporites keuperianus Pautsch 1971 Falcisporites snopkovae Visscher 1966

List of species Falcisporites spp. Acanthotriletes spp. Falcisporites stabilis Balme 1970

PALYNOLOGY AT THE SVALIS DOME 215

Gordonispora fossulata (Balme) van der Eem 1983 Triadispora obscura Scheuring 1970 Gordonispora lubrica (Orlowska-Zwolinska) van der Eem 1 9 8 3 Triadispora plicata (Klaus) Playford et Dettmann 1965 Granulatisporites spp. Triadispora spp. Hexasaccites muelleri Reinhardt et Schmitz 1965 Triplexisporites plakfordii (de Jersey et Hamilton) Foster 1979 lllinites chitinoides Klaus 1964 Tyttodiscus spp. lllinites melanocorpus Klaus 1964 Uvaesporites spp. lllinites spp. Verrucosisporites jenensis Reinhardt et Schmitz 1965 Jerseyiaspora punctispinosa, Kar, Kieser et Jain 1972 Verrucosisporites morulae Klaus 1960 Kraeuselisporites apiculatus Jansonius 1962 Verrucosisporites spp. Kraeuselisporites punctatus Jansonius 1962 Veryhachium spp. KraeuselLworites cuspidus Balme 1963 Fitreisporites pallidus (Reissinger) Nilsson 1958 Kraeuselisporites spp. l~bltziaceaesporites heteromorpha Klaus 1964 Lapposisporites armatus Visscher 1966 Leiosphaeridium spp. Leschikisporis aduncus (Leschik) Potoni6 1958 References Limiti,q~orites spp. Lueckisporitesjunior Klaus 1960 Balme, B.E., 1970. Palynology of Permian and Triassic Strata Lunatisporites acutus (Leschik) Scheuring 1970 in the Salt Range and Surghar Range, West Pakistan. In: B. Lunatisporites noviaulensis (Leschik) Balme 1970 Kummel and C. Teichert (editors). Stratigraphic Boundary Lunatisporitespellucidus (Goubin)Balme 1970 Problems: Permian and Triassic of West Pakistan. Univ. Lunatisporites spp. Kansas Dept. Geol. Spec. Publ., 4: 304-453. Lundbladispora spp. Brugman, W.A., 1983. Aspects of Early and Middle Triassic Lycopodiacidites kuepperi Klaus 1960 palynology. 1. Dyupetalum vicentinense nov. sp. from the Lycopodiaciedites spp. Upper Anisian of the Southern Alps. Rev. Palaeobot. Paly- Micrhystridium spp. nol., 39: 47-64. Microreticulatisporites spp. Buchan, S.H., Challinor, A., Harland, W.B. and Parker, J.R., Neoraislrickia spp. 1965. The Triassic stratigraphy of Svalbard. Nor. Polarinst. Nevesisporites limatulus Playford 1965 Skr.. 135: 1-94. Nevesisporites spp. Dot6, A.G., in press. The structural foundation and evolution Osmundacidites senectus Balme 1963 of Mesozoic Seaways between Europe and the Arctic Sea. Platy~'accus papillionis Potoni+ et Klaus 1954 In: Development of the Tethyan ocean. Palaeogeogr., Palaeo- Platy~'accus spp. climatol., Palaeoecol., Special Issue. (Channell Tansa & Podosporites amicus Scheuring 1970 Winterer eds.). Protodiplox)7~inusfastidioides (Jansonius) Warrington 1974 Embry, A., 1989. Correlation of Upper Palaeozoic and Meso- Protodiploxypinus gracilis (Pautsch) Scheuring 1970 zoic sequences between Svalbard, Canadian Arctic Archipel- Protodiploxypinuspotoniei(Maedler) Scheuring 1970 ago, and Northern Alaska. In: J.O. Collinson (editor), Polvcingulatisporites spp. Correlation in Hydrocarbon Exploration. Norwegian Petro- Pretricolpipollenites spp. leum Society. Graham & Trotman, London, pp.89 98. Protodiploxypinus gracilis (Pautsch) Scheuring 1970 Fisher, M.J., 1979. The Triassic palynofloral succession in the Protodiploxypinus sittleri Klaus 1964 Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Am. Assoc. Stratigr. Palynol. Protodiploxypinus spp. Contrib. Ser., 5B: 83-100. Protohaploxypinus spp. Frakes, L.A., 1979. Climates throughout Geological Time. Pterospermopsis spp. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 310 pp. Punctatisporites spp. Gabrielsen, R., Fa~rseth, R.B., Jensen, L.N., Kalheim, J.E. and Raistrickia spp. Riis, F., 1990. Structural elements of the Norwegian conti- Reticulatisporites spp. nental shelf. Part 1: The Barents Sea Region. Norw. Pet. Stereisporites spp. Dir. Bull no.6, 33 pp. Striatoabieites balmei (Klaus) Scheuring 1978 Grauvogel-Stamm, L., 1978. La flore du gres a Voltzia (Bunt- Striatoabieites multistriatus Hart sandstein superior) des Vosges du Nord (France). Morpholo- Striatoabieites spp. gie, anatomic, interpretations phylogenique et Striatopodocarpites spp. paleogeographique. Univ. L. Pasteur de Strasbourg, Inst. Tasmanites spp. Geol., Mem., 50:1 225. Thymo.spora spp. Harland, W.B., Armstrong, R.L., Cox, A.V., Craig, L.E., TodLworites cinctus (Maljawkina) Orlowska-Zwolinska 1971 Smith, A.G. and Smith, D.G., 1990. A Geologic Time Scale. Todisporites major Couper 1958 Cambridge University Press, 263 pp. Todisporites minor Couper 1958 Hochuli, P.A., Colin, J.P. and Vigran, J.O., 1989. Triassic Todisporites spp. biostratigraphy of the Barents Sea Area. In: J.D. Collinson Triadispora aurea Scheuring 1970 (Editor), Correlation in Hydrocarbon Exploration Norwe- Triadispora crassa Klaus 1964 gian Petroleum Society. Graham & Trotman, London, TriadisTora modesta Scheuring 1970 pp.131 153.

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