SCERT TELANGANA

SCERT TELANGANA

An extraordinary life.A life full of adventure, honour and glory.

Where you are one among a million,and one in a million.

Be The Best

www.joinindianarmy.nic.in

EDUCATIONAL LOANS

In our country the young population is often not able to access higher education due to lack offunds. To alleviate this bottleneck the Educational Loan Scheme has been designed. The mainobjective of the scheme is to provide financial support from the banking system to students forpursuing higher education in India and abroad. The maximum loan limit for studies in India is 10 lakhwhile for overseas studies the limit is Rs. 20 lakh.

A student to be eligible for this loan, should be an Indian national and should have securedadmission to a higher education course in recognized institutions in India or abroad through entrancetest / merit based selection process after completion of HSC(10+2 or equivalent). In other cases,appropriate criteria will be adopted by the banks based on reputation of the concerned institutionand employment opportunity that the intended course offers.

The eligible loan amount is arrived at by including all education related expenses such as Tuitionfee, cost of books, boarding and lodging charges. The parents of the student should be joint borrowersalong with assessment of future income of the student.

The student or his parents are not required to service the loan during the duration of the courseand the repayment of loan commences either six months after the student is employed or one yearafter the completion of the course which ever is earlier.

There are no processing charges and to avail this scheme eligible students can approach anycommercial bank.

For details log on to RBI website: www.rbi.org.in and contact them atwww.rbi.org.in/scripts/helpdesk.aspx

Banking Ombudsman Scheme, 2006

Banking Ombudsman Scheme, 2006 enables settlement of complaints, grievances of bankcustomers against services rendered by the bank. This scheme was made available to bank customersby Reserve Bank of India to speed up the grievance redressal mechanism. Under this scheme, thecomplainant can make complaint to the Banking Ombudsman on a white paper or by online(www.bankingombudsman.rbi.org.) or by e-mail or by post giving the details like name, address,telephone number, bank account number, ATM or Credit Card number, reasons that lead tocomplaint with connected supported documents for redressal. The bank customer should firstlodge his/her complaint with the bank concerned and wait for 30 days. He/She can then approachBanking Ombudsman but within one year. All the Scheduled Commercial Banks , Regional RuralBanks and Scheduled Primary Co-operative Banks come under the purview of the scheme. Thereis no application fee, advocate fee, stamp charges and filing charges, while lodging complaint to theBanking Ombudsman. If the award of the B.O. is not acceptable the complainant can challenge theaward appellate authorities, i.e. to the Deputy Governor, Appellate authority, Customer ServicesDepartment, Reserve Bank of lndia, Mumbai.

SCERT TELANGANA

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Social Studies Class-X (Marathi Medium)

SCERT TELANGANA

ii

© Government of Telangana, Hyderabad.

First Published 2014New Impressions 2015, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020

All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, storedin a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or byany means without the prior permission in writing of thepublisher, nor be otherwise circulated in any form ofbinding or cover other than that in which it is publishedand without a similar condition including this conditionbeing imposed on the subsequent purchaser.

The copy right holder of this book is the Directorof School Education, Hyderabad, Telangana.We have used some photographs which are undercreative common licence. They are acknowledgedat later (page viii).

This Book has been printed on 70 G.S.M. Maplitho,Title Page 200 G.S.M. White Art Card

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Printed in Indiaat the Telangana Govt. Text Book Press,

Mint Compound, Hyderabad,Telangana.

SCERT TELANGANA

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SCERT TELANGANA

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darb ~m~VMr ‘m{hVr KoÊ¶mgmR>r AmnUmg n¥Ïdr, nd©V, ‘¡XmZ, ZXr, g‘wÐ ¶m ~m~V eoH$S>mo - hOmamodfm©nwdu H$m¶ KS>bo Vo nhmUo ‘hËdmMo Amho. Ë¶m H$arVm Amnë¶m g^modVrÀ¶m {ddrY àH$maÀ¶m bmoH$m§MmAä¶mg H$amdm bmJob.

Oa Vwåhr ho nwñVH$ dJm©V d§mMZ Ho$bo Va, Vw‘À¶m g‘moa AZoH$ àeZ {Z_m©U hmoVrc Ë¶m§Mr CÎmaoXoÊ¶mMm n« ËZ H$am. qH$dm Ë¶m {df`rMo n«H$ën H$m © H$am, ’$³V nmR> bdH$a g§ndUo ‘hËdmMo Zmhr. Ë¶màíZm§Mm d Ë¶mdarc àH$ënmMm Aä`mg H$aUo ‘hËdmMo Amho.

AZoH$ nmR>mV àH$ën H$m¶© XoÊ¶mV Ambo Amho Vo nwU© H$aÊ¶mg WmoS>m doi bmJVmo Ë¶m àH$ënmìXmaoVw‘À¶mVrb {d{dY gm‘Ï¶mªMm {dH$mg d ho ¶mMm {dH$mg hmoVmo d Vmo ‘hËdmMm AgVmo Ë¶mVyZ nmR>mV H$m¶ AmhoVo ‘mhrV hmoVo.

H¥$n¶m ho cúmmV R>odm H$s, nmR>mV H$m` Pmco, mMr Am§R>dU H$am.nmR>mV H$m¶ Pmbo Vo bjmV ¶oV ZgobVa {dMma H$am d Ë¶mda Vw‘Mm ñdV…Mm {ZU© ¿`m.§

g§MmcH$, SCERT,h ¡Ð m~mX

SCERT TELANGANA

vi

nwñVH$mMm Cn¶moJ Am{U {ejH$ d {dÚmÏ`m©H$[aVm gyMZm>¶m nwñVH$mV gm‘m{OH$ AÜ¶m¶ZmÀ¶m g‘J« g§H$ënZm nmohM{dÊ¶mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm-Jobm Amho. ho

amÁ¶ KQ>>UoVrb VgoM amï´>r¶ d amÁ¶mMm nmR>çH«$‘mMr ê$naoIm ‘mÜ¶{‘H$ nmR>emim nmVir daAÜ¶mnZmMr JaO bjmV KoD$U {eñV~ÕnUo nmohM{dÊ¶mMm n«¶ËZ H$aÊ¶mV Ambm.nwñVH$mVrb ^mfm…- ¶m nwñVH$mV doJdoJio boIU àH$ma dmnabo AmhoV. H$m§hr doiog Vo dZ©U

H$aÊ¶mMo H$m¶© H$aVmV Ogo, A‘U d g[aVm (nmR>-Zddm) Oo Zoh‘r H$m¶©aV AgVmV dmñVd Ñî¶mMo{díbofU H$aVmV. ¶m nwñVH$mVrb ^mfm gai gmÜ¶m gmoß¶m ^mfoV ‘wbm§Zm g‘OÊ¶m gmaIr Amho.H$mhr ~m~VrV$ mfoVrb ~Xbmda {díboeU ñnï>Vm Úmdr bmJVo. AmnU nwñVH$mVrb boIZm nmgyZXþa OmD$ d ‘mhrVr {‘idy. D$XmhaUm Ûmao ‘m{hVr XoÊ¶mMm à¶ËZ Ho$bm Amho. àË¶oH$ nmR>mVHo$ÝÐrH¥$V H$ënZm AmhoV. Ë¶m§da AmnU dJm©V àH$me Q>mH$Ê¶mMm à¶ËZ H$amdm. Vwåhr 2 Vo 3 ‘w»¶H$ënZm dJm©V nwZamd¥V H$am.¶mVrb H$m§hr g§H$ënZm, Jargons ¶m§Zm {díbofUmMr Amdí¶H$Vm Amho. nwñVH$mVrb g§H$ënZm

g‘OmD$Z gm§JÊ¶mgmR>r AZoH$ CXmhaUo XoÊ¶mMm à¶ËZ Ho$bm-Jobm Amho. àË¶oH$ nmR>mMr {d{eï>g§H$ënZm {ef©H$ BVa Cn g§H$ënZm C{nef©Ho$ XoÊ¶mV Ambr AmhoV. àË¶oH$ Vmgmbm Vwåhr 2 Vo 3g§H$ënZm g‘OyZ KoD$ eH$mb. ¶m nwñVH$mV doJdoJio boIZ àH$ma hmVmibo AmhoV. CXm. Narativeà.3 ‘Yrb Zaqghm, amOoídar B. {dX²¶mÏWmªZm Ë¶m§Mr OrdZ nÕVr d H$m‘mMo ñdê$n bjmV ¶mdo ¶mhoVyZo hr nÕV dmnabr Amho. ¶m Ûmao g‘mOmVrb gË¶ COmJa Ho$bo OmVo. àH$aU-9 ‘Ü¶o am‘nyaJmdmMr Jmoï> gm§{JVbr Amho. ¶m Ûmao {dÚmËWmªZm JmdmMr AW©ì¶dñWm case study Ûmao hr ‘m{hVr‘wbmZm {‘iVo. MM} Ûmao JmdmMr ì¶dñWm d AW©ì¶dñWm Agm VwbZmË‘H$ Aä¶mg H$aZo A{nojVAmho. Ë¶mM ~amo~a ¶m nwñVH$mV {Z[aZamio AmboI Graphs- àH$aU 6,8,11,12 $ñV§ m boI, {Za{ZamioVH$Vo, {Xbobo AgyZ. ho gd© {df¶ dñVwMr MMm© d {díbofU H$aÊ¶mgmR>r Cn¶w³V-R>aVmV. ¶mnwdu À¶mdJm©V Vwåhr g§H$Q>J«ñV n[apñWVr, ór g§aúmU VgoM ¶m ~Ôc ‘m{hVr {‘i{dcr. ¶m dJm©V AmnUR.T.I. d R.T.E. ¶m {df¶r ‘mhrVr {‘ùdUma AmhmoV. Ë¶mM ~amo~a Vob§JmZm amÁ¶ {Z{‘©Vr Midi dVob§JmZm ñdV§Ì amÁ¶mMr {Z{‘©Vr ¶m g§~§Yr ‘m{hVr {‘idUma AmhmoV.àíZ Am{U ‘wi^mJmMm C$n¶moJ…- YS>¶mer g§~§{YV àíZmoÎmao, nmR>mer {ZJS>rVM AmhoV. àíZmoÎmao

AÜ¶¶Z AÜ¶mnZ ¶m à{H«$¶oMm ‘hËdmMm ^mJ AgVmo. ¶m nwñVH$mV àíZmMo ñdê$n doJdoJio AgyZË¶mVri H$m§hr àíZ Vwåhmbm CVmè¶mVrb g§H$ënZm ñnï> H$aÊ¶mgmR>r AgVrb Ë¶mgmR>r VwåhmbmnwñVH$mMo g‘J« dmMZ H$amdo bmJob. H$m§hr àíZ Ë¶m nmR>mVrb g§H$ënZoer g§~§YrV AgVrb nU Ë¶mgmR>r Vwåhmbm OmñVrMr ‘m{hVr Jmoim H$amdr bmJob, H$Yr-H$Yr hr§ ‘m{hVr ‘mJrb dJm©VrbnmR>çm§emer g§~§{YV Ago§b. àíZm§Mr CÎmao {bhÿZ XoZo qH$dm gm§JUo Ano{jV ZgyZ {dÚmÏWmªZr ñd¶§AÜ¶¶ZmZr Vr gmoS>dmdrV Aer Anojm Amho. MMm© H$aÊ¶mMr ‘y m, MM} Ûmao CÎma {‘iy eH$Vo AgogwMdm nU CÎmao {bhÿZ XoD$ ZH$m.doJdoJù¶m àH$maMr àíZo ¶m nwñVH$mV AmhoV. 1) ‘wbm§Zm Ë¶m§Mm AZw d {bhÊ¶mg gm§Jm 2)

Ë¶m§Mm AZw dmMr VwbZm nwñVH$mV {Xboë¶m CXmhaUmer H$am. 3) doJdoJù¶m XmoZ- {VZ nwñVH$mV{Xboë¶m n[a[ñWVrMr §VwbZm H$am. 4) ‘wbm§Zm àíZ {dMmê$Z Ë¶mMo ‘ZmoJV Ë¶m n[a[ñWVr~m~V H$goAmho Vo ‘mhrV H$aUo qH$dm gyú‘ AÜ¶¶Z H$aUo. (Ooìhm gd© ‘wbmMo ‘ZmoJV EH$ gmaIo Zgob VaË¶m§Zm _V àH$Q> H$aÊ¶mMr g§Yr Úmdr.) 5) nmR>mV {Xboë¶m {deof n[a[ñWVr AZwgma àíZ VnmgUo.{ejH$m§Zr dJm©V doJdoJù¶m nÕVrZoo àíZ {dMmamdoV, H$m§hr àíZ Ë¶m§À¶m d{h_Ü oo {bhÊ¶mg gm§Jmdo, H$mhr

àíZ Ë¶m§Mm bhmZ JQ> V¶ma H$ê$Z MMm© H$aÊ¶mg gm§Jmdo. d VgoM H$m§hr àíZ Ë¶m§Zm d¡¶º$sH$ {bhÊ¶mg

SCERT TELANGANA

viiVoc§JmZm emgZmìXmao _mo\$V {dVaU 2020-21

`m nwñVH$mÀ`m {Z{_©Vrg§~§Yr Amåhr Imcrc cmoH$m§Mr g§ñWm§Mr H¥$VkVm ì`ŠV H$ê$ BpÀN>VmoË`mV S>m°.Ho$.EZ.AmZ§XZ {ejU VÁk Ho$ai, S>m°. nr. X{jUm_y{V© {Zd¥Îm Cng§MmcH$, VocwJy AH$mX_r,lr E.Ama.Ho$. _y{V© {Zd¥Îm Cng§MmcH$, VocwJy AH$mX_r, Xrnm lr{ZdmgZ², Am_À`m H$m`©emioVgh^mJr Pmcoë`m H¥${VH$m {dídZmW Á`m§Zr `m nwñVH$mMm XOm© gwYmaÊ`mgmR>r _mocmÀ`m gyMZmHo$ë`m. VgoM nwñVH$mMr _m§S>Ur Am{U gOmdQ>r_Üò _mJ©Xe©Z Am{U gmø Ho$co. `m nwñVH$mVdmnacoë`m H$mhr à{V_m Am{U {MÌo `m~Ôc Amåhr dñVyg§J«hmc` VWm nwamVËd {d^mJ, Am§Y«àXoe`m§Mohr Am^ma _mZVmo. `mVrc H$mhr {MÌo VWm _m{hVr hr âcrH$a Am{U AÝ` g§Ho$VñWim§dê$ZA§VaOmimÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ Jmoim H$aÊ`mV Amcr Amho, Vr Aer. gJir {MÌo 28 ’o$~«wdmar 2012 AmYrKoVcocr Amho.

Amåhr ~hþg§»¶ {ejH$m§Ûmao {d{dY erjU Vkm Ûmao, Amåhmbm {‘imboë¶m A{^àm¶mZwgma,Amåhr Amnë¶m àVr H¥$VkVm ì¶º$ H$aVmo. Á¶m ‘wio nmR>ç nwñVH$mMr gwYmarV Amd¥Îmr {Z{‘©Vrg ‘XVPmbr. {deofV… hm°CñQ>Z Q>o³gmg (Houston Taxas, U.S.A.) Ûmam Ho$boë¶m ^maVr¶ B{VhmgmMo{dñV¥V emoY H$m¶©,(IHAR) ¶m‘wio Amåhbm nwñVH$mMr gwYmarV Amd¥Îmr {Z{‘©Vrg ‘XV Pmbr.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ÚmdoV. Aem àH$maMo gd© àíZ ‘wbm§Zm, àm¡ËgmhrV H$aÊ¶mgmaIo d ñdV: {dMma H$ê$Z {bhÊ¶mgmaIrn[a[ñWVr {Z_m©U H$amdr, gd© ‘wb§mMo CËVa EH$ gmaIoM oUma Zmhr mMr H$miOr ¿`mdr.nwñVH$mVrb a§JrV Mm¡H$Q>r …- àË¶oH$ nmR>mV H$m§hr Vºo$ (aH$mZo) XoÊ¶mV Ambr AmhoV. g§H$ënZoZwgma

A{V[a³V ‘mhrVrMr MMm© nmR>mV H$aÊ¶mV Ambr Amho. Ë¶m àíZm§Mr dJm©V MMm© H$aUo ‘hËdmMoAmho. d Ë¶mda ‘wbm _wctMr _Vo OmUwZ ¿`mdrV. H¥$Vr H$ê$Z ¿¶mì¶mV.A{^Z¶ H$m¡eë¶mMm dmna …- A{^Z¶ Ûmao nwñVH$mVrb H$m§hr mJ OmñV Mm§Jë¶m arVr Zo g‘OmD$Z

gm§Jy eH$Vmo. CXm. H$m¶Xm d Ý¶m¶ ì¶dñWm ¶mMo Vm|S>r dU©Z H$aÊ¶mnojm A{^Z¶m Ûmao AmnU OmñVMm§Jë¶m arVr Zo g‘OmD$Z KoD$ eH$Vmo. ‘wbm§Zm {ZdS>UyH$ à{H«$¶m g‘OyZ gm§JUmgmR>r ZmQ²>¶ ê$nmZoH¥${V Ûmam OmñV Cn¶w³V R>aVo.nwñVH$mVrb {MÌo…- nwñVH$mV {ddY {MÌo, à{V‘m, ’$moQ>moµO, H$mQy>©Ýg, nmoñQ>g© BË¶m{X AT>iVmV ¶mV

doJdoJir B{Vhmg {df¶H$ {MÌohr Amnë¶mbm-~Kmd¶mg {‘iVmV. nwñVH$mV Á¶m à‘mUo {ddYVmAmho Ë¶mMm àË¶¶ Amnë¶mbm {MÌm§À¶m dmnamVhr AmT>iVmo. ~hÿVm§e {MÌmImbr àíZ {Z‘m©U Ho$boAgyZ Ë¶mda MMm© H$amdr Ë¶m ‘wio {dÚmÏWmªMo bjm Vo {MÌ d Ë¶m KQ>Zo H$S>o Am{H$f©V hmoB©b.ZH$mem, Q>o~b d J«m’$…- ¶m nwñVH$mVrb ZH$memìXmao AmnUmg ^m¡Jmo{bH$, Am{W©H$$, amO{H$¶

Am{U E¡{Vhm{gH$ nmíd© y‘rMr ‘m[hVr [‘iVo. ¶mo½¶Ë¶m {R>>H$mUr VH$Vo d AmboI ¶m§Mm dmnaHo$ë¶m‘yXo {df¶dñVy A{YH$ Mm§Jë¶m arVrZo g‘OÊ¶mgmR>r AVre¶ Cn¶wH²$V R>aVo.àH$ën (project) …- AmnU EH$ Jmoï>m AmdOy©Z bjmV R>odbr nm{hOo H$r, nmR>çnwñVH$mVrb

gd©OJmoð>r AmnU ‘ybm§ n¶ªV nmohMdy eH$V Zmhr àH$ënH$m¶m©‘yio ‘wbm§‘Ü¶o AmngmV g‘mOmVr{d{dY ì¶{³V qH$dm g§ñWm ¶m§À¶mV g§dmX {Z‘m©U hmoVmo. ‘wbo OmñVrMr ‘mhrVr Jmoim H$aVmV d Vr{bIrV ñdê$nmV gmXa H$aVmV.‘ybmIVrMo àíZ V¡¶ma H$aZo ~¢H$ qH$dm doJdoJù¶m H$m¶m©b¶m§Zm oQ> XoZo Ë¶mgmR>r ¶moOZm AmIUo

Ë¶mV ’$moQ>moO, AmH$S>odmar, V³Vm, AmboI, ¶m§Mm dmna H$aUo hr H$m¡eë¶o hñVJV H$aVmV. g‘yhmZoJQ>mZo H$m‘ H$aUo {eH$VmV. {dMmam§Mr XodmU-KodmU hmoZo - àH$ën H$m¶© Ë¶m Ñ{ï>Zo ‘hËdm MoR>aVmV.

SCERT TELANGANA

viii

e¡úm{UH$ _mUHo$e¡úm{UH$ _mUHo$e¡úm{UH$ _mUHo$e¡úm{UH$ _mUHo$e¡úm{UH$ _mUHo$nmR>mV {Xcoë`m AZoH$ n[aÀN>oXm§Mm Aä`mg H$éZ g§~§Y {d{dY àíZm§Mr VnmgUr {dÚmÏ`m©Zr Ho$cr

nm{hOo. ho àíZ {d{dY ñdénm§Mr AmhoV. m_Ü o AZoH$ KQ>H$ g_m{dð> AmhoV. g_ñ`mMr H$maU [‘‘m§gm-Ë`mMo n[aUm_, Ë`mMo Cn`moJ, _mZ{gH$ {dH$mg, g§H$ënZm§Mr g_O, {Z[aúmU, {dícofU, d¡Mm[aH$nmVir, A{^ì`º$s, {d{dï> nÜXVrZo _m§S>Ur H$aVm oUo ho gm_m{OH$ AÜ``ZmMr CÔrï>o Amho. gd©g§H$ënZoMm gImoc nUo MMm© H$éZ ì`dñWrVnUo nmR>meodQ>r _m§S>Ur H$aVm oVo. ho g_Oco nm{hOo. m gmR>rnmR>mÀ`m AmIaog _hËdmMo eãX XoÊ`mV Amcoco Amho. Ë`m H$S>o Oéa cúm XoÊ`mV `mdo.

1) g§H$ënZm§Mr g_O: {d{dY g§H$ënZm§Mr AZwH«$_mZo _m§S>Ur H$aÊ`mV Amcr Amho. m g§H$ënUm§Mr g_OoÊ`mgmR>r {dícofU, MMm©, CXmhaUo, ì`º$sMm Aä`mg m§Mr JaO AgVo. àH$ënm§À`m _mÜ`_mVwZ

{Z[aúmU H$éZ Ë`m§Mr _m§S>Ur H$amdr. ‘m{hVr {‘idUo, kmZ AH$bZ ho hr {VVHo$M _hËdmMo Amho.

2) nmR>çm§e d nmR>çmoÎma MMm© : H$Yr H$Yr {Xcoë`m nmR>mVrc g§H$ënZm§Mo {dícofU WoQ> nÜXVrZo Z ZH$aVm nwaH$ gmYZo Ogo ZH$mem, {MÌo Am{U AmcoI `m§À`m _mÜ`_mVwZ dJm©V gH$mamË_H$ MMm©ìhmdr. {dÚmÏ`mªZm X¡Z§{XZ {OdZmer {ZJS>rV eoVr, eoVH$ar, eoV_Owa, H$maImÊ`mVrV H$m_JmaAm{U VËg_ KQ>H$, `mMr nwñVH$mVrc {MÍ`m§Mm AmYmao g§H$ënmZm§VJ©V _m{hVr ìhmdr. Ë`mgmR>reŠ` {VVH$m doi {dÚmÏ`mªZm CncãY H$éZ Úmdm. Ë`mM à_mUo {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m MM}H$S>o cúm XoVm§ZmVr MMm© gH$mamË_H$ ìhmdr `mH$S>o {eúmH$m§Zr cúm Úmdo.

3) _m{hVr H$m¡eë o: gm_m{OH$ AÜ``Z emómV _m{hVr H$m¡eë`mMr Jmoim ~oarO H$éZ, {d{eï>g_ñ`m§Mm Aä`mg H$aVm§Zm AmcoI, AmH$S>odmar m§Mo {dícofU H$aUo _hËdmMo AgVo. àË oH$ nmR>mÀ`meodQ>r g§~§YrV nmR> Am{U g§H$ënZm§er {ZJS>rV Ago àH$ën H$m © XoÊ`mV Amco Amho. hr àH$ën H$m }{dÚmÏ`mªZr {eúmH$m§À`m _mJ©Xe©ZmImcr ñdV:hm H$am`Mr Amho. Ë`mgmR>r àg§Jr g_mOmVrc {d{dYKQ>H$ Ogo amOH$s` ZoVo, Ym{_©H$ ZoVo, àmW©Zm ñWio, gmd©O{ZH$ {R>H$mUo Aem {d{dY ~mq~MmgImoc Aä`mg Am{U Aä`mgmA§Vr _m§S>Ur H$éZ àX{e©V H$aÊ`mMo H$m¡eë o m e¡úm{UH$ _mZH$mVg_m{dð> Amho. m gmR>r àg§J {dÚmÏ`mªZm H$mhr {MÌo qH$dm H$mhr ZH$meo m§Mo aoImQ>Z hr H$aVm`mdo. ho AnoúmrV Amho.

4) H$maUH$maH$ g§~§Y : Amnë`m {OdZmVrc KQ>Zm§Mo OJmVrc BVa KQ>Zm§er VwcZm H$aÊ`mMo H$g~{dÚmÏ`mªV d¥ÜXrJ§V ìhmdo. qH$~hþZm Ver g§Yr Ë`m§Zm CncãY ìhmdr. m nwñVH$mV Joë`m eVH$mVKS>coë`m {d{dY KQ>Zm§Mm C„oI Amho. Ë`m KQ>Zm§er gÚ n[apñWVr VwcZm H$éZ Ë`mMr H$maUo Am{UH$maH$ n[apñWVr `m§Mo {dícofU H$aÊ`mg _XV ìhmdr hm `m _mJMm CÔoe.

5) ZH$mem H$m¡eë`: 10 ì`m dJm©À`m nwñVH$mV OmJ{VH$ ñVamdaMo Am{U Xoer` VgoM àm§Vr`nmVirdarc H$mhr ZH$meo g_m{dð> H$aÊ`mV Amco Amho. m nwñVH$mV {d{dY àH$maMo ZH$meo VWmaoImQ>Zo {Xcr Amho. Ë`mÀ`m ghmæ`mZo {d{dY àm§V KQ>Zm Ë`m§À`m ~ÔcMo {dícofU H$aUo hm `m_mJMm CÔoe. ZH$mem V`ma H$aV§mZm Ë`mVrc _hËdmMo KQ>H$ {dÚmÏ`mªZo cúm Úmdo.

6) àe§gm Am{U àmoËgmhZ : Amnë`m XoemV {d{dY mfm, AmMma {dMma, ì`dhma, amhUr_mZ m_Ü oAZoH$Vm Amho. `m {d{dY {d{dYoVoVrc emómoº$ Aä`mg H$aVm§Zm àmoËghmZ {_iUo JaOoMo Amho.VgoM Ho$coë`m H$m_mMr àe§gm hr ìhmdr. hm `m _mJMm CÔoe

SCERT TELANGANA

A.H « $ .A.H « $ .A.H « $ .A.H « $ .A.H « $ . K Q > H $K Q > H $K Q > H $K Q > H $K Q > H $ nmZ.H « $ .nmZ.H « $ .nmZ.H « $ .nmZ.H « $ .nmZ.H « $ . _ {hU o_ {hU o_ {hU o_ {hU o_ {hU o ^mJ:1 - ñÌmoV {dH$mg Am{U g_Vwë`Vm1 ^maV-ñdm^m{dH$ {d^mJ 1-13 OwZ2 {dH$mgmÀ`m g§H$ënZm 14-27 OwZ3 CËnmXZ Am{U amoOJma 28-43 Owc¡¡4 ^maVmMo hdm_mZ 44-57 Owc¡¡5 ^maVr` ZÚm Am{U nmÊ`mMo ñÌmoV 58-70 AmJñQ>6 cmoH$g§»`m 71-86 AmJñQ>7 cmoH$ Am{U ì`dñWm-ñWcm§Va 87-101 gßQ>|~a8 am_nwa: EH$m JmdmMr AW©ì`dñWm 102-116 gßQ>|~a9 OmJ[VH$sH$aU 117-130 Zm|ìh|~a

10 AÞ gwaúmm 131-144 {S>g§o~a11 gwpñWa {dH$mg Am{U g_mZVm 145-161 {S>g|~a ^mJ 2: g_H$mcrZ OJ Am{U ^maV12 wÜX H$mcm_Yrc OJ 1900-1950 : 162-185 OwZ13 dgmhVr: amï>r` ñdmV§Ì Midi 186-198 Owc¡¡14 ^maVr` amï>r` Midi: \$miUr Am{U ñdmV§Í` 199-212 Owc¡¡15 ñdV§Ì maVmÀ¶m g§{dYmZmMr {Z‘uVr 213-229 AmJñQ>16 ^maVmVr {ZdS>UyH$ à{H«$¶m 230-239 gßQ>|~a17 ñdV§Ì ^maV (n{hcr 30 df} - 1947-77) 240-255 Am³Q>m|~a18 ~XcVo amOH$s` n«dmh 1977 Vo 2000 256-273 Zmoìh§§o~a19 wÜXmoÎma OJ Am{U ^maV 274-289 Zmoìh§§o~a20 AmVmÀ`m gm_m{OH$ Midir 290-305 {S>g§o~a21 Voc§JmZm amÁ` {Z_uVrMr Midi 306-332 OmZodmar

AZwH«$_{UH$mAZwH«$_{UH$mAZwH«$_{UH$mAZwH«$_{UH$mAZwH«$_{UH$m

ix

COiUr ’o$~w«dmar

SCERT TELANGANA

x

Amnco amï>r` [JV- aqdÐZmW Q>mJmoa

OZ JU ‘Z A{YZm`H$ O` ho^maV ^m½` {dYmVm &

n§Om~, qgYy, JwOamV, ‘amR>mÐm{dS> CËH$b ~§J &&

qdÜ` {h‘mMb `‘wZm, J§JmCÀN>b Ob{YVa§J &Vd ew Zm‘o OmJo &

Vd ew Am{ef ‘mJo &Jmho Vd O` JmWm

OZ JU ‘§JbXm`H$ O` ho^maV ^m½` {dYmVm &O` ho, O` ho, O` hoO` O` O` O` ho &

^maVr¶ g§{dYmZmMr àñVm{dH$

à{Vkm- n¡[S>_au ì §H$Q>m gwã~mamdw

^maV ‘mPm Xoe Amho. gmao ^maVr` ‘mPo ~m§Yd AmhoV. ‘mÂ`m Xoemda ‘mPo ào‘ Amho.‘mÂ`m XoemVë`m g‘¥X²Y Am{U {d{dYVoZo ZQ>boë`m na§nam§Mm ‘bm A{^‘mZ Amho. Ë`mna§nam§Mm nmB©H$ hmoÊ`mMr nmÌVm ‘mÂ`m A§Jr `mdr, åhUyZ ‘r gX¡d à`ËZ H$arZ.‘r‘mÂ`m nmbH$m§Mm, JwéOZm§Mm Am{U dS>rbYmè`m ‘mUgm§Mm ‘mZ R>odrZ Am{U àË oH$mer

gm¡OÝ`mZo dmJoZ. àmUr ‘mÌmda X¶m XmI{dU.‘mPm Xoe Am{U ‘mPo Xoe~m§Yd `m§À`mer {Zð>m amIÊ`mMr ‘r à{Vkm H$arV Amho.

Ë`m§Mo H$ë`mU Am{U Ë`m§Mr g‘¥X²Yr øm§VM ‘mPo gm¡»` gm‘mdbo Amho.

Amåhr, ^maVmMo cmooH$, ^maVmMo EH$ gmd©^m¡‘ g‘mOdmXr, Y‘©, {Zanoúm cmoH$emhr,JUamÁ¶ KS>{dÊ¶mMm d Ë¶mÀ¶m gd© ZmJarH$mg gm‘m{OH$ Am{W©H$ d amOZ¡{VH$ Ý¶m¶,{dMma A{^ì¶³Vr {dídmg, lÜXm d CnmgUm ¶m§Mo ñdmV§Í¶ : XOm©Mr d g§YrMr g‘mZVm:{Z{íMVnUo àmá H$éZ XoÊ¶mMm Am{U Ë¶m gdm©‘Ü¶o ì¶º$sMr à{Vð>m d amîQ´>mMr EH$VmAm{U EH$mË‘Vm ¶m§Mo AmídmgZ XoUmar ~§YwVm àd{Y©V H$aÊ¶mMm g§H$ënnwd©H$ {ZYm©a H$éZAm‘À¶m g§{dYmZ gôVAmO {XZm§H$ gìdrg Zmoìh§§o~a 1949 aomOr ¶m ìXmao ho g§{dYmZ A§JrH¥$V Am{U A{Y{Z¶‘rVH$éZ ñdV:àV An©U H$arV AmhmoV.

SCERT TELANGANA

Voc§JmZm emgZmìXmao _mo\$V {dVaU 2020-21 1

YS>m1¶m nmR>mÛmao AmnU ^maV XoemÀ¶m ^m¡Jmo{bH$ ñdénm {df¶r ‘m{hVr {‘idw ¶m Ogo nd©V, ‘¡XmZ,

nR>ma ^y‘r. nwT>rb YS>çm‘Ü¶o ^maVmVrb hdm‘mZ, ^maVmVrb ZX¶m, O§Jbo, BË¶m{X. Jmoð>r ^maVr¶cmoH$g§»¶oÀ¶m bmoH$m§À¶m OrdZmda Omo à^md nS>Vmo ¶m {df¶r OmUyZ KoUma AmhmoV.

^maVmVrb H$moUË¶mhr XmoZ ñWbm§Mr Zmdo gm§Jm {OWo Vwåhmbm Om¶bm AmdS>ob. Vwåhr ¶m ñWim§ZmH$m {ZdS>bo? H$maUo gm§Jm? ‘mJrb B¶Îmm§ ‘Ü¶o Vob§JmZm amÁ¶mM d BVa amÁ¶mMm ^m¡Jmo{bH$ ñdê$n{df¶r Vwåhr H$m¶ {eH$bm AmhmV. ZH$mem qH$dm Am°Q>bmgÀ¶m ghm¶mZo Ë¶mMo {díbofU H$am. nwT>rbAä¶mgmgmR>r gwÕm ½bmo~, ZH$meo, {MÌ à{VH¥$VrMm dmna H$am.

ñWidarb ZH$mem ~Km OJmÀ¶m ZH$mem‘Ü¶o ^maV XoemÀ¶m ñWmZm {df¶r nmM dm³¶{bhm.

ZH$mem 1: OJmÀ¶m ZH$mem‘Ü¶o ^maV Xoe

^maV Xoe - ^m¡Jmo{bH$ ñdén^maV Xoe - ^m¡Jmo{bH$ ñdén^maV Xoe - ^m¡Jmo{bH$ ñdén^maV Xoe - ^m¡Jmo{bH$ ñdén^maV Xoe - ^m¡Jmo{bH$ ñdén

SCERT TELANGANA

gm‘m{OH$ AÜ¶¶Z2 ßÁ∫otz∆: ß{ÁTÁz¬yN˛ ÀƒªúßÁ∫otz∆: ß{ÁTÁz¬yN˛ ÀƒªúßÁ∫otz∆: ß{ÁTÁz¬yN˛ ÀƒªúßÁ∫otz∆: ß{ÁTÁz¬yN˛ ÀƒªúßÁ∫otz∆: ß{ÁTÁz¬yN˛ Àƒªú

EImXm àXoe qH$dm àm§VmMo ñWmZ Xe©{dÊ¶mgmR>r Ajm§e - aoIm§e H$go Cn¶moJr§ nS>VmV.¶m ~Ôb MMm© H$am. “ maV Xoe EH$ ‘moR>m {demb Xoe Amho. hm g§nwU© X{jU JmobmYm©VAmho. Xoe 8 N Am{U 50 CÎma aoIm§em‘Ü¶o 68 - 9 nwd©bm Ajm§em‘Ü¶o dgbobm Amho.” “^maVmbm {ÛH$ën” Ago H$m åhUVmV?AmH}$Q>rH$ d¥Îmm‘Ü¶o ^maV Amho, darb ZH$memV 1.1 nmhþZ Ago g‘Om. Vo§ìhm Vw‘À¶mOrdZmV H$moUH$moUVo ’$aH$ Pmbm AgVm?ZH$memV B§{Xam nm°²BªQ> AmoiIm Ë¶mMr {deofVm gm§Jm?Vob§JmZm ……..CÎma Ajm§em‘Ü¶o ……..nwdu aoIm§em‘Ü¶o Amho.AQ>bmg‘Ü¶o {Xboë¶m ñHo$bnÅ>rÛmao JwOamV, AmoS>rem {H$Zma nÅ>rMr bm§~r ‘mhrV H$am?

{d{dY m¡JmobrH$ ÑîQ>çm maVmV AZoH$ àH$maMo Vmn‘mZ Amho, Ë¶m‘wio AZoH$ nH$maMo d¥j,OrdO§VwMo {Z‘m©U hmoD$Z {d{eï> àH$maMo {nHo {nH${dÊ¶mgmR>r AZwHy$b n[añWrVr ~Zbr Amho.^maVmV cmJcocr cm§~ n¶ªV ngacocm g‘wÐ {H$Zmè¶m‘wio ‘mgo‘mar gmo~V ì¶mnmamgmR>r AZwHw$ycAmho. bm§~ Agbobo {H$Zmar àXoe qhX ‘hmg‘wX« ‘mgmoir nH$S>Ê¶mgmR>rM ZgwZ AZoH$ ì¶mnmar‘mJmªZm Cn¶moJr nS>V Amho. $

IX dJm©‘Ü¶o Vwåhr Ajme- aoIm§em {df¶r Aä¶mg Ho$bm AgwZ à‘mU doi ¶m{df¶rVwåhmbm ‘m{hVr Amho H$m? Vw‘À¶m ZH$memÀ¶mghmæ¶mZo maVmMm {dñVma {H$Vr Amho, aoIm§emÀ¶mghmæ¶mZo g_OwZ ¿¶m. maV Xoembm 82°30` nwduaoIm§emZm ‘Ü¶dVu$ aoIm§e åhUwZ AmoiIbo OmVo. hoaoIm§e Abmhm~mX déZ OmVo, ^maV Xoe à‘mUdoi (IST) Mm AmYma KoVmV, J«rZdrMà‘mU doi(GMT) ho 5½ K§Q>o nwT>o Amho.

{MÌ.1.1: {V~oV nR>ma ^w‘rdéZ d¥jhrZ {h‘mb¶ - H$m?

ZH$mem 2 ~Km.^maVmMr gahX AmoiIm Am{U Ë¶mg a§Jdm.VgoM ñHo$bÀ¶m ghmæ¶mZo ^maVmMr gr‘mZonmb {H$VnV Owibobr Amho, Vo ZH$memV{Xboë¶m ñHo$bÀ¶m ghmæ¶mZo ‘moOm.

{XZm§H$ àXoe _____ àXoe ____gw¶m}X¶ gw¶m©ñV gw¶m}X¶ gw¶m©ñV

5 Jan 05:59 16:37 07:20 18:05

~mOwbm {Xboë¶m V³Ë¶mVAh‘Xm~mX d B§’$mb BWrbgw¶m}X¶ Am{U gw¶m©ñVmÀ¶m doim{Xë¶m AmhoV. Ë¶mMo {ZarjUH$am. ’$aH$mMo H$maU Úm.SCERT TELA

NGANA


ZH$mem:2 maVXoe - CÎma X{úmU, nwd© npíM_, {dñVma d à_mU aofm

370.6`N

SCERT TELANGANA


^wJ^© n[añWrVrúÏã“Á LN˛tÁ IX √ÆÁ ƒTÁ|oy¬ ßÓ ß¿™m ÆÁ uƒ Æy ™Áu“oy ƒÁYÁ. ßÁ∫o “Á TÁıÊgƒÁåÁ

ßÓ™yYÁ ßÁT EÃÏå Æzsy¬ u∆¬Áƒ∫m, “ƒÁ™Áå, oÁú™Áå ÆÁoy¬ EåzN˛ üuN¿ ÆÁ, §t¬ LƒjzYå√“z o∫ Æzsy¬ ßÓßÁT N˛Ãz uå™Á|m N˛Ãz Á¬z, úƒ|o, ™{tÁåz, úeÁ∫z ÆÁÊYz uå™Á|m N˛Ãz Á¬zEÁ\ \z ßÁ∫oÁYz ßÁ{TÁzu¬N˛ Àƒªú EÁ“z oz N˛Ãz Vg¬z? nÆÁo N˛Ãz §t¬ “Ázo Tz¬z ÆÁÃÊ§Êáy™Áu“oy u™pƒÏ ÆÁ.

\TÁoy¬ ÃÊúÏm| ßÏßÁT tÁzå ü™ÏQ ßÏQÊgÁúÁÃÏå uå™Á|m ^Á¬z. oz EÊTÁ∫ÁßÏ™y,TÁıgƒÁåÁ ßÓu™ “z EÁ“zo. ßÁ∫o tz∆ u˚N˛¡ú “Á TÁıgƒÁåÁ ßÏ ütz∆Áo EÁ“z. 200 N˛Ázby ƒ Á|úÏƒy|TÁıgƒÁåÁ ßÏÏßÁT oÏN˛gz “ÁzHå ƒzTpÁ Á¬Á. ßÁ∫o u˚N˛¡ú ¢˛¬N˛ F∆ÁãÆ ut∆zåz \ÁHå LN˛Á¢˛Á∫ ™Áze∞Á ÆÏ∫zuÃÆÁ ¢˛¬N˛Á (EÊTÁ∫Á ßÏßÁT)∆y b≤˛∫ Á¬y. ÆÁ V |åÁ ™Ïpz, uoƒ¿ t§ÁƒÁ™Ïpz¬ÁQÁz ƒ Á|úÁÃÏå YÁ¬o EÁ¬z¡ÆÁ ßÏ VgÁ™ÁzgÎƒ∫ üßÁƒ úg¬Á EÁum úƒ|oz uå™Á|m ^Á¬z.EÁ\ EÁúm úÁ“o EÃ¬z¬Á u“™Á¬Æ úƒ|o ÃÏÚÁ ÆÁ üuN¿ ÆÁúÁÃÏå oÆÁ∫ Á¬Á EÁ“z.u˚N˛¡úúeÁ∫ ßÏu™oy¬ G∫z N˛gy¬ N˛Ázm ¢Ï bÏå Tz¡ÆÁ™Ïpz ™Áze™Ázez t∫z,QÁzz∫z uå™Á|m Á¬z.

N˛Á¬ÁÊo∫Áåz “z t∂ÆÁ-QÁz∂ÆÁÊåy u“™Á¬ÆÁoy¬ å˘ÁÊYz ªú áÁ∫m Nz ¬z. tuqmzN˛ug¬u˚úN˛¡úÁoy¬ å˘ÁÊåy ƒÁ“ÏåEÁm¬z¡ÆÁ TÁpÁÊ™Ïpz ßÁ∫oÁXÆÁG∫zÃ ÃÏúyN˛ ™{tÁåz, uå™Á|m^Á¬y. ßÁ∫oÁXÆÁ ßÁ{TÁzu¬N˛ÀƒªúÁo uƒuƒáoÁ EÁjpoz.\TÁoy¬ u˚úN˛¡ú úe„N˛∫ ßÓu™LN˛ úÏ∫Áoå ßÓ™y EÁ“z.

uYfiuYfiuYfiuYfiuYfi 1.2 : GúT¿“Áoy¬ uYfiÁ˚Á∫zz u“™Á¬Æ, G∫ ™{tÁå, sÁ∫ ƒÁpƒÊb

ßÁ∫o tz∆Áoy¬ G∫ ™{tÁåz uå™Á|m “ÁzlÆÁÃÁeyN˛Á∫myßÏo EÃ¬z¡ÆÁ u“™Á¬ÆÁoy¬ å˘ÁÊYy EÁumu˚N˛¡ú å˘ÁÊYy åÁƒz u¬“Á.u“™Á¬ÆÁYz .................N˛Ázb∞ÁÊ∆ ƒ Á|QÁ¬y uå™Á|m^Á¬z.u∆N˛Á∫y ÃÁey EÁut™Áåƒ .............ƒ Á|QÁ¬y \u™åyƒ∫ Eƒo∫¬Á.

SCERT TELANGANA


™ÏPÆ ßÁ{TÁz¬yN˛ Àƒªú™ÏPÆ ßÁ{TÁz¬yN˛ Àƒªú™ÏPÆ ßÁ{TÁz¬yN˛ Àƒªú™ÏPÆ ßÁ{TÁz¬yN˛ Àƒªú™ÏPÆ ßÁ{TÁz¬yN˛ ÀƒªúßÁ∫o tz∆Áoy¬ ßÁ{TÁz¬yN˛ uƒßÁTÁÊYz ÀƒªúÁYz QÁ¬y¬ü™Ámz ƒTy|N˛∫m N˛∫oÁ Æzoz.

1. u“™Á¬Æ 2. TÊTÁ-uÃÊáÏ åty ™{tÁåz3. u˚N˛¡ú úeÁ∫ ßÏ™y 4. uN˛åÁ∫y ütz∆5. ƒÁpƒÊb üÁÊo 6. u˚ú (EÁÆ¬ÂÊg)

u“™Á¬Æu“™Á¬Æu“™Á¬Æu“™Á¬Æu“™Á¬Æu“™Á¬Æ úƒ|oz LN˛Á ƒ¬Æ qzfiy ÃÁ∫Qz úu≥Á™z N˛gÏå úÏƒy|N˛gz 2400 uN˛.™y ¬ÁÊ§ uƒÀo∫yo

EÁ“zo. úu≥Á™ üÁÊoÁ™ÜÆz “z 500 uN˛.™y ªÊt EÃÏå ™ÜÆ,úÏƒy| üÁÊoÁo 200 uN˛.™y ªÊtEÁ“zo.©“m\z úu≥Á™ üÁÊoÁ™áy¬ ªÊty \ÁÀo EÁ“z, uƒußëÁ üÁÊoÁ™ÜÆz úƒ|oÁÊYy GÊYy™ÜÆzuƒuƒáoÁ EÁ“z. QÁz¬ t∫z-QÁz∫z, uƒ∆Á¬ úeÁ∫ ßÏ™y ÆÁ™Ïpz “y úƒ|o »zmy E¬T Nz ¬y EÁ“z.

ÃƒÁ˙™ÜÆz G∫zN˛gz EÃ¬z¬y úƒ|o »zmÎåÁ GÄÁ u“™Á¬Æ uNÊ ƒÁ >u“™Áu¸> EÃz ©“moÁo.“y »zmy Ã¬Tí EÃÏå úƒ|oÁÊYy Ã∫ÁÃ∫y GÊYy Ã™Ï ÃúÁbyúÁÃÏå 6100 u™. EÁ“z.

u“™Áu¸ »zmy §¢˛Á|åy EÁXZÁt¬z¬y EÃoz. FN˛gz oÏ©“Á¬Á u“™Áåy å˘Á úÁ“ÁƒÆÁÃu™poÁo. Ãoo §¢| úgo EÃ¡ÆÁ™Ïpz §¢| uƒTpÏå å˘Á Ãoo ƒÁ“o EÃoÁo.

™ÜÆ uNÊ ƒÁ uå©å uNÊ ƒÁ u“™ÁY¬ u“™Á¬Æ tqym ™áy¬ u∆ƒÁ¬yNˇ EÁum G∫z™áy¬ GÄÁu“™Á¬ÆÁXÆÁ Ã™ÁÊo∫ EÃ¬z¡ÆÁ úƒ|o »zmÎåÁ ™ÜÆ u“™Á¬Æ EÃz ©“moÁo. Nˇáy Nˇáy nÆÁÃu“™ÁY¬ uNÊ ƒÁ uå©å u“™Á¬Æ EÃz “y ©“moÁo vM¬…b úÚoy™ÜÆz ÿÁ »zmyYÁ øÊty 60-80uNˇ.™y. EÃÓå, úƒ|oÁÊYy GÊYy Ã™Ï ÃúÁby úÁÃÏå 3,500 oz 4,500 u™ ™ÜÆz EÃoz EåzNˇu∆Q∫ÁÊYy GÊYy Ã™Ï ÃúÁbyúÁÃÏå 5,050 u™. úzqÁ \Ào EÁ“z EÁum ƒ |ß∫ §¢ˇÁ|åy

EÁXZÁt¬zXÆÁ EÃoÁo. uú¬ úÁÊ\Á¬, áÁ{¬ÁáÁ∫, ™ÏÃÁ{∫y »zmy, åÁT by§Á EÁum ™“ÁßÁ∫o¬zQ ÿÁ ™ÜÆ u“™Á¬ÆÁoy¬ NˇÁ“y ™“nƒÁXÆÁ»zlÆÁ.

Nˇ≈™y∫ ™áy¬, ™ÜÆ u“™Á¬ÆÁoy¬tqymzNˇgy¬ »zmy, uú∫ úÁÊ\Á¬, “y ÃƒÁ|oütyV| (¬ÁÊ§) EÁum ™“nÆÁYy »zmy EÁ“z. ™ÏPÆu“™Á¬ÆÁXÆÁ, uú∫ úÁÊ\Á¬ EÁum \ÃNˇ∫ »zmy™ÜÆz, üuÃÚ NˇÁ≈™y∫ t∫y úÃ∫¬z¬y EÁ“z.

135 uNˇ.™y. EÊo∫Áƒ∫ “y t∫y tuqm-úÓƒ| oz G∫ úu≈Y™ ut∆zo úÃ∫¬z¬y EÁ“z. “y t∫yEÊtÁ\z 40 uNˇ.™y. ªÊt EÃÓå 4921 YÁ{.uNˇ.qzfi ¬ÁÊ§ EÁ“z “y t∫y Ã™Ï ÃúÁbyúÁÃÏå 585™y. Ã∫ÁÃ∫y GÊY EÁ“z.

oÏ™XÆÁ \ƒpy¬ åN˛Á∆Áo oyå ßÁT tÁQƒÁ nÆÁY åN˛Á∆Áo N˛Á“y GÂY úƒ|o u∆Q∫ztÁQƒÁ

ußÊoyƒ∫y¬ åN˛Á∆Áo ƒ∫ uåtz|∆yo Nz˛¬zz¬zuƒßÁT oÏ™XÆÁ §ÁzbÁåz tÁQƒÁ.ßÁ∫oÁXÆÁ ß{ÁTÁz¬yN˛ åN˛Á∆Áo QÁ¬y¬ ÀspztÁQƒÁ.u∆™¬Á ™ÃÁz∫y, å{åyoÁ¬, ∫ÁmyQzo

uYfi 2 úÁ“Á. oÏ™XÆÁ ∆Ápzoy¬ EÁb¬ÁÃ (Atlas) úÁ“Á. QÁ¬y¬ uƒßÁT EÁzpQÁ:t≤˛å úeÁ∫ ßÏu™ ußÊo NÏ ez EÁ“z, ™Áu“oy u™pƒlÆÁÃÁey tuqm úe„N˛∫ ßÓu™YÁ GoÁ∫

tÁQuƒlÆÁÃÁee TÁztÁƒ∫y, Nw …mÁ åtyXÆÁ üƒÁ“Á™ÁTz oÏ™Yz §Ázb YÁ¬ƒÁ.§¿÷úÏfiÁ üƒÁ“ tÁQƒÁ “y åty N˛ÁzmN˛ÁzmnÆÁ GÊY, ÃQ¬ ütz∆ÁoÏå \Áoz oz uƒ∆t N˛∫Á?

SCERT TELANGANA


1. 3

uYfi 1.3 oz 1.6 : tuqmz (ßÁ∫o tz∆) N˛gÏå u“™Á¬ÆÁYz tw≈Æ. uYfi 1.1 ™áy¬ ub§zb N˛gÏåu“™Á¬ÆÁYz tw≈Æ ÆÁYy oÏ¬åÁ N˛∫Á.

6

Level 1 novegetation

Level 2 only grass

Level 3conifers

Level 4broadleafTrees

Level 5 Terai

1.5

1. “ z uYfiu “ ™ Á ¬ Æ Á o y ¬EÃ¬z¡ÆÁ uƒußëÁƒwqÁÊåÁ t∆|uƒoz.

2. QÁ¬y¬úƒ|oz úÁY uƒuƒáÀsÁÆy GÊYyü™ÁmzuƒßÁTmy Nz ¬y Tz¬yEÁ“z, N˛Á“y ™ÏPÆ ƒwq\Áoy tÁQuƒ¡ÆÁEÁ“zo.

3) uÃu≤˛™ ™áy¬ QÁz¬ EÃ¬z¬zt∫zQÁz∫z

4) u“™Á¬ÆÁ ™áy¬ úƒ |oyÆ√ÆƒÃÁÆÁoy¬ åty ™ÁTÁ|oy¬ tTgáÁzg∞ÁÊåÁ EÁzpQÁ.

5) u“™Á¬ÆÁoy¬ EÁjpmÁ∂ÆÁ ƒzTƒzT∏ÆÁ“y∫ƒpyYz uYfiz N˛ÁjÁ.

6) ™zVÁ¬ÆÁoy¬ ™ÁN˛gÁzN˛ t∂ÆÁYz uYfi

1.4

SCERT TELANGANA


úÓƒz| Nˇgz EÁm∫ƒy úÏjz ™ÜÆ u“™Á¬ÆÁ ™ÜÆz, ™ÏÃÁ{∫y EÁum åÁT by§Á »zlÆÁ EÁj¬oÁo™ÏÃÁ{∫y »zmy Yy Ã∫ÁÃ∫y GÊYy 2,000-2,600 u™ EÃÓå, ™ÏÃÁ{∫y oz ¡ÆÁãÃgÁHå (Landsdown)120 uNˇ.™y. EÊo∫Áƒ∫ úÃ∫z¬z¬y EÁ“z. ™ÏÃÁ{∫y, å{åyoÁ¬, YNˇ∫oÁ EÁum ∫ÁmyQzo ÿÁ NˇÁ“y™“nƒÁXÆÁ u“¡Ã Àbz∆åÃ

EH§$XarV, ‘Ü¶ {h‘mb¶mVrb loÊ¶m, ‘mZdr g§~§Ymg Iwn AZwHy$b Amho. ~hþVm§e {h‘mb¶mVrb[agm°Q>© Oeo {e‘bm, ‘wgm¡ar, amUmIoV, Z¡ZrVmb, Amb‘moam Am{U XmO©qbJ BË¶mXr BWo pñWVAmho.

{edmbrH$ loUr{h‘mb¶mÀ¶m {Z{‘©Vr ‘Ü¶o, {edmbrH$ {h‘mb¶mMr ñWmnZm eodQ>À¶m Q>ßn¶mV Pmbr Amho

{h‘mb¶mVrb gdm©V ~mhoaÀ¶m loUtMm ¶mV g‘mdoe Amho Am{U ¶mbm ~m§ø {h‘mb¶ AgohråhUVmV. CÎmaoH$S>rb Imob CVma‘wio, hr loUr OmñV mJ KoVo. nmoQ>dma nR>mamnmgwZ Vo ~«÷nwÌmXar n¶©V, hr loUr {ZåZ {h‘mb¶mÀ¶m g‘m§Va A§Vamda gw‘mao 2400 {H$.‘r. ngabobr Amho.{edmbrH$ Mr é§Xr {h‘mMb àXoe ‘Ü¶o 50 {H$.‘r. Vo AéUmMb àXoe ‘Ü¶o 15 {H$.‘r. nojmH$‘r Agr {^Þ Amho. hr loUr OdiOdi AI§S> AZwH«$‘mZo ImbÀ¶m Q>oH$S>çmZr 80-90{H$.‘r. A§Vamda AgyZ {VñQ>m ZXrÀ¶m Xè¶mZr ì¶mnbobr Amho. {edmbrH$ Mr C§Mr g‘wÐgnmQ>rnmgwZ600 Vm 1500 {‘. ‘Ü¶o Amho.

{h‘mb¶mÀ¶m {Z{‘©Vr‘Ü¶o,{edmbrH$ eodQ>r Agë¶m‘wio, ZXrÀ¶m àdhmbm {h‘mb¶mZ danmohMÊ¶mnmgyZ AS>Wim {Z‘m©U Ho$ë¶m‘wio, XarV ‘moR>o Vbmd {Z‘m©U Pmbo øm VbmdmZ ZXrZr AmUcocm Jmi O‘m Pmbm. {edmbrH$ loUr‘YwZ ZXrMm ‘mJ© H$Q> Pmë¶m‘wio, Vio dmhZ JoboAm{U ‘¡XmZo amhÿZ Jobr Á¶mbm npíM‘ ‘Ü¶o Sw>Ýg Am{U nwd}‘Ü¶o Sw>Amg© Ago åhUVmV. CÎmam§Mb‘Yrb XohamSw>Z ho Agm ‘¡XmZm§Mo gdm}Îm‘ CXmhaU Amho Oo 75 {H$.‘r. bm§d Am{U 15-20{H$.‘r. é§X Amho.

{h‘mb¶mVrb A{V nwd}À¶m ^mJmg ~«÷nwÌm ZXrMo Imoao AmT>iVo. AéUmMb àXoemVrb{Vhm§J ì¶mbr Z§Va {h‘m¶b nd©V EH$m ho¶a {nZ gmaIm dmHw$Z X{jUobm diVmo. ^maVmÀ¶mnwd}bm diVm§Zm ¶mbm nwdmªMb Q>oH$S>çm åhUVmV Á¶m CÎma npíM‘ amÁ¶mVwZ OmVmV Am{U~hþVme… Jmi IS>H$m nmgwZ ~Zbobr Amho. nwdm©Mb Q>oH$S>çm§Zm àmXoerH$ Zmd {Xbo Ogo nVH$mBQ>oH$S>çm ZmJm {hëg, ‘{Unwar {hëg,H$mgr {hëg Am{U {‘Pmo {hëg.

{h‘mb¶mMm maVr¶ Vmn‘mZmda ’$ma ‘moR>m à^md AmT>iVmo. hm {h‘mb¶ ‘Ü¶ Am{emVwZ¶oUmè¶m W§S> hdog {h‘mb¶ nd©V AmS>dVmo d ^maVmMo H$S>m³¶mÀ¶m W§S>rnmgwZ g§ajU H$aVmo.{h‘mb¶m‘wio ^maVmV CÝhmù¶mV nmD$g nS>Vmo d ‘mÝgwZ hdm‘mZ AmT>iVo. {h‘mb¶ nd©V

^maVmÀ`m ZH$memV Imbrb nd©V am§Jm- Q>oH$S>çm Xe©dm

Q>oH$S>çm amîQ²>/ amÁ`nwdmªMbnmR>H$mB©ZmJm Q>oH$S>çm_{Unwa ‹Q>oH$S>çm

SCERT TELANGANA


Zgbm AgVm Va CÎma maV ~’$m©ÀN>mXrV dmid§Q> ~Zbm AgVm. {h‘mb¶mVrb ZÚm§‘wio gwnrH$ ‘¡XmZoV¶ma Pmbr.nmdgmù`mV nmD$g VWm Vmn_mZmVrb ~Xbmg {h_mb` nd©V H$maUr wV Amho. Oa {h_mb` nd©V ZgVmVa CËVa ^maV H$moaS>m amhrbm AgVm.{h_ ZÚm§_wio g§nwU© CÎma ^maVmVrb ZX² m ~ma_mhr dmhVmV.S>m|Ja X‹è¶mVwZ dmhV Agë`m_wio _moR>çm n«>_mUmV gwnrH$ _mVr _¡XmZr mJmV oVo. m_wio m ZÚm§Mo ImoaogwnrH$ ~Zbo Amho.

J§Jm-{g§Yw ZXrMo _¡XmZo {h_mb`mVrb ZX² m J§Jm,qgYw, ~«÷nwÌm, Ë`m§À`m CnZÚm§_wio CÎma ^maVmV gwnrH$ ‘¡XZo V¶ma

Pmbr. gmYmaUV… 20 H$moQ>r dfm©nwdu `m ^mJmV \$ma _moR>r Xar Agmdr H$moQ>çmdYr dfmªÀ`m AI§S>n«>dmhm_wio `m ^mJmVrb Xar ^éZ _¡XmZ V`ma Pmbo.

^maV XoemVrb J§Jm-qgYw ZÚmÀ`m n«>Xoemg _w»`V… VrZ ^mJmV {d^mOrV H$aVm oVo1. npíM_ ^mJ 2. _Ü` ^mJ 3. nwd© ^mJ1) npíM_r mJmVwZ dmhUmar qgYw ZXr,[VMr CnZXr, {Pb_,{MZm~, amdr, {~`mg, gVbP ZÚm

{Z_m©U Pmë`m.qgYw ZXrMm A{YH$ ‹àm§Vr` ^mJ nmH$sñVmZmV Amho. WmoS>m ^mJ _mÌ ^maV XoemVrbn§Om~, h[a`mUm _¡XmZmV Amho. `m àm§§VmV H$mù`m H$gXma w_rMo nÅ>o AmhoV. XmoZ ZXrÀ`m _Yë`m^mJmg {Ì wO (doab) àXoe Ago åhUVmV.

2) J§Jm ZXrMo _¡XmZ - ho _¡XmZ KmJa ZXr nmgwZ {Vï>m ZXrn ªV ngabr Amho. hm ^mJ àW_V…CÎma‹àXoe,{~hma amîQ²>mVrb WmoS>m h[a`mZm, PmaI§S>, npíM_ ~§Jmb amîQ´>§m_Ü o Amho. BH$S>o J§Jm `_wZmZÚm d Ë`m§À`m CnZÚm gmoZ,H$mogr dmhV AgVmV.

3) nwd© ^mJ àW‘V… Agm‘‘Yrb ~«÷nwÌm Imoè¶m‘Ü¶o Amho. hm ‘w»¶V… ~«÷nwÌm ZXr‘wi {Z‘m©UPmbm.

{h‘mb¶mVrg ZÚm CÎmaoH$S>o dmhVm§Zm Amnë¶màdmhm~amo~a ‘moR-‘moR>o XJS>-JmoQ>o ¶m§Zm erdmbrH$nd©V loUrVrb gmYmaUV… 8 Vo 16 {H$.‘r^mJm‘Ü¶o ngadrVmV. O{‘ZrÀ¶m ¶m ñnénmbm^m~a Ago åhUVmV. hm ^mJ g‘¥Õ Amho, ZÚmAm{U BVa Obàdmh ¶m ImbwZ àdmhrV hmoD$Z

Fig : 1.7 Cross Section of Northern Platau, the Gangetic plain, and the Himalaya’s

{MÌ 1.8 : Agm_{Yb ~«÷nwÌm Imoè`mVrb EH$ Jmd

{h_mb`mMm ~mY

J§Jm _¡XmZ_Ü` nR>mar` ^mJ

{MÌ 1.7 : _Ü` nR>mar` w mJ, J§Jm _¡XmZ,{h_mb`mMm ~m§Y

SCERT TELANGANA


nwÝhm gIb ^mJmV dmhVmV. ¶mbmM VamB© Ago åhUVmV. EHo$H$mir ¶m VamB© ^mJmV KZXmQ>O§Jbo, d¡{eîQ>çnwU© dÝ¶Ord g§nXm hmoVr. VWmnr maVmÀ¶m ’$miUrÀ¶m doiog {Zdm©grVm§gmR>r¶mM VamB© ^mJmVrb O§Jbo VmoSw>Z eoVr ¶mo½¶ O{‘ZrMr {Z‘uVr H$aÊ¶mV Ambr. ¶m‘wio VamB©^mJmÀ¶m X{jUobm A{V gwnrH$ H$gXma O{‘Z {Z‘m©U Pmbr.{ÛnH$ën nR>ma ^w{_

^maV XoemVrb nR>ma w mJmÀ`m {VÝhr ~mOwg g_Ð AmhoV. Ë`mgmR>r Ë`m nR>maw mJm§Zm nR>ma w_r Ago åhUVmV. BH$S>o _w»`V… nwamVZ ñ\$Q>rH$, Am¾rOÝ` IS>H$, énm§VarV

IS>H$ AmT>iVmV. ^maVr` nR>ma w{__Ü o bmoh, Abmoh I{ZO nXmW© Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZo gwÕm_moR>çm à_mUmV AmhoV. g^modVrb Jmob Aí`m Q>oH$S>çm H$_r ImobÀ`m AgwZ é§Xr OmñV Amho,hr nR>ma w_r nwd© ~mOwg WmoS>rer CËVa Amho. nwd©o nwd[ H$S>À`m Q>oH$S>çm n{íM_obm npíM_rQ>oH$S>çm, hr nR>ma w_rÀ`m X{jUrH$S>o H$Ý`mHw$_mar Amho.

{ÛH$ën nR>ma w_rbm àW_V… XmoZ mJmV {d^mJUr Ho$br Amho. Vo _Ü`dVu C§MrMm w mJ(_mbdm nR>ma w_r) Am{U X{jU nR>ma w_r. ^maV XoemÀ`m ^m¡{VH$ ZH$memV J§Jm ZXrÀ`m_¡XmZmÀ`m X{jUog, Z_©Xm ZXrÀ`m CÎmaog Agboë`m _Ü`dVu C§MrÀ`m w mJm§Zm AmoiIm.¶mÀ¶m gr‘obm {d§Ü¶ nd©V loUr Amho. BH$S>rb npíM_og Agbobr _mbdm nR>ma w_rMm àm§V

bm§~ AgVmo. BH$S>rb ZÚm gVV dmhVZmhrV. Xþgè`m {nH$mbm nmUr nwa{dÊ`mgmR>rVio, {dhrar, mda AmYmarV amhmdo bmJVo,_Ü`dVu nR>ma y‘rÀ¶m CÎmaog dmhUmè`mZÚm§Zm AmoiIm. N>moQ>m>ZmJnwa nR>ma w mJmVI{ZO g§nXm g_¥Õ Amho.

{MÌ 1.9 : X¸$Z nR>ma ^w{_

npíM_r KmQ> X¸$Z nR>ma w{_ nwdu KmQ>nwdu VQ>r` ènm§V

Vw_À`m ZH$mem_Ü o maV XoemÀ`m m¡{VH$ {MÌmV C§MrÀ`mAm{U gH$b ^mJ {MÌmV Imbrb èn_mUo XmIdm. _mbdmB©nR>ma w mJ, ~§wXobI§S ~mKobm I§S> amO>_hb Q>oH$S>çm Am{UN>moQ>m ZmJnwa nR>ma.>ZH$memÀ`m ghmæ`mZo {Q>~oQ> nR>ma w mJmMr VwbZm H$éZd[ab {Xboë`m nR>ma w_r {H$Vr C§Mrda AmhoV. _m{hVrgm§Jm.

npíM_r VQ>r` ènm§V

SCERT TELANGANA


Z_©Xm ZXrÀ`m X{jUogAgboë`m {Ì wOH$ma àm§Vm§Zm X¸$Z nR>maw{_ Ago åhUVmV. gmVnwS>o nd©Vo X¸$Z

nR>ma ^w{_À`m CÎma gahXH$S>o AmhoV._hmXod H¡$_ma, _¡H$mb loUrMm WmoS>mgm^mJ nwd© {Xeobm Amho, npíM_ gahXrH$S>o,nwdu Q>oH$S>çm nwdu gahX H$S>Mo Am{U{ZbJrar nd©V X{jU gahX H$S>o AmhoV.

npíM_rH$S>rb Q> oH$S>çm npíM_{H$Zmè`mbm g_m§Va AmhoV. npíM_ Q>oH$S>çm{N>Þ-{^Þ S>moÊ`m AgwZ _Ü §Var H$mhrQ>oH$S>çm {H$Zmè`mdH$sb _¡XmZm§Zm àdoe Ûmamgma»`m N>moQ>çm qIS>r AmhoV. nwd} H$S>rbQ>oH$S>çmnojm npíM_oH$S>rb Q>oH$S>çm C§MAmhoV.`m H$maUm_wio npíM_o HSw>Z nwd©H$S>oKgaë`m AmhoV. ({MÌ 1.9). nmhm.npíM_oH$S>rb Q>oH$S>çm 1600 {H$._r bm§~ AmhoV. JwS>bwé BWo {ZbJrar nd©Vo npíM_r Q>oH$S>çm§Zm{_giVmV, `m 2000 _r. C§MrÀ`m AmhoV. à{gÕr JmObobo CÝhmù`mVrb W§S>Jma AgUmao{R>H$mUo {ZbJrar nd©Vm_Ü o AmhoV. Ë`m§ZmM AmnU D$Q>r Ago åhUVmo, `m {ZbJrar nd©VmMoC§M {eIa XmoQ>m~oQ>m (2637 _r.) Amho, AmZm`_wS>r, niZr (V{_iZmSw>) AÞm_bm`, H$mS>©__(Ho$abm)_Ü o Amho. X{jU maV Xoem_Ü o S>m|JamVrb AÞm_moS>r{eIa (2695 _r.) gdm©V C§M Amho.

nwd© KmQ> ho {ZbJrar nd©VmVrb ‘hmZXrÀ¶m Xè¶mImoè¶mnmgwZ nwd© KmQ> V¶ma hmoVo. hm mJ gb¾ Zmhr. npíM‘KmQ>mdéZ dmhV ¶oUmè¶m JmoXmdar, {H«$îUm ¶m ZÚm dmhV¶oD$Z ~§JmbÀ¶m CngmJamV {‘giVmV. nwd© KmQ>mVrb nd©Vm§Mrgamgar C§Mr 900 ‘r. Amho. gdm©V C§M nd©V {eIa Amamo‘mH$m|S>m({M§V‘H$m|S>m) 1680 ‘r. Amho. ¶m{edm¶ Z„m‘„m, do„rH$m|S>‘,nmbH$m|S>m, eofmMb‘, ¶m Q>oH$S>çm nwd© KmQ>mV AmT>iVmV. hond©V Ádmbm‘wIrVwZ Pmë¶m‘wio ¶oWrb O‘rZ H$mir Amho.

{MÌ 1.10 : npíM_ Q>oH$S>çmVrb AÞm_bm` S>m|Jao (nd©Vo)

^maVmÀ¶m C§M gIc ^w‘rXe©{dUmè¶m ZH$mem ~Km dnwd©KmQ>, npíM‘KmQ> d {V~oQ> nR>ma{h‘mc¶ {eIao ¶m§Mr VwcZm H$am^maV XoemVrb C§M Am{U gH$bàXoemVrb ZH$mem_Üò nwdr4Am{U n{íM_ Q>oH$S>çm§Mr C§Mr d{Q>~oQ> nR>ma w_r m§Mr {h_mb`mV{eIam§er VwbZm H$am.

ZH$mem 3 : {ÛH$ën nR>ma w{_

Aao{~¶Z g‘wÐ~§JmbMm CngmJa

{h§X ‘hmgmJa

SCERT TELANGANA


Wma dmid§Q > Wma dmid§Q> ^maVmÀ¶m Amamdbr nd©VmÀ¶m X{jUHo$S>rb ^mJmV AgwZ CVmamH$S>o

ngabobo AmT>iVo. ¶oWo A{Ve¶ H$‘r nO©Ý¶‘mZ AmT>iVo. ¶m ^mJmVrb gamgar nO©Ý¶‘mZdfm©bm 100 Mo 150 ‘r.‘r BVHo$ AgVo. ¶m dmid§Q>mV C§M C§M dmiwMo {T>J d dmiwZo ngabobo‘¡XmZo AmT>iVmV. ¶mbm aoVr Ho$ {Qã~o Ago åhUVmV. amOñWmZ ‘Yrb npíM‘oH$S>rb ^mJ ¶mdmid§Q>m§Zr ì¶mnbobm Amho. eoVr A{Ve¶ H$‘r nmdgmMo WmoS>o ’$ma nmUr Pè¶mVwZ dmhVm§ZmAmT>iVo. nU Vo bJoM gwHw$Z OmVo. ho Pao, ZÚm dmiwV {déZ OmVmV. g‘wÐmn¶ªV OmV Zmhr.ZXr bwUr hr EH$M ZXr dmid§Q>mV dmhV AgVo. H$mbì`mVrb nmUr g_wÐmbm Z OmVmgamodamÀ`m _mÜ`_mVwZ dmhV AgVo.

{H$Zmar _¡XmZo {ÛH$ën nR>ma w_r X{jUobm Aa~r g‘wÐ d npíM‘ KmQ> ¶mV {Z‘wiVr ‘¡XmZ nÅ>r

AmT>iVo. ~§JmbMm CngmJa _mJo bhmZ bhmZ {H$Zmar _¡XmZo AmhoV. npíM_oVrb {H$Zmar_¡XmZo aZ Am°\$ H$ÀN> nmgwZ gwé hmoD$Z H$Ý`mHw$_mar n ªV ngabobr AmhoV. nwd} H$S>rb {H$ZmarnÅ>r _¡XmZo npíM_oH$S>rb {H$ZmarnÅ>r _¡XmZmhþZ é§X AmhoV. ho {H$Zmar _¡XmZo C§M Imbr AgwZQ>oH$S>çm§_wio AbJAbJ Qw>H$S>çm§gmaIo {XgVmV. `mMr VrZ ^mJmV {d^mJUr H$aVm oVo:

1) H$mo>>§H$U {H$UmanÅ>r - hr CÎma ^mJmV, _hmamï´>>, Jmodm_Ü o ì`mnbobr Amho.2) Ho$Zam {H$UmanÅ>r - hr _Ü`^mJr - H$Zm©Q>H$mVrb {H$UmanÅ>r `mVM _moS>Vo.3) _bm~ma {H$UmanÅ>r - Ho$ai amÁ¶mV X{úmUoH$S>rc gdm©V eodQ>r {H$ZmanÅ>r

XoemVrb AË §V bm§~ Agm B§{XamJm§Yr H$mbdm (650 {H$._r), n§OmdnmgwZ gwé hmoVmo Am{U Wma dmid§Q>m§ZmnmUr nwadR>m H$[aV AgVo. `mH$maUm_wio dmid§Q>mVrb {H$Vr VarhoŠQ>a O{_Z AmobrV AgVo.{MÌ 1.11 : Wma dmid§Q>mVrb EH$ Amdmg àm§V

{MÌ 1.12 : gw§Xa~ZMr O§Jbo

SCERT TELANGANA


^maV XoemÀ`m ^m¡JmobrH$ZH$memVrb {Ì^wO ènX oeAmoiIm? Ë`mVrb \$aH$ H$moUVo?J§Jm-{g>>±Yw _¡XmZm§er Ë`m§Mr VwbZmH$am?

nwd}H$S>rb {H$ZmanÅ>rVrb _¡XmZo é§X AgwZ A{YH$ wn¥ð>merì`mnbobr Amho. _hmZXr, JmoXmdar, H¥$îUm, H$mdar ZÚm nmgwZ{Z_m©U Pmbobo ho _¡XmZ A{YH$ gwnrH$ AmhoV, ho {H$Zma nÅ>r_¡XmZo ñWm`r bmoH$ doJdoJù`m ZmdmZo AmoiIVmV. CXm. VwîH$b{H$ZmanÅ>r (Amoargm) gaH$ma {H$ZmanÅ>r (Am§Y«àXoe) H$moa_§S>b{H$ZmanÅ>r (Vm{_iZmSw>) J§Jm-qgYw _¡XmZo gmaIo hm S>>oëQ>m({Ì wOàXoe) gw{nH$ AgwZ H¥$f{f joÌmV {dH$grV Pmbobm Amho.H$moñVm àm§§VmVrb _mgmoir ì`dgm` g_¥Õ Amho. AmoargmVrb {MëH$m gamoda, Am§Y«àXoemVrb H$moëbé,nwbrH$Q> ViE pŠaîUm {H$ZmanÅ>rVrb _¡XmZm§Mo _w»` ^m¡JmobrH$ KQ>H$ AmhoV.

{Ûn^maV XoemV XmoZ {Ûn g_wh AmhoV. ~§JmbÀ`m CngmJamVrb A§X_mZ, {ZH$mo~ma {Ûn

g_wh d Aao{~`m g_wXmVrb bj{Ûn g_wh ho hmoV. _`Ý_ma nd©Vo AmH}$Z`m_mnmgwZ gwé hmoD$Z g_wXmVrb ~wS>mboë`m nd©Vmgmo~V g_wXmVrb dar Q>moH$Agbobo {eIa nm§V åhUOo A§X_mZ-{ZH$mo~ma {Ûn hmoV. ho {Ûn ZmaH$moS>m_,~maoZ {Ûn `m Am¾r nd©Vm_wio {Z_m©U Pmbo Amho. ^maVmÀ`m X{jUoH$S>o{ZH$mo~ma {Ûn_Ü o B§{Xam nm°BªQ> Odi Amho 2004 _Ü o g§ dboë`m gwZm_r_Ü ohr {Ûno ~ir Jobr Amho. bj{Ûn ~oQ>mnmgwZ Vo {ZH$mo~maÀ`m {H$Um‹è`mn ªVMm^mJ ~wS>r joÌmV Ambo.`mMo joÌ\$i 32 Mm¡.{H$._r. Amho, `m ^mJmVrb {d{dYnH$maMr d¥j g§nXm, O¡{dH$ g§nXm, A{Ve` à{gÕ Aer hmoVr. bj{Ûn ~oQ>mdaH$moaëg AmT>iVmV. ¶m ^mJmVrb O¡{dH$, d¥j gn§Xm A{Ve¶ g‘¥Õ Amho.

^maVr` {Zdmgr w mJmV m¡JmobrH$ ñdénmV {H$Vr Var {d{dYVm AmT>iVmV. H$mhr àm§Vo {h_mb`mVwZdmhV Agboë`m CVw§Jm ZXrnmgwZ nmUr nwadR>m {_iVmo. AmUIr H$mhr npíM_ Q>oH$S>çm H$S>o nS>boë`mnmdgmÀ`m AmYmao CJ_ nmdboë`m ZÚm nmgwZ ì`dgm` MmbVmo. AZoH$ nm§VmV ZÚm _¡XmZo_Ü o AmhoVAm{U H$m§hr nd©Vo gwÕm AmhoV.

{MÌ 1.13 : Coral Reefs

‘hËdmMo eãXOrdZXr {ÛH$ën H$moab Sw>Z A§Jmam w_rJm|S>dmZm w_r {edmbrH$ nwdmªMb bmao{g`m

A NicobarBird

SCERT TELANGANA


Vw‘À¶m Aä`mgm §Mr n wZamd¥Îmr H$am1. npíM_obm Agboë`m JwOamV_Ü o AéUmMb àXoenojm gw m}X` XmoZ K§Q>o AJmoXa CJdVmo, na§Vw

KS>çmù`m§Mr doi gdmªZm gmaIr XmIdVo. H$maUo gm§Jm?2. {h‘mc¶ àñVwV ñWmZr Zgco AgVo Va Vo Hw$R>o ñWrV Pmco AgVo? maV CnI§S>mMo hdm_mZ H$go

am{hbo AgVo.3. {h‘mb¶ nd©VmMo {d{dY loUt‘Yrb {d^mOZ gm§JwZ {h‘mb¶Mm X{jUoH$S>rb nR>mamda, VoWrb

hdm‘mZma H$m¶ n[aUm‘ hmoVo Vo gm§Jm?4. {h‘mb¶mMm H¥$fr joÌmda hmoUmam n[aUm‘ gm§Jm?5. J§Jm-qgYw àm§VmV bmoH$g§»¶m OmñV AgVo. H$maUo gm§Jm?

6. ^maV XoemÀ¶m ZH$memV Imbrb ñWmZo Xe©dm:(i) Q>oH$S>çm, nd©Vo - H$maH$mo_, OñH$a, nmQ>H$m`, O¡qV`m, qdÚmnd©V, Aamdbr, H$mS>©H$m_Q>oH$S>çm. (ii) {eIao – K2, H$m§MZJ§Jm, Z§Jmnd©«V, AmZ¡_wS>r(iii) nR>ma w mJ - N>moQ>m ZmJnwa, _mbdm ( iv) maV dmid§Q> - npíM_ Q>oH$S>çm, bj{Ûn

7. ZH$memÀ¶m ghmæ`mZo Imbrb {R>H$mU XmIdm:(i) Am¾r nd©VmMm ñ\$moQ> hmoD$Z {Z_m©U Pmbobo {Ûn(ii) maV CnI§S>mÀ`m {Xem(iii) H$H©$d¥Îm> aoIm OmUmao amÁ`(iv) ^maV w mJmV CÎmaog Agbobm Amjm§e - {S>J«r _Ü o(v) maV w mJmV X{jUog Agbobm Amjm§e - {S>J«r _Ü o(vi) gdm©V nwd}bm, npíM_oH$S>rb Agboë`m aoIm§e {S>J«r _Ü o(vii) {VÝhr ~mOw§Zr g_wX Agbobm aoIm§e {S>J«r _Ü o(viii) maVmbm Am{U lrb§Ho$bm doJir H$aUmar Obg§Yr(ix) ^maVmVrb H|$X emgrV amÁ` (x) {h_mc` nd©V {dñVmarV mJ

8. nwd}H$S>rb _¡XmZ àm§Vo Am{U n{íM_oH$S>rb _¡XmZo `m_Yrb g_mZVm d {d^rÞVm ñnï> H$am? 9. nR>ma y‘r H¥$fr joÌmg ‘¡XmZr àXoemnojm H$‘r Cn¶wº$ R>aVo H$maUo gm§Jm? 10. {h‘mb¶ nd©V {Ûn g‘wh , {H$Zmar àXoe ¶m~Ôb ‘m{hVr dmMm d EH$ Vº$m V¶ma H$am. 11. ^maVXoemÀ`m {dH$mgmV {h_mc` nd©V à_wI w{_H$m nma nmS>V Amho. dU©Z H$am?

n«H$ënVw_À`m ZH$mem g§À`mV ^m¡{VH$, ^m¡JmobrH$ KQ>H$, C§MrMo BVa {MÌm§Zm Cn`moJ H$éZO{_Zrda _mVrZo ^maVmMm Z_wZm V`ma H$am, {d{dY ^m¡JmobrH$ KQ>H$ XmI{dÊ`mgmR>rdoJdoJir _mVr qH$dm aoVrMm Cn`moJ H$am. {eIam§À`m C§MrVrb \$aH$ XmIdm. ZÚm§ZmAmoiIm. ZmH$mem g§À`mVrb EH$m ZH$memV O§JbmMm mJ, nd©V Am{U nmUrÀ`m ghmæ`mZogwemo rV H$am. H$mbm§VamZo Ë`mV BVa Jmoï>r OmoS>m.

SCERT TELANGANA

gm‘m{OH$ AÜ¶¶Z14 {dH$mgmMo Cnm¶

YS>m2AmnÊmmg H$m¶ H$aÊ¶mg AmdS>ob Am{U

H$í¶mnH$mao AmnÊmmg OJÊ¶mg AmdS>ob ¶m{df¶rAmnë¶m nwîH$i ‘hËdH$m§jm AgVmV. Ë¶mMà‘mUoAmnbm Xoe H$gm Agbm nmhrOo, ¶m{df¶rAmnë¶mH$S>o Cnm¶ AmhoV. H$moUË¶m ‘hËdmÀ¶mJmoï>r AmhoV, Á¶mMr AmnUmg JaO Amho? Amnë¶mgdm©gmR>r {OdZ Mm§Jbo Agw eH$Vo H$m? Amnë¶m‘Ü¶og‘mZVm Agw eH$Vo H$m? darb níZmda Ho$bmOmUmam {dMma ¶m§Mm g‘mdoe {dH$mg ¶m KQ>H$mdaAdb§~wZ AgVmo. Am{U {dH$mgmMo Ü¶o¶ nmáH$aÊ¶mH$[aVm AmnU n¶ËZ H$é eH$Vmo. ho H${R>UH$m¶© Amho. ¶m nmR>m‘Ü¶o AmnU {dH$mg åhUOoH$m¶ Amho? ho g‘OÊ¶mMm n«¶ËZ H$é ¶m.

doJdoJù¶m bm oH$m §Mr {dH$mgmg§~ §YrAgUmar Anojm d Ë¶m §M o Ü¶o¶.Mbm H$ënZm H$é ¶m, doJdoJù¶m bmoH$m§gmR>r {dH$mgqH$dm nJVr åhUOo H$m¶ Amho. Vm{bH$m 1 ‘Ü¶o¶m{df¶r g{dñVa ‘m{hVr {Xbobr Amho. Ë¶m§À¶m‘hËdH$m§jm H$m¶ AmhoV? bjmV ¶oB©b H$mhraH$mZo ³d{MVnUo âbobo AmhoV. Vm{bH$m nwU©H$aÊ¶mMm n«¶ËZ H$am. ì¶³VrÀ¶m BVa JQ>m§Mm g‘mdoe Vm{bHo$‘Ü¶o Vwåhr H$é eH$Vm H$m?

Vº$m 1 : AZoH JQ>mVrb ì¶º$s¨Mo {dH$mgmg§~§YrMo Ü¶o¶

ì¶º$sMm JQ> {dH$mgmg§~§Yr Agbobo Ü¶o¶ - ‘hËdH$m§jmeoV Zgbobo Jm‘rU amoOJma OmñV {Xdg H$m‘ Am{U OmñV ‘Owa Ë¶m§À¶m ‘wbm§Zm CÎm‘

XOm©Mo {ejU XoUmè¶m JmdmVrb emim, g‘mOmV oX^md ZgbonmhrOoV d Vo gwÕm JmdmMo ZoV¥Ëd H$é eH$VmV.

g‘¥Õ eoVH$ar Ë¶m§À¶m {nH$m§Zm OmñVrMo R>am{dH$ ^md {‘imdo d Ë¶mÛmaoË¶m§À¶m Hw$Qw>§{~¶m§Zm ImÌrMo CËnÞ {‘imdoV, H${R>U narl‘H$aUmao d H$‘r ‘OwarV H$m‘Jma {‘imdoV.

{dH$mgmÀ¶m g§H$ënZm

{MÌ 2.1 : ¶m ì¶dñWoV ‘r {dH$mg H$é eH$V Zmhr.‘mÂ¶m{edm¶ Vo {dH$mg H$é eH$V ZmhrV,

SCERT TELANGANA


Are We There Y e t?○ ○ ○

VmbrH$m (gmaUr) 1. nwU© Ho$ë¶mZ§Va Vo AmVm AmnU nS>VmiwZ nmhw ¶m. ¶m gd© bmoH$m§Mm {dH$mgm~ÔbMm {dMma gmaImM Amho H$m? Vgo H$Xmnr Zmhr, Ë`m§À¶mn¡H$s àË¶oH$m§Mo {dMma d JaOm doJdoJù¶mAmhoV Ë¶m§Zm Ë¶m§À¶m Ñï>rZo ‘hËdmÀ¶m Agcoë¶m Jmoï>rM hì¶m AmhoV. Á¶m ¶moJo Vo Amnë¶m Anoúmm nwU©H$é eH$Vrc qH$~hþZm EH$mM doir XmoZ ì¶º$s qH$dm XmoZ g‘whmÀ¶m JaOm doJù¶m nañna {damoYr AgweH$VmV. ‘wcrcm {VÀ¶m ^mdmcm OodT>o ñdmV§Í¶ d g§Yr {‘iVo VodT>rM Vrcmhr {‘imdr Ago dmQ>Vo.VgoM Ë¶m§Zo {hÀ¶m à‘mUo KaH$m‘mVrc O~m~Xmar CMcmdr Ago dmQ>Vo. Oo {VÀ¶m ^mdmcm AmdS>ocM

Ago Zmhr. Ë¶mM à‘mUo COm© OmñV,àm{á gmR>r, gaH$maZm ZdrZ COm©YaUo ~m§YÊ¶mMr ¶moOZm AmImdr.nU ho YaU ~m§YVm§Zm H$XmMrV Vo{VÀ¶m ^mdmbm AmdSw> eH$V Zmhr,Ë¶mMà‘mUo CÚmoJnVtZm OmñV{dOoMm nyadR>m nmhrOo Ë¶mgmR>r Ë¶m§ZmYaUm§Mr Amdí¶H$Vm AgVo nUË¶mgmR>r Ë¶m§Zm OmñV ^y‘rMrAmdí¶H$Vm AgVo. ¶m‘wio gw{nH$O{‘Z YaUm Imbr Joë¶m‘wioAm{Xdmgr Am{U eoVH$è¶m §À¶mOrdZmV AZoH$ AS>MUr ¶ody eHVmV.¶m‘wio g§Kf©Mr n[añWrVr {Z‘m©U KoVo.

{MÌ 2.2 : Oa AmnU ‘mZd B{VhmgmMm {dMma H$aVmo V|ìhm {dH$mg ¶m KQ>H$mg AmnU H$go g‘OUma,H$moUmMm {dH$mg Pmbobm Amho? Ogo {eH$ma H$aUmè¶m§Mr g§»¶m 2,00,000 dfm© g§~§Yr Ooìhm nmgwZ eoVrH$aÊ¶m gwédmV Ho$br Ë¶mMo df© (12000 dfm©JmoXa) AmYw{ZH$ CÚmoJY§Xo (400 dfm©JmoXa) Pmbobr Amho.

Ho$di nmdgmÀ¶m nmÊ¶mda AmYmarVeoVr H$aUmao eoVH$arO{‘ZXma Hw$Qw>§~mVrb Jm‘rU ór

ehamVrb ~oamoOJma ‘wbo,VéU ‘wbo

ehar d lr‘§V Hw$Qw>§~mVrb ‘wbJm

ehar d lr‘§V Hw$Qw>§~mVrb ‘wbJr {Vbm BVHo$ ñdmV§Í¶ {‘imdo {OVHo$ {VÀ¶m mdmbmAmho. d Amnë¶m OrdZmV H$m¶ H$am¶Mo Amho, ¶mMm{ZU©¶ KoVm Ambm nmhrOo, {Vbm Zm‘m§{H$V, ImOJre¡j{jH$ g§ñWo ‘Ü¶o {ejU KoÊ¶mg AmdS>oc.

ImZr‘Ü¶o H$m‘ H$aUmam Am{XdmgrVQ>r¶ {d^mJmVrb ‘Ëñ¶ ‘marg‘OmVbm ì¶º$s

SCERT TELANGANA


{dH$mg H$moUmMm?[dH$mg H$m¶©H«$‘ am~dVmV Omo

cmoH$m§À¶m hrVmÀ¶m AgVmo. AZoH$g§Kf©‘¶ n[apñWVr {Z‘m©U hmoD$eH$Vo. Vm{‘iZmSw>À¶m {VéZobdobr{OëømV Oo AUw {dO {Z{‘©VrMmàH$ën Amho, {ZpíMVM {dH$mg àH$ënH$moUË¶m nÜXVrZo am~{dcm OmVmo ¶mdaho Adc§~wZ Amho.Vo Mmbw Agboë¶mAm§XmobZmMo VmOo CXm. Amho. ^maVgaH$maZo g‘wÐ VQ>mda dgboë¶m g‘wXrem§V (EH$m§V) eham‘Ü¶o AUw {dO {Z{‘©VrÀ¶m nH$ënmMr ñWmnZm Ho$br ¶mMm EH$‘od CÚoe Iwn OmñV{dÚwV {Z‘m©U H$aUo d XoemMr dmT>Vr JaO nwU© H$aUo hmo¶. VoWrb bmoH$ Amnë¶m gwajoÀ¶m dCnOrdrHo$À¶m H$maUmdéZ ¶m nH$ënmMm {damoY H$[aV AmhoV. {XK©H$mi ¶m {daomYmV bT>m XoÊ¶mV AmbmAmho, emók, n[aga Vk, d g‘mVgwYmaH$ ¶m gdmªZr ¶m àH$ënmÀ¶m {damoYmV {Q>H$m Ho$bobr Amho. ¶mnH$ënmÀ¶m {damoYmV Vo gd©OZ bmoH$m§À¶m ~mOwZ C o am[hbo AmhoV. gaH$maÀ¶m YmoaUm§Mm {damoY H$aUmaonÌ Ë¶mMm ‘OHw$a Agm Amho, Oo Amåhr ¶m Aemg{H$¶ AUw {dÚwV {Z‘uVrÀ¶m àH$ënmMm {damoY H$arVAmhmoV. AmnU ¶m {damoYm‘wio ZmamO ìhmb, na§Vw Amåhmbm VQ>dVu àXoemVrb KmVH$ d {dfmarÐì¶mnmgwZ gwajm OmñV ‘hËdmMr dmQ>Vo. Amåhmbm Am‘Mm Xoe d VQ>dVu àXoemMo ao{S>¶mo A°³Q>rdbhatnmgwZ g§ajU hdo Ë¶mgmR>r àH$ën Wm§~dm. n¶m©¶ åhUwZ nwZ©{Z‘uVr D$Om© àH$ënmMm n¶m©¶ emoYm.gaH$maMo åhUZo Ago Amho Hr, bmoH$m§À¶m gwa{jVoMr nwU© H$miOr hm àH$ënm gwé H$aVm§Zm KoVbobr Amho.bmoH$m§Mm {damoY Mmbw AgVm§Zmhr àH$ën Mmbw H$aÊ¶mMm gaH$maMm {ZYm©a R>m‘ Amho. darb MMo©déZ XmoZJmoï>r ñnï> hmoVmV. AmU{dH$ D$Om© hr ñdÀN>/ewÕ D$O©oMo ómoV Ago g‘Obo OmZo Am{U ‘m§JÊ¶m nyU©H$aÊ¶mgmR>r n¶m©¶r D$Om© ómoV nwaogo Zmhr.(1) {^Þ-^rÞ ì¶º$s¨Mo {dH$mgm g~§YrMo Ü¶o¶ {^Þ Agw eH$VmV.(2) EImÚm gmR>r Or Jmoï> {dH$mg dmQ>Vo VrM BVam§gmR>r {dH$mg dmQ>V Zmhr H$Xm{MV Vr Jmoï> BVam§gmR>r

{dZmH$maUmMm Agw eH$Vo.• Vw‘À¶m JmdmgmR>r, ehamgmR>r d Vw‘À¶m H$m°bZrgmR>r H$mhr {dH$mgmMo Ü¶o¶ H$m¶ Agw eH$Vo?• AUw {dÚwV {Z{‘©Vr nH$ënmÀ¶m nm§VmV AgUmè¶m bmoH$m§V Am{U gaH$ma‘Ü¶o H$moUË¶m {df¶mda g§Kf©

Mmbw hmoVm?• Vw‘À¶m AmOw-~mOybm Agboë¶m Aí¶m {ddmXmñnX nH$ënm ~Ôb Vwåhmbm ‘mhrV Amho H$m? Ë¶mÀ¶m

XmoÝhr ~mOyZo Pmboë¶m dmX-{ddmXm~Ôb ‘m{hVr {‘idm. ¶mbm Ý¶m{¶H$ Cnm¶ H$gm {‘bob.

{MÌ.3 : Hw$S>ZHwy$b‘ AUw {dÚwV {Z{‘©Vr H|$X¶mMm [damoY àXe©Z H$aVm§Zm

SCERT TELANGANA


CËnÞ Am{U BVa Ü¶o¶Oa Vwåhr gmaUr 1. n wÝhm EH$XmnmhbmV Va Vwåhmbm EH$ gmYmaU Jm oï > bjmV ¶oB ©b,bm oH$m §Mr B ©ÀN>m ‘wimV H$m¶ Amho-Va {Z¶{‘V H$m‘, Mm §Jbm am oOJma d Ë¶m §Zr KoVboë¶m{nH$m §Zm Mm §Jbr qH§ $‘V {‘imdr. ¶mMm AW© Ë¶m gdm ªZm OmñV CËnÞ hdo Amho.

A{YH$ CËnÞm ~amo~a bmoH$m§Zm BVam§H$Sw>Z g‘mZ dmJUwH$, ñdmV§Í¶, g§ajU d ‘mZ-gå‘mZ {‘imdm Ago dmQ>Vo. gm‘m{OH$ ‘V oXmMm Vo {ZfoY H$aVmV, ho gd© ‘hËdmMo Ü¶o¶ CÔeAmhoV. H$mhtÀ¶m ~m~VrV ho Va CËnÝZ d ImÊ¶m-{nÊ¶mÀ¶m dñVwnojm ’$ma ‘hËdmÀ¶m AgweH$VmV. H$maU OJÊ¶mgmR>r m¡{VH$ dñVw gd© H$mhr Zmhr, n¡go d m¡{VH$ dñVw EImXr ì¶º$sH$‘dw d Kodw eH$Vmo. Vo EH Amnë¶m OrdZmMm$ KQ>H$ Amho. Á¶mÀ¶mda Amnbo OrdZ AmYmarVAmho, nU OrdZmVrb JwUdÎmm, ‘wë¶ ho da gm§{JVboë¶m BVa ‘hËdmÀ¶m KQ>H$mda Amdb§~yZAgVmV. Oa ho ñnï> Zgob Va WmoS>m {dMma H$am Vw‘À¶m {‘Ìm§Mm. Vw‘À¶m {OdZmVbo ‘hËdË¶mÀ¶m ‘¡Ìr Vwåhmbm hdr dmQ>Vo. Ë¶mMà‘mUo Aímm H$mhr ~è¶mM Jmoï>r AmhoV, Á¶mMr

AmnUmg ghOnUo Zm|X H$aVm ¶oVZmhr. nU Ë¶m Jmoï>rMo ’$ma ‘hËdAgVo, Amnë¶m OrdZmV. Ë¶mH$S>oZoh‘rM Xþb©j Ho$bo OmVo. åhUwZ Agm{ZîH$f© H$mT>Uo H$s,Á¶m Jmoï>tMr Zm|XH o $br OmD$ eH$V Zmhr,Ë¶m‘hËdmÀ¶m ZmhrV. ho MwH$sMo Amho.

Xþgao CXm. nhm.. Oa VwåhmbmXÿa {R>H$mUr Zm¡H$ar {‘imbr Va VwåhrCËnÞm{edm¶ BVa KQ>H$mda {dMmaH$aV AgVm. Ogo Vw‘À¶m n[agamV

Imbr {Xboë¶m àíZm§Mr CËVao Úm¶m àH$ënm‘wio H$moU-H$moUË¶m bmoH$m§Zm ’$m¶Xm/ZwH$gmZ Pmbo¶m XoemgmR>r {dH$mgmMo Ü¶o¶ H$m¶ Agbo nmhrOo?

n[admamÀ¶mOdi H$m‘

H$aUo{dídg{Z¶

{Zd¥Îmr doVZg‘mZdoVZ

Imbrb d¥Îm-nÌ dmMm.......“ g‘wÐmÀ¶m g^m odVr deham‘Ü¶o Iwë¶m hdoV EH$mOhmOmZo 500 Q>Z Ðì¶ ñdénmVAgbobo {dfmar nXmW©(Q>m°³grH$) Q>mHw$Z {Xbo. AgoAm{’«$H$m XoemV g‘wÐ VQ>mdaAgboë¶m ¶m ehamV KS>‹bo. Ë¶m{dfmar Q >mH$mD$ nXmWm ©gOmië¶m Z§Va Ë¶m §V wZ

{ZKmboë¶m Anm¶H$maH$ YwamZoV oWrb bm oH$m §Zm ËdMmMoamoJ,CëQ>çm, hmJdU M¸$a ¶oUoBË¶mXr amoJ Pmbo. EH$ ‘{hZmg§në¶mZ§Va Ë¶m‘wio 7 bmoH$‘aU nmdbo. 20 bm oH$XdmImÝ¶mV hmoVo. d 26 hOmabmoH$m§da {df~mYm Pmë¶m À¶mbjUmdéZ BbmO Mmbw

hmoVm AZoH$ XoemV noQ´>mo{b¶‘Am{U YmVwMm ì¶mnmaH$aUmè¶m H§$nZrZo ñWm{ZH$H§$nZrbmË¶m§À¶m OhmOmVboÐì¶ {dfmar nXmW© H$mSw >ZQ>mH$Ê¶mMo JwÎmo {Xbo” (d¡OwZadmZo ¶mZo 16 gßQ>o.2006‘Ü¶o X {hÝXþ nÌrHo$V n«H$merVHo$bobo)

SCERT TELANGANA


bmJUmar gw{dYm, VoWrb H$m‘mMo dmVmdaU, qH$dm {eH$Ê¶mMr g§Yr BË¶mXr Jmoï>r Agw eH$VmV. Xþgè¶m~m~VrV H$‘r nJma XoUmar Zm¡H$ar Agob nU ñWm¶r Agob Va Ë¶mZo Vw‘Mo OrdZ gwajrV Amho, ¶mMmVwåhmbm AmZ§X ^Q>Vmo. VgoM BVa Zm¡H$ar Or Vwåhmbm Iwn nJma Xody eHVo, nU Vw‘À¶m godoMr hm‘ro,g§ajU nardmamg bmJUmam doi XoD$ eH$V Zmhr. Ë¶mZo Vwåhmbm Amdí¶H$ ñW¡¶© d d ñdmV§Í¶ {‘iVZmhr.

Ë¶mà‘mUo {dH$mgmgmR>r bmoH$ ‘rlrV Ü¶o¶mbm ‘hËd XoVmV. ho gË¶ Amho H$s Oa ór¶m Zm¡H$arH$aVmV.Va Ë¶m n[admamMo CËnÞ dmT>Vo, KamV d g‘mOmV Ë¶m§Mr à{Vð>m dmT>Vo, VgoM BVa ~m~VrVór¶m§Zm AmXa {‘iVmo. KamVrb H$m‘m‘Ü¶o {d^mJUr hmoV ZgVo. d Kam~mhoa H$m‘ H$aÊ¶mg ñdrH¥$Vr{‘iVo. g§ajU d gwa{jV n[aga ñÌr¶m§Zm {d{dY àH$maÀ¶m Zm¡H$è¶m d ì¶mnma H$aÊ¶m¶ àmoËgmhrV H$éeH$Vo.

Ë¶m‘wio bmoH$m§Mo {dH$mgmË‘H$ Ü¶o¶ ‘hËdH$m§jm ho Ho$di Mm§Jbo CËnÞ EodT>oM Zmhr AmhoV Va,OrdZmV BVa ‘hËdmÀ¶m JmoîQ>r AmhoV. {dH$mgm ~Ôb {d{dY bmoH$m§À¶m {d{dY H$ënZm AgVmV.

{^Þ-doJdoJù¶m XoemMr d àm§VmMr VwbZm H$er H$am¶MrO|ìhm AmnU doJdoJù¶m Jmoï>tMr VwbZm H$aVmo, V|ìhm Ë¶m‘Ü¶o g‘mZVm Ë¶mM ~amo~a {df‘Vmhr Agw eH$Vo.

Ë¶mMr VwbZm H$aVm§Zm H$moUË¶m Ñï>rH$moUmMm AmnU Cn¶moJ H$aVmo. Mbm dJm©Vrb ‘wbm§Mo CXm. KoD$ ¶m.doJdoJù¶m ‘wbm§Mr ‘mnZ VwbZm H$er H$aVmo, Vo Ë¶m§À¶m C§Mr‘Ü¶o, Amamo½¶, ~wÕr‘Îmm Am{U AmdS>-{ZdS>BË¶mXr‘Ü¶o Vo doJdoJio Agw eH$VmV. gdm©«V {ZamoJr AgUmam ‘wbJm gdm©V OmñV Aä¶mgw Agw eH$V Zmhr, gdm©VOmñV ~wÕr‘mZ AgUmam ‘wbJm ào‘i Á¶m {‘Ìmà‘mUo àr¶ Agw eH$V Zmhr. åhUwZ AmnU ‘wbm§Mr VwbZm H$erH$aVmo. ‘mnX§S>mMm AmnU Cn¶moJ H$é eH$Vmo. Vo Ë¶m VwbZm H$aUmè¶m CÔoemda Adb§~wZ AgVo. IoimMr{Q>‘,dmX-{ddmX H$aUmar {Q>‘, EH$m g§JrVmMr {Q>‘ d amhUrMo ì¶dñWmnZ H$aUmar {Q>‘ BË¶mXrMr {ZdS> H$aVm§ZmAmnU doJdoJù¶m ‘mnX§S>mMm Cn¶moJ H$aVmo Varhr Oa H$mhr CÔoemgmR>r dJm©Vrb ‘wbm§À¶m gdm©JrZ {dHmgmgmR>rAmnUmbm EH$m ‘mnX§S>mMr {ZdS> H$amdr bmJV.o Vo AmnU H$go H$aVmo.

Zoh‘r AmnU ì¶º$sÀ¶m EH$m qH$dm AZoH$ ‘hËdmÀ¶m JwU d¡{eîQ²>¶mMm dMma H$aVmo. d Ë¶md¡{eîQ>çmda AmYmarV VwbZm H$aVmo. XoemMr VwbZm H$aÊ¶mH$arVm Ë¶m XoemMo CËnÞ bjmV KoU hmË¶mn¡H$s EH$ ‘hËdmMm JwUY‘© KQ>H$ Amho. Á¶m XoemMo CËnÞ OmñV Amho Ë¶m Xoem§Mm {dH$mg H$‘rCËnÝZ Agboë¶m Xoemnojm OmñV AgVmo. OmñV CËnÞ åhUOo VoWrb bmoH$m§H$S>o AgUmè¶m OmñV gw{dYm.¶mdéZ Ago R>adbo OmVo. Oo H$mhr bmoH$m§Zm AmdS>V d Vo Ë¶mÀ¶mH$S>o Agbo nmhrOo. A{YH$ CËnÞAgë¶m‘wio Vo gd© {‘i{dVmV. ¶mMmM AW© OmñVrMo CËnÞ hr Jmoï> EH$ ‘hËdmMo Ü¶o¶ åhUwZ KoVboOmVo.

Imbrb {Xboë¶m n¡H$s H$moUVo ñnîQ>rH$aU ‘hËdmMo Amho Am{U H$m?A. H$maU bmoH$ {^Þ-{^Þ AmhoV.Am. H$maU àË¶oH$ ì¶º$sÀ¶m {OdZmMr n[añWrVr doJir Amho.XmoÝhr {dYmZmMm AW©© gmaImM Amho H$m? ñnï> H$amA. bmoH$m§À¶m {dH$mgm{df¶rÀ¶m ‘hËdH$m§jm doJdoJù¶m AmhoV.Am. bmoH$m§À¶m {dH$mgm{df¶rÀ¶m ‘hËdH$m§jo‘Ü¶o g§Kf© Amho.Amnë¶m OrdZm‘Ü¶o CËnÝZm {edm¶ BVa KQ>H$ ‘hËdmMo AmhoV.¶mMo H$mhr CXm.Úm?darb Hmhr JQ>mVrb bmoH$m§À¶m ‘hËdmÀ¶m Cnm¶m ~Ôb Vw‘À¶m eãXmV g§X^m©ghrVñnï>rH$aU Úm.

SCERT TELANGANA


AmVm AmnU nmhþ amï´>mMo CËnÝZ åhUOo H$m¶? gmYmaUnUo XoemMo CËnÞ åhUOo VoWrbgd© bmoH§$mMo CËnÞ ¶mdéZ Amnë¶mbm XoemÀ¶m g§nwU© CËnÞm{dî¶r ‘mhrVr {‘iVo.

Vgo AgwZhr XoemÀ¶m g§nwU© CËnÞmMr VwbZm H$aVmZm ho EH$ Cn¶moJr ‘mnX§S> Zmhr.àË¶oH$ XoemMr bmoH$g§»¶m doJir Agë¶mZo Ë¶m XoemÀ¶m CËnÞmMr VwbZm H$éZ gmYmaU ‘Zwî¶{H$Vr H$‘mdVmo Agm {ZîH$f© bmdVm ¶oV Zmhr. EH$m XoemVbo bmoH$ BVa XoemVrb bmoH$m§nojm{dH$grV AgVmV. H$m? Ë¶m‘wio gmYmaU CËnÞmMr VwbZm H$aVmo. EHw$U CËnÞmbm, bmoH$g§»¶oZr^mJbo AgVm EHy$U amï´>r¶ CËnÞ {‘iVo. VoM Ë¶m amï´>mMo EHw$U CËnÝZ hmo¶.

amï´>m§Mo dJuH$aU H$aÊ¶mH$[aVm OmJ{VH$ ~±Ho$Zo àñVwV Ho$boë¶m OmJ{VH$ {dH$mg ‘mhrVrn{ÌHo$‘Ü¶o ømM ‘mnX§S>mMm Cn¶moJ H$aVmV, Á¶m Xoem§Mo EHw$U dm{f©H$ XaS>moB© CËnÞ (percapita income) US $12,055 BVHo$ Amho Ë¶m Xoem§Zm 2017 ‘Ü¶o OmñV CËnÞ d 2017 ‘Ü¶oXaS>moB© CËnÞ US $955 BVHo$ Amho Ë¶m§Zm H$‘r CËnÞ Agcoco Xoe Ago JUco Joco. Ë¶mnojmhrCËnÞ Ë¶m Xoemg H$‘r CËnÞ Agbobo Xoe Ago åhUVmV. EH$ XeH$mÀ¶m AJmoXa maV XoemMrZm|X H$‘r CËnÞ Agboë¶m Xoem‘Ü¶o Pmbobr Amho. AmVm ^maV XoemMr Zm|X ‘Ü¶‘ CËnÞAgboë¶m Xoem‘Ü¶o Pmbobr Amho. Ogo BVa Xoemnojm maVmMo EHw$U CËnÝZ PnmQ>çmZo dmT>boboAmho. Vgo Amnë¶m XoemMr pñWVr hr gwYmabobr Amho, Xþgè¶m nmR>m‘Ü¶o ^maVmVrb bmoH$m§ModmT>Vo CËnÞ ¶m{df¶r Aä¶mg H$é ¶m.

lt§‘§V amï´>mV Am{e¶mVrb npíM‘r amï´> d {ZpíVMV BVa bhmZ amï´> dJiVm BVa amï´>§Zm{dH${gV amï´> åhUVmV.

gamgar VwbZm H$aÊ¶mg Cn¶moJr nS>Vo nUVo ~aoM ’$aH$ bn{dVmV.CXm. A Am{U B. Aí¶m XmoZ XoemMm {dMma H$é ¶m. g‘OÝ¶mH$[aVm Ago J¥hrV Yé ¶m ¶m

àË¶oH$ amï´>mH$S>o 5 ZmJ[aH$ AmhoV, gmaUr 2 ‘Ü¶o {Xboë¶m ‘mhrVrÀ¶m AmYmao XmoÝhr amï´>m§Mogamgar (XaS>moB©) CËnÞmMr ‘moO‘mn H$é ¶m.

gmaUr 2 XmoZ XoemMr VwbZmmXoe ZmJ[aH$m§Mo ‘{hÝ¶mMo CËnÞ (én¶m‘Ü¶o)

I II III IV V gamgarXoe A 9500 10500 9800 10000 10200

Xoe B 500 500 500 500 48000¶m XmoÝhr XoemV Vwåhr gmaIo AmZ§Xr amhþ eH$mb H$m? XmoÝhr Xoe gmaIoo {dH$grV AmhoV

H$m? H$XmMrV Amnë¶mn¡H$s H$mhrOUm§g B XoemV amhZo AmdSw> eH$Vo. Ooìhm AmnUmg 5ì¶mH«$‘§H$mMm ZmJ[aH$ hmoÊ¶mMo AmídmgZ {Xbo OmVo. nU bm°Q>arÛmao Amnbo ZmJarH$Ëd {gÕ hmoVAgbo Va H$XmMrV Amnë¶mn¡H$s OmñV OUm§g A. XoemV amhÊ¶mgmR>r àmYmÝ¶ XoVrb. OarXmoÝhr XoemMo CËnÞ ‘Ü¶‘ Agbo Var A Xoembm àmW{‘H$Vm {Xbr OmVo. H$maU VoWrbZmJ[aH$m§Mo CËnÞ g‘mZ Amho, ¶m XoemVrb bmoH$ ’$ma lr‘§V d ’$ma Jar~ ZmhrV. Ë¶mMdoirB XoemVrb OmñV bmoH$ Jar~ AmhoV. d EH$ ì¶º$s ’$maM lr‘§V Amho. Ë¶m‘wio Oar gmYmaUCËnÞ VwbZm H$aÊ¶mH$[aVm Cn¶moJr Amho. Var Ë¶m‘wio bmoH$m§‘Ü¶o CËnÞmMo dmQ>n H$go hmoVo.ho H$iV Zmhr.

SCERT TELANGANA


CËnÞ d BVa ‘mnX§S>Oo§ìhm AmnU ì¶º$sJV Anojm, AmH$m§jm nmhrbo V|ìhm Amnë¶m

bjmV Ambo H$s, bmoH$m§Zm Mm§Jbo CËnÞM Zìh| Va, g§ajU,BVam§H$S>yZ {‘iUmam AmXa, gååmmZ, dmJUwH$ ñdmV§Í¶ BË¶mXrJmoï>r Amdí¶H$ dmQ>VmV. Ë¶mMà‘mUo O|ìhm AmnU XoemÀ¶m dàm§VmMm {dMma H$aVmo, V|ìhm AmnU gmYmaUV… CËnÞ ~amo~aMBVa ‘hËdmÀ¶m JwUY‘m©Mm {dMma H$aVmo.

ho JwUY‘© H$m¶ Agw eH$VmV. Mbm CXm.Ûmao g‘OwZKoD$ ¶m.gmaUr 3 n§Om~Mo, {h‘mMb àXoemMo d {~hmaMo EHw$UCËnÞ Xe©{dVo. Amnë¶mbm bjmV Ambo H$s, n§Om~Mo EHw$UCËnÞ OmñV Amho, d {~hmaMo H$‘r. ¶mMm AW© gmYmaUnUo har¶mUm ‘Yrc ì¶º$s dfm©bm 0.66 cmIH$‘mdVmo. Ë¶mMdoir {~hma‘Ü¶o AgUmam ì¶º$s gmYmaUnUo dfm©bm 2.15 cmI H$‘mdVmo. V|ìhm{dH$mgmMm ‘mnX§S> Oa Ë¶m àm§VmMo EHwU CËnÞ R>adbo Va har¶mUm {VZ à§mVmn¡H$s A{YH$ {dH${gV à§mVd {~hmabm H$‘r {dH$grV àm§V ‘mZbo OmVo. Vmo ’$º$ gamgar én¶o 0.66 cmI én¶o H$‘mdVmo. AmVmAmnU gmaUr 4 ‘Ü¶o darb àm§Vmer g§~§YrV BVa ‘mhrVr nmhy ¶m.

AmnU IwS>À¶m~Z{dë¶m Am{UË¶mMm AmnUCn¶moJ H$aVmo

Xoe {OWo OmñV lr‘§V d Jar~hr ZmhrV

gmaUr: 4 {ZdS>boë¶m àm§VmMr H$mhr VwbZmË‘H$ ‘m{hVràm§V ~m.‘¥.Xa àË¶oH$ 1000 gmjaVm Xa (%) hOoar CnñWrVrMo à‘mU

(2016) (2011) (2013-14)har¶mUm 33 77 61{h‘mMmb àXoe 25 84 67{~hma 38 64 43

Xoe {OWo lr‘§V d Jar~hr AmhoV

{VZ CXm.Úm {OWo-BWo {Xboë¶mnojm gmYmaU,‘Ü¶‘ CËnÞ Agboë¶m n{apñWVrMr VwbZm Ho$brOmVo.{dH$mgmgmR>r XaS>moB© CËnÞ hm EH$ CÎm‘ KQ>H$ Amho, Ago Vwåhmbm H$m dmQ>Vo? ñnîQ> H$am?J«hrV Yam [aH$m°S>© XmI{dVmo H$s, XoemVbo gmYmaU CËnÞ {Xdg|{Xdg dmT>V Mmbbo Amho,¶mdéZ Vwåhr g‘mOmVrb gd©M JQ>mVrb Am{W©H$ pñWVr Mm§Jbr Pmbobr Amho. Agm {ZîH$f©bmdw eH$Vm H$m? CXm.XodyZ ñnï> H$am?2012.À¶m OmJ{VH$ {dH$mñmmÀ¶m ‘m{hVrà‘mUo (Oo nmR>m‘Ü¶o Ambobo Amho) gm‘mÝ¶ CËnÞAgUmè¶m XoemMr ‘m{hVr {‘idm?^maV Xoe hm {dH${gV amï´> hmoÊ¶mH$[aVm H$m¶ Ho$bo nmhrOo ¶mda Vwåhr CVmam {bhm?

Vº$m : 3 {ZdS>boë¶m àm§VmModm{f©H$ EHw$U CËnÞ

amÁ¶ NSDP atCurreat prices

(GSDP2011-12 Series)

har¶mUm 180174{h‘mMb 149028{~hma 34409

SCERT TELANGANA


gmaUr 2.4 ‘Ü¶o Ho$bobo amï´> ~m.‘¥. Xa (~mb ‘¥Ë¶w Xa 1000 OÝ‘boë¶m ‘wbm§n¡H$s EH$m dfm©‘Ü¶o ‘aUmè¶m ‘wbm§Mrg§»¶m.gmjaVm Xa : 7 Am{U Ë¶mÀ¶m A{YH$ d¶mÀ¶m bmoH$g§»¶oMo gmjaVoMo à‘mUhOoarMo à‘mU : ‘mÜ¶{‘H$ Q>ßnmgmR>r Zddr Am{U Xhmdr À¶m {dÚmÏ¶mªMo hOoarMo à‘mU KoVco Amho.

gmaUrÀ¶m nhrë¶m AmoirV EH$ Jmoï> bjmV ¶oVo H$s, {h‘mMb àXoem‘Ü¶o 1000 OÝ‘boë¶m‘wbm§n¡H$s EH$ df© nwU© hmoÊ¶m AJmoXa 25 ‘wbo ‘aU nmdbr. har¶mUm‘Ü¶o OÝ‘ë¶mnmgwZ EH$mdfm©AmV ‘aUmè¶m ‘wbm§Mr g§»¶m 33 Amho. {~hma‘Ü¶o Ë¶mMr g§»¶m 38 Amho.gmd©O{ZH$ gw{dYm…

har¶mUm ‘Ümë¶m gmYmaU ‘mUgmMo CËnÞ, {h‘mMb‘Yë¶m gmYmaU ‘mUgmnojmOmñV Amho, na§Vw ¶m ‘hËdmÀ¶m joÌmV ‘mJo nS>VmV. ho H$go? ¶mMo H$maU OJÊ¶mH$a{Vm Vw‘À¶mnmHo$Q>‘Ü¶o Agboë¶m n¡í¶m‘Ü¶o Vwåhmbm bmJV Agboë¶m dñVw d godm IaoXr H$é eH$V Zmhr.åhUwZ Ho$di CËnÞ ho bmJUmè¶m ^m¡{VH$ dñVw d godm àmá H$aÊ¶m H$[aVm nwaogo Zmhr.CXm.gmYmaUnUo Vw‘Mo n¡go Vwåhmbm àXþfU‘wº$ n[aga XoD$ eH$V Zmhr. VgoM Vwåhmbmogi‘wº$ Am¡fYr oQ>Vrb ¶mMr ImÌr Zmhr. OJÊ¶m H$arVm n¡em§Mr Amdí¶H$Vm AgVo nU

n¡em§Zr gd© Jmoï>r dñVw {H§$dm godm IaoXr H$é eH$V Zmhr, V|ìhm ‘mUwg dmnaV Agboë¶m dñVw,godm, gw{dYm ¶mgmR>r CËnÞ hoM Ho$di ‘mnX§S> hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr. CXm. n¡emZo Vwåhmbm àXþf©Ua{hV dmVmdaU {dH$V KoVm ¶oUma Zmhr qH$dm ~ogi¶wº$ Am¡fY. g‘mOmV ¶m Jmoï>r AmhoVM.g‘mOmbm ¶mVwZ ~mhoa H$mT>Ê¶mgmR>r ¶mo½¶ Vr j‘Vm Agbr nm{hOo. n¡emZo g§gJ©OÝ¶ AmOmamnmgwZg§ajU {‘iV Zmhr. Omo n¶ªV gd© g‘mO {‘iwZ ¶m Jmoï>tnmgwZ ~Mmd H$aÊ¶mMm à¶ËZ H$aUmaZmhr Vmon¶ªV Vo Ho$di Ae³¶ Amho. IaoVa OrdZmVë¶m AZoH$ ‘hËdmÀ¶m JmoîQ>rn¡H$s gd© CÎm‘ ‘mJ© VgoM gdm©V gmonm ‘mJ© åhUOogm‘wXm{¶H$nUo n¡í¶mZo Z {‘iUmè¶m Jmoï>r nwadUo. g‘mOmZo gm‘wXm{¶H$ [aË¶m EH$Ì ¶oD$Z ¶m gw{dYmnwa{dë¶m nm{hOo. {dMma H$am, àË¶oH$ KamgmR>r JmS>© R>odÊ¶mnojm g§nwU© H$m°bZrgmR>r JmS>© R>odUo gmo¶rMoZmhr H$m? Vw‘À¶m JmdmV Vw‘À¶m {edm¶ BVa H$moUrhr {ejU KoD$ BpÀN>V Zmhr, Aem doir VwåhrVw‘Mo {ejU H$go nwU© H$amb? Oa Vw‘À¶m nmbH$m§Mr ’$sg âÊ¶mMr j‘Vm Agob, qH$dm Ë¶m§ZmVwåhmbm {eH$dÊ¶mMr BÀN>m Agob VaM Vwåhr {eHy$ eH$mb. nU BVa AZoH$ ‘wbo Aer AgVrb Á¶m§ZmemioV {eH$mdmgo dmQ>Vo Ë¶m§Zr H$m¶ H$am¶M. Ë¶m§Zm Ago dmQ>V Agob H$s, gaH$maZo emim H$mT>mì¶m.Ë¶mV gd© gw{dYm CnbãY H$éZ Úmdm, AmOhr {H$Ë¶oH$ JmdmV ‘wbtZm 10 dr n¶ªVMo {ejU gwÕm KoVm¶oV Zmhr.

H$mhr amÁ¶mV ~mb ‘¥Ë¶w Xa ’$ma H$‘r Amho, H$maU Ë¶m§À¶mH$S>o Amamo½¶ d {ejUm{df¶r ‘wb wVgw{dYm AmhoV. Ë¶mà‘mUo H$mhr àm§Vm‘Ü¶o Amdí¶H$ gmd©O{ZH$ {dVaU àUmbr (PDS) N>mZ H$m‘ H$aVo,Oa H$mhr {R>H$mUr ñdñV YmÝ¶mMr XþH$mZm‘m’$©V nÕVeranUo {dVaU H$aV Zgob Va Ë¶mgmR>r Ë¶m{R>H$mUMo bmoH Ë¶m‘Ü¶o gwYmaUm AmUw eH$VmV.

Amamo½¶ Am{U nmofH$ Amhma{df¶H$ bmoH$m§Mr pñWVr H$mhr àm§Vm‘Ü¶o {ZíMrVnUo N>mZ Amho.$

SCERT TELANGANA


gmaUr 3 d 4 ‘Ü¶o {Xbobr ‘m{hVr nmhm. Ogo EHw$U CËnÞm‘Ü¶o har¶mUm {~hmanojm nwT>o Amho,Vgo gmjaVoÀ¶m à‘mUmV {~hmaÀ¶m nwT> Amho H$m?Xþgao CXm.nhm {VWo gm‘wXm{¶H$ dñVw {dVaUmMr d BVa godoMr ì¶dñWm ì¶{º$JV ì¶dñWonojmñdñV Amho.Mm§Jbo Amamo½¶ d e¡j{UH$ gw{dYm ¶mMr CnbãYVm Ho$di gaH$maZo IM© Ho$boë¶m ¶m gw{dYodaAdb§~wZ AgVo H$m? ¶mÀ¶mer g§~§YrV H$moUVo KQ>H$ ‘hËdmMoo Agw eH$VmV?Vm{‘iZmSw> Am{U Am§Y«àXoem‘Ü¶o EH$m J«m‘rU Hw$Qw>§~mH$arVm 2009-2010 ‘Ü¶o ñdñV YmÝ¶mMoXþH$mZ ‘m{hVr à‘mUo 53 Vo 33 Q> o$ Vm§XimMr ‹IaoXr hmoVo. ~mH$sMo bmoH$ ~mOmamVwZ IaoXrH$aVmV, npíM‘ ~§Jmb d Amgm‘‘Ü¶o ameZ em°nÀ¶m ‘m’©$V Ho$di 11 Vo 6 Q> o$ Vm§XimMrIaoXr hmoVo. Hw$R>o bmoH$m§Zm g‘mYmZH$maH$ godm oQ>Vo Am{U H$m?

‘mZdmÀ¶m {dH$mgmMm AhdmbO|ìhm Amnë¶mbm H$iwZ MwH$Vo H$s, CËnÞ hm ‘mZd {dH$mgmMm Xa ‘moOÊ¶mMm Anwam ‘mZX§S> Amho.Ë¶mdoir AmnU BVa Jmoï>tMm {dMma H$am¶bm bmJVmo. hr ¶mXr ~arM ‘moR>r Agw eH$Vo. Amnë¶mbm{dH$mgmMm ñVa OmUwZ ¿¶m¶Mm Agob Va Amamo½¶ d {ejU ho XmoZ KQ>H$ ¶mV g‘m{dï> Ho$bo nm{hOo.CXm. Ho$ai Am{U har¶mUmMr VwbZm Ho$br AgVm, ‘mJrb H$m§hr XeH$mVrb CËnÞm ~amo~a Amamo½¶Am{U {ejU {dH$mgmMo gwMH$ åhUwZ ¶mV g‘m{dï> H$aÊ¶mV Amë¶m. g§¶wº$ amï´> {dH$mg n[afX(U.N.D.P) Zo àH$merV Ho$boë¶m AhdmbmZwgma ‘mZd {dH$mgmÀ¶m XamMr VwbZm H$aVm§Zm XmoZXoem§‘Yrb Amamo½¶ d {eúmUmMm ñVa ¶m XmoZ Jmoï>r ¶mV g‘m{dï> H$aÊ¶mV Amë¶m.

lrb§H$m Amnbo eoOmao amï´> àË¶oH$ joÌmV ^maV XoemhÿZ AJ«ga Amho. ^maVmgma»¶m {dembXoemMm {dH$mgmMm Xa ‘moOVm§Zm Amnbm ‘mZd {dH$mg gwMH$m§H$ (HDI) lrb§Ho$nojm hr H$‘r Amho. hoAmíM¶©H$maH$ Zmhr H$m? gmaUr H«$. 5 Zwgma ZonmiMo EHw$U CËnÞ maVmÀ¶m 50 Q> o$nojmhr H$‘r Amho.na§Vw e¡j{UH$ ÑîQ>çm Vmo maVmnojm ’$ma ‘mJo Zmhr. qH$~hÿZm Amamo½¶ qH$dm ‘¥Ë¶y Xa ¶mMm {dMma Ho$bmVa Vmo ^maVmnojm nwT>o Amho.

‘mZd {dH$mgmMm Xa ‘moOVm§Zm AZoH$ gwYmaUm ~Xb gwMdbo AgwZ AZoH$ KQ>H$ ¶mV OmoS>bo JoboAmho. ‘mZd {dH$mg (Human to Development) HDI À¶m ‘mZd {dH$mg AhdmbmV XoemVrb ‘mUwghm ‘hËdmMm KQ>H$ AgwZ Ë¶mMo Amamo½¶, {ejU, Ë¶mMr àJVr XoemÀ¶m {dH$mgmgmR>r ‘hËdnwU© Amho.H$mimZwgma {dH$mgmMo àJVrV énm§Va

‘mZd {dH$mg gwMH$m§H$mZwgma H$m§hr Xoe Amnë¶m nwTo AmhoV. Amnë¶m XoemVrb {d{dY amÁ¶m§‘Ü¶o{dH$mgmÀ¶m XamV ’$aH$ AmT>iVmo. EodT>oM Zìho Va {Oëhm ñVamda gwÕm EImXm {Oëhm Xþgè¶m {OëømnojmAJ«ga AgVmo. qH$dm EH$mM amÁ¶mVrb H$m§hr {Oëho BVa {Oëøm§À¶m VwbZoZo nwT>o AgVmV. hr VwbZm H$mH$am¶Mr? ¶mMm Amåhmbm H$m¶ ’$m¶Xm hmoVmo? ho gwMH$m§H$ Amåhmbm {dH$mgmMm Xa gwM{dVmV. VgoMH$m§hr àm§V {dH$mgmV H$m ‘mJo AmhoV ho gm§JVmV. {dH$mg XamMm gwMH$m§H$ BVam§nojm H$‘r XmIdV Agob

SCERT TELANGANA


gmaUr 5 ^maV Xoe Ë¶m§Mm eoOmar amï´> 2017

XaS>moB© CËnÞ OÝ‘ ‘¥Ë¶y Xa ‘mZd {dH$mg gwMH$m§H$ gmúmaVm Xa Xoe $ (S>°mba)‘Ü¶o OÝ‘boë¶m {Xdg

lrb§H$m 11,326 75.5 76 11^maV 6,353 68.8 129 6nm{H$ñVmZ 5,311 66.6 149 5å¶mZ§‘ma 5,567 66.7 147 5~m§½bmXoe 3,677 72.8 138 6Zonmb 2,471 70.6 148 5

gmaUr 5 Mo ZmoQ>‘m.{d.H$ (HDI)- ‘mZd {dH$mgmMm H«$‘ daÀ¶m gmaUr‘Ü¶o 189 Xoem§n¡H$s {Xbobo ñWmZ (rank) Amho.OÝ‘mÀ¶m doir Ano{jV OrdZ‘mZ-OÝ‘ë¶m Z§Va EHw$U OrdZ OJÊ¶mMm H$mi OJÊ¶mMm Ano{jV H$miemioMo gmYmaU d¶: 25 d Ë¶mnojm OmñV d¶ AgUmè¶m bmoH$m§H$Sw>Z KoVbo OmUmao H$mhr df© {ejU.EHw$U CËnÞ A‘o[aH$mÀ¶m S>m°ba ‘Ü¶o gd© Xoem§H$a{Vm JUZm Ho$br OmVo.Á¶m‘wio H$moUr EH$ VwbZm H$é eH$Vo.Vo Ago Amho H$s S>m°baZo gma»¶mM à‘mUmV dñVw d godm H$moUË¶mhr Xoem‘Ü¶o KoVm ¶oVo.

’$ma OmñVOmñV‘Ü¶‘

H${‘‘mhmVr Zmhr

ZH$mem 1 : OJmMm ZH$mem ‘m.{d.H«$ (HD) XmI{dVmo. doJdoJù¶m I§S>m‘Yrb {d{dY àH$ma AmoiIm.

2017 À¶m ‘mZd {dH$mgmÀ¶m Ahdmbmà‘mUo ^maV Xoe Ë¶m§Mm eoOmar amï´> ¶m{df¶rMrZo‘H$s g§~§YrV ‘m{hVr nhmZo AmíM¶©H$maH$ Agob.

SCERT TELANGANA


{ejUåhUOolr‘§V

hmoUo hmo¶

{ejUåhUOo

AmË‘mbmAmoiIUohmo¶

‘mÂ¶mgmR>r

{ejUmMmAW©H$m¶?

Va ¶m bmoH$m§À¶m OrdZ‘mZmMm ñVa dmT>{dÊ¶mH$S>o {deof bj {Xbo nm{hOo. {dH$mg à{H«$¶oVH$m§hr OU Amnë¶m nwT>o AmhoV Ago H$m? CXm. BVa amÁ¶m§nojm {h‘mMb àXoemVrb ‘wbo {ejUKoVmV. gmaUr H«$. 4 ¶m àíZmMo CÎma emoYVm§Zm EH$ JmoîQ> bjmV ¶oVo H$s, {h‘mMb àXoemVEH$ e¡j{UH$ H«$m§Vr Pmbr. hr H«$m§Vr KS>dwZ AmUÊ¶mgmR>r g‘mOmVrb AZoH$ KQ>H$ EH$Ì Ambo. Ë¶m§ZmEH$Ì ¶mdo bmJbo. {dH$mg hr EH$ Jw§VmJw§VrMr à{H«$¶m Amho.

^maV Xoembm ñdmV§Í¶ {‘imbo V|ìhm BVa à§²mVmà‘mUo {h‘mMb àXoe {ejUm‘Ü¶o ’$ma ‘mJohmoVm. Q>oH$S>rda dgbobm àXoe H$‘r bmoH$g§»¶m Agbobm {h‘mMb àXoe V|ìhm JmdmJmdmVemim H$mT>Uo ho ‘moR>o AmìhmZ hmoVo. VgoAgVm§Zmhr {h.à. gaH$ma d VoWrb bmoH$ XmoKohr{ejUm{df¶r OmJéH$ hmoVo. gd© ‘wbm§gmR>rhr AmH$m§jm dmñV{dHo$V H$go ~Xbm¶Mo.

gaH$maZo emim gwé Ho$ë¶m Am{U ñnï>ImÌr Ho$bo H$s, {ejU gdmªgmR>r ‘mo’$V hmoVd nmbH$m§Zm ’$ma H$‘r n¡go bmJmdoV, Agmà¶ËZ Ho$bm nwT>o gaH$maZo ¶m àË¶oH$ emioVH$‘rV-H$‘r {ejH$,dJ©,Q>m°¶boQ>, {nÊ¶mÀ¶mnmUr BË¶mXr gw{dYm Agë¶mMr ImÌr H$éZKoVbr. doioZwgma ¶m gw{dYm§‘Ü¶o gwYmaUm d {dñVma hmoV Jobm. AZoH$ emim CKSÊ¶mV Amë¶m{ejH$mMr Vu Ho$br Ë¶m‘wio OmñV ‘wbo ghOnUo {ejU KoD$ eH$bo. emim CKS>Ê¶mgmR>r dË¶m Mm§Jë¶m Mmb{dÊ¶mgmR>r gaH$mabm Z¸$sM n¡go Iwn IM© H$amdo bmJboV. àË¶oH$ ‘wbmbm{ejUm H$arVm ^maV XoemVrb AZoH$ àm§Vm‘Ü¶o {h‘mMb àXoeMo doJio ñWmZ Amho. H$maU{h.à.‘Ü¶o àË¶oH$ ‘wbmbm {ejUmH$arVm gaH$maÀ¶m I{OÝ¶mVwZ gdm©V OmñV n¡go IM© Ho$boOmVmV. 2005 ‘Ü¶o n«Ë¶oH$ ‘wbmÀ¶m {ejUmH$[aVm maVmVrb àm§Vr¶ gaH$maH$Sw>Z gmYmaUnUo1049 én¶o IM© H$aÊ¶mV Ambo Va Ë¶mMdoir {h‘mMb àË¶oH$ ‘wbm§gmR>r 2005 é. IM© H$arVhmoVm.OmñV n«mYmÝ¶ {ejUmbm XoÊ¶mV Ambo.

1996 ‘Ü¶o Am{U 2006 ‘Ü¶o A{YH$ bj KmbwZ emioda AmYmarV n¶©dojU (g{dñVa‘mhrVr Jmoim H$aUo) Ho$bo n¶©dojH$m§Zr {bhbo :

{h‘mMb àXoemVrb {dÚmWu emiobm CËgmhmZo ¶oVmV. ‘wbmMm A{YH$m{YH$ ‘wbm§ZremioÀ¶m AZw dmMm AmZ§X KoVbm. N>må~m JmdmV 4 Ï¶m dJm©V {eH$Umar Zohm åhUmbr {ejH$Am‘À¶mda ào‘ H$aVmV, Am{U Amåhmbm N>mZ {eH${dVmV. ‘wbm§Mo ñdßZ OmñV {ejU KoÊ¶mMrhmoVr. Ë¶m§À¶m AmH$m§jm nmobrg, emñÌk Am{U {ejH$ ~ZÊ¶mÀ¶m hmoË¶m. àmW{‘H$ dJm©‘Ü¶ohOo[aMo à‘mU ’$ma OmñV hmoVo. VoM d¶mZo ‘moR>o ‘wbo hmooVo. Ë¶m§À¶mVhr hOo[aMo VoM à‘mUnmhÊ¶mV Ambo.

SCERT TELANGANA


{h‘mMb àXoem‘Ü¶o ‘wbm§gmR>r H$‘rV H$‘r 10 df© emim {eH$Ê¶mMm {Z¶‘ Amho.

XoemV AZoH$ ^mJmV AmOhr nmbH$m§H$Sw>Z ‘wbmÀ¶m VwbZoV ‘wbrbm {ejUm H$arVm H$‘ràmYmÝ¶ {Xbo OmVo. Ë¶mMdoir ‘wbr H$mht dJm©n¶ªV Aä¶mg H$é eH$VmV. Vo Ë¶m§Mr emim nwU©H$é eH$V Zmhr. {h‘mMb àXoeÀ¶m ñdmJV ¶mo½¶ nmD$b åhUOo {VWo {b§J- oX H$‘r Amho.{h.à.‘Yrb AmB©-dS>rb Ë¶m§À¶m ‘wbr {df¶rÀ¶m e¡j{UH$ Ü¶o¶mda BVHo$ ‘hËdH$m§jr AmhoV.{OVHo$ Ë¶m§À¶m ‘wbm~Ôb, Aem [aVrZo 13 Vo 18 dfm©Vrb ânya ‘wbr 8 ì¶m dJm©Mo {ejUnwU© H$éZ ‘mÜ¶{‘H$ {ejU KoV AmhoV, ¶mMm AW© Agm Zmhr H$s, {VWo ór-nwéfm§À¶mXOm©‘Ü¶o ‘V oX Zmhr AmhoV. nU ‘V oX BVa àm§VmÀ¶m VwbZoV ’$ma H$‘r AmhoV. ‘w»¶V…CËVa maVr¶ àXoe.

H$mhr OUmg AmíM¶© dmQw> eH$Vo H$s, {b§J- oX H$m H$‘r Amho, {ejUm ~amo~aM BVajoÌmVhr ho nmhVm ¶oVo. dmb ‘¥Ë¶w Xa (5 dfm©AmV ‘aUmar ‘wbo) ‘wbrÀ¶m ~m~VrV BVaàm§Vmnojm H$‘r Amho. EH$ {deof ~m~ åhUOo, {h.à.‘Ü¶ë¶m ór¶m Zm¡H$è¶mgmR>r Kam~mhoaAmhoV. Á¶m ór¶m Kam~mhoa H$m‘ H$aVmV, Ë¶m Am{W©H$ ÑîQ>çm ñdmV§Í¶ AgVmV. d Ë¶m§MmñdV…da {dídmg AgVmo. ‘wbm§Mo {ejU, Amamo½¶, OÝ‘, ñdÀN>Vm BË¶mXr‘Ü¶o KamVrbH$m¶m©‘Ü¶o Ë¶m§Mr w{‘H$m ‘hËdmMr AgVo. ñdV… Zm¡H$arda g§nÞ AgwZ {h‘mb¶r ‘{hbmË¶mÀ¶m ‘wbrZo b¾mZ§Vahr H$m‘mgmR>r ~mhoa nS>mdo Aer Anojm H$aVmV. Ë¶m‘wio emim {eH$Uoho ghO AgwZ Vr EH$ gm‘m{OH$ àWm ~Zbr ho nmhÊ¶mg Ambobo Amho. {h‘mb¶r ñÌrVwbZmË‘H$ ÑîQ>çm gm‘m{OH$, OrdZmV d JmdÀ¶m amOH$maUmV ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV ^mJ KoVo .AZoH$ JmdmV gVH©$ ‘hrbm n[afX Agw eH$Vo.

gmaUr-6. {h‘mMb àXoem‘Yrb embo¶ {ejUmV Pmboë¶m àJVrMr VwbZm ^maVmVrbBVa amÁ¶m§er H$aVmo.

gmaUr 6 : {h‘mMb àXoe ‘Yrb àJVr. [h‘mMb àXoe ^maV

qbJ 2001 2011 2001 2011

ór¶m 67 76 54 65

nwéf 85 89 75 82

XmoZ doJdoJù¶m dfm©Vrb VwbZm {dH$mgmMo gwMH$ Amho, Oo KSw>Z Ambobo Amho. ñnï>nUobjmV ¶oVo H$s, {h‘mMb àXoe‘Ü¶o g§nwU© ^maVmnojm {ejUmV Am{U {ejUmMm àgmaH$aÊ¶mV ’$ma ‘moR>m {dH$mg Pmbobm Amho. Oar VoWo AOyZhr ‘wbm-‘wbt‘Ü¶o {ejUmÀ¶m~m~VrV gmYmaU ‘V oX Agbm Var, VoWo AmO g‘mZVoÀ¶m ~m~VrV H$mhr àJVr PmbobrAmho.

SCERT TELANGANA


‘hËdmMo eãX

‘wë¶m§H$Z

{‘lrV Ü¶o¶ AgÊ¶mH$arVm {dH$mg mJ nmS>Vmo. Ü¶o¶ d Ë¶mg àmá H$aÊ¶mMo ‘mJ© Ë¶mVg§Kf© Agw eH$VmV. H$moUmMm {dH$mg? ¶m{df¶r {dMma H$aV AgVm§Zm Ago g§~moYZ ho Ho$boMnmhrOo. H$maU hm ‘hËdmMm àíZ Amho.

CËnÞ d EHw$U CËnÞ Oar ¶mMm Zoh‘r Cn¶moJ Ho$bm OmVmo. Var hm {dH$mgmMmEH$M Ñï>rH$moU Amho. O|ìhm EHw$U CËnÞ dmT>Vo. Var CËnÞmMr {d^mJUr ({d^mOZ)Ag‘mZ hmoD$ eH$Vo.

‘mZd {dH$mgmMm Xa ‘moOVm§Zm Amamo½¶, {ejU, gm‘m{OH$ ñVa ¶mMmhr A§V© md Ho$bmAmho. gaH$mar ¶moOZoA§VJ©V gdmªgmR>r {ejU, Amamo½¶ ¶m godm CnbãY H$éZ XoUo hm EH$‘od‘mJ© Amho. {ejUmMm XOm© gwYmaUo g‘mOmV qbJ oX ZgUo, g‘mZVm AgUo øm Jmoï>t‘wio{dH$mgmMr JVr dmT>Vo. gmd©O{ZH$ gw{dYm§Mm ¶mo½¶ dmna Ho$bm OmVmo.

Vw‘À¶m Aä¶mgmMo nwZamdbmoH$U1. doJdoJù¶m Xoem§Mo dJuH$aU H$aÊ¶mH$[aVm OmJ{VH$ ~±H$ H$moUË¶m _w»` ‘mnX§S>mMm

Cn¶moJ H$aVmo? darc _mnX§S>mZmda H$mhr ~§YZo Amho H$m`? Vo gm§Jm?

2. Zoh‘r àË¶oH$ gm‘m{OH$ {dbjU ~Xbm§‘mJo AZoH ¶moJXmZ XoUmao KQ>H$ AgVmV.EH$hr KQ>H$ ZgVmo, Vw‘À¶m_Vo H$moUVo KQ>H$ AmhoV? Á¶mÛmao {h‘mMb àXoem‘Yrb{ejUmÀ¶m {dH$mgmg H$maUr yV R>aUmao KQ>H$ H$moUVo?

3. {dH$mgmMr Zm§§oX H$aÊ¶mH$arVm OmJ{VH$ ~±Ho$Zo Cn¶moJ Ho$boë¶m ‘mnX§S>mnojm doJirAer H$moUVr nÕV g.am.{d.H$m (UNDP) ¶m§Zo dmnabr?

4. Vwåhmbm Ago dmQ>Vo H$m ‘mZdr {dH$mgm¶r Zm§oX H$aÊ¶mH$[aVm nmR>m‘Ü¶o {Xboë¶mKQ>H$mnojm doJir nÕV Amho H$m? Ago Vwåhmbm dmQ>Vo H$m?

5. AmnU ‘mÜ¶‘ nÕVrMm Cn¶moJ H$aVmo.Ë¶mÀ¶m Cn¶moJmda H$mhr ‘¶m©Xm AmhoV H$m?{dH$mgmbm g§~§YrV Ago ñdV…Mo CXm. XoD$Z ñnï> H$am?

6. CËnÞmÀ¶m ‘hËdm{df¶r H$moUVm nmR> Vwåhr Kody eH$Vm, Ogo {h‘mMb àXoeMo EHw$UCËnÞ n§Om~nojm H$‘r Agbo Var ‘mZd {dH$mgmÀ¶m H«$‘m§‘Ü¶o {h.à nwT>o Amho.

7. gmaUr-6 ‘Ü¶o {Xboë¶m g§»¶oÀ¶m AmYmao Imbrb [aH$må¶m OmJm nwU© H$am.

1993 dfm©V {h‘mMb àXoemV 6 dfm©À¶m da Agboë¶m àË¶oH$ 100 ‘wbtn¡H$s,___________‘wbr àmW{‘H$ H$joV {eH$boë¶m hmoË¶m. 2006 dfm©V g§nwU© ^maV

EHw$U CËnÞmM, ‘mZd {dH$mg, bmoH$ ì¶dñWm, {ejU Am{U Amamo½¶ gwMH$ bmoH$m§À¶m gw{dYm

SCERT TELANGANA


àH$ën1. Cn{O{dHo$ g§~§Yr {d{dY gmYZo m {MÌmV XmI{dco Amho.

{dH$mgmgmR>r Ë`m§Zm ñWmZ, J¥h,g§~§Yr {MÌ XmIdwZ Ë`m§Mr`mo½` ì`m»`m {dícofZ H$am.

2. Vw_À`m mJmV _wco Am{U _wcr H$moUH$moUË`m emioV {eH$VmV.Ë`m§À`m AmB©dS>rcm§ZH$Sw>Z _m{hVr {_idm d dJm©V MMm©H$am?

A. Hw§$Qw>§~ à_wImMo _wcJm/ emim ehar/ `m emioVM {eúmU KoÊ`mMrH«$. Zmd _wcJr (ImOJr/emg.) J«m{_U H$maUo H$moUVr

AmB© dS>rcm§Mo _wcm§Mo _V_V,A{^àm` A{^àm`

XoemV EHw$U àmW{‘H$ dJm©V {eH$Umè¶m EH$wU ‘wbm§Mr g§»¶m 100 n¡H$s ____________‘wbo hmoVr.

8. {h_mMc àXoemVrc cmoH$m§Mo XaS>moB© CËnÞ {H$Vr? A{YH$ CËnÞ AgwZ gwÜXm _wcm§ZmemioV nmR>{dUo nmcH$m§Zm gmo rñH$a Amho H$m? MMm© H$am. {h_mMc àXoemV emgH$sèmim Mmc{dÊ`mMr Amdí`H$Vm H$m Amho?

9. Vwåhmbm Ago H$m dmQ>Vo, nmbH$ ‘wbmÀ¶m VwbZoV ‘wbrÀ¶m {ejUmbm H$‘r àmYmÝ¶XoVmV? dJm©V MMm© H$am.

10. ór¶m§À¶m Kam~mhoa H$m‘ H$aÊ¶m‘Ü¶o d qbJ oXm‘Ü¶o H$m¶ g§~§Y Amho?

11. {ejUmMm A{YH$ma, H$b‘ 2009 (RTE) KmofZm H$aVo H$s, 6 Vo 14 dfm©À¶m ‘wbm§H$S>o‘wâV {ejU KoÊ¶mMm A{YH$ma Amho. gaH$mabm ImÌr H$amdr bmJVo, emiogmR>rAmdí¶H$ B‘maVr, Cƒ {ejU Agboë¶m {ejH$m§Mr ^Vu Am{U BVa Amdí¶H$ gmo¶rH$amì¶m bmJVmV. ¶mnmR>mV Vwåhr Oo H$mhr dmMVmV Am{U Oo H$mhr Vwåhmbm ‘mhrVAmho, Ë¶mAmYmao ¶m ‘hËdmÀ¶m H$b‘m~Ôb MMm© H$am. g§dmX H$am. A). ‘wbm ~ÔbAm). ‘mZd {dH$mgm ~Ôb.

SCERT TELANGANA

gm‘m{OH$ AÜ¶¶Zgm‘m{OH$ AÜ¶¶Zgm‘m{OH$ AÜ¶¶Zgm‘m{OH$ AÜ¶¶Zgm‘m{OH$ AÜ¶¶Z28 CËnÞ Am{U H$m‘

YS>m3 CËnmXZ Am{U amoOJma

Aem nH$maÀ¶m ~mVå¶m AmnU dV©‘mZ nÌmV dmMZ AgVmo. ho H$em {df¶r~mobVmV? H$emgmR>r EdT>r {Zamem {XgwZ ¶oVo? Vw‘À¶m {ejH$mÀ¶m ‘XVrZo AemnH$maMo dV©‘mZ nÌ O‘m HéZ Ë¶mVrb KQ>H$mda MMm© H$am.

Am{W©H$ joÌmVrb KQ>H$bmoH$ Amnë¶m Cn{OdrHo$gmR>r doJdoJù¶m àH$maMr H$m‘o H$aVmV. ho AmnU AmR>ì¶md

Zdì¶m dJm©Vrb H$mhr nmR>m‘Ü¶o ¶mMr MMm© Ho$br Amho, hr H$m‘o ‘w»¶V… VrZ {d^mJmV{d^mJUr Ho$br OmVo. 1. H¥$fr joÌ d Ë¶m joÌmer g§~§YrV CÚmoJ. CXm. ‘mgo‘mar, Xþ½Yì¶dgm¶, Hw$Hy$Q>nmbZ, ‘|T>nmi B. 2. I{ZO nXmWmªer g§~§{YV CËnmXZ CXm. bhmZ-‘moR>oH$maImZo, ¶§Ìo, AdOmao 3. godm joÌ - àË¶j CËnmXZ à{H«$¶oer ¶mMm g§~§Y ZgVmo. godmd gmo¶r CnbãY H$éZ XoUmao ho joÌ hmo¶. CXm. ~±H$m, {~‘m, aoëdo, {ejH$, S>m°³Q>a B.¶mVrb ’$aH$ nwÝhm EH$Xm AmR>dU H$é$ ¶m:

Imbrb Xe©{dboë¶m {d{dY d¥Îmr H$m‘o H$aUmè¶m§Zm H¥$fr, ì¶mnma, godm {d^mJmZwgmaË¶m§Mo dJuH$aU H$am. dJr©H$aUmMo H$maUo Úm:

ì¶mnma-d¥Îmr dJu©H$aUH$nS>o {edUmam (qenr)~waS> (Q>monbr {dZUmam)’w$bo bmdUmamXþY {dH$Umam‘mí¶m YaUmamnwOmar-Y‘© CnXoe H$aUmamnÌ dmQ>n H$aUmamAmJ S>ã~r H$maImÊ¶mV H$m‘ H$aUmamì¶mOmZo n¡go XoUmam - gmdH$ma

^maVmÀ¶m (GDP) Mr dmT>nmM dfm©nojm ‘§X Pmbr-5.8%,MrZÀ¶m ‘mJo nS>bm.

eoVr Am{U CËnmXZ loÌmV

H$‘r CËnmXZ Pmë¶m‘wio, OmZodmar-‘mM© 2018-19 ‘Ü¶o, ^maVmÀ¶mAm{W©H$ dmT>rMm Xa 5.8% ‘§X Pmbm.‘o 31 bm Om{ha Ho$boë¶m A{YH¥$V

S>oQ>m gm§JVmo........ 2014-15 nmgyZEHy$U amï´>r¶ CËnÞmMr dmT> ‘§XPmbr. ‘mJrb H$‘r 6.4% 2013-14 ‘Ü¶o Pmbr (X {hÝXÿ)

India GDP growth slows to five year low at 5.8%, falls behind China.

SCERT TELANGANA

29Voc§JmZm emgZmìXmao _mo\$V {dVaU 2020-21

EHw$U amï´>r¶ CËnÞXmoZ Hw$Qw>§~ AmhoV Ago g‘Ow ¶m - EH$ “lr‘§V” Y{ZH Hw$Qw>§~, Xþgao “Jar~” Hw$Qw>§~ ¶mV

Hw$Qw>§~mVrb ì¶º$s dmnaV Agbobo H$nS>o, àdmgmgmR>r H$moUVr gmYZo dmnaVmV, ^moOZ,amhÊ¶mMo Ka, Ë¶mÀ¶mH$S>o AgUmè¶m dñVw, d¡Ú {MH$sËgmgmR>r Vo H$em àH$maÀ¶m XdmImÊ¶mVOmVmV, ¶mdéZ AmnU lr‘§V Am{U Jar~ ¶mMm A§XmOm bmdw eH$Vmo.Va ‘J ¶m Hw$Qw>§~mMoCËnÞ hoM gdm©V ‘hËdmMo R>aVo. XoemV CËnmÞmMm {hgm~ R>odÊ¶mgmR>r dfm©À¶m Xaå¶mZ XoemVCËnmXrV Pmboë¶m A§{V‘ dñVw, godm ¶m§Mr EHw$U qH$‘V Ago KoD$ ¶m. ¶m qH$‘Vrg Cn¶moJmV¶oUmam Vm§{ÌH$ eãX åhUOoM EHw$U amï>r¶ CËnÞ (GDP) Ago åhUVmV.

Imbrb V³Ë¶mV XmoZ doJdJoù¶m dfm©V: 1973-74 Am{U 2013-2014. ¶m dfm©V ^maVXoemMr EHw$U CËnÞ qH$‘V Xe©drVo. 37 dfm©À¶m H$mimV EHw$U CËnmXZ H$er dmT>V Jobr VoAmnU nmhþ ¶m.

~mJ~mUrMm nmhUmam, ‘mbr^m§S>r ~Z{dUmam‘Yw-‘Y Y§Xm H$aUmaoÁ¶mo{Vî¶ gm§JUmaoH$m°b g|Q>a H$‘©MmarImbrb Vº$m ^maVmV 1972-73 ‘{Yb d nwÝhm 2017-18, åhUOo 43 dfm© Z§VaH$moUË¶m {d^mJmV {H$Vr ì¶º$s H$m‘ H$aVmV Ë¶mMr ‘m{hVr {‘iVo.

df© H¥$fr H$maImZo godm1972-73 74% 11% 15%2017-18 44% 25% 31%

(i) darb V³Ë¶mVwZ Vwåhmbm H$moUVm ‘hËdmMm ~Xb {XgwZ ¶oVmo?(ii) Ë¶m AJmoXa Vwåhr Ho$boë¶m Aä¶mgmdéZ Agm ~Xb KSw>Z ¶oÊ¶mg H$moUVr H$maUo

AmhoV, MMm© H$am?

1....................... 2........................ 3.......................4.....................

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2

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Imbrb {MÌo nhm d Vr H$moUH$moUË¶m {d^mJm g§~§Yr AmhoV Vo gm§Jm?

SCERT TELANGANA


Vº$m nmhþZ ¶m àíZm§Vr CËao Úm:1973-74 ¶m dfm©V H$moUH$moUË¶m{d^mJmV OmñV CËnÎmr Pmbr?2013-2014 ¶m dfm©V H$moUH$moUË¶m{d^mJmV OmñV CËnÎmr Pmbr?{JH$må¶m OmJm âm:

1973-74 Am{U 2013-14 ¶m H$mimV^maV XoemV EHw$U dñVw, godmMr CËnÎmrgw‘mao________ EdT>r Pmbr.

2,59,5091,05,5752,45,479

38,67,681

10,73,561

8,00,548

(The data for 2013-14 has been adjusted for prices, which means that both for 1973-74 and 2013-14 the GDPvalues can be compared. Both have been expressed in terms of prices existing in the same reference/ base year).

EHw$U(6,10,563)

EHw$U(57,41,790) {MÌ 1 : H¥$fr, H$maImZo, godm{d^mJmZwgma EHw$U amîQ>r¶ CËnÎmr(H$amoS> ‘Ü¶o)

EH$wU amï´>r¶ CËnÞ(GDP)Mm A§XmO H$em àH$mao bmdVm ¶oVmo ?{VÝhr joÌmV Am{W©H$ H$m¶© H$aUmao bmoH$ Iwn ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV dñVw d godm H$m‘m§Mr CËnÎmr

H$aVmV. àË¶oH$ {d^mJmV {H$Vr bmoH$m§Zm H$m‘ {‘iV Amho, EHw$U dñVw {H$Vr, godm H$m‘mMoCËnmXZ hmoV Amho Ago AmnU g‘OwZ ¿¶m¶bm nmhrOo.

H$m§hr hOmamo dñVw, godm H$m‘ ¶mMm A§oXmO bmdUo Amdí¶H$ Amho, Ago Vwåhmbm dmQw eH$Vo.ho H$m‘ VodT>o H${T>U Zmhr Va, H$ma, H°$ånwwQ>a, ‘mo~mB©b ’$moZ, godm, Q>monbr {dZH$m‘, m§S>o ~ZdUo¶m gdm©Mm H$gm {hgmo~ R>oodVm ¶oVmo, ¶m ~Ôb Vwåhmg AmíM¶© dmQ>ob, ho gd© AW© Zgë¶m gmaIoAgVo.

¶m àíZmMo CÎma XoÊ¶mgmR>r AW©Vk Ago gm§JVmV H$s, àË¶jmV dñVw Z ‘moOVm A§{V‘dñVw§Mo godmMo ‘wë¶ (qH$‘V) ‘moOm. CXm.10,000 {H$bmo Vm§Xim§Mo YmÝ¶ 25 én¶o {H$bmo {dH$boVa Ë¶m YmÝ¶mMr EHw$U qH$‘V 2,50,000. én¶o. 5000 Zmaio 10 én¶mg EH$ n‘mUo{dH$ë¶mg 50,000. én¶o Ë¶m Zmaim§Mr qH$‘V hmoB©b. CËnÎmr Pmbobr, {dH$ë¶m Jobobr àË¶oH$dñVw d godogr {heom~ bmdÊ¶mMr AmdíH$Vm Amho H$m? dñVw§Mm d godm EHw$U qH$‘VrMm H$gmA§XmO bmdVm ¶oVmo?

CXm.EH$ eoVH$ar EH$m amB©g {‘bbm n{V {H$bmo 25 én¶o ¶m n‘mUo Vm§Xim§Mo YmÝ¶ {dH$VAgo g‘Ow ¶m. Ë¶mZo EHw$U 100 {H$bmo YmÝ¶ {dH$bo. Ë¶mZo H$moUVohr ~r-{~¶mUo {dH$V KoVboZmhrV, Ago g‘Ow ¶m. Ë¶mZo CËnÞ Ho$boë¶m EH$wU Vm§XimMr qH$‘V 2500 amB©g {‘b (i)hmoQ>obbm 40 én¶o {H$bmo à‘mUo 80 {H$bmo Vm§Xþi (ii) à{V {H$bmo 20é. à‘mUo wgm 20{H$bmo{dH$Vmo.amB©g {‘bZo CËnÞ Ho$boë¶m EHw$U dñVw§Mr qH$‘V: (80 x 40) + (20 x 20) = Rs.

SCERT TELANGANA


3600. hr {H$‘§V hmoQ>ob ‘mbH$ amB©g {‘babm XoV AmgVmo, d hm°Q>ob ‘mbH$ wí¶mMm dmnaMwbrgmR>r ñd¶§nmH$ H$aÊ¶mgmR>r H$aVmo. Vm§XimnmgwZ BS>br, Xmogm ~ZdVmo, nwU© BS>br, Xmogm{dH$ë¶mZ§Va hmoQ>ob ‘mbH$mg 5000 é. {‘iVmV.

¶m CXmXaUmV gmi YmÝ¶, wgm d Vm§Xþi ¶m ‘w»¶ dñVw ¶mg eodQMm Cn^moº$m ¶mMm dmnaH$aV Zmhr nU, Ë¶mnmgwZ BS>br,Xmogm V¶ma H$aÊ¶mgmR>r ¶mMm dmna H$aVmo. hm°Q>ob ‘mbH$Vm§XimnmgwZ BS>br, Xmogm V¶ma H$éZ {dH$Vmo, yñ¶mMm dmna OiU åhUyZ H$aVmo, hm°Q>ob‘mbH$mbm ¶mVwZ 5000 é. {‘imbo. ¶mV AmnU emararH$ l‘mMr qH$‘V bmdbr Va dñVwMoA§{V‘ ‘wë¶ AmUIr dmT>ob qH$dm Vo XþßnQ> hmoB©b. CËnmXrV dñVwÀ¶m qH$‘VrV ¶m à{H«$¶oVrbgd© ~m~tMr qH$‘V {‘gidwZ A§{V‘ ‘wë¶ R>aVo. àË¶oH$ Q>ßn¶mda CËnmXZ H$Vm© Ë¶m dñVw {dH$VKoVm§Zm Ë¶mV Ë¶mMr {H§‘V XoD$Z H$aVmo. åhUwZ hm°Q>ob CËnmXH$mZo {‘idbobo 5000 ho CËnÞ(A§{V‘ dñVw) ¶mV Vm§Xiw, qH$dr ygm ¶m§Mr [H§$‘V XoIrb g‘m{dîQ> AgVo. hm°Q>ob ‘mbH$mZrVm§Xÿi, ygm CËnmXrV Ho$bm ZgwZ, gmi {dH$V KoVm§Zm 2500 é, amBg{‘bÀ¶m ‘mbH$mZoeoVH$è¶mH$Sw>Z Vo {dH$V KoVbo. Ë¶mg hm°Q>ob ‘mbH$mZo é. 3600 {dH$V KoVbo Á¶mV Ë¶mÀ¶memararH$ l‘mMr qH$‘V {‘gibobr Amho. eoVH$ar gmirMo åhUOoM dñVwMo CËnmXZ H$aVmo.Vm§Xwi, gmi ¶m§Mr qH$‘V doJir H$aUo åhUOo EH$mM Jmoï>rMr AZoH$ doim ‘moO‘mn H$aUo hmo¶.gmir/Vm§Xþi/ ygm/BS>br/Xmogm

CËnmXrV A§{V‘ dñVw åhUOo Or nwÝhm CËnmXZ à{H«$¶ogmR>r {dH$br OmUma Zmhr. darbCXmhaUmV Vm§Xþi hr CËnmXrV dñVw Amho. BS>br-Xmogm Ë¶m§Zr Ë¶m§À¶m Hw$Qw>§~mgmR>r Ho$bo AgyZVo {dH$bo OmV Zmhr.

àËo¶H$ Q>ß¶mZwgma nwU© dñVw§Mr qH$‘V:àW‘ Q>ßnm (amB©g {‘babm eoVH$ar gmi YmÝ¶ {dH$Uo) Rs. 2500Xþgam Q>ßnm (hmoQ>ob ‘mbH$mg wñgm d Vm§Xþi {dH$Uo) Rs. 3600{Vgam Q>ßnm (BS>br, Xmogm {dH$Uo ) Rs. 5000 MMm© H$am… CËnÎmr Ho$boë¶m nwU© dñVw§Mr qH$‘V ‘mhrV H$éZ KoÊ¶mgmR>r ¶m gdmªMm g§~§Y

EH$‘oH$mer AgVmo H$m?

....‘r CËnÎmrHo$booë¶m JìhmMrnwU© qH$‘V ‘bm{‘imbr !

darb CXm.gmi YmÝ¶ Xþgè¶m Q>ß¶mV Am{UBS>br,Xmogm ¶m A§{V‘ Q>ß¶mVrb dñVw. AmnU{ZË¶ {OdZmV Cn¶moJr ¶oUmè¶m H$mhr dñVwImbr XmIdë¶m AmhoV.Ë¶mÀ¶m g‘moa Ë¶m-Ë¶mdñVw§À¶m ‘Ü¶Xem, CËnmXH$Vm {bhm.

A§{V‘ CËnmXH$Vm ‘Ü¶Xem CËnmXH$Vm dhr H$maH$åß¶wQ>a

SCERT TELANGANA


nW‘ Q>ßnm - (amB©g {‘babm eoVH$ar gmb YmÝ¶ {dH$Uo) = é.2500 VwZ IaoXr Ho$bobrCËnmXH$ qH$‘V 0 (ewÝ¶) é. H$mTw>Z Q>mH$ë¶mg Ambobr qH$‘V 2500 é.Xþgam Q>ßnm - (hmoQ>ob ‘mbH$ wñgm d Vm§Xþi {dH$Uo) = 3600 é.VwZ IaoXr Ho$bobr CËnmXH$qH$‘V 2500 é. dOm Ho$ë¶mg, Ambobr qH$‘V 1100 é.{Vgam Q>ßnm - (BS>br, Xmogm {dH$Uo) = 5000 é.VwZ IaoXr Ho$bobr qH$‘V 3600 é. H$mT>ë¶mgAmbobr qH$‘V 1400 é.

Imbrb V³Ë¶mV EHw$U amïr¶ CËnÎmrMr {H$§‘V {Xë¶m Jobr Amho. 2010-2011 ¶m dfm©V Ho$boë¶m{hemo~mZwgma EHw$U amï>r¶ CËnÎmr d¥Õr aoQ> ¶mg BVa dfm©er VwbZm H$am.

df© GDP (é.H$amoS>)‘Ü¶o JV dfm©nojm EH$wU GDP d¥Õr = CËnÎmr d¥XYr aoQ>

2009-10 45,16,000 - -2010-11 49,37,000 [ (49,37,000 – 45,16,000)/ = 9.32 %

45,16,000] *1002011-12 52,48,000

2012-13 55,05,000

S>m°³Q>a, {ejH$, dH$sb, ~°H$, Am¶.Q>r.joÌ BË¶mXr godm àXmZ H$aVmV, na§Vw Ë¶m§À¶m H$Sy>ZH$moUË¶mhr {ZpíMV Aem dñVw§Mo CËnmXZ hmoV Zmhr, Va Ë¶m§À¶m godmZm (GDP) ‘Ü¶o H$gog‘m{dï> H$aUma ? åhUyZ, godm g§~§Yr, godm joÌmVrb KQ>H$m§Mr {‘iH$Vm CËnÞ (GDP) ‘Ü¶o{‘i{dbr OmVo.

àË¶oH$ Q>ß¶mV OmoS>ë¶m Jobobr A{V[aº$ qH$‘V ’$º$ KoUo Aer EH$ nÕV ¶mg dñVw§Mr {dH$sqH$‘VrV Ë¶m AJmoXa Xþgam ì¶º$s CËnÎmr Ho$ë¶m Jobobr m¡{VH$ CËnmXH$ qH$‘Vrg dOm H$amdobmJVo. d[ab CXm.Ûmao CËnÎmr XmamZo OmoS>bobr A{V[aº$ qH$‘V {H$Vr Vo ‘m{hV H$é ¶m.

àË¶oH$ Q>ß¶mV Ambobr qH$‘V = 2500+1100+1400 = 5000¶mdéZ Ago bjmV ¶oVo H$s, àË¶oH$ Q>ßß¶mda dñVwMr qH$‘V dmT>V OmD$Z A§{V‘ Q>ßß¶mdarb

qH$‘V {ZYm©arV hmoVo, {d{eï> dfm©V CËnmXrV dñVwMr A§{V‘ qH$‘V d EHw$U CËnmXrV dñVw¶m§Mr EHw$U ~o[aO ¶mdéZ (GDP) EHw$U amï´>r¶ CËnÞ R>aVo. AemàH$mao EH$m dfm©V EHw$UCËnmXrV dñVw d godm ¶m§À¶m qH$‘VrMr ~o[aO Ho$br AgVm (GDP) åhUOoM EHw$U amï´>r¶CËnÞ {‘iVo.

2013-14 ¶m dfm©Vrb (GDP) ~{KVbo AgVm, Vw‘À¶m bjmV Ambo Agob H$s, hrAmH$S>odmar E{àb 2013 Vo ‘mM© 2014 n¶ªV {Xbr Amho. ¶mbmM Am{W©H$ df© Ago åhUVmV.

EHw$U CËnÞmV EH$m dfm©Vrb (GDP) ‘moOVm§Zm CËnmXrV Ho$boë¶m dñVw A{YH$ godm ¶m§Mr~mOma ^mdmZwgma EHw$U qH$‘V (GDP) ‘Ü¶o g‘m{dï> AgVo. na§Vw EH$m dfm©V CËnmXrVPmboë¶m gd©M dñVw ~mOmamV {d{H«$gmR>r ¶oV Zmhr. ¶m§Mr [H§$‘V H$er H$mT>Uma? Ho$di dñVwMZìho Va. KamV AmB© ñd¶§nmH$ H$aVo, ‘wbm§Mo g§JmonU H$aVo, ~mJ-H$m‘ H$aUo B. H$m‘m§Zm Eo{hH$‘wë¶ (Monitary Value) dñVwÀ¶m qH$‘VrV J¥hrV Yabobr ZgVo qH$dm EHw$U amï´>r¶ CËnÞmV

¶mM Jmoï>rMm Xþgè¶m ~mOyZo {dMma Ho$bm Va Ago bjmV ¶oVo H$s, àË¶oH$ Q>ß¶mda dñVwMo{Z‘m©U hmoVm§Zm WmoS>r WmoS>r {H$‘V Ë¶mV {‘gibo OmVo. CËnmXZ H$Ë¶mªZo dñVwMo ‘wë¶{‘giVm§Zm Ë¶mV emararH$ l‘mMr {H§‘V {‘gibobr AgVo Vo H$er Imbrb CXm. Ûmao ~KVm¶oB©b.

SCERT TELANGANA


¶mMm g‘mdoe Ho$bm OmV Zmhr. nU AW© ì¶dñWoV ¶m~m~r A{Ve¶ ‘hËdmÀ¶m Amho. maVmVqH$dm OJmV AmOhr ór¶m Hw$R>bohr ‘wë¶ qH$dm ‘mZYZ Z KoVm H$m‘ H$aVmV. Ë¶mMr ‘moOXma(GDP ) ‘Ü¶o hmoV Zmhr.{d^mJmVrb à‘wIVm ~Xb-CËnÎmr Ho$boë¶m dñVw, godm qH$‘V-bmoH$m§Zm H$m‘

àË¶oH $dfu dñVw§Mr, godm CËnÎmr {dH$mg hmoV Agë¶m‘wio EHw$U amîQ>r¶ CËnmXZmV(GDP) H$er dmT> hmoVo? Vo AmnUmg ‘mhrV Amho, hm {dH$mg H$gm Pmbm? Ë¶m‘wio EHw$UamîQ>r¶ CËnmXZmV OmñV d¥Õr {XgwZ ¶oVo. ho ‘m{hV H$éZ KoUo, ‘hËdmMo Amho. gÜ¶m PnmQ>çmZo{d{dY XoemV {dH$mg {XgwZ ¶oVmo, Ë¶mV n«m‘w»¶mZo ì¶dgm¶ Amho, Ë¶m g§~§YrV {d{dY {d^mJoË¶m§Mr EHw$U amîQ>r¶ CËnÎmr dmT>dÊ¶mMm gVV n«¶ËZ H$aVmV.

{nH$m§Mr ~Xb H$éZ {nHo$ KoVboë¶m ì¶dgm¶ joÌmV PnmQ>çmZo d¥Õr hmoV Amho, AmnUHo$boë¶m Anojm OmñV {nHo$ CËnÞ Ho$ë¶m Amho. Amdí¶H$ VodT>m Amhma eoVH$ar CËnÎmr Ho$ë¶m‘wioM bmoH$ BVa H$m‘o H$aVmV. eoVr ì¶dgm¶ H$m‘ H$aUmao Vo , ì¶mnma H$aVmV, IaoXr {dH$sV~amM ^md Pmë¶m‘wio dñVw§Zm, godm ¶m§Zm ’$maM {S>‘m§S> Amho. EdT>oM Zmhr Va, nmbH$nemgZmV, g¡Ý¶mV ~aoM bmoH$ Vu Pmbo. Va ¶m XeoV EH§$X[aV CËnÎmr Pmboë¶m dñVwV OmñVrVOmñV ì¶dgm¶ d Ë¶m g§~§YrV {d^mJo AmhoV, ~è¶mM bmoH$m§Zm ¶m joÌmV H$m‘ {‘iV AgVo.

¶m AJmoXaÀ¶m dJm©V Am¡Úmo{JH$ H«$m§Vr{df¶r Vwåhr Aä¶mg Ho$bm AmhmV, Ë¶m§Mr nwÝhmEH$Xm AmR>dU H$am. ZdrZ CËnÎmrÀ¶m nÕVr Amë¶m‘wio H$maImZo {Z‘m©U d Ë¶mMm {dH$mgPmbm d Ë¶mnwdu eoVmV, ì¶mdgm{¶H$ joÌmV H$m‘ H$aUmao AmVm OmñVrV OmñV H$m‘ H$arVAmho. d bmoH$ OmñV dñVw§Mm Cn¶moJ H$arV AmhoV. H$maImÝ¶mV H$‘r ^mdmV OmñV à‘mUmVdñVw§Mr CËnÎmr hmoV Agë¶m‘wio ho nwU© OJmVrb ~mOmanoR>oV ngabo. ¶m XoemV EHw$U CËnÎmrH$amd¶mÀ¶m dñVw, godoÀ¶m Ñï>rZo d àmá Pmboë¶m H$m‘mÀ¶m Ñï>rZo H$maImÝ¶mMo ‘XËd dmT>bo.Aí¶màH$mao H$mi‘mZmà‘mUo n[añWrVrV ~Xb Pmbm. åhUOo {d{dY {d^mJmÀ¶m à‘wIVoV ~XbPmbm d H$maImZo Am¡Úm§o{JH$ {d^mJ ‘hËdmMm R>abm d CËnÎmr Am{U H$m‘mÀ¶m Ñï>rZo ì¶dgm¶joÌmMm {d^mJ ‘mJo nS>bm.

Joë¶m 50 dfm©V àJVr Pmboë¶m XoemV H$maImZo {d^mJmnmgwZ godm {d^mJmMo‘hËd dmT>V Amho, EHw$U CËnÎmrV godm {d^mJmg ‘w»¶ ñWmZ Amho. ‘OXþa H$m‘ H$aUmao nUAmVm Zm¡H$è¶m H$arV AmhoV. CËnmXH$ H$m¶©H$bmnmboV OmñV à‘mUmV AmVm dñVw§Mr CËnÎmrZmhr Va Zm¡H$è¶m {‘idrUo ho Amho. nwU© àJVrerb XoemV gÜ¶m hrV n[añWrVr {XgwZ ¶oVo. Va^maV XoemV nU AgoM KSw>Z ¶oVo H$m ¶m doJio Amho?>

J«m’$ (2) ‘Yrb MmQ>© nmhm. 1973-74 Vo 2013-2014. ¶m Am{W©H$ dfm©VEHw$U amï>r¶ CËnÎmrV {d{dY {d^mJmMm dmQ>m hr ‘m{hVr XoV AgVmo. ¶m AJmoXaÀ¶m V³Ë¶mVAgUmao AmH$S>oM Ë¶m {MÌmV Q> o$dmarV AmhoV. EHw$U d¥Õr Ë¶m dfm©Vrb EHw$U amï>r¶ CËnÎmrgwMdVo. ì¶dgm¶, H$maImZo, godm ZmoH$è¶m ¶m {VZ {d^mJmMr CËnÎmr EH$Ì Ho$br Va EHw$Uamï>r¶ CËnÎmr ¶oVo. godm ZmoH$è¶m ‘Ü¶o nwÝhm {VZ nH$ma AmhoV. Vo Ago.

SCERT TELANGANA


ì¶dgm¶

H$maImZoì¶mnma, hmoQ>ob, admZm, AmH$medmUr ngma

Am{W©H$, {d‘m, pñWa g§nÎmr ([a¶b BñQ>oQ>) godmgmd©O{ZH$, gm‘m{OH$, ì¶{º$JV ZmoH$è¶m

1973-74 2015-16

12%

19%

22%

19%

28%

43%

12%

15%

22%

8%

J«m’$ 2 EHw$U amï>r¶ CËnÞmV {d{dY {d^mJmMm dmQ>m

godm ZmoHè¶mVrb nH$magmd©O{ZH$, gm‘m{OH$, ì¶{º$JV ZmoH$è¶m emg{H$¶ nemgZ, Xoe ajU, pdÚm,

d¡Ú{H$¶, new-d¡Ú, ngma H|$X, J§Wmb¶, nwamVZdñVw [aH$mS>©, g§Jhmb¶(å¶w{P¶‘) d BVagm§ñH¥${VH$ H$m¶©H$‘

Am{W©H$, {d‘m, pñWa g§nÎmr ([a¶b BñQ>oQ>) godm ~±H$, nmoñQ> Am°’$sg, ~MV ImVo,AW© 4 H§$nZr,{OdZ {d‘m ‘hm‘§S>i, gmYmaU {d‘m g§ñWm,B‘maVr {dH$s H§$nZr, ñWbmMr godm BË¶mXr.

ì¶mnma, hmoQ>ob, dmhVyH$ gmYZo, àgma ‘mÜ¶‘

Aä¶mg… ì¶mnma, hmoQ>ob, admZm, AmH$medmUr ngmam g§~§YrV H$mhr CXmhaUo Úm?

37 dfm©À¶m H$mimV ì¶dgm¶ joÌmV ’$ma ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV KQ> Ambr. EHw$U amî«r¶ CËnÎmrV H$maImZojoÌmVrb CËnÞmMm dmQ>m dmT>bm d ¶m doJio Ago åhUOo godm joÌmV XmoÝhr {d^mJmV OmñVrV OmñVà‘mUmV d¥Õr Pmbr.

SCERT TELANGANA


Vº$m-1 Mm bj XodwZ Aä¶mg H$am d ImbrbníZmMt CËVao Úm:

eoVr ì¶dgm¶ joÌmVrb OmñVrV OmñV H$m‘JmabmoH$ ________.‘Ü¶o amhVmV.OmñV bmoH$ _______H$m‘ H$aUmao ì¶dgm¶ joÌmVH$m‘ {‘i{dV AmhoV.90% n ojm OmñV ehar H $ m‘Jma h o________Am{U______ {d^mJmV H$m‘{‘i{dV AmhoV.ór-nwéf n‘mUmMr VwbZm Ho$br Va ór________ {d^mJmV ’$º$ H$mhr n‘mUmV H$m‘{‘idV AmhoV.

Vº$m: 1 ^maVmVrb H$m‘Jmam§Mr ‘m{hVr, 2017-2018 (%)

{d^mJ {Zdmg ñWi qbJ EHw$U H$m‘JmaJm{‘U ehar nwéf ór

eoVr ì¶dgm¶ 59.8 6.6 40.7 57.2 44.6Am¡Úmo{JH$ ì¶dgm¶ 20.4 34.3 26.7 17.7 24.4godm ì¶dgm¶ 19.8 59.1 32.8 25.2 31.0

^maV XoemVrb Zm¡H$ar-ì¶dgm¶ joÌmVrb H$m‘mMr pñWVrEHw$U amï´>r¶ CËnÞmMo ñdén Ë¶m XoemVrb EHw$U Zm¡H$ar ì¶dgm¶, H$m‘ H$aUmao bmoH$

d (GDP) ¶mMm ’$ma OdiMm g§~§Y Amho, àË¶oH$ XoemVrb bmoH$g§»¶oV dmT> hmoVo Amho.bmoH$g§»¶oÀ¶m dmT>r ~amo~a XoemVrb bmoH$m§Zm H$m‘ {‘iUo hr Amdí¶H$ Amho. ho H$m‘{‘idyZ XoUo qH$dm H$m‘mMr g§Yr CnbãY H$éZ {Xbr nm{hOo bmoH$m§Zm Zm¡H$ar ì¶dgm¶ qH$dmCËnÞmMo gmYZ Agë¶m {edm¶ Vo Amnë¶m ‘wb yV JaOm H$em nwU© H$aVrb?

2011À¶m OZJUZoZwgma 1210 {‘cr¶Z OZg§»¶on¡H$s 460 {‘cr¶Z bmoH$ ZmoH$è¶m H$[aVAmhoV. åhUOo CËnÞmÀ¶m H$m¶m©V bmoH$ gh^mJr AmhoV. Vº$m 1 hm ^maVmVrb {d{dY{d^mJmV H$m‘ H$[aV AgUmè¶mMr g§»¶m Xe©{dVo.

^maV XoemV Pmboë¶m ~Xbm ~Ôb gm§JÊ¶mgmaIo EH$ Ago Amho, EH$wU amï>r¶ CËnÎmrb {d{dY{d^mJmVrb dmQ>çmV OodT>m ~Xb Ambm VodT>m H$m‘ {‘iÊ¶mV ~Xb Ambm Zmhr. 1973-1974, 2015-2016 H$mimV joÌmV H$m‘mMm dmQ>m Jm’$-3 ‘Ü¶o XmI{dbm Jobm Amho, AmVmnU ìd¶gm¶ hoM ‘w»¶ H$m‘ {‘iÊ¶mMo {d^mJ Amho. Va ‘J ì¶dgm¶ joÌmV H$m‘ {‘iÊ¶mMmdmQ>m H$m H${‘ Pmbm Zmhr? H$maImZo Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌmV hdo VodT>çm ZmoH$è¶m Z {‘iUo hoM‘w»¶ ¶mMo H$maU Amho, ¶m H$mimV H$maImÝ¶mMr CËnÎmr 10 %$ Zo dmT>br. nU H$maImÝ¶m{‘iÊ¶mMo H$m‘ ’$º$ 3 Q> o$ dmT>bo. ZmoH$è¶m joÌmV CËnÎmr 14 Q> o$ dmT>br nU H$m‘ ‘mÌ 5Q> o$ dmT>bo.¶m n^mdm‘wio XoemVrb H$m‘JmamVrb AÜ¶m©nojm OmñV bmoH$ ì¶dgm¶ {d^mJmVH$mhr n‘mUmV H$m‘ H$éZ Vo ’$º$ EH$ ghm (1/6) CËnÎmr H$arVmM Cn¶moJr nS>VmV. ¶m

ì¶{V[aº$ EHw$U amï>r¶ 75 Q> o$ dmQ>m AgUmaoH$maImZXma ZmoH$è¶m {d^mJmVrb nwU©H$m‘Jmamn¡H$s ’$º$ AÜ¶m© bmoH$m§ZmM {‘iVAmhoV.

ì¶dgm¶ joÌmV AgUmao H$m‘Jma hoOodT>r CËnÎmr H$amdr VodT>r Ho$ë¶m OmVZmhr Ago g‘Omdo H$m?

¶mdéZ ì¶dgm¶ joÌmV Amdí¶H$VonojmOmñV bmoH$ ho ñnï> hmoVo. ì¶dgm¶ jÌmVwZH$mhr bmoH$ {ZKwZ Jobo Var Ë¶mMm n^mdCËnÎmrda nS>V Zmhr. AmUIr EH$ Ago VoåhUOo ì¶dgm¶ {d^mJmV H$m‘Jma hoVmËH$mbrH$ H$m‘M H$aUmao AmhoV.

SCERT TELANGANA


CXm.Jm¶Ìr ¶m bhmZ eoVH$ar {df¶r nmhþ ¶m. {Vbm 5 E¸$a nmdgmda AmYmarV eoVrAmho. Vr Ádmar d Vwa ¶mgmaIo {nHo$ KoV AgVo, Hw$Qw>§~mVrb nmM ì¶º$s df© a Ë¶mVM H$m‘H$[aV AgVmV. H$maU? Ë¶m§Zm BVa Xþgao H$m‘ Zmhr. Ë¶m§Zr H$m‘o dmQw>Z KoVmV, nË¶oH$OUH$moUVo Var EH$ H$m‘ H$[aV AgVmo, nU Hw$Umbmhr nwU©nUoo H$m‘ Zmhr. VmËH$mbrH$ H$m‘åhUOo hoM hmo¶.gd©OU H$m‘ Ho$ë¶mgmaIo AgVo, nU Hw$Umbmhr Amnë¶m gm‘Ï¶m©Zwgma nwU©H$m‘ {‘iV Zmhr. H$m‘ Zgë¶m‘wio Vo ~oH$ma ‘moH$io {XgVmV. nU Aem nH$maMr VmËH$mbrH$H$m‘ Hw$Umbmhr {XgwZ ¶oV Zmhr, Ë¶m‘wio AY©doi ~oH$mar Ago åhUVmV.

g‘Om EH$ O{‘ZXma ¶m Hw$Qw>§~mVrb EH$m XmoKm§Zm Amnë¶m eoVmV-eoV H$m‘mgmR>r H$m‘mdaR>odwZ KoVbo Ago g‘Ow ¶m.Ë¶m‘wio Jm¶ÌrÀ¶m Hw$Qw>§~mg ‘OXþarÀ¶m énmV A{V[aº$ CËnÞ ¶oVo.Ë¶m§Zm AgUmè¶m H$‘r O{‘ZrV nmM-ghmOU H$m‘ H$aÊ¶mMr Amdí¶H$Vm Zmhr. Ë¶m‘wioXmoKoOU Xþgè¶m H$m‘mg Joë¶m‘wio Ë¶m§À¶m CËnÞmda Ë¶mMm n^md nS>V Zmhr. darb CXm.ZmVXmoKoOU H$maImÝ¶mV nU H$m‘ H$aÊ¶mgmR>r H$XmMrV Jobo AgVrb, ¶m Ûmao nU ì¶dgm¶CËnÝÝmmV KQ> Z nS>Vm Jm¶Ìr Hw$Qw>§~ A{V[aº$ CËnÞ {‘idw eH$Vo.

^maV XoemV Jm¶ÌrgmaIo bhmZ eoVH$ar bmImo‘Ü¶o AmhoV, ¶mMm AW© Agm H$s, ì¶dgm¶{d^mJmVwZ ~aoM bmoH {ZKwZ OmD$Z BVa {d^mJmV H$m‘ Ho$bo Var Ë¶m§Mo ì¶dgm¶mMo CËnÞ KQ>VZmhr. d BVa H$m‘ H$aÊ¶mÛmao Hw$Qw>§~mVrb CËnÞmV dmT> hmoVo.$

¶m àH$maMo VmËH$mbrH$ H$m‘ BVa {d^mJmV nU Agw eH$Vo. CXm. ehar ^mJmV amoO‘OXþar gmR>r {’$aUmao H$m‘Jma bmoH$ hOmam|‘Ü¶o AmhoV. Vo a§J XoUo, nmÊ¶mÀ¶m nmB©nmMo H$m‘,BVa XþéñVr H$aÊ¶mMo H$m‘o H$aVmV. ¶m‘Ü¶o ~è¶mM bmoH$m§Zm amoO H$m‘ {‘iV Zmhr, Ë¶mMn‘mUo H$m‘ godm {d^mJmV ~mOmamV R>H$b ~§S>rda ^mOrnmbm {dH$Umè¶mg AmnU nmhVmo. ho{Xdgâ H$ï> H$éZ Oo n«má H$aVmV Vo ’$ma H${‘ AgVo nU ¶mnojm Xþgam Mm§Jbm ‘mJ© H$moUVmZmhr, åhUwZ Vo ho H$m‘ H$aVmV.

J«m’$ 3 : {VZ {d^mJmVrb H$m‘mMm dmQ>m

1973- 74 2017-2018

H$maImZo11%

godm15%

eoVr ì¶dgm¶74%

eoVr ì¶dgm¶44%

godm31%

H$maImZo25%

SCERT TELANGANA


Vº$m nmhþZ maVmVrc H$m‘Jmam§Mo dmQ>n- Imbrb Q>o~b nwU© H$am.

{d^mJ amoOJma (%) EHw$U amï>r¶ CËnÎmr (%)1973-74 2015-16 1973-74 2015-16

eoVr ì¶dgm¶

H$maImZo

godm

godm Zm¡H$è¶m joÌmV {dH$mg Pmbm Zmhr Var Ë¶m joÌmV H$m‘H$mOmV g‘mZ n‘mUmV {dH$mghmoV Zmhr. ^maV XoemV godm {d^mJmV AZoH$ nH$maÀ¶m ì¶º$s H$m‘ {‘idV AmhoV. EH$sH$S>oOmñV {ejU KoVbobo gw{e{jV d nmÌVm AgUmè¶m ì¶º$s§Zm H$mhr bmoH$m§Zm Zm¡H$è¶m {‘iVAmhoV. Va XþgarH$S>o bhmZ-bhmZ XþH$mZo MmbdUmao, XþéñVr H$aUmao, admZ, godm OJV AgVmV.Var nU BVa ‘mJ© Zgë¶m‘wio ¶m H$m‘mV Vo amhVmV. åhUOo godm - Zm¡H$ar {d^mJmV ’$º$ EH$m~mOwZoM nmYmÝ¶ dmT>V OmVo,

^maV XoemVrb g§KQ>rV, Ag§KQ>rV H$m‘Jma {d^mJ^maV XoemV EHw$U amï>r¶ CËnVrV doJdoJio {d^mJ H$go ‘XV H$aVmV, ¶m {VZ {d^mJmV

H$emMr n«‘wIVm {H$Vr Amho ho AmnU nm{hboV. CËnÎmr d H$m‘mV KSw>Z ¶oV Agboë¶m ~Xbmg{díbofU H$aÊ¶mgmR>r ho Cn¶moJr nS>Vo.

Amnë¶m XoemV Zm¡H$è¶mÀ¶m nÕVrV åhUmdo VodT>m ~Xbmd KSw>Z ¶oV Zmhr, ¶mV Zm¡H$è¶mH$m‘m g§~§YrV nOVmiwZ nmhÊ¶mgmR>r AmUIr EH$ dJuH$aU nÕV nmhþ ¶m. Imbr MMm© Ho$boë¶mdJuH$aU d H$m‘mg§~§YrV n[apñWVtZm d g‘ñ¶m§Zm ñnï> àH$Q> H$arV AgVo.

1973-74 2015-2016

J«m’$ 4 : {VZ {d^mJmVrb EHw$U amï>r¶ CËnÎmr GDP dmQ>m

eoVr ì¶dgm¶43%

godm35%

H$maImZo22%

eoVr ì¶dgm¶19%

godm53%

H$maImZo28%

eoVr ì¶dgm¶43%

godm53%

H$maImZo22%

SCERT TELANGANA


Za{gåhmZa{gåhm hm emgH$s¶ H$m¶m©b¶mV H$m‘ H$arV

AgVmo. Ë¶mÀ¶m H$m‘mMm doi gH$mir 9.30 nmgwZg§Ü¶mHmir 5.30 n¶ªV AgVmo. KamnmgwZ nmM {H$.‘rXwa AgUmao Ë¶mÀ¶m H$m¶m©b¶mg Vmo ‘moQ>magm¶H$b daOmVmo. nË¶oH$ ‘{hÝ¶mV eodQ>r Ë¶mbm {Z¶‘rV nUonJma {‘iVmo, d Vmo H$ai Ë¶mÀ¶m ~±H$ ImË¶mV O‘mhmoVmo. nJmam ì¶Vr[aº$ emg{H¶ {Z¶‘mn‘mUo Ë¶mgH$‘©Mmar ^{dî¶ {ZYr {‘iV AgVo. d¡Ú{H$¶ d BVa^Îmm gwÕm {‘iVm o. Za{gåhm a{ddmaÀ¶m {XderH$m¶m ©b¶mg OmV Zmhr, hr Ë¶mg nJmar ghrV{‘iUmar gwÅ>r¶ Vmo H$m‘mda {Z¶wº$ Pmë¶m doir H$m‘mÀ¶m AQ>r d {Z¶‘mghrV Ë¶mg{Z¶m‘H$ nÌ XoÊ¶mV Ambo.

amOoídaramOoídar Ka ~m§YÊ¶mMo H$m‘ H$arV AgVo, d Vr

gH$mir 7 dmOVm H$m‘mg OmVo d amÌr 7 dmOVmdmng ¶oVo. 8 Vo 10 {H$.‘r. Xþa AgUmam {VMmH$m‘mMm nXoe. Ë¶mgmR>r Vr Xaam oO ~gZo ndmgH$aVo d dmng ¶oVo. Ka ~m§YH$m‘ H$aUmè¶m H$m‘Jmam§ZmXþnmar 1 Vo 2 ^moOZ {dlm§Vr AgVo. {Vbm ‘{hÝ¶mVwZ10 Vo 12 {Xdg ’$º$ H$m‘ {‘iVo. d H$m‘ Zgboë¶m{Xder {Vbm ‘Owar {‘iV Zmhr, d am oO {Vbm‘Owar 150 é. {‘iVmV. gd©gmYmaU nUo {Vbmg§Ü¶mH$mir ‘OwarVo n¡go {‘iVmV. EH$m {R>H$mUr3-4 {Xdg H$m‘ Ho$bo Va H$m‘ g§në¶m Z§Va {VbmnwU© ‘Owar {‘iVo. ’o$~wdmar Vo OwZ ‘{hÝ¶mV OmñV

H$m‘ {‘iVo.d Owb¡ nmgwZ OmZodmarn¶ªV H$m‘ VodT>çm n‘mUmV {‘iV Zmhr. d amOoídar ñd¶§ghm¶H$ JQ>mV Amdí¶H$ AgVo, H$m‘mÀ¶m doir AMmZH$ ‘moR>m AnKmV Pmbm Va qH$dm ‘¥Ë¶wnmdbr Va emgZ H$mhr n‘mUmV Zï> {ZdmaU XoVo. nU bhmZ-bhmZ AnKmVm§Zm H$moUVmhrZï> {ZdmaU {‘iV Zmhr. EH$m ‘oórÀ¶m Imbr H$m‘ H$aUmè¶m JQ>mV Vr gXñ¶ d nË¶oH$‘oóÀ¶m Imbr 6 Vo 10 bmoH$ H$m‘ H$aVmV.

g§KQ>rV d Ag§KQ>rV {d^mJmV H$m‘ H$aUmè¶m§À¶m ‘Ü¶o amOoídar d Za{gåhm AmhoV. Va Ë¶m§À¶mH$m‘mV H$em nH$maMm ’$aH$ Vwåhmg {XgwZ Ambm? g§KQ>rV d Ag§KQ>rV {d^mJm‘Yrb ’$aH$ AmoiIë¶m‘wioXoemV A{YH$ Q> o$ H$m‘Jmam§Mr H$m‘ H$aÊ¶mMr n[añWrVr d nJma H$gm Amho. ho AmnUmg H$iwZ ¶oVo. 92Q> o$ H$m‘Jma Ag§KQ>rV {d^mJmV H$m‘ H$aVmV. Va Ho$di 8 Q> o$ bmoH$ ’$º$ g§KQ>rV {d^mJmV H$m‘ H$[aVAmhoV.

SCERT TELANGANA


H$m‘mÀ¶m AQ>r d ImÌrZo H$m‘ {‘iUmè¶m àXoemV [H§$dm ì¶mnmam§Zm g§KQ>rV {d^mJ AgoAmoiIVmV. ¶mMr ‘m{hVr emgZm Odi Z‘moX Ho$bobr AgVo. Ë¶mH$arVm H$m‘JmamMo ’$m¶Xo[H$‘mZ nJma H$m¶Xm XþH$mZo d g§ñWm H$m¶Xo BË¶mXrV AgUmè¶m emg{H$¶ {Z¶‘ d AQ>r ¶mbmJw hmoV AgVmV. H$m§hr H«$‘dÕ ,à{H«$¶m Mr nÕV Agë¶m‘wio nU ¶m§Zm g§KQ>rV {d^mJAgo åhUVmV. g§KQ>rV {d^mJmV H$m‘Jmam§Zm Ë¶mÀ¶m Zm¡H$arMo g§ajU AgVo. Vo XaamoOR>am{dH$ doio n¶ªVM H$m‘ H$am¶Mo AgVo d Ë¶mnojm OmñV H$m‘ H$éZ KoVë¶m Jobo Va‘mbH$mg A{V[aº$ nJma Úmdm bmJVmo. EdT>oM Zìho Va nJmarghrV gwÅ>¶m d gwQ>çm‘Ü¶onJma, {dî¶ {ZYr BË¶mXrgma»¶m gdbVr Ë¶m§Zm d¡Ú{H$¶ gdbV nU Úmdr H$m¶Úmà‘mUo‘mbH$mZo ajUmghrV H$m‘mMo d {nÊ¶mMo nmÊ¶mÀ¶m gmo¶ CnbãY H$éZ Úmdr. emgZH§$nÊ¶m d ‘moR>çm g§ñWoV H$m‘ H$aUmao gd© H$m‘Jma g§KQ>rV {d^mJmV H$m‘ H$arV AgVmV.

Ag§KQ>rV {d^mJmV N>moQ>çm-N>moQ>çm g§ñWm Hw$Ro-Hw$R> AgVmV. Aem gd© gmYmaUnUoemgZmV AgV ZmhrV. {Z¶‘, AQ>r AgVmV, nU Ë¶m A§‘bmV ¶oV Zmhr, d A§‘b H$amdoAgo åhUUmao nmhUmao AgV ZmhrV. H$m‘Jmam§Zm nJma H${‘ d ajU hr ZgVo. OmñVH$m‘mg OmñV nJma, E¡pÀN>H gwQ>r, gwQ>çm d Amamo½¶{df¶r g‘ñ¶m Agë¶mdoir Ë¶m§Zm gwQ>çmnU {‘iV ZmhrV. H$moUË¶mhr H$maUm~Ôb H$m‘Jmam§Zm H$m‘mnmgwZ d§{MV H$aVm ¶oVo, H$m‘H$‘r Agë¶mg Ë¶m H$mimV H$mhr bmoH$m§Zm H$m‘mdéZ H$‘r H$aVm ¶oVo. {Xdgm|{Xdg~mOmamV hmoV Agboë¶m ~Xb n[añWrVr , H$m‘ nmá H$éZ XoUmè¶mda Ë¶m§À¶m ‘mZ{gH$pñWVrda ~è¶mM n‘mUmV AmYmarV AgVo.$

darb ‘m{hVr EdT>rM Zm{h Va godm {d^mJmV ñd§¶§ H$m‘ {‘idUmè¶m§Mr g§»¶m OmñVn‘mUmV Amho. H$m‘JmamV 50 Q> o$ ñd§¶§ H$m‘ {‘idUmaoM AmhoV. ~mOmamV dñVw {dH$V,bhmZ-bhmZ XþéñVrMo H$m‘ H$éZ d hoM bmoH$ bhmZ-bhmZ dñVw añË¶mda {dH$Vm§ZmAgbobo {XgwZ ¶oVmV. Ë¶mM n‘mUo eoVH$ar gwÕm ñd§¶§ H$m‘ {‘idVmV. d Amdí¶H$ Ë¶mdoir‘Owam§Zm ~mobdVmV. g§KQ>rV {d^mJmVrb Zm¡H$è¶m§Mr ‘mJUr gd©OU H$[aV AgVmV. nU ¶m{d^mJmV H$m‘ d Zm¡H$è¶m§Mr g§»¶m ’$maM H$‘r ‘§X n‘mUmV AgVo. d Ë¶m‘wioM OmñVrVOmñV H$m‘Jmam§Zm H$‘r nJmarda Ag§KQ>rV Zm¡H$è¶m Ho$ë¶m {edm¶ BVa ‘mJ© Zmhr d Zoh‘r¶m H$m‘Jmam§da AÝ¶m¶ hmoV AgVmo. Ë¶m§Zm ¶mo½¶ Vmo nJma {‘iV Zmhr, ¶mMr H$‘B© ’$maMH$‘r AgVo, Vr nU {Z¶‘rV ZgVo. g§KQ>rV {d^mJmÀ¶m H$m‘Jmam§À¶m Zm¡H$è¶m Joboë¶m AmnUnmhmV AmhmoV, d Ë¶mÀ¶m à^mdm‘wio Ë¶m§Zm nU H$‘r nJmarda Ag§KQ>rV {d^mJmV H$m‘H$amdo bmJVo. åhUOo OmñV H$m‘mÀ¶m JaOo gmo~V Ag§KQ>rV {d^mJmV H$m‘Jmam§Zm ajU d‘XV Amdí¶H$ Amho.

ajU Amdí¶H$ AgUmao Ag§KQ>rV H$m‘Jma H$moU? Jm‘rU mJmVrb ho O{‘Z ZgUmaoì¶dgm¶ ‘OwaXma, N>moQ>o eoVH$ar, dó {dZH$m‘ H$aUmao, gwVma, bmohma, qenr ¶mgmaIo hohñV CÚmoJ H$aUmao AmhoV. ^maVmV 80 Q> o$ bmoH$ Aën O{‘Z, bhmZ eoVH$ar ¶m JQ>mV‘moS>VmV. Aem nH$maÀ¶m eoVH$è¶m§Mm doioda ~r-{~¶mUo, ì¶dgm¶ n[aH$aUo, H$O© gdbV,‘mbmMr gmR>dUrMr gmo¶,{dH$s H|$X BË¶mXr Ûmao ‘XV H$amdr. ì¶dgm¶ ‘OwaXmam§Zm {H$‘mZdoVZ d H$m‘ {‘imdo.

ehar mJmV bhmZ-bhmZ H$maImZo, B‘maVr {Z‘m©U, ì¶mnma, XiU-diU dmhVyH$gmaIm^mJmV amoOdmar ‘Owar d ~mOmamV {dH$s H$aUmao, J„rV H$mJXo doMUmao, H$nS>o {edUmao,BË¶mXr H$m‘Jma bmoH$ g§KQ>rV H$m‘Jma bmoH$ AmhoV.

SCERT TELANGANA


dmQ>m (EHw$U % dmar)amoOJma (H$m‘) EHw$U amï>r¶ CËnÎmr

g§KQ>rV 8 50Ag§KQ>rV 92 50Total 100 100

Vº$m 2 g§KQ>rV d Ag§KQ>rV {d^mJmVrb nmÌ

{d^mJ

H$m‘mMr g§Yr àmá hmoÊ¶mgmR>r n[añWrV [dH$mg H$bm KSw>Z ¶oB©b?darb C„oImV nwîH$i bmoH$ H$maImÝ¶mV d Zm¡H$è¶mV, Mm§Jë¶m

Zm¡H$è¶m {‘idÊ¶mMr Amdí¶VH$m hmdr. nU Ago Pmbo Zmhr. H$maImÝ¶mV Zm¡H$è¶mVCËnÎmrV dmT> Pmbr nU Ë¶mZwgma H$m‘ {‘idÊ¶mV dmT Pmbr Zmhr. OmñVrV OmñVbmoH$ Ag§KQ>rV {d^mJmV H$m‘ Z {‘imë¶m‘wio AmhoV. CËnÎmrV dmT> Pmë¶m‘wioH$m‘JmamV 8% ’$º$ ¶mMm bm^ KoV AmhoV. Va ‘J gd© bmoH$m§Zm H$m‘ H$em nH$mao{‘iob? H$mhr ‘mJ© nmhþ ¶m.

nmM E¸$a H$moaS>dmhþ O{‘Z AgUmè¶m Jm¶ÌrMo CXm.KoD$ ¶m. emgZ H$[aVAgboë¶m gdbVr IMm© Ûmao qH$dm ~±H$ H$Om©Ûmao Jm¶Ìr hr ObqgMZmÛmao Amnë¶meoVrg Xþgao {nH$ JìhmMo KoD$ eH$Vo. d 2.5 E¸$a O{‘ZrV Vr JìhmÀ¶m {nH$mV (~rbmdUo, nmUr XoUo, IV KmbUo, {Za§Jo ¶m nH$maMo H$m‘o H$[aVo) Xþgè¶m XmoZ ì¶º$s¨ZmnU 50 {Xdg H$m‘ {‘iwZ XoVo.

H$ƒm ‘mb IaoXrgmR>r Am{U CËnÞ Ho$bobm ‘mb {dH$Ê¶mgmR>r bhmZ-bhmZH$maImZXmam§Zm gwÕm emgZmMr ‘XV Amdí¶H$ Amho. ehar d J«m‘rU mJmVrb amoOdmar‘OwaXmam§Zm ajU Agmdo.AZwgy{MV OmVr, AZwgy{MV O‘mVr d BVa ‘mJmgdJm©¶ OmVrVrb OmñV n‘mUmV bmoH$Ag§KQ>rV {d^mJmV AmhoV. ¶m OmVrV ¶oUmè¶m ór¶m§Mr n[añWrVr AmUIr OmñV {dH$QAgVo. H$m‘ doioda Zmhr {‘iUo, d H$‘r nJma {‘iUo, EH$T>oM ZmhrVa ho H$m‘Jmagm‘m{OH$ oX^mdm§er nU Vo {eH$ma hmoVmV. Ë¶m H$[aVm gm‘m{OH$ {dH$mgmgmR>rAg§KQ>rV H$m‘Jmam§Zm ajU d ‘XV Amdí¶H$ Amho.

¶m {d^mJmVrb dñVw§Mr, godm d H$m‘ ¶m§Mm nS>Vmim H$éZ nmhþ ¶m. Ag§KQ>rV {d^mJnU CËnÎmrg ‘XV H$aVo, 2004-05 dfm©À¶m H$mimM EHw$U H$m‘JmamV 92% bmoH$Ag§KQ>rV {d^mJmV hmoVo, Va EHw$U CËnÎmrg Ë¶m§Mm AYm© gh^mJ hmoVm. åhUOo ¶mMmAW© Ho$di 8% H$m‘Jma ho ajU nmá Zm¡H$è¶mda AgwZ nwU© dñVwV, Zm¡H$è¶mV 50% Vo ‘XVH$aVmV. Aí¶m nH$maÀ¶m H§$nmÝ¶m§Mr CËnÎmrV d Z¡mH$è¶m§Zm Mm§Jbr ‘mJUr Amho. nU’$maM H$‘r bmoH$m§Zm Mm§Jbm nJma AgUmè¶m Zm¡H$è¶m {‘iV AmhoV. ¶m‘wio g‘mOmV {VdAm{W©H$ Ag‘mZVm dmT>Ê¶mMr n[añWrVr ¶oVo. BVa bmoH$ H$‘r nJmarda ajU ZgUmaoZm¡H$è¶m H$[aV AmhoV. qHdm ñd§¶§ H$m‘ H$arV AmhoV. qH$dm ~oH$ma ahmV AmhoV.

SCERT TELANGANA


EH$ bhmZeo YaU ~m§YwZ Aem nH$maÀ¶m AZoH$ eoVH$è¶m§Zm {nH$m H$[aVmnmÊ¶mMr gmo¶ H$éZ Vo H$mbì¶mÛmao nmohMdw¶m Ago g‘Ow ¶m. Ûmao ì¶dmgm¶ joÌmVH$m‘ {‘iVo, d VmËH$mbrZ H$m‘ ho H$mhr n‘mUmV H${‘ H$aVm ¶oVo.

Jm¶Ìr AmVm BVa eoVH$è¶m§nojm OmñV {nHo$ KoVo Ago g‘Ow ¶m. Vo {nH$H$mhr n‘mUmV ~mOmamV {dH$mdo bmJVo, Ë¶m H$aVm OdiÀ¶m ehamn¶ªV CËnÞ Ho$bobm‘mb KoD$Z OmÊ¶mgmR>r dmhVw{H$Mr gmo¶ Agmdr bmJVo. YmÝ¶mMr gmR>dU H$aÊ¶mgmR>r,Oa emgZmZo dmhVwH$sda WmoS>m IM© Ho$bm qH$dm bhmZ-H$aUmè¶m BVa eoVH$è¶m§Zm¶mMm ’$m¶Xm hmoVmo. d Vo ‘mb ~mOmamV {dH«$s H$aVmV, Aem nH$maÀ¶m nÔVr‘wioeoVH$è¶m§ZmM Zmhr Va BVa dmhVwH$, ì¶mnma joÌmV H$m‘ H$aUmè¶m§Zm nU CËnÞmMm‘mJ© gmnS>Vmo. d H$m‘ {‘iVo.Jm¶Ìrg Amdí¶H$ AgUmè¶m JaOoV ObqgMZ EH$ mJ ‘mÌ hmo¶. O{‘Zrg bmJdS>rgmR>r~r-{~¶mUo, IVo, eoVH$s Am¡Omao, n§ngoQ> BË¶mXr Amdí¶H$ Amho. Jar~ eoVH$arAgë¶m‘wio hr ho gd© dñVw Kodw eHV Zmhr. Ë¶mH$arVm {Vbm OmñV ì¶mOmZo n¡goXoUmè¶m gmdH$mamMr ‘XV ¿¶mdr bmJob, Ë¶m‘wio {Vbm ñWm{ZH$ ~±Ho$Zo Oa H$O© XoD$Z‘XV Ho$br Va Vr doioda Amnë¶m eoVrg Amdí¶H$ Ë¶m dñVw KodwZ ¶mo½¶ Ë¶m n‘mUmV‘emJV H$aVm ¶oVo. åhUOo ì¶dgm¶ joÌmV {dH$mg åhUOo Ob{g§MZm ghrV eoVH$è¶m§ZmH$‘r ì¶mOmda H$O© XoÊ¶mMr JaO AgVo.Aí¶m g‘ñ¶m Xþa H$aÊ¶mgmR>r AmUIr EH$ ‘mJ© Amho, Vmo åhUOo H$mhr gmYmaU ‘moR>-‘moR>çm JmdmV OmñV bmoH$m§Zm H$m‘ {‘iÊ¶mgmR>r Amdí¶H$ Ë¶m H$maImÝ¶mMr {ZdS>H$éZ Vo Ë¶m ñWmnZ hmoVrb Aer H$miOr KoUo, CXm. nwî‹H$i eoVH$ar Vm§Xþi d JìhmMo{nH$ {nH${dVmV. Ago g‘OwZ Kodw ¶m. Va ‘J ¶mMr IaoXr H$éZ Ë¶mMo {nQ> H$éZehar mJmV {dH$sgmR>r d {nQ>mMr {JaUr ñWmnZ H$aUo ho EH$ CXm. Amho. ‘mbmg W§S>gmR>dU H$éZ R>odÊ¶mMr ì¶dñWm Ho$ë¶mg {‘Mu, H$m§Xm ¶m gma»¶m dñVw§Zm eoVH$ar¶mo½¶ md Amë¶mg {dH$Ê¶mMr g§Yr eoVH$è¶mg {‘iVo. O§Jbo Odi AgUmè¶m JmdmV‘Y (ehX) O‘m H$aÊMmMo H|$X Imobë¶m Jobo Va O§JbmV ‘YmnmgwZ O‘m Ho$bobm ‘YË¶m H|$Xmda {dH$Vm ¶oVmo. Q>‘mQ>m, {‘Mu, Am§~o,’$io, Vwar ¶m dñVw§Zm JmdmVrb N>moQ>çmH$maImÝ¶mVM {dH$s H$aVm ¶oVo.Ë¶m‘wio ehar mJmVrbM Zìho Va Jm‘rU mJmVrbbmoH$m§Zm nU H$m‘ {‘iVo.gÜ¶m Z{dZ H$m‘mMm emoY bmdUo, EdT>oM ZmhrVa ¶§Ìmda H$m‘ H$go H$amdo Ë¶m H$[aVmbmoH$m§Zm {ejU XoÊ¶mMr nU Amdí¶H$Vm Amho. AmUIr OmñV dñVw d Zm¡H$è¶m§MrCËnÎmr H$aÊ¶mgmR>r ‘moR>o Jmdo d bhmZ ehamV AZoH$ H$maImZo ñWmnZ H$aÊ¶mMrAmdíH$Vm Amho.

SCERT TELANGANA


‘hËdmMo eãXEHw$U amï´>r¶ CËnÞ dmhZmÀ¶m gmo¶r {d^mJr¶ gmo¶rH$m‘JmamVrb ~Xb g§KQ>rV d Ag§KQ>rV {d^mJ

Vw‘À¶m Aä¶mgmMr nwZamd¥Îmr H$am

1. Am{W©H$ H$m¶©H$bmnmMr n«mW{‘H$, {ÛVr¶, V¥Vr¶ {d^mJmV dJuH$aU H$aUo H$m¶ÚmMo R>aVo H$m? dU©Z H$am?

2. ¶m nmR>mV nmhrboë¶m àË¶oH$ {d^mJmV EHw$U amï´>r¶ CËnÎmrb H$m‘mda ÑîQ>r H$m H|$XrV H$amdr¶m{edm¶ AmUIr H$m§hr ~m~r ¶mV Agw eH$VmV, Ago Vwåhmbm dmQ>Vo H$m¶? MMm© H$am?

3. godm Zm¡H$ar {d^mJ hm BVa {d^mJmnojm H$gm doJim Amho? H$mhr CXm.ghrV dU©Z H$am?

4. AY© ~oamoOJmar åhUOo H$m¶? J«m‘rU eham ^mJmVrb EH$-EH$ CXm. XoD$Z ñnîQ> H$am?

5. Ag§KQ>rV H$m‘JmamVrb bmoH$m§Zm Imbrb ~m~VrV ajU hdo, H$m‘mMm ‘mo~Xbm, Amamo½¶,d¡Ú{H$¶ godm B. CXm.ghrV dU©Z H$am?

6. Ah‘Xm~mX ehamV Ho$boë¶m EH$m Aä¶mgmV Ago AmT>iwZ Ambo H$s, 15 bmI H$m‘Jma H$m‘H${aV AgVm Ë¶mn¡H$s 11 bmI H$m‘Jma ho Ag§KQ>rV {d^mJmV H$m‘ H$aVmV, Ago AmT>iwZAmbo. Ë¶mdfu (1997-98) ‘Ü¶o Ë¶m ehamMo EHw$U CËnÞ 6000 H$amoS> én¶o hmoVo. Ë¶mVg§KQ>rV {d^mJ H$m‘JmamMm dmQ>m 3200 H$amoS> én¶o. ¶m AmH$S>o dmarg EH$m V³Ë¶mV am ehamVAmUIr OmñV H$m‘ {‘iÊ¶mMo gmYZ H$moUVr?

7. nmZ H«$.33 darc n[aÀN>oX 4 Wm dmMm, Joë`m ‘mJrb 50 dfm©V..... [d{^Þ Amho H$m? Ë`mdaVw_Mm A{^àm` {chm?

8. nmZ H«$.34 darc AmcoI (J«m\$) Mr nmhUr H$éZ Imcrc àíZm§Mr CÎmao {chm?

a) 1973-74 Mr VwcZm 2015 -16 `m dfm©Vrc EH$wU amï´>r` CËnÞmV H$moUË`m úmoÌmV dmQ>mdmT>cm?

b) 2015-16 m dfm©cm 1973-74 m dfm©er VwcZm Ho$cr Va EHw$U amï>r` CËnmXZmV eoVrì`dgm`mMmdmQ>m {H$Vr à_mUmV H$_r Pmcm?

SCERT TELANGANA


9. EHw$U amï´>r¶ CËnÞ ‘moOVm§Zm H$moUH$moUË¶m Jmoï>r ¶mV g‘m{dï> H$amì¶mV Ago VwåhmbmdmQ>Vo?

10. CËnmXZmÀ¶m {d{dY joÌmV hmoUmè¶m ~Xbm§ ~Ôb MMm© H$am?

11. Ag§KQ>rV joÌmV H$m‘ H$aUmè¶m§Mo EHw$U amï´>r¶ CËnÞmVrb ¶moJXmZ ñnï> H$am?

12. nmZ H«$. 31 darb CXmhaU dmMm. {VÀ¶m Ho$g ‘Ü¶o, CËnmXZmÀ¶m gmIir MreŠ`Vm H$m¶ Amho Am{U ì¶më¶w A°S>oS> (Value added) nmgwZ H$moUmbm ’$m¶Xm hmoB©b ?

SCERT TELANGANA

gm‘m{OH$ AÜ¶¶Z44 ^maVmMo dmVmdaU

^maVmMo hdm‘mZ4

dmVmaU d hdm‘mZEImÚm àXoemVrb {d{eï> doiog AgUmè¶m ñWm{ZH$ n[añWrVrbm dmVmdaU Ago

åhUVmV. dmVmdaUmÀ¶m n[añWrVrV WmoS>çmM doimV ’$ma ‘moRm ~Xb hmoVmo. EImÚm {dembàXoemV H$m§hr dfm©nmgwZ EH$m H«$‘mZo {XgUmè¶m dmVmdaUmÀ¶m ñWrVrbm hdm‘mZ åhUVmV. Xadfu Vrg dfm©nmgwZ EH$m àXoemV {XgUmè¶m EH$ gma»¶m n[añWrVrbm {eVmoîUVm, hdm‘mZåhUVmV. EH$m dfm©Vrb dmVmdaUmV H$m§hr ~Xb KSw>Z Ambo Var, EHw$U hdm‘mZmVrb ~XbZmhr. ¶mgd© gmYmaU ñWrVrZwgma F$VwH$mi {d^mJVmV. hdm‘mZmVrb ‘w»¶V… (AË¶m{YH$-AË¶mën) nmD$g, hdm‘mZmMm AmboI. Climographs Ûmao XmIdwZ eH$Vmo.dmVmdaUmVrb KQ>H$… CîUVm, hdoMm Xm~, doJ, hdoVrb AmÐVm, nmD$g BË¶mXr.

Aem nH$maÀ¶m dV©‘mZ nÌmVrb ~mVå¶m {‘idm, g§J«hrV H$am.øm Zoh‘r KS>Umè¶m KQ>Zm, H$s ~XbmVo g§Ho$V? ¶m {df¶r MMm© H$aÊ¶m¶mR>r dmVmaU,hdm‘mZ emIm {d^mJmVrb A{YH$mar qH$dm ‘hm{dÚmb¶mVrb nmÜ¶mnH$m§Zm Vw‘À¶m dJm©V{Z‘§ÌU H$am, ~mobdm.

dmVmdaUmÀ¶m ~Xbm‘wio {Z‘m©U Pmbobr Agm‘mÝ¶ pñWVr : {deofkdmVmdaU AmT>iV Amho. XoemVrb Vrd² CîUVm‘mZa §JmJ oÈ >r {VëømVrb Mod o„m{d^mJmV AmT>iV Amho, T>J’ w $Q >Ê¶mMo n‘mU CÎmamI§S >amÁ¶mV Z¡F$Ë¶ ‘mZgwZMo doioAmXr AmJ‘Z, C{eam‘mJonaVZo n{hbo A§XmO ZdV©{dÝ¶mgmaIr pñWVrnmhrë¶m Z§Va dmVmdaU AgodoJio nH$mao ~XbV Amho, ho{deofk gm§JV Amho.

Am |Jm ob‘Ü¶o 341‘r.‘r.nO©Ý¶‘mZ nmD$g. ho EHw$Udfm ©À¶m nmdgmÀ¶m gamgarn‘mUmVrb EH$ V¥Vr¶m§enojmOmñV Amho. amÁ¶mV nS>Umè¶m‘wgimYma nmdgmÀ¶m‘w yi oAZoH$ {nHo$, {deofV…H$mngmMo Z wH$gmZ Pmbo,ew^dmVm © hr, H$sAm§YnXoemVrb 80,000 Vio75 Q>¸o$ nmÊ¶mZo âbo.(Q>mB ©åg Am °’$ B §{S >¶m,Am³Q>m o.25 À¶m ~mV‘rnÌmVrb ‘mhrVrÀ¶m AmYmao)

h¡Xm~mX‘Ü¶o Zoh‘r nS>Umè¶mnmdgm‘w ‹i o dmVmdaU{d^mJmVrb A{YH$marAmíM¶©MH$sV hm oV AmhoV.X oemVrb dmVmdaU-hdm‘mZmMm A§XmO n{hboMdV©{dÊ¶mV Ë¶m§Zm ÌmgXm¶H$hmoV Amho, Ago {deofk gm§JVAmho. ‘mJrb XmoZ dfm© nmgwZdmVmdaUmÀ¶m pñWVrVAgm‘mÝ¶ ~Xb (nmhV Amhom){ZarjU H$arV Amhmo.’$bl¥VA§XmO dVu{dë¶mZwgma

YS>m

SCERT TELANGANA


^maV XoemVrb H$mhr àXoemVrb hdm‘mZmMo AmboI (Climographs)

XoemVrb {d{dY àXoemVrb Vmn‘mZ Am{U nmD$g ¶mV ’$aH$ Amho. ho Imbrb hdm‘mZmMm AmboIXe©{dV Amho. Vwåhr ZH$mem nmhþZ Imbrb àXoe H$moUË¶m ^m¡JmobrH$ àXoemV Amho, ‘mhrV H$é¶m. ‹Imbrb {MÌ AmboImMo dmMZ H$éZ nwT>À¶m nmZmdarb gmaUr nwU© H$am.

AË¶ën, AË¶m{YH$ Vmn‘mZ (0C)AË¶ën, AË¶m{YH$ Vmn‘mZ (0C) AË¶ën, nmD$g (mm)

All Graphs Courtesy: The Indian Institute of Geographical Studies.(CC)2013

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SCERT TELANGANA


hdm‘mZ, dmVmdaUmbm à^mdrV H$aUma o KQ>H$H$m§hr àXoemV CXm. MoÞB©Vrb EImÚm ‘{hÝ¶mVrb Vmn‘mZmV VodT>m H$m§hr ’$aH$

OmUdV Zmhr. VgoM H$m§hr àXoemV CXm. {X„rVrb EImÚm ‘{hÝ¶mVrb Vmn‘mZmV nwîH$i ’$aH$OmUdVmo. CÎmaoH$S>rb {h‘mb¶ nd©V X{jUobm {ÛnH$ën, g‘wÐ ngabm Amho. H$m§hr ^mJ bm§~g‘wÐ {H$ZmanÅ>rMm, H$m§hr ^mJ Iwn C§M Va H$m§hr ‘¡XmZr ^mJ AmhoV. hdm‘mZ à^m{dVH$a‹Umè¶m KQ>H$m§Zm hdm‘mZmMo H$maH$ åhUVmV.

1. Ajm§e 2. g‘wÐ gm{ZÜ¶ 3. g‘wÐgnmQ>r nmgwZMr C§Mr 4. darb hdoMm ì¶mn

1. Ajm§e [H$dm w‘Ü¶ aofonmgwZMo A§Vaw‘Ü¶ aofonmgwZ A§Va dmT>Vo H$mhr dm{f©H$ gamgar Vmn‘mZ H$‘r hmoV OmVo ¶m Ñï>rZo

O{‘ZrMo VrZ mJmV {d^mOZ H$aVmV.• CîU H${Q>~§Y, w‘Ü¶ aofo Odirb mJ• erV H${Q>~§Y, Y¥d àXoemÀ¶m Odirb ^mJ• g‘{eVmoîU H${Q>~§Y, ¶m XmoKmÀ¶m ‘Yrb ^mJVwåhr B§S>moZo{e¶m d OmnmZ ¶m XoemÀ¶m hdm‘mZmMr VwbZm H$am. hm ’$aH$ g‘OVmo.

boh‘Ü¶o AË¶m{YH$ CîUVm Am{U W§S>r AgUmao ‘{hZo H$moUVo?darb gmaUr Vmn‘mZmMo joÌmÀ¶m AmYmao bohnojm O¶nwa‘Ü¶o CîUVm OmñV amhVo, ho gm§JweH$Vmo H$m? Vw‘À¶m CÎmamMo ñnîQ>rH$aU H$am?{X„r Am{U MoÞB©À¶m hdm‘mZmÀ¶m n[a{ñWVrMr VwbZm H$am. Ë¶mVrb ’$aH$ H$moUVm?boh ‘{Yb nmD$g nS>UmÀ¶m pñWVrMo gmdYVoZo {ZarjU H$am. BVa nXoem d àXoemVrb ’$aH$H$moUVm? Vw‘À¶m ZH$memÀ¶m ghmæ¶mZo ¶m nmD$g nS>Ê¶mÀ¶m nÕVrMo OJmVrb BVa àXoeAmoiImMoÞB©‘{Yb nmD$g nS>Umao ‘{hZo AmoiIm. Vo O¶nwaÀ¶m VwbZoV H$go {^Þ Amho?

ñWio m¡JmobrH$àXoe

dfm©VrbAË¶mYrH$Vmn‘mZ

dfm©Vrb AË¶ënVmn‘mZ

AË¶mYrH$ nmD$gnSbobm ‘r.‘r‘{hÝ¶mMo Zmd

AË¶ën$ nmD$gnSbobm ‘r.‘r‘{hÝ¶mMo Zmd

O¶nyaboh

Zdr {X„r

MoÞB©

Vmn‘mZmMo joÌ AË¶m{YH$ nmgyZ Vo AË¶ën n¶ªV

SCERT TELANGANA


¶m ’$aH$mbm H$maU n¥Ïdr darb {d{dY nXoemVrbVmn‘mZmVrb naH$ AgVmo. ho ¶m AmYrÀ¶m B¶ÎmoV {eH$bmoAmho, aoIm§emdéZ Vmn‘mZmMr Vrd«Vm Adb§~wZ AgVo.n¥Ïdrdarb dmVmdaUmVrb Vmn‘mZmMr Vrd«Vm Ë¶m ^mJmVn¥Ïdrda nS>Umè¶m gw¶© {H$aUmVwZ ¶oUmè¶m CîUVoda Adb§~wZAgVo, w‘Ü¶ aofoonmgwZ Xþa AgUmè¶m aoIm§emnojm Odi

AgUmè¶m aoIm§emda Vmn‘mZmMr VrdVm OmñV AgVo.w‘Ü¶ aofonmgwZ Y¥dnXoemH$S>o OmVm§Zm gamgar dm{f©H$

Vmn‘mZ H${‘ hmoV OmVo. maV XoemVrb X{jUoH$S>rbnXoe y‘Ü¶ aofoÀ¶m Odi Agë¶m‘wio CîU H${Q>~§YAmho. H$Ý¶mHw$‘marVrb hdm‘mZ ^monmb qH$dm{X„rVrb hdm‘mZmnojm doJio AgÊ¶mMo ho EH$H$maU Amho. maV Xoe gw‘mao 8A§e 37 A§e aoIm§em‘Ü¶oAmho. ^maV Xoembm H$H©$ aofm XmoZ ,g‘^mJm‘Ü¶o{d^mOrV H$aVo, H$H©$ aofoÀ¶m X{jUoH$S>rb àXoe CîUH${Q>~§YmV Amho.

2. O{‘Z, nmUr ¶mVrb g§~§Y^maV XoemMm O{‘Z d nmÊ¶mMm mJ Xe©{dZmam

ZH$mem nm{hbm Va Vwåhmbm hdm‘mZmbm à^mdrVH$aUmao AOwZ à‘wI H$maUo {XgyZ ¶oVmV. O{‘Z dnmUr ¶m‘Yrb g§~§Y yn¥ð>mda nS>Umar gw¶© {H$aUo{H$Vr à‘mUmV J«hU H$aVmV, nwÝhm namdVuV H$aVmV¶m KQ>H$mda Adb§~wZ AgVo. A{YH$ {hadm àXoePmS>o AgUmè¶m àXoemV gw¶©{H$aUm§Mo emofU A{YH$hmoVo. ~’$m©Zo AmÀN>mXboë¶m àXoemV gw¶©{H$aUodmVmdaUmV namdVuV hmoVmV d ngaVmV. O{‘ZrÀ¶mVwbZoV g‘wÐ ’$ma hiwdmanUo W§S> hmoVmo. Ë¶m‘wiohdm‘mZ {d{dY àH$mao à^mdrV hmoVo. O{‘ZrdéZ ,g‘wÐmdéZ dmhUmao dmao V¶ma hmoVmV. Ë¶mVrb EH${MÌ 4.2 nmhyZ Vo H$go KS>bo Vo gm§Jm. ‘mJrb dJm©VVwåhr Aä¶mgbobm hdoMm Xm~, dmè¶mMr {Xem ¶m‘Yrbg§~§Y nwÝhm EH$Xm AmR>dm.

n¥ÏdrÀ¶m ½bmo~Mm Cn¶moJ H$éZ ¶mAmYr dmMboë¶m mJmMo ‘ZZ H$am.{d{dY a oIm §emda nS>Umè¶mgw¶©{H$aUmÀ¶m H$moZmV H$moUVm ’$aH$AgVmo? Ë¶mMm à^md H$gm AgVmo.

{XdgCîU dmao

W§S> g‘wXrdmao

O{‘ZrMr CîUVm g‘wXmMr W§S>r

{MÌ 4.2 …ho KQ>H$OmñV ’$aH$ Z amhVm H$gon^md nmS>Vm EImÚm nXoemVrb hdm‘mZmV

amÌO{‘Zrdarb W§S> dmao CîU dmao

O{‘ZrMr {eVbVm g‘wXmMr CîUVm

SCERT TELANGANA


X{jU ^maVmVrb A{YH$ w¥-^mJr¶ àXoebm§~bMH$ g‘wÐ {H$Zma nÅ>r ‘wio g‘wÐÀ¶m à^mdmbm~ir nS>VmV. Ë¶m‘wio Vmn‘mZmV ’$aH$ AgVmo.CÝhmim, {hdmù¶mVrb amÌrÀ¶m d {XdgmÀ¶mVmn‘mZmV VodT>m ’$aH$ ZgVmo. Ë¶mbm g‘{eVmoîUVmn‘mZ åhUVmV. EH$m Ajm§emda g‘wÐmnmgwZ Xÿadarb C§M àXoemMr VwbZm Ho$br Va g‘wXmMm à^mdH$gm AgVmo ho H$iVo.

g‘wÐ gnmQ>r nmgwZ Mr C§Mrg‘wÐ gnmQ>rnmgwZ C§M ^mJmH$S>o OmVm§Zm Vmn‘mZ H$‘r-H$‘r hmoV OmVo ho ‘mhrV H$éZ

KoVbo ‘¡XmZr àXoemnojm nd©Vr¶ àXoemV Vmn‘mZ H$‘r amhVo. EImÚm àXoemVrb hdm‘mZ Ë¶màXoemVrb - w mJmÀ¶m C§Mrda Adb§~wZ AgVo.CÝhmim AgUmè¶m ‘{hÝ¶mV gwÕm {h‘mb¶àXoemVrb er‘bm, Jwë‘J©, Z¡{ZVmb, Xm{O©btJgma»¶m {R>H$mUr CÝhmù¶mVhr W§S> dmVmaU AgVo,ho Vwåhr EoH$bo Amho. Ë¶mMn‘mUo npíM‘oH$S>rbH$moS>¡-H$Zmb, CXJ‘§S>b‘(CQ>r) gma»¶m àXoemV{H$Zmar àXoem§gr VwbZoV Vmn‘mZ H$‘r AgVo.

dmVmdaUmVrb n¥ð>^mJmdarb hdoMo àgaUCËa JmobmYm©Vrb g‘erVmoîU aofodarb A{YH$ Xm~mÀ¶m nQ>çm‘wio ì¶mnmar dmao {Z‘m©U

hmoVmV.Vo w‘Ü¶ aofo Odirb H$‘r Xm~mÀ¶m àXoemH$S>o npíM‘oH$S>o dmhVmV.Ë¶m§Zm oì¶mnmar dmao(B§p½be Q´>oqd§S²>g) åhUVmV, Q´>oS> ¶m O‘©Z eãXmbm Q>°H$ hm AW© åhUOo EH$m {Xeobm ñWradmhUma dmao Ë¶mMm AW© H$moaS>o BemÝ¶ dmao dmhUmè¶m nQ>çmVrb àXoemV maVXoe Amho.

^maV XoemVrb hdm‘mZ n¥ð>^mJmdarb dmè¶mÀ¶m doJ àdmhmZo gwÕm à^m{dV hmoVo, ¶mdmè¶mÀ¶m doJmbm OoQ> àdmh åhUVmV. O{‘ZrnmgwZ 12,000 ‘r. C§Mrdarb ñVamda doJmZodmhUmao dmao, Ë¶m dmè¶mMm doJ Vmgr 110 km/h {hdmù¶mV 184 km/h ‘Ü¶o AgVom. 250N.Ajm§emda nwd}g OoQ> àdmh V¶ma hmoVmo. OoQ> àdmhm‘wio g^modVmbMo Vmn‘mZ W§S> hmoVo. nwd}gOoQ> pñQ´>‘‘wio W§S> hmoUmè¶m à{H$¶o‘wio {VWo AgUmè¶m T>JmnmgwZ nmD$g nS>Vmo. F$Vw … {hdmim

^maV XoemVrb O{‘Zrdarb Vmn‘mZ Zmoìh§o~aÀ¶m ‘Ü¶ ‘{hÝ¶mnmgwZ A{YH$ A{YH$ H$‘rhmoVo. hm {hdmim ’o$~w«wdmar ‘{hÝ¶mÀ¶m ‘Ü¶m§Vamn¶ªV amhVo. OmZodmarV gdm©YrH$ W§S>r amhVo.XoemVrb H$mhr àXoemV Vmn‘mZ 100C nojm H$‘r amhVo. àm‘w»¶mZo CÎma ^maV XoemV AË¶§VH$‘r Vmn‘mZmMr Zm|X hmoVo. X{jU ^maVmV {deofVm {H$ZmanÅ>rÀ¶m nXoemV Vmn‘mZ ‘Ü¶‘åhUOo 200 C. nojm A{YH$ amhþZ AmëhmXXm¶H$ AgVo.

Vwåhr ZH$memMm Cn¶moJ H$éZ ‘w§~B©,ZmJnwamVrb {hdmim, CÝhmù¶mVrbVmn‘mZmMr VwbZm H$am Ë¶mVrb gmaIo nUH$moUVm, ’$aH$ H$moUVo? g‘wXmnmgwZ XþaA§VamMo ‘hËd H$go Vo H$iVo.hdm‘mZmÀ¶m AmboImMm Cn¶moJ H$éZ O¶nwaMoÞB© ‘[Yb Vmn‘mZmdarb ’$aH$ XmIdm

{e‘bm, {X„r doJdoJù¶m Ajm§emda Amho?Vw‘À¶m ZH$mem nmhþZ gm§Jm CÝhmù¶mV{X„rnojm {e‘bm W§S> H$m amhVo ?

CÝhmù¶mV H$mobH$Ë¶mÀ¶m VwZboV Xm{O©btJModmVmdaU AmZ§XXm¶r H$m AgVo?

SCERT TELANGANA


Imbrb ZH$memVrb aofm OmZodmarV gamgar Vmn‘mZ AgUmam àXoe XmI{dVmV.{hdmù¶mV ñdÀN> AmH$me hdoV WmoS>r AmÐVm, JmaR>çmMo à‘mU, W§S> dmao ¶m‘wio dmVmdaU

AmëhmXXm¶H$ AgVo. ‘Ü¶§Varg‘wÐmdéZ ¶oUmao dmXi ¶mbm (n{íM‘rAS>Wio)o åhUVmV. CÎma maV XoemVgVV nS>Umè¶m nmdgmbm hoM H$maUAmho. gd© gmYmaU a~rÀ¶m H$mimV{nH$Umè¶m Jhþ {nH$mg ho ’$ma Cn¶wº$AgVo.

CËVa JmobmYm©Vrb ì¶mnmar dmaodmhUmè¶m nQ²>Q>çmV ^maV Xoe Amho.

O{‘ZrdéZ g‘wÐmda ¶oUmao BemÝ¶ dmao H$moaS>o AgVmV. Vo ~§JmbÀ¶m CngmJa nma H$aVm§ZmAmÐVm J«hZ Ho$ë¶m‘wio Vm{‘iZmSw>Vrb H$moa‘§S>b àXoemV nmD$g nS>Vmo.

Map 1 : maVmVrb gamgar Vmn‘mZTemparature (0C) OmZodmar

Am§Y«àXoemVrb OmZodmar ‘{hÝ¶mMo gamgarVmn‘mZmMo joÌ gr‘m gm§Jm?Vw‘À¶m ZH$memÀ¶m ghmæ¶mZo 150C. Vmn‘mZAgboë¶m H$mhr àXoe AmoiIm?

gamgar Vmn‘mZ 250C, AgUmè¶m àXoemÀ¶mOdi 200C. Vmn‘mZ Agboë¶m bhmZ d¥ÎmmH$maàXoe Amho. ho H$go e³¶

SCERT TELANGANA


CÝhmim… CÝhmù¶mV ^maV XoemVrb X{jU y-^mJmnmgwZ CÎma y-^mJmH$S>o OmVm§Zmgamgar Vmn‘mZ dmT>Vo.CÎma ^maV XoemVrb ‘¡XmZmV A{YH$mYrH$ Vmn‘mZ 370 C À¶m nwT>oAgVo. ‘o ‘{hÝ¶mÀ¶m ‘Ü¶§Vamn¶ªV ^maV XoemVrb AZoH$ àXoemV {deofV… dm¶ì¶ ‘¡XmZr^mJmV XþnmaMo Vmn‘mZ 410 C Vo 42 0 C n¶ªV Zm|X hmoVo. H$‘rV-H$‘r Vmn‘mZ 200 C. nojmH$‘r amhV Zmhr. CÎmao H$S>rb ‘¡XmZr nR>mar ^mJmV H$moaS>o, CîU amhUmao ñWm{ZH$ dmaodmhVmV.Ë¶m§Zm by (A{V-CîU dmao) åhUVmV.

gd© gmYmaUnUo CÝhmim g§nÊ¶mÀ¶m doir X{jUÀ¶m nR>mar àXoemV nmD$gmÀ¶m ga>r,’$ìdmao nS>VmV, maV Xoe {ÛH$ën àXoemVrb A§m~o, BVa ’$io bdH$amV bdH$a {nH$Ê¶mgmR>r hmnmD$g ’$ma Cn¶moJr R>aVmo. åhUwZ ¶m ndmgmbm Am§Y«àXoemV ñWm{ZH$ nmVirda Am§ã¶mÀ¶mgar’$dmar Ago åhUVmV.

‘mÝgwZMo AmJ‘Z^maV XoemVrb hdm‘mZmda (‘mÝgwZ) ‘mog‘r dmè¶mMm à^md A{YH$ AgVmo. ‘mJrb

nmR>mV ^maV XoemV ¶oUmè¶m Zm{dH$m§Zm dmao ho Ë¶m§Mr {Xem ~XbVmVM, ho nm{hbo Amho. ¶mdmè¶mÀ¶m ghmæ¶mZo Vo maV XoemÀ¶m {H$Umè¶mH$S>o àdmg H$arV Ago. AemnH$mao H$mbmZwén dmao{Xem ~Xb{dVmV. Ë¶mbm Aa~ ì¶mnmè¶m§Zr ‘mZgwZ Ago Zmd R>odbo. Ë¶mbmM AmnU (F$VwndZ) ‘mog‘rdmao ¶m ZmdmZo AmoiIVmo.

CîU H${Q>~§YmVrb gw‘mao 200 N CÎmaog Am{U 200 S X{jU Ajm§À¶m ‘Ü¶o ‘mZgwZMo dmao{Z‘m©U hmoVmV. Am¾o¶ ‘mog‘r dmao X{jU AY©JmobmYm©V qhX ‘hmgmJmamdéZ w‘Ü¶ aofdarbH$‘r Xm~mÀ¶m àXoemH$S>o dmhÝ¶mÀ¶m doir nmÊ¶mMrdm’$, ~mîn KoD$Z OmVmV. w‘Ü¶o aofm Amobm§Sw>ZJoë¶m Z§Va ho dmao maVr¶ CnI§S>mda V¶ma Pmboë¶màXoemH$S>o dmhVmV.O{‘>ZrMr CîUVm dmT>ë¶m‘wio^ma{V¶ CnI§S>mVrb y-^mJmda {deofV ‘Ü¶^maVmVrb J§Jm ZXrÀ¶m ‘¡XmZ nR>ma àXoemda H$‘r Xm~mMm dm¶w ^ma>mMm nÅ>m V¶ma hmoD$ZamhVmo.

Ë¶mM ~amo~a {V~oQÀ¶m n¥ð> w‘rMr CîUVm dmTw>Z CîU d H$moaS>o dmè¶mM>m àdmh {Z‘m©UhmoVom. C§M nwð> ^mJmda 9 {H$.‘r C§Mrda H$‘r Xm~mMm, dm¶w ma>mMm nÅ>m {Z‘m©U hmoVmo.

Z§Va ho dmao Z¡F$Ë¶ ‘mog‘r dmao åhUwZ dmh>>m¶bm gwédmV H$aVoo. ^maVr¶ {ÛH$ën, CnI§S>dmè¶mMo XmoZ ^mJmV {d^mJUr H$aVmV. EH$ Aao{~¶m g‘wX² emIm, ~§JmbMm CngmJa emIm.Aa~r g‘wX² emIm ^maVmÀ¶m npíM‘r {H$Umè¶mn¶ªV nmohMwZ CËVao {XeoH$S>o diVo. d nwT>ogaH$Vo. ~§JmbMm CngmJa emIm ~§JmbÀ¶m {H$Umè¶mH$S>o {ebm§JÀ¶m w-n¥îR>^mJmg X{jU‘wImg Q>oH$VmV. Z§Va Vo npíM‘oH$S>o J§Jm ZXrÀ¶m Imoè¶mH$S>o diVmV.¶mbmM ‘mog‘r dmè¶mMm‘mZgwZ Ama§ åhUwZ AmoiIVmV. Mma Vo nmM AmR>dS>çmV ho ‘mog‘r dmao ‘mZgwZ hiw-hiwg§nwU© Xoeâ ngaVmV. maV XoemV gdm©V OmñV nmD$g Z¡F$Ë¶ ‘mog‘r dmè¶mÀ¶m H$mimV nS>Vmo.npíM‘ {H$Zmè¶mH$S>rb KmQ>m‘wio BemÝ¶ nXoemVrb C§M nd©Vm‘wio Ë¶m ^mJmV nmdgmMo n‘mU

¶mAmYr {Xboë¶m climographs (Graph 1-4), dmVmdaUmÀ¶m AmboImÀ¶m AmYmao MmaehamVrb ‘o ‘{hÝ¶mMo gamgar Vmn‘mZ ‘m{hVH$éZ Ë¶m§Zm ZH$memda AmoiIm

SCERT TELANGANA


(nO>©Ý¶‘mZ) OmñV AgVo. Aao{~¶m g‘wXmÀ¶m emI‹obm g‘m§Va Agë¶m‘wio ¶m H$mimVVm{‘iZmSw>Vrb H$moa‘§S>bÀ¶m {H$Zma nÅ>rV nmD$g nS>V Zmhr.

Map: 2.4 Average Temperaturein 0C (May)

Map 2 : maVmVrb gamgarVmn‘mZ Temparature (0C) ‘o

‘{hÝ¶mVrb

OmñV^ma

H$‘r^ma

NorthEast

Monsoon

Z¡F$Ë¶‘mog‘r dmao(‘mZgwZ

OmZodmar Owb¡

{MÌ 4.3 : dm¶w ma,‘mog‘rdmao (‘mZgwZ)

SCERT TELANGANA


ZH$mem 3 : ^maVXoe - Z¡F$Ë¶‘mog‘r dmè¶mMm àdoemMo

(AmJ‘Z)

ZH$mem 4 : ^maVXoe - Z¡F$Ë¶‘mog‘r dmè¶mMm {ZJ‘Z naVrMo

F$Vw ^maVr¶ dmfuH$ nmíMmË¶ dm{f©H$ {XZX{e©Ho$Zwgma ‘{hZo {XZX{e©H$oZwgma ‘{hZo

dg§V M¡Ì – d¡emI ‘mM© – E{nbJrî‘ Á¶oï> – AmfmT> ‘o – OwZdfm© lmdU – mX Owb¡ – Am°JñQ>eaX AmpídZ – H$m{V©H$ gßQ>o~a – Am³Q>mo~aho‘§V ‘mJ©erf – nm¡f Zmoìh|~a – {S>g§o~a{eeram ‘mK – ’$mëJwZ OmZodmar – ’o$~wdmar

^maVr¶ nma §nmarH$nÕVrZwgma XmooZ ‘{hÝ¶mMm EH$F$Vw Ago ghm FVwV dfm©Mr{d^mJUr Ho$br Amho, CÎma,‘Ü¶ ^maV XoemVrb bmoH$m§ZmOmUdZmè¶m hdm‘mZmÀ¶mAmYmao ¶m FwVwMr {d^mJUrHo$br Amho.

CËVa ^maV X oembm dX{jU ^maV X oemmbm ¶mF$VwÀ¶m {d^mJUrV Wm oS >m’$aH$ Amho.

nma§nmarH$ ^maVr¶ F$Vw‘mZ

SCERT TELANGANA


naVrMo ‘m¡g‘r dmao Retreating MonsoonCîUVm dmT>V OmUmè¶m ‘{hÝ¶mnmgwZ H$moaS>çm W§S>rÀ¶m H$mim‘Ü¶o åhUOo Am°³Q>mo~a -

Zmoìh|~a ho ‘{hZo g§Yr H$mi AgVmo. naVrÀ¶m ‘mog‘r dmè¶mÀ¶m H$mimV AmH$me ñdÀN> amhþZVmn‘mZ dmT>V OmVo. O{‘ZrV Amobmdm AgVmo, OmñV à‘mUmV dmè¶mVrb AmÐVo‘wio dmVmdaUCîU, C~Xma Ja‘ AgVo. Ë¶mbm gm‘mÝ¶V… “Am°³Q>mo~aMr CîUVm” Ago åhUVmV.

¶m AmYr dm¶ì¶ maV XoemV H$‘r dm¶w mamMm nÅ>m dmXio, Zmoìh|~a ‘{hÝ¶mÀ¶m gwédmVrg~§JmbÀ¶m CngmJamV {Z‘m©U hmoVmV. H$‘r dm¶w mamMm nQ>Q>çmMm àXoe X{jUoH$S>o gaH$VmV.¶m H$mimV A§X‘mZ àXoemV dmXio MH«$$dmV {Z‘m©U hmoVmV. ho Aa~r ‘hmg‘wÐda {Z‘m©UhmoVmV. hr CîU dmXioo ’$ma ‘moRr ZwH$gmZH$maH$ AgVmV. JmoXmdar, H¥$îUm, H$mdoar ZÚm§À¶mImoè¶mMm mJ ¶m dmXimÀ¶m à^mdmbm ~ir nS>Vmo. H$moUË¶m àH$maMm A§Va Z amhVm hr pñWVrdf© a amhV Zmhr. H$Yr H$Yr hr dmXio gw§Xa~Zbm ~§JbmXoen¶ªV nmohMVo. H$moa‘§S>bm àXoemVA{YH$ à‘mUmV nmD$g ¶m dmXim‘wio nS>Vmo.OmJ{VH$ CîUVm‘mZ, hdm‘mZmVrb ~Xb (Global Warming)

OiË¶m M|S>wnmgwZ n¥ÏdrMm Jmob V¶ma hmoÊ¶mÀ¶m H«$‘mV AZoH$ dm¶w CËg{O©V hmoVmV.n¥ÏdrÀ¶m JwéËdmH$f©U eº$s‘wio ho dm¶w ~mhoa ‘moH$ù¶m OmJoV ì¶mnw eH$bo Zmhr. O{‘ZrÀ¶mAmH$f©U eº$s øm dm¶w§Zm AOwZ nH$Sw>Z R>odV Amho.n[aUm‘r n¥ÏdrÀ¶m g^modVr dm¶wMo ñWangabo Amho. Ë¶mnmgwZ AZoH$ ’$m¶Xo AmhoV. CXm. AmnU KoV Agbobm A°m³grOZ gw¶m©À¶m CîUKmVH$ {Zb {H$aUmnmgwZ ajU H$aUmam AmoPmoZMm Wa, AmnUmg Amdí¶H$ Agboë¶m àmoQ>rZdZñnVrÀ¶m dmT>rg Zm¶Q´>moOZ BË¶mXr VgoM ñdÀN> nmUr nwadR>m H$aUmao dm¶wMH«$ g^modVrV¶ma hmoVo. d CîUVonmgwZ ajU H$aVo. (B¶Îmm 9dr Vrb 4Ï¶m nmR>mVrb {MÌ nmhm.)

dmVmdaUm‘wio AmnU CîUVo nmgwZ gwa{jV amhVmo. ho O{‘Zrg PmH$w>Z R>odUmè¶m àH$merV,ãb°m§H$sQ>mgmaIo Amho. O{‘Zrda nS>Umar gm¡aímº$s n¥Ïdr J«hU H$aVo d gw¶© {H$aUm§Zm y-n¥ð>^mJmda Z nSw> XoVm AdH$memV naV nmR>{dVo. JhU H$aVo hr B¶Îmm 9dr ‘Ü¶o Aä¶mgboAmho. Ë¶mbm h[aV J¥h J«rZhmD$gMm à^md åhUVmV. O{‘Zrdarb gOrdm§Zm OJÊ¶mgmR>r ho’$ma Amdí¶H$ AgVo. O{‘Zrda dmVmdaU ZgVo, Va Vr Iwn W§S> amhV hmoVr.

19ì¶m eVH$mnmgwZ OmJVrH$ m¡JmobrH$ CîUVm Iwn doJmZo dmT>V Amho, Ë¶m‘wio gd©Ì {^VrdmT>V Amho, H$m? w{‘À¶m B[VhmgmV - w{‘ O{‘ZrMr CîUVm {H$VrXm Var dmT>br, {H$VrVar W§S> ~’$m©ÀN>mXrV Pmbo. g§Ü¶m O{‘ZrMr CîUVm dmT>Ê¶m‘mJo {deof H$maUo H$moUVr?

¶m AmYr O{‘ZrMr CîUVm dmT>Ê¶mg qH$dm W§S> hmo>Ê¶mg ’$ma OmñV doi bmJV hmoVm.Ë¶m‘wio O{‘Zrdarb gOrd ~XëmË¶m n[añWrVrZwgma ~Xbm¶bm doi bmJbm. AmVm O{‘Z ‹IwnbdH$a CîU hmoV Amho. hm {dZmeH$mar ~XbmMm ‘mJ© hmoD$ eH$Vo. Am¡Úmo{JH$ H«$m§Vr Z§VaO{‘ZrMr CîUVm dmT>Ê¶mg ‘mZdr H$m¶©dmhr H$maUr wV Amho. VgoM O{‘ZrMr CîUVmdmT>Ê¶mg ‘mZd hr H$maUr Amho. ¶mbm OmJ{VH$ CîUVm‘mZmVrb dmT> Ago åhUVmV. (AGW(Anthropogenic Global Warming; anthropogenic means caused by humans).

SCERT TELANGANA


ZwH$VoM emókm§Zr CÎma Ajmem Odirb KÅ> ~’$m©À¶m bmXr Imbr {deofV CÎma a{e¶mÀ¶m{demb w-^mJmImbr ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV {‘WoZ dm¶wMm gmR>m AmT>ibm Amho. OmJ{VH$ CîUVm‘mZdmT>V Agë¶m‘wio H$mhr KÅ> ~’$m©Mr nd©Vo, Q>oH$S>çm hiw-hiw {dViV AmhoV. n[aUm‘r {‘WoZdm¶w {ZKwZ dmVmdaUmV {‘giV Amho. Ë¶m‘wio O{‘ZrV AOwZ OmñV VmnV Amho, ~’©$ OmñVdoJmZo {dVibo Va {‘WoZ {VV³¶m doJmZo {ZKob hr EH$ {dfmar db¶mVrb ~XbV Amho.h[aVJ¥h dm¶w, H$m~©Z nojm OmñV {‘WoZ hm dm¶w eº$sembr hmZrH$maH$ AmhoV.‘mZd {Z{‘©V H$maUm‘wio OmJ{VH$ CîUVm‘mZmV dmT> AGW Am{U hdm‘mZmV ~Xb

‘mZd {Z{‘©V H$maUm§‘wio O{‘ZrVrb CîUVoV dmT>, O{‘Zrdarb CîUVoMo ngaU ¶mVAZoH$ ~Xb H$maUr wV hmoV AmhoV. dmVmaUm‘wio , g‘wX«mÀ¶m àdmhm‘wio OmJ{VH$ w-^mJmdaCîUVoMo nwZ…ngaU H$go hmoVo. ho AmR>dU H$am. OmJ{VH$ w-CîUVmdmT>r‘wio hr OmJ{VH$ w-ì¶dñWm AñV-ì¶ñV, {dñH$irV hmoV Amho. ¶m hmoUmè¶m ~Xbmnojm Ë¶mÀ¶m doJm‘wio {^VrdmQ>V Amho.

CîUVm nwZ… àgaUm‘wio doioÀ¶m nÕVrV Jm|Yi {Z‘m©U Pmbm. dmVmdaU, hdm‘mZmVgwXrK© ~Xb hmoVmo, ñdënH$mbrZ dmVmdaUmVrb ~Xb, EH$‘oH$m§À¶m ghmæ¶mZo hdm‘mZmVrb{XK©H$mbrZ ~XbmV énm§VarV hmoVo.

h[aVJ¥h dm¶wMr {Z{‘©Vr gd© XoemV H$‘r H$aÊ¶mgmR>r g§Yr H$aÊ¶mMo OmJ{VH$ ñVamdarà¶ËZ AOwZhr g’$b Pmbo Zmhr. ¶m g‘ñ¶m§Zm Vm|S XoÊ¶mgmR>r hdm‘mZmVrb ~XbmdaOJmVrb gd© Xoem§‘Ü¶o emgH$s¶ g§KQ>Zm >(IPCC) Inter-Governmental panelclimate change) {Z‘m©U Pmbr. ‘mZdr¶ H$m¶© àdV©Zm‘wio ^m¡JmobrH$ CîUVm dmT>rg,H$‘r H$aÊ¶mg dmVmdaUmVrb ~XbmÀ¶m doJmbm H$‘r H$aÊ¶mgmR>r gdm©Zr EH$Ì ¶oÊ¶mgmR>rR>amd, gd© Xoem§er g§nH©$, g^m({‘Q>tJ) ¶mg§KmZo KoVë¶m ¶mVrb H$moUVrM g^m ¶eñdrPmbr Zmhr, IPCC 2015 n°arg g{‘V ‘Ü¶oH$ama H$aÊ¶mV Amcm H$s, harJ¥h dm¶wMr {Z{‘©VrH$‘r H$am¶cm hdr OoUo H$éZ OmJ{VH$ gamgarVmn‘mZmV Or dmT> hmoV Amho Vr 20C À¶mImcr {Z¶§ÌU H$am¶cm nm{hOo Or Am¡Úmo{JH$H$aUmÀ¶m nwd©Mr Amho. ¶m H$amamda EHw$U195 Xoem§Zr hñVmúma Ho$co.

{de ofV {dH $ {gV (nmíMmË¶Am¡Úmo{JH$,Am{W©H$ joÌmV àJV), Xoe{dH$gZerb Xoe (Am¡Úmo{JH$ àJVr H$arVAgboboo) Xoem§‘Ü¶o oX^mdmZo S>moHo$da H$mT>bo.dmVmdaUmVrb h[aVJ¥h dm¶wbm dmT>dUmè¶m (àmH¥$VrH$ dm¶w) H$moií¶mMm Cn¶moJ, BVa{dH$gZ{e Xoem§Zr H$‘r H$amdr Ago, {dH${gV Xoe åhUV Amho. I{ZO, B§YZmÀ¶m A{Vdmnam‘wio Ë¶m Xoem§Zr {dH$mg Ho$bm Ago Vo {dH${gV Xoe åhUV Amho. I{ZO Ordmî‘ B§YZ({deofVm H$moigm) Mm dmna Ho$bm Zmhr Va Am‘Mr Am{W©H$ àJVr Hw§$R>rV hmoB©b Ago{dH$gZerb Xoe åhUV Amho.{dH$gZerb XoemMr àJVr hmoÊ¶mgmR>r AOwZ BVa n¶m©¶mMrì¶dñWm XmI{dÊ¶mV {dH${gV Xoem§Zr ‘hËdmMr w{‘H$m dR>dmdr Ago Ë¶m§Zm dmQ>Vo.

g§nwU© OJmV AZoH$ emókm§Mo ¶m {dî¶mda EH$ ‘V Amho. ‘mZdr H$m¶©H¥$VrZo ^m¡Jmo{bH$

O§JbmMo {Z‘w©bZ åhUOo H$m¶?ho Ho$di O§Jb AgUmè¶m àXoemMo hmoVoH$m?Vw‘À¶m mJmV O§Jbo Zgbo Va H$m¶ hmoVAmho?OmJ{VH$ CîUVm dmT>rg O§Jbm§Mm Zme H$gmà^md nmS>Vmo? ({dkmZ dJm©Vrb ’$moQ>moqgWogrg{H«$¶o~Ôb dmMZ Ho$bobo AmR>dm.)OmJ{VH$ d¡pídH$ CîUVm‘mZ dmT>rda n{aUm‘H$aUmao BVa ‘mZd {Z{‘©V H$m¶© H$moUVo?SCERT TELA

NGANA


d¡pídH$ CîUVm‘mZ dmT>Vo.ho IaoM, ho dmB©Q> n[aUm‘mMoo gwMH$ Amho. ¶oUmè¶m H$mhr dfm©VdmVmdaUmV ’$ma hm{ZH$maH$ Vrd ñdénmMo ~Xb g§ dw eH$Vo.gOrdm§Zm hm{ZH$maH$ hmoD$eH$Vo. AW©emók MoVmdZr XoV Amho.OJmMo d¡pídH$ CîUVm dmT>rg H$maUr wV hmoUmao ‘mZdrH$m¶© ¶mV dZm§Mm Zme (O§JbVmoS>) Ho$ EH$ Amho. Vw‘À¶m {ejH$m§er qH$dm gmo~VÀ¶m {‘Ìm§erMMm© H$éZ darb àíZm§Mo WmoS>³¶mV CËao {bhm.^maV XoemVrb hdm‘mZmVrb ~Xbm§Mm à^md

gamgar CîUVm‘mZ 20 C dmT>Uo ’$ma WmoS>çm à‘mUmV {XgVo, na§Vw ¶oUmè¶m eVH$mÀ¶mgwédmVrg ¶m‘wio g‘wXmMr nmVir EH$ ‘rQ>a dmT>ob. Amnë¶m {H$ZmanÅ>rVrb àXoemV ¶mMmà^md hmoD$ eH$Vmo. H$moQ>çmdYr bmoH$m§Zm gwa{jV OmJr ñWbm§V[aV H$amdo bmJob. Ë¶m§Zm Ë¶m§MmOrdZ OJÊ¶mMm AmYma J‘dmdm bmJob,

nwd© H$mobH$ÎmmVrb ZmoZS>§Jm mJmV H$mhr dfm©nmgwZ amhV Agboë¶m 200 Jm‘rU Hw$Qw>§~m§ZmImbr H$aÊ¶mgmR>r H$mobH$Îmm ‘hmZJa nmbrH$m{dH$mg g§ñWm à¶ËZ H$arV Amho. VgoM EobZgwna Vw’$mZm‘wio 2009 ‘Ü¶o gw§Xa~Z ^mJmVàm§VmV CX²YdñV,{dZme Pmbm Ë¶m ‘wio hobmoH$ amoOJmamÀ¶m emoYmV Hw$Qw>§~mgh ¶m mJmVamhV AmhoV.

nmobrgm§À¶m HS>o HmoR> gwa{jV ‘mM© 30 bm~wbS>moPaMm Cn¶moJ H$éZ ¶m JbrÀN> dñVrVrbKao nmS>br. H$mhr Kam§Zm Omib.o Ka Zgë¶m‘wio700 bmoH$ Joë¶m H$mhr {Xdgm§nmgwZ nS>Umè¶mnmdgm‘wio {MIbmV amÌ OmJwZ H$mT>V AmhoV,¶mVrb nwîH$i bmoH$ KaH$m‘o H$aVmV. arjmMmb{dVmV, Ka ~m§YÊ¶mMo Jd§S>r H$m‘ H$aVmV.

¶mMm narUm‘ nmdgmdanS>Vmo.{H$ZmanÅ>rÀ¶m àXoemVrb nmdgmÀ¶mn«‘mUmV nwîH$i ~Xb g§ dVmV. H$mhr mJmVnmD$g H$mhr ^mJmV nmD$g A{YH$ n«‘mUmVamhrb. H$mhr ^mJmV nmD$g nS>UmaM Zmhr.

åhUOo nya, XþîH$mi A{YH$ hmoÊ¶mMr g§ mdZm Amho. Ë¶m‘wio eoVr, d bmoH$m§À¶m amoOJmamdadmB©Q> n[aUm‘ nS>w> eH$Vmo.

[h‘mb¶mVrb ~’©$ ([h‘ nd©V) doJmZo {dVië¶m‘wio ‘mem§Mo amhÊ¶m§Mo {R>H$mUmda n[aUm‘nSw>Z ‘mgo‘mar ¶m amoOJmamda dmB©Q>n[aUm‘ nS>V Amho. Ë¶mMn‘mUoda C„Ib oë¶m Agm‘m Ý¶dmVmdaUmÀ¶m n[apñWVrV dmT>h m o Ê¶mMr g §^mdZm Amh o .dmVmdaUmVrb ~Xb OmJ{VH$nmVirda hmoV Amho, åhUwZ Ë¶mMmn[aUm‘ AmnUm gdm©da hmoV Amho.

{MÌ 4.8 : EobZ Vw’$mZmMm n^md :(S>mdrH$S>o) nS>bobr PmS>o, H$mS>çm (Imbr)

bmImo bmoH$ à^m{dV Pmbo Va V|ìhm Ë¶mn[apñWVrbm H$go g‘moa OmD$ ¶mMr H$ënZm H$am.nwZ©dgZ H$aÊ¶mgmR>r Kam§Zm OmJm H$moR>o {‘iob.

SCERT TELANGANA


³bm°¶‘moJ«m’$ dmVmdaU ‘mZgwZ,‘mog‘rdmao, gw¶©{H$aUohdoÀ¶m Xm~mMm nÅ>m OmJ{VH$,d¡pídH$, CîUVm‘mZ OoQ> n«dmh, dm¶w doJ

‘hËdmMo eãX

Aä¶mgmMo nyZamdbmoH$Z1) Imbrb dm³¶ dmMwZ Vo dmVmdaUmbm qH$dm hdm‘mZ ¶mn¡H$s H$moUË¶m KQ>H$mMo CXm.Amho,Vo

gm§Jm?A) {h‘mb¶mVrb AZoH$ ~’$m©Mo nd©V,{h‘nd©V ‘mJrb H$mhr dfm©nmgwZ {dViV Amho.Am) Joë¶m H$mhr XeH$mV {dX © nmVm§V XþîH$i ’$ma nS>V Amho.

2. ^maV XoemVrb hdm‘mZmda n[aUm‘ H$aUmè¶m KQ>H$m§Mr ‘m{hVr Úm?3. àm§Vr¶ n«Xoe, dmid§Q>mVrb hdm‘mZmda n[aUm‘ H$aUmao KQ>H$m§Mr ‘m{hVr Úm?4. OmJ{VH$, d¡{ídH$ CîUVm‘mZ dmT>Ê¶mg ‘mZdmÀ¶m w{‘Ho$Mr ‘mhrVr Úm?

5. AGW {df¶r {dH$grV Xoe, {dH${gZ Xoem‘Ü¶o AgUmao ‘V, A{^nm¶ d oX H$moUVo?6. d¡pídH$, OmJ{VH$ CîUVm‘mZmVrb dmT> hdm‘mZmVrb ~Xbmg H$go H$maUr yV Amho? OmJ{VH$,

d¡pídH$ CîUVm‘mZ dmT>rg d H$‘r H$aÊ¶mgmR>r KoVë¶m OmUmè¶m H$m¶© nÕVr Xe©dm?7. ^maV XoemÀ¶m ^m¡Jmo{bH$ ZH$memV Imbrb g§Ho$V Xm‹Idm…

(i) 400C nojm OmñV dm{f©H$ gamgar Vmn‘mZmMr Zm|X Pmbobm n«Xoe(ii) 100C nojm H${‘ dm{f©H$ gamgar Vmn‘mZmMr Zm|X Pmbobm n«Xoe(iii) ^maV XoemdéZ dmhUmè¶m Z¡F$Ë¶ ‘mog‘r, dmè¶m§Mr {Xem-‘mJ© XmIdm.

8. nmZ H«$.57 darc n[aÀN>oX `m wCîUVm dmT>rg .... H$maU _mZ{d` H$m ©dmhr dmMwZ Ë`mdaAm{X ^mî` H$am?

SCERT TELANGANA


H${‘V H$‘r, A{YH$mYrH$ Vmn‘mZ (0C)H${‘V H$‘r, A{YH$mYrH$ Vmn‘mZ (0C) H$‘rV H$‘r nmD$g

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Am°³Q>m|~a

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200.0

180.0

160.0

140.0

120.0

100.0

80.0

60.0

40.0

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45

40

35

30

25

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10

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n«H$ën H$m¶©1. dmVmdaZmer d hdm‘mZmer {ZJS>rV gw{dMma Jmoim H$am, d Vo gm§Jm.

gH$miMo B§Ð YZwî¶ {H$aUo Vmn‘mZmMo Ibmer Amho.g§Ü¶mH$miMo B§X« YZwî¶ {H$aUo AmZ§XmMo Ibmer Amho.When the dew is on the grass rain will never come to pass.

2. {dH${gV, {dH$gZ{ec Xoe dmVmdaUmVrc harVJ¥h dm w A{YH$ à_mUmV CËg{O©V H$arV Amho.Ë`m_wio AZoH$ g§H$Q>o CØ{dV Amho. Ë`m§Mr _m{hVr {MÌo àmáH$éZ ^{dî`mVrc Ë`m§À`m J§ ran[aUm_m ~Ôc dJm©V MMm© H$am?

SCERT TELANGANA

gm‘m{OH$ AÜ¶¶Z58 ^maVr¶ ZÚm Am{U nmÊ¶mMo óm oV

YS>m5^maVr¶ ZÚm Am{U nmÊ¶mMo óm oV

^maVmÀ¶m ZH$memV {h‘mb¶ Am{U npíM‘ {eIam§Zm AmoiIm. ZH$merb a§JmÀ¶m gwMZoZygma ZÚm§À¶m CJ‘ ñWmZmMr nd©Vo {H$Vr C§Mrda AmhoV,Vo ‘mhrV H$éZ ¿¶m? AmQ>bmg,

CX² dUmè¶m m¡Jmo{bH$ ZH$memÀ¶m ghmæ¶mZo ZXrÀ¶m àdmhm§Zm AmoiIyZ Ë¶m§À¶m àdmhmÀ¶m {Xem§Zm AmoiIm.KamÀ¶m Amdí¶H$VogmR>r 5% nmUr dmnaV AmhmoV. VarnU OmñV bmoH$m§Zm nmUr {‘iV Zmhr, ¶m{df¶r~ÔbMMm© H$am.maVmVrb 10 E $a O{‘ZtZm nwam‘wio YmoH$m Amho. VodT>mM w- mJ XþîH$mimÀ¶m Amhmar OmÊ¶mMr e³¶Vm Amho,

ømMr H$moUVr H$maUo AmhoV?O{‘ZrÀ¶m n¥ð> mJmdarb nmÊ¶mÀ¶m gmYZm§Mm 70% mJ àXþ{fV Pmbobm Amho. Ë¶mMr H$moUVr H$maUo AmhoV?

ZH$mem…1 ^maV XoemMo ^m¡Jmo{bH$ ñdénAm{U ZÚm Ob ì¶dñWm

0 Vo 300 mts301 Vo 1000 mts1001 Vo3000 mts3000mts nojm OmñV

SCERT TELANGANA


^maVmVrb ZÚm Ob ì¶dñWm VrZ m¡{VH$ ~m~rZygma ‘m§S>Ê¶mV Ambobo Amho, Vo 1) {h‘mb¶o2) {ÛH$ën nR>mar àXoe 3) qgXþ-J§Jm ZXrMo ‘¡XmZo. CJ‘ ñWmZmZygma maV XoemVrb ZÚm Obì¶dñWog XmoZ àH$mao {d^mJVm ¶oVo. 1){h‘ ZÚm 2) {ÛH$ën ZÚm{h‘ZÚm({h‘mc¶rZ ZÚm)

{hZÚm VrZ ‘w»¶ ì¶dñWo Imbr ¶oVmV. Vo åhUOo J§Jm, qgYw, ~«÷nwÌm ZÚm A§XmOoEH$mM àm§VmV H$mhr {H$bmo{‘QaÀ¶m A§Vamda CJ‘ hmoD$Z nd©V am§Jm‘wio doJio hmoVmV. VogwadmVrg nd©VmÀ¶m ‘w»¶ Ajm§À¶m g‘m§Va dmhVmV. Ë¶mZ§Va EH$X‘ Vo X{jUog diwZ naV C§Mnd©V gmIù¶m§Zm VmoSw>Z BVa maV ‘¡XmZm§Zm OmdwZ nmohmoMVmV. øm H«$‘mV øm ZÚm§Zr X‹è¶mImobJQ> v Aí¶m AmH$mam§gma»¶m Xè¶m {Z‘m©U Pmë¶m. hJo qgYw, ~«÷nwÌm ZÚmV OmñV {XgwZ¶oVmV.

{h‘ZÚmg OrdZÚm Ago åhUVmV. åhUOo df© a øm ZÚm nmÊ¶mZo ^éZ AgVmV.nmdgmMo à‘mU Am{U ~’©$ {daKiV Agë¶m‘wio OrdZÚm åhUwZ AmoiIVmV.

qgYw-ZXr ì¶dñWm{V~oQ‘Yrb ‘mZgamodamOdi H¡$bmg nd©VrVrb CÎma

‘moS>m§da qgYw ZXrMm CJ‘ hmoVmo. hr {V~oQ> ^modVmbrdm¶ì¶ {XeoZo dmhVo. maVmV Oå‘w-H$mpí‘amV ¶odyZ {‘iVo.qgYwg ZXrV maVmV Pob‘, {MZm~,amdr{~¶mg ,gVbP

øm CnZÚm AmhoV. maVmV Oå‘w Am{U H$mpí‘a, n§Om~, {h‘mMb àXoe øm amÁ¶mV dmhVo.

J§JmZXr ì¶dñWmJ§Jm ZXrMo CJ‘ñWmZ XmoZ {R>H$mUr AmT>iVo. åhUOoM J§Jm ZXr åhUOo J§JmoÌr,

{h‘ZXr Odi CJ‘ nmdUmar ^JraWr Xþgar ^ÐrZmWZXrÀ¶m dm¶ì¶ {XeoZo gVnZmW OdiCJ‘ nmdUmar AbH$Z§Xm øm. XmoÝhr ZÚm Xodà¶mJ Odi {ZKyZ J§JmZXrV ~XbVmV. ho h[aÛmand©Vm§Zm gmoSw>Z ‘¡XmZmV dmhVmV. J§JmZXrV AZoH$ CnZÚm ¶oD$Z {‘giVmV. ømVrb AZoH$

ZÚm {h‘mb¶mVrb nd©VmV CJ‘VmV.H$mhr {ÛH$ën nR>mar¶ àXoemVCJ‘Umè¶m gwÕm AgVmV.

~«÷nwÌm ZXr ì¶dñWm~«÷nwÌm ZXrMm CJ‘ ({V~oQ> ‘Ü¶o ¶m ZXrg gm§Jnmo Ago åhUVmV) ‘mZgamodamOdi

H¡$bmg nd©VmVrb Mo¶¶w§J‹T>§J {h‘ZXrnmgwZ hmoVmo. X{jU {Q~oQ> modVmbr ho nwd}g dmhVmV.bmoQ²>goV¶m§½gOdi Obàdmh AgUmè¶m ngaQ> ZXrV énm§Va hmoD$Z 640 {H$bmo{‘Q>a dmhVo. Ë¶mZ§VaAZoH$ Y~Yã¶m§Ûmao Ë¶mMo H$mbì¶mV énm§Va hmoVmV. maV XoemVrb AéUmMb àXoemV Z¡F$Ë¶{XeoZo diVmV. BWo øm ZÚmg gr¶m§J,{Xhm§J åhUVmV. Amñgm‘ ZÚmÀ¶m Imoè¶mV {X~m§JhAm{U bmohrV øm XmoZ CnZÚm ømV {‘giVmV. BWwZ ømg ~«÷nwÌm åhUwZ Amoi‹IVmV.

AmQ>bgÀ¶m ‘XVrZo ^maVmVrb Am{Unm{H$ñVmZmVrb qgYw ZXrÀ¶m àdmh‘mJm©Zm AmoiIm.

J§Jm ZXrÀ¶m ZH$mem (5.2) nmhþZ Vr H$moUH$moUË¶mamï´>m§ modVr dmhVo Vo gm§Jm?daMm ZH$mem nmhþZ J§JmZXr CnZÚm§À¶m CÎma {XeoZodmhUmè¶m H$moUË¶m, X{jUog H$moUË¶m ZÚm Vo gm§JmSCERT TELA

NGANA


{ÛH$ën ZÚmnpíM‘ {ÛnH$ën ZÚm§Mo {d^mOZ hmoVo. 1. ~§JmbÀ¶m CngmJamV {‘giUmè¶m ZÚm. 2.

Aa~r g‘wÐmV {‘giUmè¶m ZÚm. Aa~r g‘wÐmV {‘giUmè¶m ZÚm ’$ma H$‘r AmhoV. (Z‘©XmAm{U Vmnr) ¶m XmoZ nwd}H$Sy>Z npíM‘oH$S>o dmhVmV d Aa~r g‘wÐmV {‘giVmV. ~mH$s gd© ZÚm~§JmbÀ¶m CngmJamV {‘giVmV. VmßVr ZÚm Zmhrer, {ÛH$ën gd© ZÚm npíM‘oH$Sw>Z, nwd©oH$S>odmhVmV, {ÛH$ën nRmar¶ ^mJmVrb CÎma^mJmV CX² dUmè¶m M§~b, {g§Y, ~oËdm,Ho$Z, gmoZZÚm J§Jm ZXr ì¶dñWog g§~§{YVAmhoV. {ÛH$ënmVrb BVa ‘hËdmÀ¶m ZÚm‘hmZXr, JmoXmdar, H¥$îUm, H$mdoar {ÛH$ënZÚm§Mm àdmh ‘mJ© ~XbV Zmhr. dH«$VmZgVo. ømV df© a nmUr ZgVo.

{ÛH$ën ZÚmV JmoXmdar ZXr ‘moR>r Amho,‘hmamï´>mVrb Zm{eH$ Odi Í¶§~Hr¶ nR>maO{‘ZrV ¶mMm CJ‘ hmoVmo. d ~§JmbÀ¶mImS>rV OmdwZ {‘iVo.

ZH$mem 2 : J§Jm Am{U ~«÷nwÌm ZXrMm g§J‘

BWo {Xboë¶m ZH$memÀ¶m ghmæ¶mZo Imbrb [aH$må¶mOmJm âm.JmoXmdar BWo ____ CX² dVo.nwd}g dmhUmè¶m {ÛH$ën ZÚm H¥$îUm ZXrMo XþgaoømÀ¶m__________ Odi CX²^dVo .‘hmZXr N>ÎmrgJT>mVrb {ghmdm Odi OÝ‘wZ____^modVmbr dmhVo.Z‘©Xm ZXr ‘Ü¶àXoemVrb ________Odi CX²^dVo.Vmár ZXr ____Odi OÝ‘wZ ____ {XeoZo dmhVo.

SCERT TELANGANA


nmÊ¶mMm dmnaO{‘ZrdéZ dmhUmao d O{‘ZrÀ¶m A§V©JV dmhUmao nmUr… g‘Om EImÚm JmdmV nmÊ¶mMm~mø àdmh CXm. Pao, ZXr B. Agob Va Ë¶mVrb nmÊ¶mMm H$m§hr ^mJ dmhþZ Jmdm~mhoa OmB©bnmdgmù¶mV ¶m nmÊ¶mÀ¶m gmR>çmV nmÊ¶mMr nmVir dmT>Vm§Zm {Xgob. nmdgmMo nmUr O{‘ZrV{OaVo d O{‘ZrVrb nmÊ¶mMr nmVir dmTob. ¶mVrb H$m§hr nmUr, ~moadob ‘YwZ dmnaVm ¶oVo. VanmÊ¶mMm H$m§hr mJ Iwn Imobda OmB©b ho nmUr nwÝhm dmnaÊ¶mgmR>rH$Xm{MV CnbãY hmoUma Zmhr nU A§V©JV àdmhmÛmao ZÚm qH$dmPè¶mVwZ dmhVm§Zm {XgVo.

eoVrgmR>r nmUr: {nH$m§À¶m dmT>rgmR>r nmUr bmJVo Vo H$m§hr doim nmdgmÀ¶m nmÊ¶m‘wioqH$dm ObqgMZmÀ¶m gmo¶r‘wio CnbãY hmoVo, O{‘Zr‘Ü¶o nmUr gmR>dÊ¶mMr j‘Vm AgVo. H$m§hrdoim nmUr OmñV Pmbo, CXm. nya d¡Joao Ambm Va Amnë¶m O{‘ZrVrb nmÊ¶mMr nmVir H$‘r H$aVm¶oV Zmhr. Ë¶m‘wio {nH$m§À¶m ‘wim§Zm BOmnmohMw eH$Vo ¶m CbQ> XþîH$mi nS>bm Va‘wim§Zm ¶mo½¶ AmÐVm {‘iV Zmhr {nH$m§MrZmgmS>r hmoVo.

ZH$mem 5.1 : {ÛnH$ënr¶ ZÚm$

Vw‘À¶m OdiÀ¶m ‘§S>i H$m¶m©b¶mVwZ Joë¶m5 dfm©Vrb nwU© dm{f©H nmdgmMo à‘mU {H$Vr¶mMr ‘m{hVr ¿¶m $

dmQ>a>eoS> ~Ôb MMm© H$am?

SCERT TELANGANA


Kam§À¶m Amdí¶H$VogmR>r, OZmdam§Zm nmÊ¶mMm Cn¶moJ: nmUr, {nÊ¶mgmR>r,ñd¶§nmH$mgmR>r, Am§KmoirgmR>r, YwÊ¶mgmR>r, OZmdam§Zm dmnaÊ¶mV ¶oUmao nmUr Iwn ‘hËdmMoAmho. CËnÞmer g§~§Y ZgwZ gdm©§Zm øm JaOm§gmR>r nm{hOo VodT>o nmUr nwa{dÊ¶mgmR>r àUmbrH$mV¶ma H$amdr.

Am¡Úmo{JH$ JaOm§gmR>r nmÊ¶mMm Cn¶moJ: CËnÎmr à{H«$¶og gwÕm nmÊ¶mMr JaOAgVo nU øm¶ eoVr d Ka dgè¶m§À¶m JaOm§‘Ü¶o {damoYm^mg Amho, hm {damoYm^mg dmT>V Amho,Ë¶m‘wio hr Jmoï> bjmV KoVbr nmhrOo. Am¡Úmo{JH$ JaOm§gmR>r nmÊ¶mÀ¶m dmnamV àXþfU{ZdmaU, nmÊ¶mMm nwÝhm dmna øm ‘hËdmÀ¶m àíZ AmhoV.

EH$m n«m§VmV qH$dm EH$m JmdmV CnbãYmV AgUmao nmUr AmV‘Ü¶o dmhUmè¶m nmÊ¶mVMZmhr Va, AmnU dmnaV Agboë¶m gmR>çmda gwÔm AmYmarV AgVo. Amnë¶m {dVaUmV hm àdmhgmR>m§‘Krb ’$aH$ ñnï>nUo AmoiImdm. CXm. EH$m nmÊ¶mMr Q>mH$s Amho, g‘Om Ë¶mV nmUrAmV‘Ü¶o nmR>dÊ¶mgmR>r EH$ nmB©n dmnaÊ¶mgmR>r nmUr ~mhoa OmÊ¶mgmR>r EH$ n§n AmhoV.AmV‘Ü¶o OmUmè¶m nmÊ¶mg {‘ZrQ>mV {bQ>aà‘mUo ‘mooOVm ¶oVo. Ë¶mMà‘mUo ~mhoa ¶oUmè¶mnmÊ¶mg gwÕm {‘ZrQ>mg {bQ>a à‘mUo ‘moOVmV. Q>mH$sV AgUmao nmUr gVV ~XbV AgVo, nUEH$m {ZYm©arV doioV CXm. gH$mir 8.30 dmOVm {H$Vr {bQ>a nmUr Amho, Vo ‘moOw eH$Vmo hmË¶mdoioMm gmR>m.

EH$m JmdmV Vio, S>~Ho$, Jw§Q>o Agw eH$VmV. ho gd© n¥ð> mJmdarb gmR>o AmhoV. maVmV AZoH$JmdmV {d{har, ~moa {d{harVwZ nmUr {‘idVmV. åhUOo nmUr A§V© yOb gmR>çmda AmYmarVAmhoV, A§VJ©V dmhUmè¶m nmÊ¶mg, gmR>çm§‘Ü¶o g§~§Y Amho.A§VJ©V dmhUmao nmUr ~mhoa H$mT>Ê¶mÀ¶mnmÊ¶mZwgma, H$mimZwgma gmR>çmMr n{apñWVr H$er Amho, ¶mMm A§XmO bmdw eH$Vmo. gÜ¶mAmnU yJ © nmÊ¶mMm gmR>m H$‘r hmoÊ¶mÀ¶m n[aUm‘mg g‘moao OmV AmhmoV ^{dî¶mV ¶oUmè¶m{nT>rg yJ © Ob CnbãYmV Agob qHdm Zmhr ¶mH$S>o AmnU bj XoV Zmhr.

dm{f©H$ àdmho, {d{har, ~moa {d{harÀ¶m nmÊ¶mMo nwZéÕrH$aÊ¶mÀ¶m gmR>çmZwgma AmnUmgCnbãY AgUmao nmUr AmYmarV Amho. Amnë¶m JaOm§Zm gwÕm øm ‘¶m©XrV R>odmì¶m. AmnU IwnImobVa nmUr ~mhoa H$mT>bo AgVm Vo Iwn hOmamo df} gmR>dwZ Agbobo nmUr Amho Ago g‘Omdo.Vrd« XþîH$mimÀ¶m n[añWrVrVM øm nmÊ¶mMm dmna H$éZ nmD$g OmñV nS>boë¶m dfm©V nwÝhmnwZéÕrH$aU ìhmdo. ømH$S>o bj Úmdo, gwpñWaVm øm ~m~rg AmnU nwT>o nmhþ.

nmUr dmnaUo Am{U g§Kfm©Mo àH$aU Aä¶mg - Vw§J^Ðm ZXrMo ImoaoXoemVrb amÁ¶mg AmnmngmV Am{U {d{dY dmnaH$Vm© JQ>m‘Ü¶o nmÊ¶mÀ¶m {d^mJUrMr à‘wI

g‘ñ¶m Amho. ho àH$aU Aä¶mgmVrb CXmhaU Xe©{dVo. øm g§Kfm©Mm R>amd AmnU H$go H$aUmaAm{U gdmªZm ~amo~a/g‘mZ Ý¶m¶ H$gm {‘iUma ?Vw§J^X«m ZXr ^mJmVrb nmÊ¶mMm Cn¶moJ

H¥$îUm ZXrMr CnZXr AgUmar V§wJ^Ðm ZXrVrb nmUr X{jU amÁ¶ H$Zm©Q>H$, Vob§JmZm Am{UAm§Y«àXoe dmQw>Z KoVmV. ho n{íM‘ KmQ>mV CJ‘VmV. ømMm nwU© nardmhH$ àm§V 71,417 km2,ømV 57,671 km2 H$Zm©Q>H$mV Amho. Vw§J^Ðm ZXr nardmhH$ àm§Vmg XmoZ ^mJmV {d^mJVmV.H$ZmQ>H$m©Vrb Cƒ, ‘Ü¶ nardmhH$ àm§V Vob§JmZm Am{U Am§Y«àXoerVrb ImbMm nardmhH$ àm§V.

SCERT TELANGANA


H$m¶©H$mar JUm§H$mà‘mUo XmoÝhr amÁ¶mVrb eoVrMr O{‘Z OmñV Amho. Caboë¶m joÌ’$imVPmS>o, dZamB©, {dZmbmJdS>rÀ¶m O{‘Zr nS>rV O{‘Z, bmJdS>r¶ ¶mo½¶Vr O{‘Z nmÊ¶m ImbrbO{‘Zr, O§Jbo Z¡g{J©H$ PmS>o Ago AmhoV. H$mhr ^mJmV nmÊ¶mÀ¶m gmR>çmgmR>r Vio AmhoV,Vob§JmZm Am{U Am§Y«àXoemV AgUmè¶m ImbÀ¶m àm§VmV ObnO©Ý¶‘mZ H$‘r, XþîH$mimMrn[apñWVr OmñV H$mhr nO©Ý¶‘mZmda, wJ © Obmbm ({d{har, ~moa {d{har) da AmYmarV AmJo.Cabobo àm§V Vw§J^Ðm ~§Ymè¶mImbr ~m§Yboë¶m H$mbì¶mÛmao ¶oUmè¶m n¥ð>^mJmda AmYmarV AmhoV.øm XmoZ àH$maÀ¶m àm§VmV nmÊ¶mMr CnbãYVoV ’$ma ’$aH$ Amho.

emg{H$¶ AmH$S>odmar Zwgma O{‘ZtZm bmJdS>rgmR>rAmH«$‘rV OmñV H$aÊ¶mV ¶oVo. ømMmM n[aUm‘ åhUwZ O§JbmMm{dñVma H$‘r hmoD$Z O{‘ZrMr bmJdS> dmT>V Amho. PmS>m§Mr‘moR>çm à‘mUmV VmoS>Ur, ImUr, ImoXZr ‘wio O§Jbo H$‘r

hmoV AmhoV. EdT>oM Zìh| Va AZ‘mob d¥j g§nXm àmUr g§nÎmr Zï> nmdVmV. yJ ©ObmVrbdmhUmè¶m nmÊ¶mÀ¶m à‘mU nardmhH$ à§mVmV AgUmè¶m PmS>mda AmYmarV AgVmV. Pm‹S>oZgVm§Zm nmdgmMo nmUr O{‘ZrV PmoanÊ¶mMr e³¶Vm Zgë¶m‘wio n¥ð> mJmdarb àdmhrV hmoVo.

øm‘wio yJ ©Ob nwZéÕrH$aU H$aÊ¶mMrg§Yr ZgVoM ZmhrVa EHo$H$m doir AMmZH$nwamg H$maUr^wV R>aVo. nmdgmÛmao,Zmë¶mÛmao nmÊ¶mMm nwadR>m {‘iUmè¶màm§Vm§Zm ’$m¶Xm ìhmdm ¶mgmR>r doJdoJù¶mnÕVr Adb§~{dë¶m nmhrOoV.

Joë¶m H$mhr XeH$mnmgwZ Vw§J^ÐmnmR>~§Ymè¶mVrb nmÊ¶mÀ¶m gmR>çmMogm‘Ï¶© H$‘r hmoV Jobo. 50 dfm© AJmoXanmR>~§Ymè¶mMo gm‘Ï¶© 376.6 H$moQ>r KZ{‘Q>a AgwZ ImoXUr, Ywi, O{‘ZrMr eAmofH$Vm, Q>mH$mwZ nXmWm©‘wio {aOd©m¶aH$mTw>Z nmÊ¶mMo gmR>çmMo gm‘Ï¶© 84.9H$moQ>r KZ {‘Q>a H$‘r Pmbo. I{ZO bmoI§S>ImoXH$m‘mV ¶mo½¶ Vr nÕVr nmiV ZmhrV. Hw$Ðo‘wI ¶oWo bmoI§S>mMr I{ZOo, gm§Sw>a¶oWo ‘°JZmg ImoXH$m‘m‘wio nardmhH$àm§VmV O{‘ZrMr emofH$Vm dmTw>Z Vio,N>moQ>o Obme¶ , Vw§J^Ðm Obme¶o JmimÀ¶mAmhmar OmV AmhoV.{MÌ 5.2 : Vw§J^Ðm ~§Ymè¶mMr {Z{‘©Vr - 1952

^maVmÀ¶m ZH$memV Vw§J «Ðm ZXrÀ¶mnardmhH$ ‘mJm©Zm AmoiIm.

SCERT TELANGANA


{H$Vr nmUr CnbãY Amho, ¶mda Am§Y«àXoe Am{U H$Zm©Q>H$mV WmoS>m ’$aH$ Amho.nmUr dmhUmar gmYZo Amboë¶m nmÊ¶mMm gmR>m Ho$bm AgVm Vmo nmR>dUmè¶m nmÊ¶mg gwÕmn« m{dV H$aVmV. amÁ¶ gaH$maÀ¶m H$amamZwgma nmÊ¶mMr dmQ>Ur H$éZ KoVmV.

eoVrÀ¶m ì¶dgm¶mda OrdZ OJUmao 80% bmoH$ AmYmarV AgUmè¶m øm amÁ¶mVnmUr ‘hË¶mMo Amho. gVVYma nmD$g AgUmè¶m àm§VmV wJ «Obm§Zm ~moa {d{harÛmao nmUr~mhoa H$mT>VmV d {nH$m§Zm nmUr XoVmV. gmi, Ádmar, ~mOar hr ‘hËdmMr {nHo$.

hm àm§V a~r {nH$m§gmR>r ¶mo½¶ AgwZ gwÕm {deof {nH$ {nH$Umè¶m (gmi,D$g){nH$m§Zm nmUr OmñV nmhrVo. ZXr nardmhH$ àm§Vm modVmbr øm {nH$m§Mr bmJdS> Ho$ë¶m‘wionmÊ¶mÀ¶m g‘mZ dmQ>Ur‘wio Ag§»¶ ~Xb hmoV Amho, øm {nH$m§Zm gd© àm§VmV nmÊ¶mMr JaOAgë¶m‘wio d¡{dÜ¶ Agmdo bmJVo. O{‘Z, nmÊ¶mMm nwadR>m AgUmè¶m eoVH$è¶m§Zm dZgUmè¶m eoVH$è¶m§‘Ü¶o Iwn ’$aH$ OmUdVmo. gdmªZm nmUr {‘iwZ nmÊ¶mMm ¶mo½¶ Vmo dmnaH$aÊ¶mgmR>r øm n«m§Vm‘Ü¶o {nH$m§Zm bmJdS>rV ~Xb KoD$Z Ambm nmhrOo.

Joë¶m XmoZ XeH$mnmgwZ N>moQ>r ehao, Am¡Úmo{JH$ àm§VmMr dmT> Iwn Pmbr. øm‘wionmÊ¶mMm nañnam {déÕ JaOm AdKS> Pmë¶m Am¡Úmo{JH$sH$aZ , eham§Mr dmT> øm‘wio H$mhrOUm§Mo OrdZ‘mZ dmT>bo, nU øm‘wio, {deofH$éZ Am¡Úmo[JH$ g§ñWm§‘wio àXþfU dmT>bo. ZXrnardhH$ àm§VmV H$m‘ H$aUmè¶m 27 ‘moR>o, 25473 N>moQ>o CÚmoJr¶ g§ñWm AmhoV. øm amoOnmÊ¶mMm ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV dmna H$aVmV. ZÚmV Iam~ nmUr gmoS>Ê¶mgmR>r H$maImÝ¶m§ZmnadmZJr {Xbr Va 1984 ‘Ü¶o ZXrV gmoS>boë¶m H$mH$dr Jmim‘wio ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV ‘mgo‘oë¶m§‘wio bmoH$m§‘Ü¶o {^Vr {Z‘m©U Pmbr. V|ìhmnmgwZ H$maImÝ¶mVrb ewÕ nmUrM ZXrVgmoS>mdo. Va øm H$m¶ÚmMr g‘W©nwd©H$ Am‘bmV AmUV ZmhrV. Ë¶m‘wio ZXr ì¶dñWoV Vrd«n«XþfUmÀ¶m Amhmar OmV Amho.

{d{dY joÌmVrb {dH$mg, N>moQ>o ehao, J«m‘rU ^mJmV gd© dJmªZm g’$mBgmR>r,{nÊ¶mÀ¶m nmÊ¶mMm nwadR>m XoUo e³¶ Pmbo Zmhr. {nÊ¶mMo nmUr, ñdÀN>Vm ‘wb yV JaOm§Zm,n¡go ~m§YV Zgbo Var ømMm e³¶Vmoda nmohmodmdo, Ago åhQ>bo Amho. ‘rQ>a bmdwZ nmÊ¶mMmnwadR>m Ho$bm AgVm g‘mOmVrb EImÚm dJm©Zo n¡go ~m§Xbo Zgbo Var ‘wb yV JaOm§gmR>rVarH$mhr nmUr nwadmdo. ZXrÀ¶m nardmhH$ àm§Vmda EH$ {Zdo{XH$m Aer gw{MV Amho. eham§Zm¶mo½¶ Vmo {nÊ¶mMo nmUr nmohmoM{dÊ¶mgmR>r ¶mo½¶ Vr àUmbrH$m ~Zdbr Zmhr. {deof H$éZN>moQ>çm ehamVrb nmÊ¶mMr CnbãYVm, g‘dmQ>nmV g‘ñ¶m AmhoV. øm g‘ñ¶m CÝhmù¶mVOmñV d Vrd« AmhoV.

SCERT TELANGANA


åhUwZ nmÊ¶mÀ¶m Cn¶moJmÀ¶m ìd¶ñWmnZmVgm‘m{OH$, Am{W©H$ KQ>H$ ‘hËdmMo AmhoV. EH$m àm§VmVrb{d{dY dJm§©‘Ü¶o , eoVr, CÚmoJ, nmUr joÌm‘Ü¶o d¡éÜ¶AmhoV. EdT>oM Zmhr Va hr ZXr hmoV XmoZ amÁ¶m‘Ü¶odmhV Agë¶m‘wio H$Zm©Q>H$, Am§X3àXoem‘Ü¶o dmX-{ddmXAmhoV.

nmÊ¶mMm hoVynwd©H$, g‘{d{Z¶moJ - EH$ CXmhaU^maVmÀ¶m {d{^Þ ^mJmV, nmUr gmR>{dÊ¶mMr nma§narH$ nÕVr Am{U nmÊ¶mMm hoVwnyd©H$

g‘{d{Z¶moJ AmnUmg nmhÊ¶mV ¶oVmo.nmÊ¶mÀ¶m dmnam ~Ôb, nmÊ¶mÀ¶m g‘W©nwd©H$ Ý¶m¶nwd©H$ dmna H$aÊ¶mgmR>r A§VJ©V, ~mø

àdmhm§Zm ‘moOÊ¶mMr JaO Amho. øm ~Ôb OmUwZ KoVbo. EH$ Jmd qH$dm ZXr nardmhH$ àm§VAgw eH$Vo. øm gma»¶m àUm{bH$m V¶ma H$aUo , Ë¶mMr A§‘b~OmdUr gmÜ¶ Amho. {hdmao~mOma ømMoM EH$ CXm. Amho.

J«m‘ nardmhH, g‘J«m‘m{^d¥ÕrgmR>r, AmXe© J«m‘ ¶moOZm Imbr {hdmao ~mOmH$mg ‘hmamï´>emgZmZo {Z¶wº$s Ho$br. ‘hmamîQ´>mVrb Ah‘XZJa {OëømV ~mOma Amho. ‘hmamîQ´>mVwZ nwd©H$m|H$U {H$Zmar àm§Vm§Zm doJio H$aV CÎma-X{jUog AgUmao gømÐr nd4V am§JmÀ¶m (nmdgmi)^mJmV nwd}g AgUmè¶m nmdgmir n«m§VmV hm {Oëhm Amho. åhUwZM Ah‘XZJa [Oëhm 400‘r.‘r. nO©Ý¶‘mZmZo nwaJ«ñV àm§V Amho.

~mOmamVrb g§¶wº$ w‘r, ì¶º$sJV {hadmi O{‘Zr, nmÊ¶mMr g§JjU H$m‘m§MrA§‘b~OmdUr Ho$br. S>m|Ja Xè¶mV H«$‘mZo gImob KmQ> ImoXwZ H$moaS>dmhþ hmoD$ Z¶o ¶mH$S>o bj{Xbo. ho nmdgmM nmUr gmR>dwZ R>odVmV. Ë¶m‘wio {hado JdV dmT>Vo. nmUr gmR>dÊ¶mMo AZoH$~m§YH$m‘o JmdmV ~m§Ybo, nmQ>~§Ymao, nmÊ¶mÀ¶m Q>m³¶m, {Mao ~§Ymao øm H$m¶©H«$‘mMm mJ åhUwZMañË¶mÀ¶m ~mOwbm O§JbmÀ¶m OmJr PmS>o bmdbr.

‘hmamï´>mV AmXe© J«m‘ ¶moOZoMr gwédmV Ho$br AgVmZmM JmdmÀ¶m {Z¶wº$sgmR>r H$mhr AQ>rbmdë¶m. ømV ‘hËdmMo Mma A‘mÝ¶ Jmoï>r AmohV. amioJmd {gÕrZo {‘idboë¶m {dO¶m‘wioË¶m§Mo Zmd JmObo. ho Mma AQ>r 1) PmS>o VmoS>Ur 2) OZmdam§Zm ‘moHionUmZo MaUo 3) Xmé ~§Xr,d 4) OmñV g§VVr. EdT>oM Zmhr Va bmoH$m§Zr l‘XmZ H$amdo, O{‘Z ZgUmè¶m Jar~m§Zm Ë¶mAQ>r ZmhrV.

1980 À¶m eodQ>r Á¶m n[apñWVr hmoË¶m Ë¶m§Mo ‘hËd AmnUmg g‘Omdo. Jar~, lr‘§Vgd©OZ gVV PmS>o VmoS>V, gd©OU amZmo‘mi Ë¶m§À¶m OZmdam§Zm BÀN>oà‘mUo {OWo-{VWo Madm¶Mo.g^modVmbMo gd© ‘miamZo, S>m|Jao CKS>o AgV Ago Iwn bmoH$ gm§JVmV, V|ìhm O{‘Zr H$moaS>çmnS>ë¶m hmoË¶m. O{‘ZrÀ¶m Am{Vb nmUr ( wJ ©Ob)Iwn Imobda AgV, EdT>oM Zmhr Vañd¶§nmH$mgmR>r H$mS>çm, OZmdam§Zm bmJUmao {hado JdV ¶mMm Vrd« VwQ>dS>m ^mgV hmoVm.OZmdam§Zm MaÊ¶mgmR>r AQ>r Q>mH$ë¶m AgVm JdV, H$mnwg OZmdam§Zm MaÊ¶mMr nadmZJr {Xbr.

nmÊ¶mÀ¶m {d{Z¶moJ àUm{bH$mgmR>remgH$s¶ ZXr nardmhH$ Am{YH$marH$g§ñWm Agbo Va ¶mMm H$moUVm Cn¶moJhmoVmo?Vw§J^Ðm ZXr nardmhH$ àm§VmV nmÊ¶mÀ¶mnañna {déÕ Cn¶moJ H$moUVo?

SCERT TELANGANA


Ë¶mZ§Va AmUIr H$mhr ~§YZo KmVbr. Ë¶mV gm§JÊ¶mgmaIo åhUOo nmÊ¶mÀ¶m nwadR>çmgmR>r~moa, {d{har ImoXUo, D$g, H$moirMr bmJdS> H$aUo, ~mhoaÀ¶m§Zm O{‘Zr {dH$Uo, nmÊ¶mÀ¶mCn¶moJmV {XK©H$mbrH$ gwì¶dpñWVr gmÜ¶ H$aUmao KQ>H$ øm nÕrV ‘hËdmMo AmhoV. ho AmnUmgg‘Obo. øm AQ>r ’$º$ Om{hamVrgmR>r ZgwZ bmoH$m§Mm g§¶wº$ ’$m¶Xm gmÜ¶ H$aÊ¶mgmR>r bmoH${Z{‘©VrgmR>r. Va ho H$m‘ VodT>o gmono Pmbo Zmhr.

CÝhmù¶mV nmUr XoUmè¶m O{‘Zr 7 ho³Q>a nmgwZ 72 ho³Q>an¶ªV dmT>bo. gamgar nmD$g nS>bm,Ë¶m dfu IarnmV ~mOarMo {nH$, a~rV ÁdmarMo {nH$ Z {nH$dVm CÝhmù¶mV WmoS>o mOrnmë¶mÀ¶mbmJdS>rgmR>r gwÕm nmUr {‘iV. nmÊ¶mÀ¶m gmo¶r gw{dYm Zgboë¶m O{‘ZrV gwXYm w{‘V AmobgarMo à‘mU dmT>ë¶m‘wio CËnmXH$Vm dmT>br. nydunojm AmVm {nH$m§Mr d¡{dÜ¶Vm dmT>br. AmVmH$m§Xm, Ambw, ’$io (Ðmjo, Xmit~) ’w$bm gmaIo ì¶mnmar {nHo$ Jhþ {nH${dVmV. gdm©nojm OmñVgm§JÊ¶mgma»mm n[aUm‘ åhUOo nmÊ¶mMr CnbãYVm dmTw>Z, Xþgar {nHo$ H$mT>Uo e³¶ Pmë¶m‘wioñWbm§VarV OmUo H$‘r Pmbo. N>moQ>o eoVH$ar Ë¶m§À¶m O{‘Zr Ûmao nwU© OrdZ amoOJma H$‘rM {‘imbmVar Ë¶mV dmT> Pmë¶m‘wio ‘Owar H$aÊ¶mMr n[apñWVr gwYmabr.

A{dÀN>rZ gImob Xè¶m

{MÌ 5.3 : ~mOma - n«Um{bHo$À¶m AJmoXa Am{U Z§Va

AmamIS>çmÀ¶m AJmoXa

Imobda C.C.T. (1x1 Metre)Imobda C.C.T.(1x1 Metre) filled with rain water

d¥j bmJdS>r Z§Va

SCERT TELANGANA


O{‘{ZÀ¶m Am{Vb nmUr ~mhoa H$mTw>Z Ë¶mÀ¶m dmnamda gm‘m{OH$ {Z¶§ÌU hm ‘hËdmMm{df¶ nmÊ¶mÀ¶m nwadR>çmgmR>Br ~moa {d{harÀ¶m Q>mHw$ Z¶o ({nÊ¶mÀ¶m nmUrgmR>r) ~moa Q>mH$mdoV.D$gmgmaIo nmUr bmJUmao {nH$ {nH$dy Z¶o. nmÊ¶mMm nwadR>m {d{harVwZ H$amdm. EHdT>oM Zmhr VaH$mhr H${R>U {Z¶‘ ‘m§S>bo. CXm. nmD$g Mm§Jbm nS>bm Va {hdmù¶mV nwU© {nHo$ H$mTw> eH$Vmo. VoMnmD$g H$‘r nS>bm Va {hdmù¶mV {nH$ H$‘r ¿¶mdoV. nmdgmMr ‘m{hVr ~amo~a Zm|XUr H$éZàUm{bH$m V¶ma H$aVmV. nmÊ¶mMo àmYmÝ¶ R>adVmV. øm H$maUm‘wio H$mhr dfo© gVV nmD$g H$‘rnS>bm Var nmÊ¶mMm VwQ>dS>m mgV Zmhr. gmR>dboë¶m nmÊ¶mÀ¶m AmYmao àUm{bH$m ~Z{dë¶mZo hoe³¶m Pmbo.

new g§ajU joÌmV dmT> Pmë¶mZo N>moQ>o eoVH$è¶m§Zm ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV ’$m¶Xm Pmbm. gd©MOZ-{OdZ, CÚmoJ gwYmaÊ¶mgmR>r {hdmao ~mOmamV XwY CËnmXZmH$S>o {deof bj {Xbo. AZoH$N>moQ>çm eoVH$è¶m§Zm ì¶mO XoÊ¶mV Ambo. ¶m‘wio JmdmV newg§dY©ZmMr g§»¶m dmT>br. Mm§Jë¶mCËnmXH$VoÀ¶m H$maUm‘wio new JdV dmT>bo. ømM n[aUm‘mÀ¶m ‘XVrZo XaamoO 140 {bQ>anmgwZ3000 {bQ>a XþYmMr CËnÎmr dmTw>Z 20 Q>³³¶mÀ¶mda àJVr dmT>br.

Va Jmdm§gma»¶m N>moQ>çm mJmV wJ © Ob~mhoa H$mT>Ê¶mda {Z¶§ÌU R>odë¶mg ’$m¶Xm hmoVZmhr, ho bjmV Ambo, ~mOwMr Jmdo Imobda~moa {d{har ImoXþZ yJ © Obm§Mm dmna H$aÊ¶mggwédmV Ho$br. ømda {hdmao ~mOmamg H$moUVoM{Z¶§ÌU Zmhr, åhUwZ ZXr n[admhH$ àm§V qH$dm

Cnàm§VmÀ¶m narYrV ì¶dñWmJV {Z¶‘o g‘OÊ¶mMr AmdíH$Vm Amho.nmUr g§¶w³V gmYZJoë¶m H$mhr XeH$mnmgwZ nmUr {deof H$éZ Ja d eoVrÀ¶m JaOm§gmR>r ‘hËdmMo gmYZ ~Zbo.

yJ © Obm§Mm ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV dmna dmT>ë¶m‘wio nwU© CnbãY Agbobo nmUr Vo H$moUmbm {‘iVo¶mMm {dMma da à^md nmS>Vmo.

AZoH$ amÁ¶m§‘Ü¶o yJ © Obmer g§~§YrV {Z¶‘ H$mimZwgma bmon nmdbo, gÜ¶mÀ¶m n[apñWVrg¶mo½¶ Zmhr. yJ © ObmMm Cn¶moJ Zm‘‘mÌ AgVm§Zmhr H$m¶Xo ~Zdbr, gÜ¶mÀ¶m ~moa {dhar{d{dY ImobmVyZ ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV nmUr H$mT>Vm ¶oUmar AmhoV. nmÊ¶mMm ¶mo½¶ dmna H$gmH$amdm?

yJ © Obmer g§~§YrV gÜ¶mMo H$m¶Xo AmmÀ¶m n[apñWVrg ¶mo½¶ ZmhrV. O{‘ZrMm h¸$Am{U yJ^4 Obmda Agbobm h¸$ ¶m§Mm g§~§Y OmoS>Uo øm {Z¶‘mVrb VwQ>r AmhoV. O{‘ZrdéZyJ ©Obm§Zm H$mT>mdo. ¶mgmR>r hm H$m¶Xm ~Zdm, O{‘ZrÀ¶m AmVwZ H$mT>boë¶m yJ ©Obmda Ë¶m

{hdmao ~mOmamV nmÊ¶mÀ¶m g§ajUmgmR>r H$aÊ¶mV AmbobrH$m‘o Xe©dUmè¶m dm³¶mImbr aofm AmoT>m.nmÊ¶mÀ¶m CnbãYVoZwgma eoVr àUmbrH$m V¶maH$aÊ¶mgmR>r H$moUVo à¶ËZ H$aÊ¶mV Ambo?Vwåhmbm B§MaZoQ> CnbãY Agob Va {hdmao ~mOmamerg§~§YrV {d{S>¶mo øm qbH$‘Ü¶o nhm. http://bit.ly/kothL1

SCERT TELANGANA


Om{‘Z ‘m{bH$mMm h¸$ Amho. åhUwZ g‘OVo. ¶mMmM AW© Agm H$s, yJ ©Obmda O{‘ZAgUmè¶§mMmM h¸$ AgVmo. yJ ©ObmVwZ {H$Vr nmUr H$mTw> eH$Vmo. ¶mda H$mhrM ‘¶m©Xm Zmhr.

darb nÕVrZo H$moUË¶m H$‘VaVm AmhoH$, O{‘Zrda AmT>iboë¶m ‘mb{H$À¶m gr‘maofmyJ ©Ob nmiV ZmhrV. nmUr dmhUmao gmYZ, EH$m ~moa {dharVwZ H$mT>mdo EdT>o nmUryJ^m©Vrb IS>H$mi Wao, nO©Ý¶‘mZ, n¥ð> mJmdarb nmUr O{‘ZrV {OaUmao nmUr ¶mda AmYmarV

AgVmo.ho EH$m {demb mJmV hmoV Amho,åhUwZ Ë¶m àm§VmVrb BVam§Mr à{V{H«$¶m øm {dharVrbwnwU© nmÊ¶mda à^md nS>Vmo. CXm. EH$m ~moa {dharVwZ OmñV nmUr H$mT>bo AgVm Ë¶m {dharÀ¶mg^modVmbr AgUmao AZoH$ ~moa {dhar AmTw>Z Omdy eH$VmV. ~mOwÀ¶m ~moa {dharnojm Amnbr~moa {d{ha OmñV Imob Agmdr, Aer àË¶H$OU ñnY©m H$aVmV. EH$m ^mJmVrb ~moa {dharyJ © ñdénm Ûmao EH$ Xþgè¶mer g§~§Y AgVmo. åhUwZ gmaIoM Imob AgUmè¶m dmè¶mMr d

nmÊ¶mMr VwbZm H$am. dmao dmhV Amhoo, Ë¶m‘wio Ë¶mÀ¶m gr‘m {ZYm©arV H$é eH$Uo e³¶ Zmhr,Ë¶mMà‘mUo O{‘ZrÀ¶m AmV dmhUmè¶m nmÊ¶mg H$moUË¶mM gr‘m ZgVmV.

gÜ¶m yJ ©ObM bmoH$m§Mo ‘w»¶ gmYZo AmhoV. øm nmÊ¶mg OmñV Cngbo AgVm, Ë¶mÀ¶merg§~§YrV BVa àm§Vmda gwÕm à^md nS>Vmo. {dî¶mV ¶oUmè¶m {nT>roZm bmJUmao nmÊ¶mÀ¶m gmR>çmdagwÕm ¶mMm à^md nS>Vmo. åhUwZ O{‘Z ‘mbH$m§Zm Ë¶m§À¶m BÀN>oà‘mUo nmUr H$mT>Ê¶mMm h¸$ XoD$eH$V Zmhr. ømda H$mhr ‘¶m©Xm Agmì¶mV. O{‘{ZÀ¶m ì¶dñWmnZmer, O{‘Zrda ~moa{d{harVwZ yJ ©Obm§Zm H$mT>Ê¶m‘Yrb g§~§Y Zmhrer Ho$bm Va øm ‘¶m©Xm A¶mo½¶ AgVmV.

O{‘ZrÀ¶m h¸$mda, yJ ©ObmÀ¶m h¸$mer g§~§Y AgVm§Zm nmÊ¶mÀ¶m gX{d{Z¶moJmdaì¶º$sJV O{‘Z ‘mbH$sda H$moUVmM X~md ZgVmo. Ë¶mMà‘mUo n¶m©daUmg, {dñV¥V bmoH$bmoH$aÊ¶mÀ¶m nÕVtZm Am§‘b H$aUmam H$moUVmM ‘mJ© Zmhr. Odinmg H$moUVoM {Z¶§ÌUZgboë¶m øm ì¶dñWoV EH$m ^mJmV {H$Vr hmVn§n, {d{har, ~moa{dhrar Agw eH$VmV, hoR>adÊ¶mMm A{YH$ma Hw$UmbmM Zmhr. åhUwZM nmÊ¶mg gd© bmoH$m§À¶m CÚoenwd©H$ g§¶wº$ gmYZg‘Omdo. añVo, ZÚm, CÚmZdZo, yJ ©Ob gdmªZm {‘iUmao OZg§nÎmr åhUwZ g‘Omdo. ømgH$mhr amÁ¶ emgZmZo AmoiIbo. na§Vw VodT>m àgma Pmbm Zmhr.

{Z¶§ÌU EdT>o gmono Zmhr. {dO, Vob, Z¡g{J©H$ dm¶w, nmUr ¶m gma»¶m gmYZm§Mm EH$OUdmna Ho$bm Va Caboë¶m§Zm CnbãYr¶ KQ>H$m§Zm à^mdrV H$aVmV. yJ ©Ob H$‘r hmoV Agboë¶mn[apñWVrV amÁ¶ Ë¶mÀ¶m ‘wimn¶ªV OmV ZmhrV. ¶mÀ¶m CbQ> AOwZ Imobda yJ ©Ob H$mT>Ê¶mgmR>rghmæ¶ H$aUmao {dÚwV gãgrS>çm amÁ¶ gaH$ma dmT>dVM Amho, yJ ©ObmÀ¶m {d{Z¶moJmda{Z¶§ÌUmMm n«¶ËZ Z H$aVm Ë¶mÀ¶m dmnamg àmoËgmhrV H$aUmao gpìgS>rMm H$mhrMm Cn¶moJZmhr. åhUwZ AmnU ñnï> {Z¶§ÌmUmMm dmna hmoÊ¶mgmR>r amO{H$¶ {dMma ~XbmdoV BVam§nojmAJmoXa AmnUM nmUr H$‘r dmnamdo, ¶mgmR>r àË¶oH$OU ñnYm© H$[aV Agë¶m‘wio ho g§¶wº$ gmYZbdH$aM Zme nmdÊ¶mMm YmoH$m Amho. gÜ¶m Amnë¶m g‘moa hrM ’$ma ‘moR>r g‘ñ¶m Amho.

nmUr ho dmhUmao g§¶wº$ gmYZ åhUwZ AmoiIUmao H$m¶Xo d {Z¶‘m§Mr JaO Amho. [nÊ¶mÀ¶mnmÊ¶mg n{hbo ñWmZ XoUo ho ‘mZdmMm h¸ Amho. yJ ©ObmÀ¶m {d{Z¶moJmda n§Mm¶VramO g§ñWm§Mo{Z¶§ÌU Agmdo.

SCERT TELANGANA


Ho$ai‘Yrb noé‘Å>r ZmdmÀ¶m JmdmV n§Mm¶VrV Am{U H$moH$m-H$mobm H§$nZr‘Ü¶oCX²^dboë¶m {ddmXmg nmhþ ¶m. g^modVmbÀ¶m ^mJmVrb ^yJ^©ObmÀ¶m nmÊ¶mMrnmVir H$‘r Pmë¶m‘wio ^yJ^©ObmÀ¶m Cn¶moJmgmR>r Ë¶m H§$nZrbm {Xboë¶m bm¶goÝgbmZwVZrH$aU H$é Z¶o åhUwZ n§Mm¶VrZo {ZU©¶ KoVbm. EdT>oM Zmhr Va Ë¶m H§$nZr‘wioewÕ nmÊ¶mÀ¶m XO}da à^md nS>Vmo. ñWm{ZH$ emgZmImbr MmbUmè¶m àmW{‘H$Amamo½¶ H|$ÐmZo ho nmUr {nÊ¶mg ¶mo½¶ Zmhr Ago R>adbo. hm dmX Ý¶m¶mb¶mn¶ªVJobm. OmZodmar 2014 n¶ªV hm dmX XoemÀ¶m gdm}ƒ Ý¶m¶mb¶mV {dMmamYrZ Amho.Ho$ai‘Ü¶o XmoZ Ý¶m¶m{Yem§Zr ^yJ^©Obm§Zm {Xboë¶m {ZU©¶mg ^yJ^©Obmer g§~§{YVnañna {damoYm^mg ì¶º$ Pmbo.n{hë¶m Ý¶m¶m{YemZo ^yJ^©Obm§Zm gdmªZm Amdí¶H$AgUmè¶m bmoH$m§Mo gmYZ åhUwZ H$moÝhrhr Ë¶mMm A{YH$ dmna Z H$aVm emgZmZo~§Xr Kmbmdr åhUwZ gm§{JVbo. Va Xþgè¶m Ý¶m¶m{YemZo ¶mÀ¶m nwU© CbQ> O{‘Z‘mbH$m§Zm ^yJ^©Obm§da nwU© h¸$ Agmdm, åhUwZ Ý¶m¶ gm§{JVb. ho XmoÝhr nañnaÝ¶m¶ {ZU©¶ gÜ¶mÀ¶m Amnë¶m H$m¶ÚmV AgUmam Jm|Yi g‘OVmo.

gmam§e gwédmVrÀ¶m ^mJmV ^maVmV {d{dY y-^m¡{VH$ n[apñWVr dÔb, ZXr ì¶dñWm§dÔb

‘m{hVr KoVbr.EH$m mJmV Vmo EH$ N>moQ>m nardmhH$ àm§V Agw eH$Vmo. nmÊ¶mÀ¶m {d{Z¶moJmgmR>rA§VJ©V, ~mø dmhUmè¶m nmÊ¶mg ÑîQ>rg ¿¶mdo. øm AmH$bZm‘wio gÜ¶m nmÊ¶mg Ag‘OwVnUodmnaUmè¶m nÕVrMm Cn¶moJ hmoV Amho.ho AmnUmg g‘OVo. Vw§J^Ðm ZXr dmhUmè¶m àm§VmÀ¶mAÜ¶¶Zm Ûmao nmÊ¶mMm ì¶dpñWV, g‘ à‘mUmV H$gm dmné eH$Vmo?

{hdmao ~mOma bmoH$m§Mo à¶ËZ nmhrboV. OJâmVrb bmoH$ Ë¶m§À¶m-Ë¶m§À¶m n[apñWVrZwgmag¥OZmË‘H$ H$m¶©H«$‘ KoVrb Aer Amem H$éeH$Vmo. nmÊ¶mÀ¶m gmYZm§Zm ñWm{ZH$ ñWm{¶V,g§¶wº$ H$m¶©MaU, amï>r¶, amÁ¶r¶ ñWm{¶V ¶mo½¶Vr H$m¶Xo, nÕVrMr JaO Amho. yJ ©ObmÀ¶mCXm.Ûmao gÜ¶mÀ¶m {dMmam§À¶m nÕVrVrb ‘¶m©XmAmnU {eH$bmo.

{hdmao ~mOma gma»¶mM yJ ©Obm§Mo {Z¶§ÌU {deofH$éZ bmoH$m§ZoM H$amdo H$m?“^yJ^©ObmMr H$m¶Xo OwZr PmbrV qHdmgÜ¶mÀ¶m H$mimV ¶mo½¶ ZmhrV” {díbofU H$am.yJ ©Ob gdmªZm g§~§YrV gmYZo Vw‘Mo ‘V ì¶º$

H$am

dmhUmar gmYZo A§V© yJ ©Ob nmÊ¶mÀ¶m dmhUmMr ì¶dñWm nmUr nwadR>çmMm H$m¶XmyJ © nmÊ¶mMr gmYZo dmhUmam àm§V XþîH$mi nmUr O{‘ZrV {PanUo

‘hËdmMo eãX

SCERT TELANGANA


1) ^maVmVrb ‘w»¶ ZXr ì¶dñWm§Zm dU©Z H$aÊ¶mgmR>r Imbrb KQ>H$m§À¶m AmYmao EH$ Vº$m V¶maH$am.ZXr dmhZmar {Xem, Vo H$moUË¶m amÁ¶mÀ¶m qH$dm XoemÀ¶m ^modVmbr dmhV Amho, Ë¶m^mJmMr ^m¡Jmo{bH$ n[apñWVr.

2) yJ ©Ob gmYZm§Zm A§V©JV, ~mø àdmhmV H$moUVr à{H«$¶m OmñV à^md Q>mH$VmV?

3) Vw§J^Ðm ZXr dmhUmè¶m àm§VmV nmÊ¶mÀ¶m gmYZm§Mr g§~§YrV g‘moao OmUmè¶m àíZmMr ¶mXr V¶maH$am, øm AÜ¶¶ZmV nU, qH$dm BVa dJm©V nU ¶m g‘ñ¶m§Zm g§~§{YV MMuV CbJS>çm§Zm gm§Jm?

4) nmÊ¶mÀ¶m g§ajU gwYmaÊ¶mgmR>r {hdao ~mOmamV eoVrV H$moUË¶m nÕVrda {Z¶§ÌUo KmVbr?

5) nmÊ¶mÀ¶m gmYZm ~m~VrV bmoH§$mMr H$m¶©H$maH$Vm, H$m¶ÚmMo ‘hËd H$moUVo? øm AÜ¶¶ZmVrbeodQ>À¶m Xþgè¶m ^mJmV MMuV KQ>H$m§Zm AW©nwU© {bhm?

6) Vw‘À¶m mJmV H$moUH$moUË¶m JaOm§gmR>r nmUr {dH$V KoVmV, {dH$VmV? ømda H$moUË¶m ‘¶m©XmAgmdoV? MMm© H$am.

7) nmÊ`mMr CncãYVm {XdgoZ{Xdg H$_r hmoV Amho. wJ^m©Vrc nmUr H$_r hmoV Amho. ho AgoM hmoVam{hco Va Ë`mMm à^md Amnë`m{OdZmda H$gm hmoB©c? Ë`mdarc Cnm` H$moUVo? Ë`mV AmncrO~m~Xmar H$moUVr?

MMm© H$am: 1) wJ ©OcmMm Cngm d dmna `mda gm_m{OH$ {Z`Ì§U Agmdo H$m? `mda dJm©V MMm©H$am?

2) nmUr ho g§ wº$ gmYZ amhmdo H$m? qH$dm Zmhr? mda dJm©V MMm© H$am? (n[ag§dmX)

àH$ënVw‘À¶m JmdmV qH$dm ^mJmV gdm©Zm ’$m¶Xoera AgUmar àUmbrH$m ~Ôb {dMma H$éZAm‘bmV AmUÊ¶mMm n«¶ËZ H$am.

Vw‘À¶m Aä¶mgmMr nwZamd¥ >Îmr H$am

SCERT TELANGANA


ÃÁ™Áu\N˛ ∆ÁÀfiÁÊXÆÁ E•ÆÁÃÁo ¬ÁzN˛ÃÊPÆÁ ÆÁ VbN˛Á¬Á ¢˛Á∫ ™“nƒ EÁ“z. ÃƒÁYÁ uƒN˛ÁÃ“z \ı√“Á EÁúm ©“moÁz oı√“Á [ÆÁ ¬ÁzN˛ÁúÆ˙o uƒN˛ÁÃ úÁz“Y¬Á åÁ“y nÆÁÊYÁ üÁ™ÏPÆÁåz uƒYÁ∫N˛∫ÁƒÁ ¬ÁToÁz ÃƒÁ˙åÁ Ã™ÁåoÁ ÆÁ onƒÁåz ƒÁToÁåÁÊY nÆÁYÁ ÃÊ§Êá ¬ÁzN˛ÃÊPÆz∆y \Ázg¬Á\ÁoÁz. uƒN˛ÁÃÁYy ünÆzN˛ §Á§ ¬ÁzN˛ÃÊPÆÁ ƒÁjy∆y \Ázg¬Á \ÁoÁz.¬ÁzN˛ÃÊPÆÁ ƒÁjy §Á§o oN¿ Á∫N˛∫oÁÊåÁ G˘ÁzT, EëÁ EÁum uƒN˛ÁÃÁ ÃÁeyYzÀfiÁzo ÆÁYÁ uƒYÁ∫ N˛∫ÁƒÁ ¬ÁToÁz.

ßÁ∫oÁoy¬ 92 b≤ z ¬ÁzN˛ E\Ïå“yEÃÊVbyo qzfiÁo N˛Á™ N˛∫yo EÁ“zo Ë¶mn¡H$s ~aoeo àmg§{JH$ ‘Owa qH$dm ñd¶§amoOJmaH$arV AmhoV.ÆÁ ¬ÁzN˛ÁÊåÁ N˛Á™Á ÃÁey ÃÊV |N˛∫ÁƒÁ ¬ÁToÁz. EÁúm ÆÁ uƒ∫ÁzáÁßÁÃÁYyÃÁÊTg N˛∆y VÁ¬mÁ∫? EÁúm ¬ÁzN˛ÃÊPÆÁƒÁjyYÁ uƒYÁ∫ N˛∫ÁƒÆÁÃ “ƒÁ ¬ÁzN˛ÃÊPÆzYyƒÁj uƒo∫m √ÆƒÀsÁ ƒ ™Ó¬ßÏo ÃÊ∫YåÁÆÁYÁ uƒYÁ∫ N˛∫ÁƒÁ ¬ÁTz¬ oı√“ÁY

¬ÁzN˛ÃÊPÆÁágÁ

6

åN˛Á∆ÁåN˛Á∆ÁåN˛Á∆ÁåN˛Á∆ÁåN˛Á∆Á 1 : ¬ÁzN˛ÃÊPÆzXÆÁ EÁáÁ∫z \TÁYÁ åN˛Á∆Á EÃÁ utÃoÁz, ÆÁ åN˛Á∆ÁYyoÏ¬åÁ tÏÃ∂ÆÁ åN˛Á∆Á∆y N˛ªå ¢˛∫N˛ Àú…b N˛∫Á.

oÏ™XÆÁ ∆z\Á∫y EÃ¬z¡ÆÁ ¬ÁzN˛ÁÊYz √ÆƒÃÁÆ EÁumGnúëÁ ÆÁÊYy ™Áu“oy VzHå nÆÁÊXÆÁ NÏ bÏÂ§ ∫Yzåzuƒ Æy Àú…boÁ ˘Á.oÏ™Yz GúåT∫, oÏ™Yz TÁƒ uNÊ ƒÁ tz∆ß∫Áoy¬¬ÁzN˛ÁÊYy FnsÊßÓo ™Áu“oy N˛∆y TÁzpÁ Nz ¬y \ÁozÆÁuƒ Æy oÏ©“Á¬Á N˛áy \ÁmÏå VzlÆÁYy F|XZÁ^Á¬y N˛Á. oÏ™XÆÁ u∆qN˛ÁÊåÁ uƒYÁªå ™Áu“oyTÁzpÁ N˛∫oÁÊåÁXÆÁ T™oy-\™oyYy YYÁ| N˛∫Á.å™ÏåÁ ™Áu“oy uNÊ ƒÁ \åTmåÁ ÆÁoy¬ ¢˛∫N˛ÃÁztÁ“∫mÃ“ Àú…b N˛∫Á.

SCERT TELANGANA

gm‘m{OH$ AÜ¶¶Z72 bm oH $g § »¶ m

¬ÁzN˛ÃÊPÆÁ ƒÁj ƒ nÆÁYy úÁæÁ|ßÓ™y ÃÁÊToÁ ÆzF|¬.^maVmVrb ZmJarH$m§Mr gdmªJrZ ‘m{hVr OZJUZo Ûmao {‘iVo. emó[¶ Ñï>rZo bmoH$g§»¶o {df¶rMr‘m{hVr Jmoim H$aÊ¶mMo H$m‘ OZJUZo Ûmao Ho$bo OmVo Xa Xhm dfmªZm EH$Xm bmoH$ g§»¶oMr ‘m{hVrJmoim Ho$br OmVo. ‘m{hVr XoemVrc n«Ë¶oH$ JmdmV, ehamV KamoKar OmD$Z ZmJarH$m§Mr gImoc‘m{hVr Jmoim H$aVmV. ¶m OZJUZoVwZ AmnUmg‘moR>çm à‘mUmV ‘m{hVr {‘iVo. ZmJ[aH$m§Mo d¶,ì¶dgm¶, ‹Kam§Mr ñWrVr, e¡j{UH$ ñWrVr, Y‘©BË¶mXr. ^maVmMo OZJUZm ‘hm[ZarjH$ Am{UOZJUZm Am¶moJ hr ‘m{hVr g§H$brV H$aVo dË¶mMr Zm|X R>odVmV. VWm Amdí¶H$VoZwgma g§~§{YVImË¶m§Zm hr ‘m{hVr nwadVmV. OZJUZo{df¶rAmUIr OmñV ‘m{hVr {‘i{dÊ¶mnwdu AmnU Amnë¶m^mJmVrb bmoH$m§Mr ‘m{hVr {‘idw Am{U OZJUZm H$go H$m‘ H$aVo Vo nmhþ.

joÌ nmhUr H$aUo XmoZ Vo VrZ {dÚmÏ¶mªMm EH$ JQ> H$am d Amnë¶m {Zdmg mJmVrb gmYmaU 10 Hw$Qw>§~mMr‘m{hVr Jmoim H$am.àË¶oV JQ>mZo {d{dY Vº$m nwU© H$amdo.gd© JQ>m§Zr V¶ma Ho$boë¶m ‘m{hVrÀ¶m AmYmao dJm©V Ë¶mda MMm© hmoB©b?

emco¶ pñWVr : H$Yrhr Zm|XUr Ho$cr Zmhr/ emioV CnpñWV/emim ‘YwZM gmoS>Uo

nmhUr nwdu :darb nmhUr nÌmV {Xboë¶m {Z¶‘m§Mr dJm©V AJmoXa MMm© H$éZ ¿¶mdr. ZgVm àË¶jnmhUr H$aVm§Zm AZoH$ e§H$m ¶oÊ¶mMr e³¶Vm Amho ¶m‘wio EH$m JQ>mVrb ‘m{hVr Xþgè¶mJQ>mer VwbZm H$aVm ¶oUo e³¶ hmoUma Zmhr. ¶mgmR>r Vw‘À¶m {ejH$m§Mr ‘XV ¿¶m.

^maVmMr OZJUZm^maVmV gZ 1872 gmbr n{hbr OZJUZm

H$aÊ¶mV Ambr. gd©àW‘ 1881 gmbr nwU© ñdénmMrOZJUZm H$aÊ¶mV Ambr. Ë¶mZ§Va H«$‘mZo Xa dfmªZrZ MwH$Vm OZJUZm hmoV Amho. maVmMr bmoH$g§»¶m2011 gmbr 121,01,93,422 EdT>r hmoVr. 1210Xebj bmoH$m§n¡H$s 623,724,248 nwée Va586,469,174 EdT>çm ‘{hbm hmoË¶m.

nw./‘. {ddmhrV/A{ddmhrV/{dYdm

àË¶oH$ gXñ¶m§Mo Zmd qcJ d¶ d¡dm{hH$ pñWVr gmúma Oa ~mcH$ ì¶dgm¶ 6-14 df©/{Zaúma

àË¶oH$ gXñ¶m§Mo ZmdSCERT TELANGANA


1. Hw$Qw>§~ à‘wI åhUOo H$m¶? ¶mV Hw$UmHw$UmMm C„oI H$amb?2. {ejU ¶mgmR>r Vwåhr H$moUH$moUË¶m ~m~r dmnamb?

CXm. 6 dfm© Imbrb ‘wb, emioV-‘hm{dÚmb¶mV {eH$Umao {dÚmWu, emioV-emim~mø,nQ>Zm|XZr Z Ho$bobo, embo¶ {ejUmg Xþa BË¶mXr.

3. ì¶dgm¶mgmR>r H$moUË¶m ~m~r {ZdS>mb?CXm.KaH$m‘, {dÚmWu, ñd¶§amoOJma, {ZéÚmoJr, godm{Zd¥Îm, Zm¡H$è¶m-Y§Xm Zgbobo darð>ZmJarH$ BË¶mXr.

nmhUr Z§Va:A) àË¶oH$ JQ>mZo Imbr {Xbobm Vº$m âm :nwéf ‘{hbm EHw$U bmoH$g§»¶m

~) >>‘{hbm-nwéf à‘mU. ho à‘mU AË¶§V ì¶ñV Amho H$m? MMm© H$am?>6-14 d¶mo JQ>mVrb {dÚmWu>‘wbo ‘wc§ ‘wcr EHw$UemioV OmUmaoJ¡a hOaH$YrM àdoe Z KoVbobo

H$) emim ~mø Am{U nQ>Zm|XÊ¶m Z Pmbobo gd© JQ>? Ë¶mMr H$moUVr ‘m{hVr H$éZ ¿¶m.>S>) 20 dfm©darb bmoH$ Ë¶mbm emioV gamgar ì¶VrV Ho$bobm H$mbmdYr ‘m{hVr VéU bm§H$m§gmR>r

V¶ma H$am ‘m{hVr Cn¶wº$ Amho H$m?

C) 15-59 d¶moJQ>mgmR>reoVH$ar Zmhr %àmg§{^H$ H$m‘JmaKaH$m‘{Z¶{‘V H$m‘Jma~amoOJma{dÚmWuEHw$U H$m‘ H$aUmao Am{U Xþgè¶mda Adb§~yZ AgUmè¶m ¶m bmoH$m§Mr {d^mJUr Vwåhr H$er H$amb?

SCERT TELANGANA


OZJUZm H$m¶ XmIdVo?

d¶moJQ>… EImÚm XoemVrb {d{eï> d¶moJQ>mMo {H$Vr bmoH$ AmhoV. ‘m{hVr {‘iVo. bmoH$g§»¶oÀ¶m~m~VrVrb hm EH$ ‘hËdmMm KQ>H$ Amho. EImÚm nXmda H$m‘ {‘iÊ¶mgmR>r qH$dm nXdràmá H$aÊ¶mgmR>r Ë¶m ì¶{º$Mo d¶, j‘Vm Vr ì¶{º$ BVa H$moUmda Adb§~yZ Amho H$m? EHw$UbmoH$g§»¶oVrb ‘wbm§Mo à‘mU H$m‘ H$aUmao EHw$U ì¶qº$Mr g§»¶m, d¥Õ ¶m§Mo à‘mU ¶m§Mm g§~§Ygm‘m{OH$ OS>nrer [H§$dm Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmer Amho.

EImÚm XoemMr bmoH$g§»¶m ‘w»¶V… VrZ ñVamda AmYmarV AgVo.1. ‘wbo (15 dfm© Imbrb) : ¶m d¶moJQ>mVrb ‘wbm§Mr H$miOr Hw$Qw>§~mH$Sw>Z KoVbr

OmVo. AÞ, dó, {Zdmam ¶m ‘wb yV JaOm ^mJ{dÊ¶mMr Omdm~Xmar Hw$Qw>§~m§da AgVo.¶m{edm¶ {ejU hmhr ‘hËdmMm KQ>H$ Amho. Ë¶mV H$maUr yV AgVmoM. VWm{n ¶m d¶moJQ>mVrbbmoH$m§À¶m Hw$Q>w§~m§À¶m CËnÞmV dmQ>m AgV Zmhr. VWmnr Hw$Qw>§~mÀ¶m Am{W©H$ Amdí¶H$VogmR>rH$mhr àg§Jr Aënd¶rZ ‘wbm§Zm H$m‘ H$amdo bmJVmV. ho hr A§V© wV AmhoVM.

2. H$m‘H$ar d¶ (15-59 d¶moJQ>) : g‘mOmVrb hm d¶moJQ> H$m‘H$ar åhUwZ JUbmOmVmo. hm JQ> nwZéËnmXH$ AgVmo. ¶m d¶moJQ>mVrb OmñV bmoH$ AmH$f©H$ nJma Am{U XO}Xmagwa{jV H$m‘mMr Anojm H$aVmo. ‘wbo Am{U AmYmarV bmoH$m§Mm JQ> ¶m JQ>mda Adb§~wZ AgVmo.

3. darð JQ> (59 dfm© darb d¶moJQ> ) :nJmar ZmoH$aXma Am{U g§KQ>rV

joÌmV H$m‘ H$aUmè¶m§Zm {Zd¥ÎmrdoVZ {‘iVo. VWm{n Ag§KQ>rVjoÌmV H$m‘ H$aUmè¶m eoVH$m‘Jma, ‘Owa, ~m§YH$m‘ joÌmVrbbmoH$ Omon¶ªV eara gmW XoVoVmon¶ªV H$m‘ H$arV AgVmV. AgobmoH$ d¥Ü¶mn H$mimV Ë¶m§À¶mHw$Qw>§~mda AmYmabobo AgVmV. hobmoH$ {d{eîQ> d¶m Z§Va H$m‘H$aÊ¶mMr eº$s ~miJwZ ZgVmV.¶m gmo~VM ¶m bmoH$m§Mr d¡Ú{H$¶JaO hr BVa d¶moJQ>mÀ¶m ‘mZmZoOmñV AgVo.

{nam{‘S>À¶m ghmæ¶mZo ‘wbm§À¶m d¶moJQ>mMo à‘mU nmhm.Vw‘À¶m nmhUrÀ¶m {ZîH$fm©déZ Imbrb ~m~tMm Aä¶mg H$am.bmoH$g§»¶m, ‘wbo, H$m‘ Am{U d¶

nwéf ‘{hbm

d¶-d

f©

Q> o$dmar

J«m’$-1 : maVr¶ bmoH$g§»¶oMo {nam{‘S>, 2011

SCERT TELANGANA


{d{dY d¶moJQ>mÀ¶m {d{dY gaH$mar ¶moOZm§Mr COiUr H$am. ¶mVrb H$m§hr CXmhaUo Aer.‘Ü¶mÝh ^moOZ ¶moOZm, Am§JUdmS>r ¶moOZm BË¶mXr. Aem ¶moOZm§Mr Amdí¶H$Vm IaoM AmhoH$m?qbJ à‘mUXa 1000 nwéfm§§À¶m VwbZoV Agbobr ‘hrbmMm g§»¶m à‘mU XmIdVmV. ho Q>H$Ho$dmar ‘Ü¶oXe©{dVmV Vwåhr Á¶m Hw$Qw>§~mMr nmhUr Ho$bmV. Ë¶m Hw$Qw>§~mMr AmH$S>odmar ~mOwÀ¶m ñV§ mboImV{Xbobo AmhoV.

~mOwÀ¶m ñV§ mboI nm{hbm VaAmnUmg Ago {XgVo H$s, ‘{hbm§À¶mg§»¶m gmVË¶mZo nwéfmÀ¶m g»¶onojmH$‘r Amho, ¶mbmM qbJ oX qH$dmqbJ à‘mU åhUV gÜ¶mÀ¶m H$mimVhr V’$mdV qMVmOZH$ Amho. hrV’$mdV EH$ àH$maMr ZH$mamË‘H$Ag‘mZVm XmIdVo.

‘{hbm Am{U ‘ wbt ¶m §Zme¡j{UH$ joÌmV nwaoer g‘mZVm {‘iVZmhr. {dH$mgmMr à{H«$¶m, AÞ YmÝ¶,

nmofH$ Amhma, Amamo½¶ ¶m ~m~Vhr oX^md Ho$bm OmVmo. Zoh‘r nwéfm§À¶m VwbZoV ‘{hbm-‘wbtZm Xþæ¶‘ XOm© {Xbm OmVmo. Am{U ho gd© EH$mM Hw$Qw>§~mÀ¶m AmV hmoVo. ¶m~m~r H$moUr~mhoa gm§JV Zmhr. Am{U EdT>çm ‘moR>çm bmoH$g§»¶oÀ¶m AmdmT>ì¶ ngmè¶mV ho H$moU H$~wbH$aUma Amho.

Oa g‘mZ g§Yr {Xbm Jobm Va ‘wbm§nojm ‘wbtMm {dH$mg OmñV PnmQ>çmZo hmoVmo. hod¡Ú{H$¶ nmVirda {gÕ Pmbo Amho. Oa g‘mZVm Agbr Va ‘wbtMr g§»¶m hr g‘mZ Agm¶bmnm{hOo. ^maVmV àË¶oH$ 105 ‘wbm‘mJo ‘wbtMr g§»¶m 100 EdT>r AgÊ¶mMo OZJUZmnmhUrVwZ {ZînÞ Pmbr Amho, VWmnr ‘¥Ë¶wXa ‘mÌ ‘wbtMm OmñV Amho. 2011 À¶m OZJUZoZwgmaqbJ àm‘mU 919 Amho. 0-6 d¶moJQ>mVrb ‘wbm-‘wbtMr VwbZm Ho$br Va ‘wbtMm ‘¥Ë¶wXa OmñVAgÊ¶mMo {ZînÞ Pmbo Amho. {deofVm OJÊ¶mÀ¶m g§X^m©V ‘wbr§Mm à{VamoY j‘Vm OmñVAgwZhr ‘¥Ë¶wXa OmñV AgÊ¶m‘mJo nmbZ-nmofU, g§ajU Am{U ~mbhË¶m/ór «wUhË¶m ¶mVHw$R>oVar V’$mdV AgÊ¶mMo {XgVo.

¶m ~m~VMm AmUIr EH$ nwamdm nm{hbm Va AmnUmg Ago {XgVo H$s, Cƒ CËnÞJQ>mVrb H$m§hr CXmhaUo nmhþ ¶m. g‘mO Am{U {d^mJmMm {dMma Ho$bm Va ór-nwéfà‘mUmdéZ ñdénmMo Amho. Imbrb V³Ë¶mdéZ Ago {XgVo H$m? da nU g‘mZVm Agbm VaràË¶jmV {MÌ doJio Amho. nwéf àYmZ ^mJmV ór g‘mZVm Zmhr Agbr Var - Ag‘mZVm{XgVo.

àm§V h[a¶mZm n§Om~ Am§.à Ho$abm A‘o[aH$m

{b§J à‘mU 870 880 970 1040 1050

ñV§ mboI 2 : maVr¶ bmoH$g§»¶m… qbJ {ZînVr, 1951 - 2011

SCERT TELANGANA


^maVmVrb Ho$ai gma»¶m H$m§hr^mJmV qbJ {ZînÎmrMo à‘mU gH$mamË‘H$Amho. Va H$m§hr amÁ¶m§‘Ü¶o IwnMZH$mamË‘H$ Amho. ho à‘mU nm{hbo Va^maVmV {b§JôX AgÊ¶mMo {XgVo.‘wbtnojm ‘wbm§Zm OmñV ng§Xr {Xbr OmVAgë¶mMo {XgVo. ¶mdoùoÀ¶m ‘wbm§À¶m‘¥Ë¶wXamnojm ‘wbtMr ‘¥Ë¶wXa IwnM H$‘rAgë¶mMo {XgyZ ¶oVo. ‘wbm§À¶m bhmZ-ghmZ JaOm, Amamo½¶ g‘ñ¶m§H$S>o VodT>obj {Xbo OmVo, {VVHo$M Xþb©j ‘wbtH$S>oHo$bo OmVo. Ë¶m{edm¶ ór «wU hË¶m/‘wcJr àg§VrMm J^©nmV (FemaleSelective abortion) hohr EH$ H$maUAmho. AmVmÀ¶m J ©Ob narjoÛmao J ©ñWqnS> Oa ‘wbrMm Agob Va H$mTw>ZQ>mH$Ê¶mH$S>oM nmbH$m§Mm H$mb AgVmo.AZoH$ Hw$Qw>§~o AmOhr ‘wbr åhUOo ’$ma‘moR>m ^ma g‘OVmV. d¡ÚH$s¶ ~m~Vhr{de‘Vm nwT>o ‘moR>o hmoVm§Zm AerM OmUdVAgVo. ¶m‘wioM nwéfmnojm {ó¶mV ‘aUmMo à‘mUOmñV Agë¶mMo AZoH$ Aä¶mgmÛmao H$ibo Amho.

ór¶m§Zm Amnë¶m ~m~V hmoV AgbobrAg‘mZVm H$aÊ¶mMm EH$ ‘moR>m ‘mÌ åhUOo {ejUhmo¶. {ejU ho ‘{hbm§gmR>r ’$ma ‘moR>o daXmZR>abo Amho. ‘{hbm§Vrb {ZamjaVm, «wU VWm {eew~m{bH$m Ë¶m§Mm Xa KQ>Ë¶m KQ>V Amho. ¶mMmAmUIr EH$ narUm‘ åhUOo ‘{hbm§À¶mAmamo½¶m~m~V OmñV OmJ¥Vr {Z‘m©U Pmbr Amho.darb gd© {ZîH$fm© ‘mJo ‘O~wV H$maUo AmhoV.¶mgmR>r COì¶m ~mOwMr àíZo dmMm. ho àíZ qbJ oXmda H$m¶ àH$me Q>mH$VmV.

gmjaVoMo à‘mU2011 À¶m OZJUZoZwgma 7 dfm©darb ‘wbo Á¶m§Zm {bhVm-dmMVm ¶oVo, Ë¶m§Zm gmja g‘Obo

OmVo. XoemÀ¶m àJVrMr Jwé{H$„r g‘Obr OmVo. gmjaVm Am{W©H$, gm‘m{OH$ àJVrgmR>r‘hËdmMr ‘mZbr OmVo.

Cƒ {ejUmV ‘wbm§ ~amo~aM ‘wbtZmhr g‘mZg§Yr {‘iVo Amho H$m?{ddmhrV ‘{hbm§Zm H$m‘ H$aÊ¶mgmR>r,àdmgmgmR>r g‘mZ g§Yr Amho H$m?‘{hbm§Zm ‘mhoaÀ¶m§er g§~§Y R>odmdm H$m?Ë¶m§Zm ‘mhoar OmÊ¶m§Mo ñdV§Ì Úmdo H$m?Ë¶m§Zm g§nÎmrV dmQ>m Agmdm H$m? gwa{jVVmZgmdr H$m?Vw‘À¶m ^mJmV ‘wbm§ZmM OmñV ng§Xr {XbrOmVo H$m?

Death before

we are

born

Treated less

equal than

brother

Married off

at early age

Fig 6.1

SCERT TELANGANA


1947 gmbr maVmÀ¶m ñdmV§ÌmÀ¶m doiogHo$di, 12% gmja hmoVo. 2001 ‘Ü¶o65%.EdT>o bmoH gmja hmoVo. Va 2011 ‘Ü¶ohoM à‘mU 74% hmoVo. VWmnr 2011 ‘Ü¶onwéfm§Mm gmjaVm (82%) Am{U ‘{hbm§Mo à‘mU(65%). hmooVo.

H$m‘H$ar dJ©15-59 ¶m d¶moJQ>mVrb bmoH$ ho

àm‘w»¶mZo H$m‘H$mOr JQ>mV ¶oVmV. hobmoH$ df© a AWdm H$mhr H$mimgmR>rH$m‘ H$arV AgVmV. H$m‘mÀ¶mCnbãYVoZwgma hm H$mbmdYr R>aVmo.¶mAmYrM MMm© Ho$ë¶mà‘mUo KaH$m‘mMm¶mV C„oI hmoV Zmhr. (Vº$m 1 nmhm)

^maVmÀ¶m OZJUZm {d^mJmUo¶m§Mr {d^mJUr Q>mn àH$mamV Ho$br Amho.1)ñdVmMr AJa ‘³Ë¶mZo O{‘Z H$gUmao

eoVH$ar 2)eoV ‘Owa åhUwZ H$m‘ H$aUmaobmoH$ 3)J¥h~§Yr H$m‘ H$aUmao Ogo XþéñVrH$aUmao, Vm§XimÀ¶m H$maImÝ¶mVrb H$m‘o,{dÚm, CÚmoJ, ‘mVrH$m‘, m§S>rH$m‘, ~§m~wMo{dZH$m‘, M‘mo©ÚmoJ, H$mS>onoQ>r CÚmoJ, ~mhþë¶m

V¶ma H$aUo BË¶mXr bhmZ-bhmZ H$m‘o H$aUmam g‘wh. 4)H$maImZo ì¶mnmar VWm dm{UpÁ¶H$à{Vð>mZo, amoOXmar H$‘©Mmar BVa H$m‘o H$aUmao.

bmoH$g§»¶oMo ~XbVo ñdénbmoH$g§»¶oMo ñdén ho Zoh‘r ~XbV AgVo. g§»¶m, {dñVma ho Zoh‘r EH$gmaIo ZgVo. 1)OÝ‘

2)‘aU 3) ñWbm§Va ¶m VrZ ~m~t‘wio OZJUZoMo ñdén ~XbV AgVo. EImÚm {d{eï>H$mdbmdYrV EImÚm {d{eï> àm§Vm§V qH$dm àXoemV {Zdmg H$éZ amhUmè¶m bmoH$g§»¶oÀ¶m’$aH$mV bmoH$g§»¶m ~Xb Ago åhUVmV.¶m ~Xbmg A§H$m§Ûmao qH$m Q o$dmar Ûmao XmIdVm ¶oVo.

Xa XeH$mVrb Zì¶mZo XmIb Pmboë¶m ‘mUgm§Mr g§»¶m hr bmoH$g§»¶m dmT> Xe©{dVo. CXm.2001 Àm OZJUZm g§»¶oVwZ 2011 Mr g§»¶m dOm Ho$br Va Ë¶m XeH$mVrb bmoH$g§»¶oMr dmT>Xe©{dVo. hr dmT> gH$mamË‘H$ Ago dmT>br, ZH$mamË‘H$ Agob Va KQ>>br Ago åhUbo OmVo.bmoH$g§»¶oV ~Xb = A§H$mV (AmVmMm AmH$S>odmar) - (OwZr AmH$S>odmar).

eoVH$ar Am{U eoV‘Owa ¶mVrb ’$aH$gm§Jm?V w‘À¶m nmhUrVrb l{‘H$ VWmOZJUZoVrb H$m‘Jmam§Mr VwbZm H$am?

Vw‘À¶m JmdmV [H§$dm ehamV Hw$Ur {ZajaAgbm Va Ë¶mMm emoY ¿¶m.Vw‘Mm nmhUrAhdmb H$m¶ gm§JVmo?{dH$mgmda {ejUmMm H$m¶ à^md nS>Vmo.MMm© H$am?

H$m‘Jma H$m‘Jmam§Mr Q>¸o$dmareoVH$ar 25

eoV ‘Owa 30

H$maImZo 04

d BVa CÚmoJBVa H$m‘o H$aUmao 41

Vº$m 1 : 2011 À¶m OZJUZoZwgma{d{dY H$m‘o H$aUmè¶m§Mr Q>¸o$dmar

EHw$U 100

SCERT TELANGANA


bmoH$g§»¶m H$m dmT>Vo? ho g‘OÊ¶mgmR>r OUZ-‘aU ¶m g§ mfZm g‘OUo Amdí¶H$ Amho.E‹ImÚm {d{eîQ> y mJmV EH$m dfm©V OÝ‘mnojm ‘aUmMm Xa OmñV Agob Va bmoH$g§»¶m dmT>rVKQ> AgVo. ¶m gmo~VM EImÚm {d{eï> àXoemV (OÝ‘bobo bmoH$+ñWbm§VarV bmoH$) - ~mhoa JobobobmoH$ ¶m§Mo J{UV åhUOoM bmoH$g§»¶m dmT>rVrb ’$aH$ hmo¶.

WmoS>çm doimgmR>r ñWbm§VarVm§Mr Jmoï> ~mOwbm R>odw. bmoH$g§»¶m dmT>rMm {dMma H$aVm§Zm XmoZJmoï>r {dMmamV KoVë¶m OmVmV. (1) OÝ‘Xa à{V 100 ì¶{º$ n¡H$s OÝ‘mbm Ambobr ‘wbo CXm.1992 ‘Ü¶o maVmVrb OÝ‘Xa 29 BVH$m hmoVm ¶mMm AW© Agm H$s, 1000 bmoH$g§»¶oV 29 BV³¶m‘wbm§Mr a nS>br. (2) ‘¥Ë¶y Xa à{V 1000 ‘mUgm§n¡H$s EH$m dfm©V ‘aUm§Mr g§»¶m åhUOo ‘¥Ë¶yXa hmo¶. CXm. 1000 bmoH$m§n¡H$s 10 bmoH$ ‘aU nmdbo. åhUOoM OÝ‘Xa 29 hmoVm. d ‘¥Ë¶yXa 10.1991 gmbr à{V 1000 bmoH$m§À¶m ‘mJo 19 bmoH$ dmT>bo. ¶mMmM AW© 1992 ‘Ü¶o bmoH$g§»¶oMrdmT> 1.9 Q> o$ Pmbr.

bmoH$g§»¶m dmT> hr ‘hËdmMr Jmoï> Amho. ¶mÀ¶m Aä¶mgmg Xa dfu XaeoH$S>m Agm Ho$bmOmVmo. CXm.Xa dfu Xa eoH$S>m 2 .¶m XamZo Oa bmoH$g§»¶m dmT>br Va Xa 100 ì¶º$s‘mJo Xa dfu2 bmoH$m§Mr dmT> Pmbr Ago åhUVm ¶oVo. ¶mMo J{UV MH«$dmT> ì¶mO nÕVrZo Ho$br OmVo. dmfuH$Xa dmT>r gmo~V ¶mMr VwbZm Ho$br OmVo. ^maVmMr bmoH$g§»¶m gmVË¶mZo dmT>VM Amho.

darb ñV§ mboImÀ¶m ghmæ¶mZo nm{hbo Va ^maVmÀ¶m bmoH$g§»¶m dmT>r‘mJo AZoH$ H$maUoAmhoV. Ë¶mn¡H$s EH$ ‘hËdmMr ~m~ åhUOo OÝ‘Xa ho ‘¥Ë¶wXa hmo¶. Joë¶m H$m§hr dfm©V ‘¥Ë¶wXamVgmVË¶mZo KQ> Pmbm Amho. VWmnr OÝ‘XamV ‘mÌ KQ> Pmbm Zmhr. gZ 1901-1921À¶m Xaå¶mZ‘¥Ë¶w XamV dmT> Pmcr Á¶mMr H$maUo åhUOo XþîH$mi, amoJmMr gmW, {eVÁdamMr gmW 1918 ‘Ü¶oÁ¶m‘wio 15 Xecúm ‘¥Ë¶w nmdco Agm A§XmO Amho.1900 nmgwZ AmOVmJm¶V åhUOoM

^maVr¶ bmoH$g§»¶oMr dmT> ~mOwÀ¶mñV§ mboImV Xe{dbobr Amho, 2001Vo 2011 AmboI.3H$moUË¶m dfu bmoH$g§»¶m KQ>br?^maVr¶ ñdmV§Í¶mZ§Va bmoH$g§»¶mPnmQ>çmZo dmT>Ê¶mMr H$maUo H$m¶AgmdrV?

AmboI 3 : maVr¶ bmoH$g§»¶m 1901 Vo 2011(Xebj‘Ü¶o)

252.09238.40 251.32 278.98318.66

361.09

548.16

846.42

683.33

1028.74

1210.19

439.23

1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011

bmoH$g

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Xebj

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1400.00

1200.00

1000.00

800.00

600.00

400.00

200.00

0.00

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A

SCERT TELANGANA


ñdmV§Í¶moÎma H$mimV XþîH$mi ghmæ¶, AÞ YmÝ¶mMm, dmhVwH$sMm, ñdñV YmÝ¶ XþH$mZo, bmoH$emhrVrb bmoH$m§Mm gh^mJ ¶m‘wio AZoH$ g‘ñ¶m Xþa Pmë¶m. ¶mMdoir naH$s, ßboJ, {hdVmn AmXramoJm§da {Z¶§ÌU Ambo. AZoH$ amoJm§Zm H$maUr wV Agbobo XþfrV nmUr, Aé§XKao, àXþfrV dmVmdaU,ñdÀN>VoMm A^md ¶m§Mo {Z‘w©bZ hmoÊ¶mÀ¶m {XeoZo nmdbo CMbbr OmV AmhoV. g§gJ©OÝ¶ amoJmMmZm¶ZmQ> H$aÊ¶mgmR>r nmÊ¶mMo ¶mo½¶ {Z¶moOZ, narga ñdÀN>Vm, nmofU AmhmamMm nwadR>m ¶mda bjXoÊ¶mV Ambo. ¶mhrnwT>o OmdwZ AË¶mYw{ZH$ Am¡fYo, à{VO¡{dH$, bgrH$aU ¶m gdm©À¶m Cn¶moJmVXO}Xma Amamo½¶ gw{dYm§‘wio ‘¥Ë¶wXa ‘mÌ KQ>bm. gZ 1921 À¶m VwbZoV ‘¥Ë¶wXa R>iH$nUo KQ>bm.Ë¶mMdoir OÝ‘Xa ‘mÌ dmT>bm. ¶m‘wio bmoH$g§»¶m dmT>rÀ¶m XamV gmVË¶mZo dmT> hmoV amhrbm.

àXrK© H$mimgmR>r OÝ‘Xa dmT>Ê¶m‘mJo H$m¶ H$maU Agmdo? ¶mMm O|ìhm {dMma H$aVmo V|ìhmwVH$mimV H$m¶ Pmbo, ¶m§Mm {dMma H$aUo Amdí¶H$ Amho. EH§$Xa OZg§»¶oMm {dMma H$aVm Va

¶wdH$m§Mr g§»¶m OmñV Agbo Va ^{dî¶mV Ë¶m§Mo {ddmh hmoVrb Am{U Ë¶m§Zm ‘wbo~mio hmoVrb¶mMm AàË¶jnUo à^md bmoH$g§»¶m dmT>rda hmoB©b. Aem àH$maMr bhmZ bmoH$g§»¶m Am{U {VÀ¶mAmH$S>odmar Oa OmoS>bm Jobm Va ^{dî¶mV bmoH$g§»¶m {H$Vr dmT>ob ¶mMm A§XmO ¶oVmo.

¶mMm AmUIr A§XmO åhUOo, gÜ¶mÀ¶m H$mimV Xm§nË¶ {H$Vr AnË¶o AnojrV H$arV Amho.¶mdahr Adb§~wZ Amho. ¶mMmM AW© Agm H$s, OJÊ¶mMo à‘mU dmT>Vo. g‘mOmV nwéfm§Zm OmñVàmYmÝ¶ Amho. gm‘m{OH$ gwajm, d¡Ú{H$¶ gwajm ¶mMm {dMmahr Ho$bm OmVmo.

Vwåhr Vw‘À¶m Hw$Qw>§~mV e³¶ Pmë¶mg Mm¡H$gr H$é eH$Vm Am{U VrZ qH$dm Mma {nT>¶mVrb{Q>Hy$Z am{hboë¶m ‘wbm§À¶m g§»¶oMr VwbZm H$é eH$Vm. Vwåhmbm ~hþYm Ago OmUdob H$s, OoìhmHw$Qw>§~ ‘moR>o hmoVo, Voìhm {Q>Hy$Z am{hboë¶m ‘wbm§Mr g§»¶m A{ZürV hmoVr. AZoH$m§Mm ‘¥Ë¶w ~mimÀ¶mOÝ‘mÀ¶m doir qH$dm ~më¶mdñWoÀ¶m nyd© dfm©VM ìhm¶Mm. d¡YH$s¶ godm Am{U ImÌrMo nm¡{ï>H$ AÞZoh‘rM CnbãY Zgm¶Mo Ë¶mM ~amo~a, ‘wbmbm OmñV àmYmÝ¶ {Xë¶m‘wio, Hw$Qw>§~ ‘moR>o Agm¶Mo. hoKQ>H$ ~XbV AmhoV.

^maVr¶ OZJUZoZwgmaÀ¶m S>oQ>m (‘m{hVr) à‘Uo, XoemVrb bmoH$g§»¶oVrb ~Xbm§Mo {ZarjU H$é¶m.

SCERT TELANGANA


(439-361=78, 361 gmR>r 78 dmT>co, åhUwZ % ‘Ü¶o ho 78*100/361=21.60 dm{f©H$ dmT>2.16)Vw‘À¶m Hw$Qw>§~mVrb VrZ {nT>çmVrb EH§$Xa AmnË¶m§Mr g§»¶m ‘m{hV H$éZ ¿¶m. Ë¶mVH$mhr ~Xb Pmbo Amho H$m?45 dfm©darb ‘{hbm Am{‘ ‘wbm§Mm g§»¶m {H$Vr Amho ho Vw‘À¶m nmhUrÀ¶m AmYmao{ZíMrV H$am. da ‘{hbm‘wbm§Mo à‘mU {H$Vr Vo gm§Jm?

gmYmaUV… 1981 nmgwZ OZZ Xa hr KQ>V mho. ¶mMm narUm‘ åhUOo bmoH$g§»¶oMr dmT>hr KQ>H$ Amho. dab V³Ë¶mÀ¶m AmYmao 1951 nmgwZ Vo 2011 n¶ªVMr bmoH$g§»¶oMr dmT> dm KQ>¶mMm AmH$S>o‘moS> H$am.

darb àdmhmbm AmnU H$go g‘Omdo, hr AmH$S>o‘moS> g‘OÊ¶mgmR>r AmUIr EH$ nÕVrdmnabo OmVo. Ë¶mg àOZZ Xa EImÚm ‘{hboÀ¶m Am¶wî¶ amVrb àOZmMm Xa Ago hr åhQ>boOmVo. àOZZ ¶mo½¶ d¶mnmgwZ Vo àOZZ Wm§~Ê¶mn¶ªVMm H$mbmdYr ¶mgmR>r {dMmamV KoVbmOmVo. Xm§nË¶ O|ìhm §‘wbm§Mm {dMma Ë¶mJVo. qH$dm H$‘r H$aÊ¶mMm {dMma H$aVo. V|ìhm hm XamVKQ>Vmo. ¶mgmR>r Hw$Qw>§~mÀ¶m A§VJ©VAm{U ~mhoaMm H$maUohr à^mdAgVmV. ho AmUIr ñnï>nUog‘OÊ¶mgmR>r ~mOwMm Vº$mnmhm.

maVmV 1961 gmbr à$OZZ5.9 EdT>m hmoVm. ¶mMm AW© AgmH$s, Xa ‘{hZm gamgar 5 Vo 6‘wbm§Zm OÝ‘ XoV Ago. gwajrVVm,Amdí¶H$Vm, g§Yr ¶mMm {dMmaH$éZ àË¶oH$ Hw$Qw>§~ Amnë¶mbmAmdí¶H$ Agboë¶m ‘wbm§Mrg§»¶m {ZíMrV H$aV Ago.

AmboI 4 : 1961 Vo 2011 maVmVrbàOZZ Xa

Vº$m 2 : XeH$mZwgma ^maVr¶ bmoH$ g§»¶m dmT>rMm Vº$m (AmH$S>o ‘moS> H$éZ [aH$må¶m OmJm âm)

df© EHw$U bmoH$g§»¶m {Zìdi dmT> XeH$mVrb dmT>rMr dm{f©H$ ~Xc (Xe bj) (XeH$mV) Q> o$dmar

1951 3611961 4391971 5481981 6831991 8462001 10292011 1210

78????

26.60 2.16

SCERT TELANGANA


Ë¶mgmR>r H$moUVohr gm‘m{OH$ ~§YZ ZìhVo. hiw¥hiw¶mV H$mhr ~Xb Pmbm. gÜ¶m hm Xa 2.7 EdT>mAmho. Va Am§Y«àXoemMm {dMma H$aVm hm Xa 1.9BVH$m Amho.

bmoH$g§»¶m dmT>rMo {Vgao ‘w»¶ H$maU åhUOo ñWbm§Va hmo¶. EH$m àXoemVwZ dm XoemVwZOmUo åhUOoM ñWbm§Va hmo¶. ñWbm§Va ho Xoem§VJ©V ñWbm§VamMm bmoH$g§»¶oda, dmT>rdaH$moUVmhr ’$aH$ nS>V Zmhr. na§Vw bmoH$g§»¶oÀ¶m dmT>r da ¶mMm Cn¶moJ hmoVmo. ñWbm§Vagmo~VMr OmñV ‘m{hVr Vwåhr nwT>À¶m nmR>mV {‘i{dUmaM Amho.

bmoH$g§»¶oMr dmT> A{Ve¶ PnmQ>çmZo hmoV Agë¶mMo YmoHo$Xm¶H$ K§Q>m AmnU H$Yr-H$YrEoH$Vmo. AZoH$ bmoH$m§Zm ¶m bmoH$g§»¶m dmT>rMm ’$Q>H$m ~gV Agë¶mMo Vo ~mobVmV. H$‘rV H$‘rgmYZ Agë¶mZo Ë¶mMm ’$m¶Xm ~hþg§»¶mH$m§Zm hmoV Zgë¶mMo Vo ~mobVmV. {deof åhUOo hogmaoOU gwajrV AgVmV. H$YrH$Yr Hw$Qw>§~o Amnë¶m Odi AgUmè¶m ómoVmda AmYmarVAnË¶mMm {ZU©¶ KoVo. Va H$mhr Hw$Qw>§~ d¥Ü¶mnH$mimV Amnbr gmo¶r ìhmdr ¶m CÚoemZo g§nÎmr,EImÚmda AmYmarV AnË¶mVr g§»¶m {ZíMrV H$aVo. ¶m‘wio AmnU ho gmao H$go R>>adUma?

bmoH$g§»¶oMr KZVmbmoH$g§»¶oMr åhUOo KZVm hr EH$m {d{eï> àXoemV {Zdmg H$éZ amhUmè¶m bmoH$m§Mr

g§»¶m hmo¶. bmoH$g§»¶oMr dmT> {dH$mgXa à{H«$¶oV ‘hËdmMr ww{‘H$m ~OmdVo.OJmVrb EH$ ‘moR>çm àmá Xoem‘Ü¶o maVmMm H«$‘m§H$ bmJVmo. 2011 ‘Ü¶o Xa Mm¡.{H$.‘r.bm

382 bmoH$ EdT>r bmoH$g§»¶oMr KZVm hmoVr. {~hma‘Ü¶o {hM KZVm gdm}ƒ åhUOo 1102 VaAéUmMb àXoemV Ho$di 17 EdT>m Amho. Amgm‘ Am{U BVa {ÛnH$ënmVrb ({H$ZmanÅ>rÀ¶m)amÁ¶mV gd©gmYmaU KZVm Amho. S>m|Jami, IS>H$ Am{U H$‘r nmdgmMo à‘mU ¶m‘wio mJmVrbbmoH$g§»¶m H$‘r AmT>iVo. ¶mMm AmUIr EH$ ‘hËdmMm ’$aH$ åhUOo O{‘ZrMr gw{nH$VmH$‘r Amho. Ho$aiÀ¶m CÎmaoH$S>Mm nR>mar àXoemV Cƒ Am{U A{V Cƒ KZVm Amho. CƒnO©Ý¶‘mZ Am{U gw{nH$ O{‘Z ho ¶m§Mo H$maU Amho.

CÎma maVmVrb nR>mamdarb Cƒ KZVm AgUmao VrZ amÁ¶m§Mr {ZdS> H$am. ¶m amÁ¶mVrbXmQ> bmoH$g§»¶oÀ¶m KUVoMo H$maU H$m¶ Agmdo, ¶mgmR>r Amnë¶mbm ¶m ^mJmMm B{VhmgVnmgmdm bmJVmo. w mJ, dmVmdaUmÀ¶m n[apñWVr, ¶mgd© Jmoï>r‘wio V’$mdV ¶mg H$maUr wVR>aVo. YS>m 8 ‘Ü¶o AmnU Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZ g§nÎmrMm {dMma Ho$bm, Amnë¶mbm Ago AmT>iyZ ¶oVoH$s, ObqgMZmÀ¶m gmo¶r qH$dm gwnrH$ O{‘Z {VWo OmñV à‘mUmV Amho, {VWo bmoH$g§»¶oMrKZVm OmñV AmT>iVo. ¶mV XoIrb EH$ Jmoï> OmUdVo H$s, bhmZ eoVH$ar qH$dm y‘rhrZ‘Owam§Mr n[apñWVr ~oH$maM AgVo.

àOZZ Xa O|ìhm 2 AgVmo, Ë¶mMm CÚoeH$m¶ MMm© H$am?

SCERT TELANGANA


JmdmVrb gd© O{‘Z H$moUË¶m dfu dhrVrImbr AmUÊ¶mV Ambr?

ânwa O{‘Zr Agbobo bmoH$ Hw$Qw>§~m§Mm AmH$ma dmT>{dÊ¶mgmR>r H$m¶ CÚoe?

‘widoi {§H$dm ObqgMm¶ {H$VnV ¶mo½¶ R>aVo? bhmZ eoVH$ar CXm. JmoqdX¶mMo Hw$Qw>§~ dmT>r ~Ôb H$gm {dMma H$aVmo?

ZH$mem-2 Mo {ZarjU H$am. y-^mJ Am{U bmoH$g§»¶oMr KZVm ¶m‘Yrbg§~§YmMo ñnï>rH$aU H$am. XoeâmVrb à‘wI ZJam§Mm emoY ¿¶m. ehamV OmñVKZVm Am{U {VMo d¡{eîQ>ço H$go gm§Jmb?

ZH$mem 2 : {Oëømdma XoemVrbbmoH$g§»¶oMr KZVm

gwMr(Xa Mm¡.{H$.‘r. bmoH$g§»¶m)SCERT TELA

NGANA


da {Xboë¶m Voc§JmZmVrc 2011 cmoH$g§» oMr JZUoZwgma ZH$memV {Oëhodma bmoH$g§»¶mMr KZVmXmIdÊ¶mV Ambr Amho. Ë¶mMr ¶mo½¶H«$‘mZo ‘m§S>Ur H$am. Cƒ bmoH$g§»¶obm KZVm Am{U H$‘r KZVm¶m§Mr VwbZm H$am?

A. y-n¥ð>^mJ Am{U eoVr {df¶H$ {dH$mgmÀ¶m g§YrAm. Ë¶m ^mJmVrb H¥$fr B{Vhmg-O{‘Z, nmUr BVa Z¡g{J©H$ ómoV ¶m ~hmb Agboë¶m ^mJmMr

VwbZm H$am?C. Ë¶m àm§VmVwZ, hmoUmao ñWbm§Va, Ë¶mMr H$maUo ‘m{hVr.

Telangana Outline map of 31 Districts

SCERT TELANGANA


‘hËdmMo eãXbmoH$g§»¶m dmT> bmoH$g§»¶oVr KZVm qbJ à‘mU àOZZ XabmoH$g§»¶oMm {dñVma y«U hË¶m gmjaVm Xa

Vw‘À¶m Aä¶mgmMr nwZamd¥Îmr1. Imcrc gmaUrÀ`m AmYmao Ë`m Imcrc {Xcoë`m àíZm§Mr CÎmao {chm? (AS3)

Xoe-{d^mJ-df© 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 1950 1999 2012 2050 2150OmJ{VH$ 458 580 682 978 1,650 2,521 5,978 7,052 8,909 9,746Am{’«$H$m 86 114 106 107 133 221 767 1,052 1,766 2,308Am{e¶m 243 339 436 635 947 1,402 3,634 4,250 5,268 5,561¶wamon 84 111 125 203 408 547 729 740 628 517bmQ>rZ A‘o[aH$mAm{U H°$ao~r¶Z {Ûn 39 10 10 24 74 167 511 603 809 912CÎma A‘o[aH$m 3 3 2 7 82 172 307 351 392 398Amoeo{Z¶m 3 3 3 2 6 13 30 38 46 51

• {H$Vr eVH$m Z§Va n{hë¶m§Xm OJmVrb Xoem§Mr bmoH$g§»¶m XþßnQ> Pmbr Vo emoYm.

• AJmoXaÀ¶m B¶Îmm‘Ü¶o Vwåhr dgmhV dmXmMm Aä¶mg Ho$bm. darb ZH$mem nmhþZ gZ 1800 À¶mAmgnmg H$moUË¶m I§S>mVrb bmoH$g§»¶m Yabr Vo gm§Jm?

• gd©H$mbrZ H$mbmdYrV H$moUË¶m I§S>mV bmoH$g§»¶m OmñV hmoVr?

• ^{dî¶mV bmoH$g§»¶oMm KQ> hmoÊ¶mMr e³¶Vm Agbobm I§S> H$moUVm?

2. qbJ {ZînVr OmñV [H§$dm H$‘r Agë¶mg g‘mOmda Ë¶mMm H$m¶ narUm‘ hmoVmo?

3. e¡j{UH$ dfm} déZ ^maV Am{U BVa Xoem§Mr VwbZm H$am.

~«mOrb, lrb§H$m, X{jU Am{’«$H$m, Zonmi, ~m§½bmXoe, Zmd}, Mrbr, B§S>moZo{e¶m ¶m§À¶mVrbg‘mZVm Am{U Ag‘mZVm emoYm.

4. Voc§JmZmVrc H$moUË¶m ^mJmV bmoH$g§»¶oVr KZVm H$er OmñV Amho? H$maUo Úm?

5. bmoH$g§»¶oMr dmT> Am{U bmoH$g§»¶oVrb ~Xb ¶mVrb ’$aH$ ñnï> H$am?

6. ^maVmVrb bmoH$g§»¶mÀ¶m {nam{‘S> ~amo~a BVa VrZ Xoem§À¶m bmoH$g§»¶oMr VwbZm H$am?

OmJ{VH$ bmoH$g§»¶m (Eo{Vhm{gH$-AnojrV (XebjmV)

SCERT TELANGANA


H$moUË¶m XoemMr bmoH$g§»¶mdmT>Ê¶mMr e³¶Vm OmñV Amho?

H$moUË¶m XoemMr bmoH$g§»¶mKQ>Ê¶mMr e³¶Vm OmñV Amho?

qbJ g‘VmobVm Vnmgm. Ë¶mXoemÀ¶m Hw$Qw>§~ H$ë¶mU Am{U BVa¶moOZm§À¶m ~m~VrV Vwåhr H$m¶gm§Jw eH$mb?

8. ZH$mem H$m¶©…A. ^maVmÀ¶m aoIm§{H$V ZH$memV amÁ¶m§À¶m {g‘m, bmoH$g§»¶oMr KZVm 2011 À¶m OZJUZoÛmao

XmIdm.Am. Voc§JmZmÀ`m amÁ¶m§Mm aoIm§H$sV ZH$mem {Oëø§mÀ¶m gr‘m VWm bmoH$g§»¶oMr KZVm, {R>n³¶m§À¶m

nÕVrZo XmIdm. EH {R>nH$m$=10000 bmoH$ à‘mU

àH$ën H$m¶©~mOwÀ¶m nmZmda {Xboë¶m XmoZ ZH$meo Am{U EH$m AmboImMm Aä¶mg H$am. bmoH$g§»¶oÀ¶m dmT>r~amo~aÀ¶m AZoH$ d¡{eîQ>çm ~amo~a MMm© H$am.

SCERT TELANGANA


bm oH$g §»¶ oMr KZVm~m§½bmXoe

O§Jbm§Mm Zme

bmoH$g§»¶m dmT>

SCERT TELANGANA

Am§Y «àX oe emgZmÛma o ‘m o’$V {dVaU 87Voc§JmZm emgZmìXmao _mo\$V {dVaU 2020-21

dgmhV åhUOo H$m¶?Vwåhr amhV Agbobo Jmd, eha qH$dm ZJa§mZm nmhm, añVo, gm§S>nmÊ¶mMr ì¶dñWm, Kao,

B‘maVr B. g§~§Yr {d{eï> ¶moOZm AgVo. gd© OJâ ¶mM nÕVrZo WmoS>çm ’$ma ’$aH$mZo ZJa aMZmAmnë¶mbm {XgyZ ¶oVo. AmnU Amnbo {OdZ {OWo ì¶VrV H$aVo, {OWo amhVmo Aí¶m {d{eï>àXoemVrb amhÊ¶mÀ¶m {R>H$mUmbm {ZdmgñWmZ Ago åhUVmV. AmnU H$m‘ H$aV Agboë¶m àXoe,VoWrb doJdoJio {H«$¶mH$bmn hmoV AgVmV CXm. e¡j{UH$, d¡Ú{H$¶, Ym{‘©H$, ì¶mnmè¶mg§~§Yr B.

¶mnmR>mV AmnU ‘mZdr dgmhV d m¡Jmo{bH$ n[aga ¶mMm H$m¶ g§~§Y Amho ho Aä¶mg H$aUmaAmhmoV.

YS>m7dgmhV - ñWbm§Va

{MÌ 7.1 : abc ho gd© {h‘mb¶mÀ¶m g§~§YrV {MÌo AmhoV. ¶m{MÌm§Zm nmhþZ {d{dY {Zdmg ñWmZo, Ka ~m§YÊ¶mgmR>r ¶oUmè¶mAS>MUr, y‘rMm Cn¶moJ, {Zdmg ñWmZmMo àH$ma Aem gd©KQ>H$m§À¶m ’$aH$m§Mr VwbZm H$am.a. 25,000 bmoH$m§Mr dñVr Agbobm {e‘bm eha Ë¶mehamV AmO 2 bmI bmoH$ amhV AmhoV.b. {h‘mb¶mVrb Q>oH$S>çm KgéZ nS>Uo.c. {h‘mb¶mVrb bÔmI ¶oWrb gw~«m ¶oWrb EH$ Jmd.~’$m©Mm nd©V {dKaë¶m‘wio {Z‘m©U Pmbobr ZXr {VÀ¶m~mOwbm Jmd Agbobo Amho. hr ZXr CÝhmù¶mVM dmhVAgVo. ¶m H$mimVM eoVr ì¶dgm¶ MmbV AgVmo. ¶màm§VmV nmD$g nS>VM Zmhr. O§JbmVrb gd© PmS>m§Zm nmZoahmV ZmhrV. CKS>r S>m|Jao AgVmV.

a b

c

SCERT TELANGANA

gm‘m{OH$ AÜ¶¶Z88 dgmhV - ñWbm§Va

{ZdmgñWmZo H$go {Z‘m©U Pmbo?AmXr ‘mZd {eH$marÀ¶m ‘mÜ¶‘mVwZ Amhma Jmoim H$arV AgV. åhUwZ Ë¶m§Zm Jmoim H$aUmao qH$dm

{eH$mar Ago åhUVmV. Vo g§Mma Ordr hmoVo. åhUOo EH$m àXoemVwZ Xþgè¶m àXoemH$S>o àdmg H$arV hmoVo.Amhmam§Zm Jmoim H$éZ åhUOo PmS>m§Mr ’$io Jmoim H$arV. ‘m§g, M‘S>r BË¶mXr Amdí¶H$ Ë¶m àmÊ¶m§Mr{eH$ma H$éZ Vo Amnbo CXa{Zdm©h H$arV hmoVo. àW‘V… XJS>m§Zr ~Z{dboë¶m hË¶mam§Mm Cn¶moJ H$arVhmoVo. ¶m hË¶mamZo Vo g‘W©nUo, Z¡nwÊ¶mZo {eH$ma H$arV hmoVo.

joÌr¶ H$m‘Vw‘À¶m Jmdm§Zm qH$dm eham§Zm {ZarjU H$am. ¶m AJmoXa {eH$boë¶m nÕVrÀ¶m AmYmao {ZdS>boë¶m

EH$m àm§VmMo {MÌ H$mT>m. Vw‘À¶m {MÌmV Imbrb gwM{dbobo Agmdo:añVo, Kao, ~mOma, XþH$mZo, ZÚm, nR>mao, XdmImZo, emim, ~gñWmZH$, aoëdoñWmZH$ Ago H$mhr àXoe

Agmdo.• bmoH$m§Zm gmo¶rñH$a àXoe A{YH$ Q> o$ bmoH$m§Zm gmo¶rñH$a Ago AmhoV.• ñWm{ZH$ ~mOmam§Zm AmoiIÊ¶mgmR>r H$moUVr nÕV Amho?• Kao JQ>mJQ>m§Zr AmhoV? Ë¶m§Zm ‘w»¶ añË¶mer g§~§Y Amho H$m?• {ZdS>boë¶m àm§VmVrb bmoH$m§Zr g§nH©$ gmYþZ 20 dfm©‘Ü¶o Amboë¶m ~XbmMr H$maUo ‘m{hVr

H$am? Amdí¶H$ Agboë¶m H$moUË¶m Jmoï>r ZmhrV?

{MÌ 7. 2 : ‘Ü¶àXoemVrb~r~oS>moH$ ¶oWrb AmXr‘mZd amhVAgbobr XJS>mMr Jwhm. AmUIrOmñV ‘m{hVrgmR>r dJm©VrbAmhma Jmoim H$aUmao {eH$mar¶m§Mo AÜ¶¶Z H$am.

g‘mZVm Am{U ’$aH$ AmoiIm. darb ‘m{hVrZwgma Q>Ho$ Am{U pñWa OrdZ e¡brVrb ’$aH$ Am{Ug‘mZVm AmoiIm. Vwåhr {H$Vr KQ>H$m§Zm AmoiIw eH$Vm nmhm. (BH$S>o Vº$m AnwU© Agob VaAmUIr EH$ Vº$m V¶ma H$am.)

^Q>H$s OrdZ nÕVr pñWa OrdZ nÕVrSCERT TELA

NGANA


{ZdmgñWmZo ~XbÊ¶mMr AZoH$ H$maUo AgVmV. {XëbrMr Imbrb Jmoï> nhm{Xëbr eha ho maVmda amÁ¶ H$aUmè¶m AZoH$ gm‘«mÁ¶m§Mo Ho$ÝÐ AgÊ¶mMo Xmdm H$aVo. Ooìhm

^maVmbm ñdmV§Í¶ {‘imbo,V o ìhm {Xëbr ^maVmMramOYmZr am{hbr. H$mbm§VamZoehamZo ^maVmVrb gJi¶m^mJmVrb bmoH$m§Zm AmH©${fVHo$bo H$maU bmoH$ Cn{O{dHo$MogmYZ, Zm¡H$è¶m, {ejUXdmImZm BË¶mXrÀ¶m emoYmVñWbmVrV Pmbo. XoemMramOYmZr, g§gX Am{U Ho$ÝÐgaH$ma Mr H$m¶m©b¶o Agë¶m‘wio, gd© ^mJmVrb bmoH$ {XëbrV amhVmV. øm H$maUm‘wio,bmoH$g§»¶m dmT>br - i.e. , 2 nQ>rZo OmñV Pmbr.

àË¶oH$ ZJamVrb {d{dY n«H$maMr àm§Vm§Zm KS>{dÊ¶mgmR>r d ‘m§S>Ur H$aÊ¶mgmR>r EH$ ‘mñQ>aAmamIS>m AgVo. àË¶oH$ ZJamV {Zdmg ñWmZo, ~mOmanoR>, emim, Am¡Úmo{JH$ ñWmZo, H$m¶©mb¶o,CÚmZdZo, {dZmoXr ñWio BË¶mXr AgmdoV. ¶m AmYmamZo añVo H$eo AgmdoV. {H$Vr {dÚwV qH$dmnmUr Amdí¶H$ Amho. ì¶W© nXmW© H$go H$mT>mdo, ñdÀN>Mm A{^¶mZ H$go Mmbdmdo, Agm AZoH$KQ>H$m§Zm AmamIS>m V¶ma H$aUmao {ZU©¶ H$arV AgVmV. {X„rbm Aem ‘mñQ>a ¶moOZm VrZ doimV¶ma Ho$ë¶m Joë¶m AmhoV. AmOMr n[apñWVr nm{hbr Va {h AmamIS>m A‘bmV Amho, Ago dmQ>VZmhr. dmñV{dH$Vm nmhVm, pX„r àUm{bH$m ~Õ dmT>br Zmhr. AmamIS>m ~Õ H$m°bmoZrbm gd©gw{dYm AgVo. {d{dY CÕoem§Zm AmoiIë¶m àm§Vm§Zm gaH$maZo àH$Q>rV H$amdo. Ë¶m àm§VmVrb{Z‘m©Umbm ¶m AmXoemMo nmbZ H$amdo. Zmhr Va Aem AmamIS>m A§‘b~OmdUr Pmbr Zmhr Agoñnï> hmoVo.

E{H$H$S>o ZJam§Mr bmoH$g§»¶m doJmZo dmT>V hmoVr. Am{U XþgarH$S>o AmamIS>m V¶ma H$aVo doiogH$moUË¶m àm§VmZm H$em gw{dYm Úmdo ho Omhra H$aÊ¶mgmR>r doi bmJV hmoVm. H$m‘mÀ¶m emoYmVZJam§H$S>o Amboë¶m bmoH$m§Zr O{‘Zrda H$ãOm H$éZ H$moUVrhr nadmZJr Z KoVm H$moUmMrhr ‘XVZ KoVm H$moUË¶mhr gwwww{dYm ZgVm§Zm Amnë¶m ñd¶§ à¶ËZmZo Kam§Mo {Z‘m©U Ho$bo. Agm dñË¶mnwîH$i df© J¡a H$mZwZr åhUwZ amhVmV. AIoa àUmbrHm Omhra Pmbr V|ìhm ¶m àm§Vm§ZmCn¶moJmgmR>r XoV AgmdoV.

Aí¶m {dH$Q> n[apñWVrV {dnarV narñWrVr ‘mJ© H$mT>Vmo. Ë¶m§À¶m Kam‘YwZ Ë¶m§Zm H$moUrH$mTw>Z Q>mHw$ Z¶o åhUwZ amOH$s¶ bmoH$m§Mr ‘XV KoV AgVmV. ‘mñQ>a ¶moOZo‘Ü¶o Aem dñË¶m§MrZm|oXUr Zgë¶m‘wio ¶m§Zm gw{dYm {‘iV ZmhrV. ¶mV ahmV Agbobo bmoH$ Jar~ AgVmV. na§VwË¶m§Zr eha ~m§Ybo Am{U ehambm Amdí¶H$ godm àXmZ H$arV Amho.

{MÌ 7. 3 : ‘Ü¶‘dJu¶ Kam§Mr dñVr

SCERT TELANGANA


{ZdmgñWmZmV H$em àH$maMo ~Xb Pmbo?ho g‘OwZ KoÊ¶mgmR>r AmnUmg VrZ ‘wb yV {df¶m§Mo {ZarjU Ho$bo nm{hOo. (1) àXoe

(2) n[apñWVr (3) Ë¶m àXoemVrb B{Vhmg àXoe EH$m àm§VmVrb bjUo gm§JVmV.H$moUË¶mhr àXoemMr ñd^m{dH$

aMZm, g‘wÐVirnmgwZ {H$Vr C§M Amho,nmUr KQ>H$ (Vio, ZÚm, yJ © Ob)O{‘ZrMm àH$ma, ñdajU, Z¡g{J©H$eº$snmgwZ ajU Aem H$m§hr AmhoV.

àmMrZ H$mim‘Ü¶o nmUr nwadR>m OmñVAgboë¶m ^mJmV X§S>¶mÌm H$aUmè¶meÌwnmgwZ ajU {‘iob, Aem àm§Vm§Zm{ZdmgmgmR>r {ZdS> H$aV AgV. CXm.N>ÌnVr {edmOr ¶m§Zr ‘hmamï>mV n«VmnJT>¶oWo {H$bm ~m§Ybm Amho. hm àm§V OmñVC§M AgwZ g^modVmb gd© àm§V {XgVmV,åhUwZ Aem àm§Vm§Mr {ZdS> Ho$br JobrAmho. ¶m‘wio ¶m àm§Vm§Zmg¡{ZH$m§H$Sw>Z ajU {‘iVo.

{demImnQ²>Z‘cm EH$à{XK© B{Vhmg Amho. dgmhVrn wd © H $ mimV, {d{^ÞamOKamÊ¶m§Zr Ë¶mda amÁ¶Ho$co. 19 ì¶m eVH$mÀ¶mXaå¶mZ {~ «Q > re Am{U•’|$Mm§Zr ¶m ehamgmR>rZ m ¡ Xc ¶ w ÜX H o $c o .dgmhVdmXtZm {H$Zmar àm§VA{Ve¶ ‘hËdmMo hmoVo H$maUË¶m {R>H$mUr Vo ~§Xa (nmoQ>©)~m§Yw eH$VmV. ¶m nmoQ>m© ìXmao Vo dgmhVr XoemV H$ƒm ‘mcmMr {Z¶m©V H$é eH$VmV. Ia Va‘ww§~B© Am{U MoÞmB© eha dgmhVrdmXtZm AOwZ {dH${gV Ho$co H$maU ^maVmÀ¶m Z¡g{J©H$

{MÌ 7.4 : àVmnJT> {H$bm

{MÌ 7. 5 : {demImnQ²>Z‘

SCERT TELANGANA


g§gmYZm§Mm OmñV à‘mUmV Cn¶moJ H$aVm ¶oVmo. ¶mM H$maUmñVd {demImnÅ>Z‘s3 cT>mB© MmcwAmho. àm§Vo EH$Q>o amhV ZmhrV, Ë¶m§Zm H$moUË¶m Var nÕVrZo BVa àXoemgr g§§~§Y AgVmV.n[apñWVr BVa àXoemVrb g§~§Ym§Zm AmoiIV AgV. CXm. {demImnQ²>Z‘ ho {H$Zma àm§VmV AgwZ^maV XoemVrb AmV ‘Yrb d ~mhoarb AZoH$ àXoem§Zm Am§Y«àXoemg {‘i{dV AgVo.

{demImnQ²>Z‘bm EH$ àXrK© B{Vhmg Amho. {demImnQ²>Z‘ ¶oWrb bmoH$g§»¶m gmVË¶mZodmT>V Amho Vº$m H«$. 2 hr dmT> {demImnQ²>Z‘Mo ‘hËd {deX H$aUmar AgwZ {demImnQ²>Z‘EH$ ~§Xa åhUyZ hr Ë¶m àXoemMm B{Vhmg bmoH$g§»¶oVrb dmT> Ago gwMdVo H$s, ¶oWrb

gm‘m{OH$ d Am{W©H$ g§Yr‘wio bmoH$g§»¶oV XoIrb dmT> Pmbr Amho.

^maVr¶ dgmhV Am{U AZwH«$‘o dJ©dmar (Indian Settlement in hierarchy )^maVr¶ OZJUZoZwgma maVr¶m§À¶m {ZdmgñWmZmV {d{eï> nÕV AmT>iVo. Q>o~b H«$. 3 ‘Ü¶o

XmI{dë¶mà‘mUo gm§p»¶H$s {d^mJmZo doJdoJù¶m ñWimÀ¶m ì¶m»¶m {Xë¶m AmhoV. Ë¶m H$miOrnwd©HdmMm Imbrb Aä¶mgH«$‘ nwU© H$am. nwT>rb nmZmda EH$ {nam{‘S> {Xbobo Amho, Ë¶m {nam{‘S>À¶mgdm©V ImbMm ñVa gdm©V H$‘r {ZdmgñWmZo Xe©{dVo. Ë¶mg‘moarb [aH$må¶m OmJm am.

1. {d{eîQ> nmVirdarb {ZdmgñWmZm§Mr Zmdo (H$moUVohr XmoZ Zmdo)

2. Vob§JmZm amÁ¶mVrb EH$ {ZdmgñWmZmMo CXm. Úm. (‘hmZJam{edm¶ H$moUVohr)

3. Vwåhr Á¶m ehamV amhVm Ë¶mMo ¶mo½¶ ñWmZ Xe©dm, (Oa Vwåhr IoS>çmV qH$dm bhmZ ehamV

V³Vm 2{demImnQ²>Z‘ bmoH$g§»¶m

df© bmoH$g§»¶m % Q>¸o$dmar1901 40,8921911 43,414 +6.2%1921 44,711 +3.0%1931 57,303 +28.2%1941 70,243 +22.6%1951 1,08,042 +53.8%1961 2,11,190 +95.5%1971 3,63,467` +72.1%1981 6,03,630 +66.1%1991 7,52,031 +24.6%2001 13,45,938 +123.0%2011 20,35,690 +51.2%

{demImnQ²>Z‘ bmoH$g§»¶oVrb ~Xb1. ~mOwbm {Xboë¶m bmoH$g§»¶m ‘m{hVr‘Ü¶o gd©

XeH$mVrb AmH$S>o AmhoV, g‘Om Zgob Va H$moUË¶mXeH$mVrb AmH$S>o Ë¶mV ZmhrV?

2. H$moUË¶m XeH$mnmgwZ Vo H$moUË¶m XeH$mn¶ªVbmoH$g§»¶m A{YH$ dmT>br Amho.(Q> o$dmar)?

3. H$moUË¶m XeH$mnmgwZ Vo H$moUË¶m XeH$mn¶ªVbmoH$g§»¶oMr dmT> AVr H$‘r Amho (Q> o$dmar)?

4. 1901-2011 {demImnQ²>Z‘ bmoH$g§»¶oMr aoIm J«m’$V¶ma H$am. bmoH$g§»¶oÀ¶m H$moUË¶m ~Xbm§Mo Vwåhr{ZarjU Ho$bmV?

SCERT TELANGANA


amhV Agmb Va) Vwåhr ho ñWmZH$m {ZdS>bo H$maU gm§Jm?4. Vwåhmbm Ago dmQ>Vo H$m H$r,{Zdmg ñWmZm §M o H odibmoH$g§»¶mÀ¶m AmYmao dJuH$aUH$amdo? {dMma H$am. Vw‘À¶m{ejH$mÀ¶m ghmæ¶mZo MMm© H$éZAem dJuH $aUmMr nÕVAmoiIm. H$gmoQ>çm bmdyZ {ZdmgñWmZmMo dJuH$aU H$go H$amdo‘m{hV H$éZ ¿¶m. {dî¶mV maV Am{W©H$ ÑîQ>çmgj‘ hmoD$Z ~hþ g§»¶ bmoH$ ehar^mJmV amhVrb.

{Zdmg ñWmZmMr àH$ma o Cn¶m oJrVoMo à‘mU CXmhaU‘hmZJa H$moQ>r bmoH$g§»¶mnojm OmñV * ‘w§~B© ‘hmZJa ñWmZo (1.84 H$moQ>r)

Agbobr ñWmZo * {X„r ‘hmZJa (1.63 H$moQ>r)* H$mobH$mVm ‘hmZJa (1.41 H$moQ>r)

‘oQ´>monm°brQ>Z ZJao 10 bmI Vo H$moQ>r bmoH$g§»¶m * MoÞ¡ (86 bmI) AgUmao ZJao * h¡Ðm~mX (78 bmI)

* Ah‘Xm~mX (62 bmI)

ZJao, ³bmg 1 ZJao 1 bmI Vo 10 bmI bmoH$g§»¶m Vw‘À¶m {ejH$mÀ¶m ‘XVrZo Am§Y«àXoemVrb VrZ ZJam§Zm AgUmao ehar àm§V AmoiIwZ Ë¶mVrb bmoH$g§»¶m Úm?

ehao 5,000 Vo 1 bmI ‘Ü¶§Var Vw‘À¶m {ejH$mÀ¶m ‘XVrZo Vw‘À¶m g^modVrb àm§VmVrb bmoH$g§»¶m AgUmao ehar àm§V VrZ ZJam§Zm AmoiIwZ Ë¶m§Mr bmoH$g§»¶m AmoiIm.

‘hgwbMo Jmd / {Z{Xï> gahXr AgUmao Jmd Vw‘À¶m {ejH$mÀ¶m ‘XVrZo Vw‘À¶m g^modVrb àm§VmVrbCensus Village VrZ Jmdm§Zm AmoiIwZ Ë¶m§Mr bmoH$g§»¶m ‘m{hV H$am.

{Zdmg àm§Vo ‘hgwb Jmdm§‘Ü¶o H$m§hr Kam§Mm Vw‘À¶m ‘hgwb‘Ü¶o qH$dm Odinmg‘Ü¶o AgUmao ‘hgwbHamlets Hamlets g‘wXm¶ Jmdm‘Ü¶o EH$ qH$dm XmoZ hm‘boQ> Vw‘À¶m {ejH$m§À¶m

ghmæ¶mZo AmoiIm

Vº$m 3 : ^maVXoemVrb nmVirdéZ {Zdmg ñWmZo

Mega Cities

Cƒ> ñWm¶r({demb àm§V)

H${Zð> ñWm¶r(bhmZ àm§V)

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CXm. Úm

{R>H$mZo gaH$maZo AmoiIboë¶mn¡H$s bhmZ J«m‘rU {R>H$mZo

SCERT TELANGANA


^maV XoemVrb eharH$aU

^maV XoemV 35 H$moQ>r bmoH$g§»¶m åhUOog§nwU© bmoH$g§»¶oÀ¶m EH$V¥Vr¶m§e mJ ZJao dehamV amhV AgVmV. bmoH$ A{YH$ Vaì¶dgm¶ gmaIo H$mhr H$m‘o H$arV eham§‘Ü¶oamhV AgVmV. ¶mbmM AmnU eharH$aUAgo åhUV AgVmo. 1950 ‘Ü¶o XogmVrb A{YH$Q> o$ bmoH$ 5.6 bj Ago bmoH$ Jmdm‘Ü¶o amhVhmoVr. Ë¶mdooiog 10 bmI bmoH$g§»¶mnojm A{YH$ bmoH$g§»¶m AgUmao 5 ehao hmoVr. 1 bmImÀ¶mA{YH$ bmoH$g§»¶m AgUmar ehar 40 hmoVr. 2011 À¶m OZJUZoZwgma JmdmÀ¶m g§»¶oV dmT>Pmbr AgwZ 6.4 bmI JmdmVyZ 85 H$moQ>r bmoH$ BWo amhVmV 3 ZJam§‘Ü¶o ‘w§~B©, MoZ¡, H$mobH$Vmøm ZJam§Mr bmoH$g§»¶m EH$m H$moQ>rnojm OmñV hmoVr. 10 bmImnojm A{YH$ bmoH$g§»¶m AgUmaoZJao 50 À¶m da AmhoV, ehamVrb bmoH$g§»¶m dmT> A{YH$ Va ¶moJm¶moJm‘wio KS>br Amho.

eharH$aU dmT>V Agbo Var, Ë¶mgmR>r JaOm§Mr ‘mÌ gmoB© hmoV ZmhrV. añVo, Zmë¶m,{dÚwV, nmUr nwadR>m BË¶mXr bmoH$m§À¶m JaOm AmhoV. ehamVrb ‘wb wV JaOm§n¡H$s ‘w»¶V…añË¶o gma»¶m ~m~tH$S>o gaH$maMo bj OmñV AmhoV. na§Vw {dÚwV, nmUr, Amamo½¶ Ho§Ð gma»¶mgw{dYm hdoV VodT>çm ZmhrV. ehamVrb Am{U ZJamVrb bmoH$m§Mr n[apñWVr A{YH$ X¶{Z¶Amho.

^maV XoemVrb ehar àm§Vo Amnë¶m XoemÀ¶m àJVrgmR>r H$go Cn¶moJr nS>VmV? Am¡Úmo{JH$H«$m§Vrnoúmm, ‘m{hVr V§ÌkmZ (I.T.) ñWramñVr ¶m gma»¶m godm g{‘Vr H$m¶©H«$‘m‘wio, XiUdiU,gmR>dU, g‘mMma àgma ¶m gma»¶m godm§Mm dmQ>m A{YH$ Amho. Joë¶m H$m§hr dfm©nmgwZAm¡Úmo{JH$ CËnÎmr‘Ü¶o àJVr hmoV Zmhr. (OmñVrMo CËnmXÞ godm CnH«$‘m nmgyZ hmoV Amho)

ZJam§Mo énm§Va eham§‘Ü¶o Pmë¶m‘wio ehamH$S>o ñWbm§Va hmoUmè¶m bmoH$m§‘Ü¶o ’$º$H$m§hr bmoH$m§ZmM ¶mMm ’$m¶Xm {‘iVmo. Jmdm§Vrb bmoH§$mnojm ehamVrb bmoH$m§Mr Jar~r H$‘rAgVo. na§Vw A{YH$ CËnÞmVrb Hw$Qw>§~mVrb bmoH$m§‘Ü¶o OmñV ’$aH$ AmT>iwZ ¶oVmo. hm ’$aH$ehamV, ZJamV OmñV AmT>iVmo, ehar ^mJm‘Ü¶o BVa OmVrer VwbZm Ho$br Va AZwgw{MVOmVr, O‘mVrMo ehar bmoH$m§Mo CËnÞ A{YH$ AmT>iVo. 2009-2010 ‘Ü¶o AZwgw{MV OmVr,O‘mVrVrb ehar bmoH$m§Mr Jar~r 6 Q> o$ Amho Va, AZwgw{MV O‘mVt‘Ü¶o ¶mÀ¶m nojm XþßnQAmho. ¶m J[a~m§n¡H$s OmñV bmoH$ ‘hmZJamV ZgwZ BVa Ag§KQ>rV joÌmV H$m‘ H$arV AmhoV.>

¶m ehamVrb bmoH$g§»¶m H$mbm§VamZo dmT>V Jobr, AmOw~mOwMo Jmdo eham‘Ü¶o {‘gië¶m‘wioehao A{YH$ dmT>br AmhoV. bmoH$g§»¶m dmT>r‘Ü¶o ’$º$ 5 Q> o$ BVHo$ ‘mÌ JmdmVrb bmoH$eham‘Ü¶o ñWbm§Va Pmbr AmhoV. N>moQ>çm Jmdm§Mo ZJam§‘Ü¶o qH$dm N>moQ>çm eham§‘Ü¶o hmoV Amho.

Fig 7.6 : Low income residential area of Delhi

SCERT TELANGANA


ehar H$aUmVrb g‘ñ¶mehar H$aU dmT>Vo åhUOo VoWrb JaOm dmT>VmV. Am{W©H$ H$m‘H$mO dmT>VmV. Ë¶mgmo~VM Ë¶m‘wio

{H$Vr Var g‘ñ¶m CËnÞ hmoVmV. dmT>Ë¶m bmoH$g§»¶obm J¥h dñVr nm{hOoV. Ë¶m§Zm nmUr nwadR>m nm{hOoVZmë¶m d BVa JbrÀ¶m nmUr OmÊ¶mgmR>r ‘mJ© Agmdm. ¶mgd© KQ>H$m‘wio n¶m©daUmda X~md nS>Vmo.dmhUmMmCn¶moJ OmñV hmoV Agë¶m‘wio ehamV dm¶w àXwfU dmT>V AgVo. ho Amamo½¶ g‘ñ¶m§Zm d ñWm{ZH$dmVmdaUmVrb ~Xbm§Zm ‘mJ© H$mT>Vmo. KmU nmÊ¶mÀ¶m Zmë¶mMo g’$mB©Mo H$m‘ ~amo~a Zgob Va Vo {H$Vr Varg§gJ©OÝ¶ amoJm§Zm ‘mJ© gmnS>Vmo.

ehar H$aUmVrb EH$ ‘w»¶ g‘ñ¶m O{‘ZrV Z {‘giUmao qH$dm O{‘ZrV OraÊ¶mgmR>r doi bmJUmè¶mnXmWmªMm Cn¶moJ dmT>V AgVmo. ¶m‘wio {H$Vr Var H$Mam CMbmdm bmJVmo. ¶m H$Mè¶mbm Hw$R>o Q>mH$mdo.?ehar àm§V {dñV¥V én YmaU H$aV Agë¶m‘wio ¶m H$Mè¶m§Zm H$Mam ewÕr H$maImÝ¶mV KoD$Z OmV AmhoV.H$s J«m‘rU àm§VmV ’o$Hw$Z XoV AmhoV.

{d‘m¶ml¶ ZJao (Aerotropolis) – jet-age ZJao^maVmgh AZoH$ Xoem§‘Ü¶o Z{dZ àH$maMo {Zdmg àm§Vo {Z‘m©U hmoV AmhoV. hr {Zdmg ñWmZo ‘moR>‘moR>çm

{d‘mZml¶m modVr {Z‘m©U hmoV AmhoV. åhUwZM ¶m§Zm {d‘mZml¶ ZJao (aerotropolis) Ago åhUVmV.{d‘mZml¶ ZJam§‘Ü¶o {d‘mZml¶ hoM EH$m ZJamgmaIo H$m‘ H$arV AgVo. AZoH$ gw{dYm (hm°Q>ob,

XþH$mZo, hmñ¶{dZomX, Amhma, ì¶mnma, oQ>rJmQ>r B.) {VWo {‘iV AgVmV. BVa àm§VmVrb bmoH$ {d‘mZmZo¶oD$Z Ë¶m§Zm Amdí¶H$ Ë¶m bmoH$m§er g§nH©$ H$éZ Ë¶m§Mm ì¶dhma nwU© H$éZ naV {d‘mZmZo {ZKwZ OmVmV.Q´>m{’$H$ gma»¶m g‘ñ¶m d BVa g‘ñ¶m§Zm Vm|S> Z XoVm ZJamVrb gd© gdbVr Ë¶m§Zm {‘iV AgVmV.

^maVmVrb Am§VaamîQ´>r¶ XOm©Mo H$m§hr ZJao ~|Jbwé Am§Vaamï´>r¶ {d‘mZml¶ amOrd Jm§Yr Am§Vaamï´>r¶{d‘mZml¶ ({X„r) B§{Xam Jm§Yr Am§Vaamï´>r¶{d‘mZml¶ (h¡Ðm~mX)

BVa Xoem‘Ü¶o {Z‘m©U hmoV Agbobr ZJaoCXm. gwdU©^w‘r Am§VaamîQ²>r¶ {d‘mZml¶(ã¶m§H$mH$, Wm¶b°§S>), Xþ~B© Am§VaamîQ²>r¶{d‘mZml¶ (Xþ~B©>), H¡$amo Am§VaamîQ²>r¶{d‘mZml¶ (H¡$amo, B{Oá), b§XZ Am§VaamîQ²>r¶{d‘mZml¶ (b§XZ, ¶w.Ho$>)

^maVmMm B{Vhmg Am{U ^m¡Jmo{bH$n[agpñWVr hr dgmhVrÀ¶m {dñVmamMo EH$H$maU Amho, VgoM bmoH$m§À¶m ñWbm§VamgmR>rgwÕm ‘w»¶ H$maU Amho.

{d‘mZml¶ ZJa H|$ÐH$ åhUOo H$m¶?{d‘mZml¶ ZJa H|$Ðm‘Ü¶o, Ë¶mOdi Agboë¶mXmoZ gw{dYm gm§Jm.OmJ{VH$ ZH$memV ~mOwbm CXmhaUmgmo~V{Xboë¶m ZJam§Zm AmoiIm. {d‘mZml¶o, XoemMoZmdgwÕm {MÌmV doJdoJio {bhm. ¶m‘wio H$moUË¶mXoem‘Ü¶o, H$m oUË¶m ZJam‘Ü¶o, H$m oUË¶m{d‘mZml¶m‘Ü¶o AmoiIÊ¶mg ‘XV {‘iVo.¶m AÜ¶m¶mgmR>r Vwåhr AÜ¶¶Z Ho$boë¶màXoemOdi {d‘mZml¶ ZJam§Mr {Z{‘©Vr PmbrAgo g‘Om. V|ìhm Ë¶m àm§VmÀ¶m {R>H$mUr ¶oUmè¶mVrZ ~Xbm§Zm gm§Jm Ë¶mMà‘mUo Ë¶m n[apñWVr‘Ü¶o¶oUmè¶m VrZ ~Xbm§Mr ‘m{hVr Úm?

SCERT TELANGANA


ñWbm§VabmoH$ Zm¡H$ar, ì¶dgm¶mÀ¶m {Z{‘ÎmmZo {ejUmMr CÎm‘ g§Yr {‘i{dÊ¶mgmR>r EH$m {R>H$mUmhÿZ

Xþgè¶m {R>H$mUr ñWmZm§VarV hmoVmV.ñWcm§Vam‘mJo Am{W©H$, gm‘m{OH$, amOH$s¶ H$maU AgVo.Ë¶mbmM ñWbm§Va Ago åhUVmV.CnH«$‘ H$m¶©ñWbm§Va nÕVrMo dJuH$aU d VwbZm…

AZoH$ àH$maÀ¶m Am{W©H$ gm‘m{OH$ d amO{H$¶ H$maUm§‘wio ñWbm§Va hmoV AgVo. EImXmì¶º$sg ñWbm§Va Pmbobo AmoiIÊ¶mgmR>r OZJUZoÀ¶m doio H$mhr nÕVrMm dmna H$aVmV:

“OÝ‘ñWmZ” – EH$ ì¶º$s OÝ‘bobm àXoe “Ë¶m AJmoXaMo {ZdmgñWi” – EH$ 6 ‘{hZo qH$dm Ë¶mnojm OmñV H$mimn¶ªV amhV

Agbobm àXoe

¶m {R>H$mUr H$mhr bmoH$m§Mr ¶mXr Amho. Ë¶mVwZ ñWbm§VarV d AñWbm§VarV bmoH$m§Mo dJuH$aUH$am. ñWbmVamÀ¶m Q>ß¶m§Mr ‘mhrVr XoD$Z, ñWbmVam§Mr H$m¶ H$maUo AmhoV. Vo gm§Jm?

Zmd Joë¶m 6 ‘{hÝ¶mn¶ªV OÝ‘ ñWi ñWbm§VarV ñWbm§VamMr nÕV, IoS>çmVwZehamV Agbobm àXoe AñWbm§VarV ehamH$S>o qH$dm ehamVwZ

IoS>çmH$S>o ñWbmVamMr H$maUo

qgYw ~«rOmda‘ OmoJwb§~m {OëømVrb EH$ Jmd

J«og Amo{d¶m h¡X«m~mX ‘w§~B©Abr (an NRI) Zdr {X„r b§S>Z

bú‘r {Vå‘mnwa‘(’$º$ 2 ‘{hZo) {dH$mam~mX {Oëhm

ñdmVr ‘ZrH$m|Sy>a h¡Ðm~mX Vob§JmZm amÁ¶godmH$ar‘ZJa {Oëhm Am¶moJ J«wn> 4 CÎmrU

^maVmV 2001 À¶m OZJUZoZwgma 307 H$amoS> bmoH$ ñWbm§VarV Pmbo, Ë¶mMr AZoH$ H$maUoAgw eH$VmV, ór¶m§‘Ü¶o ñWbm§VamgmR>r {ddmh ho ‘w»¶ H$maU Amho. Va nwéfm§‘Ü¶o H$m‘ dH$m‘mMm emoY H$aUo ho ‘w»¶ H$maU Amho, amhV Agboë¶m {R>H$mUr H$m‘ Z {‘iUo, d{ejUmMr ¶mo½¶ ìd¶ñWm ZgUo, ì¶mnmamV VmoQ>m, Hw$Qw>§~mVrb V§Q>o BË¶mXr H$maUo hr OZJUZmgdmªYmao Agw eH$VmV. ho ‘mhrV Pmbo Amho.

emioV J¡ahOa qH$dm emim AY©dQ> gmoSw>Z OmUmè¶m ‘wbm§‘Ü¶o ñWbm§Va ho EH$ H$maU Amho,¶m ‘Vmer Vwåhr gh‘V AmhmV H$m? CXm. XoD$Z g‘Odm?

Non ResidentIndian

SCERT TELANGANA


H$mbm‘mZmZwgma VmËnwaVo ñWbm§Vaamï´>r¶ OZJUZoZwgma ^maV XoemV à{V Mm¡Wm ì¶º$s hm ñWbm§Va hmoD$Z Ambobm Amho.

2001-2011 ¶m H$mimV ñWbm§VamV dmT> Pmbr nU 1980 À¶m H$mimV dmT>br VodT>r Zmhr.ñWbm§Va amÁ¶mA§VJ©V Agw eH$Vo. qH$dm Am§VaamÁ¶ Agw eH$Vo. J«m‘rU mJmVwZ ehar mJmVñWbm§Va Pmboë¶m am‘æ¶mMr H$Wm Vwåhr dmMZ Ho$br Amho. ehamg XaamoO ‘Owar H$aÊ¶mgAmboë¶m ì¶º$sMr nU Vwåhr ‘wbmIV nm{hbr Amho. J«m‘rU ^mJmVwZ ehar ^mJmH$S>o Pmboë¶mñWbm§VamMr AmH$S>odmar d ñWbm§VamgmR>r AgUmao H$maUo nmhrbmoV. EdT>oM Zmhr Va J«m‘rU^mJmVwZ BVa J«m‘rU ^mJmg ñWbm§VamV nU dmT> Pmbr Amho, Aem àH$maMr ñWbm§VaogmYmaUnUo ghm ‘{hÝ¶mÀ¶m AmV AgVmV. Ë¶m‘wio ¶mg OZJUZm AmH$S>odmarV ¶mg àH$Q>H$arV ZmhrV. amï´>r¶ gd}‘Ü¶o ñWbm§Va Pmbobm ì¶º$s Ago åhQ>ë¶m Joboë¶m eãXmg AgUmè¶m{Zdm©hUmÀ¶m ‘¶m©Xm‘wio VmËnwaË¶m ñWbm§VaÀ¶m g§»¶og H$‘r XmI{dë¶m OmVo.

J«m‘rU mJmVyZ J«m‘rU mJmV ñWbm§Va^maV XoemV gmIaoMo CËnmXZ H$aUmao ‘hmamï´> EH$ Amho. ¶m amÁ¶mV EHw$U 186 ghH$mar

gmIa H$maImZo AmhoV. H$mo¶Zm àH$ën ~m§Yë¶mZ§Va 1970 À¶m XemãXr Ama§ mnmgwZ ¶m {R>H$mUrIwn ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV D$gmMo {nH$ KoÊ¶mg gwédmV Pmbr. EH$ A§XmOoZwgma àË¶oH$ dfu D$gH$mnÊ¶mgmR>r ‘Ü¶ ‘hmamï´>mVwZ npíM‘ ‘hmamï´>mH$S>o 6,50,000 ‘OwaXma ñWbm§Va hmoVmV. ¶mVàmW{‘H$ emim {ejU KoUmao 6-14 dfm©‘Yrb ‘wio 2,00,000 n¶ªV AgVmV. Amnë¶mHw$Qw>§~mgmo~V ho nU ñWbm§Va hmoV AgVmV.

D$g H$mnÊ¶mgmR>r Amboë¶m ‘OwaXmam§Zm H$maImÝ¶mZo {ZíMrV R>adboë¶m OmJoda amhÊ¶mMrì¶dñWm H$aVmV. ho Ë¶m§À¶m eoVmOdi , D$gmOdi amhVmV. àË¶oa Hw$Qw>§~mg H$m§hr doiw (~m§~w)VÅ>o, VmSnÌr d¡Joao XoVmV. Ë¶mnmgwZ Vo bhmZer PmonS>r ~Z{dVmV. ¶mg Vo Imonr Ago åhUVmV.

J«m‘rU ^mJmVrb ‘OwaXmamV A{YH$ à‘mUmV WmoS>çm H$mimgmR>r J«m‘rU ^mJmVrb {~H$Q>n[apñWVr‘wio Vo ñWbm§Va hmoVmV. hoåhUOo eoVrMo ì¶dgm¶ H$aUmao ‘OwaXmaAgVmV, ¶mV bhmZ eoVH$ar, Jar~bmoH$, AZwgy{MV OmVr, d AZwgy{MVO‘mVrMo bmoH$ AgVmV.

1990 gmbr àH$merV Pmboë¶mamï>r¶ ‘OXÿa Am¶moJmÀ¶m AhdmbmZwgmaVmËn waË¶m H$mimgmR>r hm oUmè¶mñWbm §VamV Ag‘mZVm {XgV o .ImUrVrb H$m‘Jma Ka ~m§YUr, qH$dm~m§YH$m‘ {d^mJmV {JarOZ qH$dmAmXrdmgr bmoH$ ñWbm§VarV Pmbobo{XgVmV.

18%19%

23%40%

SC

ST

OBC

Others

{MÌ 2 : V 2007-08 ¶m dfm©V ^maVmV VmËnwaË¶mH$m‘mgmR>r ñWbm§Va Pmbobo gm‘m{OH$ ñWrVrMo ‘OwaXma.

Source : Migration in India (2007-08) NSS 64th round report No.533 NationalSample Survey Office, Ministry of Statistics, Prog. Implemetation Govt. of India.

SCERT TELANGANA


H$m§hr H$mimgmR>r eoVH$ar qH$dm ‘Oya dJm©bm H$m‘mda R>odUmam EH$ JwÎmoXma qH$dm EO|Q>AgVmo, Omo Ë¶m§À¶mM OmVr O‘mVrVrb qH$~hÿZm gmaIoM H$m‘ H$aUmam AgVmo Ë¶m ¶m§ZmH$m‘mda R>odVmo. {X„rVrb ì¶mnmar ImUrMo ‘mbH$ n§Om~‘Yrb eoVH$ar, qH$dm H$m°’$sMo ‘iodmbo ¶m EO|Q> ~amo~a H$ama H$aVmV. hm EO|Q> H$m‘Jma ‘Owam§Zm KoD$Z ¶oVmo. H$m‘Jma dJm©VrbH$m‘mÀ¶m n¡emVwZ H$m§hr {hñgm H$mTy>Z KoVmo. H$m§hr doim ñdV…hmM H$m°ÝQ´>°³Q>a qH$dm gwnadmBOaåhUyZ H$m‘ H$aVmo.

J«m‘rU ^mJmVwZ ehamH$S>o ñWbm§VaJ«m‘rU ^mJmV Amdí¶H$ VodT>r H$m‘o Zgë¶m‘wio d J«m‘rU ^mJmVrb H$m‘mVwZ {‘iUmar

qH $‘V ’ $ maM H $‘rAgë¶m‘wio bmoH$ eham§H$S>oñWbm§VarV hmoV AmhoV,Hw$Qw>§~mVrb ì¶qº$Zm OmñVH$m‘mMr g§Yr d OmñVCËnÞ d Mm§Jë¶m Zm¡H$è¶m{‘iVmV. ¶m AmeoZo bmoH$ehamH$S>o ñWbm§VarV hmoVAmhoV. am‘æ¶mbm g§~§YrV {d^mJmV Zm¡H$ar {‘imbr nU eham§H$S>o ñWbm§VarV hmoUmè¶mV OmñVbmoH$m§Zm amoOdmar ‘OXþar H$amdr bmJVo.Vr Ë¶m§Zm Ag§KQ>rV {d^mJmV nhmdr bmJVo. Vo~mOmamV {’$aV bhmZ-bhmZ dñVw nU {dH«$s H$aVmV. n|Q>a, XþéñVr H$m‘ H$aUmao, [ajmMmbdUmao ^dZ ~m§YH$m‘ H$aUmao ¶mV ‘moSw> eH$VmV.

CËnÞmV dmT> H$aÊ¶mgmR>r , Hw$Qw>§~mMo amhUr‘mZmV gwYmaUm hmoÊ¶mgmR>r J«m‘rU ^mJmVwZehamH$S>o d {VWo H$maImÊ¶mV H$m‘ H$aÊ¶mgmR>r Vo ñWbm§Va hmoV AgVmV. ¶m à{H$«¶oV Ë¶m§Zm{ejU KoUo, Z{dZ gm‘Ï¶© {eH$Ê¶mMr g§Yr àmá hmoVo. EdT>oM Zmhr Va, ehar ^mJmV,OmVr oJ, qbJ oX^md hm ehar mJmV ’$ma H$‘r à‘mUmV Agë¶m‘wio Ë¶m§Zm ñdoÀN>m {‘imë¶mgmaIo AgVo. Ë¶m‘wio J«m‘rU ^mJmVrb OmñV bmoH$ hdo VodT>o H$m‘ Z {‘imë¶m‘wio ehamH$S>oAmH${f©V hmoVmV. Aem bmoH$m§Zm eha§m‘Ü¶o AgUmè¶m PmonS>nQ>çm‘Ü¶ohr ~amo~a OmJm amhÊ¶mgZ {‘imë¶m‘wio {nÊ¶mÀ¶m nmÊ¶mMr , ñdÀN>oVoMr d BVa Amdí¶H$ Ë¶m gmo¶r Ë¶m§Zm {‘iVZgë¶m‘wio Ë¶mMr n[apñWVr‹IwnM Iam~ AgVo. AembmoH$m§Zm g§KQ>rV {d^mJmVH$m‘ {‘iUo H${R>U AgVo.Ë¶m§‘wio Ë¶m§Zm hdo VodT>oZm¡H$arg ajU {‘iV Zmhr.Mm§Jë¶màH$mao CËnÞ H$éeH$V ZmhrV, Vo amoOdmar‘Owar H$éZ OrdZ OJVAgVmV.

ehamV Ag§KQ>rV {d^mJmVrb amoO ‘Owar qH$dm KaH$m‘H$aUmè¶m EH$ ‘hrbm ehamH$S>o ñWbm§VarV Pmbo AmhoV.Ë¶m§Mr ‘wbmIV KodwZ Ë¶mda H$Wm {bhm.(da {Xboë¶mam‘æ¶mMr H$Wm nmhm.)Vwåhr J«m‘rU mJmV ahmV Agmb Va ehamVrb Ag§KQ>rV{d^mJmV H$m‘ H$aUmè¶m d gU gmOam H$aÊ¶mgmR>rJmdmH$S>o Amboë¶m ì¶º$sMr ‘wbmIV KodwZ Ë¶mda H$Wm{bhm. ( da {Xbobr am‘æ¶mMr H$Wm nmhm.)darb XmoZ n[apñWVr‘Ü¶o g‘mZVm d Ag‘mZVm gm§Jm.

O|ìhm J«m‘rU mJmVrb bmoH$ ehamV ¶oVmV, V|ìhm J«m‘rU^mJmVrb H$moUË¶m Am{W©H$ joÌmV ZwH$gmZ hmoVo?ehamV ñWbm§VarV Pmboë¶m J«m‘rU OZVogmR>r H$moUVrH$m‘o CnbãY hmoD$ eH$VmV. OmñVrV OmñV JmdmVwZAmbobo H$m‘Jma H$m‘ {‘idVmV Ago Am{W©H$ joÌ H$moUVo?Ë¶m‘mJrb H$maUo gm§Jm?

SCERT TELANGANA


nwîH$b bmoH$m§Zm Amnë¶m ñdJmdmV d ñWbm§VarV Pmboë¶m mJmV Kao AgVmV. doJdoJù¶mH$mimZwgma Amdí¶H$ Ë¶m {R>H$mUr H$m‘ Agob V|ìhm {’$aV AgVmV. ñWbm§Va ìhmdo åhUOo,nwU© Hw$Qw>§~ ñWbm§Va hmoÊ¶mMr Amdí¶H$Vm ZgVo. gd© gmYmaUnUo nËZr-ór J«m‘rU ^mJmVamhVo.

Amnë¶m Odi àmá {ejU d àm{dÊ¶mZwgma ehamV ñWbm§Va Pmbobo bmoH$ H$m‘m,Zm¡H$è¶mgmRr doJdoJù¶m nÕVrMm Cn¶moJ H$arV AgVmV, ehamV Zm¡H$è¶m {‘iÊ¶mgmR>r narM¶AmooiI d g§~§Y ho ’$ma ‘hËdmMo AgVo.EHo$H$m doiog Amnë¶m AmoiIrZwgma g§~§YmÛmao ehamVàW‘ Zm¡H$ar {‘ië¶mgM J«m‘rU mJmVwZ bmoH$ ehamV ¶oVmV. doJdoJù¶m H$maUm‘wio Ë¶m§ZmJ«m‘rU ^mJmer Amnbo g§~§Y R>odmdo bmJVmV. ñWbm§VarV Pmbobo bmoH$ ehamV {‘imboë¶mgdmªMm ’$m¶Xm J«m‘rU ^mJmH$S>o ~Xb H$aV AgVmV. Ë¶m‘wio ñWbm§Va H$amdm, H$aUmè¶m§ZmJ«m‘rU ^mJmVM {‘iÊ¶mMr g§Yr {‘iVo. Aem ~è¶m§M g§X^m©V AZoH$ Hw$Q>w§~m§Zm ñWbm§Va hoË¶m§Zm Amdí¶H$ dmQ>V Zmhr.

Am§Va amï´>r¶ ñWbm§VaE³¶ amÁ¶ g{‘VrÀ¶m àJVrÀ¶m H$m¶©H«$‘m àH$mao 200 H$amoS> Am§Vaamï>r¶ ñWbm§Va ì¶º$s§‘Ü¶o

70 H$amoS>nojm H$‘r bmoH$ ho EH$m àJVrerb XoemVwZ Xþgè¶m àJVrerb XoemV ñWbm§Va hmoVAmhoV. maV XoemVwZ ñWbm§VamMo XmoZ àH$ma AmhoV:

Vm§{ÌH$ àm{dÝ¶… H$m‘mMm AZw d AgUmao bmoH$ A‘o{aH$m, H°$ZS>m, B½b§S> AmñQ>o{b¶mgma»¶màJVrerb Xoemg ñWbm§Va hmoV AmhoV, ‘m{hVr V§ÌkmZ AgUmao, S>m°³Q>a, ‘°ZoO‘|Q> àm{dÝ¶ hoCXm. 1950 d 1960 À¶m H$mimV H°$ZS>m, B§½b§S>bm ñWbm§Va hmoCZ Joboë¶m ^maVr¶ bmoH$mVOmñV bmoH$ H$moUVohr àm{dÝ¶, AZw d ZgUmao hmoVo. Va Joë¶m 10 dfm©V OmñV bmoH$ H$m‘mMmAZw d AgUmao bmoH$ ¶m XoemV OmV AmhoV. gÜ¶mÀ¶m H$mimV maV XoemVrb àm{dÊ¶ AgUmaobmoH$ O‘©Zr, Zmd}, OmnmZ, ‘bo{e¶mgma»¶m Xoem§Zm ñWbm§Va hmoV AmhoV. 1950 ‘Ü¶oàJVrerb XoemV dfm©g 10,000 bmoH$ ñWbm§Va Pmbo Va, 1990 ¶m dfu hr g§»¶m 60,000EdT>r dmT>br.

Xþgè¶m àH$aÀ¶m ñWbm§VamV VobmMr {Z¶m©V H$aUmao n{íM‘r Am{e¶m XoemV VmËnwaË¶mH§$ÌmQ> nÕVrda àm{dÊ¶ ZgUmao d H$mhr àm{dÊ¶ AgUmao H$m‘Jma,ñWbm§Va Pmboë¶m XoemVrbn[añWrVrZwgma H$mhr H$mimZ§Va dmng ¶oVmV. maVmVwZ npíM‘ Am{e¶mV OmUmè¶m 30 bmI

darb MaUmV {Xboë¶m ‘m{hVrZwgma maV XoemVwZ BVa Xoem§Zm OmUmè¶m,ñWbm§V[aV bmoH$m§Zm OJmÀ¶m ZH$memV Xe©dm..

SCERT TELANGANA


ñWbm§Va bmoH$m§V OmñV bmoH$ gCXr Aao{~¶m, ¶w.E.B (¶wZm¶Q>oS> Aa~ A{‘amËg) OmV AmhoV.àË¶oH$ dfu n{íM‘ Am{e¶mV 3 bmI H$m‘Jma ñWbm§Va hmoV AmhoV. npíM‘ Am{e¶mV ñWbm§VahmoUmè¶m H$m‘JmamV VrZ-nmM à‘mUmV Ho$ai, Vm{‘iZmSw>, Am§Y«àXoe amÁ¶mV amhUmao AmhoV. ¶mñWbm§Va H$m‘JmamV OmñV à‘mUmV ^dZ {Z‘m©U, XþéñVr H$aUo, Zm¡H$è¶m, dmhVwH$,Q>obrH$å¶w{ZHo$eZ(XþaÜdZr g§dmX) {d^mJmV H$m‘ H$aVmV.

bmoH$m§Mo ñWbm§Va Pmë¶mZo H$m¶ hmoVo?IHAR Recommeadations

ñWbm§V[aV Pmbobo Oo AHw$eb Am{U hmV‘Oya AmhoV Ë¶m§Zm Ë¶m§À¶m H$m‘ H$aUmè¶m XoemVAZoH$ àH$maMm Ìmg ghZ H$amdm bmJVmo.

ñWbm§Va hmoCZ Joboë¶m mJmV Ë¶m ‘OwaXmam§Zm ñdñV YmÝ¶ XþH$mZmVwZ gm‘mZ {‘iV Zmhr.Ë¶m‘wio Ë¶m§Zm ImÚ nXmWmªda OmñV à‘mUmV IM© H$amdm bmJVmo. AË¶§V {~H$Q> n[apñWVrV dñdÀN>Vm Zgboë¶m mJmV ahmdo bmJV Agë¶m‘wio Vo AZmamo½¶mer {eH$ma hmoVmV. {~‘ma nS>VmV.ImUrV H$m‘ H$aUo, {dQ>mMo H$m‘ H$aUo, ¶m‘wio Ë¶m§Zm S>moHo$ XþIr, ËdMm amoJg CZbmJUo,ñdmÀN>moñdmgmÀ¶m {~‘mè¶m§Mm Vo {eH$ma hmoVmV. ‘mbH$ dJ© ¶mo½¶ Vo ajU XoV Zgë¶m‘wio ,H$maImÊ¶mV, B‘maVr ~m§YH$m‘mV gVV AnKmV hmoV AgVmV. ñWbm§Va ‘OwaXma ho g§KQ>rV{d^mJmV Zgë¶m‘wio Ë¶m§Zm {d{dY d¡Ú {M{H$Ëgm, Hw$Qw>§~ ñdajU ¶mgma»¶m gw[dYm {‘iVZmhrV. ñWbm§Va hmodwZ Amboë¶m ór¶m§Zm àgwVr gwQ>çm {‘iV ZmhrV. åhUOo {S>bodar Z§VaWmoS>çmM {XdgmV Ë¶m§Zm nwÝhm H$m‘mda Omdo bmJVo.

Hw$Qw>§~mMo ñWbm§Va Pmë¶mZ§Va nmbH$mgmo~V Joboë¶m bhmZ ‘wbm§Zm {eew ñdajU H|$Ð AgVZmhr. Jar~ KaMo ‘wbo ¶m§Zm Z{dZ àXoemV {ejU KoUo e³¶ ZgVo. d Vo ñdV…À¶m JmdmV dmngJoë¶mg VoWrb nmR>embm nU Ë¶m§Zm emioV KoV Zmhr. d eodQ>r Vo emiobm OmÊ¶mMo ~§X H$aVmV.Hw$Qw>§~mVrb ’$º$ nwéfM ñWbm§Va Pmbo Va Hw$Qw>§~mMr Odm~Xmar, åhmVmè¶m ì¶{º$sMr XoIaoI ho gd©ót¶m§da ¶oVo. Aem Hw$Qw>§~mV ‘wbtda bhmZ mD$ qH$dm ~{hUtZm gm§ miÊ¶mMr Odm~Xmar ¶oVo.Ë¶m‘wio eodQ>r ~arM ‘wbo emionmgwZ d§MrV hmoVmV.

ñWbm§Va Pmboë¶mda gwÕm ñWbm§VamMm à^md Iwn ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV nS>Vmo. doJù¶m àH$maÀ¶mdmVmdaUmV amhUo, Ë¶m‘wio Ë¶mÀ¶mdanS>Umam X~md, ImÚm AmhmamVrb ~Xbmd gm‘m{OH$ dmVmdaUm‘wio ¶m gdmªMmà^md Ë¶m § À¶mda nS >V AgVm o .ñWbm§VamÀ¶m H$mb‘mZmà‘mUo hm X~mdAgVmo. EHo$H$m doir ZdZ{dZ {dMmamMmà^md Ë¶m§À¶mda nS>Vmo. d OwÝ¶m {dMmam§Zm^mdZm§Zm Vo àíZ H$aVmV.

ñWbm§Va hmoÊ¶mV nwîH$i bmoH$ {deof

ñWbm§Va Pmboë¶m bmoH$m§Zm Amhma, d¡Ú-{M{H$Ëgm, Hw$Qw>§~ ñdajU ¶mgma»¶m gww{dYm{‘iÊ¶mgmR>r H$m¶ H$amdo?gaH$ma, ñd¶§godr g§KQ>Zm ¶m H$mhr H$m¶©H$arV AmhoV. Vw‘À¶m ^mJmV ¶m g§KQ>ZmAmhoV H$m? ‘mhrV H$am. Ë¶m g§ñWm§À¶mì¶º$s¨Zm Vw‘À¶m emioV ~mobdwZ Ë¶m§ZmË¶m§À¶m H$m‘m{df¶r gm§JÊ¶mg gm§Jm?

SCERT TELANGANA


åhUOo {XK©H$mi OmUmao bmoH$ JmdmV AgUmè¶m Amnë¶m Hw$Qw>~ gXñ¶m§Zm n¡go nmR>dVmV.^maVmVrb H$mhr mJmV VrZ EH$ ¶m à‘mUmV ñWbm§Va bmoH$ Amnë¶m gXñ¶m§Zm n¡go nmR>dVmV.d Vo Ë¶mda AmYmarV AgVmV. H$mb‘mZmZwgma ñWbm§Va hmoUmao nwîH$i bmoH$ Kar n¡go nmR>dVAgVmV. qH$dm n¡go ~MV H$éZ ñdV… gmo~V KodwZ OmVmV. ñWbm§Va‘wio KaMr g§nÎmr gwa{jVamhVo. d H$O© H$mT>Ê¶mMr Amdí¶H$Vm ^mgV Zmhr. d Vo n¡go Ë¶m§Zm BVa H$m¶m©gmR>r Cn¶moJrnS>VmV. ñWbm§Va Pmbobr Hw$Qw>§~o gmYmaUnUo Ka,O{‘Z, eoVrMo AdOmao Cn¶moJrÀ¶m dñVw IaoXrH$aVmV.ñWbm§Va Pmboë¶m n¡H$s H$m§hr bmoH$m§Zm ñWbm§Vamda Joboë¶m {R>H$mUr nU Zm¡H$ar {‘iweH$Vo. nmhrOo Vo àm{dÊ¶ {VWo àmá H$aVm ¶oVo. Mm§Jë¶m Zm¡H$è¶m§Mr ‘m{hVr KodwZ Z MwH$VmH$m¶‘Mo OmD$ eH$VmV.

A§V©amï´>r¶ ñWbm§VamMo AdbmoH$Z1983 À¶m B‘rJ«oeZ E³Q>à‘mUo ~mhoaÀ¶m XoemM Zm¡H$argmR>r OmUmè¶m maVr¶ ZmJarH$m§Mr

gwajrVoMr hm‘r ¶m H$m¶ÚmÝd¶o XoÊ¶mV ¶oVo. maV gaH$maZo doJdoJù¶m XoemV maVr¶ XþVmdmg¶mMr H$m¶m©b¶o CKS>br AgwZ H$m¶ÚmZwgma {Z¶‘m§Mo nmbZ hmoVo H$s Zmhr ho ¶m§À¶mÛmao ~{KVboOmVo.

Am§V©amï´>r¶ H$m¶ÚmZwgma ñWbm§VarV Pmboë¶m bmoH$m§À¶m g§ajUmMr H$miOr KoVbr OmVo.CXm. ñWbm§VarV Pmboë¶m bmoH$m§Zm H$m§hrdoim doVZ {Xbo OmV Zmhr, Zm¡H$ar {‘idyZ XoUmao EO|‹Q>Ë¶m§Zm ’$gdy eH$VmV qH$dm {ejUmgmR>r Joboë¶m ‘wbm§H$Sy>Z {ZYm©arV Ho$boë¶m ’$sgnojm OmñV n¡goKoVbo OmVmV. H§$nZr ‘mbH$ H$amamZwgma H$mbmdYr g§nÊ¶mnwduM Ë¶m§Zm H$m‘mdéZ H$mTy>Z Q>mHw$eH$VmV. ¶m‘wioM ñWbm§VarV bmoH$m§Mo ZwH$gmZ hmoVo. R>aboë¶m nJmamnojm H$‘r a¸$‘ XoUo, BVagdbVr Z XoUo H$Yr H$Yr EH$ n¡gmhr OmñV Z XoVm Amoda Q>mB‘ H$éZ KoUo B. nmgnmoQ>© (nadmZm)ñdV… Odi ~miJwZ RodVmV Á¶m‘wio Ë¶m§Zm Zm¡H$arMr ^rVr amhrb, ¶mgd© AS>MUr ~m~V^maVr¶ XþVmdmg ñWbm§VarV bmoH$m§Mr ‘XV H$aVmV.

{MÌ 8.1 : amï´>r¶ gr‘m ho ñWbm§Va hmoÊ¶mg ASWim{Z‘m©U H$aVo. ¶m {R>H$mUr H$mhr CXm. nmhþ ¶m.E) A‘o{aH$m Am{U ‘op³gH$moMr gr‘m. ~r) CËVaH$moar¶m Am{U X{jU H$moar¶mMr gr‘m. gr) ~m§½bmXoeAm{U ^maVmMr gr‘m aoIm. Ago gr‘m Amobm§S>Umè¶m~Ôb Vw‘Mo {dMma ì¶º$ H$am.

c

b

a SCERT TELANGANA


‘hËdmMo eãX

Vw‘À¶m Aä¶mgmMr nwZamd¥Îmr H$am1. ñWbm§Va åhUOo H$m¶?2. ñWbm§Vam‘wio ‘mUgmMr OrdZe¡br ~Xbcr, H$er? ñnï> H$am?3. ^maVr¶ OZJUZmZwgma bmoH$g§»¶oMo dJuH$aU H$emàH$mao Ho$bo OmVo? ho dJuH$aU {H$Vr àH$mamV

‘moS>Vo.4. {d‘mZml¶ ZJao (Aerotropolis) åhUOo H$m¶?5. nmZ H«§$. 99 darb Xþgam n[aÀN>oX dmMm ......Hw$Qw>§~mMo ñWbmV§a ....d§MrV hmoVmV. ñWbm§VarV Hw$Qw>x§~mVrb OmñVrV ‘wbo emim gmoS>VmV. ¶m ‘Vmer Vwåhr gh‘V AmhmV H$m? Vw‘Mo ‘V

{bhm?6. J«m‘rU mJmVwZ ehar mJmV ñWbm§VarV Pmboë¶m bmoHm§Mr IaoXr j‘Vm dmT>Vo, H$er ñnï> H$am?7. ñWbm§VarV Pmbobo bmoH$ Ë¶m ^mJmV g‘ñ¶m {Z‘m©U H$aVmV/g‘ñ¶m gmoS>dVmV. Vw‘À¶m ‘VmMo

ñnîQ>rH$aU {bhm?8. J«m‘rU ^mJmVwZ ehamV hmoUmao ñWbm§Va d ehamVwZ J«m‘rU ^mJmV hmoUmao ñWbm§Va ¶mVrb

{damoYm^mgmMr VwbZm H$am?9. nXdr àmá Xþgè¶m {dH${gV XoemV OmD$ eH$VmV, AHw$eb H$m‘Jmam§Zm hr g§Yr H$m {‘iV Zmhr?10. Xoem§V©JV ñWbm§Va d AmV§©amï´>r ñWbm§Va gmå¶ d ’$aH$ gm§Jm?11. maVmÀ¶m ZH$memV Imbrb ñWmZo Xe©dm?

A. MoÞB© Am. ~§Jbwé B. {X„r B©. h¡Ðm~mX C. H$mobH$mVm

MMm© H$am… eharH$aU ho àJVrg nwaH$ Amho H$m ‘maH$? dmX-{ddmX ñnYm© ¿¶m?

ñWbm§Va {dXoer ñWbm§Va, A§V©amÁ¶r¶ ñWbm§Va, H$mimZwgma ñWbm§Va, gahX

àH$ën H$m¶©ñWbm§VarV bmoH$m§Mr ‘m{hVr Jmoim H$am?

Sl. Emigrant’s Total Place where Reasons for Conditions at ConditionsNo. family head emigrants they migr- migration the place after

ated to migration

darb ‘m{hVrdéZ Ë¶m§À¶m g‘ñ¶m Ë¶m§Mr n[a{ñWVr OmUyZ ¿¶m d Cnm¶ gwMdm?

SCERT TELANGANA

gm‘m{OH$ AÜ¶¶Z102 am‘nwa … J«m‘rU Am{W©H$ ì¶dñWm

am‘nya … EH$m JmdmMr ì¶dñWm YS>m8

am‘nya JmdmMr H$Wmhr H$Wm EH$m JmdmVrb {d{dY àH$maMo CËnmXZ H$m¶m©Mm n[aM¶ H$éZ XoVo. maV XoemV J«m‘rU

^mJmV eoVr hmM à‘wI CËnmXZmMo ómoV joÌ Amho. BVa CËnmXZmÀ¶m H$m¶© joÌmbm eoVr ì¶{V[aº$VCËnmXZ H$m¶© åhUVmV. Ë¶mV N>moQ>çm-N>moQ>çm dñVw§Mo CËnmXZ, n[adhZ, XþH$mZo BË¶mXr ¶oVmV. ¶mnmR>mV XmoZ àH$maMo H$m¶©joÌ nmhw ¶m. CËnmXZ ì¶dñWm Vr eoVr Agmo, H$maImZo Agmo, CËnmXZmÀ¶mà{H«$¶oVrb ‘hËdmÀ¶m KQ>H$m§Mo {díbofU H$é eH$Vo.CËnmXZmMo ì¶dñWmnU bmoH$m§À¶m OrdZ‘mZmbmà^mdrV H$aVo.

¶m nmR>mÀ¶m boIH$mZo am‘nwa JmdmV (Zmd ~Xbobo Amho) OmD$Z VoWrb gd© KQ>H$m§Mo gwú‘ {ZarjUH$éZ hr H$Wm V¶ma Ho$br. ¶m Aä¶mgmZ§Va AZoH$Xm boIH$mZo Ë¶m Jmdr oQ> XoD$Z nmhUr Ho$br.Ë¶mZwgma H$mimZwén H$mhr ~Xb AZw dmg Ambm.

hr H$Wm dmMVm§Zm Vwåhmbm {dMma H$amdmgm dmQ>ob - Vwåhmbm AZoH$ àíZ nS>Vrb. ¶m JmdmVrbn[apñWVrMo {ZarjU Ho$ë¶m Z§Va VrM n[apñWVr Vwåhr amhUmè¶m n[agamV XoIrb AmT>iVo H$m? ¶oWrbn[apñWVr doJir Amho, Ver Agob Va Vr H$m doJir ¶oB©c?

¶m nmR>mV AYwZ‘YwZ Vw‘À¶m JmdmMm C„oI, g§X ©, ^maV XoemVrb n[apñWVrMm C„oI ¶oVmo.CXm. am‘nwamVrb y-O{‘Z dmQ>nm g§~§Yr MMm© H$aVm§Zm g§nwU© XoemV AemM àH$mao Amho Vo nmhVmo. d‘hËdmMo åhUOo maVmV ¶m~m~V gJù¶m àXoemV ~è¶mM A§er g‘mdVm AmT>iVo. am‘nya JmdmMr

{deofVm Aä¶mgmdm. ^maVmVrb BVa^mJmV XoIrb H$‘r A{YH$ ’$aH$mdo,gmaIr n[a{ñWVr Amho. ho bjmV ¶oVo.¶m Vwåhr ¶m mJmV amhVm Ë¶m {R>H$mUrerXoIrb Vwåhr VwbZm H$é eH$Vm.

am‘nwamVrb eoVrnpíM‘ CÎma àXoemVë¶m J§Jm ZXrÀ¶m ‘¡XmZmVrb gw{nH$ O‘rZrÀ¶m

^mJmV am‘nwa Amho. n§Om~, h[a¶mUmÀ¶m ~amo~a n{íM‘ CÎmaàXoeeoVr ì¶dgm¶mgmR>r gwg§nÞ CÎm‘ àXoe ¶m JmdmÀ¶m g^modVmbr Jmdo,ehamer Mm§Jbr nardhZ ì¶dñWm Amho. am¶J§O ZmdmMo ‘moR>o Jmdam‘nwanmgwZ 3 {H$.§‘r Xþada Amho. gd© dmhZm§gmR>r OmoS>Umam añVmam¶J§OnmgwZ 12 {H$.§‘r Xþada AgUmè¶m OmhmJram~mX n¶ªV Amho. ¶m‘mJm©da ~¡bJmS>r, Q>m§Jm, JmS>o (hë¶m§Zr AmoT>Umar bmH$S>r JmS>r)

eoVr{df¶r Vwåhmbm H$m¶ ‘m{hV Amho? H$mimZwgma{nHo$ H$go ~XbV AgVmV? eoVrda Adb§~wZAgboë¶m AYrH$Va bmoH$m§Zm O{‘Z Amho H$m?qH$dm Vo eoV ‘Owar H$aVmV?

SCERT TELANGANA


‘moQ>magmBH$b, Orn, Q´>°³Q>a bm°argwÕm {XgVmV.am‘nwa‘Ü¶o eoVr ì¶dgm¶ hoM à‘wI CËnmXZmMo ómoV, H$ï>H$è¶m§Zm Am{YH$mYrH$ amoOJma eoVr

H$m‘mdaM Adb§~wZ Amho. Vo eoVH$ar Agmo, eoV‘Owa Agmo, ¶m§Mo H$ë¶mU eoVr ì¶dgm¶mdarbCËnmXZmda Adb§~wZ Amho.^y{‘, O{‘Z Am{U BVa Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZo

eoVr CËnmXZmV O{‘Z hm à‘wI KQ>H$ ómoV Amho, na§Vw bmJdS>r Imbrb O{‘ZrMr {dñVrU©VmdmT> Odinmg pñWaM AgVo. am‘nwa‘Ü¶o 1921 nmgwZ bmJdS>r Imbrb O{‘ZrÀ¶m joÌmV dmT> PmbrZmhr. Ë¶m AmYr g^modVmbÀ¶m O§Jbm§Zm, nS>rV O{‘Zrg bmJdS>r Imbrb joÌmV ~Xb[dbo. AOwZZ{dZ O{‘Z bmJdS>r Imbr AmUw Z eH$ë¶m‘wio eoVr CËnmXZmV dmT> hmoÊ¶mMr e³¶Vm Zmhr.

am‘nwa‘Ü¶o WmoS>r O{‘Z gwÕm {e„H$ [aH$m‘r Zmhr.nmdgmù¶mVrb (‹Iarn h§Jm‘) eoVH$ar Ádmar, ~mOarMr bmJdS,noaUr H$aVmV. YmÝ¶m ~amo~a HwS>~m OZmdè¶mÀ¶m Mmè¶mgmR>rCn¶moJ H$a>VmV. Ë¶mZ§Va Am³Qm|~a Vo {S>g|~a ‘{hÝ¶m‘Ü¶oAmbwÀ¶m {nH$mMr bmJdS> H$aVmV. {hdmù¶mV (a~rÀ¶m) h§Jm‘mVJìhmÀ¶m {nH$mMr bmJdS> H$aVmV, ¶m {nH$mVrb Hw$Qw>§~mÀ¶mAmdí¶H$Vo EdT>o YmÝ¶ R>odyZ Cabobo nrH$, YmÝ¶ am¶J§OÀ¶m‘mH}$Q>‘Ü¶o {dH$VmV. H$mhr mJmV D$gmMr bmJdS> H$aVmV. Vodm{f©H$ {nH$, àË¶oj D$g qH$dm Jwi V¶ma H$éZ Odi ehaAgboë¶m Ohm§Jram~mX ¶oWrb ì¶mnmè¶m§Zm {dH$VmV.

EH$m {dñVrU© O{‘ZrÀ¶m joÌmV dfm©V EH$mnojm A{YH${nH$m§Mr bmJdS> H$aÊ¶mg ~hþb {nH$m§À¶m bmJdS>rMo joÌ åhUVmV. O{‘ZrnmgwZ CËnmXZmV dmT>H$aÊ¶mgmR>r hr gd©gmYmaU nÕV Amho. am‘nwamVrb gd© eoVH$ar H$‘rV H$‘r XmoZ ‘w»¶ {nH$m§MrbmJdS> H$aVmV. Ë¶mVrb H$mhtOU {Vgao {nH$ åhUwZ AmbwMr bmJdS> H$aVmV.

am‘nwam‘Ü¶o AË¶mYwww{ZH$ qgMZ ì¶dñWm Agë¶m‘wio eoVH$ar dfm©VwZ VrZ {nH$m§Mr bmJdS>H$aVmV. am‘nwa‘Ü¶o ’$ma AmYrM {dÚwV ì¶dñWm Ambr Amho. Ë¶m‘wio AmobrVmg bmJdSr‘wio qgMZì¶dñWoZo VoWrb énaofm ~Xbbr Amho. AmYr eoVH$ar {d{harVrb nmUr H$mT>Ê¶mgmR>r (n{e©¶Z ìhrb)¶m gmYZmMm dmna H$arV AmobrVmÀ¶m bmJdS>r joÌm Imbr ’$ma WmoS>o O{‘Z joÌ H$am¶Mo. {dOodaMmbUmè¶m ~moa {d{har‘wio A{YH$ O{‘Z AmobrVm Imbr Kodw eH$Vmo. ho eoVH$è¶m§Zr AmoiIbo.Odinmg 50 dfm© Imbr ~moa {d{harMr ì¶dñWm emgZmZo Ho$br. Ë¶mZ§Va eoVH$è¶m§Zr ñdV…À¶m IMm©Zo~moa {dharMr ì¶dñWm H$éZ KoVbr. Ë¶mMm n[aUm‘ 1970 XeH$mVrb ‘Ü¶ H$mimV 264 ho³Q>a O{‘ZAmobrVm (qgMZ) Imbr Ambr.

^maV XoemVrb gd© IoS>Jmdm§Zm ¶m gmaIr AmobrVm§Mr, qgMZmMr ìd¶ñWm Zmhr. XoemVrb ZÚm§Mo,‘¡XmZo, {H$ZmanÅ>rÀ¶m ^mJmV qgMZmMr AmobrVmMr ì¶dæWm Amho, ¶m{dé$Õ X{jUoÀ¶m nR>ma,n¥ð> w‘rÀ¶m mJmV qgMZmMr ì¶dñWm ’$ma WmoS>çm à‘mUmV Amho. AmO XoIrb maV XoemVrb bmJdS>joÌmV qgMZ ì¶dñWm 40 Q²> o$ nojm H$‘r {dñVuU joÌmV Amho. Cd©arV ^mJmV eoVr nmdgmÀ¶mnmÊ¶mdaM Adb§~wZ Amho.

O{‘ZrMr ‘m oO‘mnUrO[‘ZrÀ¶m ‘moOUrgmR>r ho³Q>a (AS>>rM

E¸$a) ho à‘mU ‘moO‘mnUrg dmnaVmV. VgoMJmdmV E¸$a, goÝQ>, Jw§Q>m ¶m gma»¶m ñWm{ZH$‘moO‘mn gwÕm Amho. EH$ ho³Q>a åhUOo 10,000Mm¡ag {‘Q>g©. EH$ ho³Q>a joÌmÀ¶m OmJobmVw‘À¶m emioVrb ‘¡XmZmer VwbZm H$am. Vw‘À¶m{ejH$m§er MMm© H$am.

SCERT TELANGANA


Cd©arV mJmVrb eoVr àm‘w»¶mZo nmdgmÀ¶mnmÊ¶mdaM Adb§~wZ Amho. ( ^maV XoemVrbdoJdoJio m¡JmoobrH$ àXoe ¶mgmR>r nmR>-1 nmhm)O{‘Z nmUr ¶mgma»¶m Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZm§Mm A{YH$dmnam‘wio CËnmXZmV dmT> Pmbr. na§Vw ¶m Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZm§Mm dmna gw¶mo½¶m hmoB©b gm§JVm ¶oV Zmhr.amgm¶{ZH$ IVo, {H$Q>ZmeH$m§Mm A{YH$ ‘ZmZwgma dmnam‘wio O{‘ZrMm H$g H$‘r hmoV Amho. ho Amnë¶mAZw dmÛmao ‘mhrV hmoV Amho. nmÊ¶mMr qgMZ ì¶dñWm VgoM ^rVr {Z‘m©U H$arV Amho. am‘nwaJmdmà‘mUo maV XoemV gd©Ì qgMZ AmobrVmg, {deofV… y-J ©ObmdaM Adb§~wZ Amho. n[aUm‘rg§nwU© Xoeâ y-J © ObmMr (O{‘Zr Imbrb nmÊ¶mMr ) nmVir H$‘r hmoV Mmbbr Amho. nmD$gânwa nS>Umè¶m nmdgmMo nmUr O[‘ZrV nmPaUmè¶m gwb^ AgUmè¶m àXoemV gwÕm y-J ©ObmMrnmVir ’$ma H$‘r, Imbr OmV Agë¶m‘wio eoVH$è¶m§Zmnwdunojm OmñV Imob ~moadob Imob ImoXmdo bmJV Amho.Ë¶m‘wio qgMZmg {S>Pob, {dÚwVMm dmna A{YH$ hmoVmo.AmnUYS>m 5 ^maVr¶ ZÚm Am{U OcómoVÀ¶m nmR>mV H$m¶{eH$cmo Vo AmR>dm d YS>m 11 gwñWra {dH$mg d g‘mZVmdmMm ¶m {df¶mMr g{dñVa ‘m{hVr nmhþ ¶m

ZH$mem nmhþZ gwÑT> qgMZ ì¶dñWm AgUmè¶màXoem§Zm AmoiIm. Vwåhr amhV Agbobm^mJ, àXoe ¶m Imbr ¶oVmo H$m?

Imbrb gmaUrV ^maV XoemVrbbmJdS>r Imbrb O{‘Z, {‘br¶Zho³Q>a‘Ü¶o XmI{dV Amho. ~mOwgAgboë¶m AmboImV Ë¶m§Zm XmIdm.AmboI H$m¶ Xe©{dVo Ë¶mda dJm©VMMm© H$am?J«m’$: 1 df© bmJdS>rMo joÌ

({‘br¶Z ho³Q>a)

1950 1201960 1301970 1401980 1401990 1402000 1402010 1402015 140

am‘nya ¶oWo {nH$Umè¶m {nH$m§Mr ‘m{hVr Vwåhr dmMbr. Vw‘À¶m ^mJmV {nH$Umè¶m {nH$m§Mo AmYmaImbrb gmaUr am.

{nH$m§Mr Zmdo noaUrMo ‘{hZo {nH$m§Mr H$mnUrMo nmUr, qgMZmMr gmYZo‘{hZo (nmD$g, Vio, H$mbdo, {dhrar, BË¶mXr)

J«m‘rU ^mJmVrb eoVr‘Ü¶o {d{dY {nHo$ KoÊ¶mMr H$maUo H$moUVr?

SCERT TELANGANA


am‘nwamVrb O{‘ZrMo dmQ>neoVrgmR>r O{‘Z, I‹wn ‘hËdmMr AgVo. ho Vwåhmbm ‘m{hV Pmbo Amho. Xþ©X¡d Ago H$s, eoVrMo H$m‘

H$aUmè¶m gdmªZm eoVr H$aÊ¶mgmR>r Amdí¶H$ VodT>r O{‘Z Zmhr. am‘nwaMr bmoH$g§»¶m 2660. VoWrb{d{dY OmVrMo 450 Hw$Qw>§~ Amho. JmdmVrb A{YH$ O{‘Z Cƒ OmVtÀ¶m bmoH$m§À¶m hmVr Amho. Ë¶m§MrKao ‘moR>r, {dQ>m {g‘|Q>Zr ~mYbobr Amho, bmoH$g§»¶oV EH$ V¥Vr¶m§e AZwgw{MV OmVtMo (XbrV) Amho.Ë¶m§Mr Kao JmdmnmgwZ Xþa EH$m H$monè¶mV AgVmV. Vr Kao ’$ma bhmZ, KamVrb H$mhr ^mJPmonS>rgmaIm AgVmo.

am‘nwam‘Ü¶o 1/3, åhUOo 150 Hw$Qw>§~m§Zm O{‘Z Zmhr, y{‘{hZ bmoH$m§V A{YH$ à‘mUmV XbrVbmoH$M Amho. XmoZ ho³Q>anojm OmñV AgUmè¶m lr‘§V, ‘Ü¶‘dJu¶ Hw$Qw>§~m§Mr g§»¶m 60 Amho. lr‘§VeoVH$è¶mV H$mhr bmoH$m§Zm 10 ho³Q>anojm OmñV O{‘Z gw{nH$ bmJdS>rMr eoV O{‘Z Amho. XmoZho³Q>anojm H$‘r eoV O{‘Z AgUmè¶m Hw$Qw>§~m§Mr g§»¶m 240 Amho. ¶m N>moQ>çm eoVH$è¶m§Zm eoVrÛmaoHw$Qw>§~m§Zm Amdí¶H$ VodT>o CËnÞ hmoV Zmhr.

1960 ‘Ü¶o JmoqdX ZmdmÀ¶m eoVH$è¶m Odi 2.25 ho³Q>a O{‘Z hmoVr. Voìhm AmobmVmMrqgMZ gmo¶ VodT>r ZìhVr. VrZ ‘wbmÀ¶m gmhmæ¶mZo Vmo eoVr H$aV hmoVm. Iwn gwI gw{dYmZgë¶m Var Hw$Qw>§~mg Ë¶m§À¶m H$S>o Agboë¶mEH$m åhernmgwZ {‘iUmè¶m A{YH$CËnÞm‘wio Amdí¶H$ VodT>o Amhma YmÝ¶àmá H$aV hmoVm. H$mhr dfm©Z§Va JmoqdXMm‘¥Ë¶w Pmbm. Ë¶m§À¶m VrZ ‘wbm§Zr O{‘ZrMrdmQ>Ur Ho$br. AmVm Ë¶m§À¶m Odi ’$º$àË¶oH$s 0.75 ho³Q>a O{‘Z Amho. gwYmarVqgMZmÀ¶m gmo¶r AmYw{ZH$ eoVr nÕVrZoeoVr H$éZ gwÕm JmoqdXMo ‘wbo Amnë¶meoV O{‘ZrVwZ Hw$Qw>§~mÀ¶m JaOmnwU©nUonwè¶m H$é eH$V Zmhr. dfm©Vrb H$mhr‘{hZo Ë¶m§Zm BVa H$m‘o emoYmdr bmJVmV.

9.1 ZH$memVrb Vob§JmZmVrb Jmdm§À¶mg^modVmbr AgUmè¶m AZoH$ bhmZ-bhmZO{‘ZtMo mJ (ßbm°Q>) Vwåhr nmhþ eH$Vm.øm y[‘À¶m VwH$S>çm§da N>moQ>o, bhmZ eoVH$areoVr H$aVmV. XþgarH$S>o eoVrÀ¶m {dñVrU}VAÜ¶m©nojm OmñV ‘moR>-‘moR>o wI§S>, eoVO{‘ZrMm mJ nmhþ eH$Vm.

ZH$mem 1 : Voc§JmZmVrb EH$m Jmdm§Vrb O{‘Z dmQ>n Xe©{dVo.

SCERT TELANGANA


CËnmXZmMo ì¶dñWmnZam‘nwa‘Yrb CËnmXZmÀ¶m à{H«$¶obm nwU©nUo g‘OwZ KoÊ¶mMm à¶ËZ H$é. bmoH$m§Zm Amdí¶H$ Ë¶m

dñVw, godm, CnbãY H$éZ XoUo hmM CËnÞmMm CÚoe. dñVw [H§$dm godm CnbãY XoÊ¶mgmR>r CËnmXH$m§Zm,{Z{‘©Ë¶m§Zm AZoH$ N>moQ>çm dñVw qH$dm godoMr Amdí¶H$Vm AgVo. Ë¶mMo dJuH$aU Imbrb à‘mUo H$aVm¶oB©b.gdm©V àW‘ Amdí¶H$Vm - y{‘, O{‘Z, nmUr, O§Jbo, I{ZO bdUo gmaIo Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZonmhrOo. am‘nwamVrb eoVrg O{‘Z, nmUr ¶m§À¶m H$gm Cn¶moJ H$aVmV. ho da nm{hbo Amho.Xþgar JaO, Xþgar Amdí¶H$Vm- ‘hËdmMo H$m‘Jma åhUOo H$m‘ H$aUmao nmhrOo. H$mhrCËnÞmÀ¶m à{H«$¶oV Amdí¶H$ Vr H$m‘o H$aÊ¶mgmR>r Cƒ {ejrV àm{dÊ¶ àmá H$m‘Jma nm{hOoV.Caboë¶mH$m‘mg emararH$ H$ï> H$aUmao H$m‘Jma nm{hOo. àË¶oH$ H$m‘Jma CËnÎmrg Amdí¶H$ VodT>o l‘, H$ï>H$arV Amho. gd© gmYmaUnUo Cn¶moJmV {d^rÞ l‘mnojm Ho$di emararH$ l‘mì¶{V[aº$ CËnmXZmgAmdí¶H$ Vo ‘mZ{d¶ à¶ËZ ho Xe©{dVo. CXm. EImXm B§{O{Z¶a, ‘°ZoOa, AH$mC§Q>o§Q>, gwnadmBOa,A°mnaoQ>a, goëg {aàg|Q>oQ>rd d EImXm X¡{ZH$ H$m‘Jma Agw eH$Vmo.ho gd© EImÚm dñVwMo CËnmXZ,{Z{‘©VrdéZ {dH$Ê¶mn¶ªV Ë¶m H$maImÊ¶mg Amnbr l‘ godm nya{dVmV.

>eoVH$è¶m§Mo àH$ma (%)

87% >bhmZ eoVH$ar

13%52%

>‘Ü¶‘dJu¶Am{U ‘moR>oeoVH$ar

48%bhmZ eoVH$ar

{MÌ-1 ‘Ü¶o N>moQo eoVH$ar-eoVrÀ¶m, bmJdS>rgmR>r dmnaë¶m OmUmar O{‘Z AmoiIwZ a§J am?AZoH$ N>moQ>o eoVH$ar O{‘ZrÀ¶m BV³¶m N>moQ>çm y-^mJmda eoVr H$m H$aVmV?^maVmVrb N>moQ>o eoVH$ar, eoVrÀ¶m , bmJdS>rgmR>r dmnaV Agbobr O{‘ZrMr ‘m{hVr Imbr {Xboë¶møm gmaUrV darb ZH$memV Amho.

eoVH$è¶m§Mm àH$ma O{‘ZrMm AmH$ma eoVH$è¶m§Mo à‘mU eoVrg ¶mo½¶O{‘Zr Mo à‘mU

bhmZ eoVH$ar 2 ho³Q>anojm H$‘r. 87% 48%‘Ü¶‘ d ‘moR>o eoVH$ar 2 ho³Q>anojm OmñV 13% 52%gwMZm: ¶m JUm§H$mdéZ eoVH$è¶mH$S>rb eoVrÀ¶m bmJdS>r Imbr AgUmè¶m eoV O{‘Z {XgwZ ¶oVo. hr O‘rZñdVmMr qH$dm (‘wZmâ¶mZr) KoVbobr Agw eH$Vo.

>~mUmMo {MÝh H$m¶ Xe©{dV Amho? maV XoemV bmJdS>r Imbrb O{‘ZrÀ¶m dmQ>>nmV Ag§VwbZ,{df‘Vm Amho. ho Vwåhr ñdrH$maVm H$m? Vw‘À¶m CÎmamMo ñnï>rH$aU Úm?

>eoVr‘Yrb eoVrÀ¶m bmJdS>rÀ¶mO{‘ZrMo dmQ>n

>‘Ü¶‘dJ

u¶eoV

H$ar

>J«m’$: 2

SCERT TELANGANA


{Vgar JaO- ^m§S>db åhUOo CËnmXZmV Amdí¶H$ Ë¶m NmoQ>çm ‘moR>çm dñVw§Mr nwV©VmhmoÊ¶mgmR>r Jw§Vdbobr a¸$‘, m§S>dbmImbr H$moUH$moUË¶m dñVw ¶oVmV?

(A) AdOmao, ¶§Ì, dZo : eoVH$ar Amnë¶m eoVrÀ¶m ì¶dgm¶mV ZmJamgma»¶m AdOmamnmgwZVa OZaoQ>a, H§$åß¶wQ>aZr MmbUmar ¶§Ìo, ¶m gmaIr AË¶§V p³bï>, Jw§VmJw§VrMr ¶§Ìo amhþ eH$VmV. hoCËnmXZmÀ¶m à{H«$¶oZ§Va g§nV Zmhr. Vr AZoH$ dfmªn¶ªV dñVwÀ¶m CËnmXZmV Cn¶moJr nS>VAgVmV. Aem dfm}Zdf© Cn¶moJr H$aÊ¶mgmR>r Ë¶mV H$mhr gwYmaUm, XþéñVr Vr ¶§Ì Mmb{dÊ¶mgmR>rH$amdr bmJVmV. Ë¶m§Zm pñWa ^m§S>db Jw§VdUwH$ qH$dm ^m¡{VH$ Jw§VdUwH$ åhUVmV. na§Vw AZoH$dfm©n¶ªV Cn¶moJmV Amë¶mZ§Va Ë¶m gd© ¶§Ìm§Zr H$mTw>Z Z{dZ ¶§Ì gm‘J«r ¿¶mdr bmJVo. Aem~XbmÀ¶m doiog Z{dZ AdOmao, ¶§Ìo ¶oVmV.

(Am) Amdí¶H$Vm H$ƒm ‘mb Am{U n¡gm: CËnmXZmÀ¶m à{H«$¶oVrb hmV‘mJmMo H$m‘H$aUmè¶m H$m‘mVrb {dUH$am§Zm Cn¶moJr nS>Umao gyV, Hw$§ ma H$m‘mV Cn¶moJr nS>Umar ‘mVr d BVagm{hË¶ ho Ë¶m H$m‘mVrb H$ƒm ‘mb Ë¶mMà‘mUo Amdí¶H$Vm H$mhr dñVw {H$aH$moi, CËnmXZ H$m¶©nwU© hmoÊ¶mgmR>r nm{hOo. Ë¶m dñVw godm ~mOmamV {dH$Ê¶mgmR>r H$mhr doi bmJVmo. Ë¶m Z§VaMCËnmXZ à{H«$¶og n¡gm (^m§S>db) H$ƒm‘mb, n¡gm bmJVmo. Ë¶mbm H$m¶m©{ÝdV m§S>db åhUVmV. ho^m¡{VH$ m§S>dbmnojm doJio AgVmV Ogo ¶§Ìo,AdOmao, dZo ¶mgmaIo ho CËnmXZmÀ¶m à{H«$¶oVrbg§nwU© Cn¶moJmZ§Va Cabobr hmoV.

(B) Mm¡Wo kmZ (‘m{hVr) d ì¶mnmamVrb XjVm MmVw¶©: O{‘Z, H$m‘Jma Am{U^m¡{VH$ m§S>dbmMm Cn¶moJ H$éZ dñVw qH$dm godoÀ¶m CËnmXZmV CËnmXZ à{H«$¶oer g§~§YrV kmZ,AmË‘{dídmg Y¡¶©, AË¶§V Amdí¶H$ AgVo. m¡{VH$ m§S>db AgUmè¶m qH$dm {Z¶wº$ Ho$bobo ‘°ZoOa¶m à{H«$¶oV ghmæ¶H$ R>aVmV. ì¶dñWmnH$m§Zr ~mOmamVrb OmoIr‘ ¿¶m¶bmM nm{hOo. åhUOonwî‹H$iXm dñVw, godog Amdí¶H$ Vo ‘mJUr Agw eH$Vo qH$dm ZgVohr. Amnë¶m g‘mOmV OmñVrVOmñV dñVw§Mo godoMo CËnmXZ, {Z{‘©Vr {dH$Ê¶mgmR>rM Ho$br OmVo. åhUwZ ~mOmamgmR>r {Z{‘©VCËnmXrV ì¶mnmè¶m§Zr nhrboM ¶moOZm ~ZdwZ gdmªMr ì¶dñWm H$éZ Ë¶m§Zm Mmbdmdo. eoVH$ar,XþH$mZXma, H$mamJra, N>moQ>çmdñVw§Mo {Z‘m©Vo, S>m°³Q>a, dH$sb¶mgmaIo godm XoUmao qH$dm ‘moR>çmH§$nÝ¶m hmodw eH$VmV. Ë¶m dñVwd godm bmoH$ {dH$V KoVmV.Ë¶mbmbm^ {‘iw eH$Vmo. qH$dm ZwH$gmZhmodw eH$Vo.

O{‘Z, l‘, $ ^m§S>dbmZmO‘dwZ bmoH$ qH$dm CÚmoJnVrCËnmXZ H$aVmV. Ë¶m §ZmCËnÞmMr gmYZo åhUVmV.

‘OwaXma

IVo(amgm¶{ZH$)

n¡gm

{MÌ 9.1 : bhmZ eoVH$ar, ‘moR>m eoVH$ar. ¶mnmR>mÀ¶m nwT>Mm mJ dmMwZ CËnÞmMr gmYZo

Ë¶m§À¶m g§~§Yr gm§{JVbo Vo {bhm.{~¶mUo

SCERT TELANGANA


eoVrgmR>r Amdí¶H$ H$m‘Jmay‘r, O{‘ZrZ§Va eoVr CËnÞmg Amdí¶H$ Vmo ‘w»¶ KQ>H$mV l{‘H$ H$m‘Jma hm EH$ eoVrg nwîH$i

emararH$ l‘ Amdí¶H$ AgVo. bhmZ eoVH$ar, Hw$Qw>§~mVrb gd© gXñ¶m§Zm KodwZ Amdí¶H$Vr Odinmggd©MH$m‘o VoM H$éZ KoVmV. ‘Ü¶‘dJu¶ eoVH$ar, ‘moR>o eoVH$ar Ë¶m§À¶m eoVmV H$m‘ H$aÊ¶mgmR>r eoVH$m‘Jmam§Zm ‘Owam§Zm bmdVmV.

y[‘hrZ Hw$Qw>§~mVrb qH$dm bhmZ eoVH$ar Hw$Qw>§~mVrb eoV‘Owa H$m‘ H$aVmV. Ë¶m§Zm ñdVmÀ¶meoVmV H$m‘ H$aUmè¶m eoVH$è¶mgmaIo eoVmV {nH$Umè¶m eoV {nH$m§da H$moUVmM A{YH$ma ZgVmo. Ë¶m‘mo~Xë¶mV Ë¶m§Zm Ë¶m§À¶m H$m‘m~Ôb eoV ‘Owar XoVmV. VoMH$m‘ H$aÊ¶mgmR>r Ë¶m§Zm {ZdS> H$aVmV.

n¡emÀ¶m ñdénmV qH$dm dñVw§À¶m ñdénmV ‘Owar XoVm§Zm,H$mhr doiog ¶m ‘Owam§Zm OodU gwÕm XoVmV. Ë¶m-Ë¶m mJmVrb,àXoemZwgma, {nH$m§Zwgma, H$m‘mZwgma (CXm.bmdUr, H$mT>Ur,H$mnUr) ¶mVrb ‘OwarÀ¶m qH$‘VrV nwîH$i ’$aH$ Amho. eoV‘Owam§Zm X¡Z§XrZ ‘Owarda bmdw eH$Vmo. qH$dm EH$m {d{eï>H$m‘mgmR>r JwÎmm(R>oH$m) nÕVrda R>o~w eH$Vmo. qH$dm df© amgmR>rZm¡H$arda R>odw eH$Vmo.

am‘nwamVrb X¡Z§XrZ ‘Owar H$aUmao ^y‘rhrZ‘OwamMo Zmd Xi. åhUOo Vmo XaamoO H$m‘mMm emoYKoUmam. eoV ‘Owam§Zm CÎmaàXoe emgZmZo {ZYm©arV doVZmloUrnojm H$‘r ‘Owar Ximbm{‘iVo. am‘nwamV eoV ‘Owamg Iwn ñnYm© Amho, åhUwZ H$‘r ‘OwarV hr H$m‘ H$aÊ¶mgmR>rbmoH$ V¶ma hmoVmV. ‘moR>o, lr‘§V$ eoVH$ar Q´°>³Q>a, H«o$ea, hmadoñQ>g©¶m AmYw{ZH$ {nHo$H$mT>Ê¶mÀ¶m ¶§Ìm§Mm dmna H$arV Agë¶m‘wio J«m‘rU ^mJmVrb eoV ‘Owam§Mo H$m‘mMo{Xdg H$‘r hmoV Mmbbo AmhoV. H$m‘ Z {‘imboë¶m {Xder Xi, ¶mgmaIo ‘hmË‘mJm§YrJ«m‘rU amoOJma hm‘r nWH$m (MGNREGA) Imbr H$m‘ {‘idwZ Úm åhUwZ J«m‘n§Mm¶VH$m¶m©b¶mV AO© H$aV AmhoV.

XimgmaIo eoV ‘Owa Jar~ H$m AmhoV?am‘nwamVrb ‘Ü¶‘dJu¶ d ‘moR>o eoVH$ar Ë¶m§À¶m eoVrVrb H$m‘mgmR>r eoV‘Owa {‘i{dÊ¶mgmR>r H$m¶H$aVmV? Vw‘À¶m mJmVrb n[apñWVrer Ë¶mMr VwbZm H$am?Imbrb gmaUr nwU© H$am…

CËnmXZ à{H«$¶oVrb H$m‘Jma {^Þ CËnmXZ H$m¶© joÌmVrb doJdoJio CXm.Úm

‘mbH$-ì¶dñWmnH$-Hw$Qw>§~ gwÕm Amdí¶H$ Vr H$m‘o H$aVmV. H$m‘ H$aÊ¶mgmR>r ‘mbH$, ì¶dñWmnH$, H$m‘Jmam§Zm ‘Owam§Zm ‘Owarda bmdVmo.

Vw‘À¶m JmdmVrb dñVwÀ¶m, godoÀ¶m CËnmXZmgmR>r ‘Owa H$m‘Jma {‘i{dÊ¶mMo ‘mJ© H$moUVo?

{MÌ 9.2 Potato harvesting inthe Himalayas

SCERT TELANGANA


^m§S>db… ^m¡{VH$ Am{U H$m¶m©ÝdrV ^m§S>dbmMr ì¶dñWmAmYw{ZH$ eoVrÀ¶m nÕVrV A{YH$ CËnÞmg H$maUr yV KQ>H$, qgMZ, amgm¶{ZH$ IVo,

{H$Q>H$ZmeHo$ ¶m§À¶m Cn¶moJm{df¶r Vwåhr ‘mJÀ¶m dJm©V dmMbobo AmhoV. Ë¶m§Mm AW© eoVrCËnmXZ H$m¶m©V eoVH$è¶m§g Amdí¶H$ VodT>o m§S>db åhUOo n¡gm nm{hOo. eoVH$ar eoVr ì¶dgm¶Amdí¶H$ Vo m¡{VH$ m§S>db, H$m¶m©ÝdrV m§S>dbmMr H$em àH$mao ì¶dñWm H$aVmV, Vo nmhþ ¶m.

eoVrÀ¶m N>moQ>çm, bhmZ H$m‘mg bhmZ eoVH$è¶m§Zm H$O© H$mT>mdo bmJVo. Ë¶m§Zm lr‘§V ‘moR>çmeoVH$è¶mZnmgwZ qH$dm gmdH$mam§nmgwZ eoVrÀ¶m bmJdS>rg Amdí¶H$ Ë¶m dñVw§Mr nwadR>m H$aUmè¶mì¶mnmè¶m§nmgwZ H$O© KoVmV. Aem àH$maÀ¶m H$Om©da ì¶mOmÀ¶m aH$‘oMm Xa OmñV AgVmo. ¶mH$Om©Mr naV’o$S> H$aUo Ë¶m§Zm H${R>U hmoVo.

g{dVm EH$ Aën^yYmaH$ eoVH$ar. {VÀ¶m Odi AgUmè¶m ho³Q>a â O{‘ZrVJìhmMo {nH$ ¿¶mdo Ago {Vbm dmQ>Vo. ~r¶mUo, amgm¶{ZH$ IVo, {H$Q>H$ZmeHo$ d nmUr{dH$V KoÊ¶mg, eoVrMr AdOmao XþéñVr H$aÊ¶mg gwÕm n¡gm nm{hOo. eoVrMr H$m‘oH$aÊ¶mg H$‘rV H$‘r 6,000 én¶m§Mr Amdí¶H$Vm Amho. Agm VrMm A§XmO Agë¶m‘wioVr VoOnmb ZmdmÀ¶m ‘moR>çm lr‘§V eoVH$è¶mH$Sw>Z H$O© ¿¶mdo Ago {Vbm dmQ>Vo. H$O©Mma ‘{hÝ¶mZ§Va naV XoÊ¶mÀ¶m H$amamda A{YH$ ì¶mO XamV åhUOo 36% ì¶mOmZoVrbm H$O© XoÊ¶mg VoOnmb gh‘V Pmbm. {nH$ H$mnUrÀ¶m {XdgmV amoO 100 én¶oà‘mUo ‘Owarda VoOnmbÀ¶m eoVmV H$m‘ H$aÊ¶mg g{dVm gh‘V ìhmdo bmJbo.

Table 2: Change in life expectancy, 1961-2011.Year of census Life expectancy (years)1961 431971 501981 561991 592001 622011 66

gmaUr 1 : 9.1 {S>g|~a 2011 Vrb {d{dY eoVrMr H$m‘o. Am§Y«àXoemVrb X¡Z§XrZ ‘OwarMr Xa (én¶mV)

darb gmaUrV Am§Y«àXoemVrb eoVrÀ¶m H$m‘mg {‘iUmao, gamgar ‘OwarXa Amho. Xþgè¶m amÁ¶m§À¶m,àXoemË¶m XamV V’$mdV ’$aH$ Amho.

EH$ {Xdg H$mnwg doMbm Va EH$m ‘{hbobm136 én¶o {‘iVo. Zm§JaUo gmaIo H$mhr H$m‘o,àm‘w»¶mZo nwéf H$aVmV. åhUwZ Ë¶m Imbrb‘{hbm§À¶m aH$‘oV ‘OwarXa {bhbm Zmhr.

^maVmÀ¶m {nH$m§Mr bmdUr, H$mnwg doMUo,¶m gmaIrMo H$m‘o àm‘w»¶mZo ‘{hbmM H$aVmV.H$mhr CËnmXZmÀ¶m H$m¶m©V ór-nwéf gwÕm gh^mJrhmoVmV, EH$ gmaIr H$m‘o ór¶m d nwéf H$aVm§Zmór¶m§nojm nwéfm§Zm OmñV ‘Owar {‘iV Amho.amÁ¶mVrb ‘mbH$s, ì¶dñWmnH$ (emg{H$¶,ImOJr)XoÊ¶mV ¶oUmam gamgar ‘Owar Xa amÁ¶ emgZ R>am{dV Amho.

darb {Xboë¶m eoVrÀ¶m H$m‘mMo ‘Owar XaVw‘À¶m nargamVrb H$moUË¶m Var H$m‘mgXoV AgUmè¶m ‘OwaXmam§er VwbZm H$am.H$‘rV, H$‘r Ý¶wZV‘ ‘Owar Xa ‘m{hVH$éZ Ë¶mMr VwbZm H$am.EH$m H$m‘mg ór¶m§nojm nwéfm§Zm A{YH$‘Owar H$m {‘iVo? MMm© H$am?

H$m‘Jma Zm§JaUr noaUr {Z§XUo bmdUr H$mnUr nmIS>Uo, ‘iUr H$mnwgMmiUo YmÝ¶ H$mT>Uo doMZo

nwéf 214 197 215 - 164 168 152 -ór¶m - 152 130 143 126 124 118 136

SCERT TELANGANA


hr ’$ma H$‘r ‘Owar Amho, h o {XgwZ ¶oV o. {VÀ¶m eoVmV HmnUr H$éZ VoOnmbÀ¶m eoVmVH$mnUrg OmÊ¶mgmR>r {Vbm ’$ma l‘ H$amdo bmJob, ho g{dVmbm ‘m{hV Amho. H$mnUrÀ¶mh§Jm‘mÀ¶m H$mimV H$m‘mMm ^ma A{YH$ AgVm o. VrZ ‘wbm §Mr AmB © {VÀ¶mda KaÀ¶mH$m‘mMm ^ma nU OmñVM. bhmZ eoVH$è¶m §Zm H$O© {‘iUo, ’$ma H${R>U Jm oîQ > Amho. h o{Vbm ‘m{hV Amho. åhUwZ Vr ¶mgmè¶m AQ>r g{dVmZo ‘mÝ¶ Ho$ë¶m.

bhmZ eoVH$è¶m§À¶m {déÕ ‘Ü¶‘dJu¶, lr‘§V ‘moR>o eoVH$ar gd© gmYmaUnUo eoVrVrb,CËnÞmVrb H$mhr ^mJ Ë¶m§À¶mH$S>o {e„H$ R>odVmo. Ë¶mZwgma Vo ~r¶mUo, amgm¶{ZH$ IVo,{H$Q>H$ZmeHo$, eoV ‘Owam§Mr ‘Owar XoÊ¶mgmR>r Amdí¶H$ H$m¶m©Ýdr m§S>db (n¡gm) O‘dw eH$VmV.¶m eoVH$è¶m§Zm ñdV…Mo CËnÞ H$go {e„H$ amhVo? ¶mMo CÎma nwT>À¶m mJmV ‘m{hV hmoVo.

¶m JmdmVrb gd© ‘moR>çm, lr‘§V eoVH$è¶m§H$S>o Q>°³Q>g© Amho. Ë¶m§À¶m eoVm§Zm ZmJaÊ¶m§gmR>r,noaUrgmR>rM Cn¶moJmV AmUVmV. d BVa bhmZ eoVH$è¶m§Zm Xo{Ib ^mS>çmZo XoVmV. Ë¶mVrbAZoH$ eoVH$è¶m§ZH$S>o YmÝ¶ H$mT>Umao(H«o$ea) {nH$ H$mnUrMr ¶§Ì (hmadoñQ>a) AmhoV. ¶m ‘moR>çmeoVH$è¶m§À¶m eoVmVrb {nH$m§À¶m qgMZmgmR>r AZoH$ ~moa {dhar Amho. hr AdOmao d ¶§Ìo eoVrì¶dgm¶mMo Amdí¶H$VoMo m¡{VH$ m§S>dbmVrb mJM.

eoVH$è¶m§Zm {‘imbobm bm^ qH$dm ZwH$gmZCËnmXZmg Amdí¶H$ Ë¶m VrZ ‘hËdmÀ¶m KQ>H$m§Mm Cn¶moJ H$éZ eoVH$ar Ë¶m§À¶m eoVmV

JìhmMo {nH$ KoVbo Ago g‘Ow. CËnmXZmVrb H$mhr mJ Hw$Qw>§~mVrb JaOogmR>r R>odwZ Cabobo nrH$~mOmamV {dH$VmV. g{dVm qH$dm JmoqdXÀ¶m ‘wbm§Zm gma»¶m N>moQ>çm eoVH$è¶m§H$S>o Cabobo JìhmMo{nH$ ’$ma ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV amhVo. H$maU Ë¶m§Mo CËnmXZ H$‘r, åhUwZ A{YH$m§e mJ Hw$Qw>§~mÀ¶mAmdí¶H$ JaOogmR>rM R>odwZ KoVmV. ‘Ü¶‘dJu¶ qH$dm ‘moR>o eoVH$ar A{YH$ à‘mUmV Jhþ~mOmanoR>oV {dH$m¶bm AmUVmV. ~mOmanoR>oVrb ì¶mnmar ¶m JìhmMr IaoXr H$éZ naV ‘hmZJam§Zm,ehamVrb XþH$mZXmam§Zm {dH$VmV.

‘moR>m Y{ZH$ eoVH$ar AgUmamVoOnmbH$S> o Ë¶mÀ¶m g§n wU © 350q¹$Q >b Jhþ OmVm ~mH$s {e„H$amhVo. Ë¶m Jìhmbm Vmo am¶J§OÀ¶m~mOmanoR> obm {dHw$Z A{YH$ bm^{‘i{dVmo.

¶m n¡emMo VoOnmb H$m¶ H$aVmo?‘mJÀ¶m dfu VoOnmbZo gd© {e„H$aH$‘ ~§ °H$ ImË¶mV O‘m Ho$br.Z§Va g{dVm gma»¶m bhmZAën^yYmaH$ eoVH$è¶m§Zm H$O© {Xbo.Amdí¶H$Vr Z wgma ñdVmÀ¶meoVmVrb bmJdS>rg Ë¶mM n¡emVwZIM© Ho$bo. ¶mdfu Ë¶mbm {‘imboë¶m

bm^mÀ¶m aH$‘oVwZ VoOnmb AmUIr EH$ Q´>°³Q>a {dH$V ¿¶mdo Agm {dMma H$arV Amho.~mOwÀ¶m JmdmV ‘moR>çm Q>° ´³Q>abm Mm§Jbo ^mS>oH$é {‘iVmV. AOwZ EH$Q>° ´³Q>a {dH$VKoVbo Va Ë¶mMo R>am{dH$ {ñWa ^m§S>db dmT>Vo.

{MÌ 9.3 : eoVH$ar Jhþ ~mOmanoR>oV {dH$Ê¶m ZoV Amho.

SCERT TELANGANA


VoOnmb gmaIo BVa ‘Ü¶‘dJu¶, ‘moR>o eoVH$ar Ë¶m§Mo {e„H$ eoV‘mb {nHo$ {dH$VmV. Ë¶mCËnÞmVrb H$mhr aH$‘ ~MV H$éZ, Z§VaÀ¶m {nH$m§À¶m h§Jm‘mÀ¶m bmJdS>rÀ¶m IMm©gmR>r dmnaVmV.H$mhr eoVH$ar Ë¶m§À¶mH$S>o CJboë¶m n¡emZo, OZmdao, Q>H$ {dH$V KoVmV. qH$dm XþH$mZ bmdVmV. ho eoVrì¶{V[aº$ H$m‘mgmR>r bmdbobo m§S>db hmo¶. Vo O{‘Z gwÕm {dH$V KoD$ eH$VmV.

eoVrÀ¶m H$m‘mV ZwH$gmZ, VmoQ>m, gwÕm hmoV AgVmo. nwa, {nH$m§darb {H$S> ¶m‘wio gwÕm {nH$m§MoZwH$gmZ hmoD$ eH$Vo. eoVrÀ¶m CËnÞmVrb eoV ‘mbH$m§Mm qH$‘VrVrb KgaZ H$‘r Pmë¶m‘wio gwÕmZwH$gmZ hmoD$ eH$Vo. Aem g§X^m©V bhmZ Aën yYmaH$ eoVH$è¶m§Zm eoVrÀ¶m H$m‘mgmR>r bmdbobo^m§S>db gwÕm {ZKV Zmhr. V|ìhm Ë¶m§Mr n[apñWVr H${R>U hmoVo.

CËnmXZmVrb {e„H$ d ^m§S>db¶m VrZ eoVH$è¶mH$S>o ~Km. {VKm§Zr JìhmMo [nH$ {nH${dbo. Ë¶m§À¶m [nH$mÀ¶m CËnÞmV ’$aH$ Amho.(H$m°b‘ H«$.2) AZoH$ eoVH$è¶m§Zm Vm|S> Úmdr bmJÊ¶mè¶m, gm‘Zm H$amdm bmJUmar, n[apñeVr§Mo{díbofU H$aÊ¶mgmR>r H$mhr KQ>H$ gdmªZm gmaIoM dmQ>Vo. gmoß¶m {hemo~mgmR>r, JUZog, ImbrbKQ>H$m§g g‘OwZ ¿¶m.

1. àË¶oH$ eoVH$ar Hw$Qw>§~mg dmnaUmao Jhþ g§nwU© gmaIoM Amho. (H$m°b‘.3)2. ¶m dfu Cabobo {e„H$ Jhþ, nwT>À¶m dfr©À¶m ~r¶mUm§gmR>r Ë¶mMm dmna H$aVmV. Ë¶m§À¶mH$S>o Amdí¶H$

VodT>r O{‘Z Amho.3. gdmªZr dmnabobr ~r¶mUo, bmJdS>rÀ¶m ^m§S>dbmnojm Xþhoar CËnÞ Pmbo Va CËnmXZmV H$moUË¶m àH$maMo

AmH$ñ‘rH$ ZwH$gmZ Zmhr.gmaUr nyU© H$am.

eoVH$ar.1 df© CËnmXZ dmna {e„H$ = CËnÞ - dmna nwT>À¶m dfm©gmR>rMo m§S>dbdf© 1 100 40 60 60df© 2 120 40df© 3 40

eoVH$ar.2 df© CËnmXZ dmna {e„H$ = CËnÞ - dmna nwT>À¶m dfm©gmR>rMo m§S>dbdf© 1 80 40df© 2 40df© 3 40

eoVH$ar.3 df© CËnmXZ dmna {e„H$ = CËnÞ - dmna nwT>À¶m dfm©gmR>rMo m§S>dbdf© 1 60 40df© 2 40df© 3 40 VrZ dfm©Vrb {VKm eoVH$è¶m§À¶m Jhþ {nH$mÀ¶m CËnÞmÀ¶m VwbZm H$am. {Vgè¶m eoVH$è¶mÀ¶m JìhmÀ¶m {nH$mMr n[apñWVrV H$m¶ hmoB©b?Vr eoVr CËnmXZ H$m¶© Mmbw R>oD$ eH$Vmo H$m?

Ë¶mZo eoVrg Mmbw R>odÊ¶mgmR>r H$m¶ Cnm¶ H$amdo?

am

SCERT TELANGANA


am‘nwamVrb - eoVr ì¶{Va{º$ H$m‘H$mO, H$m‘Y§Xoà‘wI CËnÞmÀ¶m H$m‘H$mOmV eoVrÀ¶m ì¶{V[aº$ am‘nwa‘Ü¶o BVa H$mhr H$m‘H$mO Y§Xo

AmhoV.am‘nwa‘Ü¶o H$m‘ H$aUmè¶mV 25 Q o$ bmoH$M eoVrMm ì¶dgm¶ H$aVmV.Xþ½Y ì¶dgm¶ - Xþgao gm‘mÝ¶ H$m‘

am‘nwa‘Ü¶o AZoH$ Hw$Qw>§~mVrb bmoH$ XþYmMm ì¶dgm¶ H$aVmV. åherZm {d{dY àH$maMoJdV, nmdgmù¶mV {nH$Umar, Ádmar, ~mOarMm Cn¶moJ Mmam åhUwZ MmaVmV. Am{U am¶J§O‘Ü¶oZodwwZ {dH$VmV.Ohm§Jram~mX‘Yrb XmoZ ì¶mnmè¶m§Zr am¶J§O‘Ü¶o XþY Jmoim H$aUo, {eVbrH$aUHo$§ÐmMr ñWmnZm Ho$br Amho. Vo XþY ~wb§Xeha, {X„r gma»¶m ehar ^mJmV nmR>{dVmV.¶mH$m‘mVrb CËnÎmrÀ¶m KQ>H$ H$m‘H$mOm{dîm¶r WmoO³¶mV ‘m{hVr nmhþ ¶m?

O{‘Z: JmdmVrb ñdV…Mm JmoR>m‘Oþa: Hw$Q>w§~mVrb H$m‘Jma {deofV… ór¶m åherÀ¶m XoIaoIrMo, H$m‘ H$arV AgVmV.^m¡{VH$ ^m§S>db: OZmdam§À¶m ~mOmamVwZ åherMr IaoXr.H$m‘H$mOr ^m§S>db: Ë¶mÀ¶m eoVmVrb Mmè¶m gmo~V H$mhr Am¡fYrMr IaoXr.

am‘nwamVrb bKwÚmoJgÜ¶m am‘nwamV dñVw§Mr {Z‘uVr CÚmoJmV amoOJma {‘idV AgUmè¶m§Mr g§»¶m 50 nojm

H$‘r Amho. ‘moR>çm ehamV, ‘hmZJamVrb H$maImÝ¶mVrb CËnmXZm gmaIo ZgwZ am‘nwamVrbbmoH$ gmoß¶m nÕVrMm Cn¶moJ H$éZ H$‘r à‘mUmV CËnmXZ H$aVmV. ho H$m‘ gd© gmYmaUnUoKa qH$dm eoVr H$m‘o H$aVm H$aVm Hw$Qw>§~mVrb ì¶{º$À¶m l‘ ghmæ¶mZo H$aVmV. ¶m H$m‘mVH$m‘Jma, ‘Owam§Mm dmna ’$maM H$‘r AgVmo.

[‘lrbmb {dÚwV eº$sMm Cn¶moJ H$éZ D$gmMm ag H$mT>Umao ¶§Ì {dH$V KoD$ZVmo Jwi V¶ma H$aVmo. Ë¶m AmYr D$gmMm ag H$mT>Ê¶mgmR>r ~¡bmMm Cn¶moJ H$arVAgo. na§Vw AmVm gd©OU ¶§Ìm§Zm ‘hËd XoV AmhoV. Ë¶m§Zr {nH${dboë¶m D$gmMmM

CC

Flic

kr /

Sidn

air

SCERT TELANGANA


Cn¶m oJ Z H$aVm. {‘lrbmb BVaeoVH$è¶m§H$Sw >Z D$g {dH$V KoD$Z JwiV¶ma H$aVmo.$¶m Jwimbm Ohm§Jram~mX‘Ü¶oZoD$Z {dH$Vmo. ¶m H$m‘mV {‘lrbmbH$mhr Z’$m {‘i{dVmo.

>am‘nwamVrb X þH$mZ o>am‘nwa‘Ü¶o ì¶mnma H$aUmao bmoH$ A{YH$

Zmhr, am‘nwamVrb ì¶mnmar ehamVrb hmobgob‘moR>çm ~mOmaVwZ dñVw {dH$V AmUwZ am‘nwa‘Ü¶o {dH$VmV. am‘nwa‘Ü¶o N>moQ>çm {H$amUm XþH$mZmV,gmIa, Jhþ, Vm§Xþi, Mhm, Vob, {~ñH$sQ>o, gm~Ur, X§V‘§OZ ~°Q>ar, ‘mo‘~Îmr, døm, noZ,noÝgrb, H$mnS> {dH$VmV.

>~gñWmZH$mÀ¶m Odi AgUmè¶m KamV H$mhr Hw$Qw>§~mVrb bmoH$ Ë¶m§Zm AgUmè¶m N>moQ>çmOmJoMm Cn¶moJ XþH$mZo ~m§YÊ¶mgmR>r H$aVmV. Vo{VWo Mhm, g‘mogm, H$Mmoar, Imam, {‘R>mB©,Mm°H$boQ>, W§S>no¶ BË¶mXr {dH$VmV.Hw$Qw>§~mVrbór¶m, ‘wbo ¶m H$m‘mV ‘XV H$arV AgVmV.Amnë¶m XoemVrb eoVH$ar, XþH$mZXma, ~mOmamV{’$éZ dñVw {dH$Umao nwîH$igo ñd¶§amoOJma H$aUmaoAmhoV.dñVwÀ¶m, godoÀ¶m {Z{‘©Vrg ¶moOZm V¶maH$éZ Ë¶m H$m‘mVrb ’$m¶Xm qH$dm ZwH$gmZghZ H$amdo bmJVo. åhUwZ ‘mbH$ qH$dmì¶dñWnmH$ ¶m H$m¶©nÕVrV ñdV… l‘mMm Cn¶moJH$aVmV.

>H$mhr XþH$mZXma JmdmV CËnÞ hmoUmè¶mdñVw, YmÝ¶ H$mhr ‘moR>çm JmdmV qH$dm ehamVrb ~mOmamVrb XþH$mZXmam§Zm {dH$VmV. CXm.{nR>mÀ¶m {JaÊ¶m Mmb{dUmao N>moQ>çm eoVH$è¶m§H$Sw>Z Jhþ {dH$V KoD$Z am¶J§OÀ¶m ~mOmanoR>oV{dH$VmV. {nR> {JaÊ¶m Mmb{dUo , Jhw {dH$V KodwZ {dH$Uo ho XmoZ doJdoJio ì¶mnma AmhoV.>>dmhVwH$… A{VdoJmZo àJVr hmoUmao joÌ

am‘nwa nmgwZ am¶J§On¶ªV ‘mJm©Zo {d{dY àH$maMr dmhZo MmbVmV. Ë¶mV Q>m§Jo, [ajm, Orn,Q>°³Q>a, bm°ar dmhVwH$sÀ¶m joÌmV bm°ar S>°m¶da, ~¡bJmS>r, Q>m§Jo EH$m ~¡bmÛmao AmoT>br OmUmarJmS>m Mmb{dUmao bmoH$ AmhoV.Vo ‘mZgmZm, gm‘mZ, dñVwg EH$m {R>H$mUmnmgwZ Xþgè¶m {R>H$mUrnmohmoM{dÊ¶mÀ¶m ‘mo~Xë¶mV n¡go KoVmV. ‘mJrb dfm©nmgwZ dmhVwH$sÀ¶m joÌmV H$m‘ H$aUmè¶m§Mrg§»¶m dmT>br.

{H$emoa EH$ eoV ‘Owa, BVa ‘Owam§gmaIo eoV‘Owar Ûmao ¶oUmao CËnÞ Hw$Qw> §~mÀ¶mJaOobm nwaogo hmoV ZìhVo. H$mhr dfm©nwdu Ë¶mZo ~±Ho$HSw>Z H$O© KoVbo. ^y{‘hrZ Jar~Hw$Qw> §~m§Zm H$‘r ì¶mO XamV H$O© XoÊ¶mÀ¶m emgH$s¶ ¶moOZo Imbr Ë¶mZo H$O© KoVbo.

>¶m H$m‘mg {‘lrbmbbm H$moUË¶m ^m¡{VH$^m§S>dbmMr Amdí¶H$Vm nS>br?>¶m H$m‘mg, H$m‘Jma H$go CnbãY H$aVmo?>{‘lrbmb Ë¶mMm Z’$m H$m dmT>dw eH$V Zmhr?Ë¶mMo ZwH$gmZ hmoÊ¶mg H$maU H$m¶ {dMma H$am?>{‘lrbmb Amnbm Jwi Ë¶m§À¶m JmdmV Z {dH$VmOhm§Jram~mXÀ¶m ì¶mnmè¶m§Zm H$m {dH$Vmo?

H$moUmÀ¶m OmJoV XþH$mZo C^maVmV.Q>mH$VmV?¶m bhmZ XþH$mZmV H$m‘ H$aÊ¶mgmR>r ‘Owa,Zm¡H$a H$moU?Aem XþH$mZmg H$m¶m ©ÝdrV ^m §S >dbmMrAmdí¶H$Vm H$er nwU© homVo?^m¡{VH$, Eo{hH$ m§S>dbmImbr KQ>H$m§Mr ZmdoÚm?Vw‘À¶m ^mJmVrb ~mOmamV {’$aV dñVw{dH$Umè¶m§Mr X¡{ZH$ {dH«$s {H$Vr ho ‘m{hVH$am, H$m§hr ~MV H$aVmV H$s Zmhr?

SCERT TELANGANA


¶mn¡gmZo Ë¶mZo EH$ åh¡g {dH$V KoVbr. AmVm Vmo Ë¶m åherMo XþY {dH$V Amho.EdT>oM Zmhr Va Vmo Ë¶m åherbm JmS>rbm OwnyZ {d{dY dñVwMr Zo AmU H$aVmo.

AmR>dS>çmV EH$Xm J§JmZXrdaÀ¶m H$mR>Mr{MH$U‘mVr Hw§$^mamg AmUwZ XoVmo. [H§$dmJwi d BVa dñVw KoD$Z Vmo H$Yr-H$YrOhm§Jram~mXbm OmVmo. Xa ‘{hÝ¶mV Ë¶mbm¶m dmhVwH$sÀ¶m H$m‘m‘wio amoOJma {‘iVmo.H$mhr dfm© AmYrnojm {H$emoa AmVm A{YH$CËnÞ àmá H$arV Amho.

g m a m §e¶m JmdmV eoVr hmM ‘w»¶ ì¶dgm¶. H$mbmZwH«$‘o eoVrÀ¶m nÕVrV AZoH$ gwYmaUm

Pmë¶m. Ë¶m‘wio eoVrVwZ eoVH$ar A{YH$ à‘mUmV {nHo$ {nH${dV Amho. hm {deof ~Xb ¶mMoH$maU O{‘Zr WmoS>r, d VodT>r Amho. nU CËnÞ dmT>{dÊ¶mg O{‘Zrda Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZm§daX~md dmT>bm. CËnÞmÀ¶m nÕVrMr g{‘jm, gmYZm§Mm ¶mo½¶ Cn¶moJ H$aUo ’$maM JaOoMoAmho.

eoVr ì¶dgm¶ AmVm A{YH$ ^m§S>dbmMr Amdí¶H$Vm Amho. CËnÞmVrb {e„H$a¸$‘oÛmao ‘Ü¶‘dJu¶, ‘moR>o eoVH$ar, nwT>À¶m h§Jm‘mÀ¶m bmJdS>rgmR>r m§S>dbmMr ì¶dñWmH$aVmV. maV XoemV 87 Q> o$ bhmZ eoVH$è¶m§Zm bmJdS>rgmR>r m§S>db {‘iUo gwÕm H${R>UPmbo Amho. Ë¶m§À¶mH$S>o eoV O{‘Z H$‘r Agë¶m‘wio Ë¶m§Zm CËnÞ nwaV Zmhr. BVa CËnÞZgë¶m‘wio Ë¶m§À¶mH$S>o H$mhrM {e„V amhV Zmhr. Ë¶m‘wio Ë¶m§Zm H$O© H$mT>mdo bmJVo. H$‘rCËnÞm‘wio bhmZ eoVH$è¶m§Zm Aën- yYmaH$ eoV ‘OwarÀ¶m H$m‘mbm Omdo bmJVo.

eoVr CËnÞmÀ¶m H$m‘H$mOmV H$m‘Jma hm ’$ma ‘hËdmMm KQ>H$ Amho. AmYw{ZH$ eoVrì¶d¶mgmV A{YH$ l{‘H$m§Mm, ‘Owam§Mm Cn¶moJ hmoD$ eH$bm Va Mm§Jbo amhVo. na§Vw Xþ©X¡dmZoAgo homV Zmhr. l{‘H$m§Mm, ‘Owam§Mm dmna ’$ma H$‘r hmoV Amho. Ë¶m‘wio l{‘H$m§Zm {H§$dm‘Owa H$m‘Jmam§Zm H$m‘ H$aÊ¶mgmR>r eoOmaÀ¶m JmdmV, ehamV, ‘hmZJamV ñWbm§V[aV hmoVAmho. H$mhr bmoH$ JmdmVM eoVrÀ¶m H$m‘mÀ¶m ì¶[Varº$ BVa H$m‘o H$arV AmhoV.

gÜ¶m JmdmV eoVr ì¶{Varº$ BVa H$m‘o A{YH$ Zmhr. IooS>oJmdmV eoVr ì¶Vrarº$MmbUmao H$m‘ (H$mhtMo CXm. AmnU da nmhrbo) Ë¶mVwZ ’$ma H$‘r bmoH$m§Zm amoOJma CnbãYhmoVmo. 2009-2010 ‘Ü¶o ^maV XoemVrb Xa 100 J«m‘rU H$m‘JmamV 32 bmoH$ eoVrì¶Vrarº$ BVa H$m‘mV Amho. ‘hmË‘m Jm§Yr J«m‘rU amoOJma ¶moOZo (MGNREGA) A§VJ©V{d{dY H$m‘o H$aUmao bmoH$ gwÕm ¶mV H$m‘ H$aVmV. J«m‘rU H$m‘Jmam§Zm ¶m amoOJma¶moOZo‘wio WmoS>o A{Varº$ CËnÞ {‘iÊ¶mg ‘XV hmoV Amho.

{H$emoaMo m§S>db H$moUVo?{H$emoa H$moUH$moUË¶m CËnmÞmÀ¶m H$m‘H$mOmVgh^mJr hmoV Amho?am‘nwamVrb gwX²T> añVo, ‘Jm©‘wioM {H$emoabmbm^ Pmbm Ago Vwåhr gm§Jw eH$Vm H$m?

SCERT TELANGANA


‘hËdmMo eãXCËnÞmMo KQ>H ómoV$ y{‘ ‘Oya H$m‘H$mOmg ^m§S>db{ZYm©arV m§S>db {e„H$ CËnÞ eoVr Cn¶moJ,H$m‘Y§Xo eoVr H$m‘mÀ¶m ì¶{Varº$ H$m‘Y§Xo

Aä¶mgmMo nwZamdbmoH$Z H$am1. maV XoemVrb àË¶Ho$ JmdmV Xa Xhm dfm©Zo OZJUZm H$éZ Imbrb {Xë¶m à‘mUo Imbrb

Mm¡H$Q>rV ‘m{hVr âm. am‘nwaÀ¶m ‘m{hVrÀ¶m AmYmao hr ‘m{hVr âm.A. énaofmAm. JmdmMo g§nwU© joÌB. O{‘ZrMm dmna ho³Q>a‘Ü¶o

eoVr ImbMr O{‘Z eoVr ì¶dgm¶mÀ¶m Cn¶moJmV AgUmar O{‘ZqgMZm‘Yrb H$moaS>dmhþ (Kao, amoS>, Vio, Jm¶amZ, nS>rV O{‘Z, ‘¡XmZ)

26 ho³Q>a B©. Imbrb gw{dYm

e¡j{UH$Am¡f{Y¶ CnMma~mOmanoR>{dOoMm nwadR>màgma ‘mÜ¶‘OdiMo eha

^{dî¶mV J«m‘rU mJmV eoVrÀ¶m ì¶{Varº$ CËnÞmMo H$m‘H$mO, Y§Xo AOwZ dmT>mdo. eoVr ì¶dgm¶mgmaIoZgwZ ¶m ì¶{Varº$ H$m‘mg O{‘Z ’$ma WmoS>r bmJVo. m§S>db AgUmao bmoH$ BVa H$m‘o H$é eH$VmV. gdmªZm^m§S>db H$go {‘iVo? ¶mgmR>r ñdV…Mr H$mhr à‘mUmVrb ~MV Ho$br, Va Ë¶m aH$‘oMm dmna m§S>db åhUwZH$é eH$Vo. na§Vw Xa doiog Ë¶mgmR>r H$O© H$mT>mdo bmJVo. WmoS>çm ì¶mO XamV H$O© CnbãY AgUo ‘hËdmMoAmho. V|ìhmM ~MV aH$‘,n¡gm ZgUmao gwÕm H$O© KoD$Z H$moUVo Var H$m‘Y§Xo (eoVrMo gmoSw>Z) gwé H$éeH$Vo. eoVr ì¶dgm¶mÀ¶m, ì¶{Varº$ BVa ‘hËdmMo åhUOo BVa ì¶dgm¶mVrb CËnÞmbm, godobm{dH$Ê¶mgmR>r ~mOmanoR> ZgUo. am‘nwa‘Ü¶o CËnmXrV, XþY, Jwi, Jhþ ¶mgma»¶m dñVw§Zm AmOw~mOyÀ¶mJmdmV qH$dm ehamV, ‘hmZJamVrb ~mOmanoR> Amho. ho AmnU nm{hbo. Mm§Jbo añVo, ‘mJ© dmhVwHrÀ¶mgmo¶r, Q>o{b’$moZÀ¶m gw{dYm CnbãY Agë¶m VaM Jmd, ehao, ‘hmZJam§er OmoS>bo OmD$Z ¶oUmè¶m H$mhrdfm©V JmdmVrb eoVr ì¶dgm¶mÀ¶m ì¶{Varº$ H$m‘Y§Xo dmT>ob.

SCERT TELANGANA


2. am‘nwamVrb eoV ‘Owam§Zm ‘Owar gm‘mÝ¶ {ZåZVZ ‘Owar Xamnojm H$‘r H$m Amho?3. Vw‘À¶m ^mJmVrb XmoZ ‘OwamMr H$bm. Ë¶mVrb EH$mZr eoV ‘Owar H$aZo {ZdS>bo. Xþgè¶m§Zr

~m§YH$m‘ H$aÊ¶mMo {ZdS>bo. Vo {H$Vr ‘Owar {‘idrVmV, Ë¶m§Zm Vr ‘Owar n¡emÀ¶m qH$dm BVa énmVXoVmV. Ë¶m§Zm H$m‘ {Z¶‘rV {‘iVo H$m? H$m Vo H$O© ~mOmar AmhoV?

4. Amho Ë¶m WmoS>çm eoV O{‘ZrÀ¶m mJmVrb CËnmXZmV dmT> H$aUmao BVa ‘mJ© H$moUVr? CXm.ñnï>H$am.

5. ‘Ü¶‘dJu¶ d ‘moR>r eoVH$ar, eoVrgmR>r ^m§S>db H$em àH$mao {‘idrVmV. bhmZ eoVH$è¶m§À¶m`m§Mr doJir hr pñWVr `m \$aH$ H$moUVm? d ‘moR>çm eoVH$è¶mV hm ’$aH$ H$m AgVo?

6. g{dVmZo VoOnmbH$Sw>Z H$O© H$moUË¶m ‘wXVrda KoVbo? g{dVmMr narñWrVr Aer doJir, ZgVr Va{Vbm ~±Ho$H$Sw>Z H$‘r XamV H$O© {‘imbo AgVo H$m?

7. Vw_À`m ^mJmVrc àm_w»`mZo gä`ZmJarH$m§Zr Joë`m 30 dfm©V eoVrcm nmUr nwadR>m H$aÊ`mÀ`mqgMZ nÜXVrVrc Pmcoë`m ~Xcm ~Ôc _mhVr {chm?

8. Vw_À`m mJmVrc eoVr ì`{V[aº$ H$m_Y§Xo H$moUVo? Ë`mn¡H$s H$moUË`m hr EH$m ~Ôc _m{hVr Úm?9. H$ënZm H$am, eoVr ì¶Vrarº$ BVa H$m‘Y§ÚmgmR>r ‘Owa {‘iUo Xþ©{‘i Pmbo Va am‘nwaMr H$Wm doJir

H$er hmoB©b? dJm©V MMm© H$am?10. JmogmB©nwa Am{U ‘mOmD$br hr XmoZ Jmdo CÎma {~hma‘Ü¶o AmhoV, EHw$U 850 Kam§n¡H$s Kao AgUmao

Ë¶m XmoZ JmdmV AmhoV. Ë¶mVrb 250 nwéf n§Om~, h[a¶mUm, qH$dm {X„r, ‘w§~B©, gwaV h¡Ðm~mXqH$dm ZmJnwa ¶m ^mJmVrb J«m‘rU ^mJmV H$m‘ H$aVmV. ^maVmVrb A{YH$ Va J«m‘rU ^mJmVñWbm§Va gm‘mÝ¶ Pmbo Amho. bmoH$ ñWbm§Va H$m H$aVmV? ‘mJrb nmR>mÀ¶m AmYmao ñWbm§VarVPmboë¶m JmogmB©nwa Am{U ‘mOmD$br bmoH$ Ë¶mÀ¶m ‘w $m‘mÀ¶m JmdmV H$m‘ H$é eH$VmV H$m? ¶mModU©Z H$am?

11. ehar ^mJmVrb CÚmoJmg, dñVwÀ¶m CËnmXZmg gwÕm O{‘ZrMr Amdí¶H$Vm AgVo. J«m‘rU^mJmnojm ehar ^mJmV O{‘Z dmnaÊ¶mMm doJim ‘mJ© H$moUVm?

12. CËnmXZmÀ¶m à{H«$¶oVrb O{‘Z, y‘r ¶m eãXmMm AW© nwÝhm dmMm, eoVrÀ¶m ì¶dgm¶m ì¶Vrarº$CËnmXZmÀ¶m à{H«$¶oVrb ‘hËdnwU© Amdí¶H$ JaOmMo H$moUVohr VrZ CXmhaU Úm?

13. eoVr ì¶dgm¶mÀ¶m CËnmXZmg nmUr ho EH$ Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZ Amho. ¶mÀ¶m dmnamgmR>r AmVm ‘moR>çmà‘mUmV ^m§S>dbmMr Amdí¶H$ JaO Amho, ¶m {dYmZmg Vwåhr ñnï> H$é eH$Vm H$m?SCERT TELA

NGANA


A Am

B B©

YS>m

9 OmJ{VH$sH$aU (Globalisation)

Vwåhr da nmhV Agbobo {MÌ b§S>Z‘YwZàgmarV hmoUmao EH$m ‘m{gH$mVrb Om{hamV

A Am{U Am) emioV OmUo B) emioM (’$mQ>H$m) àdoeÛmaB©) dJm© Imoë¶mV C>) H$mù¶m ’$ù¶mOdi {e{jH$m. VwåhmbmB§Q>aZoQ> CnbãY Agob Va Imbrb qb§H$‘Ü¶o nwU© Om{hamVrnhm. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VHYtShXI510

Amho. maVmV ‘m{gH$mMm In dmT>mdm hm ¶mMm ‘w»¶ CÚoe maVr¶ dmMH$m§Zm AmH${f©V H$aUohm hmo¶. hr O{hamV Ago gm§JVo H$s, MrZ hm Xoe maVmda bj R>odyZ Amho. Ë¶m§À¶m emim§‘Ü¶o^maVr¶ ^mfm {eH$pdë¶m OmV Amho, ^maVr¶ ^mfm {eH$Ê¶m ‘mJMm CÚoe {MZbm ì¶mnma,CÚmoOH$, H$maImZXma ¶m§À¶mer g§dmX gmYVm§Zm Ìmg hmoUma Zmhr. MrZr H$m‘Jma ^maVmVH$m‘ H$am¶bm ¶oVrb, Ë¶m§Zm Ìmg hmoUma Zmhr. Om{J{VH$sH$aUmbm AZoH$ ~mOw AmhoV. ho‘m{gH$ B§½b§S>‘Yrb b§S>Z‘YyZ àH$m{eV Pmbo, Á¶m Xoem§Zr maVmbm EH$ ~mOmanoR> ¶m ZOaoVwZ~{KVbo, ‘m{gH$mMm In dmT>dZo hm B§½b§S>Mm hoVy, MrZr maVr¶ mfm {eH$V AmhoV, Ë¶m§ZmAmem Amho H$s, Ë¶m§À¶m XoemV V¶ma Pmbobm ‘mb ^maVmV {dH$bm OmB©b, ^maVr¶ bmoH$m§~amo~a ^mJoXmar, ì¶mnma H$aUo hm hr Ë¶m§Mm hoVy Agob.

20 ì¶m eVH$mÀ¶m eodQ>r OJâ KS>boë¶m ‘hËdmÀ¶m nar‘mUmVrb OmJ{VH$sH$aU EH$hmo¶. µ¶mV àM§S> dmT> Pmbr ømg amO{H$¶, gm§ñH¥$VrH$, Am{W©H$ KQ>H$ AmhoV. ømVrb H$mhr

C

SCERT TELANGANA

gm‘m{OH$ AÜ¶¶Z118 O m J { V H $ s H $ a U

{df¶m ~Ôb 8 ì¶m d 9 ì¶m dJm©V godm joÌmVrb H$m°b g|Q>agma»¶m Z{dZ CÚmoJmVrb g§YremoYVm ¶oVo. ~mOmamV ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV Cn^moº$m dñVw {‘iVmV. ho Vwåhmbm ‘m{hV AmhoM.Am§V©amï´>r¶ Am{W©H$ ~Xbm‘wio AmnU VrZ àdmhm§Zm AmoiIw eH$Vmo.

n{hbm dñVw d godm§Mm àdmh - Xþgam‘Owam§Mm Zm¡H$ar, H$m‘Y§Xm B.gmR>r ñWbm§VarVPmboë¶m bmoH$m§Mm àdmh

{Vgao- m§S>dbmMm àdmh, H$‘r qH$dm OmñVH$mbmdYrgmR>r Xwa XoemVrb bmoH$m§Zr Xþa-Xþaàm§Vm§‘Ü¶o ^m§S>dbmMr Ho$bobr Jw§VdUwH$. ømEodOr-OmJ{VH$sH$aUmbm amO{H$¶ d gm§ñH¥${VH$~mOw Amho CXm. 2010-11 ‘Ü¶o Am{e¶m Am{U

Am’«$sH$m I§S>mVrb AZoH$ Xoem§Zr Ogo Q>çwZo{O¶m, B{Oá EH$‘oH$m§À¶m {dMmamZo à^mdrV hmoD$ZhþHw$‘emhrbm {damoY H$éZ H«$m§Vrg gwédmV Ho$br. d ‘hËdmMr y{‘H$m {Z^mdbr ¶mbm Aa~ñnrJ Ago {‘S>r¶m åS>UVo BVa XoemVrb àgma ‘mÜ¶‘m§ ({Q>>.ìhr M°Zb) Zr øm§Zr nmR>t~m {Xbm.Q>r.ìhr. dmhrÊ¶m Á¶m BVa Xoem§Vrb bmoH$m§À¶m ‘mbH$sMr AmhoV. Ë¶m§Zr ñWm{ZH$ ZoË¶m§MoA{YH$ma {Z¶{‘V Ho$bo. ¶m{edm¶ Xoem§V©JV¶wÕ, ËgwZm‘r ¶m gmaIo {df¶ hmVmiVm§Zm g§nwU©OJmVwZ ghmZw yVr d ‘XV {‘imbr. ¶m‘wio Ë¶m§Zm OJmH$Sw>Z Am{W©H$ nmR>t~m d X¶m {‘imbr.Om{JVrH$sH$aU ho Ho$di ì¶mnmanoR> {H§$dm CËnÞ ¶mÀ¶mer g§~§{YV ZgwZ EH$m‘oH$m§Mr {dMmam§MrXodmU-KodmU Am{U V§ÌkmZ gmYVo.

‘mJrb 30-40 dfm©nmgwZ OmJarH$sH$aUmMm mJ åhUwZ KS>boë¶m Am{W©H$ KQ>H$m§Zm nmhþ.H$m§hr XoemVrb CËnmXZ

20 ì¶m eVH$mÀ¶m ‘Ü¶H$mimn¶ªV CËnmXH$Vog {deof H$éZ XoemVM H$arV. H$ƒm‘mb,AÞ-YmÝ¶ V¶ma Pmboë¶m dñVw§ZmM ‘mÌ Xoem~mhoa nmR>dV. maV Xoemgma»¶m dgmhVr¶ XoeH$ƒm‘mb, AÞYmÝ¶mMr Am¶mV H$éZ V¶ma Pmboë¶m ‘mbmMr {Z¶m©V H$aV. Xþaamï´>m§Zm ì¶mnmahmM ‘hËdmMm ‘mJ© hmoVm. ho ‘moR>çm Xoe-{dXoer g§ñWm§Zm (MNC) joÌ àdoe H$aÊ¶mAJmoXaMr narpñWVr EHm Xoemnojm OmñV Xoem§‘Ü¶o CËnmXrV H$aUmao qH$dm CËnmXH$Vog{Z¶§ÌrV H$aUmè¶m g§ñWm§Zm ~hþ amï´>r¶ g§ñWm (MNC) Ago åhUVmV. H$m‘Jma BVa gmYZgm‘J«r ñdñV {‘iUmè¶m Ë¶mÀ¶m H$m¶m©b¶m§Zm, H$m‘Jmam§Zm C^maVmV. CËnmXZmMm IM© H$‘rH$éZ Ë¶m§Mm Z’$m dmT>{dÊ¶mgmR>r ~hþamï´>r¶ g§ñWm Aem H$aVmV.

ho CXmhaU nhm, EH$m ‘moR>r ~hþamï´>r¶ H§$nZr EH$mM dñVwMo CËnmXZ doJdoJù¶m XoemVH$aVo. ¶m‘mbmMo {S>Pm¶Z [agM© g|Q>g© Am°’$ ¶w.Eg.E ‘Ü¶o Pmbo Va ¶mVrb ¶§ÌmMo gwQ>o mJmMoCËnmXZ MrZ‘Ü¶o {Z‘m©U Pmbo, ho gwQ>o mJ ‘o{HgH$mobm nmR>{dÊ¶mV Ambo VoWo ¶mbm OmoS>Ê¶mVAmbo d A§{V‘ dñVw ~mOmamV Ambr. OJâ {dH$ë¶m Jobo, ^maVmV ¶m H§$nZrMo H$m°b g|Q>g©{ZKmbo, (ho Xoe OJmÀ¶m ZH$memV XmIdm.)

H$moUVrhr EH$ dñVw ¿¶m. Ogo ‘mo~mB©b ’$moZ {H$dmdmhZ, ~mOmamV CnbãY AgUmè¶m ì¶mnmè¶m§À¶mIwUm§Zm Amo‹iIm. Ë¶mMo ‘mbH$ H$moU? Vo maVmVV¶ma hmoV AmhoV. H$m? Vw‘À¶m nmbH$m§Zm [H§$dmBVa àm¡T> ì¶º$sër MMm© H$éZ 30 dfm© AJmoXa{H$Vr ~«°ÝS>g CnbãYmV hmoË¶m. ¶mMr åmm[hVr ¿¶m

SCERT TELANGANA


øm CXmhaUmV ~hþamï´>r¶ g§ñWm Ë¶m§À¶m dñVw§Zm OJâmV {dH$UoM, EdT>o Zmhr Va dñVw, dgodm§Mr CËnÎmr OJâmV dmT>dë¶m. ømMoM n[aUm‘ åhUwZ CËnVr à{H«$¶m AZoH$ Jw§VmJwVrÀ¶mñdénmV KS>ë¶m Jobo. CËnÎmrÀ¶m à{H«$¶m§Zm N>moQ>çm-N>moQ>çm mJmV {d^mJUr H$éZ Ë¶mg OJmVH$mhr {R>H$mUr H$aVmV. darb CXmhaUmV H$‘r IMm©Zo CËnÎmr H$aUmam Xoe åhUwZ {MZMmCn¶oJ Pmbm. A‘o[aH$m, ¶wamonmVrb ~mOmanoR>oÀ¶m Odi Agë¶m‘wio ‘°³grH$mo nwd© ¶wamonmVEH$ÌrH$aU Ho$bo. ^maVmV B§J«Or ~mobUmao VËdk Zd¶wdH$ H$ñQ>‘a Ho$¶a godm XoV AmhoV. ¶mgdmªMmM narUm‘ ~hþamï´>r¶ g§ñWm§Zm IMm©V 50-60 Q> o$ ~MV hmoVo. CËnÎmrg XoemÀ¶m gr‘m~mhoa ~Zdrë¶m‘wio ~hþamï´>r¶ g§ñWog Iwn ’$m¶Xm AgVmo.XoemVrb CËnmXZmg nañna g§~§Y

~hþ amï´>r¶ g§ñWm H$m‘mÀ¶m {R>H$mUm§Zm {ZdS>Ê¶mgmR>r dmnaÊ¶mV Amboë¶m gmYmaU gwMZm…~mOmanoR> Odi AgUo, H$‘r n¡emda H$m¡eë¶ AgUmao, H$m¡eë¶ ZgUmao H$m‘Jmam§Mr

CnbãYVm BVa CËnÎmr H$maH$m§Mr CnbãYVm, Ë¶m§À¶m Zâ¶m§Zm {Q>Hw$Z R>odUmar emgH$s¶ nÕVrBË¶mXr. O{‘Z, B‘maVr, ¶§Ìo, BVa CnH$aUmgmR>r ~hþamï´>r¶ g§ñWm§Zm bmJUmam nwU© IM©åhUOoM {dXoer Jw§VdUwH$ hmo¶. Z’$m {‘idwZ XoVmV øm AmeoZo Aer Jw§VdUwH$ H$aVmV.

H$mhr doiog ~hÿamï´>r¶ g§ñWm Ë¶m XoemÀ¶m ñWm{ZH$ H§$nÝ¶m§er {‘iwZ CËnmXZ H$aVmV. ømgg§¶wº$ H§$nÊ¶m åhUVmV. ~hþamï´>r¶ g§ñWm KS>dwZ AmUUmè¶m AmYw{ZH$ V§ÌkmZm‘wio OmñVrÀ¶mAKmdÀ¶m Jw§VdUwH$s‘wio ñWm{ZH$ H§$nÊ¶m§Zm ’$m¶Xm hmoVmo.

Va ~è¶mM doiog ~hþamï´>r¶ H§$nÝ¶m ñWm{ZH$ H§$nÊ¶m§Zm {dH$V KoD$Z CËnmXZ dmT>dVmV.OmñV ^m§S>db AgUmè¶m ~hþamï´>r¶ H§$nÊ¶m hr H$m‘o ghO H$é eH$VmV. CXm. H$mèJrb ’w$S²>gZmdmMr A‘o[aHo$Vrb ‘moR>çm ~hþamï´>r¶ g§ñWmZo ’$méI ’w$S²>g ZmdmÀ¶m N>moQ>çm maVr¶ H§$nZrbm{dH$V KoVbo. ’$méI ’w$S²>gÀ¶m Mma Vob ewÕrH$aU H$maImZo, maVmV Xoeâ ‘moR>çm ~mOmanoR>À¶mOmJm, Ë¶m§À¶m d«°ÝS²>g, ì¶mnmar {MÝhmg Mm§Jbo Zmd Ambo Amho. ñWm{ZH$ H§$nÝ¶m§Zm {dH$VKoVë¶mZ§Va ^maVmVrb ImÊ¶mÀ¶m VobmV H$mèJrb ‘moR>o CËnmXH$ åhUwZ ZdmObo Amho.

~hþamï´>r¶ g§ñWm CËnÎmrg Xþgè¶m àH$mao gwÕm {Z¶§ÌrV R>odVmV. {dH$gZerb XoemVrb‘moR>çm ~hþamï´>r¶ g§ñWm N>moQ>çm CËnmXH$mg CËnÞmg AmXoe XoVmV. OJâmV N>moQ>o CËnmXH$H$nS>o, Mnë¶m, IoimÀ¶m dñVw Aem AZoH$ dñVw§Mr CËnÎmr H$éZ ~hþamï´>r¶ g§ñWm§Zm nwadR>m Ho$bmAgVm, Ë¶m§À¶m ì¶mnmar {MÝhmÀ¶m ZmdmZo J«mhH$mg {dH$VmV. øm N>moQ>çm CËnmXH$mg {‘iUmarqH$‘V, XOm©, gm‘J«rbm bmJUmam doi, H$m‘Jmam§À¶m narñWrVrda à^mdrV H$aUmam A{YH$ma~hþamï´>r¶ g§ñWm§Zm AgVmo. ~hþamï´>r¶ g§ñWm§‘wio Xþaàm§VmVrb CËnmXZoer g§~§Y OmoS>ë¶m OmVmo.

~hþamï>r¶ H§$nÝ¶m CËnmXZmMr OmJm {ZdS>Vm§Zm gmYmaUV… Imbrb ~m~r nS>VmiwZ nmhVmV.1. Hw$eb/AHw$eb H$‘r ‘mo~Xë¶mV {‘iUmam H$m‘Jma dJ© 2. CËnmXZmgmR>r bmJUmè¶mdñVw§Mr CnbãYVm (H$ƒm ‘mb) 3. gaH$mar YmoaU Oo H§$nZrÀ¶m {hVmMo Amho/Zmhr. 4. g§ajU5. OmJm, B‘maVr, ¶§Ìo Á¶mÀ¶mda H§$nZr n¡go Jw§VdUma Amho, Ë¶mgd© Jw§VdUwH$sVwZ Z’$m {‘iUmaAmho/Zmhr. ~hþamï´>r¶ H§$nÝ¶m ho CËnmXZ XoemVrb ñWm{ZH$ H§$nÝ¶m ~amo~a H$aVmV Ë¶m‘wioñWm{ZH$ H§$nÝ¶m§Zm A{V[aº$ Jw§VdUyH$sMm bm^ {‘iVmo. Ë¶mM ~amo~a AÚ¶mdV V§ÌkmZ ‘m{hVrhmoVo.

SCERT TELANGANA


{dXoer ì¶mnma Am[U ~mOmanoR>oerg§~§YXoem‘Yrb g§~§Y {XK©H$mi gmYÝ¶m§Mo Hm‘ì¶mnma H$aVo. ^maV X{jU Am{e¶mnmgwZnwd©, npíM‘oH$So ~mOmanoR>m Agboë¶m‘mJmª~Ôb, øm AË¶mMmam‘mJo KS>boë¶mì¶mnmam§~Ôb Vwåhr B{VhmgmV dmMbmM Agob,ì¶mnmamÀ¶m ’$m¶ÚmgmR>r BñQ> B§{S>¶m gma»¶mì¶mnmar g§ñWm ^maVmV Amë¶m ho Vwåhmbm‘m{hVM Amho. Va øm {dXoer ì¶mnmamMo‘wb yV H$m¶© H$moUVo?{dñV¥VnUo gm§Jmdo åhUOo CËnmXH$mg Xoer¶

~mOmanoR>oonojm OmñV g§Yr {dXoer ì¶mnmao {‘idwZ XoVmV. Ë¶mMn«‘mUo J«mhH$m§Zm Ë¶m {R>H$mUrCËnÎmr Pmboë¶m dñVwMo Zmhr Va BVa H$mhr dñVw CnbãYmV AgVmV. åhUOo {dXoer ì¶mnma{d{dY XoemVrb ~mOmanoR>oer g§~§Y gmYVo.

WmoS>³¶mV gm§Jmd¶mMo Pmë¶mg {dXoer ì¶mnma CËnmXH$m§Zm ~mhoarb ~mOma noR>oMr g§Yr{‘idwZ XoVmo, VgoM J«mhH$m§gmR>r ~mOmanoR>oVrb dñVw dmT>dyZ {ZdS> H$aÊ¶mMr OmñV g§YrCnbãY H$éZ XoVm. ¶mV Amnë¶m XoemVrb VgoM BVa XoemVrb CËnmXrV dñVw CnbãY hmoVmVåhUyZ {dXoer ì¶mnma ho {d{dY XoemVrb ~mOmanoR>m§Zm OmoS>Umam Xþdm Amho. Ago åhUmdobmJbo.

’$moS>© ‘moQ>g© ~hÿamï>r¶ H§$nZrAmho H$m? H$emgmR>r?

{dXoer Jw§VdUwH$ åhUOoH$m¶? ’$m oS> © ‘moQ>g©Zo^maVmV {H$Vr Jw§VdUwH$Ho$br?

‘¶oWrb narñWrVr ¶mo½¶ Zgë¶m‘wio AmåhrXþgè¶m XoemV OmVmo.’

’$moS>© ‘moQ>g© ZmdmÀ¶m A‘o{aH$Z H§$nZrg OJâmV 26 XoemV CËnÎmrÀ¶m gmo¶r AgwZ Iwn ‘moR>çmà‘mUmVH$ma CËnmXH H$arV AmhoV. ’$mo‹S>© ‘moQ>>g© 1995 ‘Ü¶o maVmV, ¶odwZ 1,700 H$moQ>r én¶mZo M¡ÞB© OdiH$maImZm C^mabm. maVmV {On Am{U bm°arMm ‘moR>m HmaImZm ‘{hÝÐm Am{U ‘{hÝÐm ¶m§Zr {‘iwZ hmH$maImZm C^mabm, 2004 n¶ªV ’$mS>© ‘moQ>g© ^maV XoemV 27,000 H$ma {dH$ë¶m OmVmV. ^maVmVwZX{jU Am{’«$H$m, ‘o³grH$mo, ~«mOrb XoemV AOwZ 24,000 H$ma {Z¶m©V H$aVmV. BVa XoemVrb CËnmXZH|$Ðm§Zm doJù¶m mJm§Mm nwadR>m H$aÊ¶m OmoJm ’$moS>© B§{S>¶mg {dH$gZerb H$aÊ¶mÀ¶m V’$i H§$nZr Amho.SCERT TELA

NGANA


~hÿamï´>r¶ H§$nÝ¶m Am{U OmJVrH$aUJoë¶m VrZ-Mma XeH$mV Iwn ~hÿamï´>r¶ g§ñWm ñdñV CËnÎmr H$aUmè¶m {R>H$mUmgmR>r

OJâmV Mmahr ~mOw§Zr emoYbo. Ë¶m-Ë¶m Xoem§‘Ü¶o øm ~hÿamï´>r¶ H§$nÝ¶mMr {dXoer Jw§VdUwH$dmT>V AmhoV. Ë¶mMdoir Xoem-Xoem§‘Ü¶o {dXoer ì¶mnma gwÕm doJmZo dmT>V hmoVo, {dXoerì¶mnmè¶m§‘Ü¶o gwÕm A{YH$ mJmg ~hÿamîQ>r¶ g§ñWoÀ¶m {Z¶§ÌUmImbr Amë¶m. CXm. maVmVrb’$moS>© ‘moQ>g© H$ma V¶mar H$maImZo, maVr¶ ~mOmanoR>ogmR>rM Zmhr Va BVa {dH$gZerb Xoem§ZmAm¶mV H$aVmV. H$mam§À¶m doJdoJù¶m mJm§Zm OJâmV AgUmè¶m Ë¶m§À¶m AZoH$ H$maImÝ¶m§Zm{Z¶m©V H$aVo. ømMn«H$mao AZoH$ ~hÿamï´>r¶ H§$nÝ¶m§Mr H$m¶m©b¶rZ dñVw d godm§Mo ì¶mnmamV gwÕm‘hËdmMo nmÌ nma nmS>Vo.

’$moS>© ‘moQ>g© gma»¶m ~hÿamï>r¶ H§$nÝ¶m maVmV CËnmXZ H$aUmè¶m H$m‘Jmam§À¶m CâUr‘wio ømXoemZo {‘idwZ {Xboë¶m ‘moR>r ~mOmanoR> Zmhr Va H$‘r CËnmXZ IMm©‘wio gwÕm ’$m¶Xm hmoVmo.øm dm³¶mMo dU©Z H$am? OJ amVrb H$ma CËnmXZog maV XoemZo doJdoJù¶m mJmMm nwadR>m H$aV {dH$mg H$amdm,Ago H§$nZrbm H$m dmQ>Vo? Imbrb {df¶m§da MMm© H$am.(A) maVmVrb amoOJma Am{U BVa gmYZ gm‘J«rMm IM©(Am) ’$moS>©‘moQ>g©bm {d{dY doJdoJù¶m mJm§Mm nwadR>m H$aUmar H$mhr ñWm{ZH$ CËnmXHo$ AgUo.(B) maV, {MZ‘Yrb IaoXr H$aUmè¶m§Mr g§»¶m Odi hmoVr.^maVmV ’$moS>© ‘moQ>g© H$ma CËnÎmr Ho$ë¶m‘wio CËnmXH$s¶ H$m¶m©b¶m§‘Ü¶o H$moUË¶m àH$maMm g§~§YgmYë¶m OmVmo?BVa H§$nÝ¶m§‘Ü¶o ~hy amï´>r¶ g§ñWm§‘Ü¶o H$m¶ ’$aH$ Amho?ZmB©H$, H$moH$m-H$mobm, noßgr, hm§oS>m, Zmo{H$¶m gma»¶m ~hyamï´>r¶ H§$nÊ¶m Odinmg A‘o[aH$m,OmnmZ qH$dm ¶wamon Xoem§er g§~§YrV AmhoV. H$emgmR>r ¶mMr H$ënZm H$amb H$m?

nwdu Xoem§Zm OmoS>Umao ‘hËMmMo KQ>H$ H$moUVo? gÜ¶m Am{U nwduÀ¶m n[añWrVrV H$m¶ ’$aH$Amho?

{dXoer ì¶mnma, {dXoer Jw§VdUwH$s‘Ü¶o H$m¶ ’$aH$ Amho?gÜ¶mÀ¶m H$mimV maVmVwZ {MZbm nmobmX {Z¶m©V Ho$ë¶m OmV Amho. h¶m {Z¶m©Vr ImbrbJmoï>tda H$gm à^md nmS>VmV. Vo gm§Jm?(a) {MZ‘Yrb nmobmX H$maImZo(b) {MZ‘Yrb nmobmX H$maImZo(c) {MZVrb, MrZ‘Ü¶o BVa Am¡Úmo{JH$ dñVw V¶ma H$aÊ¶mgmR>r nmobmX {dH$V KoUmarH$maImZo.{MZ‘Ü¶o ^maVmVrb nmobmXmMr {Z¶m©V Ho$ë¶m‘wio XmoZ XoemVrb nombmXmMr H$maImZo H$gmg§~§Y gmYVmV.

SCERT TELANGANA


A{YH$ {dXoer Jw§VdUwH$m, A{YH$ {dXoer ì¶mnmam§‘wio {d{dY Xoem§Mr CËnÎmr d ~mOma noR>oVrbEH$sH$aU dmT>bo. doJmZo dmT>Umè¶m øm XoemVrb EH$sH$aUm‘wio XoemVrb A§VJ©V g§§~§Y åhUOoMOmJVrH$sH$aU. øm OmJVrH$sH$aUmÀ¶m à{H«$¶oV ~hÿamï´>r¶ H§$nÝ¶§mMm ‘moR>m dmQ>m Amho. XoemVrb dñVw,godm Jw§VdUwH$, V§ÌkmZmMm àdmh dmT>V OmV Amho. H$mhr XeH$mÀ¶m AJmoXaer VwbZm H$obr AgVmOJmVrb AZoH$ ^mJm§‘Ü¶o OdiMm g§~§Y {Z‘m©U Pmbm.

Jw§VdUwH$m, bmoH$, d¡km{ZH$ V§ÌkmZm‘wio Agr‘rV OJ {Z‘m©U Pmbo. ¶mMmM narUm‘ AZoH$ XoeË¶m§À¶m XoemÀ¶m gr‘m‘Ü¶o gwÕm OrdZmer g§~§YrV AZoH$ ~m~tda {Z¶§ÌU am{hbo Zmhr. CXm. EHo$H$mirgÎmméT> emgZ MbZmÀ¶m qH$‘Vr R>a[dÊ¶mMm ‘hËdmMm {ZU©¶ KoV AgV. AmVm emgZmMo H$moUVoM{ZU©¶ ZgVm§Zm ~mOmanoR>oM e³¶Vmo {ZU©¶ KoV AmhoV.

OmJVrH$sH$aU Iwn ghOPmbo, Ë¶m‘wio OJ Odi¶oUo gmono Pmbo.

Vwåhr Am‘Mo PmS>o, S>m|Ja H$mTw>ZKoVbo Amho, ho Iao Amho. nUI~aXma Vw IoiVmog Vo OJ Am‘MogwÕm Amho.

OmJVrH$aUmg ‘XV (gmø) H$aUmao KQ>H$d¡km{ZH$ V§ÌkmZ

OmJVrH$aUmMo ‘w»¶ H$maU V§ÌkmZmMr doJmZo dmT> hmoUo.CXm. Joë¶m 50 dfm©V dmhVwH$, d¡km{ZH$ V§ÌkmZ Iwn dmT>bo.

Ë¶m‘wio XþadaMo A§Va bdH$aM Am{U H$‘rqH$‘VrÀ¶m dñVw§Zm Amobm§S>rV AmhoV.

‘m{hVr, gwg§dmX V§ÌkmZmÀ¶m joÌmVAJÝ¶ doJmZo dmT> hmoV Amho. Q>o{bH$å¶w{ZHo$eZgodm§Zm (Q>obrJ«m’$, Q>obr’$moZ,’°$³g, ‘mo~mB©b’$moZ) OJmV EH$ Xþgè¶mer ~mobÊ¶mgmR>r,

XþadaÀ¶m àm§VmVrb JmdmVwZ gwÕm ‘m{hVr bJoM {‘i{dÊ¶mgmR>r ¶mMmdmna H$aÊ¶mV ¶oV Amho. CnJ«h àgma gmYZm§‘wio ho gd© e³¶ Pmbo. gÜ¶màË¶oH$ joÌmV g§JUH$mMm dmna hmoVmo. B§Q>aZoQ> gma»¶m AmíM¶©MH$sVOJmer Vw‘Mr AmoiI Pmbr. AgobM. B§Q>aZoQ>Ûmao AmnUmg H$moUË¶mhràH$maMr ‘m{hVr {‘idw eH$Vmo. Vw‘À¶m Odi AgUmar ‘m{hVr Xþgè¶m§ZmXoD$ eH$Vmo. B§Q>aZoQ>Ûmao OJmV Hw$R>ohr Vwåhr WmoS>çm IMm©Zo bJoM Bbo³Q>moZrH$‘ob (e-mail) nmR>dw eH$Vm. VgoM H$moUmerhr ~moby eH$Vm (voice-mail)

{MZ‘Yrb CËnmXH$§mZr maVmV ßbmñQ>rH$À¶m ~mhþë¶m§Mr {Z¶m©V Ho$br. maVmV J«mhH$m§Zm gÜ¶m^maV Am{U {MZ‘Yrb ~mhþë¶m {ZdSw>Z KoVm ¶oVmV. ZdrZ aoImQw>Z, H$‘r IM© ¶m‘wio {MZ‘Yrb dñVwZmd bm¡H$sH$ JmOë¶m. EH$m dfm©À¶m H$mbmdYrV 70-80 Q> o$ maVr¶ ~mhÿë¶m§À¶m ~Xë¶mV {MZ‘Yrb~mhþë¶m {dH$ë¶m Joë¶m. nwdunojm gÜ¶m ^maVmV IoiUr ñdñV AmhoV.

øm‘wio MrZ‘Yrb CËnmXH$m§Zm Ë¶m§À¶m ì¶mnmam§Zm {dñVma dmT>{dÊ¶mMr g§Yr {‘imbr.^maVmVrb CËnmXH$mMr n[añWrVr ¶mÀ¶m {déÕ Amho. ñnYm© dmT>ë¶m‘wio maVmVrb CËnmXH$m§Zm ZdrZ‘mJ© ñdmH$mamdo bmJbo. øm à{H«$¶oV H$mhr OZm§Mo {Xdmio {ZKmbo.

SCERT TELANGANA


{dXoer ì¶mnma Am{U Jw§VdUwH$sÀ¶m YmoaUm§Mo CXmarH$aU…^maVmVrb MrZr IoiÊ¶m§À¶m Am¶mVrMo CXm. nwÝhm EH$Xm nmhw. IoiÊ¶m§À¶m Am¶mVrda

^maVr¶ gaH$maZo H$a bmdbm g‘Ow ¶m. H$am‘wio J«mhH$m§Zm Am¶mV Ho$boë¶m IoiÊ¶m§Zm OmñVqH$‘V amdr bmJVo. V|ìhm maVr¶ ~mOmanoR>oV MrZr ‹IoiÊ¶m VodT>çm ñdñV ZgVmV, Ë¶m‘wio{MZ‘Yrb Am¶mV H$‘r hmoVo. ^maVmVrb CËnmXH$ ââmQ>rg ¶oVmV.

ì¶mnmamVrb AS>Wù¶mMo H$a ho EH$ CXm. Amho. H$mhr ‘¶m©Xm bmXë¶m‘wio ¶mgM AS>WimåhUVmV. {dXoer ì¶mnma dmT>{dÊ¶mgmR>r qH$dm H$‘r H$aÊ¶mgmR>r ({Z¶§ÌUmImbr) AmUÊ¶mgmR>rgaH$ma ì¶mnmar {Z¶§ÌUmMm dmna H$é eH$Vo. øm àH$mao H$moUË¶m dñVwÀ¶m Am¶mVrg {H$VrnadmZJr Úmdr. àË¶oH$ XoemV {H$Vr à‘mUmV Am¶mV H$é eH$Vmo. øm Jmoï>r gaH$ma R>adw eH$Vo.

ñdmV§Í¶ {‘imë¶mZ§Va maV gaH$ma {dXoer ì¶mnma, {dXoer Jw§VdUwH$rg AS>Wio Q>mH$br.XoemVrb CËnmXH$m§Zm {dXoer ñnY}nmgwZ g§ajU {‘idwZ XoÊ¶mMr JaO Amho Ago dmQ>bo. 1950-1960 ‘Ü¶o ZwH$VoM H$maImZo C^maë¶m OmV hmoVo. øm XeoV Am¶Vm§H$Sw>Z ñnYo©Mr nadmZJr {XbmAgVm Va hr H$maImZo {Q>Hw$Z amhrbo ZgVo. åhUwZ AË¶mdí¶H$ dñVw, ¶§Ìo, amgm¶{ZH$ IVo.

OmJVrH$sH$aUÀ¶m à{H«$¶oV ~hÿamï´>r¶ g§ñWm§Mo nmÌ H$moUVo? Xoem§Zm EH$sH$aU H$aÊ¶mMo H$moUVo ‘mJ© AmhoV? ~amo~a CÎma {ZdS>m.

(A) CËnmXH$mVrb ñnYm© H$‘r H$aUo.(Am) CËnmXH$mVrb ñnYo©V dmT>dUo(B) CËnmXH$mVrb ñnYm© OemM Ver R>odUo.

J«m‘rU mJmV “Amåhmb AmOhr {dOoMr H$‘VaVm Amho.”gÜ¶m… 3G, 4G åhUOo H$m¶?“Amåhmg gÜ¶m pñWa Ago H$Zo³eZ {‘imUoM H${R>UAmho.”

ehar ^mJmV “Am‘À¶m g§JH$Um§Zm doJdmZH$ZoeÝg AmhoV”gÜ¶m… “Amåhmbm ‘mo~mB©b ’$moZ‘Ü¶o gwÕmB§Q>aZoQ> ¶oVo.”

ehar ^mJmV J«m‘rU ^mJmV

H$mhr 20 df} nydu H$mhr 20 df} nydu

{Oëbm n[afX Cƒ emim

SCERT TELANGANA


b§S>Z‘Yrb dmMH$m§gmR>r n«gmarV hmoUmè¶mEH$m d¥ÎmnÌmg {X„rV aoIm§Q>Z H$éZ N>mnmdo bmJVo.d¥ÎmnÌmV N>mnÊ¶mV Amboë¶m ~m~tZm B§Q>aZoQ>Ûmao{X„rVrb H $ m¶m ©b¶mg nmR >dVmV.Q>o{bH$å¶w{ZHo$eZÀ¶m gmo¶rÛmao d¥ÎmnÌmg H$go N>mnmdo,{X„rVrb aoIm§Q>H$m§Zm b§S>Z H$m¶m©b¶mVwZ ‘m{hVr{‘iVo. d¥ÎmnÌmMo nwU© aoIm§Q>Z g§JUH$mg hmoVo. d¥ÎmnÌN>mnë¶mZ§Va àqVZm {d‘mZmÛmao b§S>Zbm nmR>dVmV. aoIm§Q>ZmgmR>r, ‘wÐZmgmR>r bmJUmam n¡gm b§S>Z‘Yrb~±Ho$VwZ {X„rVrb ~°Ho$g B§Q>aZoQ> (e-banking) Ûmao bJoM nmR>dVmV.

H$ƒm‘mb ømgM ’$º$ Am¶mV H$aÊ¶mMr nadmZJr {Xbr. gJioM {dH$grZerb Xoe VodmT>Umè¶m XeoV Ë¶m§À¶m Xoe CËnmXH$mg H$moUË¶mhr EH$m n«H$mao g§ajU {‘idwZ XoÊ¶mÀ¶m{df¶ BWo ÑîQ>rg R>odmdm.

Va 1991 À¶m gwédmVrnmgwZ {XK©H$mi à^md nmS>Umè¶m ^maV XoemÀ¶m nÕVrV ~XbAmUë¶m Jobo. maVmVrb CËnmXH$ OJâmVrb CËnmXH$m§er ñnYm© H$aÊ¶mMr doi Ambr Amho.Ago gaH$maZo {ZYm©arV Ho$bo. ñnY}‘wio XoemVrb CËnmXH$ Ë¶m§Mm XOm© gwYamdm bmJVmo. Ë¶m‘wioË¶m§Mo H$m‘ Mm§Jbo hmoVo. øm {ZU©¶mgmR>r ‘moR>çm Am§Vaamï´>r¶ g§ñWmMr ‘XV hmoVr.Ë¶m‘wio {dXoer ì¶mnma Am{U Jw§VdUwH$sÀ¶m AS>Wù¶m§Zm ~è¶mM à‘mUmV H$mTw>Z Q>mH$ë¶m Jobo,¶mMmM AW© XoemV gmYZ gm‘J«r ñdV§ÌnUo Am¶mM d {Z¶m©V H$é eH$Vmo. {dXoer H§$nÝ¶m BWoH$m¶m©b¶o, H$maImZo ñWmnrV H$é eH$VmV.

gaH$maZo bmXboë¶m AS>Wio, ‘¶m©Xm§Zm H$mT>Ê¶mgM Am{W©H$ CXmarH$aU åhUVmV.CXmarH$aUmÀ¶m nÕVrMm narUm‘M H$moU-H$mooUË¶m dñVwMr hr Am¶mV-{Z¶m©V H$am¶mMr Amho. Voì¶mnmarM ì¶mnma H$aV ñdV§ÌnUo {ZU©¶ KoV. øm AJmoXa narpñWVrer VwbZm Ho$br Va H$‘r{Z¶§ÌU emgZmZo bmXbo. åhUwZM ¶mg CXmarH¥$V Am{W©H$ nÕV åhUVmV.

OmJVrH$sH$aUmg Mmb{dUmar eº$s H$moUVr hm àíZ AmVm nS>Vmo. Vr amO{H$¶ {ZU©¶ qH$dmAm{W©H$ V§ÌkmZ joÌmV Pmbobr H«$m§Vr? OmJVrH$s H$aUmgmR>r Am{W©H$ joÌmMo ‘wi H$maU Amho.Ago g‘OV Ë¶mg, Am{W©H$ e³Ë¶m H$maUr yV Amho. åhUwZ Ë¶m§Mr ‘wim§Zm Vo¶ R>adrVmV. AgodmX KmbVmV. amO{H$¶ H$maU dmQ>Umè¶m§Zm gaH$maÀ¶m R>amdm‘wio AJmoXa ømMr gwédmV PmbråhUVmV. emgZ ‘¶m©Xm bmXVmV. qH$dm Ë¶m§Zm H$mTw>Z Q>mH$VmV. EH$ ^mJ ¶mo½¶ Amho qH$dmZmhr. ¶mMm A§XmO bmdÊ¶mgmR>r ~mOmanoR>oÀ¶m narñWrVrg H$maUr wV Zmhr Va amO{H$¶dmVmdaU gwÕm ‘hËdmMm mJ ~ZVmo.IaoVa darb XmoÝhtMm g§~§Y Amho. EH$m {deof Ñï>rH$moUmVwZamO{H$¶ R>amd KoVmV, åhUwZ AmoiIbo Va, ho Ë¶mdoir Amboë¶m Am{W©H$, Vm§{ÌH$ ~Xbm§ZmÑîQ>rg KoVmV åhUwZ g‘OVo.

øm CXm.ZmV CËnmXHVoV V§ÌkmZmMmPmbobm dmna gm§JUmè¶m eãXm§Immbr aofAmoT>m.OmJVrH$sH$aU Am{U d¡km{ZH$,V§ÌkmZmMr ‘m{hVr‘Ü¶o AgUmam g§~§YH$moUVm? ‘m{hVr V§ÌkmZ dmT>bo ZgVoVa (IT) OmJVrH$sH$aU KS>bo ZgVo.

SCERT TELANGANA


OmJ{VH$ àemg{H$¶ g§ñWmgÜ¶m OJmV A{YH$ Va bmoH$m§g à^mdrV H$aUmao ‘hËdmÀ¶m ~m~tda {ZU©¶ OmJVrH$ àemgrV

g§ñWm {ZU©¶ KoV AmhoV. ømMo Mm§Jbo CXm. åhUOo dmVmdaUmVrb ~Xb. gwédmVrg H$m~©Z CËgO©ZmgH$‘r H$aÊ¶mgmR>r àË¶oH$ XoemHS>o ho H$m¶© gmondÊ¶mVAmbo Ë¶mVwZ Ago {ZXe©Zmg Ambo H$s VoWrb XoeË¶m H$maImÝ¶mMo ñWbm§Va H$éZ BVa {R>H$mUr Ë¶mMrñWmnZm H$aÊ¶mV Ambr.n[aUm‘V… CËgO©ZodmVmdaUmVrb ~Xb gma»¶m {df¶mda gd© Xoem§Zr{‘iwZ à¶ËZ H$aÊ¶mMr Amdí¶H$Vm AgVo.

OmJVrH$ àemgZ g§ñWoVrb EH$ AgUmarOmJ{VH$ ì¶mnma g§ñWm (WTO) ~Ôb {dñV¥V‘m{hVr nmhþ ¶m.

OmJ{VH$ ì¶mnma g§ñWm (WTO)^maVmV {dXoer ì¶mnma, Jw§VdUwH$sV CXmasH$aU YmoaUm§Zm ‘moR>çm Am§Vaamï´>r¶ g§ñWm§Mr ‘XV Amho.

hr ‘m{hVr KoVbr. {dXoer ì¶mnmamg, Jw§VdUwH$sg {Z¶§ÌU, hmZr nmohMdrVmV. åhUwZ hr g§ñWm dmXKmbVmV. Xoem-Xoem§‘Ü¶o ì¶mnmamV H$moUË¶mM AS>Wim{dZm ñdV§ÌnUo ahmdo åhUwZ Vo åhUVmV.Am§Vaamï´>r¶ ì¶mnmamV CXmarH$sH$aU YmoaU AmUÊ¶mÀ¶m CÚoemZo H$m‘ H$aV AgUmè¶m g§ñWoV OmJVrH$ì¶mnma g§ñWm (World Trade Organisation (WTO) EH$ Amho. XoemÀ¶m ghH$m¶m©Zo {Z‘m©U Pmbobr hrg§ñWm Am§Vaamï>©r¶ ì¶mnmamer g§~§{YV {Z¶‘m§Zm V¶ma H$éZ Vo Am‘bmV ¶oÊ¶mgmR>r H$m¶© H$arV AgVo.gÜ¶m OJmVrb Odinmg 150 Xoe OmJ{VH$ ì¶mnma g§ñWoMo gXñ¶ AmhoV.

OmJ{VH$ ì¶mnma g§ñWm ñdV§ÌnUo Amnbm ì¶mnma H$amd¶mg nmhmV Amho. AWm©V gmYmaUV… XoeAÝ¶m¶ahrV ì¶mnmamÀ¶m AS>Wù¶m§Zm AOwZ Mmb[dV Amho. OmJ{VH$ ì¶mnma g§ñWoMr {Z¶‘o dmT>VAgboë¶m Xoem§Zm ì¶mnmar AS>Wù¶m§Zm H$mTw>Z Q>mH$Ê¶mg X~md AmUV AmhoV. eoVr CËnÞmV ì¶mnmamdagÜ¶m Mmbbobr MMm© ¶mMo CXm.Amho.^maVmda OmJVrH$sH$aUmMm à^md - n[aUm‘

OmJVrH$sH$aUmMm n[aUm‘ bmoH$m§À¶m OrdZmda H$gm à^md nS>V Amho? OmJVrH$sH$aUm‘wioJ«mhH$, {deof H$éZ ehamVrb lr‘§V bmoH$m§Zm ’$m¶Xm Pmbm. ¶m§Zm AZoH$ àH$maÀ¶m dñVw {‘iV AmhoV.AZoH$ CËnmXZmMm XO©m dmTw>Z, qH$‘Vr H$‘r Pmë¶m.¶mMmM n[aUm‘ ¶m bmoH$m§Zm ¶m AJmoXanojmMm§Jë¶m àH$mao OrdZ nÕVr OJV Amho. CËnmXH$mda Am{U amoOJmam§da OmJVrH$sH$aUmMm à^md EH$mMàH$maMm Zmhr Va doJdoJù¶m n«H$maMm Amho.

~hwamï´>r¶ H§$nÝ¶m ^maVmV Ë¶m§À¶m Jw§VdUwH$m dmT>dë¶m, åhUOo ^maVmV Jw§VdUwH$m H$aUo Ë¶m§Zm’$m¶Xoera R>abo. gob’$moZ, dmhZo, {dÚwV, W§S>no¶o, ’$mñQ>’w$S> dñVw ehar mJmV ~°H$s¨J gma»¶m godm§‘Ü¶o~hþamï´>r¶ g§ñWm AmdS>, BÀN>m XmIdV AmhoV. øm CËnÞmg lr‘§H$ J«mhH$ A{YH$ à‘mUmV AmhoV.¶mH$maImZo, godm§‘wio ZdrZ CÚmoJY§Xo {Z‘m©U Pmbo. øm H$maImÝ¶mg H$ƒm ‘mbmMm nwadR>m H$aUmar VoWrb

{dXoer ì¶mnma CXmarH$sH$aU åhUOo H$m¶?¶mMm AW© H$m¶ g‘OwZ KoVbmV?

Am¶Vrda H$a ì¶mnmamÀ¶m AS>Wù¶mMo EH$CXm. Amho. {Z¶m©V H$aUmè¶m gm‘J«rVrg§»¶m-narUm‘mda gwÕm gaH$maZo ‘¶m©Xmbmdw eH$VmV. {MZÀ¶m IoiÊ¶m§Ë¶m CXm.H$moQ>m§Zm dmnéZ ì¶mnmar AS>>Wù¶m§Zm H$gobmJw nS>VmV Vo gm§Jm. øm nÕVrMm dmnaH$é eH$Vmo H$m? MMm© H$am.

SCERT TELANGANA


g§ñWmZm ’$m¶Xm Pmbm.^maVmVrb ‘moR>-‘moR>çm H§$nÝ¶m§Zm dmT>Ë¶m ñnY}‘wio ’$m¶Xm Pmbm. Ë¶m§Zr ZdrZ Vm§{ÌH$

{dkmZmV, CËnmXZ nÕVrV Jw§VdUwH$ H$éZ CËnmXZmMo à‘mU dmT>dbo. {dXoer H§$nÝ¶m§er{‘iwZ H$m‘ Ho$ë¶m‘wio H$m§hr H§$nÝ¶m§Zm ’$m¶Xm Pmbm.

^maVmV eoVr joÌmVM OmñVrV OmñV H$m‘ {‘idwZXoVmV. ¶mg A‘o{aH$m gma»¶m gwYmarV Xoem§erVwbZm H$am. A‘o[aH$m GDP ‘Ü¶o eoVrMm dmQ>m1% AgwZ nwU© amoOJmamVrb 0.5%! ‹’$³V eoVrVAmhoV. VarnU A‘o[aH$m eoVr ì¶dgm¶mV AgUmè¶møm WmoS>çm bmoH$m§Zm CËnmXH$mgmR>r BVa XoemVrbAm¶mVrgmR>r A‘o[aH$m gaH$maH$Sw>Z ‘moR>çm à‘mUmVn¡go {‘iVmV. ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV {‘iUmè¶m ¶mgãgrS>r‘wio A‘o[aHoVrb eoVH$ar Ë¶m§À¶m eoVrCËnmXH$mg Iwn H$‘r qH$‘VrV {dH$VmV. OmñVAgUmè¶m eoVr CËnÞmg ¶m §Zr BVa X oemÀ¶m~mOmanoR>oV Iwn H$‘r qH$‘VrV {dH$VmV. ¶mMmMà^md Ë¶m Xoem§Vrb eoVH$è¶mda nS>Vmo.

åhUwZ gwYmarV Pmboë¶m Xoem§Zm gwYmarVXoem§Zr Agm àíZ {dMmabm H$s, “OmJ{VH$ ì¶mnmag§ñWoÀ¶m {Z¶‘mà‘mUo Amåhr ì¶mnma AS>Wù¶m§ZmH$mTw>Z Q>mH$bo nU Vwåhr Ë¶m {Z¶‘m§Mm {dMma ZH$aVm Vw‘À¶m eoVH$è¶mZm ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV n¡goXoV AmhmV. Am‘À¶m eoVH$è¶m§Zm ‘XV H$é Z¶oAgo, Am‘À¶m eoVH$è¶m§Zm gm§JwZ Vwåhr ‘mÌ ‘XVXoV AmhmV, ñdV§Ì Am{U Ý¶m¶nwU© ì¶mnma åhUOohmM H$m?”

EdT>oM Zmhr Va OmJVrH$sH$aUm‘wio H$mhr ‘moR>-‘moR>çm maVr¶ H§$nÝ¶m ñdV… ~hþamï´>r¶g§ñWm åhUwZ dmT>rg Pmë¶m. Q>mQ>m ‘moQ>g© (dmhVwH$), BÝ’$mogrg (Am¶.Q>r), a¡Z~o³gr (Am¡fYr),E{e¶Z n|Q²>g (a§J), gw§Xa‘ ’$mñQ>oZg© (ZQ> ~moëQ>) gma»¶m ^maVr¶ H§$nÝ¶m gÜ¶m OJâmVXodmU-KodmU Mmbw Amho.

OmJVrH$sH$aUm‘wio godm, {deof H$éZ I.T er g§~§YrV godm nmohmoM{dUmè¶m H§$nÝ¶m§ZmZdrZ g§Yr {‘imbr. b§S>Z‘Yrb H§$nÝ¶m§Zm maVmVrb H§$nZrZo d¥ÎmnÌ N>mnwZ XoUo, H$m°b g|Q>aMmb{dUo ¶mMr CXm.EdT>rM Zmhr Va S>mQ>m E§Q´>r, O‘mIMm©Mm {hemo~, àemgZmer g§~§YrVH$m‘o, B§{O{Z¶[a¨J B. gÜ¶m maV XoemV ñdñV H$éZ {dH$grV H$éZ {dH${gV XoemV {Z¶m©VH$arV Amho.

[aH$må¶m OmJm âm.________ XoemÀ¶m ghH$m¶m©Zo OmJ{VH$ì¶mnma g§ñWoVr gwédmV Pmbr. ¶m g§ñWoMmCÚoe _____. Amho,OmJ{VH$ ì¶mnmag§ñWm_________ er g§~§YrV {Z¶‘m§Zm~ZdwZ_____. nmhVo,Va AmMaUmV Xoem§‘Ü¶oì¶mnma ______.Zmhr. ^maV gma»¶mgwYmarV Xoem§Zm _________, nU AZoH$~m~VrV {dH$grV nmdboë¶m Xoem§Zm Ë¶m§À¶mCËnmXH$mg ‘XV AmhoV.Xoem§‘Ü¶o ì¶mnma AOwZ Ý¶m¶nwU© AgÊ¶mgmRrH$m¶ H$é eH$Vmo? darb CXmhaUmV A‘o[aH$m emgZmZoeoVH$è¶m§Zm CËnmXZmg ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV n¡goXoVo ho nm{hbmo. H$mhr doiog gaH$ma H$mhràH$maÀ¶m dñVw CXm. dmVmdaUmer ¶mo½¶Aem CËnÞmg ‘XV XoVo. ho Ý¶m¶ AmhoqH$dm Zmhr. ¶mda MMm© H$am?

SCERT TELANGANA


bKw CËnmXH$$ - ñnYm© H$am qH$dm Q>mimAZoH$ N>moQ>çm CËnmXH$m§Zm, H$m‘Jmam§Zm OmJVrH$sH$aUmZo ‘moR>o àíZ {Z‘m©U Pmbo.

CÚmoJH$V} åhUwZ EdT>çm N>m oQ >çmH$mdbmdYrV g‘ñ¶m§Zm Vm|S> Úmdo bmJV Amho.åhUwZ adrZo H$ënZm gwÕm Ho$br ZìhVr.Vm{‘iZmSw>‘Yrb Am¡Úmo{JH$ eha AgUmao hmogwa¶oWo H°$nmgrQ>g© CËnmXZ H$aUmar ñdV…Mr H§$nZrñWmnrV H$aÊ¶mgmR>r 1992 ‘Ü¶o a{dZo ~±Ho$VwZH$O© KoVbo. Q>çw~bmBQ>gmR>r, Q>o{b{dOZ gma»¶mAZoH$ J¥hn¶moJr CnH$aUm§‘Ü¶o H°$nm{gQ>ag©MmCn¶moJ H$aVmV. VrZ dfm©V Ë¶mÀ¶m H§$nZrMrdmT> hmoD$Z 20 bmoH$ ‘OwXama H$m‘ H$é bmJbo.

¶m {MÌm~Ôb EH$ H$mën{ZH$ ì¶m»¶m {bhm, ho {MÌOmJVrH$sH$aUm ~Ôb H$m¶ gm§JVo.?

gÜ¶mÀ¶m H$mimV ^maVmV Jw §VdUwH$mH$aÊ¶mgmR>r {dX oer H § $nÝ¶m §Zm AmH${f ©VH$aÊ¶mgmR>r H|$Ð, amÁ¶gaH$mam§Zr AZoH$ ¶moOZmH$aV AmhoV. {deof Am{W©H$ H|$Ðm (SEZs), gma»¶mAm¡Úmo{JH$ àm§Vm§Mr C^maUr H$arV Amho. øm§‘Ü¶oOmJ{VH$ ñWamdarb gw{dYm AgVmV. {dO,nmUr, dmhVwH$sgmR>r, {ejU, ‘Zmoa§OZ ñWio{deof Am{W©H$ H|$ÐmV H$maImÝ¶m§Mr ñWmnZmH$aVodoir H§$nÝ¶m§Zm gwédmVrMo 5 dfm©n¶ªVH$moUVmM H$a âmdm bmJV Zmhr.

{dXoer Jw§VwdUwH$s¨Zm AmH${f©V H$aÊ¶mgmR>r gaH$maZo amoO>Jma H$m¶Úm§Zm bdMrH$VmamoOJmam§Zm {XK©H$mi ‘OwaXma Z R>odVm H$m‘mMm^ma H$‘r doi R>adÊ¶mMr g§Yr {‘iVo. ¶m‘wioH§$nZrg H$m‘Jmam§da hmoUmam IM© H$‘r bmJVmo.Va {dXoer H§$nÝ¶m amoOJmam§À¶m H$m¶Úm§Zm AOwZgwQ> bdMrH$Vm Úmdr åhUwZ ‘mJUr H$arVAmhoV.

^maVmVrb bmoH$m§Zm ñnY}‘wio H$moUVm ’$m¶XmPmbm?

maVmVrb OmñV H§$nÝ¶m ~hwamï>r¶ H§$nÝ¶m åhUwZdmT>mì¶mV H$m? XoemVrb bmoH$m§Zm Ë¶m‘wioH$moUVo ’$m¶Xo hmoVmV.

OmñV {doXoer Jw§VdUwH$sZm AmH${f©V H$aÊ¶mgmR>rgaH$ma H$m à¶ËZ H$arV Amho.?

EImÚmMr gwYmaUm Pmbr AgVm, Xþgè¶mg ZmehmoVmo, ho AmnU ¶m AJmoXa {eH$bmo. Am{W©H$H|$Ðm§Zm C^maÊ¶mgmR>r maVmVrb H$mhr bmoH$¶mMm {damoY H$arV AmhoV. ho H$moU AmhoV dË¶mg H$m {damoY H$aV AmhoV? Vo gm§Jm

SCERT TELANGANA


2001 ‘Ü¶o OmJ{VH$ ì¶mnma g§ñWoV Hamam‘wio gaH$ma H°$nm{gQ>ag© daÀ¶m Am¶mVr daÀ¶mAQ>r H$mTw>Z Q>mH$ë¶m‘wio Ë¶m§À¶m H$ï>m§Mr gwédmV Pmbr. Ë¶mMo nhrbo J«mhH$ AgUmao Q>o{b{dOZH§$nÝ¶m Q>o{b{dOZ goQ>À¶m CËnÎmrgmR>r H°$nm{gQ>ag©À¶m ~amo~aM {d{dY mJm§Zm ‘moR>çm à‘mUmVIaoXr H$aV. Va ~hþamï´>r¶ g§ñWm Q>o{b{dOZ ~«§S>gnmgwZÀ¶m ñnY}‘wio ^ma{V¶ Q>o{b{dOZ H§$nÝ¶m~hyamï´>r¶ g§ñWm§Zm AmgodbtJ H|$ÐmMo {R>H$mU ~Zbo, Ë¶m§Zm EImÚm doiog H°$nm{gQ>ag© {dH$V¿¶mdo bmJUmè¶m§Zm Am¶mV H$aUmao a{d gma»¶m CËnmJH$mZr {Xboë¶m qH$‘VrÀ¶m AÜ¶m© qH$‘VrV¶oV AmhoV, åhUwZ Ë¶m§ZmM {dH$V KoÊ¶mMr AmdS> XmIdVmV.

AmVm a{d 2000 dfm©V CËnmXZ Pmboë¶m à‘mUmnojm AY}M CËnmXZ H$aV Amho.Ë¶mÀ¶mOdi AmVm ’$º$ 7 amoOJma H$m‘ H$aV AmhoV. Ë¶mM CÚmoJmV AgUmao a{dMo {‘Ì h¡Ðm~mXAm{U MoÞB©‘Ü¶o AgUmar Ë¶m§Mo CÚmoJ ~§X H$éZ Q>mH$bo AmhoV.

Mm§Jë¶m OmJVrH$sH$aUmgmR>r bT>mdarb CXmhaUm‘wio OmJVrH$sHaUm‘wio gdmªZm ’$m¶Xm Pmbm H$m Zmhr ho Amnë¶m

bjmV Ambo. {ejU, H$m¡eë¶, g§nÎmr AgUmè¶m§ZmM ZdrZ g§Yr‘wio damM ’$m¶Xm PmbmXþgarH$S>o H$moUVmM ’$m¶Xm Z hmoUmè¶m bmoH$m§Mr g§»¶m OmñV Amho. OmJVrH$sH$aU hoAmVm H$moUrM ZmH$maV Zmhr. OmJVrH$sH$aUm‘wio gdm§©Zm g‘mZ Ý¶m¶ H$gm {‘idwZX¶mdm hm Amnë¶m g‘moa àíZ Amho Ý¶m¶ahrV OmJVrH$sH$aUm‘wio gdm©Zm g§Yr {‘iweH$Vo. Ë¶mMo ’$m¶Xo AOwZ Mm§Jbo Aew eH$VmV.

¶mg gmÜ¶ H$aÊ¶mgmR>r ‘hËdmMo nmÌ nma nmS>mdo bmJVo. gaH$mar YmoaUolr‘§VmZm A{YH$ma AgUmè¶m§ZmM ZgwZ XoemVrb gd© bmoH$m§Zm ‘XV XoÊ¶mgmaIoAgmdo. gaH$maZo KoVboë¶m H$mhr ¶moOZm§ Vwåhmbm ‘m{hV AmhoVM. CXm. H$m‘Jmam§À¶mH$m¶Úm§Mr Mm§Jë¶m àH$mao A‘b~OmdUr H$éZ H$m‘Jmam§Zm Ë¶m§Mm h¸$ {‘idwZ Úmdm

dmT>Ë¶m ñnY}‘wio a{dÀ¶m CËnÎmr H§o$Ðmda H$moUË¶m àH$maMm à^md nS>bm Xþgè¶m Xoemer VwbZm Ho$br AgVm Amnbm CËnmXZ IM© OmñV Pmbm åhUwZa{dgma»¶m CËnmXH$m§Zr CËnmXZ Wm§~dmdo H$m? Vw‘Mo ‘V H$m¶?

^maVmgma»¶m N>moQ>çm CËnmXH$m§Zm ~mOmanoR>oV ñnYm© {Q>H$dwZ R>odÊ¶mgmR>r VrZJaOm§Mr Amdí¶H$Vm Amho. ho EH$m AÜ¶¶ZmV gm§{JVbo. A)gwYmarV añVo,{dO, nmUr, H$ƒm‘mb, ~mOmanoR>, ‘m{hVrMo V§ÌkmZ. Am) d¡km{ZH$ V§ÌkmZmVrbdmT>, AmYw{ZH$sH$aU. B)H$‘r ì¶mOmV ¶mo½¶doir H$Om©Mr nmohmoMdUwH$. ømVrZ Jmoï>r ma{V¶ CËnmXH$m§Zm H$moUË¶m àH$maMr ‘XV hmoVo, ¶mMo dU©Z H$am. ¶mV Jw§VdUwH$m H$aÊ¶mgmR>r ~hþamï>r¶ g§ñWm AmdS> XmIdVmV. H$m? H$emgmR>r?¶m JmoîQ>r CnbãY H$éZ XoUmè¶mV gaH$maMm hmV Amho Ago Vwåhmbm dmQ>Vo H$m?H$emgmR>r?gaH$maZo KoVboë¶m BVa ¶moOZm§~Ôb {dMma H$am. MMm© H$am.

SCERT TELANGANA


N>moQ>çm CËnmXH$m§Zm Ë¶m§Mo gm‘Ï¶© dmT>dwZ ñnYm© H$aÊ¶mOmoJr VmH$V ¶oB©n¶ªV Ë¶m§Zm ‘XVH$amdr. JaO nS>ob V|ìhm gaH$maZo ì¶mnma Jw§VdUwH$sÀ¶m AS>Wù¶m§Mm dmna Hé eH$Vo. OaVaMÝ¶m¶ {Z¶‘m§gmR>r OmJ{VH$ ì¶mnma g§ñWoer oQ>r KoD$ eH$VmV. ømM AmdS> AgUmè¶m BVa{dH${gV Xoem§er {‘iwZ OmJ{VH$ ì¶mnma g§ñWoV (WTO.) dmT> hmoUmè¶m XoemÀ¶m gÎmoÀ¶m{damoYmV bTw> eH$VmV.

Joë¶m H$mhr dfm©V Pmboë¶m ‘moR>-‘moR>çm MidirV bmoH$g§Km§À¶m {dZ§Ë¶mZwgma OmJ{VH$ì¶mnma g§ñWoV ì¶mnma Jw§VdUwH$ser g§~§YrV ‘hËdmÀ¶m {ZU©¶mda à^md nmS>VmV. Ý¶m¶nwU©OmJVrH$sH$aUmgmR>r hmoUmè¶m bT>çmV bmoH$m§Mr gwÕm ‘hËdmMo nmÌ nma nmS>VmV åhUwZ {gÕhmoVo.BVa KQ>H$

OmJVrH$sH$aUm‘wio amï´>mVrb amÁ¶ Zme nmdVmV. H$s H$m¶ åhUwZ MM©oMm {df¶ hmoVm.bmoH$ EH$m àm§VmÀ¶m AmYmao g§KQ>rV hmoD$Z Xoem§Zm amO{H$¶ [aË¶m AmoiIUo. EdT>m H$mibmJbm. ¶m àH$maÀ¶m àm§Vr¶ {d^mJm‘wio Amåhr, Vwåhr, ~mhoarb, VoWrb Aem ‘mZ{gH${dMmam‘wio Amnbm Xoe hr ^mdZm dmT>rg, bmJwZ amï´>r¶Vm ~Zbr. OmJVrHrH$aUmMm EH$‘moR>m à^md åhUOo hr amï´>r¶ ^mdZm H$‘r Pmbr.

gdmªÀ¶m Ñï>rg AmH${f©V H$aUmam ‘hËdmMm KQ>H$, OmJVrH$sH$aU, gm§ñH¥$VrH$ d¡{dÜ¶VmZmhrer H$aVo.

AmYw{ZH$ àdmemMr gmYZo, Vm§ÌrH$ kmZmZo H$mhr g§ñH¥$Vr ^mdZm àMmarV hmodwZ BVañWm{¶H$ Aëng§»¶H$ dJm©Vrb g§ñH¥$Vr ~mOwbm gmaV Amho. Ago H$mhtOU dmX KmbVmV.H$mhrOZ {deof gVV ~mOwëmm gmaë¶m Joboë¶m gm§ñH¥{VH$ AmMmam§Zm OmJVrH$sH$aUmV ¶mo½¶ Vo

ñWmZ X od wZ Ë¶mMm {dñVmaH$aÊ¶mgmR>r ‘XV Pmbr åhUwZg‘OVmV. H$mhr mfoMm ~amM dmnahmoD$Z Am§Vaamï´>r¶ àgma gmYZm§Mmdmagm {‘idwZ BVa ^mfm §ZmXþ©bjmÀ¶m Amhmar Jobr H$mht VaAñV nmdÊ¶mMm YmoH$m Amho, AgoH$mhtOU åhUVmV.

eodQ>X oemMr d oJmZ o g wg §KQ > rV

hmoÊ¶mÀ¶m à{H«$¶og, OmJVrH$rH$aUåhUVmV. hm 20 ì¶m eVH$mVrbOJâ ngabobm e³¶ Pmbobm ~Xb¶mg Am{W©H$, amO{H$¶, gm§ñH¥${VH$ÑîQ>çm nU H$maUr^yV AmhoV.OmJVrH$sH$aUmÀ¶m gÜ¶mÀ¶m XeoV

nwU©{Z‘uV, dmT>rgmR>r Am§Vaamï´>r¶ ~°Ho$g (IBRD) Am§Vaamï´>r¶ gwYmarV g§KQ>Zm§Zm (IDA) {‘iwZ OmJ{VH$ ~°Ho$MoH$m‘ nma nmS>VmV. ¶m Xm oÝhr g§ñWoV 170 nojm OmñVgXñ¶ Xoe AmhoV. A‘o{aH$m gmaIr Xoeo ¶m g§ñWoMo H$m‘R>adVo. AmVmn¶ªV gwÕm A‘o[aHo$À¶m ‘VXmZ 167 ‘hËdAmho. OmnmZ, O‘©Zr, ¶w.Ho$, ’«$m§g gma»¶m Xoem§ZmàË¶oH$mg 3.67 ‘VXmZmMm A{YH$ma Amho. Jar~XoemÀ¶m ‘VXmZmbm H‘r ‘hËd Amho. gÜ¶m BVaJar~ Xoemer VwbZm Ho$br AgVm ^maV Am{U {MZbmOmñV ‘VXmZmMm A{YH$ma Amho. gaH$ma Ë¶m§Ë¶mnÕVr ~Z{dÊ¶mgmR>r OmJ{VH$ ~±Ho$g g„m XoD$Z‘mJ©Xe©Z H$éZ Ë¶mg à^mdrV H$aV Amho.

OmJ{VH$ ~±H$WB, Am{U Am§Vaamï´>r¶ Ðì¶g§ñWm (IMF) Ë¶mMm A{YH$ma

SCERT TELANGANA


EH$ ‘hËdmMm KQ>H$ åhUOo nwîH$b g§nÎmr AgUmè¶m ~hþamï´>r¶ H§$nÝ¶m§À¶m {Z¶§ÌUmImbrJw§VdUwH$m, ì¶nmamZwgma ~mOmanoR>m CËnmXZ gwg§KQ>rV H$aUo, ì¶mnma Jw§VdUwH$m AgUmè¶mEH$sH$aU YmoaUm±‘wio AS>Wù¶m§Zm H$mTw>Z Q>mH$ë¶m‘wio OmJVrH$sH$aUmÀ¶m ~bmg Am{W©H$ ì¶dgm§ZrXmao CKS>ë¶m gmaIr Pmbo.

Ag‘mZVoMm Xþgam Ñï>rH$moZ ’$m¶Úm§Mr g‘mZ dmQ>Ur Pmbr Zmhr, g§nÞ J«mhH$m§Zm,H$m¡eë¶, {ejU ,nwîH$i g§nÎmr AgUmè¶m CËnmXH$m§Zm ¶mMm ’$m¶Xm Pmbm. Vm§{ÌH$ kmZmer¶wº$ AgUmè¶m H$mhr godm {dñVmaë¶m XþgarHS>o hOmamo bmoH$ CËnmXH$m§Zm, H$m‘JmamZm Ë¶m§À¶m‘OwargmR>r d h¸$m§Mm §J Pmbm, OmJVrH$sH$aU ~mZmÀ¶m XmoÝhr ~mOwg g‘OwZ KoUo ‘hËdmMoAmho.

Ag‘mZVoMm Xþgam Ñï>rH$moZ BVa XoemÀ¶m YmoaUmV Y{ZH$ Xoem§Mr gÎmmYmar dM©ñd, ì¶mnma, Jw§VdUwH$m, ñWbm§Vam gma»¶m Am§Vaamï´>r¶ Am{W©H$ YmoaUm§~m~VrV. Xoe ì¶dhmam ~m~VrVY{ZH$ nmíMmË¶ Xoe Caboë¶m OJmda à^md nmS>V Amho. OmJ{VH$ ì¶mnma g§ñWm, OmJ{VH$ ~±H$,Am§Vaamï´>r¶ Ðì¶ {ZYr gma»¶m Am§Vaamï´>r¶ g§ñWm {dH$gZerb Xoemnojm {dH${gV Pmboë¶mXoemÀ¶m ’$m¶ÚmgmR>r OmñV g§KQ>rV H$aVmV. EH$sH$S>o OmJVrH$sH$aUmgmR>r dmT>rg, g§nÎmrgg§Yr {‘idwZ XoV Amho. Ë¶mMm {damoY H$aUmao OmJmda Am{YnË¶m {‘i{dÊ¶mgmR>r H$mhrnmíMmË¶ Xoem§ZrM Ho$bobm à¶ËZ Amho. AZoH$ Jar~ XoemV øm‘wio JUV§Ì, amoOJmam§Vm h¸$,n¶m©daUmg §J H$aUmar AmhoV. Ago Ë¶m§Zm dmQ>Vo.

Vw‘À¶m Aä¶mgmMr n wZamd ¥Îmr H$am

1. §{dXoer Jw§VdUwH$m ì¶mnmamda maV gaH$maZo AS>Wio bmdÊ¶mMr H$moUVr H$maUo AmhoV?øm AS>Wù¶m§Zm H$mT>mdoV, Ago Ë¶m§Zm H$m dmQ>bo?

2. §amoOJmam§À¶m H$m¶ÚmMr bdMrH$VoMm H§$nÝ¶m§Zm H$moUË¶m àH$mao ’$m¶Xm Pmbm.?3. §CËnmXZ H$aÊ¶mgmR>r, Ë¶mda {Z¶§ÌU AmUÊ¶mgmR>r qH$dm BVa XoemV ñWm{¶H$ hmoÊ¶mgmR>r

~hwamï´>r¶ g§ñWm§Zr H$moUVr YmoaUo Adb§~br Amho?4. §{dH$gZerb Xoe ì¶mnma, Jw§VdUwH$sV EH$sH$aUmMo YmoaU Adb§~{dbo nm{hOoV. Ago

{dH$grV Xoem§Zr H$m ‘mJUr Ho$br? ¶mÀ¶m {damoYmV {dH${gV Xoem§Zr H$moUË¶m AQ>r‘mJmì¶mV?

5. §OmJVrH$sH$aUmMm à^md EH$ gmaIm Zmhr ¶m dm³¶mMo dUZ© H$am?6. §ì¶mnma, Jw§VdUwH$m YmoaUm§Zm EH$sH$aU Ho$ë¶m‘wio OmJVrH$sH$aUmÀ¶m à{H«$¶og H$moUË¶m

àH$maMm ’$m¶Xm Pmbm?7. §OmJVrH$sH$aU ^{dî¶mV gwÕm hmoVo. AmVmnmgwZ 20 dfm©n¶©V OJ H$go AgVo ¶mMr

H$ënZm H$am Vw‘À¶m H$ënZoMr H$maUo gm§Jm? 8. OJmÀ`m ZH$memV Imcrc ñWio Xe©dm.

1) MrZ 2) OnmZ 3)~«mPrc 4) X{úmU Am{\«$H$m

‘hËdmMo eãX~hwamï´>r¶ g§ñWm (MNCs) amï´>r¶ amÁ¶ V§ÌkmZ{dXoer Jw§VdUwH$ {dXoer ì¶mnma EH$sH$aU Am{W©H$ YmoaU

SCERT TELANGANA


YS>m10 AÞ gwajm

^maV Xoembm ñdmV§Í¶ ¶oÊ¶mnwdr© XþîH$mi OmñVhmoVm. XþîH$mi åhUOo, Amhma AmÞ-YmÝ¶mMrH$‘rVaVm ‘Ü¶o Vrd« n[apñWVr hmoVr. ‘moR>çm g§»¶oVyH$‘mar hmoV hmoVr. CXm.1943-45 dfmª‘Ü¶o ~§Jmb

XþîH$mim‘wio ~§Jmb , Amo{S>gm. Amgm‘‘Ü¶o 30-50 bmoH$ ‘¥Ë¶w ‘wIr nS>bo ho dmMm.

“‘mÂ¶m Hw$Qw>§~mV ‘rM> ‘moR>m hmoVmo. OJÊ¶mgmR>r‘r amoO ‘Owar HarV hmoVmo. Ë¶mdoir ‘mÂ¶m ~{hZtZmd ^mdm§Zm KodwZ ~mnmbm {VWoM gmoSw>Z AmåhrH$mobH$Ë¶mbm Jobmo. Amåhmbm ImÝ¶mgmR>r {nT>‘mÌ {‘imbo. AmhmamMr Hw$T>o dmQ>n hmoV Agob,{VWo Amåhr OmV hmoVmo. H$mobH$Ë¶m‘Ü¶o {H$Ë¶oH$bmoH$ Xþ…ImV AmhoV, ho ‘r nm{hbo Amho. ‘oboë¶mboH$ambm hmVmda KodwZ {’$aVm§Zm ‘r nm{hbo Amho.‘obobr ‘wbo nwÝhm CR>Vrb åhUwZ Ë¶m§À¶m AmB© Ë¶m‘wbm§À¶m Vm|S>mda nmUr qgnV hmoË¶m. Vo ‘r nm{hboAmho. Aer {H$Vr Var KQ>Zm ‘r ‘mÂ¶m S>moù¶m§Zrnm{hbo AmhoV. bmoH$ JdV, gano, ImV Agbobonm{hbmo, ‘mÂ¶m XmoZ ~{hUr Am{U ^mD$ ‘aUnmdbo.

“gd©OZ eoVH$ar Am{U ì¶mnmar hmoVo, na§Vw{^H$mar ZìhVo. åhUwZ Ë¶m§Zm {^H gwÕm ‘m§JVm¶oV ZìhVo. Ë¶m§Zm AmË‘ ñdm{^‘mZ OmñV hmoVm.bmoH$ H$mobHËVm Amë¶mZ§Va añË¶mÀ¶m ~mOwbm ~gwZam{hbo. d ~gë¶m OmJr ‘aU nmdbo. H$mobH$ËVmdmgr Aem ’$moQ>m|Zm nmhþZ yH$‘marÀ¶m g‘ñ¶mMrVrd«Vm OmñV åhUwZ {h g‘ñ¶m EH$m EH$s Xþ…IrH$arV hmoVr”

^maV Xoembm ñdmV§Í¶ {‘iÊ¶mnydu ~§Jmb‘Ü¶o ‘moR>m XþîH$mi nS>bm hmoVm. Ë¶mMo H$maUåhUOo ~§Jmb ‘Ü¶o {~«Q>re àemgZmZr AmhmaYmÝ¶mÀ¶m Am¶mo{OV {dVaUmg ZH$ma {Xbm. maVmbm ñdmV§Í¶ {‘imë¶mZ§Va, maVr¶ emgZ, XmoÝhrHo$ÝÐ Am{U amÁ¶ gaH$maZr, bmoH$m§Zm Amhma YmÝ¶ {‘iÊ¶mgmR>r {d{dY nÕVr Am‘bmV AmUb¶m.

{MÌ 11.1 bmB’$ d¥ÎmnÌmVrb ’$moQ>mo A)Amhma YmÝ¶m§ZmnmR>dV Agboë¶m aob‘YwZ WmoS>o YmÝ¶ H$mTw>Z KoÊ¶mgmR>rà¶ËZ H$arV Agbobr H$m§hr ‘wbo. Am) O{‘Zrda nS>boë¶mYmÝ¶m§Zm gmdS>V Agbobr EH$ ‘{hbm.

A

Am

SCERT TELANGANA

gm‘m{OH$ AÜ¶¶Z132 AÞ gwajm

H$‘r qH$‘VrV Amhma YmÝ¶ {‘imdo åhUwZ ñdñV YmÝ¶mMr XþH$mZo CKS>br. Vw‘À¶m emioVMmbV Agbobr ‘Ü¶mÝh omOZ, bhmZ ‘wbm§Zm g§ajUmgmo~V ‘Ü¶mÝh moOZ XoUmè¶m Am§JUdmS>rH|$Ðo ¶m Ûmao gaH$ma Amhma gwajm XoÊ¶mMm à¶ËZ H$arV AgVo. ¶m YS>çmV Amhma gwajm ¶m{df¶r KQ>H$mda WmoS>r ‘m{hVr {‘idw ¶m.

n{hë¶m ^mJm‘Ü¶o Amhma gwajm g§~§YrÀ¶m KQ>H$m§Zm nmhþ ¶m. g§nwU© XoemV Amhma CËnÎmrAm{U Amhma H$gm {‘iVmo ¶m ~Ôb ‘m{hVr {‘idw ¶m. Xþgè¶m mJmV bmoH$m§Zm Amhma nwadR>m{df¶r ‘m{hVr {‘idw. CËnÎmr Pmbobo Amhma bmoH$m§n¶ªV H$go nmohmoM{dVmV nmhþ ¶m. AIaogHw$Qw>§~mVrb nm¡ï>rH$ Amhmam§Mr nmVir nmhþZ,øm ¶moOZm nÕVr g‘W©nUo H$m‘ H$arV AmhoV H$r,Zmhr ‘m{hVr {‘idw ¶m.

XoemgmR>r Amhma gwajmAmhma YmÝ¶m §À¶m CËnÎmrbm dmT>{dUo

Amhma gwajmgmR>r nm{hOo VodT>o Amhma YmÝ¶ CËnÎmrH$aUo hr ‘w»¶ Amdí¶H$Vm Amho. ¶mMmM AW© AgmH$s, eoVH$è¶m§Zr AYrH$ à‘mUmV Amhma YmÝ¶m§MrCËnÎmr H$amdo Am{U Ë¶mgmR>r gaH$maZo eoVH$è¶m§Zm{nH$ {nH${dÊ¶mgmR>r ¶mo½¶ n[apñWVr maV gaH$maZoeoVH$è¶m§Zm CnbãY H$éZ Úmdr.

aoIm{MÌ 11.1 nmhþZ [aH$må¶m OmJm am. (àË¶oH$q~Xþ Odi qH$‘V ‘m{hV H$aÊ¶m y-Ajm§j darbñHo$bMm dmna H$am.).

Amhma YmÝ¶mMr CËnmXZ 1970-71 nmgwZ _____.n¶©V dmT>br. gmirMr CËnÎmr 1970-71 n¶ªV40 {‘br¶Z Q>Z nmgwZ 2010-11 n¶ªV_____{‘br¶Z Q>Z dmT>br. ¶m 40 dfm©À¶mH$mimVr CËnmXZ PnmQ>çmZo dmT>br. AmUIr EH$‘w»¶ Amhma {nHo$. _____. gmir JhyÀ¶m VwbZoV1970-2011 À¶m H$mimV _____ CËnmXZ dmT>brZmhr. Ë¶mbm H$maU _____. Agw eH$Vo.

JV H$m§hr XeH$m§nmgwZ ì¶dñmm¶mImbr Agbobr O{‘Z OdiOdi ñWra Amho. AmnUmg‘m{hV Amho. åhUwZ CËnmXZ ‘w»¶ hmoVo. aoIm{MÌ 11.2 nmhm.

ho³Q>abm {‘iUmao nrH$m§Mo CËnmXZ dmT>{dÊ¶mgmR>r Amdí¶H$ Ë¶m dñVw§Mm ì¶dñWrVnUo{dZr¶moJ H$amdm, AmobrV joÌ dmT>dmdo. VgoM AmobrVmMm bm^ gdmªZm hmoB©b. Ago dmQ>n H$amdo.

in M

illio

n ton

nes

AmboI 1 : {ZdS>H$ Amhma YmÝ¶mMr CËnÎmr (EH$ bmI Q>Z)

Paddy Wheat Nutri cereals Oilseeds

1970-71 1980-81 1990-91 2000-01 2010-11 2016-17 x

y120

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YS>m 8 “am‘nwa… J«m‘ Am{W©H$ ì¶dñWm” Vrb O{‘Z BVa Z¡g{J©H$ I{ZO g§nXm mJmVbo nwÝhmEH$Xm dmMZ H$am. O{‘ZrVbm nrH$m§À¶m CËnÎmrgmR>r H$moUH$moUË¶m nÕVr Adb§~mV Amë¶mAmhoV?

SCERT TELANGANA


H$‘r CËnmXZ Agboë¶m {nH$m§Zm ‘w»¶V… H$moaS>dmhþàm§Vm§‘Ü¶o {nH$drVmV. ¶m w‘tZm ^{dî¶mV gwÕm

AmobrVmMr gmo¶ hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr. åhUwZH$m oaS>dmhþ nrH$m §Vrb àH$mam§Zm ñWm{ZH$narñWrVrÀ¶m AZwgéZ noaUr H$amdr. nmdgmÀ¶mnmÊ¶mMr gmR>dU H$aUo Am{U {nH$m§Mr AmXbm-~Xb gma»¶m nÕVrÛmao CËnmXZ dmT>dmdo.

¶m à{H«$¶m§‘wio O{‘Z d BVa Z¡g{J©H$gmYZm§Mm Zme hmoUma Zmhr åhUwZ ¶mH$S>o bjAgUo ’$ma ‘hËdmMo Amho. maV XoemV gmir,Jhþ {nH${dÊ¶mÀ¶m Adb§~{dë¶m OmUmè¶mnÕVr‘Ü¶o amgm¶{ZH$ IVo, {H$Q>H$ZmeH$m§MmAemór¶ nÕVrZo ‘Zmogmoº$ dmna Ho$ë¶m‘wioCËnmXZmV Va dmT> hmoV Amho. na§Vw hr gwpñWanÕV Zìho, åhUwZ H$mhr emók d eoVr ì¶dgm¶joÌmV H$m‘ H$aUmao ì¶º$s¨Mo ‘V Amho.

Amhma YmÝ¶mMr CnbãYVmg§nwU© Xoembm nwaogo Amhma YmÝ¶ {nH${dUo hr n{hbr nm¶ar hmo¶. gdmªZm Amhma nwaogm Amho

qH$dm Zmhr ¶m§Mm {heo~ H$gm R>odVmo? hm Amhma Hw$Qw>§~mn¶ªV nmohmoMVmo H$s Zmhr ho Z§Va nmhþ¶m. àW‘ CnbãYVm {HVr Amho, ho nmhV AmhmoV. ¶mMmM AW© Xoem‘Ü¶o XaS>moB© CËnmXZ AmhmaYmÝ¶m§Mo CËnmXZ nwaogo Agmdo. H$mbm§VamZo dmT>V Omdo.

dmñV{dH$Vm nmhVm ¶m nÕVr‘wio O{‘ZrMr H$g H$‘r Pmbr. wJ © Ob ómoVmMr nmVirH$‘r hmoVo. AerM n[apñWVr Mmbbr Va CËnmXZ dmT>Ê¶m EodOr H$‘r hmoÊ¶mg gwédmV hmoB©b.

Imbrb dm³¶m§Zm dmMwZ EH$ ho³Q>abm gmir, JhþMo CËnmXZ H$go Amho. dU©Z H$am?

________ Am{U _______ {nH$m§Mr CËnmXZ gmir, JhþÀ¶m VwbZoV H|$ìhmhr H$‘r Amho. na§VwAmOÀ¶m H$mimV ¶m {nH$m§Mo CËnmXZ hiw-hiw dmT>V Amho.

ÁdmarMo CËnmXZ dmT>dmdo. ¶mda Ñï>r H$m R>odmdr? MMm© H$am.{XK© H$mimnmgwZ gmi, Jhþ CËnmXZmV â‘gmT> dmT> hmoÊ¶mgmR>r H$moUVo KQ>H$ Cn¶moJmVAmUbo?

Paddy Wheat Nutri cereals Oilseeds

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aoIm{MÌ 11.2 : {ZdS>H$ Amhma YmÝ¶CËnÞ (ho³Q>a {H$bmo‘Ü¶o)

ho³Q>a

{H$

bmo‘Ü

¶o

SCERT TELANGANA


Amhma YmÝ¶mMr CËnmXZ Am{U CËnmXH$m§‘Ü¶o ’$aH$ Amho. Ë¶mbm ¶m nÕVrZo A§XmO bmdVm¶oVmo…

EH$m dfm©gmR>r CËnÎmr‘Ü¶o Agbobo AmhmaYmÝ¶ = EH$m dfm©V Amhma YmÝ¶mMrCËnÎmr (CËnXmZ, {~¶mUo, ~rO, ì¶W© YmÝ¶) + ZJXr Am¶mV (Am¶mV – {Z¶m©V) - gaH$margmR>dUrV ’$aH$ (df© g§non¶ªV Agbobo gmR>dU - dfm©À¶m Ama§ r Agbobo gmR>dU)

àË¶oH$s, àË¶oH$ {Xder CnbãY Agbobo Amhma YmÝ¶ = (dfm©bm CnbãY AgboboAmhma YmÝ¶ ÷ bmoH$g§»¶m)/ 365

CËnÎmr, Am¶mV, gaH$mar gmR>m ¶m {df¶rMr ‘m{hVr 1971, 1991, 2011 dfm©Mr ImbrbV³Ë¶mV {Xbr Amho. CËnVr hmoV Zgob Va EH$m dfu Amhma YmÝ¶mMr CnbãYVm nwU© H$aÊ¶mgmR>rAm¶mV hm EH$ ‘mJ© Amho. Amhma CnbãYVm dmT>{dÊ¶mgmR>r gaH$mar gmR>çmMm Cn¶moJ H$aUo‘w»¶ ‘mJ© Amho. CXm. gaH$ma Odi Agboë¶m gmR>çm‘YwZ bmoH$m§Zm Vm§Xþi {d{H«$Ûmao Ë¶mMrCnbãYVm dmT>dw eH$Vmo. gaH$ma Odirb gmR>m H$‘r hmoVmo, na§Vw Ë¶m dfu {dZr¶moJmgmR>r Vm§XþiCnbãYr dmT>V AgVo. (nwT>rb mJmV gaH$mar gmR>m ¶m {df¶r AmUIr ‘m{hVr {‘idw ¶m)

1971 ‘Ü¶o bmdboë¶m {hemo~mZwgma 1991, 2011 dfm©bm XaS>moB© gamgar Amhma YmÝ¶m§Mm{hemo~ bmdm.

Vwåhr bmdboë¶m {hemo~mZwgma Imbrb {aH$må¶m OmJm am.1971 nmgwZ 1991 n¶ªV XaS>moB© Amhma YmÝ¶mMr CnbãYr ______ (dmT>br/H$‘r Pmbr) na§Vw2011 ‘Ü¶o ho ______ (OmñV/H$‘r) Amho, AmVm XemãXr nmgwZ bmoH$g§»¶oMr dmT> H$‘r hmoVAgbr Var Ago Pmbo. ^m{dî¶ H$mimV Amhma YmÝ¶mMr CnbãYVm dmT>{dÊ¶mgmR>r gaH$maZo_________ R>mog nmD$b CMbmdrV.

df© bmoH$g§»¶m(Xebj)

AÞ YmÝ¶mMoñWwb CËnÞ

ñWwbAm¶mV

gaH$margmR>çmV

~Xb

AmhmaYmÝ¶mMr ñWwb

CËnÎmr

XaS>moB© CnbãYrEH$m {Xder (J«m‘)

col (1) col (2) col (3) col (4) col (5) col (6) col (7)

Vº$m 1: XaS>moB© Amhma YmÝ¶m§Mr àVr ì¶[º$ CnbãYVm

1971 551 94.9 2 2.6

1991 852 154.3 –0.1 –4.4

2011 1202 214.2 –2.9 8.2

col (3) +col (4) – col (5)= 94.3

={col (6)/col (2)}/365}= (94.3/551)/365= 0.000469 Q>Z *= 0.000469 X 1000= 0.469 {H$bmoJ«m‘ *= 0.469 X 1000= 469 J«m‘

* gwMZm: 1 Q>Z =1000 {H$bmoJ«m‘; 1 {H$bmoJ«m‘ = 1000 J«m‘# Xebj Q>ZSCERT TELA

NGANA


BVa Amhma nXmWmªMr CnbãYVmV¥U YmÝ¶ åhUVmV, åhUwZ ho H$‘r nrH$ Ago hr nwîH$i bmoH$ åhUV AgVmV. ho

V ¥U ‘Ü¶o nm ¡ï >rH$ VËdo H$‘r AgVmV. åhUwZ åhUV AgVmV. ¶m CbQ> Ago H$s, AgmYmÝ¶m‘Ü¶o nm¡ï>rH$ VËdo AYrH$ AgVmV. ¶mbmM Ago gm§JVm ¶oB©b H$s, H$m Amhma narnwU©Amhma hmo¶. XoemVrb dfm© AmYmarV àm§VmVrb amhV Agboë¶m bmImo bmoH$m§Mm hm ‘w»¶ Amhmahmo¶. EHo$ H$mir ^ma{V¶ gd© Hw$Qw> §~o ¶m Amhmambm AmdS>rZo ImV hmoVo. Vm§Xþi, Jhþ gma»¶mnm§T>è¶m a§JmÀ¶m YmÝ¶mbm AmdS> H$aUmao {dXoer amOo ¶m YmÝ¶m§Zm V¥U YmÝ¶ åhUwZ åhUVAgV. BVHo$M ZgwZ Vo ñWm{ZH$ Amhmam§Zm Am{U gm§ñH¥$VrH$ AmMmaUmbm H$‘r boIV hmoVo,AmVm nwîH$i bmoH$ ¶m YmÝ¶m§Zm “nm¡ï>rH$ YmÝ¶”. åhUwZ dmna H$arV AmhoV.

Amhma Cn¶moJrVm‘Ü¶o ’$aH$ ¶oD$Z, ’$io, ^mOrnmbm, XþY, ‘Q>Z, H$m|~S>rMo ‘m§g,‘mgmoir ¶mgma»¶m Amhmam§Zm bmoH$ OmñV ‘mJUr H$arV AmhoV. ho {dZr¶roJXmam§Zm CËnÎmrXmam§ZmMm§Jbo g§H$oV AmhoV. Cn^mo³Ë¶m§Zr doJdoJù¶m àH$maMm Amhma nXmW© KoD$Z g‘Vmob Amhma¿¶mdm. Amhma YmÝ¶mbm {nH$drUmao eoVH$ar Ë¶m§À¶m CËnÞmbm dmT>{dÊ¶mgmR>r {d{dY {nH$m§MrbmJdS> H$é eH$VmV. JV XmoZ XemãXt‘Ü¶o Am§Y«àXoemVrb Amhma YmÝ¶m§Zm {nH$drUmar O{‘ZH$mngmgma»¶m ZJXr nrH$m§H$S>o dmnaV AmhoV. Ago AmnU ‘mJrb dJm©V {eH$bm AmhmoV.eoVH$è¶m§À¶m gwImgmR>r ho gwÕm EH$ H$maU Amho. ¶mÀ¶m ~Xë¶mV eoVH$è¶m§Zo Hw$Hw$Q> nmbZ,‘Ëñ¶ nmbZ, Xþ½Y ì¶dgm¶gma»¶m Ë¶m g§~§Yr CÚmoJY§Úm§Zm MmbdwZ Z{dZ g§YtMm Cn¶moJH$éZ KoVm ¶oVmo.

H$mbm§VamZo BVa Amhma nXmWmªMr CËnÎmr dmT>V Agbr Var hr XaamoO bmJUmamAmhmamMr Amdí¶H$Vm nwadÊ¶m BVHo$ Zmhr. maV Xoem‘Ü¶o gamgar àË¶oH$ ì¶º$s XaamoO 300J«m‘ ^mOrnmbm, 100 J«m‘ ’$ir Imdo åhUwZ nm¡ï>rH$ Amhma Vk gm§JV AmhoV. Va ¶mMrCnbãYr gamgar 180 J«m‘, 58 J«m‘ BVH$s ‘mÌ Amho. Aí¶mMàH$mao gamgar àË¶oH$ ì¶º$rgamgar 180 A§S>o ImdoV, na§Vw ¶mMr CnbãYr ’$º$ 30 Amho. Amhmam‘Ü¶o gamgar àË¶oH$ ì¶º$sdfm©V 11 {H$bmo ‘m§g ¿¶mdo Ago Amho. na§Vw ¶mMr CnbãYVm 3.2 {H$bmo BVH$s ‘mÌ Amho.XaamoO àË¶oH$ ì¶º$s 300 J«m‘ XþY ¿¶mdo, na§Vw ¶mMr CnbãYVm 210 ‘r.‘r BVH$s Amho.

Ë¶mgmR>r BVa Amhma nXmWmªMr CËnÎmr H$aÊ¶mgmR>r eoVH$è¶m§Zm CËnmXZo ~mOmanoR>Amdí¶H$Vm Aem H$mhr Jmoï>tMr ‘XV nm{hOoV. ZdrZ narpñWVrV eoVH$ar gm‘Zm H$arVAgboë¶m AS>MUrnmgwZ eoVH$è¶m§Zm ajU d ‘XVrMr Amdí¶H$Vm Amho.

Amhma YmÝ¶ åhUOo H$m¶?

Amhma YmÝ¶

H$S> YmÝ¶ oñd¶§nmH$mMo V ob S > m i r

“‘w»¶YmÝ¶”(CXm.gmir, Jhþ)

bhmZ qH$dm V¥U YmÝ¶(CXm.Ádmar, ~mOam,

amJr Am{U BVa)

SCERT TELANGANA


eoVrMo d ¡{eQ>ço{‘S>Zmnwa àm§VmV Vm§~S>çm ‘mVrMr O{‘Z Amho. ~moaHw$bm J«m‘n§¶m¶VrVrb

H$ñnb Jmd Amho. OdiOdi gd© bmoH$m§Z m Hw$nZbrH$m (~moadoëg) AmhoV. nmUr nwadR>mA{^d¥Õr H$aÊ¶mgmR>r ~±H$m Ë¶m§Zm F$U XoV AmhoV. ‘r h[a àgmX g‘§Vm, {MÅ>mo ‘¡VrAm[U OmQ> b§ oH$m ¶m§À¶mer g§nH©$ gmYbm Amho. H$moUrhr XmoZ E¸$a À¶m dar AmobrVH$arV ZmhrV. g§mH o ${VH$ {dkmZ ’$ma Mm §Jbm Amho. gmirÀ¶m ~r¶m §Z o AJm oXaM{díd{dÚmb¶mVwZ AmUwZ AmUIr VoM dmnaV AmhoV. ZJXr {nH$mÛmao Ë¶m§Zm OmñV CËnÞ¶oV AgVo. àË¶oH$ OU ^mOrnmbm, {nH$drV AgVmV, Ambw {nH$drUo gdmªZm J§‘VdmQ>Vo, Ë¶mMr {~¶mUo ì¶mnmar H§$nUrnmgwZ {‘iV AgVmV. IaoXr OmñV H$arV AgVmV.AmUIr EH$ Mm§Jbm ì¶dgm¶ Xþ½Y hmo¶. OdiOdi gdmªH$S>o 3 Vo 5 Jm¶r AmhoV. Jm¶m§ZmnmiÊ¶mMr Odm~Xmar ~m¶m§Mr AgVo. ho AmVm OmñV dmT>V Amho.Mm§Jbo H$S>YmÝ¶m§Mr{~¶mUo ‘hmamï´>, ‘Ü¶àXoe déZ ¶oVmV åhUwZ eoVH$è¶m§Zm ‘m{hV Amho. Ë¶m§À¶m OdiAgbobo ‘moharMo {~¶mUo Mm§Jbo Amho.

ZXrnmgwZ O{‘Z gnmQ> Amho. 300 ‘r. da WmoS>o Xþa Joë¶mZ§Va AmUIr EH$ Jm§dnm{hbo Amho. {VWo JmdmVrb AY©o bmoH$ Jar~ AmhoV. {VWo EH$M {nH$ {nH$drV AgVmV.XþgHo$ {nH$ nmdgmda AmYmarV {nH$drV AgVmV. CËnÞ H$‘r Amho. AZoH$ g§Yr AmhoV.na§Vw EH$ àUmbrH$m, gaH$mar ‘XV Zgob Va Ë¶m§Zm {d{dYrH$aU {df¶r ~mobZo H$m‘mMoR>>aUma Zmhr.

ì¶dgm¶ {d{dYrH$aU g§~§Yr eãX,dm³¶mÀ¶m Imbr aofm AmoS>wZ ^maVr¶eoVH$è¶m§Zm Ë¶mMm H$gm Cn¶moJ hmoVmo, Vogm§Jm? Vw‘À¶m JmdmV qH$dm Vwåhmbm ‘m{hVAgboë¶m Jmdm‘Ü¶o ì¶dgm¶ {d{dYrH$aU{df¶r Ë¶m JmdmVrb eoVH$è¶m§Zm gm§Jm.

ì¶dgm¶ {d{dYrH$aU Amhma YmÝ¶ CËnÎmrbmà^mdrV H$arV AgVo. ¶m{df¶mH$S>o bj H$am.¶m‘wio ¶oUmè¶m g‘ñ¶m§Zm {d{eîQ> nwd© V¶marÛmaogm‘Zm H$amdm bmJVmo. Amhmamgma»¶m {nH$m§ZmbmJUmè¶m O{‘ZrVrb ómoVm§Zr Oa H$‘r Pmbr.Va CËnmÞm‘Ü¶o H$‘r hmoD$ eH$Vo. Aem XaS>moB©Amhma YmÝ¶mÀ¶m CnbãYr‘Ü¶o ¶wamon (700 J«m‘),A‘o[aH$m (850 J«m‘) gma»¶m Xoem§er VwbZmHo$br Va ^maV XoemV H$‘r Amho. Amhma YmÝ¶mVrb XaS>moB© CnbãYVm H$‘r hmoV Agë¶m‘wio^maV Xoe Amhma gwajm {df¶m‘Ü¶o {dMma H$aÊ¶mgmaIm {df¶ Amho. Jar~ Hw$Qw>§~mVrb bmoH$emararH$ H$ï> OmñV H$arV AgVmV. eº$sgmR>r Vo OmñV Amhma YmÝ¶mda Adb§~wZ AgVmV,Amhma YmÝ¶mÀ¶m CËnÎmrgmo~V BVa Amhma nXmWmªMr CËnÎmr dmT>{dÊ¶mgmR>r Amnbr dmQ>MmbAgmdr.

AmhmamMr CnbãYVmAmhma gwajm§‘Ü¶o AmUIr EH$ ‘w»¶ KQ>H$ åhUOo Amhma CnbãYVm hmo¶. Amhma YmÝ¶mMr

qH$dm BVa nXmWmªMr CËnÎmr Ho$br åhUOo g§nbo Ago Zmhr. àË¶oH$OU Ë¶m§Zm {dH$V KodwZ Ë¶mMmCn¶moJ H$amdm. H$‘rV H$‘r Amdí¶H$ VodT>m Amhma gdmªZm CnbãY Amho H$m?

8ì¶m dJm©V Jar~r {df¶r dmMbobo EHo doiog AmR>dU H$éZ ~Km. AmnU Imbo„m AmhmaearamV OrU© hmoD$Z earamg eº$s CËnÎmr hmoV AgVo. Ë¶mbm H°$bar‘Ü¶o ‘moOVmV. Ë¶m‘wioAmnU H$m‘ H$é eH$Vmo. H$‘r Amhma qH$dm H$‘r nm¡ï>rH$VËdo Agbobm Amhma KoVbo Va Amnë¶m

SCERT TELANGANA


earambm {‘iUmar OrdZ ñmËdo H$‘r hmoV AgVmV.Ë¶m‘wio H$m‘ H$aUo Ae³¶$ hmoVo. Am{U earaH$‘Omoa hmoVo, XaamoO ehamVrb bmoH$m§Zr 2100H«$bar Am{U J«m‘rU àm§VmVrb bm|H§mZr 2400 H$°bareº$s XoUmam Amhma ¿¶mdm.

Amdí¶H$ Ë¶m H°$barnojm J«m‘rU Am{U eharàm§VmVrb XoemMr gamgar H$‘r Amho. EdT>oV ZmhrVa H°$barMm {dZr¶moJ 1983 À¶m VwbZoV 2004n¶ªV H$‘r Amho. Amnë¶m XoemMr Am{W©H$ n[añWrVrdoJmZo dmT>V Agbr Var hr dñV§wMr XodmU-KodmUA{YH$ dmT>V Amho, Ago hmoUo Ymo³¶mMo Amho.

dmQ>UrVrb ’$aH$ gamgar gwYaVmo. g‘mOmVë¶mg§nÞ loUr bmoH$ AÞ-YmÝ¶mÀ¶m {dZr¶moJ H$aVm§Zm

Amdí¶H$Vonojm OmñV Cî‘m§H$ dmnaVmV. ¶mMm narUm‘ XoemVrb 80 Q> o$ gmYZo bm§oH$m§Zm Ë¶m§ZmË¶m§À¶m JaOo EdT>o Cî‘m§H$mMo AÞ YmÝ¶ {‘iV Zmhr. n¶m©¶mZo J«m‘rU ^mJmVrb XmarX²Œ¶aofoImbrb bmoH$ Cî‘m§H$ dmnaÊ¶mV A{Ve¶ Imbr AgwZ (ñV§ mboI 11.3 nmhm) ho à‘mUgamgar Amdí¶H$ Agboë¶m 2400 Cî‘m§H$mnojm AVr Aën Amho. Ë¶mMr H${R>U eara l‘ [³bï>H$m‘o H$aUmam hmM ‘w»¶ dJ© hmo¶.

H$‘r H°$barÀ¶m Cn¶moJmgmR>r ‘w»¶ H$maU åhUOo bmoH$m§Odi AÝ¶YmÝ¶ {dH$V KoÊ¶mgmR>reº$s H$‘r nS>V AgVo. Amhma {dH$V KoÊ¶mgmR>r nwaogm n¡gm bm§oH$m§Odi amhV Zmhr. Jar~r,~oamoOJmar, bmoH$m§Mr godm, Ago AZoH$ H$maUo AmhoV. Aem H$maUm§Zm nwÝhm EH$Xm nwZamd¥Îmr H$éZnwT>o Mbm.

gmd©O{ZH$ {dVaU àUmbr (ñdñV YmÝ¶ XþH$mZ) PDS^maV Xoem§‘Ü¶o YmÝ¶ dmQ>Ur gmR>r bmoH$m§Zm gaH$mar ñdñV YmÝ¶mMo XþH$mZ {H$Vr Var

Cn¶moJr nS>V AgVo. 2004-05 ‘Ü¶o {d{dY amÁ¶mVrb gmd©O{ZH {dVaU àUmbr {d^mJmVrbbmoH$ gaH$mar ñdñV YmÝ¶m§À¶m XþH$mUmVwZ {dH$V KoV Agbobo Amho. Amhma YmÝ¶ d Ë¶m§Mo g§nwU©Amhma YmÝ¶mÀ¶m {dZr¶moJm‘Ü¶o ¶mMm dmQ>m {H$Vr Q> o$ Amho. ho ‘m{hVr {‘i{dÊ¶mgmR>r EH$

gd©o Ho$bm Jobm Amho, aoIm{MÌ 11.4 nmhm. maVXoe mVrb Amhma YmÝ¶mMr IaoXr Am{U gmd©O{ZH${dVaU ì¶dñWm {d^mJmda AmYmarV Agboë¶m{ZU©¶mMm AmamIS>m XmI{dVmo.

^maV XoemVrb X{jUo H$S>rb amÁ¶m§‘Ü¶ogmd©O{ZH$ {dVaU ì¶dñWm {d^mJ Mm§Jbo {H«$¶merb Amho, Ago EH$m AÜ¶¶ZmVrb gd©o gm§JVmo.ho gmd©OZrH$ {dVaU ì¶dñWm gdmªZm bmJw nS>V AgVo ho gdmªZr AmoiI$bo nmhrOo. ho gdmªZmH$‘r qH$‘VrV Amhma YmÝ¶ dmQ>n H$arV AgVo. ¶mÀ¶mM {damoYmV BVa amÁ¶ Jat~m§Zm AmoiIwZ,Amhma YmÝ¶m§Zm Jar~m§Zm d Jar~m ì¶Vr[aº$ doJdoJù¶m qH$‘VrV bmoH$m§Zm {dH$VmV. Jar~m§‘Ü¶ogwÕm AVr XmarÐo aofoImbr AgUmè¶m bmoH$m§Zm doJio AmhoV. Ë¶m§Zm XoÊ¶mMm ‘mo~Xbm doJim

gmd©O{ZH$ {dVaU ì¶dñWo{df¶r 8ì¶mdJm©Vrb KQ>H$mMo ñ‘aU H$am. XoemV ¶mì¶dñWoÛmao AÞ-YmÝ¶ gwajm H$er Cn¶mooJrAmho.

{MÌ 3 : J«m‘rU mJmV H«$barCn¶moJ

Cal

orie

con

sum

ptio

n (K

iloca

lori

es)

(Imbr25%) IM©

ImbÀ¶m^mJ

Xþgam mJ {Vgam^mJ

daMm mJ(da 25%)

21432521

19001624

SCERT TELANGANA


AgVmo. CXm. A§VmoX²¶m H$mS>© AgUmè¶m bmoH$m§Zm àË¶oH$ HwwQw>§~m§Zm ‘{hÊ¶mV 35 {H$bmo Vm§Xþi qH$dmJhþ {‘iV AgVmV.

2013 ‘Ü¶o maV gaH$ma amï´>r¶ Amhma gwajm H$m¶Xm åhUwZ EH$ H$m¶Xm H$mT>bm Amho. hmbmoH$m§gmR>r Agboë¶m Amhmam§Zm {‘i{dÊ¶mgmR>r h¸$mMm H$m¶Xm A‘b~OmdUr H$arV AgVmo.^maV XoemVrb 2…3 {ZînÎmrÀ¶m ^mJ bmoH$m§Zm {‘iV AgVmo. ¶m H$m¶Úm à‘mUo H$‘r-CËnÞàË¶oH$ ì¶º$sbm AZwXmUrV qH$‘Vrda 5 {H$bmo Amhma YmÝ¶ {‘iV AgVo. XmarX²Œ¶ aofo ImbrbAË¶§V Jar~m§Zm 35 {H$bmo ÚmdoV. H$m§hr dfm©nmgwZ H|$Ð gaH$maMo Vm§Xþi, Jhþ H$S> YmÝ¶m§Zm3,2,1 én¶m§bm XoV AgVo. ¶m H$m¶Úmà‘mUo Amdí¶H$VoZwgma J«m‘rU àm§Vm‘Ü¶o A{YH$ 75 Q> o$Am{U eha bmoH$g§»¶oVrb 50 Q> o$ bmoH$m§Zm gmd©O{ZH$ {dVaU ì¶dñWm nmgwZ Amhma YmÝ¶mÀmm

g§nwU© ^maV (Jhþ)g§nwU© ^maV (Vm§Xþi)V{‘iZmSw> (Vm§Xþi)

Am§.à (Vm§Xþi)Añgm‘ (Vm§Xþi)n.~§Jmb (Vm§Xþi)

{~hma (Jhþ)JwOamV (Jhþ)

‘hmamï´> (Vm§Xþi)amOñWmZ (Jhy)

2839

9184

3026

1335

4718

240 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Vº$m 11.4 : 2009-10 ‘Yrb Vm§Xþi, Jìhþ {d{H«$‘Ü¶o ñdñVYmÝ¶ XþH$mZmVwZ IaoXr Q>¸o$dmar [aH$må¶m OmJm am.

g§nwU© maVmgmR>r , ____? bmoH$ PDS dmnaVmV2011-12 ‘Ü¶o ____,____, ____ øm amÁ¶mV’$H$V 1/4 {H§$dm H$‘rHw$Qw>§~mZr PDS Mm Cn¶moJHo$bm. Ago hmoÊ¶mMo H$maUH$m¶ ? dJ{V MMm© H$am.

gmd©O{ZH$ {dVaU g§ñWm (PDS) Am{U C{O©V gmR>m (Buffer Stock)^maV gaH$ma gmd©O{ZH$ {dVaU àUmbr (FCI) Ûmao H$mhr gmR>dU Ho$boë¶m Amhma

YmÝ¶m§Zm COuV gmR>dU Ago åhUVmV. A{YH$ CËnÎmr Agboë¶m amÁ¶mVrb eoVH$è¶m§nmgwZgmi, Jhþ (FCI) IaoXr H$arV AgVo. eoVH$è¶m§Zm AJmoXaM R>a{dboë¶m qH$‘Vrà‘mUo eoVH$è¶m§ZmË¶m§À¶m ‘mbmMm ‘mo~Xbm XoVmV. ¶m qH$‘Vrbm H$‘mb hm‘r qH$‘V (MSP). Ago åhUVmV.gaH$mar g§ñWm àË¶oH$ dfu (MSP)bm R>adrV AgVo.

H|$Ð, amÁ¶ gaH$mao Amhma CËnÎmr‘Yrb EH$ V¥Vr¶m§e ^mJ Amhma YmÝ¶m§Zm eoVH$è¶m§nmgwZ{dH$V KoV AgVmV. {d{dY ¶moOZm§Ûmao ¶m Amhma YmÝ¶m§Zm bmoH$m§n¶ªV nmohM{dV AgVmV.gÜ¶mÀ¶m n[apñWVrV gmd©O{ZH$ {dVaU g§ñWm§Zm Amdí¶H$Vonojm OmñV Amhma YmÝ¶m§ZmgaH$mar g§ñWm {dH$V KoV AgVo. gaH$mar gmR>m àË¶oH$ dfu dmT>Vm o. Ë¶m‘wio AmhmaYmÝ¶m§Mr CnbãYr H$‘r hmoV AgVo. (Amhma YmÝ¶ Vº$m 2011 Mo {dVaU nmhm) ¶m AmhmaYmÝ¶m§Zm gaH$ma bmoH$m§n¶ªV ~amo~a nmohMdw eH$V Zmhr, Ago gaH$ma da bmoH$m§Mo ‘V Amho.H$m§hr doim ho Amhma YmÝ¶m§Zm gaH$ma {dXoemV gwÕm nmR>{dV AgVo. XoemV A{YH$ Q>¸o$bmoH$m§Zm Amhma YmÝ¶ CnbãY hmoV Zgë¶mda WmoS>ogo CËnmÞmgmR>r Amhma YmÝ¶m§Zm {Z¶m©VH$aUo ~amo~a Amho H$m?

SCERT TELANGANA


bm^ KoÊ¶mMm h¸$ Amho. gaH$ma Amhma YmÝ¶m§Zm CnbãY H$éZ XoÊ¶mÀ¶m narpñWVrV Zgob VaAmhmam§Zm {dH$V KoÊ¶mgmR>r n¡go Úmdo bmJVmV. ¶m H$m¶ÚmZwgma J ©dVr ór¶m§Zm, nmiUmè¶mAm¶m~m¶m§Zm, Am§JUdmS>rbm ¶oV Agboë¶m 1-6 dfm©À¶m ‘wbm§Zm, emioV ¶oV Agboë¶m 6-14dfm©À¶m ‘wbm§Zm ‘Ü¶mÝh ^moOZ Úmdo Aer ¶moOZm Amho.

^maVr¶ bmoH$g§»¶o‘Ü¶o amï´>r¶ Amhma gwajm H$m¶Xm gma»¶m H$m¶Úm§Zm g‘J« {eew A{^d¥Õr¶moOZm gma»¶m ¶moOZm§er Am‘b~OmdUr H$arV AgVo doiog gÜ¶mÀ¶m n[apñWVrV Amhma gwajmAm‘b~OmdUr H$aÊ¶mgmR>r maV Ý¶m¶ ì¶dñWm gwÓm {deof w{‘H$m ~OmdV Amho. ñdÀN>§X g§ñWmH$arV Agboë¶m Xmì¶m§Zm Ý¶m¶ XoV emioVrb {eH$V Agboë¶m ‘wbm§Zm ‘Ü¶mÝh omOZ Úmdo åhUwZH|$Ð, amÁ¶ gaH$mam§Zm AÜ¶mXoe Omar Ho$bm. {h ¶moOZm Vm{‘iZmSw> gma»¶m amï´>m‘Ü¶o MmbV Amho.AmVm Odi-Odi gd© amÁ¶m‘Ü¶o MmbV Amho. emioV {eH$V Agbobr 14 H$moQ>r ‘wbo ‘Ü¶mÝh^moOZmÀ¶m bm^ KoV AmhoV. amÁ¶ gaH$mao ¶m ¶moOZobm {damoY H$arV AgVo doiog, Ý¶m¶ñWmZmMo{Z¶§ÌU AgVo. VgoM ñWm{ZH$ Amhma YmÝ¶m§Mm Cn¶moJ H$amdm. Amhma Ja‘-Ja‘ Agmdm.(Vmon¶ªV AZoH$ amÁ¶ gaH$maZo Amhma YmÝ¶m§Zm qH$dm aì¶mÀ¶m dñVw§Zm XoV hmoVo) Vmo ñdÀN> Agmdm,nm¡îQ>rH$ Amhma Agmdm, (g§nwU© H°$barg Agmì¶mV) AmR>dS>çmV àË¶oH$ {Xder doJdoJio nXmW©ÚmdoV. åhUwZ ‘Ü¶mÝh ^moOZ ¶moOZm§Zm gwairV Am‘b~OmdUr MmbÊ¶mgmR>r AZoH$ gwYmaUmÝ¶m¶ñWmZmZo Ho$ë¶m AmhoV. ñd¶§nmH$ H$aÊ¶mgmR>r (X{bVm§Zm,{dYdm§Zm, qH$dm H$moUË¶mhr AmYmaZgboë¶m ‘{hbm§Zm) àYmZVm Úmdo åhUwZ Ý¶m¶mb¶mZo AmXoe {Xbo AmhoV. OJmVrb gdm©V ‘moR>mH$m¶©H«$‘ ‘Ü¶mÝh ^moOZ e‹mioV XoUo hm hmo¶. ¶m ¶moOZoMr Am‘b~OmdUr H$aÊ¶mgmR>r H$a(Q>°³g) gwÕm bmdw eH$Vm åhUwZ Ý¶m¶mb¶mZo ^maV gaH$mabm AÜ¶mXoe {Xbm Amho. AmVmAm§JUdmS>rVrb ‘wbm§Zm gwÕm Ja‘ Amhma XoV AmhoV.

nm¡ï>rH$ AmhmamMm XOm©AIoarg, Jar~m§Zm, ‘wbm§Zm {‘iV Agbobm Amhma nwaV Amho qH$dm Zmhr ¶m ‘m{hVrgmR>r

Ë¶m§Mr nm¡ï>rH$ AmhmamMm XOm© nmhþ ¶m. darb ¶moOZm g‘W©nUo H$m‘ H$arV AmhoV, qH$dm Zmhr.Zgob Va H$moUË¶m AS>MUr AmhoV, ¶mMr ‘m{hVr XoV AgVo.

earamVrb gd© Ad¶dm§À¶m hmbMmbrgmR>r, eº$sgmR>r, dmT>rgmR>r, {ZamoJr amhÊ¶mgmR>r, amoJà{VH$maH$ eº$sgmR>r, AmhmamMr Amdí¶H$Vm Amho. AmnU ImV Agboë¶m AmhmamMo Imbrbà‘mUo dJuH$aU H$aVm ¶oVo…

{nð>‘¶ nXmW© (Carbohydrates): Jhþ, Vm§Xþi, Ádmar, Vob, amJr, gmIa, BË¶mXrnmgwZeº$s {‘iV AgVo.

‘mgm§hmar (Proteins): e|Jm, S>mir, ‘m§g, ‘mgmoù¶m, Am§S>o, Vm§Xþi, Jhþ gma»¶m nXmWmª‘wioemararH$ dmT>rgmR>r Am{U earamVrb noetÀ¶m nwU© {Z{‘©VrgmR>r Cn¶moJr nS>V AgVmV.

nm¡ï>rH$ VËdo (Vitamins): ‘mZdr earamÀ¶m ajUmgmR>r ’$io, nmbo mÁ¶m ‘moS>> AmbobrYmÝ¶ Am{U nm°{be Z Ho$bobo Vm§Xþi A{Ve¶ ‘hËdmMo AgVmV.

I{ZO bdUo(Minerals) : aº$ V¶ma hmoÊ¶mgmR>r bmohnXmW© gmaIo WmoS>çm à‘mUmV nm{hOoV.ho mOrnmbm, amJr BË¶mXrnmgwZ {‘iV AgVo.

¶m AJmoXaÀ¶m YS>çmV bmoH EH$ {XdgmV {H$Vr Amhma KoVmV. Vo Agboë¶m Amhmam{dîm¶r EH$m

SCERT TELANGANA


Am§JZdmS>r ‘Ü¶o ‘wbtMo dOZ ‘moOÊ¶mgmR>r dmnaV Agbobo MmQ>©

Info

rmat

ion B

oxY

axis

/ wei

ght

Girl: Weight as per age - birth to 5 years(As per WHO norms)

Normal

less

very less weight

X axis /ageAge (week, month, year)

line showinggrowth of

child

Earlierprintedgrowthlines

Whiterectangular

box

Identifieddot

gd}Ûmao ‘m{hVr {‘idVm ¶oVo. ¶m‘wio darb gm§JrVë¶m à‘mUo gH$g Amhma nXmWmªZm bmoH$ ImVAmhoV. qH$dm Zmhr ‘m{hVr {‘idVm ¶oVo. na§Vw Hw$Qw>§~mVrb àË¶oH$OU {H$Vr à‘mUmV H$m~m}hm¶S>oQ>,{dQ>m‘rZ, àmoQ>rZ, I{ZO bdUo, KoV AmhoV. Z¸$s gm§JVm ¶oV Zmhr. bmoH$ nm¡ï>rH$ Amhma KoVAmhoV qH$dm Zmhr ‘m{hVr {‘idÊ¶mgmR>r Vo C§Mr, dOZ XmIdUmè¶m nÕVrbm Amhma emókm§Zr~Z{dbo Amho. OmñVrV OmñV bmoH$m§Mr ‘m{hVr g§H$brV H$éZ gm§»¶oH$s emóm§Ûmao H$m§hr {d{eï>‘mZH$o {ZíMrV H$aÊ¶mV Ambr. ¶m ‘mZH$mAmYmao ì¶º$s naËdo Amdí¶H$ Agboë¶m nmofH$Amhmam§Mr VwbZm H$aUo e³¶ Pmbo. ¶m à‘mUmgmo~V gd© gm‘mÝ¶mÀ¶m nmofH$ Amhma nmVir(ñWrVr) {df¶r A§XmO dV©{dVm ¶oVmo.

h¡Ðm~mXmVrb amï´>r¶ nmofH$ Amhma g§ñWm (NIN) Zr XoeVrb H$m§hr amÁ¶m§‘Ü¶o Ho$boë¶mnmofH$ Amhma gd}‘Ü¶o ^maV XoemVrb nm¡ï>rH$ Amhma nmVir (ñWrVr) ^rVrXm¶H$ Amho, Agogm§JVrbo Amho. AJmoXaÀ¶m dJm©V AmnU Jar~r nm¡ï>rH$ AmhmamMr H$‘VaVm ¶m {df¶rMo dmñVdn[apñWVrbm ‘m{hVr XoUmao CXm. AmnU nm{hbo AmhoV. ì¶º$s{df¶r ‘m{hVrMo AmIS>odmatZm{ZarjU H$aUo ho hr ‘w»¶ Amho. Aer narñWrVr H$XmMrV A^mdmZoM AmT>iVo qH$dm Vr gd©gmYmaUnUo Amho, H$m¶ ho g‘OwZ KoÊ¶mgmR>r hr nmhUr Cn¶moJr nS>Vo. ñnï>nUo Z {XgUmè¶mAm{U H$m§hr AkmV JmoîQ>r XoIrb ¶m nmhUrVwZ g‘OVmV.

darb gm§{JVë¶m à‘mUo ‘wbm§Mo nm¡ï>rH$ Amhma nmVir {ZarjU H$aÊ¶mgmR>r C§Mr,dOZmMo‘mnU ¶m§Mm Cn¶moJ H$aVmV. Am§JUdmS>r H|$X«mMr oQ> KoD$Z Vo H$go ‘moOUr H$aVmV, Vo nmhm.‘wbm§Mr dmT> ’$ma PnmQ>çmZo hmoV AgVo. Ë¶m‘wio ‘moR>çm§À¶m VwbZoV bhmZ ‘wbm§Mo d¶ Am{U dOZdmT>V AgVo, d¶ Am{U dOZ ‹IamoIa ‘m{hVrgmR>r hm Vº$m ’$ma Cn¶moJr nS>Vmo. Aem KoVboë¶m‘moO-‘mnm§Zm nm¡ï>rH$ Amhma emók V¶ma Ho$boë¶m V³Ë¶m‘Ü¶o ‘m{hVr Z‘wX Ho$br Va Vr ‘wbogd©gmYmaU n[añWrVrV Amho H$s, Hw$nmofrV AmhoV, hr ‘m{hVr {‘iVo.

CXm. EH$ ‘wbm§Mo dOZ Ë¶mÀ¶m d¶mÀ¶m nwT>o øm V³Ë¶mV Z‘wX Ho$bo Va Vmo H$‘r dOZmÀ¶mAmho H$m qH$dm Zmhr‘m{hVr {‘iVo. ho EH$‘wbm§Mo dU©Z Amho.

amï ´ > r¶ nm ofH$Amhma g§ñWm§Zr (NIN)H o $b obm gd } H $ m¶gwM{dVmo? XoemVrbH$m§hr amÁ¶mV Ho$boë¶m1-5 d¶moJQ>mVrb 7000‘wbm§‘Ü¶o 45% ‘wbo H$‘rdOZmMr AmhoV. åhUOogmYmaU V³Ë¶m à‘mUoAgmdo VodT>çm dOZmnojm‘wbm§Mo H$‘r dOZ Amho.hr ‘wbo dmñV{dH$ nmhVmAmhma Z {‘imë¶m‘wio

SCERT TELANGANA


¶m AmH$S>odmarVwZ H$moUË¶m {ZU©gm¶¶oVm EH$ CVmam {bhm.

g‘W ©nU o H $ m‘ H $aUma rAm§JUdmS>r Ho$Ð ¶m narñWrVtZmH$go Vm|S> XoD$ eH$Vo? MMm© H$am.

gw{MH$m gmYmaU nmVirnojm Imbr Vw‘À¶m eãXmV dU©Z H$am XoemV {H$Vr ‘wboAgboë¶m ‘wbm‘Ü¶o H$m¶§ % ¶m aofoV ¶oVmVhmoV AgVo

d¶m§À¶mnwT>o dOZ Underweight 45%XmIdVoC§Mr§À¶mnwT>o d¶ Stunting 41%XmIdVo

C§Mr§À¶mnwT>o dOZ WastingXmIdVo . 21%

{XK©H$mbrH$ ‘wbm§‘Ü¶o nmofH$ AmhmamMrH$‘r Agob Va Ë¶mMr hmS> H$‘OmoahmoVmV, Aí¶m ‘wbm‘Ü¶o Ë¶mÀ¶m d¶mgmo~Vnm{hOo VodT>r C§Mr dmT>V Zmhr Ë¶mZ§VaË¶m§Zm ~amo~a H$aVm ¶oV Zmhr.

gÜ¶m dOZ ‘moOÊ¶mgmR>r ho gwM{dVAgVo, Vm~S>Vmo~ nm{hOo VodT>m Amhma{‘imbm Va ¶m ñWrVrVwZ ‘wº$m{‘iVo.

Cnmer amhVmV. Ë¶m‘wio Ë¶m§Zm nm{hë¶m ~amo~a ‘m{hVr {‘iVo H$s, Ë¶m ‘wbm§Mo dOZ H$‘r Amho.ñnï> gm§JVm ¶oV Zmhr. hr ~m~ gd© gmYmaU Pmë¶m‘wio ghOVoZo KoVbr OmVo. VWmnr nmhUrV‘mÌ ¶m gd© ghO Jmoï>r A{Ve¶ J§ raVoZo KoÊ¶mMr JaO Amho, Agë¶mMo åhQbo Amho.

hr Ahdmb Aer gm§JVo:“EHw$U 45% ‘wbo H$‘r dOZmMr AmhoV. 1-3 df© d¶moJQ>mVrb ‘wbm§À¶m VwbZoV 3-5 df©

d¶moJQ>mVrb ‘wbm§‘Ü¶o hr g‘ñ¶m OmñV Amho. JwOamV (58%), ‘Ü¶àXoe (56.9%) Am{U CÎmaàXoe (53.2%) Aem amÁ¶m§‘Ü¶o ho à‘mU 50% nojm OmñV Amho, H$‘r dOZ AgUmao gdm©VH$‘r à‘mU Ho$ai (24%).‘Ü¶o Amho …

“dOZ ’$ma H$‘r AgUmar {Vd« narñWrVr EHw$U 16%. ‘wbm§‘Ü¶o Amho…”emio‘Ü¶o XmIb hmoÊ¶mgmR>r d¶ ZgUmè¶m ‘wbm§Zm nmofH$ Amhma emñÌkm§Zr VrZ AmboImMmCn¶moJ Ho$bm Amho. ho VrZ doJdoJir nmofH$ Amhma gwMZm AmnUmbm ‘wbm§À¶m nmofH$ AmhmanmVirMr g§nwU© ‘m{hVr XoV AgVo. Vo Imbrb à‘mUo Amho.

àm¡T> AdñWoV Agboë¶m ór nwéf ‘Ü¶o nmofH$ AmhmamMr nmVir emararH$ dOZ gw{MH$m(BMI). Zo ‘moOVmV. ¶m{df¶r AJmoXaÀ¶m dJm©V AmnU {eH$bmo AmhmoV. [BMI=(dOZ {H$bmo‘Ü¶o/

C§Mr ‘rQ>a‘Ü¶o).]¶m gw{MHo$Zwgma EH$m n[aKÀ¶m VwbZoV EH$m

ì¶º$sMo dOZ H$‘r Amho. gmYmaU dOZ [H§$dmOmñV dOZ Amho. ‘m{hVr {‘iw eH$Vo. {h gw{MH$m

’$bH$ OmñV Agob Va M~u OmñV åhUwZ , H$‘rAgob Va nm{hOo VodT>çmnojm M~u H$‘r Amho, Ago,g‘OVo. nmofH$ Amhma g§ñWm gd}Zwgma ñÌr nwéfm§MrnmVir Aer Amho.

SCERT TELANGANA


“nwéf§m‘Ü¶o eº$sMr Vrd« H$‘VaVm ( BMI<18.5) 35% , A{YH$ dOZ/bÇ>nUm (BMI>25) 10%. BVH$m Amho.

“35% ‘{hbm§‘Ü¶o eº$sMr H$‘VaVm AgwZ 14% ‘{hbm‘Ü¶o dOZ/bÇ>nUm {XgVmo.eº$sMr Vrd« H$‘VaVm Amo{S>gm,JwOamV, CËnaàXoe amï´>m§‘Ü¶o A{YH$ Amho. Ë¶mZ§VaH$Zm©Q>H$, Am§Y«àXoe, ‘hmamï´>, ‘Ü¶àXoe, n.~§Jmb‘Ü¶o 33-38% ‘{hbm§‘Ü¶o eº$sMrVrd« H$‘VaVm Amho….”

Amhma gwajobm ¶mÀ¶mer Agbobm g§~§Y H$moUVm? N>ÎmrgJT>‘Yrb bmoH$ d¡ÚH$s¶ emiobmH$‘r dOZ Agbobo amoJr amoO ‘moR>çm g§»¶oZo ¶oV AgVmV. VoWrb S>m°³Q>am§Zr ¶m narñWrVrMo{ddaU {Xbo. Hw$Qw>§~mbm ‘{hÊ¶mbm ñdñV YmÝ¶m§À¶m XþH$mZmÛmao {‘iUmao 35 {H$bmo Amhma YmÝ¶nmM> OU AgUmè¶m Hw$Qw>§~mV ’$º$ 11{Xdgmn¶ªV nwaV AgVo. Caboë¶m {XderË¶m§Zr {nH$dboë¶m Amhmada qH$dm‘mH©o$Q>‘Ü¶o {dH$V KoVboë¶m AmhmamdaAmYmarV Agmdo bmJVo.

CXm. {~bmgnwa‘Ü¶o [ajmMmbdUmam ì¶º$s XaamoO 70-80 én¶oH$‘rdrV AgVmo. Ka {H$am¶m ‘{hÝ¶mbm400 én¶o, H$a§Q>bm 100 én¶o IM©hmoV AgVmV. Ago AgVm§Zm Ë¶mModOZ H$m H$‘r hmoV Zmhr, Ë¶mbm j¶amoJ H$gm ¶oD$ eH$V Zmhr. ¶m Jmoï>rAmíM¶©H$maH$ AmhoV.

AmH$S>odma Amhma gwajm gwMH$m§H$ : N>ÎmrgJT> ¶oWrb S>m°³Q>a Ago gm§JV AmhoV. nwaogo Amhma {‘imbo Va nm{hOo VodT>o dOZmnojm H$‘r qH$dm C§Mr hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr.

H$emZohr {ZYm©aU H$arV AgVm doiog dmñV{dH$Vm Agmdr. bmoH$ {dVaU ì¶dñWoMo gm‘Ï¶©,Amhma {nH$m§Zm {nH${dÊ¶mgmR>r àYmZVm, bmoH$m§Mr IaoXr H$aÊ¶mMr eº$s, Aem gd© Jmoï>rbmoH$m§Mo dOZ-C§Mr gma»¶m gwMHo$ AmYmao A§XmO bmdVm ¶oVmo. EdT>oM ZgwZ EH$m ì¶º$sÀ¶mC§MrÛmao Ë¶mbm-{Vbm ~mbd¶mV Amhma nwaogm {‘imbm qH$dm Zmhr gm§JVm ¶oVo. H$‘r dOZ,H$‘r C§Mr Agbobo bmoH$ nmofH$ Amhmam§Zm ~ir nS>br AgmdoV. Ago gm§JVm ¶oVo. na§Vw yH$‘arbm~ir nS>br AgVrb Ago åhUZo ~amo~a Zmhr Ago ‘mPo ‘V Amho.

gmam§e¶m YS>çmV mJ n{hë¶m‘Ü¶o g§nwU© Xoembm ÑîQ>r nwT>o R>odwZ Amhma gwajm ¶m KQ>H$mMo {ZarjU Ho$bm

AmhmoV. Amhma CËnÎmrMr dmT> hmoÊ¶mgmR>r H$m¶ H$amdo. ¶m àíZm Z§Va Amhma CnbãYrMo H$go AmH$S>odmarbmdmdr, ¶m {df¶mda MMm© Ho$br AmhoV. XaS>moB© YmÝ¶mMr CnbãYr dmñV{dH$Vm dmT>br Zgbr Var VrH$‘r hmoV Mmbbr Amho, hm XþIXm¶H$ {df¶ Amho na§Vw hr dmñV{dH$Vm Amho.

SCERT TELANGANA


Vw‘À¶m Aä¶mgmMr nwZamd¥Îmr H$am1. g‘Om Z¡g{J©H$ AmnÎmr‘wio AÞ-YmÝ¶ CËnmXZ H$‘r Pmbo Agob Va Aem doir gaH$ma

AÞ-YmÝ¶ CnbãY H$éZ XoD$ eHo$b H$m?2. Aeº$nUm dOZ H$‘r AgUo, d {‘iV Agbobm Ag§Vw{bV nmofH$ Amhma, ¶m§À¶mVrb

g§~§Y EImÚm H$mën{ZH$ CXm. Zo g‘OmdyZ gm§Jm?4. AÞ YmÝ¶ CËnmXZmVrb dmT> d AÞ-gwajm ¶mVrb nañna g§~§Y Xe©dm5. gmd©O{ZH$ {dVaU àUmbr (PDS) bmoH$m§Zm ¶mo½¶ nmofH$ Amhma ImÌrZo Ago AmídmgZ

XoD$ eH$Vmo.darb {dYmZmda dmX-{ddmX H$aÊ¶mgmR>r Vw‘À¶m H$moUVo ‘wÔo AgVrb?

6. AÞ gwajm ¶m {df¶mda EH$ nmoñQ>a V¶ma H$am.

‘hËdmMo eãXCËnÎmr CËnmXZ CnbãYVm nmofH$ AmhmaamIrd gmR>m wH$ bmoH$ {dVaU àUmbr

CËnÎmr Pmbobo g§nwU© YmÝ¶ bmoH$m§Zm CnbãY Agmdo, ‘mHo«$Q>‘Ü¶o {d{H«$Ûmao qH$dm gaH$marñdñV YmÝ¶mÀ¶m XþH$mUmVwZ, ‘Ü¶mÝh ^mOZ gma»¶m ¶moOZm Ûmao Amhma CnbãY H$éZ XoÊ¶mV¶mdm. A{YH$ Q> o$ bmoH$ Hw$nmofUmg ~ir nSUmè¶m§Mr g§»¶m OmñV AgwZ Ë¶m§Zm ¶mo½¶ à‘mUmVH°$barg {‘imì¶mV. Hw$nmofU Jar~m‘Ü¶o A{YH$ AmT>iVo. ’$io, mOrnmbm, ‘m§g, ‘mgmoir, Am§S>o¶mgma»¶m nXmWmªMm {dZr¶moJ nm{hbm Va H°$barMr H$a‘VaVm rVrXm¶H$ Amho. bmoH$ {dVaUì¶dñWm Amdí¶H$ Ë¶m {R>>H$mUr à^mdrnUo H$m‘ H$arV Zmhr. ‘wbm§Zm, àm¡T>m§Zm H$‘r dOZmMrg‘ñ¶m AVr Vrd« Amho. nmofH$ Amhma AhdmbmZwgma bmoH$ yH$ ~ir nS>V AmhoV. nwaogm AmhmaZ KoVm Amhma H$‘r KoV AmhoV. Xoem§‘Ü¶o nwaogm Amhmam§Mr gmR>o AgwZ gwÕm nwîH$i bmoH$ wH$~ir nS>V AmhoV, ho ‘mÝ¶ H$aÊ¶mgmR>r H$miOrnwd©H$ {dMma H$éZ darb Ho$boë¶m MMm©da gd©~mOwZo {dMma H$amd¶mMm Amho.

SCERT TELANGANA


àH $ën

1) "AmB©' hr Imbrb H${dVm dmMm - H${dVogmR>r {MÌ H$mT>m. Vw‘À¶m d{S>bYmar ‘mUgm§H$Sy>ZAÞ H$‘VaVoda Mo AZw d ‘m{hV H$éZ ¿¶m.

7. nmZ H«$.151 daMm n[aÀN>oX da ^maV Xoe ...XmI{dVmo n ªV dmMm d A{^àm` {chm.8. ^maVmÀ`m ZH$memV Imcrc ñWio Xe©dm.

1) H$Zm©Q>H$ 2) Amoargm 3) JwOamV 4) _Ü`àXoe5) N>ÎmrgJS> 6) Voc§JmZm 7) CÎmaàXoe 8) n§Om~9) _hmamï´> 10) n. ~§Jmb

AmVS>çm§Mr AmoaS> Z Ow‘mZVmH$moaS>o AmoR>>, H$moaS>m Kgm, Xw…ImZodmhUmao S>moio Alw§Zm Wm§~dV[ñWa Pmboë¶m S>moù¶m§Zr ‘r nm{hbo.Vw ‘mÌ AY© nmoQ>r amhþZgdmªZm OodU ôQ>mdo åhUwZ,EH$ ^mH$a AmUIr H$mhrH$aÊ¶mgmR>r...........

Mybr g‘moa ~gwZVwÂ¶m earamVrb hmS>m§ZmOmiVm§Zm Vwbm‘r nm{hbobo Amho,gdmªÀ¶m KamV H$nS>o YwVm§Zm^m§S>r, Cï>r H$mT>Vm§ZmCabobo AÞ Vwbm {Xbo VaVmo ‘hmàgmX åhUwZ [ñdH$maVm§Zm‘r Vwbm nm{hbo Amho...

AmB© (Mother)

2. Vw_À`m Hw§$Q>§w~mV d eoOmaÀ`m Hw§$Qw>§~mV {nR>YmÝ`(~mOar, Ádmar) `mÀ`m dmnam ~Ôc _m{hVr{_idm d gmaUrV {chm.

A. Hw§$Qw>§~ à_wImMo Amhma V¥U YmÝ` {nR> YmÝ`mMm dmna dmT>rgH«$. Zmd gH$mir Xþnmar gm`§H$mir Mo dmna KQ> hmoÊ`mMo H$maU

SCERT TELANGANA


YS>m

11gwpñWa d g_mZ {dH$mg

nwÝhm {dH$mgmH$S>o ZOa Q>mHw$ `m.{dH$mgmÀ`m ‘moOVm§Zm gamgar EHw$U amï´>r` CËnÞ (GDP) noúmm _mZd {dH$mgmÀ`m

gw{MHo$V (Human Development Index (HDI) dmT> Pmcr. (Xþgam nmR> nmhm) EH$m XoemVCËnÎmr hmoV Agcoë`m dñVw d godm§Mr qH$_V GDP gwMdVo, Va _J {dH$mg Ho$di dñVw d godmCËnÎmr nwaVm _`m©XrV H$aVm oV Zmhr. CËnmXZ d CËnÞ ¶mÀ¶mV EH$sH$S>o doJmZo dmT> homVAgcr Var Xþgar H$S>o maVm gma»`m XoemV OmñV à_mUmV cmoH$m§Zm nmofH$ Amhma H$_r nS>VAgVmo d {dÚm, d¡Ú{H$` godm m gma»`m godm gw{dYm {_iV ZmhrV. mMm {dMma H$aÊ`mgmaIoAmho. {dH$mgmVrc gm_mOrH$ {dÚm, d¡Ú{H$` gw{dYm BË`mXr gw{dYmgmR>r (HDI) Jmoï>rMm{e\$mag H$aVo.

Va _J {dñVma Pmcoë`m m {dH$mgmMo Xa _moOVmZm Amnë`m {Z`Ì§UmV Z g‘Om AmUIrAZoH$ KQ>H$ AmhoV. maV XoemVrb H$m_JmamV 90% H$m_Jma Ag§KQ>rV {d^mJmV AmhoV. {VWoH$m_mÀ¶m {dH$mgmÀ¶m XamV g‘mdoe H$aZo JaOoMo AgVo. Ag§KQ>rV {d^mJmV ñd§ amoOJma damoO§Xar _Owar hr \$ma H$_r AgVo. ({Vgam nmR> nmhm) l‘Ordr dJm©V bmoH$g§»¶oMm OmñV à_mUH$_r CËnÞ AgUmè`m H$m_mda AgwZ gwÜXm GDP dmT>V Amho. åhUOo dmT>V AgUmè`m AZoH$dñVw d godm Zm¡H$è`m _wio \$º$ H$m§hr cmoH$m§Zm Ë`mMm \$m`Xm Agm Ë`mMm AW© hmoVmo. A{YH$CËnÞ lr_§V AgUmao hdo Vo {dH$V KoD$ eH$VmV. OJmVrb gd© gm‘mÝ¶ AmZ§Xr amhVmV. VaXþgar H$S>o OmñVrV OmñV cmoH$ mo½` Vr Zm¡H$ar Zgë`m_wio Amdí`H$VodT>o CËnÞ Zgë`m_wio VoJm¡admZo OJÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zm Ë`m§À`m _wc wV JaOm§Mr nU nwVu hmoV Zmhr.

J « m\ $ :11.1 ^maVXoemVrc dm{f©H$ CËnÞmYmaoHw§$Q>§w~m§Mr dmQ>Ur (cmImV)(2010 dfm©Mo gd©o)

`m {R>H$mUr {Xcoë`m J«m\$Zwgma^maV XooemVrc Ag‘mZVo~Ôcg§úmrá énmV {chm?

lr_§V (17cmImÀ`mda) 3 {_cr`Z Hw§$Qw>§~_Ü`_dJu` ( 17-3.4

cmIm_Ü o)31 {_cr`Z H§w$Qw>§~

1.5-3.4 cmIm_Ü o 71 {_cr`ZHw§$Qw>§~

135{_cr`ZHw§$Qw>§~

1.5 cmImnoúmm H$_r

SCERT TELANGANA

gm_m{OH$ AÜ`m`Z146 gwpñWa d g_mZ {dH$mg

J « m\ $ :2- ^maV X oemVrcH$moQ>çm§Yrem§Mr EHw$U g§nVr

(in Billion Rupees)

J«m\$:3- maV XoemVrcH$moQ>çm§Yrem§Mr EHw$U g§nVr

(in Billion Rupees)12000

10000

8000

6000

4000

2000

11,000

1,157

2120

1996 2004 2011 1996 2004 20110

3

910

20

30

40

50

60

55

{MÌ11.1 : _w§~B©Vrc YmamdrPmonS>nÅ>rVrc dñË`m. maVXoemVrc ehar ^mJmV Jar~

amhUmao gdm©V _moR>r dñVr hmo .

{MÌ 11.1: h¡Ðm~mX _Ü o EH$mhmoQ>c _YwZ {XgUmao ho ~§Omam{hëgMo Ñî` hm mJ Y{ZH$ lr_§VcmoH$ amhUmè`m§Mm Amho.

SCERT TELANGANA


GDP da Ñï>r R>odUmè`m A{W©H$ {dH$mgmda n`m©daU ÑîQ>rH$moZmVwZ nU Amamon oV AmhoV.Am{W©H$ {dH$mg PnmQ>çmZo hmoV Agcoë`m H«$_mV n`m©daU g§nÎmrÀ`m AJmoXa Aem Vem Zm__mÌ[aVrZo Cn`moJ Ho$cm. {dZme Ho$cm åhUUmao Ago {d{dY g§X^m©V nm{hcmoV. O§Jco Zï> H$aUo,O_rZrMr H$g H$_r hmoUo, wOc nmVir H$_r hmoUo, àXþfU dmT>Uo, {hadi O_rZrda X~md,Z¡g{J©H$ dñVwda AYméZ amhmUo, H$maImÊ`m nmgwZ hmoUmao ZwH$gmZ, ì`dgm` eoVrV amgm`{ZH$IVo, {H$Q>H$ ZmeH$ Am¡fYm§Mm A{YH$ à_mUmV dmna H$aUo d hdm_mZmÀ`m {eVmoîU pñWVrV~Xc BË`mXr Amnë`m g_moa AgUmè`m _w»` g_ñ`m Am¡Úmo{JH$aUm_wio H$mhr cmoH$m§Zm AZoH$dñVw àmá hmoD$ cmJë`m Va `m n[a_mUm_wio OJ Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZ g§nÎmr hr H$_r hmoV Amho.dmVmdaU nU AñVì`ñV hmoV Amho. Aem àH$maMm {dH$mg OmñV {Xdg {Q>Hw$U amhþ eH$V Zmhr..

`m nmR>mV AmnU {dH$mg n`m©daU d cmoH§$mV AgUmè`m g§~Ym {df`r nS>Vmiw m. A{W©H$KS>m‘m|S>r‘wio n¶m©daUmMm g‘Vmob AZoH$ ~mOwZ H$gm T>ibm? {d{dY KQ>H$mda H$gm à^mdnS>cm? Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZ g§nÎmrda cmoH$m§Mo h¸$ d Ë`mÀ`m OrdZmda {dH$mgmMm H$em àH$maoà^md nS>cm? {dH$mgmcm _XV H$aUmao doJdoJio Z_wZo AmhoV? bmoH$m§À¶m Ñï>rZo {dH$mg åhUOoH$m¶? {ZgJm©darb Ë¶m§Mm h¸$ {hgH$mdyZ KoUo ¶mo½¶ Amho H$m¶? ¶oUmè¶m {nT>rbm n¶m©daUmVrbgOrd, {ZOud ¶m gd© dñVwgh n¶m©daU Úmd¶mMo Amho.

n`m©daU Am{U {dH$mg (Environment and Development)

{dH $ mgmgmR > rn`m©daUmMr H$er w{_H$mAgVo ho nwÝhm EH$XmAmR>dU H$é `m. CËnÎmrà{H«$òV O_rZ, nmUr,I{ZO g§nXm, PmS>mnmgwZhmoUmar CËnÎmr new gma»`mZ¡g{J©H$ g§nXm `m Iwn_hËdmÀ`m Amh oV.ì`dgm`, Im{UV ImoXH$m_`m gma»`m àmW{_H${d^mJ nU {d{dY ñWm`r _Ü o Z¡g{J©H$ g§nÎmrda AmYmarV AmhoV. hr g§nÎmr {_idÊ`mVn`m©daU gm_Ï`mªg n`m©daU g§nXm nwadR>m H$m`© ("environment's source function") AgoåhUVmV. Z¡g{J©H$ g§nXmMm dmna KoV Agë`m_wio qH$dm Vo àXþfUmMm {eH$ma Pmë`m_wio hogm_Ï © H$_r hmoV OmVo.

n¶m©daU Amnë¶mbm EH$ H$m¶© H$aÊ¶mMr g§Yr XoVo, Vr åhUOo {d{dY CËnmXZVyZ {ZKmcocoì`W© nXmW© ewÜX H$éZ nwÝhm Amnë¶m naV XoVo. CËnÎmr d Ë`mÀ`m dmnamVwZ {Zén`moJr

^maVr` ì`dgm` H$maImUo g§~§YrV Zdì`m dJm©VrcnmR>m§Zm nwÝhm EH$ doiog nmhm.

. m XomÝhr g§X^m©V g§nÎmr dmQ>n d CncãYVm g§~YrerAg_mZVm Ë`mMr H$er MMm© Ho$ë`m Jocr?n`m©daU g_ñ`m ìXmao {dH$mg `m ^mdZog H$go àíZHo$cm Vo AmoiIm.harV H«$m§VrÀ`m {dñVmam_wio H$moUË`m àH$maMr n`m©daUg_ñ`m {Z_m©U Pmcr? m nmgwZ {dî`mgmR>r AmnUH$moUVm JwUnmR> {eH$m`cm nm{hOo?SCERT TELA

NGANA


CXmhaUmV B§OrZmVwZ {ZKUmam Ywa H$aÊ`mgmR>r dmnaÊ`mV Amcoco nmUr, \$maogrZ Cn omJr ZhmoUmao AÅ>`mMo S>ã~o dñVw `m gma»`m§Zm n`m©daU ewÜX H$arV AgVo. hr \$ma _hËdmMm _w»`{H«$`m Amho. n«XþfZmg n`m©daU J¥hZ H$éZ à_mX ahrV ~Xë`mÀ`m eº$sg ewÜX H$aÊ`mMr {H«$`m(environment sink function) _m{hVr XoV AgVo. n`m©daUmVrb Q>mH$mD$ nXmW© ewÕ H$aÊ¶mMr{d{eîQ> j‘Vm Ë¶mV Amho, Ë`mnoúmm OmñV ì`W© nXmW© CËnÞ hmoV Joco Va n`m©daUmg {XK© H$miZwH$gmZ hmoVo.

Joë`m 50 dfm©V CËnÞ hmoV Joco Va n`m©daUmg {XK©H$mc ZwH$gmZ hmoVo. Cn`moJrV AmUë`mJoco. Ë`m_wio n`m©daUmVwZ {_idÊ`mMr _XV gm_Ï © åhUOo ^{dî`mV A[W©H$ CËnmXZmVn¶m©daUmH$Sw>Z {‘iUmar ‘XV hmo¶. CXmaUm ìXmao nmhþ`m.

CXmahU 1: na§namJV ì`dgm`mV nmdgm~amo~awOcmg gmR>dU H$éZ R>odUo qH$dm H$mhr O{_ZrMm

H$mhr ^mJ dmhÊ`mgmR>r Cn`moJmV AmUV AgV.CXmhaUmV _moQ> {dhrar (mota baavi) ìXmao nmÊ`mìXmao2-3 E $a O_rU _emJV H$aV AgV. eoVr hr nmdgmù`mnwaVr _`m©XrV Pmcr. A{YH$ mJmV nmD$g H$_r nS>VAgV. H$mimZwgma Z{dZ eoVrMo §Ìo AdOmao CncãYhomV Agë`m_wio noQ>moc/ {S>Ooc qH$dm {dÚwVda MmcUmè`m_moQ>mar Cn`moJmV oD$ cmJë`m mMm n« md XmoZ Q>ßn`mV nmhþ m. gd© àW_ _Zwî`mMr _ohZVH$ï> H$_r Pmco. O_rZrVwZ nmUr _moQ>mamÀ`m _XVrZo da H$mT>Uo gmono Pmco EdT>oM Zmhr Va mdoiog O_rZrV nmÊ`mMr nmVir \$ma H$_r hmoVr. gmYmaU {d{harV 10 Vo 15 {\$Q> da nmUrAgo, OmñVrV OmñV 100 {\$Q> da nmUr Ago. {dÚwV S>rPoc _moQ>mar ìXmao O{_ZrVrc nmUrµH$mT>ë`m _wio nmÊ¶mMr nmVir H$‘r hmoVo. Ooìhm nmD$g nS>Vmo, Voìhm Vo O_rZrVrc nmÊ`mgmo~VnwÝhm nmUr O_mdo cmJVo mcmM nwZagmR>m(recharge)Ago åhUVmV. O{_ZrÀ`m AmVrc _mVrnmÊ`mgmo~V AmV _Ü o dmhV AgVo. O_rZrVrc nmUr da H$mT>V am{hë`mg H$mhr H$mimZ§VanmÊ`mMr {Vd« Q>§MmB© {Z_m©U hmoVo. nmÊ¶mMrnmVir H$‘r hmoVo. {Oìhm nwZagmR>r nojm OmñVnmUr ~mhoa H$mT>ë¶m OmVo.

^maV Xoe wJ © Oc g§nXm g§~§YrV EdT>çmVë`m AmH$S>odmar Zwgma XoemVrc AZoH$ mJmVnmÊ`mMm A{YH$ dmna Ho$ë`m_wio \$ma _moR>o g§H$Q> oD$ eH$Vo Ago ñnï> Ho$co. XoemVrc 1/3 m^mJmV wJ © OcmÀ`m nmÊ`mV nwZagmR>m noúmm Ë`m nmÊ`mMm dmna OmñV Amho. gw_mao 300{Oëøm_Ü o JV 20 dfm©V wJ ©Oc 4 _rQ>a Imoc Joco. mda wJ ©Ocmg OmñV à_mUmV dmnaVAmhmoV ho ñnï> hmoVo. ì`dgm` H¥$frúmoÌmV gwg§nÞ AgUmam n§Om~mV,npíM_ CËVa àXoe _Yrc, _Ü`

{MÌ 12.3 : amOñWmZ _Yrc OcqgMZ eoVr1957 _Ü o UN `m§Zr H$mT>coco {MÌ

wJ © OcmÀ`m OmñV dmna Ho$cm Va oUmè m H$mimVnmÊ`m~Ôc ApñWaVm {Z_m©U hmoD$ eH$Vo H$m?

SCERT TELANGANA


X{úmU nR>ma w_rVrc amVr mJmVrc H$m§hr {H$ZmanÅ>r mJmVrc doJmZo {dñVmaUm hmoV Agcoë`mehar ^mJmVrc ^m§Jm_Ü o wJ ©OcmÀ`m Cn`moJ \$ma _moR>çm n«_mUmV hmoV Amho.

wJ © OcmMm OmñV dmna Ho$ë`m_wio nmÊ`mMm gmR>m g§nV Amho. O_rZrV nmÊ`mMr nmVirdoJmZo Imoc AVr Imoc OmV Amho.

O{_ZrV wJ ©Oc nmÊ`mMr nmVir H$_r hmoVo EdT>oM Zmhr Va Ë`mMr Md nU H$_r hmoVAmho. ^maV XoemVrc 59% {OëømV hmVn§nmMo, ~moAaMo nmUr {nÊ`mgmR>r H$m_r oV Zmhr.H$maImUo, ì`dgm` m nmgwZ oUmao amgm`{ZH$ dñVw wJ © Ocmg àXþfrV H$arV Agë`m_wio AgoKS>V AgVo. gd© àH$maMo ì`W© {dfmar nXmW© nmÊ`mV Q>mH$ë`m OmV AmhoV. `m n[apñWVrgVodT>çm ghO nUo AmQ>moŠ`mV AmZVm oV Zmhr. `mMm n[aUm_ Z§VaÀ`m CXmhaUmV nmhþ `m.

AemàH$maÀ`m {dH$mg gwpñWa {dH$mgmÀ`m {déÜX V`ma Pmcm. gwpñWa {dH$mg åhUOo^{dî`mV oUmè`m cmoH$m§À`m JaOm nwU© H$aÊ`mÀ`m gm_Ï`m©g Y¸$m Z nmohMVm gÜ`mÀ`mcmoH$m§À`m JaOm nwU© H$aUo, Xþgè`m eãXmV gm§Jm oM åhUOo gwpñWa {dH$mg gdm© H$arVmgÜ`mÀ`m d oUmè`m H$mimÀ`m cmoH§$mgmR>r XO}Xma {dH$mgmMr _mJUr H$aV AgVo.

Va _J, gÜ`m AmnU Z¡g{J©H$ g§nÎmrÀ`m dmnamÀ`m nÜXVrg nm{hco Va `m _m¡ë`dmZZ¡g{J©H$ g§nÎmrMm ^{dî`mV oUmè`m cmoH$m§Zm Amncm Ý`m`rH$ dmQ>m {_iÊ`mMm g§Yr Vo Ë`m§Zm{_iV Zmhr. EdT>oM Zmhr Va AmnU Cn`moJ KoV Agcoë`m g§nÎmrMm à^md n`m©daUmda nSw>ZË`mÀ`m úm_Vog emídV ZwH$gmZ nmohMÊ`mMr doi ooVo.

CXmhaU 2: AmYw{ZH$ Z{dZ ì`dgm` nÜXVrV A{YH$ {nHo$ H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r {nH$mda {H$Q>H$UmeHo$Am¡fYr dmnaUo _hËdmMo Amho. Va amgm`{ZH$ Am¡fYm§Mm dmna Ho$ë`m_wio n`m©daUmda à{VHw$cà^md nS>Vo ho ~è`mM dfm©nwduM n`m©daU emókm§Zr ñnîQ> Ho$coAmho. úm_Vo noúmm OmñV {dfnXmW© n`m©daUmg ghZ H$aÊ`mMreº$s ZgVo.

_Ëga, S>mgm§Zm {Z`Ì§U H$aÊ`mgmR>r DDT {nMH$mar Ho$ë`m_wio_Zwî`mda d númmda nS>Umè`m à^mdm{df`r am°Moc H$m°g©Z (RachelCarson) ZmdmMr _{hcmZo 1962 _Ü oM gm° c|Q> ñàr§J (SilentSpring) (em§V F$Vw) ZmdmÀ`m nwñVH$mV {c{hco Amho. {H$Q>H$ZmeH$ Am¡fYmVrc OS> nXmW© ho n`m©daUmV nwÝhm {_giV ZmhrV.DDT {_gicoco nmUr Vù`mV OmD$Z {_iVo d Ë`mV AgUmè`m_mí`m_Ü o Vo {df nXmW© CaVmV Ë`m {dfm_wio _mí`m _maVmV d_aU nmdcoë`m _mí`m§Zm {H$Ë oH$ númr ImVmV d númr nU _aUnmdVmV. S>m§gm gmaIo {dfmar Am¡fY DDT cdH$a {ZamoYH$ eº$sdmT>dVmV Ago am°Moc H$m°g©ZZo ñnï> Ho$co. _Zwî`mMo Ago H¥$Ë` Oa gwYmaë`m Joco Zmhr VaZ¡g{J©H$ àH¥$Vrg Zme H$aÊ`mgmR>r _mZdM H$maUr wV R>aVmo Ago {VZo {gÜX H$éZ XmI{dco.

^maV XoemV E§S´>mogë\$m°Z ZmdmMo (Endosulfan) amgm`{ZH$ {H$Q>H$ ZmeH$mMo KmVH$ à^mdAmnU nm{hcmoV. 1976 _Ü o Amã`m§À`m ~JrÀ`mZm {H$Q>H$ ZmeH$ Am¡fYm nmgwZ aúmUH$aÊ`mgmR>r Ho$acm amÁ` gaH$maìXmao hocrH$m°ßQ>aZo 15000 EH$am§Zm \$dmaUr Ho$ë`m Joco.

‘

SCERT TELANGANA


Ho$acmVrc g§wXa ^mJ AgUmam H$m°gaJmoS> (Kasargod) {OëømV Ago KS>co. ho H$m_ 25dfm©n ©V {Z`_rV MmcV am{hë`m_wio hdm, nmUr d gd© n`m©daU E§S´>mogë\$mZ Am¡fYm_wioàXþfrV Pmco. `mÀ`m \$dmaUr _wio ñWm{ZH$ OZVoV {deofVm ì`dgm` úmoÌmVrc _OwaXmamda`m§Mm \$ma {Vd« à^md nS>cm. d {Vd« Amamo½` g_ñ`m§ CËnÞ hmoD$ cmJë`m. m_wio H$_rV H$_r5000 cmoH$ _¥Ë w _wIr nS>co. d Ë`mnoúmm {H$Ë oH$ nQ> OmñV n«_mUmV cmoH$ H°$Ýga (H$H©$amoJmZo)d earamMr doJdoJio ^mJ J_dwZ An§J hmoD$Z Vo_¥Ë w noúmm _hm § H$a {OdZ OJw cmJco.EdT>çmVÝ`m`mc`mZo {Xcoë`m AmXoem_wio H$mhr dfm©nmgwZE§S´>mogë\$mZ \$dmaUr da ~§Yr cmdë`m Jocr Amho.H«$_mH«$_mZo cmoH$m§À`m Amamo½`mV gwYmaUm hmoV Amhod {~_mè`mMo à_mU H$_r hmoV Amho.

ho Ë`m mJm nwaVo _`m©XrV Agcoco EH$ CXmhaUMZmhrVa AmYw{ZH$ ì`dgm`mV {H$Q>H$ ZmeH$mMm dmnaânwa à_mUmV Ho$ë`mZo Ë`mMm à^md n`m©daU dOZVoda nS>V Agcoco AZoH$ AÜ``ZmVwZ ñnï> PmcoAmho. {dMma H$aÊ`mgmaIo H$m` åhUOo dmnaVAgcoë`m {H$Q>H$ ZmeH$ Am¡fYmV EH$ Q>¸$m \$º${H$S>çmda Ë`mMm à^md nS>Vmo d BVa n« md Amhma,nmUr d n`m©daU mìXmao nwÝhm Amnë`m n ªV oVmo.

n`m©daUmda cmoH$m§Mm h¸$ (People’s Rightsover the Environment)

AmYw{ZH$ {dH$mgm_wio AZoH$ n`m©daUmÀ`m g_ñ`m§ {Z_m©U hmoV AmhoV. `mMr ~aoMCXmhaUo Amnë`m g_moa AmhoV. _moR>o YaU ~m§YUo ho `mMo EH$ CXmhaU hmo . `mMm n[aUm_\$ma {Vd« AgVmo.

^maV XoemV Z_©Xm Xar {dH$mg moOZm (The Narmada Valley Development Project)ho gdm©V _moR>o YaU ho OJmVrc gdm©V _moR>o Oc{dÚwV àH$ënmVrc EH$ H|o$Ð hmo . `m ìXmaoCËnÎmr {nÊ`mÀ`m nmÊ`mMr ì`dñWm d _hmnwam nmgwZ aúmU homVo Ago åhQ>ë`mg Joco Amho. `mn«H$ënmVrc 3000 EdT>çm chmZ _moR>çm YaUm_wio n`m©daUmg hmoUmè`m ZwH$gmUr noúmm OmñVAmho. ~m§Yë`m Jocoë`m YaUm_wio gaXma gamoda ho gdm©V _moR>o Amho. m_wio 3700 hOma hoŠQ>aO§Jc d eoVrMr O_rZ nmÊ`mV ~wS>mcr Amho. 5 cmI noúmm OmñV cmoH$ ho ~oKa Pmco AmhoV.^maVmVrc ~è`mM cmoH$m§Zm H$m_ ZmoH$è`m J_dmì`m cmJë`m hOmamo E¸$am _Ü o O§Jcr mJ dgwnrH$ O_rZ nmÊ`mImcr Amë`m_wio Ord O§Vw d _mZdmMo {OdZ Üd§g Pmco ~oKa Pmcoë`mVOmñV à_mUmV Am{Xdmgr d XcrV cmoH$ AmhoV.

_Ü` àXoemVrc PmOwdm {OëømV OcqgYr JmdmVrc ~mdm _hmar`m (Baba Mahariya)`m§Zr 1994 _Ü o _Ü`àXoe _w»` _§Í`mg EH$ nÌ {c{hco. ho {JarOZ ^mfm {~cmcmV [aH$mS>©H$éZ Ë`mg {hÝXr _Ü o AZwdmX H$aÊ`mV Amco. Ë`m nÌmVrc H$mhr mJ m {R>H$mUr XoV AmhmoVVo {dH$mg `m ^mdZoda àíZ H$aVo.

n`m©daUmg ghO Jww§VdUwH$ (natural capital)Ago nU åhUVmV. 9 ì`m dJm©Vrc nmR>mVrcJw§VdUwH$ nwÝhm EH$Xm nmhm. n`m©daUmg ghOJw§VdUwH$ Ago H$m åhUVmV.nmÊ`mg gmd©O{ZH$ g§nÎmr Ago H$m åhUVmV?E§S´>mogë\$mZ dmnaÊ`mg ~§Xr H$aÊ`mgmR>rÝ`m`ì`dñWoMm _XV H$m ¿`mdr cmJcr?E§S´>mogë\$mZÀ`m dmnamda ~§Xr Q>mH$Ê`mMmÝ`m`mc`mÀ`m AmXoemV {H$Q>H$ ZmeH$ Am¡fYmMmdmna H$aUo åhUOo {OdZ OJÊ`mÀ`m h¸$mg(amÁ`KQ>ZoVrc 21 ì`m A{YH$maUmg) §J H$aUoAgo åhUQ>co Amho. OJÊ`mÀ`m h $mg E§S>mogë\$mZ_wio H$go {OdZ OJUo Vo §J hmoVo dU©Z H$am.

SCERT TELANGANA


{à`, {XJ{dO` qgJ Or,Pw~dm {OëømVrc Oc{g§Yr JmdmVrc cmoH$ Amåhr, Amåhr _Ü`àXoe _w»`_§Ìr `m§g ho nÌ

{chrV AmhmoV.Amåhr ZXr {H$Zmao amhUmao cmoH$ Amåhr Z_©Xm ZXrÀ`m {H$Zmar amhVmo. `m dfu (1994) gaXma

gamoda YaUm_wio _Ü`n«XoemVrc nmU~wS>r hmoUmè`m Jmdmn¡H$s Am_Mo OcqgYr Jmd hmo . VgoMAm_À`m gmo~V gmH©$Om H$mH$a{ecm AmH$mS>r`m d BVa Mma nmM Jmdm§Mr nmU~wS>r Pmcr Amho.Am_À`m JmdmV KamV, eoVmV nmUr Kwgë`m_wio Amåhr nU ~wSw>Z OmVmoV. hm Am_Mm H$R>oma nUKoVcocm {ZU© hmo . nmU~wS>r OcqgYr JmdmVrc Am{Xdmgr cmoH$ Amåhr, Amåhr nUo H$em gmR>r~wSw>Z OmÊ`mgmR>r V`ma PmcmoV Vo µH$idÊ`mgmR>r _m{hV H$aÊ`mgmR>r ho nÌ Amåhr {chV AmhmoV.Vwåhr, Vw_À`m gmaIo ehamV amhVmV. O§JcmV, S>m|JamV amhUmao Jar~ cmoH$ Amåhr O§JcmV_mH$S>mÀ`m {OdZm gmaIo Amåhr OJV AmhmoV Ago Amåhmg dmQ>Vo. JwOamV _Yrc _¡XmZmV nU Vw_À`mn[apñWVrV gwYma hmoB©c, Vw_Mm {dH$mg hmoVmo. Ago åhUV Amåhmg g„m XoVmV. nU Amåhr AmR>dfm©nmgwZ Am§XmocZ H$arV AmhmoV. Am_À`mda H$mT>çm cmT>çm nS>ë`m AmhoV. AZoH$ doiog Ooc_Ü oJocmoV. AmOn ªV JmdmV nmocrgm§Zr Am_À`mda Jmoir~ma gwÜXm Ho$cm. Am_Mr Kao CÜdñV Ho$ë`m Jocr.JwOamVcm Joë`mg Am_À`m n[apñWVrV gwYma hmoUma hmoVm Va AmVm nU Am_À`mVrc gd© OU {VH$S>oOmÊ`mgmR>r H$m V`ma ZmhrV?

Vw_Mo A{YH$mar ehamV amhUmao cmoH$, Amåhr S>m§oJamV O§JcmV amhUmao cmoH$ ho AZmS>r Ë`m§ZmH$mhrM H$iV Zmhr Ago g_OVmV. nU O§JcmV Z_©Xm ZXr {H$Zmar amhUmao Amåhr Am_Mr O_rZ m{R>H$mUr Amho ho Am_À`mgmR>r Iwn Am§ZXmMo Amho. {H$Ë oH$ {nR>çmnmgwZ Amåhr oWo amhV AmhmoV. mO_rZrdaM Am_À`m nwdOm©Zr PmS>o VmoS>cr d XodVm§Mr nwOm H$é cmJco AmhoV. O_rZr gwnrH$ ~Zë`m,àmUr gm§ miw cmJco AmhoV. JmdmMr {Z_uVr Pmcr Amho d Ë`mM O_rZrMr Amåhr Jar~ AmhmoV AgoVwåhr g_OV AgVmV. nU Amåhr Jar~ Zmhr Amåhr amhV Agcoë`m {R>H$mUr Am_Mr Kao AmåhrM~m§Ycr AmhoV. Amåhr eoVH$ar, Am_Mm ì`dg` `m {R>H$mUr Mm§Jcm AgVmo. Amåhr O_rZr ImoXþZH$m_ H$éZ OJV AgVmo. H$_r nmdgmda nU Amåhr Amåhmg nm{hOo VodT>o Amhma CncãY H$é KoVmo..

_mohar, ÁdmarZo Am_Mo nmoQ> aVo. _emJVrMr eoVr H$m§hr Jmdm Odi H$m§hr O§Jcm Odi AgVo.O§Jcm Odirc O_rZrV gOJwao, Ádmar, _¸$m, haâm, CS>rX, {Vi, Vwa BË`mXr {nH$o Amåhr KoVmo.

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Amåhr AZoH$ àH$maMo {nHo$ KoV AgVmoV.Ë`mV Amåhr ~Xc H$arV AgVmoV Am_Mo AmhmanXmW© nwU© nmÊ`mnmgwZ oVmV.

JwOamV _Ü o H$m` {nH$dVmV? Jhþ, Ádmar,Vwa H$mhr à_mUmV H$mnwg ImÊ`mgmR>r H$_r d~mOmamV {dH$Ê`mgmR>r OmñV Amåhr moOZm gmR>r{nH$ {nH${dVmo. H$nS>o dJ¡ao {dH$V KoÊ`mgmR>rA{V[aº$ YmÊ` Amåhr {dH$Vmo. Am_À`m H$ï>mZoAmåhr AZoH$ àH$maMo YmÊ` {nH$dV AmgVmo.

SCERT TELANGANA


Amåhmg n¡emMr JaO \$ma H$_r nS>Vo. Amåhr Am_À`mM {~ {~`mZmMm dmna H$aVmoV. Ë`mnmgwZAmåhmg Mm§Jco {nH$ {nH$Vo. JwOamV _Ü o eoVr H$aÊ`mgmR>r Iwn n¡emMr JaO AgVo. VodT>o n¡goAm_À`m H$S>o Hw$Tw>Z oVmV? [VWo Amåhmg Hw$UmMr AmoiI AgVo? H$moUVm gmdH$ma Amåhmg n¡goXoVmo? Mm§Jco {nH$ {nH$co Zmhr Va Ë`m doiog Am_À`m Odi n¡go amhV ZmhrV d Ë`m doiog AmåhmgO_rZ JìhmZ R>odmdr cmJVo.

`m {R>H$mUr Amåhr ZÚm§Mo H$mcdo H$mTw>Z {nH$m§Zm nmUr XoV AgVmoV. Amåhmg {dÚwV gw{dYm Oa AgVrVa Z_©Xm ZXrVwZ nmUr da AmUwZ {hdmù`mVrc aã~rMo {nH$ nU Amåhr KoD$ eH$cmo AgVmo. ñdV§Ì oD$Zn§MoMmirg df© g§nco Var ZXr {H$Zmè`mdarc Jmdmg {dÚwVMr gmo Zmhr. nmÊ`mMr eoVr Ho$ë`m OmV Zmhr.

Amåhmg O§JcmV dmhUmao nmUr d {hadmJma Mmam Amho. ì`dgm` noúmm Amåhmg new g§nÎmr _w»Àmho. Amåhr H$m|~S>çm, JmB©, åh¡er, eoir BË`m§XrZm nmiV AgVmoV. H$mhr cmoH$m§H$S>o 2-4 åh¡erAgVmV. Va H$mhr cmoH$m§H$S>o 8-10 AgVmV. d Odi nmg àË oH$mOdi Xhm-{dg- nÞmg eoù`mAgVmV. JwOamV _YwZ cmoH$ oD$Z Am_À`m O§JcmV Amnë`m new§Zm MmaV AgVmV. oWo Mmam nmUrânwa à_mUmV {_iVo.

O§Jc Amåhmg n¡go XoVmo. O§JcM Am_Mr ~°H$, Xþ:ImÀ`m doiog Amåhr O§JcmV OmVmoV d O§JcmVgmnS>Umao gmJdmZmÀ`m cmH$S>m nmgwZ Amåhr Ka ~m§YV AgVmoV. {ZJm|S>r d {h`mcr dñVw nmgwZ VÅ>o~m§YV AgVmoV. O§JcmVrc dñVw nmgwZ Q>moncr, ~mOm, nc§J, Zm§Ja BË`mXr dñVw V`ma H$aVmoV.Amåhr O§JcmV PmS>mMr nmUo nU ImV AgVmoV. hegva, mahia, amli, goindi, bhanjan - m PmS>m§MrnUo ImV AgVmoV. d XþîH$mi nS>cm Va O§JcmVrc H§$X_wio ImD$Z Amåhr amhVmo. Amåhr {~_marnS>ë`mg Am_Mo d¡Úmg O§JcmVrc n«Ë oH$ PmS>mMo Zmd _m{hV AgVo. Ë`mMm Cn`moJ H$m` hmoVmo Vo_m{hV AgVo. O§JcmZm gmoSw>Z BVa ^mJmV Amåhmg amhmd`Mr doi Amcr Va {H$Ë oH$ doJdoJù`màH$maMr Agcocr _m{hVr kmZ ho {Zén`moJr hmoD$Z OmVo d hiwhiw ho gd© {dgéZ OmVmoV.

ZXr g§~§YrV JmUo JmV Am_À`m XodVmMr AmR>dU H$aVmoV Zmdc d {Xdg hr gZo Amåhr gmOarH$aVmo. gwZ Amë`m doiog ho OJ H$go {Z_m©U Pmco, _mZdmMr H$er {Z_uVr Pmcr hr ZXr Hw$Rw>Z Amcr`m gdmªMo dU©Z H$arV Amåhr JmUo åhUV AgVmoV. Amåhr amoO _mgmoù`mMr ^mOr ImV AgVmoV.AMmZH$ H$Yr nmhþZo Kar Amco Va _mgmoir Ho$ìhmhr Am_À`m H$S>o CncãY AgVo. déZ ZXrImoa gw{nH${MH$Q> _mVr dmhV oVo. d Ë`mMm H$Q>m ~mY§V AgVmV. Ë`m_wio ZXr {H$Zmar IoiVmV. ZXrV nomhVmVñZmZ H$aVmV. m ZÚm df© a dmhV AgVmV. Ë`m_wio Am_À`m new§Zm Zoh_r nmUr {nÊ`mgmR>r {_iVAgVo. Am_Mr AmB© Amho. Amåhr AmZ§XmZo {OdZ OJV AgVmoV. Amåhr oWo {H$Ë oH$ {nS>çm nmgwZOJV AmhmoV. d oUmè`m {nT>rgmR>r nU Amåhr OJVmo . m Z_©Xm ZXrda Am_À`m O§Jcmda Amåhmgh¸$ Amho H$m Zmhr?

ehamV Vwåhr doJdoJù`m KamV amhVmV EH$gwÍ`m§Mr gwIXþImMr H$dH$i Xþgè`m§Zm dmQ>V Zmhr.Amåhr Am_À`m ~§Yw {_Ìm gmo~V nwd©Om gmo~V {_iwZ {_giwZ EH$m {XdgmVM Ka ~m§YVmoV. eoVmV{nH$m§Mr H$mnZr H$aVmoV. N>moQ>o N>moQ>o H$m_o nwU© H$aVmoV. JwOamV _Ü o H$moZ oD$Z Am_À`m H$m_mMm maH$_r H$aVmo H$m? _moR>o eoVH$ar oD$Z Am_À`m eoVmV JdV H$mT>VmV H$m? Am_Mo Kao ~m§YVmV H$m?BH$S>o Am_À`m JmdmV Am_À`m gmo~Ë`m H$Sw>Z EdT>r _XV H$m {_iVo? H$m åhUOo Amåhr gd©OZ EH$Ì

SCERT TELANGANA


EH$m _ZmZo EH$Ì Ago amhVmoV. Amåhm gdm©Mo gmaIo {dMma, \$º$ WmoS>o cmoH$M BWo _ŠË`mZo eoVrH$aVmV. àË oH$ OZm§Zm eoVr Amho. Hw$Umg OmñV Zmhr Hw$Umg H$_r Zmhr. Amåhr JwOamVcm Joco Va_moR>o eoVH$ar Amåhmg da oD$ XoV ZmhrV. Mmirg nÞmg dfm©nwduMo {VWo amhV AgUmè`m Am{XdmgrcmoH$m§Mr O_rZ {hgH$mdwZ KoVë`m Jocr d AmVm nU VgoM MmcV Amho. Amåhr Ë`m mJmV Z{dZAgVmoV Amåhmg {VWMr ^mfm oV Zmhr. gm§àXm` _m{hV Zmhr gd© H$m§hr MmcV Ë`m§MM AgVo.OmñV I{M©H$ ì`dgm` H$aÊ`mMr úm_Vm Zgë`mg Ë`m doir Am_Mr O_rZ Amåhr Ë`m§À`m H$S>o JìhmZR>odmdr Vo hiwhiw Ë`mda Vm~m H$aVmV. {VWo AgUmè`m Am{XdmgrMr w_r KoVmV Va Am_Mr O_rZH$go KoUma ZmhrV? Ë`m doiog Amåhmg nwÝhm O_rZ H$moU XoVo? hr O_rZ Am_À`m O_rZ H$go KoUmaZmhrV? Ë`m doiog Amåhmg nwÝhm O_rZ H$moU XoVo? hr O_rZ Am_À`m nwd©Om§Mr mda Amåhmg h¸$Amho Oa Amåhr ho J_mdco Va Am_À`m hmVr gã~c, Imoa `m {edm` H$mhrM amhV Zmhr.

Am_À`m JmdmVrc Xod gJio oWo AmhoV. Am_À`m nwd©OmÀ`m AmR>dUr gmR>dwZ R>odë`m Jococo WmooS>oXJS> (JmoQ>o) gd© oWo AmhoV. Amåhr gd©OZ H$mcmoamZo, amOmnm§Vmo `m amOm§Mr nwOm H$aVmoV.Am`mImS>m oSw>~m`Zr `m§Zm nU nwOm H$aVmoV. amUr H$mOc _m± hr _moR>r XodVm Amho Vo Hw§$~m§ Hw§$XþamUrMo S>m|Jao _S>dmS> m {R>H$mUr AmhoV. m gdmªZm gmoSw>Z Joco Va Z{dZ XodVm Amåhmg Hw$Rw>Z oVmV?BX§c, {Xdg {Xdmcr, gmaIo gZ gmOao H$aÊ`mgmR>r gd© àm§VmVrc ^mJmVrc cmoH$ oWo oVmV.^Jmo[a`mg Amåhr gd©OZ {_iwZ OmVmoV. {VWo Am_Mr wdH$ Amncr dYw da `mMr {ZdS> Vo ñdV:H$arV AgVmV. JwOamV _Ü o Am_À`m Odi H$moU oVmo?

JwOamV _Yrc O_rZ Amåhmg Cn`moJr nS>V Zmhr, Vw_Mr Zï> {ZdmaU a¸$_og Amåhr A§JrH$maVZmhr. Z_©Xm ZXrÀ`m J^m©VwZ Amåhr OÝ_cmoV d {VWoM Amåhr _¥Ë w nmdÊ`mg V`ma AmhmoV.

Amåhr ~wSw>Z OmAmo nU {VWwZ Amåhr hcUma ZmhrV.~m~m _hm°cr`mgaXma gamoda YaUm gma»`m {dH$mg moOZm m hOmam| cmoH$m§À`m {OdZmer {OdZ amoOJmamer

{dH$mg àJVr ^mdZm AgUmè`m `m nmR>mV EH$mMr àJVr hmoVo d Xþgè`mMr àJVr hmoVZmhr Ago dmMZ AmnU Ho$co. `mMo dU©Z H$aÊ`mgmR>r ~m~m _hmcr`m `mÀ`m CÎmamMmCn`moJ H$am.{JarOZmZm Xþgè`m amÁ`mV nwZ©dmg àmá H$éZ {Xë`mg Imcrc {df`mV gÜ`mÀ`m Ë`m§À`mgd`rV H$m` ~Xc hmoVmo Vo XmIdÊ`mgmR>r EH$ Vº$m V`ma H$am. AmhmamÀ`m gd`r,ì`dgm` eoVr, Am{W©H$, O§Jcmer g§~§Y, _V AmMma {dMma, Ka ~m§YUo, gm_mOrH$ g§~§Yd¡Ú {M{H$Ë`m {df`r `m nÌmV H$m` {c{hco Amho?{JarOZmV {OdUmAmYma g§ñH¥$Vr, gm_mOrH$ g§~§Y d O§Jcmer Ë`mMo AVwQ> g§~§Y AmhoV`mMo dU©Z H$am?OcqgYr JmdmVrc cmoH$m§Zm gÜ`mMm Amhma aúmU Amho H$m?darc n[apñWVrV Vwåhr amhV Agë`mg nwZ©dmg àmá H$am`Mm Agë`mg Vwåhr H$m`H$amc?

SCERT TELANGANA


VwH$S>o VwH$S>o H$éZ Q>mH$VmV. m_wio AmYw{ZH$ àJVr gmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmao {dÚwV d {nÊ`mMonmUr `mMr gmo Pmcr ho Iao nU Ë`m_wio ~oghmam cmoH$ ho cmImo g§» oV AmhoV. Ë`mÀ`mdaAÝ`m` hmoD$Z Vo {dÜd§g Pmco AmhoV. AmYw{ZH$ àJVrÀ`m `moOZm_wio `m§Zm _w»` _hËdmMoZ¡g{J©H$ g§nÎmr n`m©daU Ë`m§À`m nmgwZ Xþa Pmco. `mM {df`mg ~m~m _hm{c`m nwÝhm nwÝhmnwZamd¥Îm H$aVmo. ñWm{ZH$ n`m©daU Zgco Va Ë`m§Mo {OdZ ewÊ` hmoD$Z OmVmV. AmV Vo EH$ Var{nH$ {nH$dV AmhoV. ^{dî`mV {nH$mÀ`m nmÊ`mÀ`m {R>H$mUr dñVr ~gdwZ H$mhr {nHo$ KoVmoVrc `m AmemZo AmhoV. nU Vo ~ogmham {Zdm©grV Pmco Va Ë`m§Mo {OdZ ~mhoarc e{º$da

AmYmarV AgVo d Vo OmñV Jar~m§À`m Vm|S>mV OmD$Z nS>VmV.J«m_rU ^mJmV amhUmao AZoH$ cmoH$ cmoH$m§À`m {OdZmg d n`m©daUm _Ü o \$ma OdiMm

g§~§Y Amho. n`m©daU CncãY Agë`mdoiog Ë`m nmgwZ Vo AZoH$ JaOm (Ahma, cmH$S>mÀ`mH$mS>çm, nweJdV d Am{W©H$ Ñï>`m qH$_Vr _m¡ë`dmZ dñVw BË`mXr) nwU© hmoVmV d VoM Zgë`mg`m§Zm n¡go âmdo cmJVmV. {Zdm©grV Pmë`m_wio n`m©daU CncãY Zgë`mg qH$dm Vo àXþfrVPmë`mg hmoUmè`m {dÜd§gmV OmñV à_mUmV ZwH$gmZ hmoVo Vo Jar~m§MoM n`m©daU gwpñWa mMmg§~§Y g_mZVoer OmoS>cm Jocm Amho.

ñWm{ZH$ n`m©daUmVwZ {Zdm©grV Pmë`m_wio Zï> Pmcoco ZwH$gmZ Pmcoco cmoH$ ho EH$M ZgwZAZoH$ AmhoV ho cúmmV R>odmdo. cmoH$m§~amo~a Ë`m§Mo gm§àXm` g§ñH¥$Vr AmÑî` hmoVo. gwg§nÞ g§wXan`m©daU {Od {d{dYVm mMm A§V hmoV OmVmo. ho kmZ {H$Ë oH$ {nR>çm nwdu {Z_m©U hmoD$Z Ë`mVdmT> hmoV Amcr Amho. Aem àH$maMm gm§àXm` kmZ ho ~m~m _hm{c`m gma»`m ì`º$sV Amho._cm O§JcmVrc àË oH$ PmS>, _wimMo Zmd _m{hV Amho. Ë`mMm Cn`moJ _m{hV Amho. O§Jco ahrV^mJmV Amåhmg amhÊ`mMr doi Amcr Va {H$Ë oH$ {nR>çm nmgwZ gm§ miV Amcoco ho kmZ{Zén`moJr R>aVo d hiwhiw ho gd© {dgéZ OmVmoV. n`m©daU AZoH$ àH$mao g§H$Q>mV nS>V Agcoë`mgÜ`mÀ`m n[apñWVrV Ë`mg M§mJë`m àH$mao g_OmdwZ KoVcoco Aem àH$maoM g_wh JQ> `mMrw{_H$m \$ma _hËdmMr Amho ho AmoiIm`cm nm{hOo.

gaXma gamodamg Z_©Xm Xè`mV AgmMn[aUm_ AgUmè`m BVa YaUmda AgUmarì`º$saoH$VoMo EH$m gm_{OH$ Am§XmocZmMoénm§Va Pmco. mgM Z_©Xm ~MmAmo Am§XmocZ(Z_©Xm dmMdm Am§XmocZ) Ago åhUVmV.`m {df`r `m ^modVr {Z_m©U Pmcoco{Zdm©grV n`m©daU Am§XmocZ Aem gma»`mBVa Am§XmocZm {df`r Vwåhr gm_mOrH$Am§XmocZo `m nmR>mV _m{hVr KoVmc.

`mgd© Am§XmocZmV H$mhr \$aH$ AgcmVar EH§$XarV ho gd© cmoH$ n`m©daU

nmUr dmMdm

Save Earth

Save Tiger

{MÌ 11.4 : `m gmaIo H$mhr dmVm©daUmgmR>r H$mhr KmofdmŠ` {chm.

SCERT TELANGANA


aúmUmgmR>r Am§XmocZ H$arV AmhoV. PmS>m§Zm VmoS>Ê`mg AmS>dUo d JwÎmoXmam§À`m g§H$Q>mVwZ Amnë`mgm§àXm{`H$ O§JcmÀ`m h¸$mgmR>r {MnH$mo Am§XomcZ gwédmV Pmco. w{_, O§Jco, ZXrda cmoH$m§À`mh¸$mgmR>r Z_©Xm ~MmAmo Am§XmocZ H$aV AmhoV.

àJVrMr mdZm AgUmè`m m nmR>mV Vwåhr Hw$S>_Hw$c_ m {dÚwV H$maImÊ`mVrc (Kudankulamnuclear power plant) ZmamOr H$m_Jma àXe©Zm {df`r dmMZ Ho$co AmhmV. oWo Ë`m§Mr_m{hVr K|Vcr Amho. Ë`m AmYmao Ë`m àXe©ZmMo dU©Z H$am.“n`m©daU ñdaúmU àË`úm à^m{dV hmoUmè`m g_whmcmM ZmhrVa AmnUm gdmªZm nU Ë`mMo_hËd Amho.” H$mhr CXmaUm ghrV dU©Z H$am.AmRì`m dJm©Vrc Am§Y«n«XoemVrc I{ZO g§nËVr g§~§YrV nmR>mg nwÝhm EH$ n¥Zamd¥Îm H$am.H$maImUXmam§Zm I{ZO g§nÎmr AgUmè`m ^mJmV {Zdmg H$aV AgUmè`m cmoH§$m_Ü o H$emn«H$mao d¡aËd {Z_m©U hmoV AmhoV.

^maV Xoe Am{W©H$ nÜXVrV g_mZVmH$aÊ`mgmR>r g§nÎmrMr {Z`m©V H$aÊ`mgmR>rImZrV ImoXH$m_ doJmZo hmoD$ cmJco. ~mOwg{Xcoë`m VŠË`mV Ë`mMr _m{hVr {Xë`mJocr Amho. AmH$S>çm ghrV Ë`mMo dU©ZH$am.I{ZV ImoXH$m_ PnmQ>çmZo homV Agë`m_wio_mZdmg H$em àH$maMr hmZr hmoVo?

Vº$m- ^maV XoemV H$m§hr _hËdmÀ`m Im{ZVImoXH$m_ (hOmamV d Q>Z _Ü o)

1997-8 2010~mŠgmB©S> 6108 18000H$moigm 297000 537000cmoI§S>> 75723 260000H«$mo_°Q> 1515 3800

{MnH$mo A§mXmocZ (Chipko Andolan)

CÎmamI§S>m_Yrc JS>dmc AmaÊ`mV 1970 À`m àma§ r {MnH$moAm§XmocZ ho AmUIr EH$ _w»` n`m©daU Am§XmocZ hmo . Z_©Xm Xè`mVrc{JarOZ cmoH$m n«_mUoM m {R>H$mUr AmaÊ` mJmVrc cmoH$m§Zm O§Jco\$ma _hËdmMo AmhoV. ho àË`úm Amhma, cmH$S>mÀ`m H$mS>çm, new§ZmJdV XoUo EdT>oM Zmhr Va AàË`úm O_rZ nmUr d Zg©Jr©H$ g§nÎmrggw{ñWa H$aÊ`mg PmS>o H$mnZo {Vd« Pmë`m_wio Amncm {OdZ AmYmagm§ miÊ`mgmR>r `mg A§{hgm nÜXVrZo {damoY H$amdm d cmoH$m§ZrPmS>mMo aúmU H$amdo. `mVwZM `m Am§XmocUmg {MnH$mo Am§XmocZ ZmdnS>coo. {MnHw$ åhUOo EH$_oH§$mg A§crJZ KmcUo hmo . JmdH$ar PmS>§mZmJmoc A§{cJZ YéZ JwÎmoXmÀ`m Hw$èhmS>rZm AmS>do Amco. `m Am§XmocZmVJ«m_rZ _{hcm§Mr _w»` w{_H$m hmoVr. m Am§XmocZm _wioM ~aoM cmoH$n`m©daUmÀ`m gwpñWaVo ~Ôc {dMma H$aUo gwédmV Ho$co.

{MÌ : 12.6

SCERT TELANGANA


g_mZVmahrV gwpñWa {dH$mg (Towards Sustainable Development with Equity)

`moOZmMm {ZU© KoUmè`m§Zr ~è`mM H$mimnmgwZ n`m©daU {df`mH$S>o Xþc©úm Ho$co. maVm gma»`m{dH$mg hmoV AgUmè`m XoemV Jar~r A{W©H$ {df_Vm Amho. Ë`m H$arVm Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmMr JaO AmhoAgo Vo Amnco _V ì`º$ H$aV AgV. {H$Ë oH$ {dnarV n[aUm_o Agcr Var {dH$mg _mÌ hm PmcmMnm{hOo Ago Ë`m§Zm dmQ>V AgVo. Jar~r Xm[aÐ H$_r H$aÊ`mgmR>r cmoH$m§À`m amhrUr_mZmÀ`m ñVamV gwYmaKSw>Z oÊ`mgmR>r AmYw{ZH$ H$maImÊ`mV GDP Vrc {dH$mg H$aUo Amdí`_ Ago Vo åhUV. AmYw{ZH$H$maImÊ`mV ì`dgm` {dH$mg B§YZ d àH¥$VrÀ`m g§nÎmrMm OmñV Cn`moJ ¿`mdm cmJVmo. Ë`m H$arVm hrZ¡g{J©H$ g§nÎmrMm A§V hmoUo. dmVmdaUmV àXþfU hmoUo ho mdéZ Ogm A§XmO d Anoúmm hmoË`m VgoMPmë`m gmaIo Amho. àJVr {dH$gmgmR>r H$emMm Var Ë`mJ H$amdm cmJVmo Ago åhUV. A{YH$ Am{W©H${dH$mg Pmë`m Z§Va Xoe g§nÞ Pmë`mZ§Va àXþfU d n`m©daUmMo aúmU H$aVm oVo Ago Ë`m§Zm dmQ>VAgV. n¡go IM© H$éZ ZXrÀ`m nmÊ`m§Zm d hdoZm ewÜX H$aVm oVo. {gí`mVrc nmUr {nD$ eH$VmoV.B§YZmV ~MV H$aUmè`m H$ma nU V`ma H$aVm oVmV Ago ñnï> H$aV AgV. {dH$mg Pmcoco Xoe gwÜXmAem àH$maÀ`mM _mJm©Mm Adc§~ H$aV AgV Ago Vo åhUV.

`m Ë`mÀ`m åhUÊ`mV nwîH$i MwH$m AmhoV. AZoH$ H$moZmVwZ n`m©daU ho {Vd« énmV H$_Omoa PmcoAmho. AmnUmg _m{hVM Amho. n«JVr {dH$mg Pmcoë`m Xoem à_mUo AmnU nU {dH$mg H$éZ KoD$ZË`mgmR>r B§YZmMm Cn`moJ KoVcm d n`m©daU àXþfrV Pmco Va w{_Mm {dZme hmoVmo. n`m©daUmÀ`mPmcoë`m ZwH$gmZrg nwÝhm nwZ©àmá H$aÊ`mÀ`m gwpñWVrV AmnU amhV ZmhrV. Pmcoë`m ZwH$gmZrMr Vun`m©daU Amnco AmnU H$éZ KoVo Agm {dMma H$aUo `mo½` Zmhr. Ë`mMr nwZ©àmárÀ`m AJmoXaMn`m©daUMm {dZme hmoVmo Agm {dMma H$aUo mo½` Zmhr. {dî`mV Pmcoë`m ZwH$gmZrV gwYma H$aÊ`mMmà`ËZ Ho$cm Var AmVm Pmcoë`m àXþfUmg H$_r H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$amoS>o én o IM© H$amdo cmJVmV.CXmhaUmV AmnU ZXr d KmZ H$mcdo ew « H$aÊ`mgmR>r n¡go IM© H$aUo EdT>oM Zmhr Va Vo nwÝhm àXþfrVhmoUma Zmhr mMr H$miOr ¿`mdr. Z¡g{J©H$ àH¥$Vr KZg§nÎmrMr Üd§g H$éZ {dî`mV oUmè`m qnT>rZmH$_Omoa àXþfrV Iam~ pñWVrV Ho$cocm {dH$mgmÀ`m nÜXVrMm AmnU Adc§~ H$amdm H$m`?

AJmoXa g_ñ`m {Z_m©Um hmoUmè`m H$maUr wVAgUmar {OdZ nÜXVrg àmoËgmhrV H$éZ Ë`m Z§VaË`mg {R>H$ H$aÊ`mg H$amoS>mo én o IM© H$aÊ`mVwZAmncr ñdmWudVu d Ë`mVwZ {nT>rgmR>r Ho$cocm oX^mdZmhr H$m? doJmZo homV Agcoë`m Am{W©H$ {dH$mgm_wioAZoH$ mJmV AJmoXaM AmnU {damoYr n[aUm_o nm{hcoAmhoV. wJ ©Oc amgm`{ZH$ {H$Q>H$ZmeHo$ Am¡fYo`m g_ñ`m§Zm ho n«Ë`úm CXmhaUo AmhoV. n`m©daUmdaAmYméZ hOmamo g_wh {Zdmg H$arV AmhoV.n`m©daUmg Üd§g H$aUo åhUOo m g_whmda AÝ`m`H$aUo hmo . Aem `m {dH$mgm_wio Jar~ cmoH§$mMràJVr hmoVo Ago åhUÊ`mV H$mhr Ý`m` Zmhr. mMmAW© AmnU {dH$mg H$é Z o Agm Zmhr. {dH$mgm~amo~a n`m©daUmMr H$miOr H$er ¿`mdr ho cúmmVR>odmdo. gm_m{OH$ Ý`m` g_mUV m {dMmam§Zm Am_cmVAmUmdo. Jar~r Xm{aÐ mVwZ ~mhoa nS>Ê`mgmR>r n`m©daU{MÌ 11.5 :`m gmaIo H$mhr dmVm©daUm

gmR>r H$mhr KmofdmŠ` {chm.

SCERT TELANGANA


aúmrV gwpñWa _mJm©Mm Adc§~ H$amdm. ho VodT>o gmono H$m_ Zmhr nU AmVm Ë`m {XeoZo n ©ËZ gwédmVPmcm Amho.

1. n`m©daUm{df`r ñWm{ZH$ cmoH§$mÀ`m h¸$mH$arVm doJdoJio g_wh H$go H$m_ H$aVmV Vonm{hcmV cmoH$m§_Ü o n`m©daUm {df`r OmJ¥V H$aÊ`mgmR>r gwpñWa {dH$mgmÀ`m {XeoZo à`ËZH$aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`mZo AZoH$ à`ËZ Ho$co.

2.n«mW{_H$ hŠH$mVrc {OdZ OJÊ`mÀ`m A{YH$mamVrc EH$ ^mJ åhUwZ n`m©daUmgAmamo½`d§V amhÊ`mMm h¸$ AgVmo Ago Ý`m`mc`mZo {ZH$mc {Xco AmhoV. 1991 _Ü o amÁ`KQ>ZoVrc A{YH$mamVrc àmW{_H$ h¸$mVrc {OdZ OJÊ`mÀ`m hŠH$mV {OdZmMm nwU©nUo Am§ZXKoÊ`mgmR>r ñdÀN> nmUr d ñdÀN> ídg KoÊ`mgmR>r hdm KoÊ`mMm h¸$ AgVmo. gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mc`mhm {ZH$mc {Xcm Amho. àXþfUmg {Z §ÌU H$aÊ`mgmR>r mo½` Vo H$m`Xo d nÜXVr V`ma H$aÊ`mMr

O~m~Xmar gaH$maMr AgVo. àXþfU H$aUmè`mg _moR>çm n«_mUmV X§S> AmH$amÊ`mV mdm. àXþfU{Z §ÌU H$aÊ`mgmR>r AZoH$ emgH$s` g§ñWm {Z_m©U Pmë`m.

3. dmVmdaUmV ~Xc m gma»`m {df`mV gmd©O{ZH$ {ZU© KoÊ`mgmR>r H$mhr {d{dY Xoeà`ËZ H$arV AmhoV. dmVmdaU ~Xcm_wio gd© X§oemV cmoH$m§V ñWm`r oX^mdmMm à^md nS>Vmo.`m ~XcmV AZoH$ OU g_OmdwZ KoÊ`mÀ`m n[apñWVrV ZmhrV ~è`mM {df`mMm AJmoXa A§XmOH$aVm oV Zmhr. harVJ¥h dm w CX²Jmamg H$_r H$aÊ`mgmR>r EH$Xm Xoe {ZU© KoD$ eH$Vmo. VaBVa Xoe Amnë`m CX²Jmamg H$_r Ho$ë`m Joco Zmhr Va Ë`m XoemMr n`m©daU {XdgoZ {Xdg àXþfrVhmoVM OmVo. Ë`m H$arVm OmJVrH$ nmVirda gd© XoemZr {_iwZ Ho$ë`m OmUmè`m n« ËZmcmèñdr R>aVmV d Ë`mMr JaO Amho.

4. cmoH$m§À`m ñWm`rV cmoH§$mgmo~V H$m_ H$aUmao AZoH$ g§KQ>Zm d g_mZVm àmá H$aUmÀ`m{XeoZo AZoH$ OwÊ`m nÜXVr nwÝhm emoYë`m OmV Amho d Z{dZ nÜXVrnU V`ma Pmë`m AmhoV._Ëñ` (_mgo) nmcZ, ImZ ImoXH$m_, dmhVwH$, B§YZ, ì`dgm`, H$maImÊ`m gma»`m H$mhr{d^mJmV `m gma»`m nÜXVr AZwH$ AmhoV. g_mOmV AË`mdí`H$ JaO AgUmè`m Amhmamdaà^md Q>mH$Umao H$mhr n`m© nS>VmiwZ nmhþ m.

ì`dgmV H¥$fr {d^mJmV Vwåhr g|Ðr` ì`dgm`, g|Ðr` CËnÎmr {df`r EoH$co AmhmV. g|ÐrèoVH$ar amgm`{ZH$ IVo d {H$Q>H$ ZmeHo$ Am¡fYmMm dmna H$arV Zmhr. m ~XcmV Vmo {nH$mg\$oa~Xc eoUIV, {H$S>çm O§Vw nmgwZM g|Ðr` IV mMm dmna H$aVmV. g|Ðr` eoVrV _w»` EH$cúmU Vo åhUOo ñWm{ZH$ Z¡g[J©H$ g§nÎmrMm dmna H$aUo CXmhaUmV hmZrH$maH$ {H$S>§ mZm ImUmao

{MÌ 12.8 : dmhmZmVwZ {ZKUmam Ywa n`m©daU àXþfUmMo EH$ _w»`_hËdmMo H$maU (1998 nmgwZ gwédmV H$éZ) gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mc`mZo {Xcoë`m

AZoH$ AmXoemV emgH$s` dmhUmg {S>Ooc nmgwZ _wº$ H$éZ Ë`mgghOdm w gr.EZ.Or.(Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)_Ü o ~XcmdoAgo gm§JÊ`mV Amco. {S>Pcer VwcZm Ho$ë`mg grEZOr B§YZm nmgwZàXþfU H$_r à_mUmV àXþfrV hmoVo. m H¥$Ë` _wio {X„r gma»`m

_hmZJamV àXþfU H$_r hmoÊ`mg _XV {_iw cmJcr. nU AmVm EdT>çmV{S>Pocda MmcUmar ImOJr JmS>çm _wio nwÝhm àXþfUmV dmT> Pmcr Amho.H$ma CËnÎmr H$aUmao {S>Pcda MmcUmè`m H$mam CËnÎmr H$éZ {dH«$s H$é

cmJco. gwpñWa {dH$mgm H$aUo EdT>o gmono Zmhr.

{MÌ 11.6

SCERT TELANGANA


{OdàmUr (númr, H$mVrZ,\$m`Xm XoUmao {H$S>o ) `m§Zm àmoËgmhZ XoUo qnH§$mZm g§aúmU H$aUmargwnrH$ _mVr gwú_{Od (Rhizobium and Azotobacter)gma»`m m§Mr dmT> H$aUo H¥${Ì_ amgm`{ZH$ nXmW©eŠ` VodT>o H$_r H$aVmV. VgoM EH$ XmoZ {nHo$M ZmhrVa AZoH$ {nHo$ KoVë`m_wio {Od d¡{dÜ`VmVodmT> hmoVo. AmYw{ZH$ eoVr nÜXVrìXmao àmá Ho$cocr CËnÎmr ~amo~a m nÜXVrZo àmá H$aVm oVo.

gÜ`m g|Ðr` ì`dgm`mMr Amdí`H$Vm d Ë`mÀ`m gm_Ï`m©g AZoH$ amÁ`m§Zr AmoiIco Amho.ñWm{ZH$VoZwgma Ho$ë`m Jocoë`m à`ËZmZwgma gaH$maÀ`m nÜXVrg à^m{dV H$aVmV. {g¸$s_ gaH$maZoamÁ`mV amgm`{ZH$ IVo d {H$Q>H$ ZmeH§$mÀ`m Am¡fYrda ~§Xr KmcÊ`mMm gmhgr {ZU© KoVë`m Jocm.2015 dfm©V nwU©nUo g|Ðr` ì`dgm`mV ~Xc H$am`Mo {ZU©U KoUmao XoemVrc àW_ amÁ` ho hmo . 100%g§oÐr` nÜXVrZo ì`dgm` H$aÊ`mÀ`m m nÜXVrg CÎmaI§S> nU nS>VmiV Amho. AmUIr EH$ A{V AmíM ©OZH$ åhUOo AÞYmÊ`mÀ`m CËnÞmXZ Am{U Ë`mÀ`m g_mZ à_mUmV {dVaU H$aÊ`mgmR>r nr.S>r.Eg.åhUOo ñdñV YmÊ` XþH$mZ H$mT>Ê`mV Amco ho Ago Am§Y«àXoemVrc O[ham~mX mJmVrc cmoH$m§À`m EH$mg_whmZo mMm àma§ Ho$cm.

{MÌ 11.7 : 2013 dfm©V Vo gd©Ì ngaÊ`m AJmoXa(“Before They Pass Away”)ZmdmMo {MÌ nwñVH$

n«H$m{eV Pmco. ho nwñVH$ Amnë`mg CncãY Zmhr. gd©ÌngéZ Ë`m O§Vw nmgwZ g§H$Q> {Z_m©U hmoVo mMr AmoiIcoIH$m§Zm Pmcr. ( oWo {Xcoë`m ~mhþë`m {MÌ doJdoJù`m{R>H$mUmhþZ KoVcoco AmhoV) m {MÌm§Zm nmhþZ gwpñWa

{dH$mg H$emgmR>r Amdí`H$ Ë`mMm {dMma H$am. hr g§MmaO§Vw ngaV AmhoV Ago coIH$m§Zm H$m dmQ>Vo?

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dSCERT TELANGANA


Ádmar, ~mOar À¶m dmnaÊ¶mg ~T>mdm XoUo^maV XoemVrc nwU© _emJVrVrc O_rZrV 9.2 H$amoS> hoŠQ>a nmdgmda AmYmarV Amho Va

5.1 H$amoS> hoŠQ>a OcqgMZ nmÊ`mImcr Amho. mMm AW© maVmVrc 2/3 O_rZ hr nmdgmdaAmYmarV Amho. Vr OcqgMZ eoVrgmR>r mo½` Zmhr. n§anam Zwgma m mJmV nmdgmda AmYmarV{nH$Umar {nH$o {nH${dV AgV. CXmhaUmV - X¸$U {nR> w{_V 16 n«H$maMo {nH$ {_lU H$éZEH$XmM cmdV AgV. ho {nH$ {ZKUmam H$mi doJdoJim Agë`m_wio H$m_mÀ`m {XdgmV dmT> H$éZCËnÞ/Amhma YmÝ`mMm nwadR>m OmñV H$mi AgVmo. m _wio {nH$m§Mo hmoUmao ZwH$gmZ m§Zm nUaúmU {_iVo. n«{VHw$c dmVmdaU n[apñWVrV nU H$_rV H$_r EH$ Var nmohMÊ`m nmgwZ amoH$ë`mOmVmo. {nH$dë`m OmUmao {nHo$ O{_Zrer(O_rZrMr gw{nH$Vm) _mZdmg, new§Zm g_Vmoc nmofH$Amhma XoÊ`mgmR>r {ZdS>ë`m OmVo.

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Voc§JmZmVrc _oXH$ {OëømVrc O{ham~mX _§S>imVrc cmoH$m§Zm Vm§Xþi, Jhþ, {dH$VKoÊ`mda AmYmarV Z amhVm Ë`mVwZ Vo ~mhoa nS>co. ñWm{ZH$ AmhmamMr ñd`, g§ñH¥$VrgJ_mdÊ`m{df`r 2000 dfm©V ór`mV Amcoë`m {dMmam nmgwZ ho gd© gwédmV Pmco.n§anamZwgma `m^mJmV BVa YmÊ`mMm _w»` Amhma hmoVm. `mMr OmJm Vm§XimZo KoVcr.nmofH$ VËdo[aË`m nm{hco Va BVa YmÊ`mnoúmm Vm§XþimMr ñWm`r \$ma H$_r AgVo. nmofH$Amhma AmnU J_mdV AmhmoV EdT>oM Zmhr Va Amnë`m O_rZrV {nH$dë`m OmUmè`m{nH$mda nU {Z`§ÌU R>odUo J_mdV AmhmoV Ago cmoH$m§À`m {ZXe©Zmg Amco. AZoH$ OZm§MrO_rZ AmVm nS>rV nS>cr Amho. ñdÀN>§X g§ñWmÀ`m ZoV¥ËdmV Aer nS>rV O_rZ gdmªZr {_iwZ_emJV H$aUo Agm gd© JmdH$ar _§S>irUr {Z`©U KoVcm. ñWm{ZH$ n`m©daUmg AZwHw$cAgë`m_wio BVa YmÊ`mMr {nHo$ ¿`mdo Agm {ZU©` KoVë`m Jocm. BVa YmÊ`mV A{YH$nmofH$ Amhma AgVmo.

nmdgmda AmYmarV O{_Zrg cmJdS>r Imcr AmUë`m _wio cmoH$m§Zm H$m_ {_iw cmJcoVodT>oM ZmhrVa {nH$m§g ~mhoa Z {dH$Vm J«m_ nmVirda àmá YmÝ` ~°H$ àma§^ H$aÊ`mVAmcr. `mgM àOm dmQ>n ì`dñWm à_mUo H$m_ H$é cmJcr.( cmoH$m§Zm doJdoJio H$mS>© AgwZË`m ìXmao Hw$Umg {H$Vr ÚmMo {ZU©` KoV AgV) Va mg ñWm{ZH$VoV Amåc H$aV AgV. {VWo{_iUmao YmÊ` Ë`m ñWmUmVM {nH$coco AgVmV.

SCERT TELANGANA


_hËdmMo eãX_hËdmMo eãX_hËdmMo eãX_hËdmMo eãX_hËdmMo eãX

g§úmrá (To sum up…)n`m©daU g_ñ`m§g AmYw{ZH$ {dH$mg H$maUr wV Ago AmnU nm{hcmoV. `mg AmO AmnU

AZoH$ n«H$mao ñnï> nUo nmhþ eH$V AmhmoV. dñVw Zm¡H$è`m dmT>rda Adc§~wZ {dH$mgmVwZ g_mZgwpñWa {dH$mg Aem cúmm H$S>o dimdo. `m~XcmgmR>r ì`º$s H§$nZr, eoVH$ar, gaH$ma,Ý`m`mc`, ñd§ÀN>X g§ñWm, àOm g§K OmJ{VH$ ñWm`rdarc g§KQ>Zm -d àË oH$ OU Amnë`mV\$}oeŠ` VodT>m à`ËZ H$amdm.

gwpñWam {dH$mg (Sustainable development) n`m©daU (Environment)

Z¡g{J©H$ g§nÎmr, cmoH$m§Mo h¸$, g_mZVm

1. OcqgYr JmdmVrc cmoH$ Amnco Jmd gmoS>Ê`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr H$m ZmH$maco?

2. “hr Am_À`m nwd©OmMr w_r mda Amåhmg h¸$ Amho mg Amåhr J_mdco Va Am_À`mhmVr gã~c Am{U ImoaoM amhrc BVa H$mhr amhUma Zmhr...” Ago åhZUmè`m ~m~m_hmcr`m ~moUë`mMo dU©Z H$am?

3. “eodQ>Mm nU H$_r _hËdmMm Zmhr, n`m©daUmer g§~§YrV g_ñ`m ~XcUmè`m {OdZe¡crOwS>coë`m AmhoV `m_wio Q>mH$mD$ nXmW© d àXþfU H$_r hmoB©c.”

• Amnë`m {OdZe¡crV H$moUVo {d{dY n«H$ma Amho Á`m_wio n`m©daU à^m{dV hmoVo.

• OJmÀ`m AdVr^modVr H$Mamd Ywa `m g§~§YrV g_ñ`m§Mm n[añH$ma H$aÊ`m H$arVmH$moUVo {d{dY _mJ© AmhoV _m{hV H$am?

4. Z¡g{J©H$ I{OZ g§nÎmrMm dmna Ho$ë`mZo {dî`mV {dH$mgmda Ë`mMm à^md nS>Vmo, H$m`Vwåhr `mg gh_V AmhmV H$m?

5. dmVmdaUmVrc ~XcmMm à^md nwU© OJmda nS>Vmo Ago Vwåhmg dmQ>Vo H$m? Ë`mMo dU©ZH$am?

6. n¥Ïdr darc gd© gmYmaU Vmn_mZ gd© cmoH$m§H$arVm Z¡g{J©H$ XoUJr Amho H$m?

7. Voc§JmUmVrc O{ham~mX _§S>i _Yrc PDS n`m© r g§~YrV H$m` _m{hVr `m nmR>mVXoÊ`mV Amcr Amho? Ë`mMo dU©Z H$am?

Amnë`m Aä`mgmV gwYmaUm H$amAmnë`m Aä`mgmV gwYmaUm H$amAmnë`m Aä`mgmV gwYmaUm H$amAmnë`m Aä`mgmV gwYmaUm H$amAmnë`m Aä`mgmV gwYmaUm H$am

SCERT TELANGANA


8. “XaamoOÀ`m {OdZmV n`m©daUmMr à_wIVm d _hËd ho ñWm{ZH$ cmoH§$mH$arVm d Ë`m§Mm {OdZñVamgmR>r {H$Vr _hËdmMm Amho ” `mMo dU©Z H$am?

9. ^maVmÀ`m ZH$memV Imcrc ñWio XmIdm?

1) Z_©Xm ZXr 2) gaXma gamoda àH$ën

MMm© H$am:eoVr CËnmXZmVrc A{YH$ dmT>rg {H$Q>H$ZmeHo$, Z{dZ g§H$arV {~`mZo m§Mm A{Ve` dmna mo½`H$m? `mda MMm© H$am?

àH$ ënàH $ ënàH $ ënàH $ ënàH $ ëng|Ðr` IV V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$mhr H¥$Ë` m {R>H$mUr {Xë`m Joco AmhoV Vo Vwåhr Kar [H§$dm emioV

H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$am.• EH$ _moR>r Q>mH$s nmÌ KoD$Z Ë`mg {N>Ð H$am OoUo H$éZ Ë`mV nmUr O_m hmoUma Zmhr.• Ë`mg ZmaimÀ`m {N>cQ>çmZo con Úm.• Ë`mV Iam~ ^mOrnmcm Q>mH$m.• Z§Va nwÝhm EH$ _mVrMm con cmdm.• nwÝhm Ë`mda Iam~ ^mOrnmcm Q>mH$m.• _mVrZo Wa Q>mH$m.• EH$m AmR>dS>çm Z§Va Ë`mV _mVr gmaIm IV Pmcoco {XgwZ oB©c.• Z§Va Ë`m _mVrMm dmna nmH©$ _Ü o qH§$dm Vw_À`m BÀN>oZwgma H$am.• nS>coë`m dñVwMm IV Pmë`mda O{_ZrMm Cn`moJ Vw_À`m {ZdS>rMo PmS>o cmdwZ chmZ ~JrÀ`m

~Z{dÊ`mgmR>r H$am.

SCERT TELANGANA

162 gm_m{OH$ AÜ`m`Z `wÜXH$mcrZ OJ

YS>m‘hm`wÜXH$mcrZ OJ12

àñVmdZm`m nmR>mV 20 ì`m eVH$mVrc n{hë¶m AÜ¶m© Q>ßß¶mVrb B{Vhmg ~KUma AgyZ Ë¶mV

XmoZ ‘hm¶wÕo Ë¶mMr H$maUo, n[aUm‘ d OJmV em§VVm àñWm{nVH$aÊ¶mgmR>r g§¶wº$ amï> g§Km (U.N.O) Mr ñWmnZm B. Jmoï>tMm ChmnmohHo$bobm Amho.{dgmdo eVH$:

B{VhmgH$ma BarH$ hmoãg~mD$Z ¶m§Zr {dgmì¶m eVH$mbm XmoZ Q>moH$mMo¶wJ Ago g§~mo{Ybo. EH$rH$S>o hþHy$‘emhr ~oOmoS> A{YH$ma àOo{df¶r ÛofdmT>V hmoVm. Va XþgarH$S>o bmoH$emhrMr JaO gwÕm dmT>VhmoVr. d¡Ú{H$¶ joÌmVrb àJVr‘wio bmoH$m§Mr Am¶w ‘¶m©XmdmT>br hmoVr. gmjaVoMo à‘mU dmT>V hmoVo. {ejUmMmàgma, {MÌnQ>mgmaIo ‘mÜ¶‘ Ambo. {dkmZmV OrdZ {df¶H$emoY EdT>oM Zìho Va {df¶r g§emoYZ Pmbo. OJmV 100hÿZ A{YH$ Xoe ñdV§Ì Pmbo.

aer¶m USSR (gmo{d¶V g§K) d BVa H$m§hr Xoem§Zrg‘mOdmX (gmå¶dmX) A§{JH$mabm. Xoem {Z¶mo{OV {dH$mgVgoM g‘mOmV g‘mZVm d ~§YwËd éO{dÊ¶mgmR>r gd©CÚmoJY§Xo, H$maImZo, ~±H$m, eoV O{‘Zr ¶m amï´>mÀ¶m‘mbH$sÀ¶m H$aÊ¶mV Amë¶m.

A‘o[aHo$ gma»¶m H$m§hr amï>m§Zr CXma‘VdmXr bmoH$emhrMmpñdH$ma Ho$bm. Á¶m ‘wio {d{dY amOH$s¶ njm§Zm amOH$s¶ñdmV§Í¶ {‘imbo Á¶m§Zr ^m§S>dbemht Mm pñdH$ma Ho$bm.Á¶mV CnmXZmMr gd© gmYZ g§nÎmrMo ImOJrH$aU Pmbo.(ImOJr _mbH$s)

20 ì¶m eVH$mÀ¶m gwédmVrg OJ XmoZ {d^mJmV{d^mJbo Jobo. 1. Am¡Úmo{JH$ ÑîQ>çm àJV nwd© Xoe {~«Q>oZ, A‘o[aH$m, ’«$mÝg, O‘©Zr,BQ>br. 2. dgrhVrImbrb Am{e¶m Am{U Am’«$sH$m I§S>mVrb Xoe Oo {dH${gV Xoem§À¶m{Z¶§ÌUmImbr hmoVo.

{MÌ 12.1 BarH$ hmoãg~mD$Z

H$mi Xe©H$ gwMrH$m

SCERT TELANGANA


Am¡Úmo{JH$ ÑîQ>çm àJV Agbobo Xoe XmoZ JQ>mV{d^mJbo Jobo. EH$ {‘ÌJQ> Xþgam eÌwJQ> V¶maPmbm. {~«Q>Z, ’«$mÝg, a{e¶m ({‘ÌJQ>) {déÕ O‘©Zr,AmñQ´>r¶m, h§Joar (eÌwJQ>) V¶ma Pmbm. dgmhVàXoemda gÎmm hñVmJV H$aÊ¶mgmR>r {dH${gV XoeEH$‘oH$m§gmo~V ñnYm© H$é bmJbo. Ë¶m§Zm dgmhVrVrbOmñVrV OmñV àXoe ñdV…À¶m Vmã¶mV KoD$Z VoWrb~mOmanoR> H$m~rO H$amd¶mÀ¶m hmoË¶m. Ë¶m§À¶mVrb¶m ñnY}VyZ XmoZ ‘hm¶wÕm§Mm OÝ‘ Pmbm.

n{hbo ‘hm¶wÕ 1914 gmbr gwé Pmbo. OJmVrbOdinmg gd©M Xoe Ë¶mV gh^mJr Pmbo åhUyZM¶mg OmJ{VH$ ‘hm¶wÕ åhUVmV. nwd}H$S>rb MrZ-OnmZ Vo npíM‘oH$S>rb A‘o[aH$mgmaIo Xoe ¶mVgh^mJr Pmbo. ¶mV O‘©Zr d Ë¶m§À¶m JQ>mVrb

amï´>m§Zm {~«Q>oZ, ’«$mÝg, a{e¶m JQ>mZo 1918 ‘Ü¶o nam yV Ho$bo.

n{hë¶m ‘hm¶wÕmMr H$maUo

Ohmb amï´>r¶dmXamï´>dmXmMr ^mdZm EH$ Mm§Jbr ^mdZm {XgVo. AZoH$ amï´>m§À¶m {Z{‘©Vr‘mJo amï´>r¶ ^mdZ

AgVo. O‘©Zr-BQ>brÀ¶m EH$s H$aUm‘mJo gwÕm amï´>r¶dmXM Amho. na§Vw hmM amï´>r¶dmX O|ìhmñdV…gmR>r à{VîR>mË‘H$ d BVam§gmR>r An‘mZH$maH$ nÕVrZo dmnabm Jobm. ¶wamon‘Yrb XoemVhmM amï´>r¶dmX ÛofmÀ¶m énmV dmT>rg ¶oD$ bmJbm.

gZ 1923 ‘Yrb BQ>brVrb ’°$grO‘ d O‘©Zr‘Yrb ZmPrO‘ ho XmoZ H$S>ì¶m amîQ´>dmXmMrCXmhaUo AmhoV. hm amï´>r¶dmX KmVH$ ñdénmMm R>abm. ’°$grO‘Zo Ohmb amï´>r¶dmXmÀ¶m énmZoO‘©ZrVrb ZmPrO‘Mm nmR>t~m {Xbm. ¶mVyZ OJmda amÁ¶ H$aÊ¶mg ’$º$ O‘©ZrM nmÌAgë¶mMm àMma H$aÊ¶mV Ambm. d O‘©Zr ¶wamonÀ¶m {déÕ C^m am{hbm.

gm‘«mÁ¶dmX¶wamon‘Yrb {~«Q>Z, O‘©Zr, A‘o[aH$m B. XoemV ’$ma ‘moR>çm à‘mUmda Am¡ÚmoJrH$aU Pmbo.

CËnmXZ dmT>bo. CËnmXrV ‘mbmgmR>r Ë¶m§Zm ’$ma ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV ~mOmanoR>oMr Amdí¶H$VmhmoVr. H$À¶m ‘mbmMr Am¶mV d n¸$m ‘mbmMr {Z¶m©V - m§S>db Jw§VdUyH$ ¶m Ñï>rZo ¶m amï´>m§ZrdgmhVrH$S>o ~{KVbo. Ë¶m‘wio 19 ì¶m eVH$mV dgmhVrgmR>r ¶wao{n¶Z amï´>m§‘Ü¶o ñnYm© dmT>br.¶mgmR>r {Z{YMr Amdí¶H$Vm dmTw> bmJbr, {ZYr Jmoim H$aÊ¶mgmR>r ~±H$m d BVa {dÎmr¶

{MÌ 13.1 : B{VhmgmV n{hë`mZ§Xm nm{hë`m _hm`wÜXmV ~m°_ Q>mH$së`mgmR>r {d_mZmMm dmna Ho$cm.

SCERT TELANGANA


g§ñWm§Mm AmYma ¿¶mdm bmJbm. CÚmoOH$m§Mm H$i gwa{jV Jy§VdUyH$ dmT>br. n¶m©¶mZo ¶mXoemVrb gaH$mao CÚmoJemhr, m§S>dbemhrMo g‘W©Z H$é bmJbr, ¶mVM OnmZ, BQ>br, O‘©Zrhr amï>o Am¡Úmo{JH$ ÑîQ>çm à~i hmoV hmoVr. Ë¶m§Zr dgmhVdmXmV {hñgm ‘mJrVbm. gm‘«mÁ¶dmXmÀ¶m{dMmamVyZ ‘hm¶wÕmMm OÝ‘ Pmbm.Jwá H$ama

1870 gmbr O‘©ZrZo ’«$mÝgÀ¶m nam^d Ho$bm Ë¶mdoir Á¶mZo O‘©Zr À¶m EH$sH$aUmVnwT>mH$ma KoVbm d ’«$mÝgbm EH$mH$s nmS>Ê¶mgmR>r Ë¶mZo 1879 gmbr O‘©ZrMo AmñQ´>r¶m b 1882gmbr BQ>brer EH$ H$ama Ho$bm. ’«$mÝgZo {~ñ‘mH©$Mm S>md AmoiIwZ 1891 gmbr a{e¶m ~amo~aAmH«$‘UmMm H$ama Ho$bm d 1904 ‘Ü¶oAmngmVrb ‘VôX {dgéZ B§½b§S>~amo~a Ho$bm. ({~«Q>oZ, a{e¶m, ’«$mÝg)Aer EH$ ¶wVr V¶ma Pmbr. (O‘©Zr,BQ>br, AmñQ´>r¶m) EH$ JQ> ho XoeEH$‘oH$m §Zm eÌwËd H$é bmJbo.EH$m‘oH$m§er eñÌmñÌ ñnYm© {Z‘m©UPmbr.bîH$arH$aU

bîH$ar àemgZ ho gdm©V CÎm‘àemgZ d gd© àíZ gmoS>{dÊ¶mgmR>r¶wÕ hmM EH$ ‘mJ© åhUOoM bîH$arH$aUhmo¶. 1880 Vo 1914 ¶m H$mimVOJmVrb 6 ‘moR>çm amï´>m§Zr (O‘©Zr,a{e¶m, ’«$mÝg, {~«Q>Z, AmñQ´>r¶m,BQ>br) Amnë¶m g§ajU IMm©V 300Q> o$ dmT> Ho$br. gd© gmYmaUnUo ¶mXoem§Mm g§ajU IM© 132 Xe bj nm¢S>EdT>m hmoVm. Vmo AmVm 397 Xe bjnm¢S> EdT>m Pmbm.

bîH$arH$aUmV VrZ Jmoï>tMr Zm|X ¿¶mdr bmJob. Ë¶m Xoem§Zr H$m¶‘ñdénr ‘moR>çm g¡Ý¶mMr{Z{‘©Vr Ho$br. eómó ñnYm© gmR>m H$aÊ¶mg gwédmV Ho$br. XoemVrb àË¶oH$ ZmJ{aH$mg¶wÕmgmR>r ‘mZ{gH$[aË¶m V¶ma H$aÊ¶mMo H$m‘ Ho$bo. eómó {Z{‘©VrMo H$maImZo dmT>bo.amOZ¡{VH$ ÑîQ>çm ¶wÕmg àmoËgmhZ {Xbo. H$moUË¶mhr àíZmMo ¶wÕ hmM Cnm¶ Amho. hr mdZmdmT>rg bmJbr.

Graph 2 : The Armaments Race

Military expenditure by great powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Great Britain, Russia, Italy and France 1880-1914(Source The Times Atlas of World History, London 1978)

in m

illio

n Po

unds

1880 1890 1900 1910 1914

450

400

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

0

132158

205

288

397

SCERT TELANGANA


~mëH$Z amOH$maU

~mëH$Z {ÛnH$ënmV AZoH$ N>moQ>r N>moQ>r amÁ¶o hmoVr. AZoH$ doJdoJù¶m mfm ~mobUmao bmoH$BWo amhV hmoVr. ¶m dgmhVrda AmoÅ>mo‘Z VwH©$ gm‘«mÁ¶ amÁ¶ H$arV hmoVo. AmoÅ>mo‘Z gm‘«mÁ¶mÀ¶mèhmgmZ§Va AmñQ´>r¶m, O‘©Zr Q>H$u, a{e¶Z bmoH$m§‘Ü¶o ¶m§À¶mda Vm~m {‘idÊ¶mMr ñnYm©bmJbr. a{e¶m d VwH©$ñVmZ ¶m Xoem§Zm H$mim g‘wÐ (Black Sea) d w‘Ü¶ g‘wÐ (Meditarian

Sea) ¶m àm§Vmda dM©ñd àñWm{nV H$amd¶mMo hmoVo. Ë¶mMdoir AmñQ´>r¶m, g{~©¶mMm {damoY{~‘moS> H$aÊ¶mMm à¶ËZ H$arV hmoVm, ~mopñZ¶m ho amîQ´> AmñQ´>o¶mÀ¶m {damoYmV hmoVo.

¶wÕmMo VmËH$m{bH$ H$maU

28 OwZ 1914 ¶m {Xder AmñQ´>r¶mMm amOnwÌ AmH«$S>çwH$ ’«$mÝO ’$XuZmÝX ¶mMm ~mopñZ¶Zg{~©¶mH$Sw>Z hË¶m H$aÊ¶mV Ambr. AmñQ´>r¶mZo g{~©¶mbm ¶m KQ>ZoMo ñnï>rH$aU {dMmabo.g{~©¶mZo {Xbobo CÎma g‘mYmZH$maH$ Zmhr Ago AmñQ´>r¶mZo gm§{JVbo. d 28 Owb¡ 1914 amoOrg{~©¶m {déÕ ¶wÕ nwH$mabo. n{hë¶m ‘hm¶wÕmMo ho VmËH$m{bH$ H$maU hmo¶. g{~©¶m B§½b§S>À¶m~mOwZo Agë¶m‘wio {~«Q>Z, ’«$mÝg Am{U a{e¶m ¶wÕmV CVabo Va AmñQ´>r¶mbm ‘XV H$aÊ¶mgmR>rO‘©Zr, h§Joar ¶wÕmV CVabo. d n{hë¶m ‘hm¶wÕmMr gwédmV Pmbr.

AmñQ´>r¶mÀ¶m ~mOwZo bT>Umè¶m JQ>mg Central Power Va Xþgè¶m JQ>mbm Allied Powers

åhUV. ¶wÕmÀ¶m gwédmVrg daMm hmV hmoVm ¶mM H$mimV a{e¶mV H«$m§Vr Pmë¶m‘wio a{e¶mZoO‘©Zr ~amo~a ~mobUr Ho$br d ¶wÕmVwZ a{e¶mZo 1917 ‘Ü¶o ‘mKma KoVbr. O|ìhm O‘©Z g¡Ý¶mZoì¶mnmar OhmO bw{gVm{Z¶m ¶oWo 1917 ‘Ü¶o ~wS>{dbo Va Xþgè¶m ~mOwg A‘o[aHo$Zo {‘Ì JQ>mÀ¶m~mOwZo ¶wÕmV ~mOw KoVbr. n¶m©¶mZo O‘©ZrMr {VWo hma Pmbr. d {‘Ì amï´> {dO¶r Pmbo. 1917‘Ü¶o ho ¶wÕ g‘má Pmbo.

n{hë¶m ‘hm¶wÕmZ§VaMo OJ

ìhgm©{¶ëgMm Vh 1919

n{hë¶m ‘hm¶wÕmZ§Va AZoH$ doim MMm© qH$dm g§dmX gmYÊ¶mMo à¶ËZ Pmbo. B§½b§S> d {‘Ìamï´m§Zr AZoH$ AQ>r O‘©Zrda bmXë¶m. AmñQ´>r¶m-h§JoarÀ¶m A{YnË¶mV Agbobo AmoÅ>mo‘Z VwH©$gm‘«mÁ¶ VwH$S>o OmoSw>Z AZoH$ N>moQ>r N>moQ>r amï´>o V¶ma Pmbr. O‘©ZrV nma§nm[aH$ amOgÎmoMm AñVPmbm. d bmoH$emhr àOmgÎmmH$ emgZ àUmbr Ambr. AmoÅ>mo‘Z gm‘«mÁ¶mÀ¶m OmJr Q>H$s©VwH©$ñVmZ àOmgÎmmH$ amÁ¶ àñWm{nV Pmbo. Am{’«$Ho$Vrb Xoem§Mr dmQ>Ur H$éZ {dO¶r JQ>mZo

SCERT TELANGANA


Ë¶m§Zm Amnbo dgmhV XoemV gm‘rb H$éZ KoVbo. AZoH$ ZdrZ N>moQ>çm amîQ´>m§Mo {Z‘m©U Pmbo.CXm. AmñQ´>r¶m, h§Joar, ¶wJmoñbmo{d¶m, {’$Zb±S>.

ìhgm©¶m{bgÀ¶m VQ>mVrb bm¶H$ AQ>r O‘©Zrda bmXë¶m Joë¶m. Am{W©H$ I§S>UrÀ¶mñdénmV VgoM O‘©ZrÀ¶m A{YnË¶m Imbr Agbobm wàXoe gmoS>mdm bmJbm. O‘©ZrÀ¶mdgmhVrVrb àm§V ’«$mÝg d BVa Xoem§‘Ü¶o dmQ>çmVAmbr.amï´>g§K - 1920

ìhgm©¶brgÀ¶m VhmÀ¶m n[aUm‘m‘wio n{hë¶m§Xm Am§Vaamï´>r¶ g§KQ>Zm {Z‘m©U Pmbr. d1920 gmbr amï´>g§KmMr ñWmnZm Pmbr.1946 n¶ªV hr g§ñWm H$m¶©aV hmoVr.eñÌmñÌmMr [Z{‘©Vr H$nmV H$aUo, ~mobUrqH$dm ‘Ü¶ñWr H$éZ gm‘monm JQ>mZo àíZgmoS>dbo. g‘mOmMm {dH$mg, H$m‘Jmam§Mo{hV, Amamo½¶ ¶mgmR>r gwÕm amï´>g§KmMoà¶ËZ Ho$bo. ¶mV 58 Xoe gXñ¶ hmoVo.gwédmVrg ¶m amï>g§Kmg WmoS>o ¶e {‘imbo.na§Vw Xþgao ‘hm¶wÕ amoH$Ê¶mV ¶m g§ñWobmAn¶e Ambo.

a{e¶Z gmå¶dmXr H«$m§Vr 1917-192220 ì¶m eVH$mÀ¶m gwédmVrg a{e¶mV gma d§emMr gÎmm hmoVr. gmaÀ¶m amOdQ>rV a{e¶Z

gm‘«mÁ¶mV XmoZ {demb I§S>mV {d^mJbobo hmoVo. ¶wao{e¶m ¶m àXoemMo Zmd MrZ, maVmZ§Va 15.6H$moQ>r bmoH$ g§»¶oMm hm Xoe OJmV bmoH$g§»¶oÀ¶m AmYmamda {Vgam H«$‘m§H$ nQ>H$mdVmo. ¶m XoemVa{e¶m, ¶wH«o$Z, CO~o{H$ñVmZ, H$Om{H$ñVmZ, VwH©$‘o{ZñVmZ, VwH©$‘o{Z¶m B. amï´>o hmoVr. ~hþg§»¶bmoH$m§Mm ì¶dgm¶ eoVr hm hmoVm. O{‘Z ‘mbH$ d O{‘Z H$gUmao ¶m§À¶mV Zoh‘r g§Kf© hmoVAgo. O{‘Z ‘mbH$mH$S>o ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV O{‘Zr hmoË¶m. bhmZ eoVH$ar Ë¶m O{‘Zr I§S>Ur XoD$ZH$éZ AgV.

BVa AZoH$ hþHw$‘ emhrà‘mUo gma {ZH$mobg-II ¶mZo ‘moR>o g¡Ý¶ Am{U gaXmamÀ¶m ‘XVrZo{demb Aem a{e¶mda amÁ¶ Ho$bo. na§Vw Om{JVH$ ‘hm¶wÕm‘wio XoemMr AW© ì¶dñWm {N>Z

XmoZ XoemVrb ^m§S>Uo, {damoYamoI{dÊ¶mg amï´>g§K gma»¶m g§ñWmH$emàH$mao Cn¶moJr nS>VmV.

a{e¶Z amÁ¶H«$m§VrMr VmarI1 ’o$~«wdmar 1918 n¶ªV a{e¶m‘Ü¶o Á¶w{b¶ZH°$boÝS>aMm dmna H$aV hmoVo. Ë¶m Z§Va a{e¶mZmJ«oJmo[a¶Z H°$boÝS>a dmnaÊ¶mV Ambo. gÜ¶m J«oJmo[a¶ZH°$boÝS>a à‘mUo Agbobr VmarI Á¶w{b¶Z H°$boÝS>anojm13 {Xdg nwT>o AgVo. Amnë¶m H$mim‘Ü¶o ’o$~«wdmar‘{hÝ¶mVrb H«$m§Vr 12 ‘mM© d Am³Q>mo~a ‘{hÝ¶mVrbH«$m§Vr 7 Zmoìh|~abm Pmbr.

SCERT TELANGANA


{d{N>Þ Pmbr. n{hë¶m ‘hm¶wÕm nwdua{e¶mH$S>o gdm©V OmñV g¡Ý¶ XbhmoVo. 1917 n¶ªV 20 g¡{ZH$ Am{Ugm‘mÝ¶ ZmJarH$ ‘¥Ë¶y‘wIr nS>bo.‘hm¶wÕmMm ’$ma ‘moR>m nwadR>ma{e¶mbm ~gbm. AÞYmÝ¶ ¶wÕy{‘H$S>o nmR>dë¶m‘wio AÞYmÝ¶mMm

VwQ>dS>m mgw bmJbm. 18 ‘mM© 1917amoOr g|Q> {nQ>g~J© ¶m ehamV 10000‘{hbm§Zr ‘moMm© H$mTw>Z ^mH$ar dem§VVm ¶m XmoZ ‘mJÊ¶m Ho$ë¶m.‘{hbm § À¶m ¶m ‘mJÊ¶m §Z mH$m‘Jmam§Zr nmR>t~m Xe©{dbm. ¶m{ZXe©Zm‘wio {~Kaboë¶m {ZH$mobg-II Zo {ZXe©H$mda Jmoir~ma H$aÊ¶mMmAmXoe {Xbm na§Vw g¡{ZH$m§Zr ¶mgZH$ma {Xbm. XmoZ {XdgmV n[apñWVrBVH$s ~Xbbr H$s, ¶mV {ZH$mobg-

II hm ¶mbm niyZ Omdo bmJbo. a{e¶mVrbamOoemhr g§nwï>mV Ambr. VmËnwaË¶m gaH$maMrñWmnZm Pmbr. ¶mbmM 1917 ‘Yrba{e¶mMr n{hbr amÁ¶H«$m§Vr åhUVmV qH$dm‘mM© H«$m§Vr åhUVmV.

¶mZ§Va ¶mhr nojm ‘moR>r H«$m§Vr 1917À¶m Am³Q>mo~a ‘{hÝ¶mV Pmbr. Vr AMmZH$Pmbobr Zmhr Va gaH$ma‘Yrb Pma g‘W©HH$mhr OUm§Zr ¶wÕ Mmbw R>odÊ¶mMm {ZU©¶KoVbm Pma Hw$Qw>§~mMr ‘¶m©Xm nmiÊ¶mgmR>rË¶m§Zr Ago Ho$bo na§Vw ¶wÕmVrb nam^d Am{W©H$MUMU ¶m~m~tZr AmYrM àOm .¶wÕmÀ¶m

’$ o $~ « wdmar H « $m §VrV ‘{hbm §Mm dmQ>m

‘‘{hbm H$m‘Jmam‘wio nwéf H$m‘Jmam§Zm H$m‘ H$aÊ¶mMràoaUm {‘iVo’ bmoaog Q>o{b’$moZ H$maImÝ¶m‘Ü¶o ‘m’$m© dgrbodmZmdmÀ¶m EH$m ‘{hboZo EH$ én H$é XmIdbm. Ë¶m{Xder‘{hbm {XdgmÀ¶m gH$mir gd© ‘{hbm H$m‘Jmam§Zr nwéfghH$è¶m§Zm EH$ bmb a§JmMr {’$V oQ> {Xbm. Ë¶mdoir ‘r„a¶§Ìmda H$m‘ H$aUmè¶m ‘m’$m© dgrbodmZo H$m‘ Wm§~dwZ énm§MrhmH$ {Xbr. {VWo Agboë¶m gd© H$m‘Jmam§Zr {Vbm nmqR>~mXoD$Z H$m‘ Wm§~{dbo. {VÀ¶m darð>mZo {h ~m~ ì¶dñWmnZmÀ¶mH$mZmda KmVbr. ì¶dñWmnZmZo {Vbm ImÊ¶mgmR>r EH$ ^mH$anmRdbr, {VZo ^mH$a KoVbr. na§Vw H$m‘ àma§ Ho$bo Zmhr.’$moa‘oZ (darð>) Zo {dMmabo AgVm gd©OU Cnmer AgVm§Zmhr‘r EH$Q>r Amnbo nmoQ> H$go é, Agm gdmb Ho$bm, H$maImÊ¶mVrbBVa {d^mJmVrb ‘{hbm§Zrhr ‘m’$m©bm ‘XV {Xbr. H«$‘mH«$‘mZogd© ‘{hbm§Zr H$m‘ Wm§~dbo. Z§Va hiw-hiw nwéf ‘§S>irhrg§nmV gm‘rb Pmbr. gd©OU eodQ>r añË¶mda Ambo.From: Choi Chatterji, Celebrating Women (2002)

Fig 12.3: Lenin addressing workers in 1917

SCERT TELANGANA


{damoYr hmoVr ¶m‘wio gd©OU EH$ÌAmbo. ho Eo³¶ EdT>o ‘moR>o hmoVo H$sË¶mV g¡Ý¶, CÚmoOa, ì¶mnmar,J «m‘rU-ehar ^mJmVrb bm oH$gh^mJr Pmbo. a{e¶Z gmå¶dmXrnjmÀ¶m ~moëeodrH$ ZmdmÀ¶m JQ>mZoZoV¥Ëd Ho$bo.

~m oëeodrH$ bm oH$m §M o ZoV ¥ËdãbmXr‘ra bo{ZZ (1870-1924) ¶m§ZrHobo. {~Z eV© em§VVoMr ñWmnZm H$aUo,O{‘{ZMo amï ´ > r¶rH$aU H$aU o,H$gUmè¶m§Zm O{‘ZrMo dmQn H$aUo,‘hmJmBda {Z¶§ÌU R>odUo, gd© ~°H$m,H$maImZo ¶m§Mo amï´>r¶rH$aU H$aUo(eoVH$ar, H$m‘Jma, g¡Ý¶) ‘mJÊ¶m‘mÝ¶ H$aUo ¶m‘wio ~moëeodrH$m§ZrOZVoMm {deAdmg g§nmXZ H$obm.VmËnwaË¶m gaH$mamVwZM 1917 À¶mAm³Q>mo-Zmoìho~a ‘Ü¶o ~moëeodrH$m§Zrgm o {d¶V gmå¶dmXr njmÀ¶m‘mÜ¶‘mVwZ gÎmm hñVJV Jobr. ¶wÕmVwZAJ§ H$mT>wZ KoVobo, O{‘ZrMr nwÝhm{d^mJUr Ho$br, a{e¶Z amOmMo Cabobog¡{ZH$ Am{U gmå¶dmX {damoYrg¡{ZH$m§Zr ¶wÕ MmbwM R>odbo ¶m‘wioa{e¶mV VmËH$mi em§VVVm ñWmnZPmbr Zmhr. {~«Q>Z, OnmZ, ’«$m§g,A‘o{aH$m ¶m Xoem§À¶m ‘XVrZo bT>m

H«$m§Vr g§X^m©V J«m‘rU mJmVrb darb XmoÝhr mJdmMm, ¶m KQ>Zm§Mo Vwåhr àË¶jgmjrXma AmhmVAgo g‘Om. 1) O{‘ZXma 2) bhmZ eoVH$ar 3)nÌH$ma ¶m ZmË¶mZo darb KQ>Zm§Mo {díbofU H$am.

1) ‘25 Am³Q>mo~a 1917 gmbÀ¶m H«$m§VrMr ~mV‘r Xþgè¶m{Xder JmdmV nmohmooMbr. àOoV CËgmh abm. H«$m§VrMo ñdmJVH$aÊ¶mV Ambo. Amnë¶mbm ‘mo’$V O{‘Zr {‘iVrb , ¶wÕg‘má hmoB©b Aer Amem eoVH$ar ~miJwZ hmoVo. {h ~mV‘rAmboë¶m {Xder eoH$S>mo O{‘ZXmam§Mr Kao ’w$Q>Ê¶mV Ambr.new-àmUr Oá H$aÊ¶mV Ambo. ‘moR>-‘moR>r ’$bmYZo VmoSw>ZeoVH$è¶m§Zm Ë¶mMo bmH$S>mÀ¶m énmV dmQ>n H$aÊ¶mV Ambo.‘moR>-‘moR>r Kao nmSw>Z VoWo H$m‘Jmam§gmR>r Kao ~m§YÊ¶mV Ambr.g§X © ’o$S>a ~obmod ¶m§Zr {bhrboë¶m X {hñQ>r Am°’$ A gmo{d¶VH$bo³Q>rd ’$m°‘© ¶m nwñVH$mVyZ gm^ma.

2) EH$m O{‘ZXma Hw$Q>w>~m§Zo KS>boë¶m KQ>Zm§{df¶r H$obobrZm|X…

“A{Ve¶ em§VVoZo, {ZeãXnUo H$moUVohr Xþ…I ZdmQ>Vm gmao H$m§hr KS>w>Z Jobo. O{‘ZXma {‘ImB©b {‘ImBbmo{dM(O{‘ZrMm ‘mbH$) KQ>Zo Z§Va H$m§hr {Xdg dr‘ZñH$ AdñWoVhmoVo nU AmVm em§V AmhoV. ‘{hbmhr em§V AmhoV. O{‘ZXma{‘ImBb {‘ImBbmoZrM AJmoXa WmoS>o Aem§V hmoVo, nU AmVmem§VnUo {XgV AmhoV. Am‘À¶mgmR>r XmoZ KmoS>o Am{U XmoZ JmB©R>odÊ¶mV Amë¶m. Amåhmbm Ìmg hmoD$ Z¶o Ago, Zm¡H$am§Zrgm§{JVbo Ë¶m§Zm OJw Úm, Ë¶m§À¶m g§nÎmrMr Am{U gwajrVoMrAmåhr h‘r XoVmo. e³¶ Agob {VV³¶m ‘mZ-gÝ‘m‘mZo Ë¶m§Zmnmhm….”…AZoH Jmdm§Vrb ~§S>Imoa g{‘Ë¶m aÔ H$éZ AmH«$‘rV O{‘Z{‘ImBbmodrM ¶m§Zm naV H$aÊ¶mMo à¶ËZ hmoV AmhoV, AemMMm© AmhoV. Ago KS>Vo qH$dm Zmhr, Oa KS>boM$Va Vo ¶mo½¶H$s A¶mo½¶ na§Vw Am‘À¶m àOoMr A§V©AmË‘m ‘mÌ AOwZ OmJrAmho. gÜ¶m Var Amåhr AmZ§Xr AmhmoV...’g§X ©… goO© ñno‘Z ¶m§Zr {bhboë¶m EH$mog Am°’$ E ZoQ>rìh b°S> - Qw> g|MwargAm°’ A a{e¶Z {dboO. (1997) déZ gm^ma.$

Am³Q>m o~a H« $m §Vr, J «m‘rU a{e¶m … Xm oZ Ñï>rH$m oU

SCERT TELANGANA


MmbwM amhrbm. 1920 À¶m AIo$arg .m gmè¶m§Mm nam^d Pmbm. ~moëeo{dH$m§Zr a{e¶Z gm‘«Á¶m§MmA§V Pmë¶mMo Om{ha H$éZ Ë¶m Imbrb amï´>m§Zm ñdmV§Í¶ ~hmb Ho$bo. na§Vw 1924 gmbr gmo{d¶Vg§Km (USSR) Mr ñWmnZm H$aÊ¶mV Ambr. VrV ho gmao Xoe gh^mJr Pmbo, Ë¶mVwZM gmå¶dmXra{e¶Z amÁ¶ g§K {Z‘m©U Pmbm.

¶m‘wio ‘moR>o O{‘ZXma, amOo, m§S>dbXma, emofZ H$aUmao ¶m§Zm dJiwZ EH$m Zì¶m amÁ¶mMrC^maUr H$aÊ¶mMm à¶moJ àma§ Ombm. AmYw{ZH$ Am¡Úmo{JH$ g‘mOmMr ñWmnZm H$aVm§ZmMAg‘mZVm, OÝ‘, {b§J oX, mfm ¶m§À¶m ‘XVrZo oXm oX Zgboë¶m g‘mOmMr {Z‘uVr H$aÊ¶mMmà¶ËZ Pmbm.ñQ° >mbrZ Mm CX¶

ñmZ 1924 ‘Ü¶o bo{ZZMm ‘¥Ë¶w Pmbm. Ë¶mZ§Va a{e¶Z (USSR) gmå¶dmXr njmMr gwÌoñQ>m°{bZ H$S>o Ambr, Ë¶m Z§VaÀ¶m XeH$mV ñQ>m{bZZo gd©àW‘ {damoYH$m§Mm Zm¶ZmQ> Ho$bm.EH$‘VmZo XoemMm H$ma^ma Mmb{dbm, Amnë¶m H$mbmYrV ñQ>m{bZ bo a{e¶mbm (USSR) ~bdmZAm{W4H$ ‘hmgÎmm ~Z{dbo a{e¶mV 1928 nmgwwZ nÕVera {dH$mgmÀ¶m ¶moOZm am~{dë¶m Joë¶m1928 nmgwZ n§Mdm{f©H$ ¶moOZm§Ûmao Am{Id, aoIrd Am{U ârd Aer gd©M joÌmV ZoÌ{XnH$àJVr gmYbr. Ë¶mgmR>r n{hbr n§Mdm{f©H$ ¶moOZm gwé Pmbr. ¶mV ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV Am¡Úmo{JH$aUAm{U eoVrMm {dH$mg ¶mda â XoÊ¶mV Ambm.

1920 gmbÀ¶m ZmJar ¶wÕm‘Ü¶o Am{e¶mVam{hboë¶m E‘.EZ.am°¶ ¶m§Zr gmå¶dmXmÀ¶màgmam‘Ü¶o ‘moR>r w{‘H$m ~Omdbr, Ë¶m§À¶mH$m°q‘Q>oZ ¶m Am§Vaamï>r¶ g§ñWoÛmao gmå¶dmXmMmàgma Ho$bm. Vo [bhrVmV…

‘JmdmVrb d¥Õ ‘mUwg Iwn Mm§Jbm Ë¶mMmghmæ¶H$ Agbobm VéU AñIbrV a{e¶Z mfm~mobVmo. H«$m§Vr {df¶r Ë¶mZo EoH$bo PmaZo nbm¶ZHo$bo, Ë¶mMo OÝ‘ñWmZ Agbobo {H$aJrO àm§Va{e¶mV gm‘rb Pmbo. Vmo àm§V ~iH$mdbobonam wV Pmbo, åhUOoM Ë¶mMm àm§V AmVm ñdV§ÌAmho. “H«$m§Vr qOXm~mX” Ago Vmo AmoaS>bm. VmoOÝ‘V… ~moëeodrH$m§ gmaIm Amho. g§nwU© JmdmZoË¶mÀ¶m ñdamV ñda {‘idrbm.’E‘.EZ.am°¶, ñ‘aUrH$m (1964).

A§m³Q>m o~a H«$m §Vr … ‘Ü¶ Am{e¶mMmÑï>rH$m oU

1930 gmbr aq~ÐZmW Q>mJm¡am§Zr a{e¶mVwZAgo {b{hbo.

‘¶wamonmVë¶m AZoH$ amOYmÝ¶m§Mr VwbZm Ho$brAgVm ‘mñH$mo eha A{Ve¶ ñdÀN> Amho. ~mOmamVOmUmè¶m bmoH$m§‘Ü¶o H$moUVrhr KmB©-JXu Zmhr gd©Ìem§VVm Amho, hr gd© OmJm H$m‘Jmam§À¶m ‘mbH$sMrAmho. H$m‘Jmam§gmR>r gm‘mÝ¶ àOogmR>r hr EH$ZdrZ gH$mi Amho. Jobr AZoH$ XeHo$ AkmVmVam{hboë¶m darð> bmoH$ AmVm ~mhoa ¶oV AmhoV.‘mÂ¶m XoemVrb eoVH$ar Am{U H$m‘Jmam§Mm ‘r{dMma H$aVmo. ho gd© nmhVm Aao{~¶Z ZmB©Q²>gH$Wo‘Yrb ‘m¶mOmb dmQ>Vo. EH$m XeH$mnwdr© ¶oWrbbmoH$ hr ^maVm gmaIoM {Zamja, Aghm¶,Cnmg‘marZo OO©a Pmbobo hmoVo, na§Vw Joë¶m H$m§hrdfm©V nd©Vm EdT>o AkmZ, Aghm¶Vm {ZKwZ JobobrnmhþZ ‘mÂ¶mgma»¶m Xþ©X¡dr ^maVr¶mbm AË¶m§Z§XhmoUma Zmhr H$m¶’.

SCERT TELANGANA


a{e¶Z amÁ¶ H«$m§VrMo OJmdaC‘Q>bobo n[aUm‘

a{e¶Z amÁ¶ H«$m§VrMo nS>gmXgJù¶m OJâ C‘Q>bo. {deofVm OoXoe Á¶m§Zr g‘mZVm ñdmV§Í¶ ¶mV³Ë¶m§da â {Xbm hmoVm. OJmVrb~è¶mM Xoem§Zr gmå¶dZmXmMm ñdrH$maH o $bm. ^maVmVrb Z oV o CXm.E‘.EZ.am°¶, aqdÐZmW Q>°Jmoa, n§S>rV Odmhabmb Zohé AmXr ZoË¶m§Zr gmå¶dmXmVrb H$m§hr VËdo‘mÝ¶ ZgVm§Zm XoIrb Vo gmå¶dmXr {dMmam§Zr àoarV Pmbo. CXm. ¶m§Zm gmå¶dmXmVrb BVaamO{H$¶ {dMmam§Zm Xm~wZ Q>mH$Uo hr Jmoï> ‘mÝ¶ ZìhVr.

a{e¶Z H«$m§VrH$maH$m§Zr geó H«$m§VrZo ~è¶mM bmoH$m§Zm XheV dmQ>V hmoVr. {damoYH$m§Mm{~‘moS> H$aZo qH$dm ~hÿnjr¶ bmoH$emhr A‘mÝ¶ H$aZo, ñdmV§Í¶mMr nm¶‘„r hmoUo Amho. AgoH$mhtZm dmQ>V hmoVo. Om°O© dob ¶m gm{hË¶H$mamZo Amnë¶m E{Z‘b ’$m‘© ¶m H$mX§~arV aer¶ZH«$m§VrVrb AmXem©‘wio a{e¶Z OZVobm a{e¶mbm H$m¶ ghZ H$amdo bmJbo Amho. ømMo {MÌUHo$bobo AmT>iVo.

Am{W©H$ ‘hm‘§Xr… 1929-1939OmJ{VH$ ñWamda

1929 gmbmÀ¶mCÎmamYm©nmgwZ ‘hm‘§XrMrbmQ> Ambr. Vr gmYmaUV…20 df©o åhUOoM Xþgè¶m‘hm¶wÕmn¶ªV AWm©V 1939n¶ªV Mmbw amhrbr. ¶mXmoZ XeH$mÀ¶m H$mimVOJ âmVrb ì¶mnma‘§Xmdbm, ¶m‘wio dñVw§Mo XaH$‘r Pmbo. Am{W ©H$narpñWVr A{Ve¶ jrUPmbr, ‘mbm§Zm CR>md Zgë¶mZo H$maImZo ~§X nS>bo. ¶m‘wio ZmJarH$m§Mr IaoXr eº$s A{Ve¶jrU Pmbr. ¶mgd© àH$mam‘wio OJmV ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV ~oH$mar dmTw>Z CËnÞmMo ómoV ‘§Xmdbo,gmYmaU ZmJarH$M Zìho Va gaH$ma XoIrb à^mdrV Pmbo. A‘oarHo$Vrb ñQ>m°H$ ‘mH}$Q²>gH$mogùë¶m‘wio Ë¶mMo n[aUm‘ OJ â OmUdbo.

A‘o[aHo$V ~oH$m§am§Mr g§»¶m 25% Zo dmT>br Va BVa AZoH$ XoemV hr g§»¶m 33% EdT>r

g‘mZVm, ñdmV§Í¶ Am{U ââmQ> ¶m VËdm§er{ZJS>rV a{e¶mZo Ho$boë¶m à¶moJmMr g’$bVm¶m~m~V bhmZgm {Z~§Y {bhm?Aí¶m EImÚm n«¶moJmÀ¶m g’$bVogmR>r bmImobmoH$m§Zm R>ma H$aUo ¶mo½¶ Amho H$m¶?gmå¶dmXr amÁ¶àH$mam {déÕ Pmboë¶m Q>rH$mAm{U Ë¶mdarb dmXmondmXmMr MM[ H$am?

{MÌ 12.4: : dm¶Xo-~mOmamV gd©ñd J‘dwZ ~gbobm Bg‘ ZdrH$ma {dH$Ê¶mgmR>r Ý¶w¶mH©$À¶m ~mOmamV C^m Agë¶mMo {MÌ

SCERT TELANGANA


OmñV hmoVr. H$maImZo ~§X nS>ë¶m‘wio ehao Amog nS>br. ¶m‘wio H¥$fr CËnÞmMm Xa àM§S> KQ>bm(60 Q> o$) ¶m‘wio hOmamo eoVH$ar eoVrnmgwZ Xþa Pmbo. AmVmn¶ªV AË¶§V AmYww{ZH$, Am{W©H${dYmZo nm{hboë¶m ZmJ[aH$m§Zm hm gdm©V ‘moR>m Y¸$m hmoVm. ¶mMo A{Ve¶ Vrd« Ago gm‘m{OH$narUm‘ Pmbo. Jar~r dmTw>Z ‘moR>-‘moR>r ehao {Z‘©Zwî¶ àm§VmV énm§VarV Pmbr.

‘hm‘§XrÀ¶m H$maUm§{df¶r, Cn¶m§{df¶r Am{W©H$ emók Am{U amOH$s¶ ZoVo AmVmn¶ªVMMm© H$arVM AmhoV. ¶màH$maÀ¶m ‘hm‘§Xrbm m§S>dbXmar{dYmZo Am{U H$m¶© nÕVr Odm~Xma AgwZ Ho$dig‘mOdmXM ¶m n[añWrVrVwZ ~mhoa H$mT>V hmoVm, Ago‘m³g©dmXr AW©emók åhUVmV. Va XþgarH$S>o Oo.E‘qH$Ýg gma»¶m AW©emókm§À¶m ‘Vo YmoaUo MwH$ë¶m‘wioMhr n[añWrVr Ambr ¶m‘Ü¶o gaH$maMm dmQ>m ‘moR>m Amho.gaH$maZo narñWrVr ¶mo½¶ nÕVrZo hmVmibr Zgë¶mZoAIoa Ë¶mMr narUrVr ‘hm‘§XrV Pmbr. Am{W©H$narñWrVr ImbmdwZ dñVwMm {dZr¶moJ H$‘r Pmë¶mdagaH$maZo {ZYrMr CnbãYVm H$éZ OZVobm H$m‘ CnbãYH$éZ Úm¶bm hdo hmoVo. ¶m‘wio ZmJarH$m§Mo CËnÞ dmTw>Z~mOmamV dñVw§Mm {dZr¶moJ dmT>bm AgVm, Ë¶m‘wio ‘§Xrda‘mV H$aVm Ambr AgVr. gaH$maÀ¶m hñVjonm‘wio H«$¶eº$s dmTw>Z narUm‘r dñVw {dZr¶moJmV dmT> PmbrAgVr Ago Ë¶m§Zm dmQ>Vo, na§Vw 1920 Am{U 1930 ¶mXeH$mV m§S>dbemhr amï>o hñVjon H$aÊ¶mg {gÕ ZìhVråhUwZ hr narñWrVr CØ^dbr.

A‘o[aHo$À¶m AÜ¶jnXr éPdoëQ> {ZdSw>U Ambo, Voìhm Ë¶m§Zr EH$ ZdrZ KmofUm Ho$br,Vr åhUOo ‘hm‘§Xr‘wio ’$Q>H$m ~gboë¶m§Zm ‘XV, Am{W©H$ g§ñWm§Zm ghH$m¶© Ë¶mgmoo~VMnarñWrVr nwÝhm nwd© nXmda AmUÊ¶mgmR>r Amdí¶H$ Vo ~Xb H$aÊ¶mV ¶oVrb, VgoM Ë¶m§ZrKmofUoà‘mUo ~Xbhr am~dbo. ¶mgmR>r gaH$maZo ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV IM© Ho$bm. Xaå¶mZÀ¶mH$mimV Xþgè¶m ‘hm¶wÕmMr gwédmV Pmë¶m‘wio g¡Ý¶ Am{U eómÌm§daMm IM© ‘m|R>çm à‘mUmVdmT>bm. Ë¶mgmR>r ZdrZ H$amImZo Am{U H¥$fr CËnmXZm§Zm ‘mJUr dmT>br. A‘o[aHo$V {H$Vr Var‘hËdnwU© Agbobr gm‘m{OH$ gwMZm ¶moOZm Ë¶m§Zr am~dbr. gdmªZm {Zd¥Îmr doVZ ¶moOZm,~oH$mam§Zm {d{eï> ~oamoOJma ^Îmm, {d‘m, An§Jm§Zm, AZmWm§Zm {deof Am{W©H$ ghmæ¶, nmbH$Zgboë¶m Hw$Qw>§~m§Zm {deof H$ë¶mU ¶moOZm am~dÊ¶mV Amë¶m. ¶mgd© ¶moOZm am~dÊ¶mgmR>rH$m¶Xm H$aÊ¶mV Ambm, ‘hm‘§Xr gwé hmoÊ¶mnwd©uM {~«Q>oZZo Aem H$m§hr ¶moOZ§oMr gwédmV Ho$br.¶mV ~oH$mam§Zm ^Îmm, {d{íeï> {dH$mg H$m‘mV nwaH$ ^Îmm, {d{dY Amamo½¶ ¶moOZm, ~mbH$ë¶mUmMr ¶moOZm, gm‘m{OH$ gwajoÀ¶m {d{dY ¶moOZm AmXtMm g‘mdoe hmoVm. ¶mgd© ¶moOZmnmhVm, {~«Q>Zhr gm‘m{OH$ H$ë¶mUmÀ¶m ‘mJm©da hmoVo Agoo ‘mZVm ¶oVo ¶m‘wio gd© gm‘mÝ¶àOobm {H$‘mU JaOm nwa{dÊ¶m BVnV AÞ, dó, {Zdmam, {ejU, ~mb H$ë¶mU, {Zd¥Vr doVZ

{MÌ 12.5: Am{W©H$ _§XrÀ`m H$mimVrcnmocre dgmhVr H$m_Jma âcmoaoÝg AmodoÝg`m§Mm \$moQ>mo S>moamoWr `mcm§O `m§Zr H$mT>cocmhm \$moQ>mo \$ma à{gÜX Pmcm. _mM© 1936

H$mimV H°$ë\$mo{Z© mV AmoR>mer H$mogodm„ m§Mr{~H$Q> n[apñWVr Xe©{dVo Vr H$m` {dMma

H$arV Agoc?

SCERT TELANGANA


ho gd© nwa{dÊ¶mMo Odm~Xmar gaH$mZo KoVbr. H$m‘ H$é eH$Umè¶§mgmR>r H$m‘mMr CnbãYr H$éZ{Xbr. hr gd© Odm~Xmar gaH$maZo Im§Úmda KoVbr, ^m§S>dbemhr AW©- ì¶dñWoV CbmT>mbH$‘r H$aÊ¶mgmR>r gaH$maZo gdom©Vmonar à¶ËZ Ho$bo.‘hmZ§XrMm O‘©Zrda Pmbobm n[aUm‘

n{hë¶m ‘hm¶wÕmÀ¶m g‘már Z§Va O‘©Zrda AZoH$ OmMH$ AQ>r bmXÊ¶mV Amë¶m. ¶mMmnarUm‘ åhUwZ VoWo àM§S> Am{W©H$ g§jmo Cgibm. ¶m‘wio O‘©Zr gaH$maZo ‘moR>çm à‘mUmVMbZr ZmoQ>m Pmnë¶m ¶m‘wio O‘©Z ZmoQ>m§Mo Ad‘wë¶Z Pmbo. AÞ-YmÝ¶mÀ¶m qH$‘Vr Ag‘mZmbm{^S>ë¶m gmYm nmd IaoXr H$aÊ¶mgmR>r {nedr â ZmoQ>m Úmdm bmJV.

¶m‘wio O‘©ZrMr narñWrVr AmUIr {~H$Q> Pmbr, VwbZm H$aVm ‘hm‘§XrMm gdm©V ¶mZH$narUm‘ O‘©Zrda Pmbm. 1932 gmbMr Am¡Úmo{JH$ àJVr nmhVm Vr 40 Q>¸$¶m§Zr Kgabr.H$m‘Jmam§À¶m Zm¡H$è¶m Joë¶m. H$m§htÀ¶m nJmar KQ>ë¶m. O‘©ZrÀ¶m B{VhmgmV H$Yrhr Zìho,BV³¶m åhUOo 60 bmI bmoH$ Zm¡H$è¶m J‘mdwZ ~gbo. O‘©ZrÀ¶m J„r-~moimV H$moUVohr H$m‘H$aÊ¶mg V¶ma Aer nmQ>r bmdwZ bmoH$ {’$aVm§Zm {XgV. ~oH$ma ¶wdH$ nÎmo IoiV {Xdg KmbdVqH$dm [aH$m‘o ~gwZ amhV. ñWm{ZH$ CÚmoJ nwadR>m H$m¶m©b¶m Odi am§Jm bmdwZ ~gV. ¶m‘wioO‘©ZrV J¡a àH$ma dmT>bo. g‘mOmV EH$ àH$maMo Z¡amí¶ gd©Ì R>iH$nUo {Xgw bmJbo.

¶m Am{W©H$ g§jmo mÀ¶m H$mimV OZVo‘Ü¶o rVr Am§XmobZo {Z‘m©U Pmbr, n¡emÀ¶m Ad‘wë¶mZm‘wio‘Ü¶‘ dJu¶m§Mo àM§S> hmb Pmbo, {deofVm Zm¡H$aXma, {Zd¥Îmr doVZ YmaH$ ¶m§Mr ~MV g§nVAmbr. bhmZ ì¶mnmar ì¶mnma J‘mdwZ ~gbo, {H$aH$moi XþH$mZo ñd¶§ CÚmoJ H$aUmè¶m§Mrn[añWrVr Ë¶mhrnojm {dXmaH hmoVr.$ g‘mOm{Vb hm JQ> AmnU Jar~ hmoD$ qH$dm Zm¡H$aXma dJ©hm añË¶mda ¶oD$ Am{U AmUIr XméU narñWrVrbm Vm|S> Úmdo bmJob åhUwZ ^rV hmoVm.¶mH$mimV g§KQ>rV H$m‘JmaM H$goVar {Xdg T>H$bV hmoVo. na§Vw gd©gm‘mÝ¶ BÀN>m AmH$m §jmË¶m§À¶mAmdm³¶mÀ¶m ~mhoa hmoË¶m. ‘moR>‘moR>rì¶mnma à{Vð>mZo X¶{Z¶ ñWrVrVAmhoV. H¥$fr CËnmXZ àM§S>nUo KQ>bo.CËnmXrV ‘mbmbm md ZìhVm. ’$i

g‘Om EImÚm H$m‘Jmamg Zm¡H$ardéZ H$mTy>Z Q>mH$bo dnwT>rb H$m§hr df© Ë¶mbm H$m‘ {‘iw eH$Uma Zmhr. Aem‘mUgm~Ôb Vwåhmg H$m¶ dmQ>Vo Vo {bhm?Vwåhr eoVH$ar AmhmV Aer H$ënZm H$am, Vw‘À¶m eoV‘mbmbm ¶mo½¶ qH$‘V Z {‘iVm Ano{jV qH$‘VrÀ¶mAYu qH$‘V {‘iVo. à{V{H«$¶m {bhm.gÜ¶m pñWVrV ^maVmV ‘mZd {dH$mgmMo H$moUVo n¡by{XgwZ Ambo.

SCERT TELANGANA


CËnmXH$ eoVH$è¶m§Mr narñWrVr AmUIr {~H$Q> hmoVr. Amnë¶m ‘wbm§Mo nmoQ> aÊ¶mg AmnU Ag‘W© AmhmoVhr mdZm ‘{hbm§‘Ü¶o Vrd« {Zamem H$aUmar hmoVr. amO{H$¶ Ag§V¥árV gaH$ma Va àemg{H$¶ H$maUmVA{YH$mar dJ© hmoVm, ¶m‘wio ñWra àemgZ H$mob‘S>bo.’°$grP‘ d ZmOrP‘ Mm CX¶

n{hë¶m ‘hm¶wÕmZ§Va {deofV… nam yV Xoem§‘Ü¶o ZmOrP‘ qH$dm ’°$grP‘ hr mdZm CX¶mg Ambr.¶mV àIa amï´>r¶dmX dmT>rg bmJë¶m. Ë¶m‘wio ñdV…À¶m XoemMr EH$mË‘Vm amIUo d BVa Xoem§da {dO¶àmá H$aUo hr Jmoï> àH$fm©Zo OZVoÀ¶m ‘Zmda q~~mdbr Jobr. Xoem§VJ©V Hw$R>ë¶mhr hoVyZo BVam§Mm hñVjonË¶m§Zr ‘mÝ¶ ZìhVm. Vo bmoH$m§da X~md AmUV AgV. H|$ÐrH¥$V A{YH$mamÀ¶m Omoamda OZVobm Z‘«VoZoñWm¶r {‘imbo. H$amd¶mg ^mJ nmS>VmV. Vo gmå¶dmX d ñdmV§Ì AmhoV. ñdV§ÌVmÀ¶m XmoÝhr VËdm§À¶m{déÕ hmoVo. EH$m{YH$ma emhrMm Adb§~ H$éZ ho Amnë¶m XoemV Eo³¶ àñWm{nV H$aVmV. Á¶m‘wio g§nwU©g‘mO Ë¶mÀ¶m {dMma amIrd àdmhrV hmoVmo. ’°$grñQ> MidirV H$m§hr g‘mZ Jmoï>r AmT>iVmV. CXm.XoemMr nwOm H$aUo, Xoe^º$s, XoemÀ¶m ZoV¥Ëd ZoË¶mMr ñdm‘r^º$s H$aUE. ({hQ>ba) àIa amï´>^º$s dg¡Ý¶ eº$sÀ¶m ~imdaM Xoe nwT>o OmB©b. Agm Ë¶m§Mm {dMma AgVmo. hþHw$‘emhr ‘Ü¶o amO{H$¶ AamOH$Vm¶wÕ ¶m Jmoï>r amï´>mÀ¶m C^maUrgmR>r gmYZ åhUyZ Vo dmnaVmV. Ë¶m§Mm Agmhr {dMma Amho H$s, ~bdmZamï´>mbm A{YH$ma d H$V©Ëdohr AmhoV. XoemÀ¶m gr‘m dmT>{dÊ¶mgmR>r H$‘Hw$dV Xoem§Zm - H$m{~O H$aUoË¶m§Zm ¶mo½¶ dmQ>Vo. XoemMo m§S>db, AW©ì¶dñWm hr ¶mda g§nwU©V… XoemMr A{YH$maoV AgVo. Vo g‘mOdmX,gmå¶dmXmMm {damoY H$aVmV. gd© ImOJr gwaMm ImarO H$amd¶mg Agohr Ë¶m§Zm dmQ>Vo.

ìhgu¶brgÀ¶m VhmÀ¶m AQ>r‘wio hr {dMmagaUr OmñV bmoH${à¶ hmoÊ¶m‘mJo H$maU Amho. Vo n{hë¶m‘hm¶wÕmV nam yV Pmboë¶m ìhgm©¶brgÀ¶m VhmÀ¶m AQ>r bmXë¶m Joë¶m. Á¶m‘wio OJmV {ZameoMr bmQ>Ambr. 1922 ‘Ü¶o BQ>brMm ~oZrQ>mo ‘wgmo{bZrMm {dO¶, 1933 ‘Ü¶o {hQ>ba d ZmPr nmQ>uÀ¶m O‘©ZrVrb{dO¶ qH$dm {hQ>baMo gÎmoda ¶oUo, 1939 ‘Ü¶o ñnoZ‘Ü¶o OZab ’°«$ZH$mobm {dO¶ {‘imbm. hm {dO¶bmoH$emhrÀ¶m {déÕ bîH$aemhrMm {dO¶ hmoVm. 1939 n¶ªV OmnmZZo gwÕm ñdV…Mr ’°$grñQ> {dMma gmaUr{dH${gV Ho$br hmoVr. {MZ” H$mo[a¶m ¶m Xoem§Zr bîH$aemhr d g¡Ý¶mMr O‘dm O‘dr H$aÊ¶mMr gwédmVHo$br hmoVr. ho gd© hþHy$‘ehm ¶m Zm Ë¶m ‘mJm©Zo ’$mgrñQ> {dMma gaUrH$S>oMo AZw¶m¶r hmoVo. Ë¶m§Zr hr{dMma gaUr A§{JH$mabr hmoVr.

{hQ>ba hm A{Ve¶ à^mdr dº$m hmoVm. Ë¶mÀ¶m ^mfoV àH$maMr AmoKdVm hmoVr. Ë¶mÀ¶m ^mfZmZoàOoMo A§V©‘Z ^mamD$Z Jobo. EH$m ~bdmZ à~i Aí¶m gd©H§$f O‘©ZrMr {Z‘uVr H$aÊ¶mMo dMZ Ë¶mZo{Xbo. ìhgm©¶À¶m H$amamÝd¶o O‘©ZrMm An‘mZ Pmbm. Vmo D$Z H$mT>Ê¶mMo A^rdMZ {Xbo. H$m‘‘mJUmè¶m§Zm anya H$m‘ Va ¶wdH$m§gmR>r gmoZoar {dî¶mMo {MÌ R>odbo. Xoemdarb gd© {dXoer OmMH$ AQ>rVmoSw>Z O‘©Z {damoYr H$Q>H$mañWmZo hmUwZ nmS>Ê¶mMo dMZ hr {Xbo.

{hQ>baZo amOH$maUmV EH$m Zì¶m AÜ¶m¶mMr gwédmV Ho$br. ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV JXu IoMÊ¶mMoË¶mÀ¶mH$S>o AX² yV H$m¡eë¶ hmoVo. ¶m H$m¡eë¶mMm dmna Ë¶mZo nÕVeranUo Ho$bm. {hQ>babm ‘XV

SCERT TELANGANA


{‘i{dÊ¶mgmR>r Am{U bmoH$m§‘Ü¶o ZmPtMr {eH$dU~r§~dÊ¶mgmR>r àMmaH$m§Zr ‘moR>-‘moR>çm Om{ha g^m,{ZXe©Zo KSdwZ AmUbr Jobr. bmb a§JmÀ¶m P|S>çmdañdmpñVH$ {MÝh dmnéZ {deof AmH$f©U {Z‘m©UH$aÊ¶mV Ambo. ^mfUmZ§Va Q>mù¶m§Mm H$S>H$S>mQ>H$aZo ho {hQ>baÀ¶m àMmamMo V§Ì hmoVo. OJmdaamÁ¶ H$aÊ¶mMr j‘Vm ’$º$ O‘©Z d§embmM Amho.Am{U AmnU OJmda Am{YnË¶ JmOdw Ago VmoåhUV Ago. O‘©ZrVrb àË¶oH$ g‘ñ¶o ‘mJoAëng§»¶m§H$ AgUmè¶m "Á¶y' O_mVrÀ`m VgoM.gma»¶m Q>³¶m O_mVrÀ`m hmV AgyZ Á¶y bmoH$m§ZrgmdH$mar XÿH$mZ Q>mH$Vo AgyZ Vo bmoH$m§Zm CgZdmarn¡go XoD$ H$aVmV. ‘w»¶Ëdo ‘Ü¶‘dJu¶ O‘©Z hoË¶m§À¶m {damoYmV Jobo. Ë`mM ~amo~a gmå¶dmX Am{U m§S>dbemhr ¶m XmoKm§Zr H$Q>H$mañWmZ Ho$ë¶mMo VmonQdwZ XoV Ago. ¶m XmoKm§Mmhr A§V H$éZ EH$m Zì¶m àJV ~bdmZ Aí¶m O‘©ZrMr ñWmnZm H$aÊ¶mMo Vmodma§dma gm§JV Ago. Vrd« ‘hm‘§Xr Am{U m§S>dbemhr YmoaUm§‘wio rV Agboë¶m bmoH$m§Zm {hQ>baMo eãXIwn AmdS>m¶Mo. ¶mMdoiog gmå¶dmXr Am{U H$m‘Jma dJm©bm ‘mÌ Ë¶mZo {damoY Ho$bm.

Aem narñWrVrV ZmPrdmXmMmOÝ‘ Pmbm. ^{dî¶mÀ¶m gmoZoar{MÌmbm g‘moa R>odwZ nj à‘wI{hQ>baMm PnmQ>çmZo CX¶ Pmbm,1928 À¶m gmd©{ÌH$ {ZdS>UwH$sV{hQ>baÀ¶m njmbm 2.6 Q>¸$ ‘V{‘imbo. Va 1937 gmbr {hM‘Vm§Mr Q>¸o$dmar 37 Q>¸o dmTw>Z{hQ>baMm nj (arMñQ>m°J) g§gXo‘Ü¶ogdm©V

‘moR>m nj åhUwZ nwT>o Ambm.

{hQ>baÀ¶m ^mfUmVwZ gdm©V ~bdmZ Agboë¶m d§embmM OJmda amÁ¶H$aÊ¶mMm A{YH$ma Agë¶mMo {hQ>ba åhUV Ago.‘hr n¥Ïdr {H$§dm ¶mdarb ^y^mJ H$moUmbmhr Am§XZXoÊ¶mV Ambobm Zmhr,qH$dm Hw$Umbm ~jrghrXoÊ¶mV Ambm Zmhr. Á¶m§À¶m öX¶mV Y¡¶© Am{Uamï´>dmX Amho, AgoM bmoH$ OJ qOH$Ê¶mMo gmhgH$aVmV. Á¶m§À¶m‘Ü¶o VmH$V Amho, VoM bmoH$n¥ÏdrMr ‘emJV H$aVmV, àOobm Vmo Xod åhUVAgo, Omon¶ªV àOménr XodmV eº$r Amho, Vmon¶©VOJmda amÁ¶ H$aÊ¶mMm h¸$ Amho. hm Ohmb amï>r¶dmXEH$ {Xdg OJmda amÁ¶ H$arb Am{U EHo$ {Xder ¶mXoemÀ¶m gr‘m {dñVmaë¶m OmVrb.{hQ>ba, grH«o$Q> ~wH$, g§nm.Q>ob’$moS>© Q>oba

OJ qOH$Ê¶mMr ‘§em ~miJwZ Amho H$m¶?VmH$V Am{U ~i Agboë¶m§ZmM ho OJoQ>mdo, Ago Vwåhmbm dmQ>Vo H$m¶?

{MÌ 12.6 : 1945 gmbr OoZm O‘©ZrVrb ~wM¡Z dmëQ> ¶oWrb ¶mVZm{e[~amVrb (Vwé§J) Á¶y Aëng§»¶m§H$.

SCERT TELANGANA


‘wbm§Zm dmT>{dÊ¶mMo l‘ Am{U doXZm EdT>çmnwaVoM órbm ~§XrñV H$aUo. ¶m VËdmMo Vwåhrg‘W©Z H$aVm H$m?‘wbm§Mo nmbZnmofU, H$maImZo, H$m¶m©b¶o, eoVr¶m OrdZmer g§~§YrV KQ>H$mV g‘mZVoZo H$m‘H$aUmè¶m ór, nwéfm§Zm g‘mZVm Amho, AgoVwåhmbm dmQ>Vo H$m?

{MÌ 12.7 : Á¶y bmoH$m§Zm g§ajU {Xë¶mÀ¶m AmamonmdéZOm{haarË¶m {ejm moJUmè¶m ‘{hbm.

{gÓm §V - {eH$dUZmPtZr Amnë¶m AmnË¶m§Zm gwédmVrnmgwZ EHo$ar {dMma gaUr {eH$drbr OJmV O‘©Z d§e hmM

loð> Am{U ZmPtMr {eH$dU loð>. {hQ>baMo ‘moR>onU, Á¶y Am{U BVa ~m~V bmoH$m§Mm Ûof hr ¶m{gÕm§Vm‘mJrb {eH$dU hmoVr.

ghm Vo Xhm d¶moJMmVrb gd© ‘wbm§Zm ZmPr {gÕm§VmMo àmW{‘H$ {eH$dU gº$sMo Ho$bo Jobso. ho{ejU nwU© Pmë¶mZ§Va à{ejUmWu {hQ>baMo {dídmgnmÌ Aer à{Vkm H$arV. ’Am‘À¶m ‘hmZoË¶mMoà{Vén Agbobm hm a³º$dUu P§oS>çm g‘moa ‘mPr e³Vr ~b ‘r g‘{n©V H$aVmo. ‘mPr gd©COm©, j‘Vm ‘mÂ¶m ZoË¶mg g‘[V H$aVmo. Vmo Xoe ajH$ Amho. ho A°S>moë’$ {hQ>ba ‘r VwÂ¶mà{V g‘{n©V Amho, Am{U àmU XoÊ¶mghr V¶ma Amho, ho Xodm ‘bm ‘XV H$a’.

S>ãë¶w.{eaa ¶m§À¶m, X amB©O E§S> ’$mb Am°’$ Xr WS>© [aM ¶mVyZ...

O‘©Z H$m‘Jma g§KQ>ZoMm à‘wI, am°~Q© bo ¶m§À¶m ‘Vo,‘‘wb VrZ dfm©Mo Agë¶mnmgwZ Amåhr gwédmV H$aVmo. Ë¶mÀ¶m ‘ZmV H$moUVohr {dMma

¶oÊ¶mnwdu Ë¶mbm EH$ bhmZgm P|S>m XoVmo, Ë¶mZ§Va emioV ¶wdm {hQ>ba g¡Ý¶ godm BË¶mXtMr‘m{hVr XoVmo. ¶m‘wio Vmo H$moR>ohr âH$Q>V Zmhr. H$m‘Jma g§KQ>Zm Vmon¶ªV H$moUmbmhr gmoS>VZmhr Omon¶ªV Vmo ‘aV Zmhr.’

ZmPrdmX Am{U ‘{hbm8 gßQ>|~a 1934 amoOr Ý¶wao‘~J© ¶oWrb nj àXe©ZmV ‘{hbm§Zm CÔoeyZ {hQ>baMo mfUmVrb A§enwéfm§À¶m OJmV ‘w»¶Ëdo Ë¶mÀ¶m à‘wI H$m¶m©V ‘{hbm§Mr T>dimT>di ¶mo½¶ Amho, Ago

Amåhmbm dmQ>V Zmhr, ¶m XmoÝhrhr ~m~r doJdoJù¶m AmhoV, Ago ‘bm dmQ>Vo. ¶wÕ joÌmVnwéfmMo gmhg, ‘{hbm§Mm {Za§Va AmË‘Ë¶mJ H$m¶‘ àmoËgmhZ XoV AgVmo. àË¶oH$ ór Oo ‘wbOJmbm XoVo, Vo ¶wÕmgmR>r Am{U ¶wÕo hr ‘mUgmÀ¶m ApñVËdmgmR>r AgVmV, Ago ‘r ‘mZVmo.

8 gßQ>|~a 1934 amoOr Ý¶wao‘~J© ¶oWrb nj àXe©ZmV ‘{hbm§Zm CÔoeyZ {hQ>ba Agohr åhUmbm H$r,‘EH$m amï´ >mbm ñdajU XoÊ¶mMo gJù¶mV ‘moR> o H$m‘ ‘{hbm H$aVmV. EH$ d§e Zï>

hmoÊ¶mnmgwZ dmM{dÊ¶mMo H$m‘ ‘{hbm§MoM Amho. ho Ë¶m§Zm ~amo~a H$iVo, ¶mMo H$maU åhUOo¶m doXZoVrb gdm©V ‘moR>r Pi Ë¶m§ZmM ~gVo. Am{U Ë¶m§À¶m AmnË¶m§Zmhr ~gVo åhUwZM‘{hbm§Mo ghH$m¶© A{Ve¶ ‘hËdmMo Amho. ’

SCERT TELANGANA


gË¶ooV Amë¶m ~amo~a {hQ>babmoH$emhr ‘mJm©déZ Z MmbVmhþHy$‘emhrH$S>o ‘mJH$S>o© dibm.Ë¶mZo bmoH$emhr nÕVrVrbg§gXoVrb {damoYH$m§Zm AQ>H$H$éZ, g§gXog aÔ Ho$bo d{damoYH$m§Mm ImË‘m Ho$bm.{deofVm gmå¶dmXr bmoH$m§ZmAQ>H$ H$éZ {deof Vwé§JmVadmZJr Ho$br.03 ‘mM© 1933 amoOr O‘©ZrV

BZmãbtJ E³Q> nmg Pmbm.¶m H$m¶Úm§d¶o hþHy‘emhramOdQ>rbm KoÊ¶mV Ambr.g§gXobm Z Oyw‘mZVm àemgZMmb{dÊ¶mÀ¶m gd© A[YH$ma{hQ>babm XoÊ¶mV Ambo. ZmPrnj Am{U {VÀ¶m g§b¾ g§ñWm¶m ì¶{Varº$ BVa gd© g§ñWm,H$m‘amJ g§KMZm ¶m§À¶mdaA{Z¶‘rV H$mbdYrgmR>r ~§Xr

AmUÊ¶mV Ambr. Am{W©H$ narñWrVr, àgmn ‘mÜ¶‘o, g¡Ý¶ Am{U Ý¶m¶ ì¶dñWm ¶m gdm©danwU©V… ~§Xr AmUwZ {hQ>baZo àemgZmda KÅ> Vm~m {‘idrbm.

ZmPtZr Amnë¶m CÔoemà‘mUo g‘mOmMo {Z¶§ÌU H$aÊ¶mgmR>r doJir ì¶dñWm{Z‘m©U Ho$br. gwajm Xbm§Zm Ë¶mgmR>r {deof à{ejU XoD$Z ‘O~wV Aer {Z¶§ÌU g§ñWmH$m¶m©ÝdrV H$aÊ¶mV Ambr Ë¶mdoiog nmobrgm§Zm Agbobm {haì¶m a§JmMm JUdof XoÊ¶mV Ambm.¶m{edm¶ ñQ>mH©$ Q®>ng© (Eg.E) {edm¶ JoñQ>°nmo ZmdmMo ahñ¶‘¶ nmobrg Xb C^maÊ¶mV Ambo.g‘mOmVrb doJdoJù¶m WamVwZ gaH$mar {damoYr ‘m{hVr Jmoim H$aUo Aem g§e¶rV bmoH$m§ZmnH$Sw>Z Ë¶m§Zm Vwé§JmV nmR>{dUo BË¶mXr H$m‘o ¶m Xbm§‘m’©$V Ho$br OmV AgV. JwÝhoJmatda{Z¶§ÌU AmUÊ¶mgmR>r JoñQ°nmoZo OmoaXma H$m‘Jrar ~Omdbr. Zì¶mZo H$m¶©H$V H$aÊ¶mV Amboë¶mXbm§H$S>o KQ>Zo ì¶Vrarº$ A{YH$ma XoÊ¶mV Amë¶m‘wio ZmPr gaH$mabm ^¶§H$a JwÝhoJma gaH$maåhUwZ Hw$à{gÕr {‘imbr. ¶m H$m¶ÚmMm Cn¶moJ H$éZ bjmdYr amO{H$¶ H$m¶©H$V}, H$m‘Jmag§KQ>Zm§Mo ZoVo Am{U Aëng§»¶m§H$ àOobm AQ>H$ H$éZ ¶mVZm {Xë¶m OmV AgV. O‘©ZrÀ¶mB{VhmgmV Z yVmo Z ^{dî¶Vr Agm hm ¶mVZm§Mm H$mi hmoVm.$

ZmPr VËdo hr ~hÿg§»¶m§H$mda AmYmarV AmhoV. O‘©ZrÁ¶y bmoH$m§Mr g§»¶m 0.75 Q> o$ EdT>r Amho. Á¶ybmoH$m§ZmM Zìho Va ZmPr {damoYH$m§Zmhr ¶§H$a {ejmXoÊ¶mV ¶oV hmoVr ho darb H${dVodéZ H$go {gÕhmoVo?

{ Z Xe © ZZmPr gm‘«mÁ¶mÀ¶m H$mimV gm‘mÝ¶ àOoda AZÝdrV N>i Pmbo.

gm‘w{hH$ hË¶mH$m§S>, Vwé§JmV AË¶mMma BË¶mXr KQ>Zm§H$S>o O‘©Z bmoH$m§Zr‘m¡ZnUo nmR> {’$a[dbr. ¶m AY©‘m{déÕ AmdmO CR>drboë¶m nmñQ>aÝ¶w‘mo{¶ëboa ¶m§Zr Ë¶m~Ôb Ago {b{hbo Amho…‘AJmoXa Vo gmå¶dmÚm§gmR>r Ambo,‘r gmå¶dmXr Zmhr, ~ao H$m&åhUwZ ‘r H$m§hr åhUmbmo Zmhr,Z§Va Vo g‘mOdmÚm§gmR>r Ambo,‘r g‘mOdmXr Zmhr, ~ao H$m&åhUwZ ‘r H$m§hr åhUmbmo Zmhr,Ë¶mZ§Va Vo H$m‘Jma g§KQ>Zm§gmR>r Ambo,‘r H$m‘Jma g§K§mMm ZoVm Zìho,Am{U Ë¶mZ§Va Vo Á¶y bmoH$m§gmR>r Ambo,na§Vw ‘r Á¶y Zmhr - åhUwZ ‘r EH$wU KoVbo,eodQ>r Vo O|ìhm Vo ‘mÂ¶mgmR>r Ambo, V|ìhm‘mÂ¶m {edm¶ {ZXe©Zo H$aUmao H$moUrhr ZìhVo.’

SCERT TELANGANA


XoemMr Am{W©H$ [ñWVr gwYmaÊ¶mMm O~m~Xmar {hQ>baZo hOmë‘aemo{H$³Q> ¶m§À¶mda gmon[dbr gaH$mar {ZYrVwZ H$m‘o, {Z‘m©UH$aÊ¶mMr O~m~Xmar {ZX}erV CËnmXZ nmVir JmT>>Ê¶mMo C{Õï>{ZíMrV H$aÊ¶mV Ambo. ~mOwÀ¶m nmZmdarb H${dVoV ì¶º$ Pmbobo{dMma AmR>dm. ¶m ¶moOZoÛmam O‘©ZrV AË¶§V doJdmZ dmhVwH$sgmR>rañVo ~m§YÊ¶mV Ambo. gd©gm‘mÝ¶m§gmR>B© Mma MmH$s dmhZ(dmo³gd°JZ) H$maMr {Z‘r©Vr H$aÊ¶mV Ambr. ømM H$mimVgaH$maÀ¶m amofmbm ~ir nS>boë¶m ZmJ[aH$m§Mr narñWr{V A{Ve¶X¶{Z¶ Pmbr. Va AÝ¶ dJmªMr narpñWVr H$‘mbrMr gwYmabr.¶mZ§Va H$m‘mMm {dñVma dmT>{dÊ¶mgmR>r ‘moR> ‘moR>o eñÌ {Z‘m©UH$aÊ¶mgmR>r H$maImZo C^maÊ¶mV Ambo. Ë¶mV m§S>db Jw§VdÊ¶mVAmbo. ¶m‘wio eoOmè¶m§er ¶wÕ n[añWrVr {Z‘m©U Pmbr Va ‘mÌdmMÊ¶mMo H$moUVohr gmYZ ZìhVo. n{hë¶m ‘hm¶wÕmV J‘mdbobm

Map : 1 The German Empire during World War II

Fig 12.8 : A cartoon depictingHitler as man of peace as well

as man of war.

Zmoìh|~a 1940 h§Joar, é‘m{Z¶mVa ~wëJm[a¶m ‘mM© 1941 ‘Ü¶o{‘idwZ KoVbobm y mJ

E{àb 1941 ¶wJmoñbmodr¶m(J « rg) BQ >br {H « $Q >‘Ü¶ oO‘©ZrZo {hgH$mdwZ KoVbo.

{’$Zb±‹S> (OwZ 1941 AmH¥$VrV)

gmo{d¶V Xoe{‘Ì amï´>o

O‘©ZrZo ~i>H$mdbobmy mJ

SCERT TELANGANA


naH$s¶ y mJ naV {‘i{dÊ¶mgmR>r {hQ>baZo Ohmb na{H$¶ YmoaU Adb§~[dbo. 1939 ‘Ü¶o{hQ>baZo nmob§S>da ñdmar Ho$br. ¶oWwZM Xþgè¶m ‘hm¶wÕmMo Vm|S> ’w$Q>bo.

¶wÕ OgOgo nwT>o gaHw$ bmJbo VgVgo O‘©Z gaH$maZo Aëng§»¶m§H$m§À¶m hË¶mH$m§S>mbm doJ{Xbm.

Xþgè¶m ‘hm¶wÕmÀ¶m N>m¶oVO‘©ZrV ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV ‘mZd hË¶mH$aÊ¶mV Ambr ¶mMo ’$brV åhUwZ¶wamonmV {d{eï> JQ>m§À¶m bmoH$m§Mogm‘w{hH$ hË¶m§H$m§S> KS>{dÊ¶mV Ambo.¶m ^¶§H$a Zag§hmamV 60, 000, 000(H$moQ>r) Á¶y 2,000, 000 (bmI)Orßgr, 10, 000, 000 nmob§S>Mo ZmJarHR>ma Pmbo Va gÎma hOma O‘©Z bmoH$m§Zm ‘mZ{gH$ Am{U emararH$ {dH$bm§JËd Amgo ¶mV XhmhOma ñd[b§J g§nH$© H$aUmao bmoH$hr gm{‘b hmoVo. gm{edm¶ AZoH$ amO{H$¶ à{V ñnYu {d{dYYm{‘©H$ ZoVo, àOm ¶m§Mm g‘mdoe Amho. àOobm ‘maÊ¶mgmR>r ZmPr bmoH$m§Zr ZdZì¶m nÕVtMmemoY bmdbm. CXm. A°¹$sñQ>gma»¶m hË¶m H|$ÐmV ~§X ImobrV eoH$S>mo bm§oH$m§Zm H$m|Sw>Z {dfmar dm¶wgmoS>bm Om¶Mm Ë¶m‘wio VS>’$Sw>Z Ord gmoS>V hmoVo.

Xþgao _hm wÜX (Second World War – 1939-1945)

àIa amï´>r¶dmX, bîH$aemhr, ahñ¶‘¶ H$ama hr Xþgè¶m ‘hm¶wÕmV XoIrb H$maUo hmoV. ¶mgmo~VM Xþgè¶m ‘hm¶wÕmMo {deof g§X © ImbrbXoIrb hmoVo.

ìh©¶mgMm H$ama

gZ 1919 gmbr ìhgm©¶À¶m H$amamÝd¶o n{hë¶m ‘hm¶wÕmMr gm§JVm Pmbr. XoemVrb3/4 bmoH$m§Moà{V{ZYrËd H$aUmè¶m 32 bmoH$m§Zm ¶m g og mJ KoD$Z Amnmnbr ‘Vo ‘m§S>bm. Ë¶m H$miÀ¶m 5 ‘moR>çm{dO¶r amï>m§Zr (A‘o[aH$m, {~«Q>Z, ’«$m§g, BQ>br Am{U OmnmZ) ¶m§Zr AmV mJ KoVbm. na§Vw gmå¶dmXra{e¶mgh nam yV amï>o (O‘©Zr, Am°pñQ>¶m, g~u¶m Aem amï>m§Zm n[afXog {Z‘§ÌrV H$aÊ¶mV Ambo Zmhr.¶m‘wio OmJ{VH$ em§VVogmR>rÀ¶m MMo©V ¶m Xoem§À¶m n¶m©¶mZo OZV|Mr ‘Vo J«mø YaÊ¶mV Ambr ZmhrV.¶m‘wio ìhgm©¶Mm H$ama Am‘À¶mda O~aXñVrZo Q>mH$Ê¶mV Amë¶mMr ^mdZm {Z‘m©U Pmbr. ¶mH$amamVrb AQ>tMo nmbZ H$aUo Amåhmbm ~§YZH$maH$ Zmhr, Ago O‘©ZrZo åhQ>ë¶mg AmíM¶© dmQ>Uogmhm{OH$ Amho. O‘©Zrbm H$‘Omoa H$aÊ¶mgmR>r H$amamÝd¶o {d{dY AQ>r bmXÊ¶mV Amë¶m. Ë¶mV g¡Ý¶

{hQ>baÀ¶m {gÕm§V Am{U Am{W©H$ {dYmZm§Mo’$brV åhUwZ Xþgao OmJ{VH$ ‘hm¶wÕ g§ {dboAgo åhUVm ¶oVo H$m¶?

“Zag§hma” Am{U A°¹$sS²>O gma»¶m ¶mVZm{e{~am{df¶r A{YH$ ‘m{hVr Jmoim H$am.‘m{hVr AmYmao EH$ {ZdoXZ V¶ma H$am.

SCERT TELANGANA


H$nmV, m¡Jmo{bH$ ~§YZo hr ‘w»¶ hmoVr, 1880 gmbr Am{’«$H$oV H$m{~O Ho$bobo àm§V dgmhVr 1871 gmbr’«$m§gH$Sw>Z KoVbobo Abgog Am{U bmoaoZo gmaIo ¶wamonr¶ àm§V O‘©Zrbm gmoS>Ê¶mg mJ nmS>Ê¶mV Ambo.Ë¶mZ§Va O‘©ZrÀ¶m g¡{ZH$ g§»¶oV 9,00,000 (ZD$ bj) déZ 1,00,000 (EH$ bj) EdT>r H$‘rH$aÊ¶mV Ambr. nmU~wS>çm (g~‘arZ) aX²X Ho$ë¶m. Obm§VJ©V ‘mè¶m H$aUmè¶m Aem AZoH$ OmMH$ AQ>rbmXÊ¶mV Amë¶m.

amï´>g§KmMo An¶e

^{dî¶mV nwÝhm {dZmeH$mar Aer ¶wÕo hmoD$ Z¶o åhUwZ amï>g§KmMr ñWmnZm H$aÊ¶mV Ambr. ¶mVhra{e¶m d O‘©ZtZm gm‘rb H$aÊ¶mV Ambo Zmhr. ¶m g§KmÀ¶m {Z‘uVr ‘Ü¶o VËH$mbrZ A‘oarH$m amï>mÜ¶jdwS´>mod {dëgZ ¶m§Zr ‘hËdmMr w{‘H$m ~Omdbr, Ago AgVm§Zmhr Ë¶m§À¶m àñVmdmbm A‘o{aH$Z H$§mJ«og(nmb©‘|Q>) Mr ‘mÝ¶Vm {‘imbr Zgë¶mZo ¶m g§KmMo gXñ¶Ëd A‘o[aHo$bmhr {‘imbo Zmhr. Ë¶m‘wio ¶mamï> g§KmVrb gdm}Îm‘ H$mbmdYr gZ 1934 À¶m Amgnmg 58 gXñ¶M hmoVo. g§¶wº$ gwajm ¶m VËdmÛmamMMm©, ~mobUr ¶mVwZ Xoem-Xoem‘Yrb g‘ñ¶m§Mm CbJS>m H$aUo ¶m‘wio e³¶Vmo ¶wÕo Q>miVm ¶oVrb. AgmAmemdmXmMm ‘mJ© hmoVm. ¶mM ~amo~a Amamo½¶, H$m‘, H$ë¶mU, ¶m joÌmV {dH$mgmgmR>r H$m§hr g§ñWm Xoem-Xoem§Vrb dmXmgmR>r Am§Vaamï>r¶ Ý¶m¶mb¶mMr ñWmnZm gwÕm Ho$br.

amï´>g§KmÀ¶m ~imda AZoH$ Anojm hmoË¶m. ¶mVwZ H$m§hrVar gmÜ¶ hmoB©b Ago dmQ>bo. na§Vw O‘©Zr,BQ>br ¶m Xoem§Zm AmH«$‘UmnmgwZ amoIÊ¶mV ‘mÌ amîQ´>g§Kmbm ¶e Ambo Zmhr.

AÝ¶m¶m{déÕ O‘©ZrMm hþ §H$ma

n{hë¶m OmJ{VH$ ‘hm¶wÕmV 1919 gmbr O‘©ZrMm nam^d Pmbm. ¶mMo H$maU XmIdwZ {‘Ì amï>m§ZrO‘©ZrMo H$m¶‘Mo IƒrH$aU H$aÊ¶mMm à¶ËZ {dO¶r amîQ´>m§Zr Ho$bm. Ë¶m Ñï>rZoM dgm©„gMm H$amabmXÊ¶mV Amë¶mMr mdZm O‘©Z bomH$m§V {Z‘m©U Pmbr. ¶m H$amamMo nmbZ H$aUo åhUOo Jwbm‘JrarH$aUo, nËH$maUo hmo., Aer mdZm O‘©Z bmoH$m§V {Z‘m©U Pmbr. ¶m‘wio g§nwU© O‘©ZrV ~bdmZ {damoYrbmQ> {Z‘m©U Pmbr, àIa ~Xë¶mÀ¶m mdZobm {hQ>baÀ¶m ZmPr njmZo hdm {Xbr, ¶wÕm‘wio Zï> PmbobonwÝhm {‘idmdo. Am¶wYo, àm§V, y mJ naV ¿¶mdm. VgoM ZmPr njmÀ¶m ZoV¥ËdmImbr O‘©ZrVAënH$mimV àM§S> ‘moR>r àJVr Pmbr. Ad¿¶m H$m§hr dfm©V O‘©Zr OJmV Aìdb XOm©Mo amï´ ~Zbo.àM§S> ¶wÕ gm‘J«r Am{U gwg‚m g¡Ý¶ O‘©ZrÀ¶m ‘XVrbm V¶ma am{hbo.

gmå¶dmX Am{U a{e¶m - ^rVr

n{hë¶m ‘hm¶wÕmÀ¶m g‘már Z§Va g§nwU© ¶wamonmV EH$M hmhmH$ma ‘mObm. g§nwU© H$m‘Jma dJ©gmå¶dmXmH$S>o AmH$fubr Jobm. Ë¶mMm OJâ ~mob~mbm hmoD$ bmJbm. g§nwU© ¶waomnmV em§VVoMo OmoaXma dmao

SCERT TELANGANA


dmhþ bmJbo. Ë¶mbm àOoH$Sw>Zhr ‘moR>m gÝ‘mZ {‘iw bmJbm. 1917 ‘Ü¶o a{e¶mV amÁ¶H«$m§Vr PmbrË¶mVwZ VoWo gmå¶dmXr gaH$maMr {Z‘uVr Pmbr. gZ 1922 gmbr ¶wZmBQ>oS> gmo{d¶V gmoepëgQ> [anãbrH$(USSR) Mo JR>Z H$aÊ¶mV Ambo. {~«Q>oZ gma»¶m nmíMmË¶ Xoem§Zohr a{e¶mVrb H«$m§Vr BVa XoemVg§H«$‘rV hmoD$Z Ë¶mÀ¶m Pim {~«Q>Z gma»¶m m§S>dbemhr Xoembm ~gob åhUwZ {~«Q>ZZo H$mhr H$mi{hQ>babm nmRt~m XoV Ë¶mbm AàË¶jnUo ghH$mamMr y{‘H$m KoVbr. Am{U {hQ>babm Iwf R>odÊ¶mH$S>oM{~«Q>ZMm H$bm hmoVm.

VËH$m{bZ H$maU

Xþgè¶m ‘hm¶wÕmMo VËH$m{bZ H$maU åhUOo 1 gßQ>|~a 1939 amoOr O‘©ZrZo nmob§S>da AmH«$‘U Ho$bo.d nmob§S>bm ¶m ¶wÕmVrb {ejm åhUwZ Ë¶m§Zr S>°Z{PJ hm mJ O‘©Zrbm XoD$Z Q>mH$mdm Aer AQ> KmVbr.nmob§S>darb {dO¶ hm EH$ N>moQ>m bîH$ar {dO¶ Amho Ago {hQ>baMo ‘V hmoVo. na§Vw nmob§S>Mm B§½bS>~amo~a bîH$ar H$ama Agë¶m‘wio nmob§S>À¶m ~mOwZo B§½b§S> d ’«$m§g ho XoIrb ¶wÕmV CVabo. d Xþgè¶m‘hm¶wÕmMr gwédmV Pmbr.

’°$grñQ> Xoe EH$Ì Ambo d EH$‘oH$m§Zm g¡Ý¶ eº$sMr ‘XV XoD$ bmJbo. d ømVwZ {‘Ì amï> B§½b§S>,’«$m§g, A‘o[aH$m, a{e¶m {déÕ O‘©Zr, BQ>br, OmnmZ eÌw JQ> ¶m§À¶mV ¶wÕ gwé Pmbo. O‘©ZrZo 1941‘Ü¶o A‘o[aHo$Vrb nb© hm~©a ¶m ~§Xamda h„m Ho$bm. d 1942 ‘Ü¶o {hQ>baZo a{e¶mda AmH«$‘UH$aÊ¶mMo R>a{dbo. Ë¶m‘wio A‘o[aH$m Am{U a{e¶mZo, OnmZ Am{U O‘©Zr {déÕ ¶wÕ nwH$mabo.

nam^d Am{U A§V1943 gmbr ñQ°>mbrZ J«mS>À¶m ¶wÕmV O‘©ZrMm nam^d Pmbm, ¶mnwdu O‘©Z g¡Ý¶mbm

{dO¶mMr MQ>H$ bmJbr hmoVr. ¶wÕmÀ¶m Ama§ rbm O‘©Z ZmPr g¡Ý¶ EHo$H$ àXoe qOH$V Jobo.Ë¶mMdoir ^¶§§H$a ZmPr g¡Ý¶mnmgwZ ‘wº$Vm XoUmao XþV åhUwZ ¶wamonmV a{e¶Z g¡Ý¶mMo ‘moR>oñdmJV H$aÊ¶mV Ambo, A§{V‘V… ñQ>m{bZ J«mS>À¶m AIoaÀ¶m ¶wÕmV O‘©Z g¡Ý¶ nam yV Pmbo.a{e¶Z g¡Ý¶mZo amOYmZr ~{b©Z‘Ü¶o n«doe Ho$bm a{e¶Z g¡Ý¶mnmgwZ dmMÊ¶mgmR>r {hQ>baZoahñ¶‘¶ {R>H$mUr à¶mU H$éZ Amnë¶m OdiÀ¶m {‘Ìm§gh AmË‘hË¶m Ho$br. eodQ>r O‘©ZrMr{d^mJUr XmoZ mJmV H$aÊ¶mV Ambr. O‘©ZrMm nwd© mJ ñd§V§Ì àOmgÎmmH$ åhUwZ a{e¶mÀ¶m{Z¶§ÌUmImbr Ambm Va npíM‘oMm ^mJ ñdV§Ì g§K åhUwZ A‘o[aHo$À¶m {Z¶§ÌUmImbr Ambm.

nwd}H$S>rb {hamoer‘m, ZmJmgmH$s ¶m eham§da A‘o[aHo$Zo ^¶§H$a g§hmaH$ Aem AÊdóm§Mmdmna Ho$bm. Am{U OnmZZo eaUmJVr nËH$mabr. A‘o[aH$Z g¡Ý¶mZo OnmZ nmXmH«$m§V Ho$bo.

SCERT TELANGANA


VWm{n OnmZr bmoH$m§À¶m BÀN>oà‘mUo amOn[admamMo loð>Ëd H$m¶‘ Ho$bo Am{UB§Jb§S>gmaIr amOnardmamMr gÎmm {Z‘m©UHo$br. VoWrb g§gX (DIET) O~m~XmagaH$mMr y{‘H$m ~OmdÊ¶mg A‘o[aH$oZo ‘XVHo$br.

nam^yV ZmPr g¡Ý¶m{YH$mar, ZoË¶m§ZmnH$Sw>Z Ý¶aoZ~J© ¶oWo IQ>bo Mmb{dÊ¶mV AmboË¶mVwZM Ý¶waoZ~J© Ý¶m¶mb¶mZo 11 Hw$»¶mVZmPr g¡Ý¶m{YnVrZm Xohm§VmMr {ejm {Xbr.Va AZoH$ bmoH$m§Zm OÝ‘R>onoMr {ejm XoÊ¶mVAmbr. AIoa Ý¶m¶ {‘imbm nU ZmPr ZoË¶m§MrH«w$aVm, AmH$S>odmar nm{hbr Va Ë¶m§Zm{‘imbobr {ejm ’$maM Aën hmoVr. n{hë¶m

ZH$mem - 2 : OnmZÀ¶m {Z¶§ÌUmImbrb àXoe

{MÌ. 12.9 OnmZÀ¶m ZmJmgmH$s ehamda Q>mH$Ê¶mV Amboë¶mAUw~må~, ¶mg§~§YrMr bmoH$ {MÌo nmR>mÀ¶m eEdQ>r AmhoV.

SCERT TELANGANA


‘hm¶wÕmZ§Va O‘©Zrer Á¶m H$R>moanUo dmJÊ¶mV Ambo hmoVo, Ë¶mMà‘mUo AmVmhr dmJmdo, Ago{‘Ì Xoem§Zm dmQ>bo Zmhr. dmñVdrH$ nmhVm ¶wÕmZ§Va O‘©Zr Am{U OnmZMr AW© ì¶dñWmH$mob‘S>br. Vr nwÝhm gmdamdr åhUwZ ‘me©b ¶moOZo VhV A‘o[aH$m ghmæ¶mgmR>r nwT>o Ambr Vanwd© ¶wao{n¶Z Xoem§À¶m nwZ©{Z‘m©UmgmR>r gmo{d¶V g§KmZo hmV nwT>o Ho$bm.

OmJ{VH$ ¶wÕo… H$mhr H$Qw> gË¶oOmJ{VH$ ¶wÕm§Mm n[aUm‘ amO{H$¶ n[apñWVr, g‘mO Am{U OJmÀ¶m AW© ì¶dñWoda

Pmbm. ho Imbrb à‘mUo {Xbo AmhoV.{hamo{e‘m Am{U ZmJmgmH$s ¶m§À¶mdarb {dÜdg§H$ hë¶mZo 20 ì¶m eVH$mMm AYm© eodQ>

Pmbm. g§¶wº$ amï> g§KmÀ¶m ñWmnZoZo Amem ~imdë¶m. n{hë¶m ‘hm¶wÕmZ§Va amOoemhr gm‘«mÁ¶mMmA§V Pmbm. Xþgè¶m ‘hm¶wÕmZ§Va {~«Q>Z, ’«$mÝg, OnmZ, BQ>br Am{U O‘©ZrÀ¶m dgmhV gm‘«mÁ¶mMmA§V Pmbm. 1950 À¶m gw‘mamg maV, MrZ, B§S>moZo{e¶m, {d¶VZm‘, B{Oá, Zm¶Oo[a¶m B. XoeñdV§Ì Pmbo. ¶wÕmÀ¶m n{hbo {~«Q>Z ‘moR>m e{º$embr Xoe hmoVm na§Vw AmVm Xþgè¶m H«$‘m§H$mMme{º$embr Xoe Pmbm. OJmnwT>o XmoZ ‘moR>o e{º$embr Xoe EH$Ì Pmbo. - a{e¶m Am{U A‘o[aH$m{hQ>baÀ¶m ¶wÕ y{‘Ho$‘wio a{e¶mMo àM§S> ZwH$gmZ Pmbo. Am{U hiw hiw AW©ì¶dñWm nwÝhm V¶maH$amdr bmJbr. VWm{n Ë¶mÀ¶m {dO¶mÀ¶m ‘mZmZo OJmV Ë¶mMr à{Vð>m Iwn dmT>br. AmVm‘moRr g‘mOdmXr N>mdUr V¶ma H$aÊ¶mgmR>r gw§wwnwU© nwd© ¶wamon Am{U MrZer OmoS>bo Jobo.

{MÌ. 12.10 AÊdmó hë¶m nwdu d hë¶m Z§VaMo ZmJmgmH$s ehamMo {MÌ

SCERT TELANGANA


àM§S> ‘mZdr IM©

AmVmn¶ªV OJmZo nm{hbobo AZoH$ ¶wÕmnojm hr XmoÝhr OmJ{VH$ ‘hm¶wÕo doJir hmoVr. ¶mXmoZ ¶wÕm§‘wio An[a‘rV {dÎm Am{U Ord hmUr Pmbr. Or A yVnwd© hmoVr. bmoH$ R>ma PmboPmbr, n{hë¶m§Xm 10 {‘br¶Z ¶mV bmoH$ ‘¥Ë¶w ‘wIr nS>bo, Va Xþgè¶m ‘hm¶wÕmV 20 Vo 25{‘br¶Z bmoH$ ‘¥Ë¶w ‘wIr nS>bo. Ë¶m‘Ü¶o 40 dfmªÀ¶m AmVrb nwéfm§Mr g§»¶m OmñV hmoVr.OmJ{VH$ ‘hm¶wÕmZ§Va àmUKmVH$ eóm§Mr, {deofVm AmpÊdH$ Am{U amgm¶{ZH$ eóm§Mr ñnYm©gwé Pmbr. g§nwU© OJ AmOhr Aem e§ómMm AmH$pñ‘H$ dmnam‘wio hmoUmam ‘mZd OrdZmMm{dZme ¶m {^Vr‘Ü¶o OJV Amho. ¶m XmoZ hr ‘hm¶wÕmV ^maV Xoe B§J«OmÀ¶m ìhmB©gam°¶ À¶mAmXoemZygma g‘m{dR>… Pmbm ^maVr¶m§Zm ¶mV H$gbmhr gëbm {dMmabm Jobm Zmhr. ^maVr¶g ¡ Ý¶ mbm B §J «OrÀ¶mbT>Ê¶mgmR>r Am{’«$H$m-¶wamond X{jU-nyd© Am{e¶mVnmR>{dÊ¶mV Ambm. nm{hë¶m‘hm¶ wÕmV OdiOdi75,000 ^maVr¶ g¡{ZH$‘mabo Jobo Va Xþgè¶m‘hm¶wÕmV 87,000 g¡{ZH$H$‘r Amho.

¶m ¶wÕm‘wio Ho$di‘Zwî` hmZrM Zht VaAm{W©H$ KS>r {dH$grVAmbmV VgoM D$Z YmÝ¶mMmnwIR>m g¡Ý¶mgmR>r dmT>dÊ`mVAmbm. 1943 Ambm. ~§Jmb‘Ü¶ o nS >b oë¶m {^fUXþî`H$mimMo à‘wI H$maUhmoVo, Á¶m ‘wio bmImo bmoH$‘¥Ë¶w‘wIr nS>bo.

bmoH$emhrMr VËdo Democratic Principles Asserted

bmoH$emhr {damoYr gaH$manmgwZ H$m¶ ZwH$gmZ hmoVo ho OJmZo nm{hbo. ¶m‘wio bmoH$emhr gaH$maAgmdo ¶mda OZ‘VmMo EH$‘V Pmbo. Ë¶mMr Amdí¶H$Vm dmTw> bmJbr. n{hë¶m ‘hm¶wÕmZ§VaAZoH$ gm‘«mÁ¶m§Mm AñV Pmbm. (Am°ñQ>mo-h§Jo[a¶Z, a{e¶Z,AmoÅ>mo‘mZ, O‘©Z AmXr) a{e¶mgma»¶mXoemV gmå¶dmXmMm CX¶ Pmbm. Va O‘©Zr gmaIm Xoe EH$m{YH$ma emhr H$Sw>Z bmoH$emhr

Source: Lesser RB et al State of the World 1999 A WorldWatch report on Progress towards a Sustainable Society(London Earthscan publication, 1999).

eodQ>Mm ñV§ XaZmar{H$VMr bmoH$ ‘S>Ë¶w‘wIr nS>br¶mMr ‘m{hVr XoVmo. hm H$mbmdYr eVH$mMm (e§ a df©)Amho, åhUOo 16 ì¶m eVH$mV 4% nojm H$‘r Va 20 ì¶meVH$mV 4.5% nojm OmñV bmoH$ ‘¥Ë¶w ‘wwIm nS>br

Graph 1 : War related deaths 1500 - 1999 EC

SCERT TELANGANA


‘mJm©da Mmbw bmJbo. Q>H$s© XoemV AmoÅ>mo‘mZ gm‘«mÁ¶mMm Om½¶mda bmoH$emhr gaH$ma ñWmnZPmbo. Y‘© {Zanoj amï> ñWmnZ Pmbo. V¶oM n{hë¶m OmJ{VH$ ‘hm¶wÕmÀ¶m H$mimV AZoH$ñWmbm§VarV bmoH$m§gmR>r VoWrb H$m¶‘ gaH$mam§Zr ¶m ñWbm§VarVm§Mo ‘hËd OmUwZ Ë¶m§À¶m CËWmZmgmR>rEH$ÌrV {dH$mg H$aÊ¶mMo R>>a{dÊ¶mV Ambo.Xþgè¶m ‘hm¶wÕmÀ¶m g‘márZ§Va dgmhVdmÚm§ZrhrdgmhVm§Zm ñdmV§Í¶ XoÊ¶mÀ¶m CÔoemZo hmbMmbr àma§ Ho$bm. Am{e¶m, Am{’«$H$m ¶m I§S>mVrbAZoH$ Xoem§Zr ñdmV§Í¶mÀ¶m ÑîQ>rZo hmbMmbr àma§ Ho$bm. H$m§hr Xoem§Mr {Z{‘©Vr hr Pmbr.

A{YH$ma g‘Vwë¶mV ~Xb

n{hë¶m ‘hm¶wÕmÀ¶m g‘márZ§Va O‘©Zr, Am°ñQ>mo-h§Jo[a¶Z, a{e¶Z, Q>H$s©e gm‘«mÁ¶mMmAñV Pmbm. ho AmnU OmUwZ KoVbo. ‘Ü¶ Am{U nwd© ¶wamonÀ¶m ^mJmV amï´>dmX, Am{W©H$nm¶mâUr, g¡{ZH$ gwajm AmXrZwgma {d^mJUr nwÝhm Pmbr. Xþgè¶m ‘hm¶wÕmÀ¶m g‘márZ§VaEHo$H$miÀ¶m dgmhVr Xoem§Zr ñdmV§Í¶ {‘idyZ OJmÀ¶m ZH$memV ZdrZ ñWmZ {‘i{dbo.

‘{hbm§Zm ‘VXmZmMm h¸$‘VXmZmgma»¶m AË¶§V ‘hËdmÀ¶m amO{H$¶ h¸$mgmR>r ‘{hbm§Zr à{XK©H$mi bT>m {Xë¶m

Z§Va gZ 1918 ‘Ü¶o ‘{hbm§Zm ‘VXmZmMm h¸$ XoÊ¶mV Ambm. OmJ{VH$ ¶wÕm à‘mUoM à{XK©H$miMmbUmè¶m ¶wÕH$mimV Am¡Úmo{JH$ CËnmXZ, BVa godm H$m¶‘ Mmbë¶m nm{hOoV.nwéf ‘§S>ir ¶wÕy{‘da Agë¶mZo H$maImZo, XþH$mZo, H$m¶m©b¶o, ñd¶§godr g§ñW|Mr H$m‘o, é½Umb¶o, emim Aí¶m gd©

{R>H$mUr ‘{hbm§Zm H$m‘ H$aÊ¶mMr JaO {Z‘m©U Pmbr. g§nXm, AmË‘{dídmgmV àM§S> dmT> Pmë¶mZoOrdZmVrb AZoH$ ~m~VrV ‘{hbm§Zm g‘mZVoMr OmoS> {‘imdr. ¶mVM ‘VXmZmMm h¸$ {‘imë¶mZo‘moR>rM CnbãYr åhUmdr bmJVo.

Zì¶m Am§Vaamï´ >r¶ g§ñWmn{hë¶m ‘hm¶wÕmÀ¶m g‘márZ§Va OmJ{VH$ em§VVoMo à¶ËZ Pmbo. Ë¶mVwZM amï> g§KmMr

{Z‘m©Vr Pmbr. Va Xþgè¶m ‘hm¶wÕmZ§Va g§¶wº$ amï> g§Kmbm {Z‘uVr Pmbr. Mma à‘wI d¡{eîQ>çgh{Z‘m©U Pmbobr, g§¶wº$ amï> åhUOoM OmJ{VH$ gaH$ma hmo¶. em§VVoMm ñWmnZm H$aUo, ‘mZdrh¸$m§Mr g§ajU H$aUo, Am§Vaamï>r¶ H$m¶ÚmMo g§ajU H$aUo VWm gm‘m{OH$ àJVrbm JVr XoUo,~mbH$m§Mm AË¶mdí¶H$ {ZYr (¶wZrgo’-$ UNICEF), {ejU, {dkmZ Am{U gm§ñH¥$ VrH$(¶wZoñH$mo-UNESCO) OmJ{VH$ Amamo½¶ g§ñWm (S>ãë¶w.EM.Amo-WHO) H$m‘Jma g§KQ>Zm (Am¶.Eb.Amo-ILO)

¶m gma»¶m AZoH$ g§ñWm§Ûmam g§¶wº$ amï>g§K H$m‘ H$arV Amho. ¶m‘Yrb H$m§hr g§ñWm{df¶r VwåhrEoH$bo AgobM. Ago Agbo Var A‘oo[aH$m, a{e¶m ¶m.

SCERT TELANGANA


‘hËdmMo eãX1. Am¡Úmo{JH$ ^m§S>dbemhr 2. ZmPrO‘ 3. Ohmb amï´>dmX4. bîH$arH$aU 5. ’°$grP‘ 6. gm‘«mÁ¶dmX7. g‘mOdmX 8. gmå¶dmX 9. H«$m§Vr10. A{YH$mam§Mo H|$ÐrH$aU 11. ~moëeo{dH$

Vw‘À¶m Aä¶mgmMr nwZamd¥Îmr H$am.

1. OmJ{VH$ ‘hm¶wÕmVrb Ajamï>o, {‘Ì amï>o Am{U VQ>ñW amï>o ¶mMr {d^mJUr H$aUmam Vº$m Xe©dma{e¶m, O‘©Zr, {~«Q>Z, ’«$m§g, OmnmZ, BQ>br, A‘o[aH$m..

2. OJmVrb ‘hm¶wÕm Xaå¶mZ amï>r¶ amÁ¶, amï>r¶ËdmMr mdZm, ¶m ¶wÕmgmR>r H$em àoarV H$aUmè¶mhmoË¶m Ë¶m Vo gm§Jm.

3. XmoÝhr ‘hm¶wÕm g§X^m©V g§jrá ‘m{hVr {bhm. OJmV H$moUË¶m Var XoemV hr n[añWrVr AmVmAmho H$m¶? H$moUË¶m énmV, Vo MMm© H$am.

4. a{e¶Z amÁ¶ H«$m§VrZo g‘mOmV AZoH$ ~Xb AmUbo. Vo H$moUVo? Ë¶m§Zm oS>gmdboë¶m g‘ñ¶mH$moUË¶m?

5. OmJ{VH$ ‘hm‘§Xr g§X^m©V {d{dY dmX-{ddmXm§Mr VwbZm H$am? ¶mVrb H$gmer Vwåhr gh‘VAmhmV? H$maUo gm§Jm?

6. O‘©ZrV Á¶y bmoH$m§Zm H$í¶m àH$maÀ¶m ¶mVZm ghZ H$amì¶m bmJë¶m? àË¶oH$ XoemV {d{eï>bmoH$m§Mm Zag§hma H$m Ho$ë¶m OmVmo?

7. àM§S> Am{W©H$ ‘hm‘§XrÀ¶m H$mimV H$ë¶mUH$mar amÁ¶m§Zr Ho$ëmoë¶m Cnm¶ ¶moOZm H$moUË¶m? Voa{e¶mÀ¶m CXm. déZ H$obobo ~Xb Ë¶mVrb gmå¶ Am{U ’$aH$ ¶m§Mr VwbZm H$am?

8. Vrd« Am{W©H$ ‘hm‘§XrÀ¶m H$mimV O‘©Zr g‘moaÀ¶m g‘ñ¶m H$moUË¶m? ZmPr A{YZoVm {hQ>baZoË¶mMm H$gm Cn¶moJ H$éZ KoVbm.

9. nmZ H«$.169 _Yrc 1 am n[aÀN>oX _Yrc â wS>c O{_ZXma V`ma H$aÊ`mg a{e`m Zo à`ËZ Ho$cm,Ë`mda Vw_Mm A{^àm` gm§Jm?

10. nmZ H«$ 181 darc ZH$mem 2 nmhþZ Imcrc àíZm§Mo CÎmao Úm?i) OnmZÀ`m {Z §ÌUmImcr ZgUmao H$moUVohr XmoZ XoemMr Zmdo {chm?ii) OnmZÀ`m {Z §ÌUmV amhþZ Ë`m§Zm npíM_oH$S>rc XmoZ àXoem§Mr Zmdo gm§Jm?

11. OJmÀ`m ZH$memV Imcrc ñWio Xe©dm?i) O_©Zr ii) BQ>cr iii) AmñQ´>r`m iv) A_oarH$m v) MrZ vi) a{e`m vii) {~«Q>Z

12. wÜXo Q>miwZ em§Vrcm dmT>{dUmao H$mhr KmofdmŠ` V`ma H$am? MMm© H$am:

wÜXmV _¥Ë w _wIr nS>coë`mÀ`m Hw§$Qw>§~mMr n[apñWVr Ë`m§Zm moJmì`m cmJcoë`m XþIm{df`r dJm©VMMm© H$am. VgoM H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ dmX,^m§S>Uo VgoM JmdmVrc m§S>Um_wio, ZwH$gmZ Pmcoë`m§Zm emioV~mocmdwZ Ë`m§À`m XþI, H$ï>m {df`r MMm© H$am.

SCERT TELANGANA

gm_m{OH$ AÜ`m`Z186 dgmhVr: amîQ ´ >r` ñdmV§Í` MidirdgmhVr: amîQ ´ >r` ñdmV§Í` MidirdgmhVr: amîQ ´ >r` ñdmV§Í` MidirdgmhVr: amîQ ´ >r` ñdmV§Í` MidirdgmhVr: amîQ ´ >r` ñdmV§Í` Midir

YS>m

13{dXoer em{fV mJmZm Xe©{dUmam Vº$m Imcr

nmhm. 19 ì`m eVH$m§À`m doiog c°Q>rZ A_o[aH$m,Am{\«$H$m, Amer`m, Xoemda wamon Xoem§Zr H$go {Z §ÌUT>odco Ë`m {df`r AmnU 8 ì`m dJm©V Ë`mMm Aä`mgHo$cm Amho. hr Xoe Amnë`m ñdV§Í`mgmR>r Ho$coë`mCR>mdm {df`r m nmR>mV _m{hVr KoD$ m. ImcrcZH$memV {~«Q>U _Ü o {dXoer emgrV mJmV Om§ ima§J d \«$m§g g§~§YrV {Zim a§J d hm°coS> g§~§YrJìhmir a§J Amho. Am{e`m, Am{\«$H$mV H$mhr XoeñdV§Ì Agë`m gmaIoM AmhoV. ho wè`m a§JmV XmI{dë`m Jooco AmhoV. AmYw{ZH$ OJmÀ`m ZH$memV`m gd© Xoem§Zm AmoiIm Xe©dm.

dgmhVr: amîQ´>r` ñdmV§Í` Midir

{~«Q>Uer g§~§YrV {dXoer emgrV dgmhVrVrcEH$m ^mJmg d Am{\«o$Ho$V AmUIr EH$m^mJmg Xe©dm.hm°cS>mV AgUmè`m Am{e`m d Am{\«$H$mHoVrc {dXoer emgrV mJmg AmoiIm.\«$m§g_Ü o AgUmè`m EH$m Am{e`m d Am{\«$H$m^mJmg AmoiIm&H$moUË`m XoemV {dXoer emgrV mJ Zgcoë`mAm{e`mVrc XmoZ Xoem§Zm Am{\«$Ho$Vrc EH$Xoe Ago AmoiIm.AmñQ>o{c`m H$moUË`m Xoemer {dXoer emgrV^mJ Amho?

ZH$mem 1: 1914 _Yrc dmghVr ^mJ

(National Liberation Movements in the Colonies)

SCERT TELANGANA


MrZ gmaIr ñdV§Ì AgUmar Xoe Iao Va hm AZoH$ {dXoer nmcZmÀ`m {Z §ÌUmV Xoe Amho.d \$º$ ZmdmgmR>rM ñdV§Ì Xoe åhUwZ AmoiIVmV. m nmR>mV {dXoer emgZmÀ¶m Agbobo mJmVAgUmè`m J§ ra n[apñWVr {df`r d wamon XoemÀ`m {dXoer nmcUm {damoYmV Ë`m§À`m Am§XmocZm{df`r Aä`mg H$é `m. `m XoemV OmñV n«_mUmV AZoH$ ^mfm AZoH$ _V AgUmar {d{dY

àH$maMr cmoH$ amhV AgV. m gdmªZm AmnU gd©OZEH$mM OmVrMo Aer mdZm {dMma m§Zm oV Zmhr. m^mJmV gm§àXm`mZwgma nmcZ H$aUmao amOo, _hmamOo, hocmoH$emhr ñdV§Ì `m gma»`m ^mdZ§mZm Vo _XV H$aVZgV. Z{dZ Am§XmocZo gwédmV hmoV Agë`_wio wamon_Ü o CËnÞ hmoV Agcoco amï´>r`dmX comH$emhr dVgoM gm_m{OH$ dmX `m gma»`m Z{dZ ^mdZm§ZmcmoH$m§Mo àmoËgmhZ {_iw cmJco. H$mhr XoemVrc AZw dd {dXoer emgZ em{gV ^mJmV cmImo cmoH$m§À`m{OdZmVrc ~Xcmg g_OmdwZ KooUo mg Amnë`m XoemVrc

AZw dmer VwcZm H$éZ nmhþ `m.

MrZ : XomZ doJdoJio Q>ßno (China: two different phases )

20 ì`m eVH$mVrc àma§ r _M§w§d§e MH«$dVr ho MrZda àemgZ H$arV AgV. nU nmí`mË` {dXoeremgZ em{gV eº$s nmgwZ {MZÀ`m à`moOZmg dmMdÊ`mg aúmU XoÊ`mÀ`m n[apñWVrV Vo ZìhVo hr{dXoer àemgH $em{gV eº$s MrZ_Yrc {d{dY mJmV Amnë`m à^mdr mJmV X~md Q>mµHw$U H$_rà_mUmV µH$a aUo d {MZMo H$m`Xo m§Zm cmJw homV ZgV. g¡{ZH$ Xc Agë`m_wio gdcVr gmR>r {MZamOm§da X~md AmUV. Aem n[apñWVr_wio MrZ_Yrc n«emgZ nmcZ A{YH$mè`mÀ`m {damoYmV cmoH$m§VAg§Vmof dmT>V hmoVm. d cmoH$ Ë`mÀ`m {damoYr CR>md H$é cmJco àemgZ nmcZ A{YH$mar AZoH$ àH$maoË`m§Zm Xm~wZ Q>mH$Ê`mMm à`ËZ H$arV hmoVo.

JUV§Ì ñWmnZm (Establishing the Republic)

_§Mw gm_«m_mÁ`mMm nam^d H$éZ Hw$cXmogr gZ oQ>-goZ (Sun Yat-sen (1866-1925)

Amnë`m ZoV¥ËdmV 1911 _Ü o JUV§Ì amÁ`mMr ñWmnZ Ho$ë`m Jocr. gZ oQ> - goZZr `mgAmYw{ZH$ MrZ {Z_m©U H$Vm© Ago g_OVmV. Vmo Jar~ Hw§$Qw>§~mVrc hmoVmo. Ë`mZo {eH$coë`m{_eZar emioV {¼íMZ _Vmer d cmoH$emhr ^mdZmer Vmo à^m{dV Pmcm. Ë`mZo d¡Ú{H$èmómMm Aä`mg Ho$cm. nU {MZÀ`m {dî`mgmR>r Iwn qMVm H$arV Ago. MrZ g_ñ`m§Zm Ë`mZoAä`mg H$éZ Ë`mZo EH$ AmaIS>m `moOZm V`ma Ho$cr. Ë`mÀ`m `m H$m ©H«$_mg VrZ {gÜXmV

amï´>r`Vm mdZm åhUOo H$m`? Vr H$er{Z_m©U Pmcr? g_OwZ KoÊ`mgmR>r 9 ì`mdJm©Mo nwñVH$mMo nwÝhm EH$Xm dmMZ H$am?Ë`m XoemVrc gm§àXm` nmcZ H$V©oñdV§Í`mgmR>r cT>Vo AgVo Va H$em àH$maoamOH$s` ì`dñWm V`ma Pmcr AgVr?{dXoer nmcZ nmcrV ^mJmV H$moUVogm_m{OH$ dJ© ñdV§Í`mgmR>r cT>m XoD$cmJco? g_mZVm, cmoH$emhr m mdZmH$m Ë`m§Zm _hËdmÀ`m dmQw> cmJë`m?

SCERT TELANGANA


(Three Principles (San min chui)

åhUOo amîQ>r`dmX(nationalism) åhUOo{dXoe emgH$ g_Oë`m OmUmè`m _§Mwd§emg BVa {dXoer gm_«mÁ`dmX eº$sZmg§ndUo cmoH$emhr (democracy) åhUOocmoH$emhr gaH$ma ñWmnU H$aUo,gmå`dmX (socialism) åhUO oH$maImÊ`mda {Z §ÌU O_rZ ZgUmè`meoVH$è`mg O_rZ w_r XoÊ`mMr moOZm,_§Mw d§emg H$mTwU JUV§Ì KmofrV Ho$ë`mJoco Var gZ À`m ZoV¥ËdmImcr JUV§ÌgaH$ma ñWmnZ hmoD$ eH$co Zmhr. wÜX à w Aem ZmdmMo ~mocë`mOmUmao ñWm{UH$ g¡{ZH$mÀ`meº$sV Xoe hmoVmo.

Ë`m_wio gm_mOrH$ amOH$s` A{ZpíMVrMmcVM am{hcr dg©gë` em§Vr gôVrc{ZU© mMm {damoY H$arV 1919 _o 4 m {Xdgr{~qOJ _Ü o Ag§VmofmMo àXe©Z H$aÊ`mV Amco.àW_ _hm wÜXmV OmnmZ AmH«$_rV mJ MrZcm dmng Amcm Zmhr.`m Ag§VmofmMo m àXe©ZmMoénm§Va EH$m Am§XmocZmV Pmco. d _o 4 m {Xder Am§XmocZ åhUwZZmd XoÊ`mV Amco. OwÝ`m g§àXm`mg {damoY H$éZ AmYw{ZH$ {dkmZemó, cmoH$emhr, amï´>r`VmdmX, ìXmao {MZ nwT>o Omdo `m {XeoZAm§XmocZo gwé Pmcr. XoemÀ`m g§nÎmrZm {Z`Ì§U H$arV {dXoer`m§ZmhmH$mcwZ Úmdo. d Jar~r Xm[aÐ H$_r H$éZ Ag_mZVm H$_rH$aÊ`mgmR>r Am§XmocZ H$V} nwT>o oD$ cmJco. gmYmaU mfm, {cnrMmdmna HaUo, _{hcmda Owcw_, _wctÀ`m nm`m§Zm ~m§YUo (_wctÀ`mnm`mMm nwU© {dH$mg Z hmoD$ XoVm Ë`mda {Z §ÌU H$aÊ`mMr H$R>moagmà§Xm`) m gma»`m gm§àXm`mMm {damoY H$aUo {ddmhmV g_mZVmd Jar~rMm A§V H$aÊ`mgmR>r Am{W©H$ {dH$mg `m gma»`m `moOZmË`m§Zr V`ma Ho$ë`m.

JUV§Ì Am§XmocZm Z§Va Xoe EH$ àH$maÀ`m g§H$Q> pñWVrV

wdm {MZ ho OwÝ`m gmà§Xm`mg d {dXoer eº$sMmH$m {damoY H$é cmJco?Aem àH$maÀ`m KQ>Zm ^maVmV KS>ë`m H$m?Am{U Ho$ìhm?

{MÌ 13.1 : _o 4 `m {Xdgm§Mo cmoH§$mMo Ag§VmofmMo àXe©Z

{MÌ 13. 2AmédmVr H$mimVr q^Vrdarcn{ÌH$m: OwÝ`m OJmg Zï> H$éZ Zì`mOJmMr

{Z_uVr H$é Ago Xe©{dVo.

SCERT TELANGANA


Amcm. Xoemg EH$Ì AmUÊ`mgmR>r gwpñWaVm AmUÊ`mgmR>r n« ËZ H$aUmè`m _w»` eº$scm EH$Jw moq_S>rJ (Guomindang (the National People’s Party also called KMT) {MZ H$å w{ZñQ>nmQ>u (Chinese Communist Party (CCP) {Z_m©U Pmë`m, JwS>mo_rS>tJÀ`m amOH$s` {gÜXm§VmggZ oQ>-goZ(Sun Yat-sen’s)`m§À`m ^mdZmMm à^m{dV Pmë`m. AÞ, dñÌ, {Zdmam Am{UXiUdiU ho gd© Mma _w»` _hËdmÀ`m JaOm åhUwZ Ë`m§Zr Ë`m§Mr AmoiI Ho$cr. gZ oQ> - goZ_¥Ë w nmdë`m Z§Va JwWo_rS>tJ Zm`H$ d {M`m°J H¡$eoH$ (Chiang Kaishek (1887-1975) ho{ZdS>ë`m Joco. A{YH$mè`m§Zm hñVJV Ho$coë`m wÜX à w d ñWm{ZH$ Zm`H$m§À`m {damoYmVH$å w{ZñQ>mZm Zmhrgo H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`mZo g¡{ZH$s H$m ©dmhr H$aÊ`mg gwédmV Ho$cr. Xoemgg¡{ZH$ {XeoZ didÊ`mgmR>r Ë`mZo à`ËZ Ho$cm. gd© cmoH$ {_iwZ H$m_H$aÊ`mMr ghO gd`rVdmT> H$aÊ`mÀ`m à`ËZ Ho$cm.

JwWo_tS>tJMm g_m{OH$ nm`m ehar ^mJmV hmoVm. H$maImÊ`mVrc àJVr hr _§X n«_mUmVhmoVr. AmYw{ZH$ àJVrMo _w»` H|$Ð eKm§gma»`m ZJamV 1919 m dfu 5 cmI EdT>mH$m_Jma dJ© {Z_m©U Pmcm. Va mV Iwn H$_rà_mUmV OhmO {Z_m©U gma»`m AmYw{ZH$H$maImÊ`mV Ë`m§Zm Zm¡H$è`m {_imë`m. `mVOmñV à_mUmV _Ü`dJu d ehamV amhUmao

hmoVo {g`mdmo {e_mU(‘petty urbanites’ (xiao shimin) Zo AmoiIë`m OmUmar ì`mnmar XþH$mZXmahmoVo. ehamÀ`m H$m_Jam§Zm {deof åhUOo {ó`m§Zm \$ma H$_r à_mUmV nJma {_iV Ago VoH$m_Jma g§KQZoV gm_rc Pmco. H$m_mMm doi OmñV AgV EdT>oM Zmhr Va H$m_mMr n[apñWVr\$ma {~H$mQ>Mr Iam~ hmoVr. ñdV§ÌVm AmXa d _{hcm h¸$m {df`r g_mUVm Aem àH$maMo{dMma Hww$Qw>§~mV {Z_m©U H$é cmJco. ào_m{df`r {dMma H$aUo d MMm© H$aUo § mMr MMm© gwédmVHo$ë`m Jocr. nmR>emcm, {díd{dÚmc`mMm {dñVma Pmë`m_wio ( noH$s¨J {díd{dÚmc` 1902_Ü o ñWmnZ Pmco. (Peking University was established in 1902) gm_m{OH$ g§ñH¥$VrH$~Xcmg AdH$me {_iw cmJcm. m Z{dZ {dMmaYmamH$S>o AmH$fuV H$aÊ`mH$S>o nÌH$marVm H$S>oAmH$fuV Pmco.

{M`m§J (Chiang) gm§àXm` dmXr mÀ`m _Vo {ó`m§ m KamV nwaVoM _`m©XrV AmhoV. Ë`m§ZrgÎmrËd én ~mcoUo d H$m_ m Mma Mm§Jë`m JwUmda Ë`m§Zr lÜXm R>odmdr Ago Ë`mg dmQ>V hmoVo.ór`m dmnamd`mÀ`m dñVw m {H$Vr cm§~ Agmì`mV mMr nU {e\$mag Ë`mZo Ho$cr. H$maImÊ`mVrc_mcH$mÀ`m _XVrZo Ë`mZo H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm Zï> H$aÊ`mMm nU à`ËZ Ho$cm. Jw o{_§S>mJ nmQ>u

`m H$mimV {Z_m©U Pmcoë`m _w»` amOH$r` nmQ>uH$moUË`m AmhoV?`m gma»`m H$m`m©V H$moU H$moU gXñ` AmhoV?Ë`m§À`m {dMmamZwgma gm_m{OH$ Am{W©H$ ~XcmMoH$m` ñdén hmoVo?

SCERT TELANGANA


Amnë`m g§Hw$MrV d gm_m{OH$Vm {dXoeramOH$s` XþaÑï>r H$_VaVo _wio XemoV EH$VmAmUÊ`mV Vmo eñdr Pmcm. gZ oQ> -goZ`m§À`m H$m ©H«$_mVrc _w»` _wÔm Jw§VdUwH$sda{Z`ÌU, w_rMo g_mZ dmQ>n Aem m Ë`mÀ`m`moOZmZm Am_c Ho$ë`m Joco Zmhr. dmT>VAgcoë`m gm_m{OH$ Ag_mZVmg eoVH$è`mÀ`mnmQ>uZo nU VodT>o cúm {Xco Zmhr. OZVoVAgUmè`m g_ñ`m gmoS>dÊ`m EodOr Ë`mZog¡{ZH$m§Mm dmna H$éZ Ë`mZo em§Vr R>odÊ`mMmà`ËZ Ho$cm.

MrZ H$å w{ZñQ> núm (The Rise of the Communist Party of China)1937 _Ü o {MZda OmnmZZo X§S> cmdë`m _wio JwS>§o{_S>§J Zo _mJo nm` KoVco. gw{XK© wÜXm _wio

{MZ H$_Omoa Pmcm hmoVm. 1945-1949 _Ü` H$mimV qH$_VrV gw_mao 30% dmT> Pmcr. m_wiogd©gmYmaU cmoH$ Xþ~©c hmoD$ cmJco. Ë`m doiog {MZ Xoemg XmoZ {~H$Q> n[apñWVrg g_moa OmdocmJco. nm{hco O_rZrMm H$g H$_r hmoUo, Xþgam O§Jcr PmS>o H$mnUo Zï> H$aUo d VgoM _hmnwa`m gma»`m {dnË`m Xþgao H$mù`m w_r Vh{gc nÜXVrg, H$Om©Mm ma, nwamVZ gm§Ho$VrH$ {dkmZ{dH$mg, Pmcoë`m àgma _mÜ`_m ghrV gm_m{OH$ Am{W©H$ ~m~VrV.

a{e`m H«$m§Vr Z§Va H$mhr H$mimVM 1921 _Ü o {MZ H$å w{ZñQ> nmQ>u (CCP) {Z_m©U Pmcr.a{e`mMm {dO`mMm n« md nwU© OJmda nS>cm. cwQ>_marMm A§V H$aÊ`mMm à§nM a gaH$ma ñWmnZH$aÊ`mgmR>r XoemVrc nS>Umao H$mo_rUQ>_©Ur d coUrZ gmaIo Zm`H$m§Zr 1918 _mM© _Ü o ñWmnZHo$co. {d{dY XoemVrc H$å w{ZñQ> nmQ>r©g gmodr`V w{Z`cm(Soviet Union) H$mo_rZQ>_©Zo _XV{Xcr. Va ehamVrc H$m_Jma dJm©ìXmao H«$m§Vr CØ^dVo oVo m gmàXm` _mŠ ©wñQ>À`m (Marxist)

AZw dmZo Ë`m H$m_H$é cmJë`m gr.gr.nr. Zm`H$ åhUwZ Zmd JmOcocm _mAmo OoS>m§J (Mao

Zedong (1893-1976) Amnë`m Am§XmocZ H$m ©H«$_mg eoVH$è`m§Mr _XV KoD$Z Vmo doJdoJù`màH$mao J{U_rH$mì`mMm Ë`m§Zr Amdc§~ Ho$cm. wgmå` O_rZrXmarMm A§V H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§ZreoVH$è`m§Zm g§KQ>rV H$éZ eoVH$ar goZmMr {Z_uVr Ho$ë`m Jocr. gr.gr.nr. Zm`H$ËdmVrcAm§XmocZmV w_r ZgUmao eoVH$ar cmImV O_m Pmco. Ë`mcm {_iUmam {dO`mZo Ë`mg CCP

nmQ>r©g ~cmT>ç amOH$s` eº$s àmá Pmcr. eodQ>r JwS>oq_J da {dO` {_idÊ`mÀ`m pñWVrV

{MÌ 13.3 : 1994 _Ü o `mZm_ _Ü o cmoH§$Zm ~mocAgcocm _mAmo.

SCERT TELANGANA


Amco. JwS>q_JÀ`m AH«$_Um nmgwZ aúmU XoUmao {O`m°JŠgr (Jiangxi) nd©VmV 1928 nmgwZ1934 n ªV {VWo amhUo ho _mAmoO|S>m§JMr doJdoJù`m àH$maMr {ZVr Xe©{dVo. wgm¡å` Xmam§Zr

O_rZ hñVJV H$éZ Vr nwZ©dmQ>n Ho$ë`m_wioeº$semcr eoVH$ar g§KQ>Zm (soviet) Mr {Z_uVrHo$ë`m Jocr. BVa Zm`H$mà_mUo Z H$aVm ñdV§ÌAgUmao gaH$ma d g¡Ý`mMr ^Vu _mAmo Zo Ho$crót`mZm AgUmè`m g_ñ`m gmoS>dÊ`mgmR>r J«m_rU_{hcm g§KQ>Zm H$aÊ`mg Ë`mZo àmoËgmhZ {Xco.~wO©J _moR>çm _mUgmZr O_dcocm {ddmhg ~§XrKmcwZ {ddmh A§JrH$ma nwÌmMr IaoXr d {dH«$s mg~§X H$aÊ`mV Amco. \$maH$V Zm_m nÜXVrg gmono dgai H$éZ Z{dZ {ddmh H$m`Xm H$aÊ`mV Amcm.

H$å w{ZñQ>mZr gmo r`Vcm JwS>o_tS>mJZo MH«$~§YZHo$ë mZo nmQ>u Amnë m ñWmdamg ~Xcmdo cmJco. Ë m_wiocm°J _mM© (Long March (1934-35) Ago n«{gÜXr

AgUmè`m em°Šgr{H$g - 6,000 _¡c H$ï>mMo àdmg gwé Pmco BH$S>o wZmZ _Yrc Amnë`m Z{dZñWmdamV wÜX à wdwMm A§VH$éZ {dXoer gm_«mÁ`dmX da Am§XmocZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r wg§ñH$aU H$aÊ`mgmR>rAmnë`m H$m ©H«$_mg Ë`mZo OmñV {Vd« én {Xco. wg§ñH$aU AgUmè`m `m XomZ _wÚm_wio nmQ>ugeº$semcr gm_m{OH$ nm`m {Z_m©U Pmcm.

1937-1945 _Ü` H$mimV {MZda OmnZZo AH«$_U H$éZ ~è`mM w mJmg H$ãOm H$éZVmã`mV KoVco. H«w$a {dXoer g¡{ZH$ H$m ©dmhr OmnmZZo Ho$ë`m_wio {MZ g_mO d Am{W©H$n[apñWVr Iwn {~H$Q> Pmcr. OmnmZÀ`m AmH«$_mUmMm ~Xcm KoÊ`mgmR>r Jw moq_S>m§J CCP er

hmV {_gicm Jocm. 1945 AmJñQ>_Ü o OmnmZ A_oarH$og eaU Joë`m_wioZ§Va {MZda A{YnmË` JmOdÊ`mgmR>rJw mo{_S>m§J d CCP _Ü o nwU© nUoOmoaXma wÜX Pmco d eodQ>r {MZZo_w»` w mJmda H$ãOm H$éZ {dO`{_idcm. Jw moq_S>m§Jcm V¡dmZ {XdrVgaH$ma ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mMr g§Yr {_imcr.

wÜXmV {dO`r hmoÊ`mgmR>r CCP g wg§ñH$aUmMmH$gm \$m`Xm Pmcm?^maV XoemV AmåcmV Amcoco wg§ñH$aU {MZ_Ü oPmcoë`m g§ñH$aUmMr VwcZm H$am d Ë`m_Yrc\$aH$ ñnï> H$am?Xoe {dH$mgmR>r d ñdV§Í`mgmR>r ór nwéfm§Zm g_mZA{YH$ma d Ë`mMo g_mZ gh^mJ Amdí`H$ Amho`mg Vwåhr gh_V AmhmV H$m?

{MÌ13.4 : w_r [aH$mS>© OmiV AgVm§Zm

Fig.

SCERT TELANGANA


Z{dZ cmoH$emhrMr ñWmnZm (Establishing the New Democracy: 1949-1954)1949 _Ü o {MZ cmoH$m§Zm JUV§Ì àmá Pmco hr Z{dZ cmoH$emhr (‘New Democracy’) `m

{gÜXm§Vmda {Z_m©U Pmcr. wgm¡å` nÜXVrg d gm_«mÁ`dmX mg {damoY H$aUmam gm_m{OH$ dJ©`m [gÜXm§Vm AmYmao g§KQ>rV Pmcm. Am{W©H$ {d^mJmVrc _hËdmMo _wÔo gaH$maÀ`m hmVr R>odë`mJoco. A{YH$mamda Amë`mZ§Va CCP Zo _moR>çm n«_mUmV w g§ñH$aU A_c Ho$ë`m Joco. åhUOoO_rZrXmam§Mr O_rZ Oá H$éZ Vr chmZ Jar~ eoVH$è`m§Zm dmQ>Ê`mV Amcr. _{hcm aúmU dË`m§Mo h¸$ `mZm aúmU XoÊ`mV Amco. ~hþnËZrËdma gaH$maZo {damoY cmdcm. `m_wio _{hcm§Z{d{dY {d^mJmV nwéfm§À`m g_mZ XOm© àmá Pmcm.

w g§ñH$aU (Land Reforms)J«m{_U n[apñWVrg AW© H$éZ KoUo d eoVH$è`m§À`m g§KR>Um {Z_m©U m gma»`m`mV XmoZ df©

em§VrZo am{hë`mZ§Va 1950-51 _Ü o wg§ñH$aU Am_c H$aÊ`mg gwédmV Ho$ë`m Jocr. JmdmVamhUmè`m gd© dJm©À`m OmVrÀ`m cmoH$m§Mr AmoiI H$aUo d Z§Va O_rZXmam§Mr O_rZ d BVaCËnmXH$ g§nÎmr hñVJV H$éZ nwÝhm dmQ>n H$aUo hr_w»` Q>ßno hmoV. m n«{H«$ oV _w»` w{_H$m àm§VñWm`r w g§ñH$aU g§KQ>Zm (county-level land reform committees) mgmR>r H$m_ H$aUmè`mg_wh JQ> ~Z{dÊ`mV Amcm. eoVH$è`m§À`m g§KQ>Zm ~ZdUo d ñWm{ZH$ Zm`H$mÀ`m ñWmZmcmË`m§À`m nmgwZ {H«$`m{ec gXñ`m§Zm {ZdS> H$aUo hr _w»` H$m_o AgV. hr Z{dZ ZoÌËd _w»`VmJar~ _Ü`dJu` eoVH$è`m§nmgwZ {Z_m©U Pmco. ~è`mM mJmV Amnë`m àm{dÊ`m_wio _Ü`dJuèoVH$è`m§V dM©ñd Amco. EdT>oM Zmhr Va cmoH$m§À`m g^m âdUo d _wº$ {dMmaUm ìXmaoO_rZXmam {damoYmV J«m_ nmVirda Ë`m§Zm EH$Ì H$aÊ`mgmR>r ho g_wh H$m_ H$é cmJco.

`m nÜXVr_wio O_rZXma dJm©Mm g_mOmV An_mZ hmoD$ cmJcm d {dMmaUoVwZ m dJm©À`mcmoH$m§Zm _aU {eúmm XoÊ`mV Amcr. AmemàH$mao `m dJm©Mr 10-20 cmI cmoH$ _maë`m Jocr.

Am{W©H$ g§ñH$aU H$m ©H«$_mVrc ^mJ åhUwZ {MZÀ`m cmJdS>rÀ`m O_rZrV 43 % J«m_rUcmoH$m§Zm 60% n ©V dmQ>n H$aÊ`mg wg§ñH$aUo {dO` {_idcm. Jar~ eoVH$è`m§Zm oUmè`mw{_V dmT> Pmcr. Va AJmoXa nmgwZ _Ü`_dJ© eoVH$ar eº$semcr pñWVrV Agë`m_wio Ë`m§Zm

OmñV \$m`Xm Pmcm.OwÊ`m g§nÞ dJm©V AgUmao A{YH$ma d Am{W©H$ g§nÎmr H$mT>ë`m Jocr Va EH$sH$S>o CCP

ìXmao amOH$s` a§JmV Amcoco Jar~ _Ü`dJu`m§Vrc JmdmVrc H$m ©H$V} nmgwZ Z{dZ OmVrMm dJ©{Z_m©U Pmcm. w g§ñH$aUm ghrV amOH$s` {dÚm, gmúmaVm {dH$mg H$aÊ`mgmR>r _moR>çm g§» oVàm¡T> eoVH$ar {eúmU emim gwédmV Ho$ë`m `m ~amo~aM JmdmVrc chmZ _wcm§Zm d Jar~_wc§mH$arVm àmW{_H$ emim gwédmV H$aÊ`mV Amcr.

SCERT TELANGANA


H«$m§VrÀ`m àW_ dfm©VM wg§ñH$aU Am_c H$aÊ`mV d gdmªZm àmW{_H$ {dÚm CncãYH$aÊ`mV m _Ü o {_imdcocm {dO` hmM {MZÀ`m {dî` n«JVrgmR>r OmoaXma eº$semcr nm`mR>acm Ago emókm§Zm dmQw> cmJco.CCP emgZ H«$_mH«$_mUo EH$ nmQ>u emgZmPmco nmQ>uV AgUmao_w»` ZoV qH$dm AÜ`úm ho Iwn eº$sdmZ Pmco. d à{VnúmmÀ`m H$m ©H«$_mg Vo Xm~wZ Q>mH$Ê`mVèñdVr Pmco.

Zm¶Oo[a¶m : {dXoer emgZH$m§À`m {damoYmV EH$Ì homUo:AmVm Am{\«$H$mVrc {dXoer emgZ amï´>r`dmXm {df`r _m{hV H$éZ KoÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m I§S>mÀ`m

n{íM_ ^mJmg AgUmam Zm¶Oo[a¶m Aä`mg H$é `m. `m Xoemg ZH$memV XmIdm. d `m XmoZXoem{df`r AmR>ì`m dJm©V Ho$cocm Aä`mg AmR>dU H$am.

{~«Q>re {dXoer emgZ d amï>> {Z_m©U British colonialism and the making of a Nation

OJmVrc BVa mJmà_mUo Am{\«$H$mV nU amï´>r` Aer mdZm da oD$ cmJcr. gd©gmYmaUnUo [JarOZ cmoH$ EH$Ì amhV AgV. {dXoeremgH$ H$m§hr mJmg _OuZwgma Amnë`m {Z`Ì§UmVKoVco. AmnUmg _m{hVM Amho. gÜ`m {ZJoar`mXoemg {~«Q>rem§Z {Z_m©U Ho$co. Zm`Pa ZXr ì`dñWoImcrc mJmV doJdoJù`m {R>H$mUr amhV AgUmè`m{JarOZ§mZm EH$Ì H$éZ hm n«m§V {Z_m©U oHo$cm.CÎma ZmÒoar`mV hm¡gm nwcmZr cmoH$ A{YH AmhoV

d Vo _w»`Vm _wpñc_ CÎma X{úmUZmÒar`mV B~moVoJ d wé~m OmVrMocmoH$ A{YH$ g§»`mV AmhoV. ~è`mMdfm©À`m {_eZar àMma H$maUm_wio X{úmU^mJmV {I«íMU _VmMr cmoH$ OmñVà_mUmV AmhoV. EdT> oM ZmhrVagmd©O{ZH$ cmoH$emhr amOH$s` ì`dñWm

hm¡gm- nwcmZr cmoH$

B~mo OmVrwé~m

ZH$mem 2 : ZmÒoar`mMm ZH$mem

I§S>mVa Am{\«$H$mdmX (Pan Africanism)

Xoe,OmV Agm oX^md Z H$aVm Am{\«$H$mVrcgd© cm|H$mZm EH$Ì AmUÊ`mgmR>r I§S>mVa Am{\«$H$mdmXà`ËZ H$arV AgVo. m EH$VoZo {dXoer emgZm{damoYramï´> númnmV {damoYr, g_mZËd, g_m{OH$ Ý`m` d_mZd Jm¡ad `m gwÌmÀ`m AmYmao Am{\«$H$mI§S>mVrcgd© OmVr d cmoH$ cmoH$m§À`m g_whmV EH$Vm {Z_m©UH$aÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ Ho$cm. EH$ ñdV§Ì{da Šcm°_oZH«$_m (Kwame Nkrumah) `mZo _hËdmMr d _ww»`w{_H$m {Z^mdcr.

SCERT TELANGANA


ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mÀ`m à`ËZmV AmYw{ZH$ ZmÒo[a`mMr H$Wm AmhoË`m Xoe Z¡g{J©H$ g§nÎmr da {deof H$éZ noQ´>moc da wamon{Z`ÌUm§Zo {dXoer nmcH$ n§anam AmUIr MmcwM Amho.

Am{\«$H$mV A{YH$ OZg§»`m AgUmè`m XoemV Z¡Or[a`mZXrMm mJ EH$ Amho. ho AZoH$ n«H$maÀ`m {dXoer emgZm_wiocwQ>_marMm {eH$ma Pmco. 16 ì`m eVH$mnmgwZ A_oarH$mgJwcm_r H$m_Jma nwadR>m H$aÊ`mMo ho _w»` H|$Ð homVo. Am{\«$H$mAmVë`m AmV {JarOZ eoVH$è`m§Zm YéZ E¡amonmBZ (European)

{dH$V AgV. 19 ì`m eVH$mV Jwcm_r H¡$Xr`m§À`m ì`mnmamda{ZfoY KmVë`m_wio m^mJmV ì`dñWm CËnÎmr {deof H$éZ H$moH$mo nm_mB©c H$S>o {dXoer emgH$m§Mr AmdS> dmT>cr. {H$ZmanÅ>r^mJmda 1861 _Ü o {~«Q>ZZo Amnco emgZ ñWmnZ Ho$co.npíM_ Am{\«$H$mVrc cm°Jmog (Lagos) {dÚm ì`mnma àemgZmgmR>r _w»` H|$Ð {Z_m©U Ho$co. Vo{dXoer emgZmdarc {damoYmg {ZOo[a`Z amï´>r`dmXmg(Nigerian Nationalism) I§S>mVaAm{\«$H$mdmXmg nU Vo H|$Ð Amho.

19 ì`m eVH$mÀ`m eodQ>r d 20 ì`m eVH$mÀ`mAma§ mV {~«Q>re {dXoer cmoH$emhrV OmVr` A§hH$mamZonwÝhm OmJm Yacr. {dÚmd§V Agcoë`m Am{\«$H$mdmgt`mZm {gdrc Zm¡H$è`m AZw_Vr {Xë`m Jocr Zmhr.Am{\«$H$m ì`mnma dJu`m gmo~V númmnmV nZm H$aV d`mM doiog cmoH$m§da AmUIr OmñV {Z`ÌU cmdÊ`mEodOr {JarOZ ZoË`m§À`m g§~§YmV dmT> Pmcr.

{dXoer emgZmH$mÀ`m nÜXVr_wio X{úmU AmYw{ZH${dÚm àemgZmV AmYw{ZH$sH$aUmg àmoËgmhZ {_imco VaCÎma mJmV nwd© gm§àXm` MmcwM amhrcr. m n[aUm_m_wio20 ì`m eVH$mÀ`m eodQ>r àmVr` Ag_mZoV dmT> Pmcr. CËVa mJ AmYw{ZH$ {dÚmg àmá Ho$coë`mgm_m{OH$ dJm©g {Z_m©U H$é eH$co ZmhrV. 1939 _Ü o {~«Q>re emgH$ nwd© n{íM_ Z¡Or[a`m mJmV{Z_m©U H$éZ moé~m, B~w OmVr_Ü o nU \$moS> {Z_m©U Ho$cr. Ë`mM àH$mao \$wQ>nmS>m Am{U amÁ` H$am m{gÜXm§Vmà_mUo VrZ _w»` {JarOZ OmVr_Ü o ñnYm©, g§Kf© VZmd {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mg àmoËgmhZ {Xë`m Joco.

`mMm {damoY H$arV nmíMË` {eúmU àmá Ho$coco H$mhr cmoH$ {dMmad§V gmd©O{ZH$ Z¡Orar`mV Xoe

amï´>r` dmXmg d I§S>mVa Am{\«$H$m mdZo_Ü o H$m` \$aH$ Amho MMm© H$am. amï´>r`dmX åhUOo hm _`m©XrV AgUmar mdZmAmho H$m` ?EH$m eVmH$mÀ`m H$mimV {dXoeremgZm_wio àm§Vmà§mVm_Ü o Ag_mZVm{Z_m©U Pmcr. ^maVmV nU {~«Q>reemgZmV {H$ZmanÅ>r mJ Agcocm ~§Jmc_Ðmg, _w§~B© gmaIr ZJao doJmZo àJVrhmoV AmhoV. {dH$mgmV Aem Ag_mZVmH$m {Z_m©U homV AmhoV?

{MÌ 13.5 : Nnamdi Azikiwe

SCERT TELANGANA


Aer mdZm adwZ {~«Q>re emgH$m§À`m {damoYmV Am§XmocZ Mmcw R>odco. ZmÒoar`mVrc n{hcr amOH$s`nmQ>u Agococr ZmÒoar`m amï´>r` cmoH$emhr nmQ>u (Nigerian National Democratic Party

(NNDP)Mr 1923 _Ü o hoë~Q>© _oH$mco m§Zr ñWmnZmHo$cr. 1923 d 1928 _Ü o Pmcoë`m {ZdS>UwH$sVNNDP m nmQ>uZo gd© OmJm qOH$ë`m 1930 _Ü o {~«Q>re {dXoer gaH$mada Am§VH$dmXr haë`mg nU_H$mco Zo g_W©Z {Xco. 1936 _Ü o `Z Z§Xr (Nnamdi Azikiwe)AOr{H$Zo ZmdmÀ`m ì`º$sZoZmÒoar`m wdm Am§XmocZmg (Nigerian Youth Movement (NYM) Mr ñWmnZm Ho$cr. gm§ñH¥$VrH$Ñï>rg g§~§Y Z R>odVm ZmÒoar`mVrc gd© cmoH$m§Zm Vr AmH$fuV Ho$ë`m Joco d Ad¿`m WmoS>çmM H$mimVMVr eº$semcr amOH$s` Am§XmocZmV énm§Va Pmco. 1944 _Ü o _H$mco (Macaulay)NYM Zm`H$ EZZ§Xr AOr{H$do {_iwZ ZmÒoar`m H$m_oéZc amï>r` g§KQ>Zm (National Council of Nigeria and the

Cameroons (NCNC) {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mÀ`m A§JrH$mamda Amco. H¥$_ogr EZZXr A{OHo$do à_wI amï>r`Zm`H$ åhUwZ à{gÜX Pmcm. I§S>mVa Am{\«$H$mdmX d I§S>mVa ZmÒoar`m dmX m AmYmamda Ë`mZoAm§XmocZmg Ë`mZo _XV {Xcr.

Xþgè`m _hm wÜXm Z§Va ZmÒoar`Z Am{W©H$ n[apñWVr A{V {~H$Q> Pmë`m_wio ZmÒoar`mamï´>r` dmX hm AmV§H$ dmXm§er AmH${f©V hmoD$Z Ë`mg cmoH$m§Mo AmXaU àmoËgmhZ dmT>V hmoVo.Xþgè`m _hm wÜXmV {~«Q>ZÀ`m ~mOwZ wÜX H$éZ dmng Amcoco g¡{ZH$, H$m_Jma g§KQ>ZoMo ZoVo ho`m Am§XmocZnmg nwU©nUo _XV H$ocr. 1945 _Ü o A{VdmX d amï´>r`dmX H$m_Jma g§KQ>ZoMo ZoVo`mÀ`m ZoÌËdmg amï´>r` gmYmaU g§n åhUwZ H$mT>ë`m Joco.

ZmÒoar`Z amï´>r` dmX g_moa XmoZ _hËdmMo H$V©ì` AmhoV. {~«Q>re emgZH$Ë`m© {daomYrA§mXomcZo H$aUo, {d{dY OmVrV hmoV AgUmè`m Kf©Umg H$_r H$aUo, EH$Vm {Z_m©U H$aUo. CËVa^mJmnoúmm OmñV {dH$mg Pmcoë`m X{úmU mJmV amï´>r` Am§XmocZ Iwn OmoamOV Agë`m_wio CÎmaX{úmU ^mJm_Ü o Iwn \$aH$ Ago. X{úmU ^mJmV nU wé~m, B~w OmVr_Ü o g§Kf©m _wioo amï´>rÀm§XmocZmg éH$mdQ> {Z_m©U Pmcr. 1950 À`m H$mimV m VrZ mJmV {dXoer emgUmg {damoYH$aUmè`m VrZ àm§Vr` nm`è`m {Z_m©U Pmë`m. CÎma mJmV gmàXm` mdZoghrV CÎma cmoH§$mMrH$m°J«og (Northern People's Congress (NPC) nwd© ^mJmV ZmÒoar`Z d H$o_éÝg amï´>r`g§KQ>Zm(NCNC) npíM_ mJmV EŠeZ Jw«n(AG) .ñdV§Ì d H$_Omoa cmoH$emhr (Independence and weak democracy)

amîQ´>r` Am§XmocZmÀ`m {Vd«VoMr Om{Ud AgUmè`m {~«Q>re emgZ H$Ë`m§©Zr ZmÒoar`mgA{YH$ma gmondÊ`mMm {ZU© KoÊ`mV Amcm. mg VrZ _w»` mJmVrc ñd`n«{V{ZYr {ZdS> H$éZJwVmJw§VrMr EH$Ì nÜXV Ë`m§Zr Mmcw R>odcr. 1963 AmŠQ>m|~a 1 `m {Xder ZmÒoar`mg ñdV§Ì{_imco. XþX¡dmZo cmoH$emhr d Ý`m`mc` `mV g§VwcZ {_idw Z eH$ë`m_wio WmoS>çmM Aën

SCERT TELANGANA


H$mimV ZmÒoar`mV ZmJarH$ wÜX gwédmV Pmco.`m à^mdmZo g¡{ZH$ emgZmMr {Z{_©Vr Pmcr.CÎmaàm§V dM©ñdnUm hm MmcVM am{hcm. ZmJarH$Vmd cmoH$emhr gaH$ma {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r AZoH$ à`ËZH$aÊ`mV Amco. nU ho gd© Aèñdr Pmco. g¡{ZH$emgZmV «ï>mMma d _mZdmÀ m _wc wV h $m§Zm CcK§UH$aÊ`mV Amco. «ï>mMma emgZH$Ë`mªZm _XV XoUmè`m~hþamï>r VocmÀ m H§$nÝ m g¡{ZH$ gaH$ma mV gh mJrPmco. gw{XK© g¡{ZH$ {Z`Ì§UmZ§Va 1999 _Ü oZmÒoar`mUo cmoH$emhr gaH$maMr {ZdS> H$aÊ`mVAmcr. cmoH$emhr ZmÒoar`mg nwZ{Z_m©U H$aÊ`mg {H$VnV èñdr hmoVmV Vo nmhÊ`mMr JaO Amho.

Voc, n`m©daU Am{U amOH$s` (Oil, environment and politics)

ZmÒa S>oëQ>mV 1950 _Ü o Vocm§Mm emoY cmdë`m Jocm. m Vocm§Zm da H$mT>Ê`mÀ`m h¸$m§Zm S>M amoc(Dutch Shell) H§$nUrÀ`m ZoV¥ËdmV {d{dY ~hþ amï´>r` H§$nÊ`m {_imë`m. gÜ`m ho ZmÒoar`mg _w»ÀgUmar g§nÎmr VocmÀ`m {d{harV AZoH$ ~hþ amï´>r` g§ñWm Ë`mÀ`m hmVmV AmhoV. `m Vocm§Zm da H$mTw>ZAmnë`m cm^mV H$mhr à_mUmV g¡{ZH$ emgZH$Ë`mªg dmQ>n H$aVmV.gmYmaUnUo cmoH$m§Zm `mnmgwZ H$moUVmhr \$m`Xm Pmcm Zmhr.VodT>oM Zmhr Va {dXoer VocmÀ`m H$n§Ê`m n`m©daUmMr ndm© ZH$aVm _OuZwgma Vocmg da H$mT>Ê`m_wio {H$ZmanÅ>r VQ>r` mJmVAZoH$ g_ñ`m {Z_m©U hmoD$ cmJco. VocmÀ`m {d{harVwZ g_wÐmÀ`m

nmÊ`mV {_giUmè`m Vocm_wiooWrc {OdmdaU ì`dñWm da {Vd«

à^md nS>cm. {deof åhUOo{MIcm_wio O§JcmZm Voc ghZhmoV Zgo. ho Voc O_rUrV _waV d àË oH$ dfu Vo ~wS>V AgV d nwÝhmnmÊ`mda AmZë`m _wio ~è`mM {dñVmarV mJmV {MIcm§Zr mJ ngaë`mJocm. ZmÒoar`mVrc {MIcmVrc O§Jco {OdmdaU ì`dñWoV 5-10 %n ªV PmS>o VmoS>ë`m_wio, Vocm _wio ZwH$gmZ Pmco Agm A§XmO Ho$ë`m Jocm.`m Vocm_wio O_rZ wJ © Oc àXþfrV Pmco {nHo$ d _Î`ì`dgm`mV

{MÌ 13.8 : Ho$Z gmamo {ddm

{MÌ 13.6 : ~¡nm[a`Z wÜX

{MÌ 13.7 : nmÊ`mV ngacoco VocSCERT TELANGANA


Amnë`m Aä`mgmV gwYmaUm H$amAmnë`m Aä`mgmV gwYmaUm H$amAmnë`m Aä`mgmV gwYmaUm H$amAmnë`m Aä`mgmV gwYmaUm H$amAmnë`m Aä`mgmV gwYmaUm H$am

1. `mo½` OmoS>çm Owidmo gZ oQ> - goZ Xoemg g¡{ZH$ Xoe Ho$cm.o {M`m§J H¡$eoZ n`m©daU Am§XmocZo _mAmo OoS>m§J amîQ´>r`dmX, cmoH$emhr Am{U g_mOdmXo Ho$Z gmamo {ddm eoVH$è`mMo Am§XmocZ

2. eVH$mZweVH$mÀ`m H$mimV {MZ_Ü o {ó`m§À`m nmÌVoV Amcoë`m ~Xcmg AmoiIm. a{e`m,O_©ZrV {Z_m©U Pmcoë`m ~Xcmg d `m§À`m \$aH$mg VwcZm H$am?

^w g§ñHaU, O_rZXma dJ©, Z{dZ cmoH$emhr, amgm`{ZH$ ~må~, H$_Omoa cmoH$emhr,I§S>mVa Am{\«$H$mdmX


{JamdQ> Amcr. {nÊ`mMo nmUr d àXþfrV Pmco. ñWm{ZH$ nmÊ`mÀ`m wJ © nmÊ`mV VocmMo à_mU {XgwZoD$ cmJco. gÜ`m Ë`m§À`m n[aUm_ {XgwZ Amcm Zgcm Var Z§VaÀ`m {XK© H$mimV H°$Ýga gma»`m {~_mè`m

oD$ eH$VmV. g_wÐmVrc nmÊ`mV Voc OmñV AgwZ{H$ZmanÅ>rMm VQ>r` ^mJ OmñV à_mUmV à^m{dVPmcm d _Ëñ` CËnÎmrg {JamdQ> Amcr.

1990 À`m H$mimV {deof H$éZ ZmÒa S>oëQ>màm§VmV ^mJmV comH§$mV Am§XmocZ H«$_mH«$_mZo dmT>VJoco. ñWm{ZH$ {JarOZ OmV ho dfm©Zwdfm© nmgwZhmoV AgUmè`m {OdmdaU Zï> {ZdmaU Úmdo. Am_À`m^mJmVrc VocmÀ`m g§nÎmrda Amåhmg {Z`ÌU Agmdo

åhUwZ Vo Am§XmocZ H$é cmJco. ho Am§XmocZ àW_ OmVrÀ`m AmYmamda gXñ`mVm EH$Vm {Z_m©U H$éZ em§VnUo MmcV hmoVo. à_wI _mZd h¸$ _mZd h¸$, H$m ©H$Vm© n`m©daUdmXr Vmo Ho$Z gmamo {ZdmUr (Ken Saro

Wiwa) A§Va amï´>r` Ag§Vmofm _Ü o {_crQ>ar gaH$ma _aU {eúmm {Xë`m Joë`m_wio n[apñWVr {Vd« én{Z_m©U Pmco.

EH$OmV {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mgmR>r gwpñWa cmoH$emhr ì`d`mg ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r Amnë`m ^m¡{VH$g§nÎmrda {Z`Ì§U {_idÊ`mgmR>r ZmÒoar`mV AmUIr n« ËZ H$aVM Amho.

ZmÒoar`mV Vocm§À`m g§nÎmrV A{YH$ mJA¾o mJmVM Amho. VocmÀ`m cm^mVrcA{YH$ ^mJ Amåhmg {_imdm åhUwZB~wcw m§Zm dmQ>V Ago Vocm§À`m CËnmXZmVCÎma mJmV {dH$mg H$aÊ`mgmR>r Vo {damoYH$aV AgVo. m g_ñ og om½` Vr Ý`m`rH${ZdmaU H$m` Amho?

SCERT TELANGANA


3. amOemhr emgZmg CÜdñV H$éZ MrZ_Ü o XmoZ àH$maMo emgZ {Z_m©U Pmco Ë`m_YrcË`mVrc g_mZVm d Ag_mZVm H$m`?

4. `m nmR>mV MMm© Ho$coë`m gd© XoemZr _w»`Vm ì`dgm`mda AmYmarV Ë`mVrc nÜXVrV~Xc AmUÊ`mgmR>r `m XoemV H$em àH$mao à ©ËZ Ho$ë`m Joco?

5. darc MMm© Ho$coë`m XoemV H$maImUo Hw$UmÀ`m Vmã`mV AmhoV? `m nÜXVrV ~XcAmUÊ`mgmR>r H$em àH$mao à`ËZ Ho$ë`m Joco? VwcZm H$aÊ`mgmR>r EH$ Vº$m V`maH$am?

6. ^maV Xoe Am{U ZmÒoar`mVrc amï´>r` Am§XmocZmMr VwcZm H$am. ^maVmV hr H$m~cdmZ homVr?

7. ñdV§Ì ZmÒoar`mV H$moUË`m àíZm§Zm Vm|S> Úmdo cmJco? ñdV§Ì ^maV Xoe H$moUË`mn«íZm§Zm Vm|S> Úmdo cmJV hmoVo? `mVrc g_mZVm d Ag_mZVm H$moUË`m?

8. ^maVmcm ñdmV§Í` {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r OodT>m g§Kf© Úmdm cmJcm Vgm g§Kf© ZmÒoar`mcmñdmV§Í` {_idÊ`mgmR>r ¿`mdm cmJcm Zmhr. `mMo ñnï>rH$aU Úm?

9. Cnamoº$ Xoem§Zr Ë`m, Ë`m amOH$Ë`mª {déÜX {Xcoë`m ñdmV§Í` cT>çmMo {dñV¥V dU©Z H$amd Ë`m§Mo n[aUm_ gm§Jm?

10. `m XoemÀ`m ñdV§Ì Am§XmocZmV amOmda wÜX Ho$ë`m Joco, Ë`mÀ`m à^mdmMo dU©Z H$am?

SCERT TELANGANA


YS>m

14Mbm amï´>r¶ MidirÀ¶m AmIaoÀ¶m Q>ßß¶mg nmhþ ¶m d H$moUË¶m narñWr‘wio ^maV Xoem§Mo

{d^mOZ Pmbo Vo g‘OwZ KoÊ¶mMm à¶ËZ H$é ¶m. maV XoemVrb bmoH$m§Zm ’$maM H${R>U àíZm§Mmgm‘Zm H$amdm bmJbm, d H$mimÀ¶m AmoKmV Ë¶m§Zm ‹Iwn H${R>U {ZU©¶ ¿¶mdm bmJV hmoVm.

X þgè¶m ‘hm¶wÕmbm ^maVmZo nmR>t~m {Xbm nm{hOo H$m? 1939-1942Xþgè¶m {díd¶wÕm ~Ôb Vwåhr AJmoXaM Aä¶mg Ho$bobm Amho. O|ìhm 1939 ‘Ü¶o ¶wÔ gwé

Pmb, V|ìhm XoemÀ¶m H$m§hr amÁ¶m§da H$mJ«ogMo A{YnË¶ hmoVo. maVr¶m§Zr ñdV… H$m§hr amÁ¶mdaamÁ¶H$ma^ma H$aÊ¶mÀ¶m A{YH$mamg {d«Q>re gaH$maZo ‘mÝ¶ Ho$bobo hmoVo. 1935 ‘Ü¶o {~«Q>reg§gXoÀ¶m ~moS>m©Zo maV gaH$maMm H$m¶Xm nmg Ho$bm. ¶m H$m¶ÚmÀ¶m àH$mao amÁ¶m§V {ZdS>UwH$m¿¶m¶À¶m d {ZdS>UwH$s‘Ü¶o Oo nmQ>u qOH$Vo Vr nmQ>u gaH$ma Mmbdw eH$Vo. Vgo AgwZhr dmoQ>Q>mH$Ê¶mMm A{YH$ma g‘mOmVë¶m ’$º$ H$m§hr bmoH$m§ZmM {Xbm. amï> emgZg^mgXmg (Am‘Xma)12% H|$Ðr¶ g^mgXmg 1 % AemàH$mao bmoH$m§ZmdmoQ> Q>mH$Ê¶mMm A{YH$ma {‘imbm. {~«Q>rem§Mo amÁ¶mAgVm§Zm 11 amÁ¶mV 1937 ‘Ü¶o {ZdS>UwH$m Pmë¶md H$m§J«og ’$ma ‘moR>çm ~hþ‘VmZo qOH$bo. 11 n¡H$s 8amÁ¶mV H$m§J«ogMo àYmZ‘§Ìr hmoVo. ¶m gd© ì¶dñWoda{~«Q>re Jd©Za (amÁ¶nmb) ¶m§Mo n¶©dojU hmoVo.

H$m§J«og ZoË¶m§ g‘moa EH$ J§ ra àíZ C oam{hbm. Vmo åhUOo O‘©Zr, OnmZ, BQ>br d BVaXoemMo nardma (Am³grg amÁ¶) BË¶mXrÀ¶m {damoYmV¶wÕ H$aÊ¶mH$arVm {~«Q>rem§Zm ‘XV H$amdr. H$sZmhr,H$m§J«g ZoË¶m§er g„m ‘gbV Z H$aVmM B§½b§S>Zo^maVXoe ¶wÕmV mJ KoB©b Agm {ZU©¶ KoVbm. ¶wÕH$aÊ¶mg ghH$m¶© Úm¶Mo [H$, Zmhr Úm¶Mo ¶mgmR>rAZoH$ H$maUo hmoVr.

¶m àíZmdaVr H$m§J«og ZoVËd Jm|XiwZ Jobo. bm§oH$m§ZrH$m§J«og ZoË¶m§Mm {hQ>baMm, ‘wgmobrZrMm, Am{U ’$mgrP‘À¶m {dMma nÕVrMm {damoY Ho$bm. VoBVa ñdmV§Ì gmd© m¡‘ amï´>m§da {dO¶r {‘idm¶Mm øm ’$°grñQ> VËdmMm Ë¶m§Zr à{VH$ma Ho$bm.{~«Q>rem§Mo Xþhoar ‘V H$m§Jo«g ZoË¶m§Zm bjmV Ambo. EH$ Va {~«Q>rem§Mr ^maVmZo ’°$grñQ>À¶m{damoYmV Ë¶m§Zm ‘XV H$amdr Aer BÀN>m hmoVr, nU maVmbm ñdmV§Í¶ XoÊ¶mg Vo V¶ma ZìhVo.{~«Q>rem§Zm øm Jmoï>rMr OmUrd Pmbr H$s,Ë¶m§Mm Xoe Ë¶m§Zm ñdmYrZ H$amdoM bmJob, nUË¶mdoiog Ë¶m§Zr C o Ho$bobo gm‘«mÁ¶ gmoSw>Z Úm¶Mo ¶m H$ënZoMm ñdrH$ma H$aUo {~«Q>rem§gmR>r

^maVr¶ amï ´ > r¶ Midi - ’$miUrAm{U ñdmV§Í¶: 1939-1947

Vwåhmbm dmQ>Vo H$m, maVr¶m§Zr {~«Q>rem àVrH¥$VkVm ì¶º$ Ho$br nmhrOo, H$maU Ë¶m§Zr1935 À¶m H$m¶ÚmZr {ZdS>UwH$ bT>{dÊ¶mMmd bmoH$m§Zm ‘V Q>mH$Ê¶mMm AYrH$ma {Xbm?{hQ>baMm CX¶ ‘mZd OmVrÀ¶m ñdmV§Í¶mbmYmoH$m hmoVm Ago Vwåhmbm dmQ>Vo H$m? Ë¶m‘wio^maVmZo Amnbo ñdmVÍ¶ {‘idUo ~mOwbm R>odbonm{hOo, d OJmbm hþHw$‘emhr nmgwZ ‘wº$H$aÊ¶mda Amnbo bj H|${ÐV Ho$bo nm{hOoH$m?Vw‘À¶m ‘Vo Xþgè¶m {díd ¶wÕmV ^maVmZo{~«Q>rem§Zm nmR>t~m XoÊ¶m d Zmhr XoÊ¶mH$arVmH$m¶ H$maUo AgVrb.SCERT TELANGANA

gm‘m{OH$ AÜ¶¶Z200 ^maVr¶ amï´>r¶ Midi ’$miUr Am{U ñdmV§Í¶

H${R>U hmoVo. B§½b§S>‘Ü¶o doJdoJioamO{H$¶ nj hmoVo, ¶wÕmÀ¶m doir{d{dY njmMo gaH$ma AgwZ gaH$maMoZoV¥Ëd H§$Oa©ìhoQ>rd njmMo ZoVoqdñQ>Z MMub ho àYmZ‘§Ìr nXmdaamhþZ H$aV hmoVo. H§$Oa©ìhoQ>rd nj{OVHo$ e³¶ hmoB©b {VVHo$ ma{V¶gm‘«Á¶mda Amnbo A{YnË¶m Agmdo¶m ‘VmMm hmoVm. H§$Oa©ìhoQ>rdnjmÀ¶m VwbZoV bo~a nmQ >u^maVr¶m§Zm ñdmV§Í¶ {‘idwZ XoÊ¶mgBÀNw>H$ hmoVr.

¶ wÕmÀ¶m Z §Va {~ « Q > re^maVr¶m§Zm Ë¶m§À¶m gm‘«Á¶mImbrñdV§Ì XO©m XoÊ¶mg V¶ma hmoVo. nUH$m§J«ogZm {~«Q>rem§H$Sw>Z nwU© ñdmV§Í¶mMoAmídmgZ nm{hOo hmoVo.amï>r¶ ñVamdabdH$aM H|$Ðr¶ gaH$maMr ñWmnZmHo$br nm{hOo Aer ‘mJUr H$m§J«ogZrHo$br. BVa ^maVmVrb g‘mOm§À¶mAmH$§mjm d AmdS> ¶m§Mo g§ajU H$amdobmJVo, Ago åhUV {~«Q>rem§ZrH$m§J«o|gÀ¶m ‘mJUrMo I§S>Z Ho$bo.‘wñbr‘m à‘mUo H$m§J«og Zohr gd©^maVr¶§mMo à{VZrYrËd Ho$bo Zmhr

Ago Ë¶m§Zr gw{MV Ho$bo. Ë¶m§Zr Agohr gwMrV Ho$bo H$s, H$m§J«og BVa maVr¶ bmoH$m§À¶m mdZod JaOoH$S>o Xþ©bj H$é eH$Vmo. Ë¶m‘wio {~«Q>rem§Zm Ë¶m§À¶m AmdS>rMo g§ajU H$aUo JaOoMo hmoVo.

AS>m°ë’$ {hQ>babm nmR>dbobo nÌha {hQ>ba~{b©ZO‘©Zr{à¶ {‘Ì,‘mZdVogmR>r ‘mPo {‘Ì, Vwåhmbm nÌ {bhÊ¶mgmR>r {dZ§Vr

H$arV Amho, nU ‘r nÌmV ì¶º$ Ho$bobo {dMma, mdZm, ‘wÚmbmAZwgéZ ZgVrb ¶m‘wio ‘r Ë¶m§Mr qdZ§Vr ZmH$mabr. ‘mPo ‘ZH$mhr Var gm§JVo H$s, ¶m nÕVrZo ‘bm {dMma Zmhr Ho$bmnm{hOo Am{U Oo H$m§hr ¶mo½¶ Agw eH$V Ë¶m H$[aVm ‘bmAmìhmZ Ho$boM nm{hOo.

ho ñnï> Amho H$s, OJm‘Ü¶o Vwåhr Ago EH$ ì¶º$s AmhmV ,Oo ¶wÕ Wm§~dw eH$VmV. Á¶m‘wio ‘mZdmVmdmX amZQ>r AdñWonmgwZnamd¥V amhþ eH$Vo.

Vw‘Mm CÚoe Vwåhmbm {H$Vr ‘hËdmMm dmQ>V Agbm Var,Ë¶mgmR>r EdT>r qH$‘V Úmdr H$m? qhgoMm nm{hOo VodT>m {VañH$maH$éZ {dO¶ àmá H$aUmam ì¶º$s åhUwZ ‘mÂ¶m ¶m AmìhmZmbm[ñdH$ma H$aVm H$m.Vwåhmbm {bhV AgVm§Zm H$mhr MwH$m Pmë¶mg j‘m H$amdr.

I remain,

Vw‘Mm {dídmgw {‘Ì,M. K. Jm§Yr

ómoV: ‘hmË‘m Jm§YrÀ¶m g§H$boV aMZoVwZVol. 76 : 31 May, 1939 - 15 October, 1939.

{MÌ 14.2 : ^maVm‘Ü¶o Xwgè¶m {díd ¶wÕmV hmVrC-46 {d‘mZm‘Ü¶o gm‘mZ bmoS>tJ H$aV AgVm§Zm

{MÌ 14.1 : am°¶b maVr¶ g¡Zm 1945BamdS>r ZXr H«$mg H$aVm§Zm

SCERT TELANGANA


H$m¶Xm d gwì¶ñWm gm§ miÊ¶m H$arVm d ¶wÕ qOH$Ê¶mda bj H|${ÐV H$aÊ¶m H$arVmgaH$mZo ¶wÕmÀ¶m doir {deof A{YH$ma {Xbobo hmoVo. Ogoo H$moUr gaH$mabm {damoY Ho$bm Va Ë¶m§ZmbJoMM H$w$R>ë¶mhr àH$maMm {db§~ Z H$aVm Ý¶m¶mb¶mVZ nmR>dVm Vwé§JmV Q>mH$bo OmV hmoVo. ~mobÊ¶mMoñdmV§Í¶ gwÕm aÔ Ho$bo, EH$XmMo ¶wÕ g§në¶mda ñdmV§Í¶àmárgmR>r 1940 Am{U 1941 ‘Ü¶o H$m§J«ogZo ì¶º$sJVgË¶mJ«hmMo g§KQ>Z Ho$bo d {~«{Q>em§da X~md Q>mH$bm.‘moR>çm à‘mUmV Am§XmobZ Pmbo Zmhr.

{~«Q>rem§Zr ^maVmbm ñdmV§Í¶ XoÊ¶mg ZH$ma{Xë¶m‘wio H$m§J«ogMo ZoVo {Zame Pmbo d Ë¶m§Zr amÁ¶gaH$maMm ~{hîH$ma H$aÊ¶mMo R>a{dbo. 1937 ‘Ü¶o{ZdSw>Z Amë¶mda gd© H$m§J«og ZoË¶m§Zr 1939 ‘Ü¶oamOrZm‘m {Xbm.

XoemÀ¶m bm oH$m §M o à{V{ZYrËd H$m oU H$a ob?{~«Q>re gÎmoÀ¶m {damoYmV ^maVr¶ bmoH$m§Zr gVV H«$m§Vr Ho$ë¶m‘wio {~«Q>re {Zame Pmbo.

H$m§J«gMo bmoH$mdaMo à wËd H$‘r H$aÊ¶mMo d Ë¶mg {ejm H$aÊ¶mMo ‘mJ© {~«Q>re emoYV hmoVo.H$m§J«ogZo XoemÀ¶m bmoH$mMo à{VZrYrËd H$aÊ¶mÀ¶m A{YH$mamda {~«Q>rem§Zr àíZ {Z‘m©U Ho$bm dAmVm Ë¶m§Zr eº$rÀ¶m ~imda> bmoH$m§‘Ü¶o ’w$Q> nmS>Uo d amÁ¶ H$aUo Aem Hw$Q> ZrVrMm Adb§~Ho$bm.

{~«Q>rem§Zr Ë¶m§Mo Ü¶o¶ gmÜ¶ H$aÊ¶mgmR>r ‘wñbr‘ brJÀ¶m ¶moOZm§Mo g‘W©Z H$arV àmoËgmhZ{Xbo. nU H$m§Jo«gbmM g‘W©Z XoÊ¶mMm {XImdm Vo H$é bmJbo. ¶mM H$mimV ‘wñbr‘ brJ Am{UË¶mMm ZoVm {OÞmh dñVw‘mZmV amOH$maUmV g{H«$¶ Pmbm.

‘wñbr‘ brJ 1906 ‘Ü¶o ñWmnZ Ho$bobr hr EH$ nmQ>u hmoVr. 1930 n¶ªV ¶m nmQ>uZo CÎmaàXoe ‘Yë¶m

O{‘ZXmamMo à{VZrYrËd Ho$bo. Voìhm Ë¶mnmQ>uH$S>o ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV nmR>t~m ZìhVm. gd©M{Zdm©MZ joÌmV {~«Q>rem§Zr doJir OmJm Kmo{fV Ho$ë¶m nm{hOoV. Á¶m OmJogmR>r Ho$di ‘wñbr‘M‘V XoVrb Aer ‘mJUr Ë¶m§Zr {~«Q>re amOdQ>rV Ho$br hmoVr. Ë¶m§Zr MMm© Ho$br H$s,àË¶oH$ mJmVqhXþ ~hþg§»¶ Agë¶m‘wioM Ë¶m§MoMo C‘oXdma {ZdSw>Z ¶oVmV. na§Vw ‘wñbr‘mÀ¶m àíZm§H$S>o Xþb©jhmoVo. na§Vw Oa H$mhr OmJm ‘wñbr‘m§gmR>r amIrd R>odë¶m Va VoM {dSw>Z ¶oVrb Am{U g§gXo‘Ü¶o‘wñbr‘m§ {df¶r MMm© hmoD$Z Ë¶m§À¶m gm‘m{OH$ g‘ñ¶m hmoÊ¶mg Xþa hmoÊ¶mg ‘XV hmoB©b. ¶m‘wio‘wñbr‘ g‘mOmbm Amnë¶m {dH$mgm{df¶r OmJéH$ hmoVm ¶oB©b. H$ënZm H$am. H$m§J«ogZo ¶m¶wº$sMm ñdrH$ma Ho$bm d 1909 nmgwZ doJù¶m ‘VXmamMr Am§‘b~OmdUr Ho$br. Oo§ìhm amÁ¶

{~«Q>remÀ¶m d¥Îmr ì¶dhmam§Mm à{VH$maH$aÊ¶m H$arVm H$§mJ«ogZo BVa nmD$bo CMbweH$bm AgVm,Ago Vwåhmbm dmQ>Vo H$m?{~«Q>rem§Zr dMZmMo nmbZ H$m Ho$bo Zmhr?d maVr¶m§Mm nmqR>~m {‘i{dÊ¶m H$arVmË¶m§Mo ‘Z H$m qOH$bo Zmhr? dJm©‘Ü¶ogd© {‘iwZ MMm© H$am.O|ìhm ‘§Í¶m§Zr amOrZm‘m {Xbm, V|ìhmXaamoOMo gaH$maMo H$m‘H$mO H$moU nmhrbo.

SCERT TELANGANA


ñVamda 1939 ‘Ü¶o gaH$maMr {Z¶wº$s Ho$br. V|ìhm Xoem‘Ü¶o 482 OmJon¡H$s ‘wñbr‘ brJZo 102OmJm qOH$ë¶m. Vgo Agbo Var H$m§J«ogMm {dídmg hmoVm H$s Vr amï´>r¶ nmQ>r© Amho. ’$º$ qhXþ§MrnmQ>u Zmhr. Ë¶m‘wio Ë¶m§Zr ‘wñbr‘m§À¶m OmJodéZ {ZdS>UwH$m bS>{dë¶m hmoË¶m. H$m§J«ogZo bS>boë¶m‘wñbr‘À¶m 58 OmJon¡H$s 26 OmJm Ë¶m§Zr qOH$ë¶m.

1937 ‘Ü¶o Pmboë¶m {ZdS>UwH$m§‘Ü¶oEH$wU ‘wñbr‘ ‘Vm§n¡H$s ‘wñbr‘ brJbm’$º$ 4.4 Q> o$ ‘V {‘imbo, g§¶wº$ amÁ¶mV‘w§~B© d ‘Ðmg (MoÞB©) ‘Ü¶o ‘wñbr‘brJbmoH$àr¶ hmoVr. 10 dfm©Z§Va Á¶m àm§VmVwZnm{H$ñVmZ doJim hmoUma hmoVm. Ë¶màm§VmVM Ogo ~§Jmb, ZmW© ’§«$Q>r¶a àmodrÝgAm{U n§Om~ ‘Ü¶o Vmo ’$maM H$‘Omoa hmoVm.qgY àm§VmV gwÕmS>S>S> Vo gaH$ma ~ZdweH$bo ZmhrV. nU Z§VaÀ¶m 10 dfm©VnarñWrVr ~Xbbr. 1946 ‘Ü¶o O|ìhmamÁ¶mV d H|$ÐmV nwÝhm {ZdS>UwH$m Pmë¶m,V|ìhm ‘wñbr‘ brJbm ‘wñbr‘ OmJmqOH$Ê¶mg ’$ma ‘moR>o ¶e {‘imbo.

1937 Vo 1947 ‘Ü¶o ‘wñbr‘m§À¶m {dMmamV H$m¶ ~Xb Pmbm? ‘wñbr‘ brJZo H$m§J«ogbmAZoH$ {df¶m§g§~§Yr Ë¶m§À¶m ñdoÀN>m d ^mdZm ewÝ¶ Agë¶m ~Ôb Xmofr R>adbo. CXm. brJZog§¶wº$ amÁ¶mV nwîH$iem OmJm qOH$ë¶m hmoË¶m. Var H$m§J«ogZo Ë¶m§À¶m ~amo~a AmKmS>rMo gaH$ma~ZdÊ¶mg ZmH$mabo. brJÀ¶m g^mgXmg KoÊ¶mg H$m§J«ogZo ZmH$mabo. AJmoXa H$m§J«ogMo g^mgXqhXþ ‘hmg oMo g^mgX hmoD$ eH$bo. ho nU ‘wñbr‘ H$m§J«og g^mgX ‘m¡bmZm AmPmX ¶m§À¶mKoVboë¶m Ajonm‘wio 1938 ‘Ü¶o ~§X H$aÊ¶mV Ambo. H$m§J«og ho ‘wimV qhXÿ nmQ>u Amho, Am{U‘wñbr‘ g‘mOm~amo~a gÎmoMo {d^mOZ H$am¶Mo Zmhr, Aí¶m àH$maMo ‘V Ë¶m§Zr ‘m§S>bo.

qhXÿ ‘hmg^m Am{U RSS (Rashtriya Svayam Sevak Sangh)

qhXþ ‘hmg^m d amï´>r¶ ñd¶§ godH$ g§K ¶m amï´>r¶, gm§ñH¥$VrH$ g§KQ>Zm cmoH$m§Zm g§KQ>rVH$aÊ¶mMo H$m¶© H$arV hmoË¶m. gd© qhXy§Zm EH$Ì H$aUo, OmVr, Y‘©, gm§àXm¶mda {d^mJë¶mOmUmè¶m g‘mOmg Wm§~dUo d Ë¶m§À¶m gm‘m{OH$ OrdZmV gwYmaUm H$aUo ho ¶m g§KQ>ZoMo ‘w»¶CÔoe hmoVo.^maV Xoe hm {h§Xþ amï> hmoVm. OoWo ~hþg§»¶ bmoH$ qhXþMo amhVmV. Agm g§Xoehr Ë¶m§Zr{Xbm. ¶m g§KQ>ZoÀ¶m H$m‘H$mOm‘wio H$m§J«og gXñ¶ hr à^mdrV Pmbo.

H$m§J«ogZo Ë¶m§À¶m H$m¶©H$Ë¶m§©‘Ü¶o Y‘© {Zanoj AgÊ¶mMr g‘O V¶ma H$aÊ¶m H$arVm anyaà¶ËZ Ho$bo, H$m§J«ogZo ‘wñbr‘m§Zm oQ>Zo, Vo gwajrV AgÊ¶mMr ^mdZm {Z‘m©U H$aUo d ‘wñbr‘

Aëng§»¶m§H$ g‘mOmÀ¶m g‘ñ¶m d Ë¶m§À¶m n[aîH$maH$aÊ¶mMr Amdí¶H$Vm ¶mda MMm© H$am? Aëng§»¶m§H$ bmoH$m§À¶m g‘mñ¶mMo g‘mYmZ d g§ajUH$aÊ¶m H$arVm doJio ‘VXma H|$Ð ~ZdrUo ho EH$nÕV hmoVr Ë¶m CÔoemÀ¶m nwVuH$arVm BVa H$moUVm‘mJ© Vwåhr gwMdy eH$Vm. CXm. ‘wñbr‘ ì¶Vrarº$g^mgXmZo Ë¶mÀ¶m {Zdm©MZ joÌmV {ZdS>UwH$sÀ¶mnwdu ‘wñbr‘ bmoH$m§Zm oQw>Z Ë¶m§À¶m g‘ñ¶m OmUwZKoVë¶mM nm{hOo. Aem {Z¶‘mZo Ë¶m§Mo g‘mYmZhmoB©b H$m? H|$ìhm hr nÕV An¶er R>aob? H$moUË¶mn[añWrVrV hr nÕV à^mdr hmoUma Zmhr?

SCERT TELANGANA


brJ, qhXÿ ‘hmg^m d Ama.Eg.Eg ¶m§Zr Vo Agwa{jV AgÊ¶mMr mdZm, Ë¶m{df¶rMm J¡ag‘OXþa H$aÊ¶mMmhr Ë¶m§Zr ânya à¶ËZ Ho$bm. H$m§J«ogZo ñnï> Ho$bo H$s, qhXþ Am{U ‘wñbr‘ hodoJdoJù¶m Xoem§Mo bmoH$ ZmhrV, Vo EH$mM XoemMo A{^Þ A§J AmhoV. na§Vw {~«Q>rem§Zm ¶mMr rVrhmoVr. Hw$R>o ‘wñbr‘ brJ H$m§J«ogÀ¶m åhUÊ¶mda {dídmg H$aob d Hw$R>o qhXþMo dM©ñd dmT>ob. ho gd©Vo CËgwH$VoZo nmhmV hmoVo.“nm{H$ñVmZ” À¶m {Z‘uVrMm àñVmd

~è¶mM bmoH$m§Zm Ago dmQ>bo H$s, {OWo ‘wñbr‘ bmoH$ OmñV AmhoV, {VWo doJù.m amÁ¶ì¶dñWoMr {deof JaO Amho. CXm.CXþ© H$dr ‘whå‘X BH$~mb -“gmao Ohm± go AÀN>m qhXþñVm§h‘mam” ¶m amï´> JrVmMo boIH$. ¶m§Zr 1930 ‘Ü¶o Amnë¶m AÜ¶jr¶ dZm‘Ü¶o ‘wñbr‘ brJbmg§~moYwZ ~mobV AgVm§Zm CÎma-npíM‘ ma{V¶ ‘wñbr‘ àm§VmMr JaO Amho, ho ñnï> Ho$bo.

nm{H$ñVmZ qH$dm nmH$-ñVmZ (n§Om~, A’$JmZ,H$mí‘ra Am{U qgY, ~bw{MñVmZ ¶m àm§VmnmgwZ)doJim amï´> {Z‘m©U H$aZo, d Ë¶mg darb XoemMo ZmdXoÊ¶mMo EH$m n§Om~r ‘wñbr‘ {dÚmÏ¶m©Zo 1933 Am{U1935 ‘Ü¶o H$a nÌmV {bhrbo, Am{U BÀN>m ì¶º$Ho$br, nmH$sñVmZbm doJù¶m amï´>mMm XOm« {‘imdm.ho EH$m ‘wbmMo ñdßZ ‘mÌ Ago ‘wñbr‘ brJÀ¶mZoË¶m§Zr ‘mUwZ ‘wñbr‘ brJ d Ë¶m§À¶m ZoË¶m§ZrË¶mÀ¶m ¶wº$sMo I§S>Z Ho$bo.

{~«Q>rem§Zr ’w$QnmS>m Am{U amÁ¶H$am hr MmbhmoVr. d H$m§J«goZo ‘wñbr‘m§À¶m àíZm§Zm hmVmiÊ¶mMrw{‘H$m ¶mV An¶e Amë¶mZo amO{H$¶ dmVmdaU

~Xbbo. CnI§S>mbrV ~hþg§»¶ ‘wñbr‘ Agboë¶m {R>H$mUr Ë¶m§Zm ñdm¶VÎmm {‘iÊ¶mH$arVm 23‘mM© 1940 ‘Ü¶o brJZo EH$ R>amd H$aÊ¶mMr ‘mJUr Ho$br. Ago Xþhoar ‘V Agbobo R>amd ¶mV{d^mOZmMm qH$dm nm{H$ñVmZMm C„oI ZìhVm. Varhr Z§VaÀ¶m H$m§hr dfm©V ¶mg nm{H$ñVmZMmR>amd åhUwZ AmoiIbm Jobm. brJZo CMbboë¶m {dîm¶m§da bmoH$m§Zr {dMma Ho$bm Am{U AZoH$n¶m©¶ g‘moa R>odbo, nm{H$ñVmZ EH$ ZdrZ amï´> ìhmdm hm EH$ n¶m©¶ hmoVm. Ogo doJù¶mnm{H$ñVmZÀ¶m {Z‘uVrgmR>r MMm© gwé Pmbr. V|ìhm nm{H$ñVmZ amï> ~Zbo nm{hOo Ago bmoH$m§Mo ‘V~Zb.

1940 Vo 1946 À¶m H$mimV ‘wñbr‘m§Mm brS>a Agbobm E‘.E OrÝhm Ë¶mMo åhUZo ñdrH$maH$aUo ho H$m§J«ogbm nU H${R>U hmoVo. doJù¶m XoemMr JaO Am{U ’$m¶Xo H$go AmhoV ho ‘wñbr‘bmoH$m§Zm g‘O{dÊ¶mg brJ g‘W© hmoVm. eoVH$è¶m§Zm dmQ>bo Zì¶m àm§VmV Amnë¶mbm qhXþO{‘ZXma d ì¶mOmZo n¡go XoUmao Amnbm N>i H$aUma ZmhrV, ì¶mnmar d Zm¡H$ar {‘i{dÊ¶mMrAnojm R>odUmè¶m§Zm dmQ>bo, Amnë¶mbm {VWo qhXÿ ì¶mnmè¶m§Mr Zm¡H$ar H$arVm gw{ejrV ~oH$mè¶m§Mr

Dr BR Am§~oS>H$a nm[H$ñVmZ qH$dm^maVmMo {d^mOZ - “n[aM¶” 1940ho bjmV KoVm ¶oB©b H$s, nm{H$ñVmZ hr EH$

¶moOZm Amho, g‘OÊ¶mÀ¶m nbrH$S>Mr Jmoï> Amho.‘wñbr‘ AmJ«h H$arV am{hbo H$s, Ë¶m§À¶m ¶moOZoMm{dQ>ma ìhmdm. {~«Q>re H$moUË¶mM àH$mao EH$mAmH«$m‘H$ ~hþg§»¶ qhXÿZm gVm ñWm{nV H$aÊ¶mMmAm{U dmag ~ZÊ¶mMm A{YH$ma XoD$ eH$V Zmhr.Amnë¶m IwergmR>r Ë¶m§Zr Aëng§»¶m§H$ bmoH$m§daøm Jmoï>r gmoS>bo. ho gm‘«mÁ¶mdmXmMm A§V ZmhrH$aob, Va ho nwÝhm Z{dZ gm‘«mÁ¶dmXmMr {Z{‘©VrH$aob.

SCERT TELANGANA


ñnYm© Zgob, {VWo Ë¶m§Zm g§nwU© Ym{‘©H$ ñdmV§Í¶ Agob,Ogo Ë¶m§Zm nm{hOo Agob Vgo gaH$ma ~ZdÊ¶mMo ñdmVÍ¶Agob, 1942 Vo 1945 ¶m H$mimV OmñVrV OmñVH$m§J«gMo ZoVo Oob‘Ü¶o Agë¶mZo brJZo Ë¶mMm Cn¶moJdoJù¶m nm{H$ñVmZgmR>r OZmYma {‘i{dÊ¶mH$arVm Ho$bm.

{~«Q >rem §g ^maV gm oS >Ê¶mg H$m oUr ^mJ nmS>bo? 1941À¶m doir OnmZZo X{jU nwd© Am{e¶m‘Ü¶o Amnbm {dñVma H$aÊ¶mg gwédmV Ho$bobr

hmoVr. Voìhm ma{V¶ gr‘og XoIrb Ë¶m§Mm YmoH$m hmoVm. {~«Q>rem§Zm OnmZÀ¶m {damoYmV ma{V¶m§ZmnwÝhm bT>dm¶Mo hmoVo. 1942 À¶m dg§VFw$Vy‘Ü¶o àYmZ‘§Ìr MMubbm g‘O{dÊ¶mV Ambo H$s,Ë¶m§À¶m EH$m ‘§Í¶mbm ga ñQ>°’$moS© {H«$ßgbm ^maVmV nmR>dm d Jm§YrOrer d H$m§J«og ZoË¶m§erVS>OmoS> H$aÊ¶mMm à¶ËZ H$am. ho ~mobUo {Zî’$i am{hbo.Varhr H$m§J«ogZo AmJ«h Ho$bm H$s,amOà{VZrYr dm¶gam¶Zm H$m¶©H$mar ‘§S>imgmR>r ^maVr¶ ajm g^mgX åhUwZ Zo‘UwH$ Ho$brnm{hOo.

{H«$ßgMo YmoaU An¶er R>aë¶mZ§Va Jm§YrOrZo {~«Q>rem§À¶m {damoYmV Amnbo {Vgao ‘moR>oAm§XmobZ gwé H$am¶Mo R>a{dbo, Vo Midi åhUOo maV N>moS>mo hr hmoVr. Vr Am°JñQ> 1942 ‘Ü¶ogwé Pmbr. Oar Jm§YrOtZm Oob‘Ü¶o Q>mH$bo. Var VéU H$m¶©H$Ë¶mªZr Am§XmobZ Mmbw R>odbo, dXoeâmV Ominmoi, VmoO’$moO H$aÊ¶mV Ambr. VéUm§Zr H$mboOo gmoSw>Z {Xbr. d Oobbm OmÊ¶mgV¶ma Pmbo. O¶àH$me Zmam¶U ho EH$ H$m§J«gMo gm‘m{OH$ H$m¶«H$V} hmoVo. Ë¶m§Zr ñdV…À¶mñVamda à{VH$ma Mmbw R>odbm. AZoH$ {OëømV Ogo npíM‘ ^mJmV gmVmam d nwd© ^mJmV‘o{XZrnwa ¶m {R>H$mUr ñdVÍ¶ gaH$maMr KmofUr {d«Q>rem§Zr ¶mMm nwU© eº$ser {damoY Ho$bm. Var¶m ~§S>mg Xm~wZ Q>mH$Ê¶mgmR>r Ë¶m§Zm EH$m dfm©nojm OmñV doi bmJbm.

>Ë¶mMdoir ^maVmÀ¶m H$å¶w{ñQ> nmQ>uZo ¶wÕ H$aÊ¶mH$arVm {~«Q>rem§bm nmqR>~m Úm¶MoR>a{dbo,gmo{d¶V g§Kmda ZmPrgZo Ho$boë¶m hë¶m§Zo p~«Q>re hmXéZ Jobo. OmJ{VH$ ñVamda Ë¶mMmYmoH$m H$‘r H$aÊ¶m H$arVm {~«Q>rem§Zr Ë¶m ¶wÕmg bmoH$m§Mo ¶wÕ Ago Zmd {Xbo. Ë¶mÀ¶m {damoYmVJm§YrOtZm dmQ>bo.>{~«Q>remZo maVmg gmoS>bo Va maV Xoe ñdV… OmnmZbm hmVmiob.

>gwédmVrbm OmnmZMm A‘o[aHo$da d ¶wamonda {dO¶mZo ^maVmVrb bm|H$m§da Ë¶m§Mm ‘moR>mà^md nS>bm. àW‘ Ago dmQ>bo ¶wamonmVrb amOm§Mm bdH$aMm nam^d hmoB©b. Xþgar JmoîQ> OmnmZhm Am{e¶Z Xoe hmoVm Am{U ¶wamo{n¶Z XoemÀ¶m {damoYmV C^m amhþ eH$Vmo. ma{V¶m§Zm dmQ>boVo gwÕm {~«Q>oZÀ¶m {damoYmV C o amhþ eH$VmV d I§ ranUo bT>m XoD$ eH$VmV. d§e Ûof ’¡$bdUmè¶mnwamU H$WoMo {~«Q>re§mMo dM©ñd MwaSw>Z Q>mH$bo.

>{~«{Q>e H${R>U narñVrVwZ Omg AgVm§Zm gw mf M§Ð ~mogbm CnbãY Agbobr Mm§Jbr g§YrAmho, Ago dmQ>bo. ^maVmMo ñdmV§Í¶ A{V ‘hËdmMo hmoVo V|ìhm {~«Q>rem§Zm XoemVwZ ~mhoaH$mT>Ê¶mH$arVm OmnmZMr ‘XV KoVbr nm{hOo Ago Vo åhUmbo, Vo JwánUo O‘©Zrbm d Z§VaOmnmZbm Jobo. d VoWo 1942 ‘Ü¶o ma{V¶ goZo (INA).>Mr ’$m¡O V¶ma Ho$br.

>bmoH$ ‘wñbr‘ brJÀ¶m amOH$maUmnmgwZhmoUmè¶m ’$m¶ÚmMo H$go ‘wë¶m§H$ZH$aVrb? Ë¶m§À¶m H$S>o H$m§hr e§H$mAmhoV H$m? H$moUË¶m àH$maMo àíZË¶m§À¶mH$S>o AmhoV? MMm© H$am.

SCERT TELANGANA


Vo g¡{ZH$ H$moU hmoV? O|ìhm{~«Q>rem§Mm ~‘m© d ‘bm¶m ‘Ü¶onam^d Pmbm V|ìhm OmnmZZo{~«Q>re g¡Ý¶mbm ~§Xr ~ZdboboVoM ho g¡Ý¶. Vo ¶wÕ H¡$Xr hmoVo.~mogZo Ë¶m gdmªZm Ë¶m§À¶mg¡Ý¶m‘Ü¶o KoVbo. Ë¶m g¡ZobmM‹amï ´ > r¶ ^ma{V¶ g¡Ý¶ AgoåhUVmV. Z§Va BVa maVr¶m§ZrnU g¡Ý¶mV ^mJ KoVbm. Ë¶mV‘{hbmnU hmoË¶m. ~mogÀ¶m ¶m¶moOZoer Jm§YrOr gh‘V ZìhVo. Ë¶m§ZmOmnmZ ^maVmbm ñdmV§Í¶ XoUmao XmVm AgweH$V Zmhr Ago dmQ>bo. nU ~mogZo Amnë¶m{ZdS>boë¶m H$m¶m©da bj H|${ÐV Ho$bo d gVVVrZ df© Amnë¶m g¡Ý¶mMo ZoV¥Ëd H$aV OmnmZÀ¶mà^mdr g¡Ý¶m ~amo~a {~«Q>rem§À¶m {damoYmVbT>m {Xbm.

>IamoIaM Vo doi YmS>er, ZmQ>{H$¶ dH${R>U hmoVm. EHm doiog Ago dmQ>bo, AbmBS>(g¡Ý¶) eº$s ¶wÕ hmaUma hmoVr. ñQ>mbrZJ«§S>‘Ü¶o ZmPr eº$sbm {‘imboë¶m O~aXñV {dO¶mMo a{e¶mZo n[aerbZ Ho$bo. g¡Ý¶meº$sZo¶wÕmda {Z¶§ÌU {‘i{dbo d eodQ>r Xþgao ‘hm¶wÕ qOH$bo. gw mf M§Ð~mogÀ¶m ma{V¶ g¡Ý¶mMm{~«Q>rem§HSw>Z nam^d Pmbm, Ë¶m KQ>ZoZ§Va gw mf M§Ð ~mog Zmhrgo Pmbo, H$m ‘aU nmdbo hoAOwZhr {ZíMrV Zmhr.

>OwZ 1944 ‘Ü¶o Xþgao ‘hm¶wÕ g§nV Ambo hmoVo. Vo§ìhmHw$R>o {~«Q>re gaH$maZo Jm§YrOtZm OobÀ¶ ~mhoa H$mT>bo.^maVmÀ¶m ñdmV§Í¶m ~Ôb ~mobÊ¶mMm Xþgam mJ ¶mgmR>rg‚m amhÊ¶mMm hm doi hmoVm.

‘hËdnwU© bm oH$m §Mm CR>md - ~§S>… 1946 Vo 1948^ma{V¶ amîQ´>r¶ goZoÀ¶m g¡{ZH$m§Zm Vwé§JmV Q>mH$Ê¶mV Ambo. {~«Q>rem§Zr Ë¶m§Zm {ejm

H$aÊ¶mMo R>adrbo, {~Ðmoh H$aÊmÀ¶m JwÝømdéZ ^m.am.g¡ À¶m Irbm’$ H$moQ>©‘Ü¶o H$m¶©dmhr gwéHo$br d ’$m§erMr gOm XoÊ¶mMo R>adbo. ma{V¶ amï´> g¡{ZH$m§À¶m {damoYmV H$m¶©dmhr gwé Pmbr.

^maVmV doJdoJù¶m {R>H$mUr Ag‘mYmZ, Ag§V¥á Owbw‘emhrZo H§$Q>miwZ bmoH$m§À¶m mdZoMmCX²«oH$ Pmbm. ¶m à{gÕ CR>mdm‘Ü¶o qhXþ-‘wñbr‘-amOH$maU ho ‘hËdmMo ZìhVo. amï´>r¶ mdZoZo

OmnmZZo H¡$X Ho$boë¶m g¡Ý¶mbm ~mogÀ¶m g¡Ý¶m‘Ü¶o^Vu hmoÊ¶mH$arVm Ë¶m§Zr ~mogbm H$er nadmZJr{Xbr?^ma{V¶ amï´>r¶ g¡Ý¶mV (INA) ^maVr¶ g¡Ý¶ H$mgm‘rb Pmbr?$¶wÕmVrb nam^dmMr Am{U {~Q>ZÀ¶m hmVrgmnS>Ê¶mMr ^rVr ^ma{V¶ g¡Ý¶mg H$m dmQ>brZmhr? {~«Q>rem§Zr Ë¶m§À¶m gmo~V H$m¶ Ho$bo AgVo.

{MÌ 14.3 : gw mf M§Ð ~mog

$1942 Vo 1945 ¶m H$mimMonwZamdbmoH$Z H$am. ¶mH$mimVrb^ma{V¶m§Mm {damoY {~«Q>rem à{V H$YrZìho EdT>m dmT>bm hmoVm H$m?SCERT TELANGANA


{MÌ 14.4 : ^maV XoemÀ¶m ñdmV§ÌmgmR>r 1946‘Ü¶o H«$m§Vr Ho$boëë¶m Zm{dH$ XbmMo ñ‘maH$

gd©OU EH$Ì Ambo. CXm. ^maVr¶ amï´>r¶ g¡{ZH$mVrb {dMmaUm Ho$ë¶m OmUmè¶mn¡H$s nwîH$ibmoH$ ‘wñbr‘ hmoVo. Va Ë¶m§À¶m ~Ôb ghmZw yVr hmoVr. nU Ë¶mÀ¶m Y‘m©Mm {dMma H$moUrhr Ho$bmZmhr.

Oa ¶wÕ g§në¶mZ§VaÀ¶m H$mimV ñdV… R>odwZnhm, Vwåhmbm ^maVmVrb n[añWrVr g‘OUo ghOhmoB©b. AÞ YmÝ¶mMr H$‘VaVm, YmÝ¶mÀ¶m A¶mo½¶dmQ>nm, OmñV qH$‘V, H$mim~mOma, ~oH$m¶oXeragmR>dU ÌñV Pmbo hmoVo. H$m‘Jma Ë¶m§À¶m H$‘ramoOJmam‘wio amJmV hmoVo, dmT>boë¶m ‘hmJmB©[H$‘VrÀ¶m {damoYmV aoëdoMo S>mH${d^mJmMo BVa gaH$marH$‘©Mmar ¶m§Mr YaZm H$aÊ¶mMr ¶moOZm hmoVr.

{~«Q>re A{YH$mè¶m§À¶m dmJUwH$sÀ¶m d Iam~ OodU XoÊ¶mÀ¶m {damoYmVM 18 ’o$~«wdmar 1946‘Ü¶o ‘w§~B©‘Ü¶o am¶b B§{S>¶Z ZodrÀ¶m Zm{dH$m§Zr CnmofU gwé Ho$bo. ‘w§~B©À¶m {H$Zmarda Agboë¶mZm{dH$Xb Am{U maVmVrb gd©M Ob goZmÀ¶m {R>H$mUr ¶m hS>Vmimbm bdH$aM ’$ma à^mdnS>bm. ~§S> H$aUmè¶m bmoHm§Zr {Va§Jr P|S>m, M§ÐH$ma Agboë¶m d hVmoS>m d {dù¶m§Mo {MÝhAgboë¶m P|S>çmMo ~°Za OhmOmÀ¶m I§ã¶mbm bmdbo. Eg.Eg. ImZ ¶m§À¶m AÜ¶joVo Imbr H$o{Ð¶ZmdrH$ YaZm g‘rVr Zo‘Ê¶mV Ambr. CÎm‘ XOm©Mo OodU XoÊ¶m H$arVm Jmoè¶m, {~«Q>re g¡{ZH$m§Zmd ma{V¶ g¡{ZH$m§Zm g‘mZ doVZ, maVr¶ amï>r¶ g¡{ZH$mÀ¶m g¡Ý¶mZm d BVa amO{H$¶ H¡$qXZmgmoS>Ê¶m~m~V Am{U B§S>moZo{e¶mVwZ ^maVr¶ g¡{ZH$m§Zm ‘wº$ H$aÊ¶m~m~V ¶m g‘rVrZo ‘mJUrHo$br hmoVr.

78 OhmOm, 20 {H$Zma‘¶ nÅ>¶m§Mr ñWmnZm 20,000g¡{ZH$m§Zr ¶mYaÊ¶mV mJ KoVbm. {h§Xþ Am{U ‘wñbr‘ ¶mn¡¡H$seoH$S>mo {dÚmWu ‘w§~B©Vrb añË¶mda Ambo d Ë¶m§Zr nmobrg dg¡Ý¶mÀ¶m {damoYmV OmCZ YaÊ¶mg ‘XV Ho$br. ‘w§~B©‘Ü¶o 22’o$~«wdmarbm 3 bmI ‘rb H$m‘Jmam§Zr Ë¶m§Mo H$m‘Jmam§Zr Ë¶m§MoH$m‘ Wm§~dbo. nmobrg d g¡Ý¶mÀ¶m {daomYmV XmoZ {Xdg qhgmË‘H$bT>mB© Ho$br.

1946 Mo df© YaZm d à{VH$ma H$aÊ¶mMo df© hmoVo . XoemVgd©M ^mJmV, H$maImÝ¶mMo,‘rgMo H$m‘ ~§X hmoVo, ¶mAm§XmobZm‘Ü¶o ‘m³g©dmXr d g‘mOdmXr nj gVH©$ hmoVo. J«m‘rU^mJmVhr Ag§Vwï>nUmMr bmQ> hmoVr.

~§Jmb‘Ü¶o EH$m bhmZ d Jar~ eoVH$è¶m§Zo Am§XmobZ gwéHo$bo. Ë¶mZo eoVr H$aÊ¶mH$[aVm ‘moR>çm O{‘XmamMr eoVr KoVbr. Ë¶mZo ‘mJUr Ho$br H$s Ë¶mZrHo$boë¶m {nH$m§Mr amg VrZ mJmn¡H$s XmoZ mJ dmT>dbr Ho$br nm{hOo, AY©o {H|$dm Ë¶mnojm mJ{Xbm Zmhr nm{hOo. ¶m Am§XmobZmg Q>o mJm Am§XmobZ Ago åhQ>bo. ¶mMo ZoV¥Ëd amÁ¶mÀ¶m {H$gmZg oZo Ho$bo.

KQ>Zm§Mo emoH$m§Vrb diU d Ë¶m‘wio ¶m bmoH$m§MoOrdZ H$go à^mdrV Pmbobo Agob ¶m{df¶rH$ënZm H$am.^ma{V¶ amï>r¶ goZoMo g¡{ZH$ Oo maVr¶m§gmR>rZm¶H$m§gmaIo hmoVo, Ooìhm Ë¶m§Zm XoeÐmohr åhUwZ{~«Q>rem§H$Sw>Z H$m¶©dmhr H$aV AgVm§Zm, ’$m§grXoV AgVmZm maVr¶m§Zm H$m¶ dmQ>bo Agob?

SCERT TELANGANA


h¡Ðm~mX‘Ü¶o ‘m³g©dmXr njmZo Vob§JmZm mJmVrb eoVH$è¶m§Mo ’$ma ‘moR>o Am§XmobZ Mmb{dbo.Vob§JmZm ^mJmVrb eoVH$ar ‘moR>çm O{‘ZXmamÀ¶m {damoYmV g‘moa Ambo d Ë¶m§Zr eoVH$è¶m§MoH$O© ‘m’$ H$aÊ¶mH$arVm, H$‘r n¡emV R>amdrH$H$mimn¶ªV H$m‘ KoÊ¶mMo nÕVrMo {Z‘©wbZ H$aUod Omo O{‘ZrMr ‘emJV H$é eH$Vmo, Ë¶m§ZmO{‘Z dmQ>n H$aZo, ¶mH$arVm Ë¶m§Zr ‘m§JUrHo$br.eoVH$è¶m§Zo amOH$Ë¶m©À¶m d Ë¶m§À¶mg¡Ý¶mMm à{VH$ma H$aÊ¶mgmR>r eó CMbbo.Odi-Odi VrZ hOma JmdmZo ¶m Am§XmobZmV^mJ KoVbm. ÌmdoUH$moa d nwÞàm, d¶mbma‘Ü¶oeoVH$è¶m§Mr Xþgar ‘moR>r eó H«$m§Vr KS>br.

‘wñbr‘ brJ Am{U H$ §mJ « og - gÎVm nardV©ZmgmR>r MMm ©1945 ‘Ü¶o brJ Am{U H$m§Jo«gÀ¶m ‘w»¶ ZoË¶m§‘Ü¶o nwÝhm MMm© gwé Pmbr. g§nwU© ñdmVÍ¶

XoÊ¶mnwdu dm¶gam¶, goZmnVr ¶m§À¶m ì¶{V[aº ma{V¶ bmoH$m§n¡H$s H$m¶©H$mar ‘§S>imMr {Z‘uVrH$aÊ¶mgmR>r {~«Q>ZZo V¶mar Xe©{dbr ¶m H$m¶©H$mar ‘§S>imV ‘wñbr‘m§Zmhr nwaogo à{VZrYrËd{‘imdo åhUwZ {OÝhmZo hÅ> Yabm. ¶m‘wio amÁ¶H$ma^ma ~Xbm {df¶rÀ¶m MMm© An¶er R>aë¶m.¶m~m~V AZoH$m§Zr ‘Ü¶ñVr H$aÊ¶mMo à¶ËZ Ho$bo. amï´>dmXr ‘wñbr‘m§Mm nmR>t~m H$m§J«ogbm Van§Om~‘Ü¶o H$m§hr nj§mMm nmR>t~m ‘wñbr‘m§Zm hmoVm. Vo gXñ¶ åhUwZ hmoVo. ¶m XmoÝhr njm§Zr‘wñbr‘ brJÀ¶m ‘mJUrbm g‘W©Z {Xobo Zmhr. ¶mMdoir H$m§Jo«. njmMo AÜ¶j nX ‘m¡bmZm AmPmXH$S>o Agë¶mZo {eï> ‘§S>imMo ZoV¥Ëd Ë¶m§ZrM Ho$bo. $

1946 ‘Ü¶o amÁ¶ ñVamda {Zd‹S>UwH$m Pmë¶m, ‘wñbr‘ brJ gd© 509 grQ>m§n¡H$s 442 grQ>m dË¶m§À¶m amIrd {Zdm©MZ joÌmVrb gd© 30 grQ>m qOH$ë¶m. ’$º$ 1946 n¶ªV brJZo AmnbrñdV…Mr ‘O~yV nmQ>u ñWmnZ Ho$br. Ë¶m njmMr ^maVr¶ ‘wñbr‘m§Mo ñnï> dº$m ~ZÊ¶mMrdmQ>Mmb gwé hmoVr. Ë¶m§Zm EHw$U ‘wñbr‘‘Vm§À¶m 86 Q> o$ nojm OmñV ‘V {‘imbohmoVo. 1946 ‘Ü¶o H$m§J«ogbm gmYmaU ‘VXmaH|$ÐmV anwa ‘moR>m {dO¶ {‘imbm. ‘wñbr‘A{Varº$ H$m§J«obm 91 grQ>m {‘imë¶m.

Xoe {d^mOZmMm e³¶ Vmo EH$ n¶m©¶‘mM© 1946 ‘Ü¶o brJÀ¶m ‘mJUrMo narjU H$aÊ¶mH$arVm, ñdmV§Í¶ maVmÀ¶m ¶mo½¶ gw{Z¶moOrV

amO{H$¶ AmamIS>m gw[MV H$aÊ¶mH$[aVm {~«Q>re H°$~rZoQ>Zo VrZ gXñ¶m§Mr EH$ ‘reZbm {X„rbmnmR>drbo, ¶m H°~rZoQ>À¶m ‘reZZo XoemV VrZ ‘{hÝ¶m§Mr ¶mÌm Ho$br. d maV XoemMo {d^mOZZ H$aVm EH$ V¥Vr¶m§e bmoH$m§Zr g§KamÁ¶mMr {g’$mag Ho$br. ‘wimV gd© ‘moR>çm njm§Zr hr¶moOZm ñdrH$mabr, nU gh‘Vr OmñV H$mi amhrbr Zmhr. H$maU Ë¶m ¶moOZoÀ¶m {díbofUm{df¶r

XoemVrb gm‘mÝ¶ bmoH$m§À¶m Am§XmobZm {df¶rÀ¶mH$m¶m©À¶m g‘rjm H$am? Vo H$í¶mMr ‘mJUrH$arV hmoVo?da gm§JrVboë¶m OUgm‘mÝ¶mÀ¶m AZoH$ Am§XmobZm‘Ü¶o Ym{‘©H$ {d^mOZ ho ’$ma ‘hË¶mMo ZìhVo.¶m Am§XmobZm‘Ü¶o bm§oH$m§À¶m E³¶‘VVogmR>r H$moUVrH$maU Agw eH$VmV.

‘wñbr‘ brJMr H$moUVr ‘mJUr hmoVr, Or H$m§J«ogbmñdmH$m¶© ZìhVr? Vwåhr H$m§J«goÀ¶m H$maUm§Zr gh‘VAmhmV H$m?Vw‘À¶m ‘Vo 1946 À¶m {ZdS>UwH$mMm {ZH$mbbmoH$m§À¶m ‘ZñWrVr ~Ôb H$m¶ gwMrV H$aVmo?SCERT TELA

NGANA


nañna {damoY hmoVm. eodQ>rH|${Ð¶ Am¶moJmÀ¶m àñVmdZogbrJZo d H$m§J«ogZohr EH$‘VXmIdbo Zmhr.

‘wñbr‘ brJZo R>adboH$s, Ë¶m§Mr ‘mJUr Ho$diMM}Zo {ZH$mb bmJUma Zmhr,d Ë¶m bm oH §mZm J„rV,añË¶mda ¶ o Ê¶mH $a rVmAmìhmhZ Ho$boM nm{hOo.nm[H$ñVmZm {‘i{dÊ¶mH$arVmbrJZo “àË¶j H$m¶©dmhr”(Direct Action) Mr ¶moOZm

~Zdbr, d Ë¶m§Zr 16 Am°JñQ> 1946 ¶m {Xdgmbm àË¶j H$m¶©dmhrMm {Xdg KmofrV Ho$bm. ¶mM{Xder H$bH$Ë¶m‘Ü¶o X§Jo gwé Pmbo. ho X§Jo ~aoM {Xdg am{hbo. Ë¶mV hOmamo bmoH$ ‘aU nmdbo,‘mM© 1947 n¶ªV CÎma maVmÀ¶m AZoH$ mJmV qhgm ngabr.

‘mM© 1947bm Pmboë¶m gd©ì¶mnr {h§goMr nmíd© y‘r bjmV KoD$Z H$m§J«og hm¶H$‘m§S>Zon§Om~Mm XmoZ mJ H$aÊ¶mg gh‘Vr XmIdbr. n§Om~Mm EH$ AYm© mJ ‘wñbr‘m§Mm hmoVm d XþgamqhXw {gIm§Mm hmoUma hmoVm. ~§JmbMohr n§Om~à‘mUo {d^mOZ H$aÊ¶mMo H$m§J«ogZo ñdrH$mabo.

’o$~«wdmar 1947 ‘Ü¶o dmdobÀ¶m {R>H$mUr ‘mC§Q>~oQ>Z dm¶gam¶ åhUwZ Ambo. nwT>o OmÊ¶mÀ¶mÑîQ>rZo ‘mC§Q>~oQ>oZZo nm{H$ñVmZ {df¶r ~mobÊ¶mgmR>r AIoaMm Q>ßnm ~mobmdbm. Ooìhm ¶m JmoîQ>r{ZîH$f© ahrV R>aë¶m Ë¶mZo KmofZm Ho$br H$s, {~«Q>re maVmbm ñdV§Ì H$aVrb nU {d^mOZ hrhmoB©b. n§Om~Mm ‘wñbr‘ ~hyg§»¶ Agbobm àm§V, CÎma-npíM‘ g‘moa Agbobm n§Om~ (NWFP)qgY, ~bw{MñVmZ Am{U nwd© ~§Jmb ¶m àm§Vm~amo~a nm[H$ñVmZ EH$ ZdrZ Xoe ~Z{dbmOmB©b.{~«Q>re gaH$maH$Sw>Z gÎmoMo Am¡nMmarH$ hñVm§VaU H$aÊ¶mV Ambo. Ë¶m§Zr nm{H$ñVmZbm 14Am°JñQ> 1947 bm d maV Xoemg 15 Am°JñQ> 1947 bm gÎmm gmon{dbr. X§Jo g‘má H$aÊ¶mH$arVmaº$ H«$m§Vr, Ûof, {VañH$ma ¶m‘wio bmoH$ ‘aV hmoVo. BË¶mXrZm Wm§~{dÊ¶m H$arVm ñdV§Ì amï´>~{Z{dUo EH$ ‘mÌ Cnm¶ Amho.

{d^mOZ Am{U ñWbm§Va‘wñbr‘ Xoe åhUwZ nm{H$ñVmZMr {Z‘uVr Pmë¶m‘wio AZoH$ bmoH$m§À¶m g‘moa ‹I‹wnM Xw…IX

AmUr AH$ënZr¶ n[añWrVr CX² dbr, ~aoM qhXÿ bmoH$ Oo Z{dZ {Z‘m©U Pmboë¶m nm{H$ñVmZÀ¶mgr‘oda amhVmV, Vo AgwajrV Pmbo. d Ë¶m§Zm Vo amï> gmoS>Ê¶mgmR>r X~md Q>mH$Ê¶mV Ambm. Ë¶mMà‘mUo BVa gr‘oÀ¶m nbrH$S>o amhUmè¶m ‘wñbr‘m§ ~amo~a hr VoM Pmbo, H$mhtZm amï´>r¶ {d^mOZZH$mo hmoVo. H$m§hr bmoH$m§Zm ho g‘Obo Zmhr H$s ho H$m KSV hmoVo. Ë¶m§Zm KamÀ¶m, JmdmÀ¶m,ehamÀ¶m ~mhoa H$mS>>Ê¶mgmR>r X~md AmUbm OmV hmoVm. Ë¶m ~Ôb Ë¶m§À¶m ‘ZmV H«$moY d{VañH$ma hmoVm. Odi-Odi 1.5 H$amoS> qhXy Am{U ‘wñbr‘ bmoH$ ~oKa Pmbo. ‘maUo, bwQ>nmQ>,Ominomi Aímm KQ>Zm KS>ë¶m. qhXþ d ‘wñbr‘m§Mo XmoZ Vo 5 bmI bmoH$ ‘maÊ¶mV Ambo. Am{U~mH$sMo gd© bmoH$ eaUmJV {Zdm©grV ~Zbo, d Vo ghm¶Vm H|$Ðm‘Ü¶o amhþ bmJbo. ZdrZ Kao

Fig 14.5 : Jawaharlal Nehru at Independence declaration

SCERT TELANGANA


{MÌ 14.6 : maVmVrb VËH$mbrZ d¥ÎmnÌm‘Ü¶o ma{V¶ ñdmV§Í¶mMr ~mV‘r. H$moUH$moUVo BVaKQ>H$ Vwåhr AmoiIw eH$Vm H$m? MMm© H$am.

SCERT TELANGANA


{‘i{dÊ¶mH$arVm AZoH$ bmoH$ Q´>oZZo ~mhoa Jobr. Ë¶mdoir Jm§YrOr X§Jo nrS>rV mJmV Jobo, Ë¶m§Zrghm¶Vm H|$ÐmV d XdmImÝ¶mV oQ>r {Xë¶m. Amngm‘Ü¶o em§Vr Am{U d§YwËd R>odÊ¶mMm g§Xoe{Xbm. ho Iao ñdmV§Í¶ d ñdamÁ¶ ZìhVo. Á¶mgmR>r Jm§YrOrZo {Xdg-amÌ ‘ohZV Ho$bobr hmoVr.¶mg {damoY åhUwZ amï´> {nVm‘mhZo CnmofU Ho$bo d n{hbm ñdmV§Í¶ {Xdg gmOam Ho$bm Zmhr.

Jm§YrOr d Zohé ¶m§À¶m ZoV¥Ëdm‘Ü¶o H$m§J«ogZo Aëng§»¶m§H$mÀ¶m A{YH$mamMm R>amd nmg Ho$bm.H$m§J«og njmbm ho “XmoZ-XoemMo {d^mOZ”; nQ>bo ZìhVo. {d^mOZmg ñdrH$ma H$aZo ho Ë¶m§À¶mBÀN>oÀ¶m {déÕ hmoVo. Ë¶m§Mm Agm {dídmg Amho H$s, “^maV Xoe hm AZoH$ Y‘m©Mm AZoH$OmVtMm Xoe Amho”.Am{U åhUwZ maV XoemZo A{d^mOrV ahmdo. nm{H$ñVmZ‘Ü¶o H$erhr Agbr

{MÌ 14.7 : XoemÀ¶m {d^mOZmMo doJdoJi Ñî¶(LIFE n{ÌHo$V) hr N>m¶m{MÌo àH$merV Ho$br.

N>m¶m{MÌH$ma…‘mJ©aoQ> ~mA°H©$-dmBQ>

SCERT TELANGANA


{MÌ 14.8 : ‘hmË‘m Jm§Yr

Var, “^maV Xoe hm bmoH$emhr àYmZ d Y‘© {Zanoj Xoe Amho,” {OWo gd© ZmJ[aH$ nwU© AYrH$mamMm AmZ§XKoVmV, d maV Xoe g‘mZ nUo gd© Y‘mªÀ¶m bmoH$m§Mo g§ajU H$aVmo.

Jm§YrOrMr hË¶m15 Am°JñQ> 1947 amoOr m§S>Uo Mmbw Agboë¶m ~§Jmb‘Yrb ZmoIbr Jmdm‘Ü¶o Jm§YrOr em§Vr ~hmb H$aÊ¶mMo

à¶ËZ H$arV hmoVo, Vo amOYmZr {X„rbm ’$º$ 9 gßQ>|~a 1947 ¶m {Xder Ambo, hm d¶mod¥Õ ‘mUwg CÎma-npíM‘^maVmV ì¶mnH$ gm‘m{OH$ CÝ‘mX, X§Jo hmoV Agë¶mZo Ag§Vwï> hmoVm. d Ë¶m§Zr Km~aboë¶m bmoH$m§Zm em§V H$aÊ¶mMmà¶ËZ Ho$bm.Jm§YrOrÀ¶m amOH$maUmVrb y{‘Ho$‘wio {d{eï> Y‘m©er g§~§YrV bmoH$m§À¶m mdZm XþImdë¶m Joë¶m,Ë¶m§Zm AZoH$ doim Ë¶m§Ë¶m gd© Y‘© àmW©Zm g oÀ¶m H$m‘mV AS>Wim AmUbm. Ë¶m§Mr hË¶m hmoÊ¶mÀ¶m XmoZ {XdgAJmoXa Ë¶m§Mm Ord KoÊ¶mMm A¶eñdr à¶ËZ Ho$bm Jobm, 28 OmZodmar 1948 {Xder Jm§YrOr åhUmbo, “Oa ‘bmEImÚm nmJb ‘mUgmÀ¶m JmoirZoM ‘aZo AgobM, Va ‘r hgV-hgV ‘aob, Ë¶m H$arVm ‘mÂ¶m ‘ZmV Ë¶mÀ¶m{df¶r WmoS>m nU amJ dmQ>Uma Zmhr, Bída ‘mÂ¶m ôX¶mV d hmoR>>m§da AgbmM nm{hOo.”

eodQ>r Xoemg ñdmV§Í¶ Amë¶mZ§Va 6 ‘{hÝ¶mÀ¶m AmV 30 OmZodmar 1948 Ë¶m {Xder gd© Y‘© g oÀ¶m àmW©ZogOmV AgVm§Zm amï>{nVm VrZ Jmoù¶m§Mm {eH$maPmbo. d Ë¶m§Mm Ord OmÊ¶m AJmoXa Ë¶m§Zr hoam‘& Ago CX²Jma H$mT>bo, Ë¶m§Zm ‘maUmamZÏWwam‘ JmoS>go VoWwZ ’$ama Pmbm, d Ë¶mg‘w§~B©V nH$S>Ê¶mV Ambo. Vmo EHo$H$mir qhXÿ‘hmg oMm gXñ¶ hmoVm. Ë¶m‘wio Ë¶m g§KQ>Zoda{damoY {Z‘m©U hmodw bmJbm. ¶mMmM n[aUm‘1948 ’$o~«wdmar 14 ¶m {Xder A{Ib ^maVqhXÿ ‘hmg^m amO{H$¶ H$m¶©H«$‘m{df¶r Iè¶mg§KQ>ZoÀ¶m H$m‘mda Ñï>rH|$ÐrV H$amdr. Agm{ZU©¶ KoÊ¶mV Ambm. EH$màH$mao bhar JmoS>go¶m§Zr Amnë¶m {‘Ìmg Xo‹Irb Ìmg XoD$Z Ë¶mÀ¶mñdV…À¶m ¶moOZoMo ZwH$gmZ H$éZ KoVbo.

bhmZ amÁ¶m §Mo EH$ÌrH$aU^maVmV Ë¶mdoir Odi-Odi 550 bhmZ d¡ dembr amÁ¶ AgwZ ñdmV§Í¶ gmd© m¡‘ amÁ¶ AgÊ¶mMm

Ë¶m§Zr AmZ§X KoVbm. na§Vw Ë¶m gd© amÁ¶m§da {~«Q>rem§Mr gÎmm hmoVr. Ogo {Q>Q>re maVmVwZ {ZKwZ OmVrb,ho d¡ dembr amÁ¶ ñdV§Ì hmoVrb Ë¶m§Zr {dMmaÊ¶mV Ambo, maVmV qH$dm nm{H$ñVmZmV {‘gim¶Mo Amho,AWdm doJio ñdV§Ì amh¶Mo Amho. bmoH$m§Zr ‘§S>i MidirV mJ KoVë¶mZo gmYmaU bmoH$m§Zm Oo d¡ dembramÁ¶mV amhVmV. bm|H$emhrÀ¶m A{YH$mamMo ‘wë¶ ‘m{hV Pmbo, Ë¶m§Zm amOmÀ¶m Hw$Qw>§~r¶m§Zr amÁ¶ H$é Z¶oAgo dmQ>bo.ÌmdUH$moa d h¡Ðm~mX‘Ü¶o bhmZ eoVH$è¶m§Zr emgrV O{‘Xmam§À¶m {damoYmV eó CMbwZ H«$m§VrHo$br.

H$m§Jo«gZo d¡ dembr amO KaÊ¶mÀ¶m àm§VmV amhUmè¶m bmoH$mÀ¶m Am§XmobZmg ‘XV Ho$br. d KmofUmHo$br H$s, Amnë¶m XoemMr amÁ¶KQ>Zm ~Z{dÊ¶mH$arVm Ë¶m§Zr maVmV {‘gibo nm{hOo. Owb¡ 1947 ‘Ü¶obhmZ amÁ¶mg EH$Ì H$aÊ¶mÀ¶m CÔoemZo gaXma nQ>obbm A{YH$ma {Xbm. Ë¶m§Zr amOm§er, amHw$‘mam§er

SCERT TELANGANA


XoemV {‘giÊ¶mMm àñVmdmda MMm© gwé Ho$br. Ë¶mZo Agohr ñnï> Ho$bo H$s. Oa Vo {‘giÊ¶mg V¶ma ZgobVa XoemÀ¶m EH$ÌrH$aUmgmR>r g¡Ý¶mbm nmR>{dbo OmB©b. H$mí‘ra, h¡ÐmdmX, OwZmJT> EodOr BVa gd© amÁ¶15 Am°JñQ> 1947 n¶ªV maVmV {‘giÊ¶mg V¶ma Pmbo hmoVo. ¶m VrZ àm§Vmg XoIrb ¶oUmè¶m XmoZ dfm©V^maVmV {‘giÊ¶mg mJ nmS>bo.

amOm§Mo, amOHw$‘mam§Mo emgZ H$mTw>Z Q>mH$bo d amOHw$‘mam§Zm Ë¶m§À¶m ñdV…À¶m IMm©gmR>r {Zd¥Îmr doVZXoÊ¶mV Ambo. Ë¶mbmM (‘mZYZ amOmMm IM©) Agohr åhUVmV. gr‘m§Zm {‘giwZ ZdrZ àemgZmMoR>am{dH$ gr‘m V¶ma H$aÊ¶mV Ambo. ZdrZ àm§V V¶ma {Z‘m©U H$aÊ¶mMm n{hbm Q>ßnm 1956 n¶ªV Mmbbm.‘Ooera Jmoï> åhUOo 1971 ‘Ü¶o ^maVr¶ gaH$maZo amOmMm IM© ~§X Ho$bo. AJmoXaÀ¶m amOHw$‘mamÀ¶mHw$Qw>§~r¶m§Hw$Sw>Z Cn¶moJmV AmUbo OmUmao erf©H$mda ~§YZ AmUbo.

AmYw{ZH$ maV Aem nÕVrZo ApñVËdmV Ambm. 1947 ‘Ü¶o Vo EH$ Jar~ Xoe AgwZ bmoH$m§Mm{dH$mg H$‘r Pmbobm hmoVm. d Iam~ g§KQ>ZmË‘H$ {dH$mgmMr gw{dYm hmoVr. XmoZ eVH$mV dgmhVdmXmZoXoemMm {dH$mg Wm§~bobm hmoVm d Ë¶mZo Ë¶m§À¶m bmoH$m§Mm AmË‘{dídmg Zï> H$aÊ¶mMm à¶ËZ Ho$bm hmoVm.AmYw{ZH$ ñdmdb§~r Am{U Ý¶m¶¶mo½¶ ^maV Xoe ~ZdrUo ho AmìhmhZ hr hmoVo, d Ver g§Yr hr hmoVr.

‘hËdmMo eãX

ñdgÎmmH$ amÁ¶ ’$moS>m Am{U amÁ¶ H$am doJio ‘VXma g§K

Vw‘À¶m Aä¶mgmMr nwZamd¥Îmr H$am

1. ^maVmVrb doJdoJù¶m bmoH$m§Zr Xþgè¶m ‘hm¶wXYmbm H$gm à{VgmX {Xbm, H$moUË¶m àH$maÀ¶mñWrVrbm Ë¶m§Zm gm‘moa Omdo bmJbo? ¶m ~Ôb gmaUr dZdm Ë¶mV ‘m{hVr XmIdm?

2. Á¶y d BVa g‘mOmbm O‘©Zr‘Ü¶o Hw«$a dmJUwH$ {Xbr, Z¡{VH$nUo O‘©Zr Am{U OmnmZbm nmR>t~mXoUo, Vwåhmbm ¶mo½¶ Amho, Ago dmQ>Vo H$m?

3. XoemÀ¶m {d^mOUmg H$maUr yV Agboë¶m {d{dY KQ>H$mMr ¶mXr ~Zdm?4. {d^mOZ hmoÊ¶m AJmoXa H$moUH$moUVo doJio ‘mJ© AmhoV, Ë¶m‘Ü¶o doJdoJù¶m g‘wXm¶mV gÎmm

dmQ>nmMo g§KQ>Z H$aÊ¶mV Ambo.5. ^maVm‘Ü¶o {~«Q>re gaH$maZo ’w$Q> nmS>m Am{U amÁ¶ H$am, ¶mMm gamd Ho$bm? Vo ZmB{Oar¶m g§~§Yr

Á¶m {df¶mMm Vwåhr Aä¶mg Ho$bobm Amho. Ë¶mV H$moUVo gmå¶ Am{U oX AmhoV.6. {d^mOZ hmoÊ¶m AJmoXa H$moUVo doJio ‘mJ© hmoVo, OoWo amOH$maUmV Y‘m©Mm Cn¶moJ Ho$bm?7. ñdmV§Í¶ bT>çmÀ¶m eodQ>À¶m dfu eoVH$ar d H$m‘Jma H$í¶màH$mao EH${ÌV Ambo hmoVo?8. gmYmaU bmoH$m§À¶m OrdZmda {d^mOUmMm H$gm à^md nS>bm? {d^mOZmZ§Va Pmboë¶m ì¶mnH$

ñWbm§Vamg amO{H$¶ à{VgmX H$gm hmoVm?9. {d{Y d¡ dembr amOm§Mo ZdrZ ^maVr¶ amï´>m‘Ü¶o EH$ÌrH$aU H$aUo ho AmìhmZmË‘H$ hmoVo H$m?

10. ^maVmÀ`m amOH$s` ZH$memV Imcrc ñWio XmIdm?A) H$í_ra ~) h¡Ðm~mX H$) OwZmJS> S>) ~§Jmc B) Voc§JmZm

11. gw mfM§Ð ~mog `m§À`mVrc H$moUVo JwU Vwåhmg AmdS>co? H$m?

SCERT TELANGANA


{~«Q>re amOdQ>rÀ¶m eodQ>À¶m H$mimV Á¶m KS>m‘moS>r Pmë¶m ¶mVyZ amOH$s¶ ‘hËdH$m§jm~imdë¶m d Ë¶m§Zr doJio diU KoVbo. ¶mVyZM maVr¶ g§{dYmZmMo ñdén gmH$mabo. Bg 1936Z§Va ‘hmË‘m Jm§Yr ¶m§Zr amOH$maUmVrb bj H$mTy>Z KoVbo hmoVo. d ñdV…g Amlm‘mV ~§XrñVH$éZ KoVbo; na§Vw {d{eï> àg§Jr Vo gëbm (ì¶ñV) XoV AgV.

1936-37 nmgyZ {ZdS>UyH$m§Mo amOH$maU gwé Pmbo. d 1946 ‘Ü¶o Pmboë¶m {ZdS>UyH$m§ Ûmaog§{dYmZ g{‘VrVrb C‘oXdmamÀ¶m {ZdS>r ~amo~a Vo g§nbo. g§{dYmZ g{‘Vr {ZdSy>Z Amboë¶mC‘oXdmam§Zr g§{dYmZ {bhrbo ¶mVrb H$m±J«og hm à^mdr amOH$s¶ nj hmoZm Á¶mZo EH$g§Kamï´>r`Ëd d g‘mOmVrb {d{dY {d^mJ ¶m§Zm KoCZ Vi R>moH$bm d XmoÝhr {ZdS>UyH$m§ ‘Ü¶o ~hþ‘Vàmá Ho$bo.

hm EH$ {dfoe ‘hËdnyU (d¡{eîQ>çnyU©) H$mi Amho. H$maU; {ZdS>UyH$sÀ¶m H$mbI§S>mVYm{‘©H$ ; qhXÿ Am{U ‘wñbr‘ Á¶m {dMmaYmam§Mm OÝ‘ H$m§hr H$mimnydu Pmbm hmoVm. Vo amOH$s¶e{º$ åhUyZ ~iH$Q> Pmbm. qhXÿ ‘hmg^m d ‘wpñb‘ brJ XmoKm§Zrhr {ZdS>UyH$m bT>dë¶m. ¶mVYm{‘©H$ g§H$ënZm§ m {dMma Ymam åhUyZ àMma Ho$bm. amOH$s¶ {dMma gaUr¶m {Vgam àdmhAgUmam eoVH$ar (H¥$fH$ amï>r¶Vm) H$å¶w{Zï> njmÀ¶m Ûmao {~«Q>re d amOH$Ý¶oÀ¶m {damoYmV C^mamhrbm Vm‘ri XoemVrb am‘ñdm‘r Z¡H$a ¶m§À¶m ZoV¥Ëdm Imbr (ñd A{^‘mZ) ñdm{^‘mZ (Selfrespect) Midi C^r am{hbr Va mñH$amd OmYd ¶m§À¶m ZoV¥ËdmImbr ‘hmamï´>mV ~«÷UoVa

15 ñdV§Ì ^maVmÀ`m g§§{dYmZmMr{Z{_©Vr

^maVr` g§{dYmZmMr nwZ©ôQ> (Revisiting Indian Constitution)

n{hco AmR>ì`m dJm©Vrc gm_m{OH$ AÜ``ZmÀ`m nmR>ç nwñVH$mVrc (13) Voamdm nmR>dmMwZ^maVr` g§{dYmer g§~§YrV Imcrc H$m © nwU© H$am.

^maVr` g§{dYmg _hËdnwU© moJXmZ ___________;___________; ___________; ___________^maVr` g§{dYmZmÀ`m àñVmdZoV H$moU H$moUË`m _wë`dmZ AmX©emÀ`m {dMma Ho$cmJocm Amho?^maVr` g§{dYmZmÀ`m àñVmdZo gh Imcr {Xcoë`m XomZ XoemÀ`m àñVmdZm dmMwZË`m§À`mVrc g_mZVm, oX AmoiIm.Amnë`m XoemÀ`m {Z_uVrg H$maUr wV amOH$s`KQ>ZmMm {dMma g§{dYmZmV Ho$cm OmVmo ho cúmmV ¿`m. g§{dYmZmV Z_wX Ho$coë`mA§emda amOH$s` KS>m_moS>rMm n[aUm_ hmoVmo.

( The Making of Independent India’s Constitution )

YS>m

SCERT TELANGANA

gm_m{OH$ AÜ`m`Z214 ñdV§Ì ^maVmÀ`m g§§{dYmZmMr {Z{_©Vr

nj CX¶mg Ambm. ¶m gd© n[apñWVrV da ^maVmVr XS>në¶m Jobobm g‘mO ¶m§Mr Midi~r.Ama.Am§~oS>H$a ¶m§À¶m ZoV¥ËdmImbr CX¶mg Ambr.

darb nmœ© y‘rda qhXÿ ZoVo ~r Eg _w§wOo ¶m§Zr ’o$~¥dmar 1932 ‘Ü¶o EH$ ‘¡ÌrnyU© g§KQ>ZmV¶ma Ho$br Omo [M:C] Rajah (B.S.) wOo H$ama åhUyZ AmoiIbm OmVmo ¶mV qhXÿ g‘doV g§¶wº$^jXmam§À¶m g‘W© ZmW© ñdmjè¶m H$aÊ¶mV Amë¶m Am{U AIoarg {~«Q>re A{YH$mar d ìhmB©gam¶¶m§À¶m X~md ¶m n[apñWVrV 1932 ‘Ü¶o Am§~oS>H$a ‘hmË‘m Jm§Yr ¶m§Zr (Poona Pact) ¶mH$amamda gøm Ho$ë¶m (D.C.) Depressed Class CXmgrZ dJm©Mo àíZ-hm-amï>r¶ AO|S>m Pmbm damï´>r¶ amOH$maUmMm mJ ~Zbm. (D.C.) amï´>mÀ¶m qMVoMm {df¶ Pmbm. XoemVrb ¶m àH$maÀ¶mdoJdoJim g§KQ>Zm n§Om~ d ~§Jmb àm§VmV Pmë`m. (1) XodimV àodemg ~§Xr hr Midi hmVrKoVbr. VgoM Añn¥í¶ À¶m {Zdmg ñWmZmcm oQ> XoUo Ago CnH«$‘ ¶m Midir A§VJ©V am~dbo.¶m n[apñWVrMm {dMma H$aVm amï´>r¶ Midi åhUOo EH$ {~«Q>rerH$Sy>Z ñdV§ÌVm Zìho Vag‘mOmV EH$mË‘Vm AmUUo VgoM amï>r¶ amOH$maUmV g‘mOmVrb ImbÀ¶m ñVamMm g‘mdoe H$éZg‘H$mbrZ H$aUo hmo¶.

darb Ü¶o¶mZo àoarV hmoCZ S>m° Am§~oS>H$am§Zr 1942 ‘Ü¶o All India Scheduled Caste Federationhm nj ñWmnrV Ho$bm. ho núm H$m±Jo«g gaH$ma `m ’o$S>aoeZ ‘Ü¶o g‘m{dï> Pmë¶m ‘wio ‘hmË‘mJm§YrMo {ZH$Q>dVu Agbob M.C.Rajah ZmamO Pmbo Va gw mf M§Ð ~mof ¶m§Mo ~§Yy eaX M§Ð ~mof¶m§Zr Wm ’o$S>aoeZbm nmqT>~m {Xbm. ¶m déZ ho ñdï> hmoVo H$s, S>m° Am§~oS>H$a ho Oar amï>r¶ nwT>marAgbo Var "OmVr¶dmX' hm àíZ ‘hËdnyU© Amho åhUyZ Am§~oS>H$am§Zr _mJmgdJ© ¶m§Zo à{V{ZYrËdHo$bo.

‘mJmgd{J©¶m§Mm ‘wÚm hm ‘wpñb‘m§Mm àíZmnojm ‘hËdmMm R>abm - S>m°.Am§~oS>H$a hoM (‘mJmXd{J©¶ OmVr O‘mVrMo) d¡Y à{V{ZYr AmhoV ho {~«Q>re gaH$maZo d g§~§{YV A{YH$mè¶m§ZrAmoiIbo.

Abmhm~mX BWo 1942 gmbr ‘mJmg d{J©¶ OmVr O‘mVtMr g^m Pmbr Á¶mV S>m°.Am§~oS>H$aAg§ åhUbo H$s; ""^maV hm Xoe ZjÌm§Mm g‘wh Amho.'' Ë¶m§Zr {~«Q>re gaH$mabm d amï´>r¶H$m±J«og. Xmohm|Zm ~OmD$Z gm§{JVbo H$s, ‘mJmgdJu¶ OmVr O‘mVrMr ñdV…Mr Aer AmoiIAmho. ñdV…À¶m amOH$s¶ A{Yð>mZmMo ~{bXmZ Z XoVm XoemVrb à‘wI darð> ZoË¶m§ ~amo~a MMm©H$aUo, ñdV…Mo ‘V-nQ>dyZ-XoUo ho H$g~ S>m°.Am§~oS>H$amZm AdJV Pmbo hmoVo ¶m gd© MMm© dmX{ddmXmVyZ 1943 gmbr ¶m§Zr S>m°.Am§~oS>H$am§Zm amï´>r¶ ZoV¥Ëd ~hmb Ho$bo. Ë¶m doir ‘mJmgdJu¶m§Mo à{V{ZYrËd H$aÊ¶m gmR>r S>m°.Am§~oS>H$a hoM gw¶mo½¶ ZoVm AmhoV Ago Omhra Ho$bo. 1944gmbr VoO ~hmYwa gàw ¶m§À¶m AÜ¶jVo Imbr Pmbr. amÁ¶ KQ>ZoVrb ‘wb yV KQ>H$ H$moUVoAgVrb amÁ¶ KQ>ZoMo ñdén H$m¶ Agob ¶m g§~§Yr MMm© H$aÊ¶mV Ambr. Ë¶m doir S>m°.Am§~oS>H$am§Zm

SCERT TELANGANA


Am‘§{ÌV Ho$bo d Ë¶m§Zm BVa g{‘VrVrb gXñ¶m§À¶m ~amo~arZo Cng{‘Ë¶m ‘Ü¶o Ë¶m§Mo à{V{ZYr nmR>dmdoVAgo gm§JÊ`mV Ambo. 1945 ‘Ü¶o S>m°.Am§~oS>H$a ho EH$ dM©ñdembr à‘wI amï´>r¶ ZoVm åhUyZ JUbo OmCbmJbo. ""g§{dYmZmMr {Z{‘©Vr ^maVr¶m§ ÛmaoM d Vr hr E¡pÀN>H$ gr‘brZo Ho$br OmB©b.'' Aer I§~raw{‘H$m Ë¶m§Zr KoVbr Ë¶mM doir Ë¶m§Zr Agohr Omhra Ho$bo H$s, ‘mJmg dJu¶ OmVrVri g‘mO H$m±J«og

Cƒ «y qhXÿ emgZmÀ¶m ~mOyZo Zìho Va ^maVr¶ aMmV§Í¶m§À¶m ~mOyZo C^m amhrb. Ë¶mM ~amo~a Ë¶m§Zr""emgZ H$V}'' d "emgH$ - emgrV'' (Á¶m§Ë¶mda emgZ Ho$bo OmVo) Aem XmoZ dJm©V Ho$bo. ¶mMm Ë¶m§Zrg‘mOmMr {d^mJUr gm‘m{OH$ Ý¶m¶ gm‘Ï¶©dmZ d BVa maVr¶ {‘imbobr OZVm àdmhmMm {damoYr AerHo$br. g‘mOmVrb àdmhmÀ`m {damoYr {XeoZo g§Kfm©Mo EH$ nmD$b CMbbo. g_mOmMo {d^mOZ g‘mOmVrcEH$‘od ZoVm Á¶mZo amï´>r¶ amOH$mUmbm doJio did {Xbo d {d{dY gm‘m{OH$ JQ>m§ H$Sy>Z nmR>r~m{‘im{dbm. "ñdmV§Í¶' hm ËdarV ‘wÚm AgyZ amï´> ho ñdmV§Í¶ {_i{dÊ`mÀ`m V¶marV hmoVo. S>m°.Am§~oS>H$aXoIrc {~«Q>tem§ gmo~V VgoM amï´>r¶ ZoË`m ~amo~a MMm© H$arV hmoVo. ¶m Aem n[apñWVrV XoIrb "qhXÿ‘hmg^m' d "‘wñbr‘ brJ' ¶m§Zr Ë¶m§À¶m§er g§dmX gmYbm- øm amOH$s¶ diUmMm maVr¶ g§{dYmZmÀ¶m{Z{‘©Vr (da à^md nS>bm) /Mm n[aUm‘ Pmbm.

¶m gd© n[apñWVrMm A§XmO-KoCZ {~«Q>rem§Zr "g§{dYmZ g{‘Vr' d "‘gwXm g{‘Vr' ¶mg ‘mÝ¶Vm{Xbr. g§{dYmZ g{‘VrVrb gXñ¶m§Mr {ZdS> AàË¶j {ZdS>UyH$m§Ûmao Pmbr. ‘¶m©{XV ‘Vm{YH$ma Agboë¶mbmoH$m§H$Sy>Z ho gXñ¶ {ZdS>bo Jobo Oyb¡ 1946 ‘Ü¶o KQ>Zm g{‘VrMr ñWmnZm Pmbr. ¶mV {d{dY àm§VmVrbEHy$U 296 à{V{ZYr hmoVo. 296 OmJmn¡H$s 208 OmJm H$m°§J«ogZo qOH$ë¶m`m AmYr åhUOo 1945 gmbrPmboë¶m {Z~S>UyH$m§‘Ü¶o H$m±J«ogbm g§nyU© {dO¶ àmá Pmbm hmoVm. H$m±J«ogMr w{‘H$m ñnï> H$aVmZm; n§{S>VOdmhabmb Zohê$ ¶m§Mr ¶mbm ""XoemMm Amagm'' Ago g§~moYbo H$m±J«og ‘Yrb n§{S>V Odmhabmb Zohê$,gaXma ~ëb^ mB© nQ>ob d ‘m¡bmZm A~wb H$bm_ AmPmX ho g§{dYmZmÀ`m {Z{‘©VrVrb à‘wI ZoVo hmoVo.g§{dYmZ g{‘VrVrb {dYm¶H$ (H$m¶Xoera) ~m§~rda bj XoÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar Amëbm Xr H$ß¶y aMm‘rAæà nZ Jmonmb ñdm_r Aæ¶§‘ma Am{U ~r.Ama.Am§~oS>H$a ¶m§À¶mda gmon{dbr hmoVr. S>m°.Am§~oS>H$a ñdV:AW©Vk, B{Vhmg, Vk Am{U ZXera ~m§~rMo gIomc Aä`mgH$ (à{dÊ`) Agë¶m‘wio Ë¶m§Zm H$m¶am, BVaXoemÀ¶m amÁ¶KQ>Zm§Mm Amä¶mg ¶m à‘wI Jmoð>rV bú¶ XobmZm H$m¶Xm Pmbm. ¶m {edm¶ "gm‘m{OH$ Ý¶m¶'hr à‘wI {dMma àdmhmMo Agë¶m‘wio gmMo~§X H$m±J«ogÀ¶m ZoË¶m§À¶m Vo nwT>o Jobo. d ¶m gJù¶mV ‘hËdmMoåhUOo. gm‘m{OH$ Ý¶m¶ hr ~m~ Ë¶m§Zr amï´>r¶ËdmgI OmoS>br ¶m‘wio ‘gwXm g{‘VrMo AÜ¶j åhUyZ Vogw¶mo½¶ ì¶{º$ R>abo.amÁ¶ KQ>ZoVrb ‘wb yV KQ>H$ H$moUVo AgVrb amÁ¶ KQ>ZoMo ñdén H$m¶ Agob ¶m g§~§YrMMm© H$aÊ¶mV Ambr. Ë¶m doir S>m°.Am§~oS>H$am§Zm Am‘§{ÌV Ho$bo d Ë¶m§Zm BVa g{‘VrVrb gXñ¶m§À¶m~amo~arZo Cng{‘Ë¶m ‘Ü¶o Ë¶m§Mo à{V{ZYr nmR>dmdoV Ago gm§JÊ`mV Ambo.

SCERT TELANGANA


^maV XoemÀ`m amÁ`KQ>ZoMr (g§§{dYmZmMr) {Z_uVr (The making of Indian Constitution )

^maV XoemMr amÁ`KQ>Zm (g§{dYmZ) KQ>Zm g{_VrZo V`ma H$éZ _mÝ` Ho$co. {~«Q>redgmhVr emgH$m§À`m {déÜX ñdmV§Í`gmR>r ^maVr` OZVoÀ`m gw{XK© g§Kfm©Mo \$i hmo . ^maVXoemcm ñdm§VÍ` Úmdo. {~«Q>re emgZmZo R>a{dë`m_wio Amnco AmnUM emgZ H$ma^ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r^{dî`mVrc {XK©H$mcrZ CÔoemÀ`m nwVugmR>r maVr` OZVocm Z{dZ g§{dYmZ (amÁ`KQ>ZoMr)JaO nS>cr.

`mgmR>r 1946 _Ü o amÁ`mVrc {dYmZg oÀ`m {ZdS>UwH$m Pmë`mZ§Va KQ>Zmg{_VrZo {ZdS>UwH$m

EHy$U KQ>Zm g{‘VrVrb gd© gXñ¶m§Zr gm‘m{OH$ Ý¶m¶ ho A{Yð> ‘mÝ¶ Ho$bo. amÁ¶ KQ>ZoVrc¶m C{Ôð>m§Zm S>moù¶m g‘moa R>odyZ n§S>rV Odmhabmb Zohê$ ¶m§Zr "gm‘m{OH$ Ý¶m¶' hm amï>r¶ R>amdåhUyZ g‘moa AmUbm d Ë¶m§Zr Ago Om{ha Ho$bo H$s, g‘mOmVrb ‘mJmgdJu¶ Zrame dJugAm{W©H$ d gm‘m{OH$ Ý¶m¶ {‘idyZ XoUo ho XoemMo àYmZ C{Ôï>> Agoc, ¶m C{Ôð>mMo ‘yi 1940‘Ü¶o Pmboë¶m bmoH§$mZr Ho$boë¶m gm‘m{OH$ MidirV AmT>ibo Ë¶m‘wio amï´>r¶Ëdmbm EH$ doJimn¡by (Am¶m‘) {‘imbm Ym{‘©H$ gm{hîUyVm d gd© Y‘© g‘^md ho ‘hËdmMo _wÔo hmoVo.

g§{dYmZmV gm‘m{OH$ Ý¶m¶ d g‘mOmMo nwZê$‚mrdZ ¶mda bú¶ H|$ÐrV H$aÊ¶mV Ambo.g§{dYmZ {Z{‘©Vrb S>m°.Am§~oS>H$a ¶m§Zr Agbobr JaO AmoiIwZ {ZdS>UyH$sVrb An¶emda ‘mVH$éZ gwÕm ~§Jmb àm§VmVwZ d Z§Va ‘w§~B© {d^mJmVyZ Am§~oS>H$am§Zr KQ>Zm g{‘VrV àdoe KoVbm.

àñWm{nV KQ>Zm g{‘VrMr XmoZ C{Ôï>oo hmoVr ‘wº$Vm, ñdmV§Í¶ (~«rQ>rem§nmgyZ ‘wº$mVm dñdmV§Í¶ hr XmoÝhr C{Ôï>o g{‘VrZo ‘mÝ¶ Ho$br hmoVr Ë¶mM ~amo~a gm‘m{OH$ H«$m§Vr CXm. gd©àH$maÀ¶m gm‘m{OH$ N>im nmgyZ g‘mO ‘yº$ Pmcr nmhrOo ho hr C{Ôï>oo hmoVo. gm‘m{OH$ Am{W©H$ñdmV§Í¶ Ano{jV hmoVoo.

S>m°.amYmH¥$îUZ ¶m§Zr H«$m§Vr (g§H«$‘U) Ano{jV Amho d ^maVmbm àmMrZ Am{X‘, J«m‘rUAW©ì¶dñWoH$Sy>Z emór¶ nÕVrMm dmna H$éZ H¥$fr d H$maImZo, CÚmoJY§Xo ¶m joÌmV {dH$mg hoC{Ôï>o gm§{JVbo J«m‘rU eoVH$ar, J«m‘rU hñVH$bm ì¶dgm¶, ¶mda AmYmabobr AW©ì¶dñWmS>moù¶m g‘moa R>odyZ amÁ¶ nmVirdarb {ZdS>UyH$m VgoM g§gXoVrc {ZdS>UyH$m$ ¶mV IoS>¶m§Mmgh¶moJ ¶mda KQ>Zm g{‘Vrb MMm© Pmbr. AmYy{ZH$ V§ÌkmZ, Ë¶mda AmYm[aV CÚmoJY§Xo,H$maImZo hr AW©ì¶dñWm, VgoM [~«Q>rem§gmaIm amOH$s¶ njm§da AmYm[aV {ZdS>UyH$m d g§gXr¶nÕV A§{JH$mamdr Ago KQ>Zm g{‘VrZo ‘mÝ¶ Ho$bo. maV EH$g§K amï´> Agoc$ Á¶m Xoembm EH$MKQ>Zm d EH$M P|S>m Agob.

^maVr¶ amÁ¶ KQ>ZoVrc Ü¶o¶ Am{U C{Ôï> o hr maVr¶ g§{dYmZm§Mo à‘wI R>iH$ {d{eîQ>çoR>abr ‘mJrb H$m§hr dfm©À¶m AZw dmVyZ n§{S>V Odmhabmb Zohê$ ¶m {ZU©¶m àV nmohMmbo H$s"^maV {Z‘m©U' ¶m gmR>r XoemMr JaO AmoiIwZ {d{dY joÌmVrb AZw dr g‘whmZo {‘iyZ maVamï´> {Z‘m©U ¶mV gh¶moJ XoÊ`mMr JaO Amho.SCERT TELA

NGANA


Pmcr. KQ>Zm g_rVrÀ`m gXñ`m§Zm amÁ`{dYmZ g oMo AàË`úm nÜXVrZo {ZdS>co. 1946 _Ü o(H°${~ZoQ> {_eZ) H|$Ðr` Am omJ Mr ñWmnZm àË oH$ amÁ`mcm àË oH$ g§ñWmZm H$mhr g§ñWmZmZm{_iwZ H$mhr OmJm {Xë`m Ë`m _wio {~«Q>rem§À`m àË oúm amOdQ>rVrc amÁ`mVyZ 292 gXñ`

{ZdS>co. BVa {R>H$mUr, OmJm {_iwZ 93 gXñ` {ZdS>co.h o gXñ` Ë`m amÁ`mVrc OmVrÀ`m cmoH$g§» o

Zwgma qhXþ, _wñcr_, {gI, BVam§À`m g_mdoeH$éZ `m {ZdS>UwH$m KoVë`m.

`m KQ>Zmg{_VrZo AZwgw{MV OmVrVrc26 gXñ` {dYmZg oV àVr{ZYrËd

H$aVrc mMr ImÌr H$éZ KoVcr. amÁ`mÀ`m{dYmZ gôÀ`m {ZdS>UwH$m Pmë`m.g§ñWmZm{Vc à{V{ZYr Mr {ZdS> AmoiI,g§nH©$ gmYZmìXmao {ZdS>co. mV EHw$U 9_{hcm§Mm g_mdoe hmoVm. Ë`m 69% OmJoda^maVr` amï´>r` H$m°J«og gdm©V _moR>m númË`m ImcomImc OmJoda _wñcr_m§gmR>r amIrdOmJoda, _wñcr_ {cJ núm hmoVm. n{hë`m§Xm{~«Q>re -B§{S>`m À`m gd© àm§VmVrc,

amÁ`mVrc gXñ` hmoVo. Z§Va 1947 Am°JñQ> 14 cm nm{H$ñVmZ, ^maVXoe H$er {d^mJUrPmë`mZ§Va nm{H$ñVmer g§~§YrV gXñ`m§Mr nm{H$ñVmZÀ`m amÁ`KQ>Zm g{_Vr V`ma Ho$cr.

KQ>Zm g{_Vrcm Mr {ZdS> gd© àm¡T> cmoH$m§g AgUmè`m ñdV§Ì _VXmZmÀ`m A{YH$mamìXmao{ZdS> Pmcr Zmhr, ho Vwåhr nm{hcoV. mgmR>r {ZdS>UwH$ AàË`úmnUo Pmcr, åhUOo maVr` gd©g_mOrVrc gd© dJ© OmVrÀ`m cmoH$m§Mo à{V{ZËd H$aV Zmhr. Voìhm cmoH$g§» oVrc 10 %cmoH$m§Zm§M amÁ`{dYmZ g oÀ`m (Constituent Assembly (CA) {ZdS>UwH$sV _V Q>mH$Ê`mMmA{YH$ma {Xcm hmoVm. VodT>oM ZgwZ g§ñWmZmV {ZdSUwH$m Pmë`mM Zmhr. g§~§YrV g§ñWmZmVMM}ìXmao Ë`m§Mr {ZdS> Ho$cr. g§ñWm{ZH$m§À¶m amÁ¶mV ho ‘VXmZ Pmbo Zmhr, g§~§YrV g§ñWm§ZrMM}Ûmao Ë¶§mMr {ZdS> Ho$br hm {ZU©¶ KoÊ¶mMo H$maU amO{H$¶ KS>m‘moS>r d bmoH$m§Vrb g§Kf©m‘wio

VZmd nwU© n[apñWVr {Z‘m©U hmoÊ¶mMre³¶Vm hmoVr. g§ñWm{ZH$ amOo AÚmn^maVr¶ ñdmV§Í¶mV {d{bZ hmoÊ¶mg V¶maZìhVo Ë¶mVrb ~è¶mM OUm§Zm AgohrdmQ>V hmoVo H$s, Amnë¶mbm ñdV§Ì g§ñWmZhdo Amho åhUwZ gwédmVrg Ë¶m§À¶màVr{ZYtZm Ag|~br‘Ü¶o g‘m{dï>H$aÊ¶mV Ambo. n{hë`m§Xm _wpñc_ {cJerg§~§YrV gXñ` g ocm CnpñWV Pmco Zmhr.Ë`mZ§Va Vo CnpñWV Pmco.

{MÌ 15.2 : `m {MÌmV XmI{dcoë`m g_Vm, Ý`m` `m{df`mda MMm© H$am.

‘Equality’

‘Justice’

Ind ian

Const i tut ion{MÌ. 15.1 We the people of India.....

gives ourselves this Constitution.

SCERT TELANGANA


amÁ` KQ>Zm g_rVrZo Jwáà{V{ZYrËd pñdH$maco Zmhr. Ë`mVgdmªMr H$miOr KoVcr. gdmªMoà{V{ZËd H$aÊ`mgmR>r gd© àH$maÀ`mcm oH$mÀ`m A{^àm`m §Mr XIcKoÊ`mgmR>r {deof lÜXm H$miOrKoVcr. A{^àm`, dV©_mZ n{ÌHo$VrccoI d BVa {d{dY ñWamVrccmoH$mÀ`m {dMma _m§Sy>> eH$Vrc AerAmnë`m H$m © nÜXVrMm gd©Ì àgmaHo$cm. 1946 {S>g§o~a 13 cm g oVZohéZr ho {deof Om{ha Ho$co.

“ maV Xoemg Amnë`mcm nm{hOo Vo {df` EImÚm JQ>mg qH$dm dJm©g qH$dm EImXo amÁ`{ZYm©arV H$é eH$V Zmhr. ho XemoVrc 40 H$moQ>r cmoH$g§» oer g§~§YrV ..... oWo ZgUmè`mMrAmR>dU R>odUo Amnco H$V©ì` Amho, oWo AmnU EImÚm númmgmR>r qH$dm EImÚm JQ>mgmR>r H$m_H$aV Zmhr. g§nwU© Xoem§Mm {dMma H$amdm bmJob. maV XoemVrc 40 H$moQ>r cmoH§$mÀ`m H$ë`mUmgmR>r,^co H$aUo ÑîQ>rg R>odwZ..... Amnë`m ñdmWm©nmgwZ, núm {ddmXm nmgwZ gmÜ` hmoB©c VodT>o XþaamhþZ Amnë`m g_moarc _w»` g_ñ o{df`r gImoc, {dñV¥V ghZ{ec à^m{dV nÜXVrZo {dMmaH$éZ R>a{dÊ`mMo V`ma H$aÊ`mMo g§nwU© XoemVrc cmoH$m§Zm g_Ooc Ago Agmdo. ho {deof_hËdmMo d O~m~XmarÀ`m H$m © Amåhr ghmgmZo d Om~m~Xmar nwU© H$é Á¶em‘wio Am‘MrOJmV AmoiI {Z‘m©U hmoD$b.

S>m°. ~r.Ama. Am§~oS>H$a m§À`m Zo¥VËdmImcrEH$ ‘gwXm g{_Vr V`ma Ho$cr. gd© Ñï>rH$moZmMm{dMma H$éZ A§Vr_ _gwXm V`ma H$aÊ`mMrO~m~Xmar m g{_Vrda gmonmdcr. amÁ`KQ>Zogg§~§YrV {deof KQ>H$m§da g oV, g[_VrV MMm©H$éZ Ë`mgmR>r gd© g_mdoeH$ {Xem {ZX}e V`maH$aÊ`m Ho$co. MM}Z§Va _mÝ` Ho$ë`më`m _gwXmg{_Vr nwT>o R>odcm. eodQ>r `m g{_VrZo 1949Zmoìh§§o~a 26 cm amÁ` KQ>Zog, g§{dYmZmg _mÝ`Vm{Xcr. VoM 1950 OmZodmar 26 nmgwZ Am_cmVAmco. ^maV XoemVrc amÁ` KQ>ZoVrc {deof_hËdmMo KQ>H$ H$go R>a{dco ho _m{hV H$aÊ`mgmR>ramÁ`KQ>Zm g{_VrVrc H$mhr _hËdmmÀ`m{df`mVrc MMm© AmVm AmnU nmhþ `m.

Amåhr maV XoemVrc ZmJarH$ m eãXmV maVXoemVrc amÁ` KQ>ZoMr gwédmV hmoVo. gd© cmoH$m§Moà{V{ZYrËd H$aVo ho gm§JUo Ý`m`~ÜX g_W©{ZÀmho H$m?^maV XoemÀ`m amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m {Z{_©VrV maVmVrcgd© cmoH§$mMm gh^mJr hmoVmo H$m? `m à{H«$ oVH$m_H$mOmV cmoH$m§Zm g{H«$` gh^mJmMr JaOAmho H$m qH$dm H$mhr gm_mÝ` cmoH$m§Zm hrO~m~Xmar {Xcr Va Mmcoc H$m?emioV EImXr amÁ`KQ>Zm V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r{Xcr Va Ë`mV H$moU H$moU gh^mJ ìhmdo H$gogh^mJr ìhmdo?

Go back to

tradition

Modernise

the country

Bring

equality

Give Job to

all

Autonomy

of States

National

unity aboveall

{MÌ 15.3

SCERT TELANGANA


amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m _gwÚmdarc MMm© (Reading Constituent Assembly Debates)

1948 cm KQ>Zmg{_Vr nwT>o S>m°. ~r.Ama. Am§~oS>H$a `m§Zr amÁ` KQ>ZoMm _gwXm _m§S>cm.Ë`m§À`m mfUmVrc H$mhr mJ oWo {Xcm Amho. “ maVXoemÀ`m KQ>ZoÀ`m àmo{gS>tJ _Ü o Z_wXHo$coco Amho, ^mfUmg g§{úmá Ho$coë`m {R>H$mUr ......qQ>~mZr gw{MV Ho$co Amho)

S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr _gwÚmÀ`m à{V V`ma H$aÊ`mÀ`m H$m_m{df`r nmgwZ gm§Jm`cm gwédmVHo$cr. gmd©{ÌH$ _VXmZmÀ`m (h¸$m) A{YH$mamZo KQ>Zm g{_VrMr {ZdS> Pmcr Zmhr. åhUwZgd©gmYmaU cmoH§$mZr gXñ`m§V A{YH$ à_mUmV gh^mJr ìhmdo åhUwZ KoVcocr H$m ©dmhr nmhm.

1948 Zmoìh|~a 4 Jwédma KQ>ZoMm _gwXm (DRAFT CONSTITUTION) _mZZr` S>m°. ~r.Ama. Am§~oS>H$a ... AÜ`úm _gwXm g{_VrZo V`ma Ho$cocm _gwXm

g§{dYmZ amÁ`KQ>Zm Vw_À`m g_moa R>odcr Amho. Ë`mMm {dMma H$amdm Ago gw{MV H$arV AmhmoV. KQ>Zm g{_VrZo KoVcoë`m AZoH$ {ZU© mZwgma, H|$Ðr` A{YH$ma Am`moJ, H|$Ðr` KQ>Zm

g{_Vr, amÁ` KQ>Zm g{_Vr, àmW{_H$ A{YH$ma, Aëng§»`mH$ dJ©, Am{Xdmgr ^mJm {df`rKQ>Zm g{_VrZo V`ma Ho$coë`m g„m g{_VrÀ`m {Zdo{XHo$À`m _m{hVr AmYmao amÁ`KQ>Zm g§{dYmZV`ma H$aÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar KQ>Zm g{_Vrda gmon{dcr. H$mhr {df`mV ^maV gaH$ma MmH$m`Xm, 1935 _Yrc KQ>H$m§emÀ`m _m{hVrMo AZwH$aU H$amdo Ago KQ>Zm g{_VrZo {ZX}{eV Ho$co.... _r Amem H$aVmo H$s, Amåhmcm {Xcoë`m AmXoemMo _gwXm g{_VrZo Amkmnwd©H$ nmcZ Ho$coAmho, ho nmhm.

_gwXm amÁ`KQ>Zm... ho \$ma _moR>oXñVmdoO Amho. 395 H$c_, 8 AZwÀN>oXAmho. _gwXm amÁ` KQ>Zm OodT>r VodT>rM_moR>r amÁ`KQ>Zm AgUmam AOwZ XþgamXoe Zmhr. ho _mÝ` H$amdo cmJVo. `m_gwXm amÁ` KQ>Zocm AmR> _{hÝ`mn ªVcmoH$m§ g_moa R>odÊ¶mV Ambo. Ë`mVrcKQ >H $ m § da Ë`m §M r à{V{H « $` mì`º$H$aÊ`mgmR>r {_Ìm §Zm, {Q>H$mH$aUmè`m§Zm gwMZm XoUmè`m§Zm nm{hOo Vmodoi {_imcm.

amOH$s` ì`dñWoMr g§~§YrV BVaXoemÀ`m AZw dmg Amnë`m amÁ`KQ>ZoH$em àH$mao J«hZ Ho$co Vo nmhþ `m. `m^mfUmV AÜ`úm S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr BVa

Xoemcm ñdmV§Ì Amë`mZ§Va gw_mao ____ {Xdgm§Zr _gwXmg{_Vr Zo_Ê`mV Amcr.KQ>Zm g{_Vr nm{hco____ , ____ ,Am{U____gma»`m{deof _hËdm¿`m KQ>H$m§da {deof g{_Ë`m Zo_ë`m.`m g{_VrMo à{VnmXZ S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§À`m AÜ`úmVoImcrAgUmè`m ____ MMm© H$éZ `mo½` Vo {ZU© KoVco.{~«Q>re gaH$maZo nm[aV Ho$coco ____ KQ>H$m§da gwÜXm_gwÚmV KoVco.`mda gwMZm, {Q>H$m, à{VH«$s`m gmR>r Ë`mcm _____{hUoÊ`m n ªV cmoH$m§À`m g_moa R>odë`m Joco. _gwXm amÁ`KQ>ZoV ____ H$c_ EŠQ> ...... AZwÀN>oXAmho.g§{dYmZmÀ`m _gwÚm_Ü o ____ H$c_ Am{U ____ AZwÀN>oXhmoVo.

SCERT TELANGANA


XoemÀ`m amÁ`KQ>ZoVrc AË`V _hËdmÀ`mnÜXVr à{H«$ o {df`r gm§JV Amho. hodmMVm§Zm H«$_em _gwÚmV cmoH$emhremgZmg {Xcoë`m g§ñWmZmË_ {Z_uVrMmAmamIS>m cúmmV ¿`m. maV Xoemg ñdmV§ÌAmë`mZ§Va EH$m dfm©Zr ^mfU {Xco hocúmmV ¿`m.g§gXoMr ì`dñWm (Parliamentarysystem)

“ amÁ`KQ>Zm hmVr {XcrVa H$m`ÚmÀ`m Aä`mg H$aUmam H$moUVmhr {dÚmWu Agmo XmoZ àíZ{dMmaco n{hcm {Z{_©V emgZ ì`dñWoMr énaofm H$er V`ma hmoVo? Xþgam, amÁ`KQ>ZoMo ñdénH$go Amho? .... _r n{hë`m àíZmnmgwZ gwédmV H$aVmo.

amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m _wgmÚmV g§nwU© maV XoemMm à_wI ì`º$s amï´>nVr(AÜ`úm) hmM AgVmo. hoZmd A_oarHo$Vrc amï´>AÜ`múmm§Mr AmT>dU H$aVo. \$º$ Zm__mÌ AmoiIr ì`º$s[aº$ A_oarHo$VrcemgZì`dñWoVrc _gwXm amÁ`KQ>ZoV à{VnmXrV emgZmMr Ë`m§Mm H$mhrM g§~§Y ~amo~ar Zmhr.A_oarHo$À`m emgZ àUmcrg AÜ`úmr` emgZì`dñWm åhUVmV. _gwXm amÁ`KQ>ZoV g§gXrèmgZ ì`dñWoMo à{VnmXZ {e\$mag Ho$cr Amho. `m XmoKm§V _wc wV \$aH$ Amho.

A_oarHo$Vrc AÜ`úmr` emgZ àUmcrVrc emgZmÀ`m H$m ©H$maUrV dJm©V à_wI, amï>nVr,AÜ`úm AgVmo. àemgZmMr O~m~Xmar Ë`mÀ`m A{YZ AgVo. _gwXm amÁ`KQ>ZoV AÜ`úm {~«Q>reamÁ`KQ>ZoVrc amOmÀ`m nXmgmaIm AgVmo. VmoM amÁ`mMm gd© gÎmmYre na§Vw H$m ©H$mar {d{Y_§S>iZmhr. Vmo XoemMo à{V{ZYrËd H$aVmV. na§Vw XoemMo àemg H$arV Zmhr. Vo XoemMo à{VJàemgZmV Ë`mMo ñWmZ Zm__mÌ, Ë`mÀ`m ghr {e¸$m XoemÀ`m {ZU© ì`º$H$aVo. A_oarHo$À`m g§{dYmZmZwgma AÜ`úmÀ`m AmYrZ Imcrc {d{dY{d^mJmMr O~m~Xmar KoV H$m_ H$aUmao g{Md AgVmV. Ë`mM à_mUog§KQ>rV maVmoMo AÜ`úm, amï>nVrÀ`m AmYrZ àemgZmVrc {d{dY {d^mJmVO~m~XmarZo H$m © H$aUmao _§Ìr AgVmV. oWo gwÜXm `m XomKm§V _wc wV\$aH$ Amho. Ë`m§À`m g{MdmZr {Xcoë`m gëë`mg gc§¾ am{hcoM nm{hOoAgo Zmhr. Ë`mÀ`m gëë`mÀ`m {damoYmV Vo H$mhrM H$é eH$V Zmhr. Ë`mMà_mUo Ë`m§À`m gëë`m {edm` Vo H$mhrM H$é eH$V Zmhr. A_oarHo$À`mAÜ`úm H$moUË`mhr g{Mdmcm Ho$ìhmhr H$mTw> Q>mHw$ eH$Vmo. cmoH$g oV~hþ_Vm§Mm nmqR>~m Ago n ªV maVr` g{MdmÀ`m, AmXoe amï>nVr H$mT>Ê`mMmA{YH$ma Zmhr.

^maVmÀ`m amï´ >nVrMo A{YH$ma ______ À`m~amo~a______noúmm ______~amo~a ______{Xco.

^maVmMo amï´>nVr ______gë`mMo nmcZ H$aUo.

amÁ`KQ>ZoV {c{hco Amho. {~«Q>ZMm amOm ^maVmMoamîQ´>nVr m§À`m nXmñWmZmVrc \$aH$ H$m`?

{MÌ 15.4: SS>m°. ~r.Ama.Am§~oS>H$a

SCERT TELANGANA


g§KamÁ` (Federalism )“B{VhmgmV _w»`Ëdo XmoZ àH$maÀ`m amÁ`KQ>Zm Amho. n{hcr E{H$H¥$V nÜXV, Xwgar g§ wº$

nÜXV Amho. EH$sH¥$V amÁ`KQ>ZoV XmoZ n«_wI KQ>H$ AgVmV. 1) H|$Ð emgZmMr àUmcrMrgdm}ƒVm. 2) Cngd©gÎmmH$ emgZ àUmcr emgZ ZgUo. `mÀ`m {déÜX g§KamÁ` emgZàUmcrMo g§{dYmZ 1) g§KamÁ`mV H|$Ð emgZ àUmcrÀ`m gmo~V CnemgZ àUmcr gwÜXmAgVo.2) Ë`m§Zm gmon{dcoë`m úmoÌmV m XomÝhr H$S>o gd© gÎmm{YH$ma AgVo. AgwZ Xþgè`m eãXmVgm§Jm`Mo åhUOo g§KamÁ` ì`dñWoV Û§XamÁ` H$ma^ma V`ma H$aUo. )H|$Ð amÁ` `m XmoÝhr emgZàUmcr)_gwXm amÁ`KQ>Zocm g§KamÁ` nÜXVrZo g§{dYmZ, amÁ`KQ>Zm Ago hr åhUw eH$Vmo. hrXþhoar amO{ZVr àUmcr V`ma H$aVo. Xþhoar nÜXVrMm amÁ µH$ma^ma H|$Ð gaH$ma d amÁ` gaH$maAgVo. g§{dYmZmZwgma {Xcoco H$m ©úmoÌmV Ë`m§Zm amOgÎmoMo gd© loð> A{YH$ma AgVo.

`m Xwhoar amÁ`H$ma^mamÀ`m nÜXVr, A_oarHo$À`m amÁ`KQ>ZoV gmaIr AgVo. A_oarHo$À`mamÁ`H$ma^ma gwÜXm Xþhoar amÁ`H$ma^mamM Ë`mV EH$ g§KemgZ åhUwZ Xþgao amÁ` emgZ H$m ©aVAgVo. A_oarHo$À`m g§{dYmZmZwgma g§K emgZ \$º$ amÁ`mMr wVrM Zmhr, Ë`mM à_mUo amÁ`mMmamÁ`H$ma^mamMr _hËdmMo {d^mJ H|Ð emgZmÀ`m A{YH$ma úmoÌmV ZgVo. Ë`mM à_mUo _gwXm,amÁ`KQ>ZoV Z_wX Ho$coë`m H|$Ð emgZmMr emIm A{YH$ma {d^mJ Zìho. maV Xoe, A_oarHo$À`mamÁ`KQ>Zo_Ü o gmå` oWo g_má hmoVo. `m XmoKm§Vrc gmå` noúmm \$aH$ \$ma ñnï> Amho.

à{VnmXrV ^maV amÁ`KQ >Zm EH$mMZmJarH$ËdmVrc Xþhoar amÁ`H$ma^ma Amho. g§nwU©^maVXoemV EH$M ZmJarH$Ëd AgVo. amÁ`mMoZmJarH$Ëd ZgVo. H$moUË`mhr ^maVr` ZmJarH$H$moUË`mhr amÁ`mV amhV Agcm Var EH$ gmaIoZmJarH$Ëd d A{YH$ma {_imcoco AgVo.

^maVmÀ`m g§KamÁ` ì`dñWoV AgUmar AmUIrEH$ {deofVm BVa g§KamÁ` ì`dñWoVo noúmm doJirAmho. A{YH$mamÀ`m {dVaUmV àËòH$ emgZ,àemgZ, Ý`m`rH$ A{YH$mamV AgUmar XþhoaramÁ`H$ma^mamMr g§KamÁ` ì`dñWoV..

{d{dY H$m`Xo, àemgZ, Ý`m`, gwaúmmì`dñWmH$aUo A{Zdm © R>aVo. H$mhr à_mUmV hr{^ÞVm J¥hV YaUo Amdí`H$ Amho. ñWm{ZH$ JQ>mcm,

g§KamÁ` ì`dñWoV EH$mnoúmm A{YH$ emgZ ì`dñWmAgVmV. ^maV XoemVrc Ë`m ______ Am{U______ ñVamda Amho. ______ Vwåhr ______amÁ`mMo XoemMo AmhmV.H$moUË`m àH$maÀ`m g§{dYmZmV amÁ`KQ>ZoVrc H|$ÐemgZmg OmñV A{YH$ma AgVmV?H|$Ð, amÁ` emgZmg AmgUmao {ZpíMV A{YH$maH$moUË`m amÁ`KQ>ZoV XoVmV?

^maV XoemVrc amÁ` H$em àH$mao H|$Ð emgZmÀ`màemgZmMr {d^mJ emIm Zmhr?^maV XoemÀ`m amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m {Z{_©Ë`m Zr XþhoarZmJarH$Vm (Xoe, amÁ`) nÜXVr H$m ZmH$macr?

SCERT TELANGANA


ñWm{ZH$ n[apñWVrZwgma emgZ A{YH$mamV ~Xc H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZmMo ñdmJV hmoD$ eH$Vo. na§VwVo EH$m ñVamn ªV Ë`m A{YH$ Pmco Va Jm|Yi {Z_m©U hmoVmo. Aem àH$maÀ`m Jm|Yi g§KamÁ`ì`dñWm AgUmè`m AZoH$ XoemV Pmco. c¾, gmoS>_moH$irH$, g§nÎmrMo dmagmg Hw§$Qw>~mVrcg§~§Ymg, èhmg JwÝhoJmarg, dOZ _mn H$mQ>o, nmdVr, YZmXoe (MoH$), ~°H$s¨J ì`mnma, Ý`m`{_iÊ`mÀ`m nÜXVrg àemgZm g§~§YrV _mZH$ nÜXVrg - g§KamÁ`mV (20) amÁ` AmhoV AgoJ¥hrV Yaco Va 20 n«H$maMo H$m`Xo Agoc Va n[apñWVr H$er am{hc `mMr H$ënZm H$am. AemàH$maMo ì`ìhmarH$ H$m © amÁ`m§Zm Xþ~io, H$_Omoa H$aV ZgwZ EH$m amÁ`mVwZ Xþgè`m amÁ`mVOmUmè`m ZJmarH$m§Zm ghZ H$arV Zmhr , Vo ZmJarH$ EH$m amÁ`mV H$m`Xo{ea n o$ Xþgè`m amÁ`mVZmhr ho g_OVo. ^maV Xoe g§KamÁ` ì`dñWm AgwZ Ë`mM doir ^maV XoemÀ`m EH$VoMo aúmUH$aÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ Ë`m gd© _wc wV KQ>H$m§V EH$énVm, gmå` AgUmè`m nÜXVr V`maH$aÊ`mgmR>r _gwXm amÁ`KQ>ZoZo à`ËZ Ho$co. Ë`mcmM _gwXm amÁ` KQ>ZoV VrZ nÜXVrMm Adc§~Ho$cm.

(1) EHo$ar Ý`m`ì`dñWm (a single judiciary)

(2) g_mZVm- ZmJarH$Vm, _wc wV, H$m`Xo, JwÝho BË`mXr(3) à_wI nXmV H$m ©úmoÌmV Zo_UwH$ H$aÊ`mgmR>r AIrc maVr` ZmJar godm gdm©g g_mZ“ g§KamÁ`mV Xþhoar amÁ`H$ma^mamZo Xþhoar Ý`m` ì`dñWm Xþhoar Ý`m`gwÌ Xþhoar ZmJar godm

Amdí`H$ {hVH$mar AgVmV. A_oH$arHo$V g§KH|$Ð Ý`m` ì`dñWm, amÁ`Ý`m` ì`dñWm XomZdoJdoJù`m Ë`m ñdV§Ì AgVmV. ^maV g§KamÁ`mV Xþhoar amÁ`H$ma^ma Agco Var, Xþhoar Ý`m`ì`dñWm Zmhr. CƒÝ`m`mc`, gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mc` EH$mM g§nwU© Ý`m` ì`dñWoVrc mJM g§{dYmZmVrcH$m`Xo ZmJar H$m`Xo, JwÝhoJmar H$m`ÚmImcr g§nwU© {df`m g§~§Yr m§Mo A{YH$ma úmoÌ AgwZ Ý`m`{_idw eH$Vmo. Ý`m` {_i{dÊ`mÀ`m nÜXVrV {d{dYVm ZgwZ H$amdo åhUwZ Ago Ho$co. Ë`mcmH°$ZS>m Xoe EH$M Odirc A{YH$ gmå`mV Agcocm Xoe Amho. AmñQ´>ocr`mMm hr nÜXVrV EH$gmaIr {XgVo na§Vw EH$ Zmhr. (H$mhr g§KamÁ` ì`dñWoÀ`m XoemV amÁ`mÀ`m g§~§YrV H$m`ÚmVamÁ`m H$moQ>m©Zr {Xcoë`m Ý`m`rH$ {ZU© gdm©oƒ Ý`m`mc`V ~Xcdw eH$V Zmhr. n§aVw maV XoemVImcrc H$moQ>m©Zr {Xcoë`m H$moUË`mhr {ZU© mcm gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mc`mV {dMma H$éZ Ë`mda {ZU©gm§Jw eH$Vo.)

ZmJar ì`mnma {OdZm§er g§~§YrV AgUmè`m H$m`ÚmV {^ÞVm amhþ Z o åhUwZ H$miOrKoVcr. ZmJarHm`Úm g§hrV {eúmoÀ`m H$m`ÚmMr g§{hVm (Codes) gma»`m ZmJar JwÝhoJmar

SCERT TELANGANA


H$m`ÚmÀ`m g§{hVm(H$moS>) gm{úmXmamMmH$m`Xm g§nÎmr~XcrMmH $ m`Xm, {ddmhH$m`Xm, KQ>ñ\$moQ>mMmH$m`Xm, dmagmh¸$mg§~§Yr H$m`Xo C^``mXrV ({H§dm H|$Ðr``mXrV) g_m{dð> H$éZg§KamÁ` nÜXVrcmPi nmohMdwZ XoVm mH $ m`ÚmMr Jar_m

g§ mdcr. ({ddaU: H$m`XoH$aÊ`mÀ`m KQ>H$mcm H|$Ð, `mXrV amÁ`mÀ`m `mXrV qH$dm C^`VmXomÝhr `mXrV `m§Mo {d^mOZ Ho$co Amho.H|$Ð `mXrVrc KQ>H$m§da H|$Ð gaH$maM \$º$ H$m`Xo H$éeH$VmV. amÁ`mÀ`m `mXrVrc KQ>H$m§da amÁ`mcm H$m`Xm H$é eH$VmV. C^` XmoÝhr `mXrVrcH$m`Xo H|$Ð d amÁ` gaH$ma H$é eH$VmV. H|$Ð gaH$ma Zo Ho$coë`m H$m`ÚmÀ`m {damoYmV amÁ`mZoH$m`Xo Ho$co Va H|$Ð gaH$maZo Ho$coco H$m`XoM J«mø d ~§YZ H$maH$ R>aVmV.)

“g§KamÁ` ì`dñWoVrc Xþhoar amÁ`H$ma^mamÀ`m gd© XoemV Xþhoar godm nÜXVr àUmcrMmAdc§~ Ho$cm Amho. gd© g§KamÁ`mÀ`m ì`dñWoV g§K ZmJar godm, amÁ` ZmJargodm Amho. ^maVXoemV Xþhoar amÁ`H$ma^ma AgVm§Zmhr EImXm AndmX Va Xþhoar godm ì`dñWm AgVo. àË oH$XoemV àemgZmÀ`m mo½` ì¶dñWoVrb H$m§hr _wë`mMo aúmUm§À`m Ñï>rH$moZmVwZ àemgZ ì`dñWoMmXOm© amIÊ¶mgmR>r H$m§hr nXo AgVmV. gdm}ƒ n[anwU© àemgH$s` Vm§{ÌH$ ì`dñWoV `m gma»`mnXñWmZmcm AmoiIUo H${R>UM åhUwZ `m gma»`m _hËdmÀ`m nXñWmZmda {Z wº$ Ho$coë`mì`º$sÀ`m gm_mÏ ©mZwgma àemgZmMr XOm© `mo½`Vm AmYmacocr AgVo. ho gm§JÊ`mV H$moUVmMg§H$moM Zmhr. XþX¡dmZo g§nwU© Xoemg EH$ gmaIr AgUmè`m _mJrc àemgH$s` ì`dñWonmgwZ `m_hËdmMo nX ñWmZ H$moUVo ho Amnë`m cm _m{hV Amho. amÁ`m§Zm Ë`mÀ`m gmR>r doJir ZmJargodmñWmZ H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$mamcm §J hmoD$ Z XoVmo g§nwU© maV XoemV m gma»`m A{Ic maVmÀ`mñWm`r nmVirda {ZdS> H$aUmar H|$Ðr` cmoH$godm Am¶moJ” [Am§~oS>H$am§Zr òWo Public ServiceCommission (IAS, IPS cmoH$godm Am`moJ ñWmnZ H$aÊ`m {df`r gm§JrVco Amho.) amÁ` dH|$Ð emgZmVrc Am`.E.Eg. Am{U Am`.nr.Eg `m ìXmaoM âcr OmVmV.

{MÌ 17.5 : 1950 À`m JUV§Ì {XZmÀ`m CËgdmÀ`m {MÌ

SCERT TELANGANA


KQ>Zm g{_VrVrc MM}Vrc {Q>Ho$Mo CXmhaU

_gwXm amÁ`KQ>Zoda AZoH$ {Q>H$m Pmë`m AmhoV. _m¡cmZm hgaV _mohUr gma»`m§Zr hr KQ>Zm1935 À`m H$m`ÚmMr ZH$cM åhUwZ Amamon Ho$co. ñdmV§Í`g§J«m_mÀ`m doir maV Xoemg H°$[~ZoQ>_reZ H|$Ðr` Am`moJ Amë`mZ§Va ^maV amï´>r` H$m°J«og (INC) gma»`m amOH$s` númm§Zr àm¡T>ì`º$sg _VXmZmMm A{YH$ma nm{hOo åhUwZ 1935 _Ü o H$m`Úm§À`m {damoY Pmcm `m {df`rMrAmR>dU Ho$cr. Xm_moYa ñdén goR> (Damodar Swarup Seth) gma»`m g_mOdmXr cmoH$m§ZrË`mM H$mimVrc amÁ`KQ>ZoVwZ ho KoVco. CXm. gmo{dB©Q> w{Z`Z (Soviet Union) nmgwZ _gwXmamÁ`KQ>ZoV H$mhrM KoVco Zmhr åhUwZ maVmÀ`m nmíd© w_rdarc Amdí`H$Ë`m Jmdm§Mo {dñ_aUPmco åhUwZ {Q>H$m Ho$cr. amÁ`KQ>Zm g{_VrÀ`m gXñ`m§Mr {ZdS> àm¢T> cmoH$m§À`m _VXmZmgmR>rPmcr Zmhr. åhþUZ ~mocw cmJco. {Q>H$m H$é cmJco. Ë`m {Q>H$m nmhþ `m.

{S>.Eg. goR>: “ lr_mZ, Amnë`m ^maVr` JUV§ÌmV ñdm`Îmm àmá chmZ chmZ g§KamÁàm{hco nm{hOo.... `m à_mUo Amnë`m XoemV {Z_m©U Pmcoco g§KamÁ`mMo H|$Ðr`H$aUm da S>m°.Am§~oS>H$am§Zr {deof â {Xcm. Ë`mMr EH$T>r JaO ZìhVr. H|$Ðr`H$aU Mm§JcoM H$Yr H$YrCn`moJr nS>UmaoM. na§Vw AmnU _hmË_m Jm§YrZr Ë`m§À`m g§nwU© {OdZmV Ho$ë`mgmaIo A{YH$mam§ZmVodT>o H§o$ÐrH¥$V Ho$co Va Vo A{YH$ma A{YH$ hþHw$_emhr A{YH$mamMo én Amco AgVo.\°${gP_(totalitarianism and fascism)À`mVËdmH$S>o KoD$Z Omdw eH$Vo ho AmnU {dgaVmo.hþHw$_emhr, \°${gP_ nmgwZ aúmU H$aÊ`mgmR>rEH$_od _mJ© A{YH$mamMo, gÎmoMo {dH|$ÐrH$aU.VoìhmM AmnU OJmV Hw$T>oM Zmhr Ago EH$_oH$m§MoöX` OwiwZ g_OwZ KoD$Z A{YH$mamMo H|$ÐrH$aUgmÜ` H$é eH$Vmo AgVmo. nU H$m`ÚmZo A{YH$mamMo H|$ÐrH$aU Ho$co Va Ë`mMm n[aUm_AmOVmJm`V Ë`mMm _moR>çm à_mUmV {damoY H$arV Amhmo Ago gm§JV Agco Var hiwhiw\°${gP_mH$S>o nmD$c Q>mH$Vmo Amhmo. ...”

goR>Mo A{^àm`, {dMma _wgXm amÁ`KQ>Zo m_Ü ogmå`Vm, \$aH$ H$m` Amho?^maVr` g§{dYmZmV 73 ì`m AZwÀN>oXmMr gwYmaUmH$éZ Jm§dmZm H$moUË`m n«H$maMr ñdm §Îmm {_idwZXoÊ`mV Amcr? _m{hV H$am?

^maVmÀ`m g§KamÁ` ì`dñWog, A_oarH$m g§KamÁ` ì`dñWo_Ü o _w»` \$aH$ H$moUVo H$moUVoAmhoV Vo gm§Jm?amÁ` Ë`mMo ñdVm:Mo ZmJar godm A{YH$mè`m§Zm AgUmè`m A{YH$mam§Zm ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZmXoVo H$m?EH$m amÁ`mVrc gd© A{YH$mar amÁ` cmoH$godm Am`moJ ìXmaoM Zo_co Joco H$m?A_oarHo$Vrc H|$Ð, amÁ` Ý`m`ì`dñWm g§nwU© Ý`m` ì`dñWoVrc mJ m {df`mMo dU©Z H$am?

(Examples of critiquing in Constituent Assembly debates)

SCERT TELANGANA


_wc^yV A{YH$mamVrc MM}Mo CXmhaU (Fundamental Rights)

g_mZVoMm A{YH$mamÀ`m nmíd© w_rda Añn¥í`Vm (untouchability) éT>rMm H$m`ÚmZo Zï>H$aÊ`mMm {ZU© KoVcm. _wc yV A{YH$mamdarc MM}Vrc H$mhr ^mJmMr dmMyZ {^Þ Ñï>rH$moZg_OwZ KoD$ `m.

29 E{àc 1947 amoO _§Jidma_m. AÜ`úm (_mZ{Z` S>m°. amO§oÐ àgmX) g oV AmhoV.lr. àmo_mWm amOZ Q>mHw$a: lr_mZ ...[A] 6 ŠcmoO _Ü o (clause) Añn¥í`Vm {df`r _r

Ago gm§JwZ C„oI H$é BpÀN>Vmo.“Añn¥í`Vm H$moUË`mhr énmV nm{hcr Var Var VrMm {ZfoY H$arV AmhmoV. AnmÌ cmXUo,

oX^md H$aUo Xo{Ic JwÝhm hmoD$ eH$Vmo. ”

OmVr` ì`dñWm Zï> Z H$aVm Añn¥í`Vm H$er g_wi Zï> H$amc ho _cm H$iV Zmhr.Añn¥í`Vm hr OmVrì`dñWm `m aomJmMo cúmUM AmnU OmVr ì`dñWm g_wi {Z_w©cZ Ho$ë`m{edm` Añn¥í`Vm Xþa H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ago da da CnMma H$aÊ`mV H$mhrM \$m`Xm Zmhr.

Eg.gr. ~oZOu : (S. C. Banerjee): AÜ`úm _hmoX`, Añn¥í`Vm m eãXmÀ`m AmYr _m{hVr Úm.Joë`m 25 dfm©nmgwZ m eãXmMm AmnU Cn`moJ H$arV Amhmo. na§Vw AmOn ªV Ë`mVwZ H$m` gw{MV hmoVoho H$iV Zgë`m_wio _moR>çm Jm§YimV nS>cmo Amhmo. H$mhr g§X^m©V EH$ ½cmg nmUr KoUo, H$mhr doimharOZ (‘Harijans’) _§{XamMm àdoe {_idwZ XoUo m AWm©Zo dmnaVmV. H$mhr doim Vo gd© OmVrÀ`mcmoH§$mZr {_iwZ OodU H$aUo. EdT>oM cúmmV oVo. H$mhr doim OmVr ~mhoa {ddmh hmoVmV. Añn¥í`Vo{df`r _hmË_m Jm§YrZo nwîH$i à`ËZ Ho$co. Jm§YrOrZr m ~Ôc doJdoJù`m àH$mao, doJdoJù`m g§X^m©VdoJdoJio AW© gm§JrVco. åhUwZ AmnU Añn¥í`Vm m eãXmMm Cn`moJ H$aVm§Zm Ë`m§Mm AW© H$m` hoAmnUmg ñnï> _m{hV Agmdo.`m eãXmMm n[aUm_ d n« md H$m`?

Añn¥í`Vm d OmVr` oX^mdmV `mV \$aH$ XmIdw Z o. lr R>mHw$a §mZr gm§JrVë`m à_mUoAñn¥í`Vm ho \$º$ cúmU, Ë`m§Mo _wi H$maU OmVr` oX^md åhUwZ _wiH$maU åhUOo OmVròX^md Xþa Pmë`m{edm` Añn¥í`Vm H$moUË`m Zm H$moUË`m ñdénmV MmcVM amhVo. ^maV Xoe

ñdV§Ì Pmë`m Z§Va AmnU gd©OZ g_mZ gm_m{OH$ n[apñWVrMm AZw d, Cn`moJ KoD$ AerAmnoúmm R>odw.

lr.amohrUr Hw$_ma Mm¡Yar :... Añn¥í`VoMr ì`m»`m H$aVm§Zm Ago åhUmdo Y_©, OmVr qH$dmH$m`Xoera amoOJmamÀ`m AmYmao oX^md H$aUmar H$moUVrhr H$m ©dmhr åhUOo Añn¥í`Vm hmo .

lr. Ho$.E_. _w§er :. lr_mZ, m KQ>ZVoVrc gwYmaUoMm _r {damoY H$aVmo. _mPr ì`m»`mZHo$co Va OÝ_ Jmd, OmVr qH$dm qcJmÀ`m AmYmao oX^md H$aUo gwÜXm Añn¥í`Vm g_Ocrnm{hOo.

SCERT TELANGANA


{MÌ 17.6 : 26 OmZodmar 1950 À`m dV©_mZnÌmÀ`m m nmZmda m{df`r AmnU H$moUVr _m{hVr dmMcr?

SCERT TELANGANA


lr Yra|ÐZmW XÎmm : _hmoX`, lr amohUrHw$_ma Mm¡Yar Zo {Xcoë`m {ñdH$maVm qH$dmZmhr ho _m{hV Zmhr na§Vw H$mhr Var EH${ef©H$ amhmdo hm _mPm A{^àm` Amho.Añn¥íèVm H$moUË`mhr n[apñWVrV g_wi Zï>Pmcr nm{hOo hoM gm§Jm oM Amho. JwÝømMrnS>VmiUr H$aUmao Ý`m`m{Ye qH$dm Ý`m`_wVu{ef©H$mVwZ nmhm`Mo Añn¥í` g_Oco Va Xþgam{deof {df`mcm Añn¥í` g_Oco \$cl¥V mJwÝømMo dV©Z H$aUmam Ý`m`m{Yem§À`m _Ü oEH$gwÌm amhV Zmhr. m IQ>ë`mÀ`m {ZdS>çmVÝ`m` XoUo Ý`m`mYrem§Zm gwÜXm H${R>U hmoB©c.

VodT>oM ZgwZ Añn¥í`Vm åhUOo doJdoJù`m ^mJmV doJ doJim AW© Amho. ~§Jmc _Ü oAñn¥í`Vm åhUOo EH$ doJimM AW© amhþZ Cd©arV amÁ`mV Ë`mÀ`m noúmm {^Þ AW© Amho.

AÜ`úm` _hmoX`, Ý`m`mc o mo½` {eúmm XoD$ eH$Vo Añn¥í`Vm m eãXmcm H|$ÐemgZ g^m{Zd©MZ gm§JVrc Aer Anoúmm H$aVmo.

(eodQ>r amÁ`KQ>ZoV Añn¥í`Vog XoD$ Z o {dî`H$mimV Amdí`H$Vo H$m`Xo H$aÊ`mMr O~m~XmaremgZ g oV gmonmdmdr åhUwZ {ZU© Ho$cm.)

amÁ`KQ>Zm - gm_m{OH$ ~m§YUr (‘social engineering’)^maVmÀ`m g§{dYmZ {Z_m©Ë`m§Zr EH$ gË¶ COmJa Ho$bo H$s, maVr¶ g‘mOmVrb Ag‘mZVm,

AÝ¶m¶, Xþ~©bVm, dgmhVdmXr Xoem§Mr Jwbm‘r ¶m‘wio ^maVr¶ AW©ì¶dñWm {Ii{Iir PmbobrAmho åhUwZ g§{dYmZmV gm‘m{OH$ ~Xb d {dH$mgmbm ‘hËd {Xbo nm{hOo. n§. Odmhabmb ZohéAgo åhUVmV, maVr¶ g§{dYmZ Aem Xoem§Mo à{V{Z{YËd H$aVo Omo ‘mJrb amO{H$¶ d gm‘m{OH$A§JaIm ’o$Hy$Z XoD$Z ñdV…gmR>r EH$ ZdrZ nmoemI Ë¶m§Zr ñdV…M V¶ma Ho$bm Amho d Vo VmoKmbÊ¶mÀ¶m V¶marV Amho.

åhUwZ gm_m{OH$ ~Xcmg _XV H$aUmè`m AZoH$ KQ>H$m§e amÁ`KQ>ZoV {Xco Amho. Añn¥í`VoMm{ZfoY H$aÊ`m {df`r Vwåhr dmMcm. Ë`mcm EH$ N>mZ CXmhaU amÁ`KQ>ZoV AZwgw{MV OmVr,AZwgwM{V O_mVr (Am{Xdmgr) `m§Zm AmaúmU {Xco. `m JQ>m§Zr AZoH$ AÝ`m`mcm Vm|S> XoÊ`mgË`mÀ`m _VXmZmÀ`m A{YH$mamcm `mo½` AW© XoÊ`mgmR>r \$º$ g_mZVoMm h¸$ A{YH$ma XoD$ZM^mJUma Zmhr. amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m {Z_m©Ë`m§Zr âmogm {Xcm. Ë`m§À`m \$m`Xo, gw{dYmZm àmoËgmhmZXoÊ`mg amÁ`KQ>ZoV {deofVm gmo r, VaVyXr Amdí`H$ Ho$ë`m. Ë`m_wioM AZwgw{MV OmVr, AZwgwM{VO_mVr (Am{Xdmgr) À`m cmoH$m§Mo {hVm§Mo aúmU H$aÊ`mgmR>r emgZ g oÀ`m ñWmZmg gwÜXmAmaúmUm gma»`m AZoH$ {deof KQ>H$m§Zm amÁ` KQ>ZoÀ`m {Z_m©Ë`m§Zm {Xco.

darc MM}V H$moUVo _V oX ì`º$ Pmco?`m MM}V gh^mJr hmoÊ`mMr g§Yr Vwåhmcm {_imcrVa Vwwåhr H$moUVm {ZdS>m gwMdmc?`m eãXmcm amÁ`KQ>ZoV ì`m»`m Z H$aVm g_m{dð>H$aUo EH$ Mm§Jcm {dMma Amho Ago VwåhmcmdmQ>Vo H$m? Vw_À`m CÎmamMr H$maUo gm§Jm?Ho$di Añn¥í`VmM ZgwZ amÁ`KQ>ZoZo OmVr ì`dñWog§~§YrÀ`m AZoH$ {df`mda WmoS>Š`mV gm§Jmdo m{df`mer Vwåhr gh_V AmhmV H$m? ho H$emàH$mao Agco nm{hOo hmoVo Ago Vwåhmcm dmQ>VoH$m?

SCERT TELANGANA


`m JQ>mVrc cmoH§$mZm gaH$mar, gmd©O{ZH$ úmoÌmVrc godmH$m`m©V H$m_mV AmaúmU ho gwÜXm amÁ`KQ>ZoZr{Xcocr g§YrM hmo¶. {deof åhUOo amÁ`KQ>ZoV emgZ n«UmcrgmR>r {ZX}{eV VËdo AmhoV. Ë`m§Zr emgZmg_mao {deof gm_m{OH$ ~m§YUrÀ`m gmYZmV EH$ à_wI KQ>H$ åhUOo Aëng§»`mH$ cmoH§$mMo A{YH$ma.ZmOrZo O_©ZrV Aëng§»`mH$ hþXr cmoH$m§Zm XS>nwZ Q>mH$Ê`mgmR>r Xþ:I AZw d amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m {Z_m©Ë`mZm{dMma H$amd`mg cmdco. Aëng§»` dJm©cm {deof aúmU XoUo. ~hþg§»`m§H$mÀ`m Amåhmcm ~mOwcm R>odUoAer mdZm Z oD$ XoVm H$amdo Ago Ë`m§Zr R>a{dco. Ym{_©H$ Aëng§»`mH$ dJ© Ë`m§Mr ñdV:Mr emim g§ñWmMmcw eH$VmV hm A{YH$mamMo CXmhaU. `mgma»`m g§ñWmZm emgZ Am{W©H$ AZwXmZ XoD$ eH$Vo.gÜ`mMo amÁ`KQ>Zm (The Constitution Today)

H$m`ÚmV doimodoir gwYmaUm H$aÊ`mMr Amdí`H$Vm nS>Vo. amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m {Z_m©Ë`m§Zr AmoiIco. åhUwZH$m`ÚmV g§{dYmZmVrc H$c_mV gwYmaUm H$aÊ`mMr g§Yr {Xcr. g§gXoV AÜ`m© noúmm OmñV cmoH$m§Mr_mÝ`Vm Agoc VaM H$m`Xo H$aVm òVo. na§Vwg§{dYmZmVrc H$c_mV gwYmaUm _mÌ cmoH$g oVMH$amdr. VodT>oM ZmhrVa cmoH$g oV d amÁ`g oV2/3 gXñ`m§Mr _mÝ`Vm Amdí`H$ AgVo. H$mhrH$c_mV {dYmZ g oZo _mÝ` Ho$ë`mZ§VaM gwYmaUmH$é eH$VmV. VodT>oM Zmhr Va Va H$m`Úm à_mUoZ{dZ gwYmaUog XoemÀ`m amï´>nVrMr gwÜXm _mÝ`Vmnm{hOo.

g§{dYmZmV {deof ~Xc 1970 _Ü o Pmcm.Ë`mV n{hco amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m AmamIS>çmV Y_©{ZanoúmAm{U g_mOdmXr (“Secular” and “Socialist”.)`m eãXmMm g_mdoe AmamIS>çmVrc g_Vm Am{UñdV§Ì, Ý m` (“Equality”, “Liberty”, “Justice”)`m gma»`m eãXmcm Y_©{Zanoúm g_mOdmXr _wë`mg_hËd {Xco. åhUwZ `m eãXmMm g_m{dð> H$aÊ`mVAmcm. ^maVmÀ`m amÁ`KQ>ZoVrc B{VhmgmV Xþgar_hËdmMr KQ>Zm Ho$edmZ§X ^maVr À`m IQ>ë`mVà{gÜXr {_i{dUmar gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mc`mMm {ZdmS>m ¶m {ddmXmV Agm ‘wÔm g‘mao Ambm H$s, H$moUË¶mhrn[añWrVrV maVr¶ g§{dYmZmVrb H$m§hr Jmoï>t‘Ü¶o ~Xb H$aVm ¶oUma Zmhr. KQ>ZoZr {Xbobo ‘wb yV h¸$hr ømVrb EH$ ‘w»¶ Jmoï> hmo¶. Ho$edmZ§X maVrÀ¶m IQ>ë¶mMm {ZdmS>m XoVm§Zm g§{dYmZmMo ‘yi ñdê$n~XbÊ¶mMm A{YH$ma g§goXog XoIrb Zmhr. g§{dYmZmÀ¶m - àñVmdZoV KQ>ZoMr H$m§hr R>iH$ d¡{eîQ>ço {XbrAmhoV. gdm}ƒ Ý¶m¶mb¶mZo Amnë¶m {ZdmS>m-gmIir Ûmam ¶mbm EH$ Mm¡H$Q> AmIbr Amho Ë¶m ~m~rAem......g§{dYmZmMo à yËd, gmd© m¡‘Ëd, ‘wb yV h¸$, bmoH$emhr àUmbrMo emgZ (gaH$ma) Y‘©{ZanojVm,g§KamÁ¶ - hr KQ>ZoMr d¡{eîQ>ço AmhoV - H$ë¶mUH$mar amÁ¶mgmR>r hm emgZmXoe Amho.

^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m _wc wV d¡{eï>`m§erg§~§YrV CXmhaUo d g§X^m©g AmoiIw eH$VmH$m?

AmcoI 1 : Since the Constitution wasadopted on 26th January 1950 till 2013

nearly 99 amendments were made.

SCERT TELANGANA


Vw_À`m Aä`mgmV gwYmamUm H$amVw_À`m Aä`mgmV gwYmamUm H$amVw_À`m Aä`mgmV gwYmamUm H$amVw_À`m Aä`mgmV gwYmamUm H$amVw_À`m Aä`mgmV gwYmamUm H$am1. doJio AgUmao EH$ Vo dmŠ` AmoiIm.

ñdmV§Í` g§J«m_mÀ`m AZw dmdéZ maVmMr amÁ`KQ>Zm V`ma Pmcr.Voìhm ApñVËdmV AgUmè`m amÁ`KQ>ZodéZ maVmMr amÁ`KQ>Zm V`ma Pmcr._gwXm amÁ`KQ>ZoV Amho VgoM R>odco.XoemÀ`m emgZZo gmR>r KQ>Zm VËdo, {gÜXm§V, ì`dñWm Ho$cr Amho.

2. MwH$ AgUmè`m dmŠ`m§Zm ~amo~a H$am.KQ>Zm g{_VrVrc MM}V H$mhr KQ>H$m§da gdmªZr EH$_V ì`º$ H$oco.g§{dYmZ {Z_m©Vo XoemVrc H$mhr amÁ`mMo à{V{ZYrËd H$oco.amÁ`KQ>ZoVrc H$c_mV gwYmaUm H$aÊ`mMr g§Yr {Xcr Amho.amÁ`KQ>ZoVrc _wc wV KQH$m§À`m ñdénm_Ü o gwYmaUm H$é eH$Vmo Ago gdm©oƒ Ý`m`mc`mZogm§JrVco Amho.

3. KQ>Zm g{_VrÀ`m MM}VwZ maV gaH$maÀ`m EH$mÎ_, g§KamÁ`mÀ`m VËdm§Mo dU©Z H$am?4. Ë`m H$mimVrc amOH$s` KS>m_moS>rMo à{Vq~~ amÁ`KQ>Zoda H$go nS>co? ñdmV§Í` g§J«_m cT>çm

g§~§Yr `m AmYrÀ`m nmR>mMo AdcmoH$Z H$am?5. KQ>Zm g{_VrMr {ZdS> gmd©{ÌH$ àm¡T>_V A{YH$mamZo Pmcr Agcr Va amÁ` KQ>Zm {Z_uVrda

{VMm n[aUm_ H$em àH$mao nS>cm AgVm?6. ^maVr` g§{dYmZmVrc _wc wV VËdñdénm {df`r WmoS>Š`mV _m{hVr {chm?7. ^maVXoemVrc amOH$s` ì`dñWo{df`r amÁ`KQ>ZoV H$er ì`m»`m Am{U ~Xc Ho$co OmVo?8. amÁ`KQ>ZoV _wc wV, _wë o AgVmV na§Vw cmoH$m§Zr Ë`m ì`dñWoer OwidwZ KoVco Va gm_m{OH$

~Xc hmoVmo. `m {dYmZmer Vwåhr gh_V AmhmoV H$m? H$maUo gm§Jm?9. OJmÀ`m ZH$memV Imcrc ñWio XmIdm?A) Zonmc ~) OnmZ H$) {X„r S>) A_oarH$m10. nmZ H«$.246 da AgUmè`m nÌH$mMo {Z[aúmU H$éZ Imcrc àíZmMo CÎmao {chm?

1) OmñVrV OmñV doim amÁ`KQ>ZoV g§emoYZ H$moUË`m dfu H$aÊ`mV Amco?2) 1961-70 noúmm 1971-80 _Ü o {H$Vr gwYmaUm H$aÊ`mV Amco?

11. Vw_À`m emioV g_Vm hr mdZm H$er A_cmV oV Amho, ho Xe©{dUmao EH$ Om{hamV nÌH$ V`maH$am?


_gwXm g{_Vr, KQ>Zm g{_Vr, AmamIS>m, C^` gwMr EH$mË_Vm Am{U g§KamÁ`mMo VËd {gÜXm§V,ZmJarH$Vm, AÜ`úm Am{U cmoH$g ogmaIr ì`dñWm, g§emoYZ(gwYmaUm)

SCERT TELANGANA

230 ^maVmVrb {ZdS>UwH$ à{H«$¶mgm_m{OH$ AÜ`m`ZFig: 16.1 Ballot Box

YS>m

16 ^maVmVrb {ZdS>UwH$ à{H«$¶m(The Election Process in India)

hr {ZdS>UyH$ à{H«$¶m bmoH$emhrbm Amdí¶H$ Amho H$m? ¶m nmR>mV AmnU {ZdS>UyH$ à{H«$¶oVrb Vm§ÌrH$~mOw d {ZdS>UwH$ à{H«$¶m H$er nwU© Ho$br OmVo. ¶m ~Ôb ‘m{hVr {‘iy ¶m. ¶mgmR>r bmJUmar H$m¶ eº$sA{YH$ma ì¶dñWm ¶m doimodoir KoVbr OmUmar H$mù¶m EdT>oM Zìho Va ñWmnZ {ZdS>UyH$ bmoH$emhr nÓVrZogwairV {ZînjnmVr H$er nma nmS>br OmVo, Ë¶mgmR>r H$m¶ doirdoir H$m¶ ‘mnX§S> R>adbo OmVmV. Am{UË¶mÀ¶m ~amo~a {ZdS>UwH$ Am¶moJm§Mo ¶moJXmZ {ZdS>UwH$s¨Mo Am¶moOZ H$aUma. Vgo gÜ¶m {ñWVrV {ZdS>UyH$nÕVrV ZdrZ ~Xb H$aUo Ano{jV Amho H$m? Á¶m‘wio bmoH$emhrÀ¶m à{Vð>m dmT>bo.

^maVmVrb {ZdS>UwH$ à{H«$¶m^maVmgma»¶m {demb bmoH$g§»¶m Agboë¶m XoemV gd© bmoH$m§Zr

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{ZdS>UwH$ Am¶moJ Am‘À¶m XoemV {ZdS>UwH$sMo Am¶moOZH$aVo ho Am¶moJ, {ZdS>UwH$s¨Mo amOH$s¶ njm§gmR>r {Z¶‘mdbrAmMmag§{hVm (Code of Conduct) R>adVo. {ZdS>UwH$sMo OmhraH$aUo d H|$Ð qH$dm amÁ¶m§Vrb g§~§YrV A{YH$mè¶mH$S>o g§nwU©H$aUo Á¶m‘wio H|$Ð qH$dm amÁ¶mV gaH$ma ~ZdÊ¶mgmR>r dmna{ZdS>UwH$sV dmnabobr nÕV Cn¶wº$ R>aVo.

darb dV©‘mZ nÌmVrb {ZdS>UyH$ H$mimVrb {ef©H$ dmMm Á¶mÀ¶m Amoir‘YyZ H$moUmÀ¶m A{YH$mamH$S>o{ZX}e Ho$bm Amho? ¶mbm H$m¶ ’$aH$ Agob? MMm© H$am.

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Fig 16.2: Office of the ElectionCommission, India

^maVr¶ {ZdS>UwH$ Am¶moJ25 OmZodmar 1950 amoOr ho

{ZdS>UwH$ Am¶moJ ApñVËdmV Ambo.autonomous constitutional body

ñd¶§emgrV g§d¡Ym{ZH$ g§ñWm AgwZAmnë¶m A{YH$mamV ho Am¶moJ{ZdS>UyH$sÀ¶m Amem V¶ma H$aob.bmoH$g^m, amÁ¶g^m, {dYmZg^m,{dYmZ n[afX, amï>nVr, Cnamï>nVr¶m gd© nXm§gmR>r {ZdS>UwH$m KS>dwZAmUVo.

25 OmZodmar 2010 ^maVr¶ {ZdS>UwH$ Am¶moJmbm 60 df© nwU© Pmbo. åhUwZ {haH$‘hmoËgd (Diamond Jubilee) gmOam Ho$bm d 25 OmZodmar hm {Xdg ‘VXmam§Mm {XdgåhUwZ gmOam H$aÊ¶mV ¶oB©b Ago Omhra Ho$bo.

{ZdS>UwH$ Am¶moJmMr ñdm¶VÎmm Autonomous status for Election Commission

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Fig 16.3: ElectionCommission logo

H|${Ð¶ {ZdS>UwH$ Am¶moJmbm Ë¶m§Mm doJimH$‘©Mmar dJ© Zmhr KQ>ZoVrb 324 (6)H$b‘mÝd¶o amï>nVrÀ¶m AZw‘VrZo amÁ¶mVrbamÁ¶nmb, H|$Ð gaH$ma d amÁ¶ gaH$maMoH$‘©Mmar godm Cn¶moJmV AmUë¶m OmVmV¶m H$mimV ¶m H$‘©Mmar dJm©da {ZdS>UwH$Am¶moJmMo g§nwU© A{YH$ma AgVo. {ZdS>UwH$Am¶moJmÀ¶m nwd© nadmZJr {edm¶ H|$Ð qH$dmamÁ¶ gaH$maMm H$‘©Mmar dJm©g g§~YrV¶m H$mimV ‘hËdmMo {ZU©¶ CXm.: ~Xcr,~T>Vr ho {ZU© KoVbo OmV ZmhrV.

SCERT TELANGANA

232 ^maVmVrb {ZdS>UwH$ à{H«$¶mgm_m{OH$ AÜ`m`Z

Collect the information of otherautonomous bodies in India.

The Chief Election Commissioner

{ZdS>UyH$ Am¶wº$ ho maVr¶ {ZdS>UyH$ Am¶moJmMogdm©V ‘w»¶ A{YH$mar AgVmV. g§{dYmZmZo ¶m§Zm H$m§hrA{YH$ma {Xbobo AgVmV. {dYmZg^m, bmoH$g^m{ZdS>UyH$sÀ¶m gwédmVrbm {ZdS>UwH$m§Mo Am¶moOZH$aÊ¶mgmR>r d {Zð> énmVrnUmZo KS>dwZ AmUÊ¶mgmR>r hoA{YH$ma AgVmV. {ZdS>UyH$ Am¶wº$ Vmo/Vr hrgmYmaUV… maVr¶ ZmJar godm (Indian civil services)‘YyZ Ambobr AgVmV. ¶mMm H$mbmdYr 6 df©qH$dm d¶mÀ¶m 65 dfm©n¶ªV AmYr AgbobrAgVmo.

nwdu ^maVr¶ {ZdS>UwH$ Am¶moJmV Ho$diEH$M {ZdS>UwH$ Am¶wº$ AgV. 1993 nmgwZ¶mV VrZ g^mgX AgwZ ¶mVrb EH$ Mr’$ Bbo³eZAm°’$sga ‘w»¶ {ZdS>UyH$ Am¶wº$ AgVmV.

^maVr¶ amOH$s¶ nÕVrV {ZdS>UyH$ Am¶moJ‘hËdmMr ^y{‘H$m {Z^mdcr Amho.(1990-1996) Z§Va ¶m {ZdS>UwH$ Am¶moJmZo à{gÕr {‘idbr Amho. Ago J¥hrV Yabo OmVo.

{ZdS>UyH$ Am¶moJmMo H$m¶©g§{dYmZmVrb H$b‘ 324 Vo 329 (15) AÝd¶o {ZdS>UwH$ Am¶moJmMo d H$m¶© {dfX

Ho$bobo Amho.

There is no difference among the ChiefElection Commissioner and other ElectionCommissioners as to their salary, privileges/designation and powers are concerned.Usually, the decisions are taken unanimouslyor else taken by a majority vote.

T.N. eofZ ¶m§Zr Ho$bobr {e’$mag

* {ZdS>UwH$ AO© XmIb Ho$ë¶mnmgwZ gd©‘mÝ¶ hmoÊ¶mgmR>r 14 {XdgmMm ‘wXV Agob. * EH$m C‘oXdmambm XmoZ nojm OmñV ‘VXma g§KmVwZ {ZdS>UyH$ bT>dVm ¶oUma Zmhr. * {ZdS>UwH$ bT>dÊ¶mMm C‘oXdmamg Oa XmoZ dfm©Mr gOm Pmbobr Agob Va Ë¶mbm nwT>rb ghm df© {ZdS>UwH$ bT>dVm ¶oUma Zmhr. * {ZdS>UwH$ bT>dUmam C‘oXdmamMm ‘¥Ë¶w Pmbm Va {ZdS>UwH$ nwT>o T>H$bÊ¶mV ¶oB©b Vr aÔ Ho$br OmV Zmhr. * {ZdS>UwH$ àMma H$aÊ¶mMr ‘wXV g§në¶mZ§Va 48 Vmgmn¶ªV ‘Ú (Xmé) Mr XþH$mZo ~§X amhVrb.

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amï´>r¶ Am{U amÁ¶ñVar¶, amOH$s¶njm§Mo H$m§hr {MÝh Jmoim H$am.

SCERT TELANGANA


njmZo Oa amÁ¶mVwZ 6 % nojm OmñV à‘mUmV‘Vo {‘idbr qH$dm 11bmoH$g oMm E‘.nr.OmJm hmoVm§À¶m Va Vo amO{H$¶ nj amï´>r¶nj åhUwZ AmoiIbm OmVmo.Elections - The code of conduct

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H$m§hr bmoH$ qH$dm JQ> AmMma g§{hVoÀ¶m ~m~V Ý¶m¶mb¶mH$S>o Joë¶m AmhoV.

g^m âdUo - {‘adUwH$m H$mT>Uo

1. njmMr g^m âdÊ¶mgmR>r nmobrgm§Mr nadmZJrKoUo Amdí¶H$ Amho. Ë¶m§Zm g^m {OWo ¿¶md¶mMrAmho Vo ñWmZ d doi B. Vnerb nmobrgm§Zm H$i{dUoJaOoMo Amho. Ago Ho$bo Va nmobrgm§Zm H$m¶Xm dgwì¶dñWm ajUmgmR>r ¶mo½¶ Vr ì¶dñWm H$aVm ¶oB©b.Am{U dmhVwH$ ì¶dñWog gwairV R>odVm ¶oB©b.

* Find out if any disciplinary action was takenagainst any candidate for violating the code ofconduct.* Find out if any candidate was found guilty bythe judiciary and disqualified from the electionsor any political portfolio.

SCERT TELANGANA


Should political parties campaign throughpublic meetings and rallies only or are there anyother ways?

2. {ZdS>UyH$ C‘oXdma Á¶m ñWir g^m KoUma AmhoV, Ë¶m {R>H$mUr Amdí¶H$ Vrgwajm ì¶dñWm {Xbr OmV AmhoH$m? ¶mMr ‘m{hVr {‘idrVmo.

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bmoH$emhr d em§VVm‘¶ ‘mJm©Z o nmanmS>Ê¶mgmR>r ¶mo½¶ Vr I~aXmar d nwd© V¶marH$amdr.

2. gd© ‘VXmZ H|$ÐmVrb A{YH$mè¶m§Zm H$m¶©gwairV nma nmS>Ê¶mgmR>r gd© amO{H$¶ nXm§ZrnaV ‘XV H$amdr.

3. ‘VXmZ H|$Ðmdarb doJdoJù¶m amO{H$¶ njmMoà{V{ZYr {Xboë¶m AmoiInÌmda Ë¶mMo Zmd,njmMo {MÝh Zgbo, Zgmdo,

4. ‘VXmZ gwé hmoÊ¶mÀ¶m gwé hmoÊ¶mÀ¶m 48 Vmg AmYr àMma ~§X H$amdm. ‘ogoO gwÕm H$é Z¶o.‘Ú d¡Joao {Xbo OmD$ Z¶o.

5. {ZdS>UyH$ bT>dUmam C‘oXdma qH$dm nmR>t~m XoUmam amO{H$¶ njmVrb bmoH$m§Zr ‘VXmZ H|$ÐmOdi O‘mdmZo, JQ>mZo EH$Ì ¶oD$ Z¶o.

6. ‘VXmZ H|$Ðmda H$moUË¶mhr njmMo nmoñQ>g©, P|S>m {MÝh B. {XgVm H$m‘m Z Z¶o.

{ZdS>UyH$m - Ý¶m¶mb¶rZ {ZH$mb…* 2013 gmbr S>m°. gw~«‘Ê¶Z‘ ñdm‘r ¶m§À¶m Ho$g ~m~V gdm}ƒ Ý¶m¶mb¶mZo gm§{JVbo H$s, dmoQ>tJ‘erZMr nmhUr, ñnmoQ>g© Z H$aVm ¶oB©b. Ë¶m§Mo ‘VXmZ ¶mo½¶ [aVrZo Pmbo Amho H$s Zmhr ho Ë¶m§ZrnS>VmiwZ nmhVm ¶oB©b. (VVPAT)* 2013 gmbr {nnëg ¶w{Z¶Z {gpìhb {b~aQ>uO ¶m ~m~V {ZU©¶ XoVm§Zm gdm}ƒ Ý¶m¶mb¶mZo gm§{JVboH$r, ‘VXmambm ñdV…Mo ‘V XoÊ¶mMo ñdmV§Í¶ AgwZ ... Agboë¶m gd© C‘oXdmam§Zm ‘VXmZ H$aVm ¶oB©b{ZdS>UyH$ bT>dÊ¶mMm ¶m Ý¶m¶mb¶rZ {ZH$mbMo nmbZ H$aÊgmgmR>r ^maVr¶ {ZdS>UyH$ Am¶moJmZo“None of the above” hm mJ gå‘rbrV Ho$bm.* 2013 ‘Ü¶o Peoples Union of Civil Liberties, ¶mÀ¶m g§X^m©V {ZH$mb XoVm§Zm gdm}ƒ Ý¶m¶mb¶mZogm§{JVbo H$s, {ZdS>UyH$ C‘oXdma (bmoH$g^m qH$dm {dYmZg^m) ¶m§Zr Ë¶mÀ¶m C‘oXdmamMr ¶mXr {df¶rOmhra H$amdo/bmJob Ho$bo. Imbrb Jmoï>r Vmo/{VÀ¶m {déÕ JwÝhm Zmhr. nVr/nËZrMo Zmd, ‘wbm/‘wbtMo Zmdo, ‘mb‘Îmm, e¡j{UH$ nmÌVm

Fig 16.8: Voters in Queue

SCERT TELANGANA


{ZdS>UwH$m d gÎmmYmarnjgÎmmYmar nj {ZdS>UyH$ à{H«$¶oV T>dimT>di H$aUo. gÎmoMm J¡a dmna H$é eH$Vmo. ¶mgmR>r ¶mda

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doJdoJù¶m nmVirdéZ {ZdS>UwH$m§Mo Am¶moOZamÁ¶ gaH$maer {dMma {d{Z¶‘ H$adZo, ‘w»¶ {ZdS>UwH$ A{YH$mar ¶m§Mr {ZdS> {ZdS>UwH$

Am¶moJmÛmao Ho$br OmVo. ¶mbm Ag§d¡Ym{ZH$ XOm© ZgVmo. gmYmaUV… Cƒ nXmg nXñW IAS Officer MrZo‘UyH$Mm nXr Ho$br OmVo. bmoH$g oMm qH$dm {dYmZ g oÀ¶m {ZdS>UyH$m ¶m§À¶m XoIaoIrImbr nma nmS>ë¶mOmVmV. {Oëhm nmVirda {Oëhm{YH$mar ho ‘w»¶ {ZdS>UyH$ A{YH$mar åhUyZ H$m‘ H$aVmV.

{ZdS>UyH$m KS>dyZ AmUmdo, àË¶oH$ ‘VXma g§Kmda 9 n¶©dojH$ XoIaoI H$aVo. ¶mgmR>r [aQ>Z©Zr>>±JAm°’$sga ¶m§Mr {Z¶wº$s Ho$br OmVo. ‘VXma ¶mXrV ¶m§À¶m ZmdmMr Zm|X Amho. Ago H$moUË¶mhr ì¶º$s¶mnXmgmR>r Amnbo Zmd XoD$ eH$Vmo. ¶m§Zm bmoH$ à{V{ZYr hmoÊ¶mMr BÀN>m Amho. ¶m Zmdmbm registeredelector of the constituency. Ë¶mÀ¶m ‘VXma g§KmÀ¶m ¶mXrVrb Zm|X Agboë¶m C‘oXdmamMo AZw‘moXZbmJVo. EImÚm njmZo Ë¶m C‘oXdmamMo Zmd Omhra Ho$bo Va Vmo Ë¶m njmMm C‘oXdma AgVmo. BVa C‘oXdmañdV§Ì g^mgX åhUyZ {ZdS>UyH$ bT>{dVmV.

Voters’ pledgewe the citizens of India,having abiding faith indemocracy, here by pledgeto uphold the democratictraditions of our country andthe dignity of free and fairpeaceful elections, and tovote in every elections,fearlessly and without beinginfluenced byconsiderations of religion,race, caste, community,language or any inducement.

SCERT TELANGANA


Fig 16.9: Control Unit, Ballot Unit

[ aQ >Z vJ Am °’ $ sgag^mgXm§À¶m An¶m©¶r g§JmonUnmhUr ¶mo½¶ H$éZ ¶mo½¶ Agboë¶mC‘oXdmam§Zr ¶mXr Omhra H$aVmV.AO© aboë¶m C‘oXdmam§Zm ñdV…Mo{d{eï> H$mbmdYr n¶ªV ‘mJo KoVm¶oVmo Ë¶mZ§Va [aQ>ZvJ Am°’$sga{ZdS>UyH$ C‘oXdmam§Mr A§{V‘¶mXr Omhra H$aVmV. {d{dY‘VXma g§KmVbo Q>ßnmMm amOH$s¶njm§À¶m gXñ¶m§Zm Ë¶m§À¶m njmMo Oo {MÝh Agob Vo XoÊ¶mV ¶oUo Va ñdV§Í¶, C‘oXdmam§Zm Oo {MÝhCnbãY Agob Vo XoÊ¶mV ¶oVo. ¶mZ§Va C‘oXdmamMr Zmdo d {MÝh EVM ‘Ü¶o g‘m{dï> Ho$brOmVm. hrM nÕV bmoH$g^m, {dYmZg^m qH$dm ñWm{ZH$ ñdamÁ¶ g§ñWm (J«m‘n§Mm¶V) n¶ªVdmnabr OmVo.Voting Mechanism

‘VXmZ à{H«$¶oMo V§Ì ‘w»¶ {ZdS>UwH$ A{YH$mar {Oëhm ñVamda ’$ma ‘moR>r ì¶dñWm{ZdS>UwH$ KoÊ¶mgmR>r H$aVmV. àdºo$, nmobtJ Am°’$sga, àmogm¶qS>J Am°’$sga, ‘VXmZ H|$ÐmdaàË¶oH$s Zo‘Uya H$aVmV. {ZUS>UyH$ Am¶moJmbm {eH$m¶ H$m§hr n¶©dojH$m§Mr {Z¶wº$s H$aVmV. Oo{ZdS>UyH$ à{H«$¶m gwairV Mmby Amho H$s Zmhr ho ~KVmV. {ZdS>UyH$ ‘VXmZmÀ¶m {Xder{ZdS>UyH$ AmXrVrb gd© nmÌ ‘VXmam§Zm ‘VXmZ H$aVm ¶mdo. nmobtJ EO|Q²>g, ‘VXmam§Mr AmoiInQ>dyZ XoÊ¶mg {ZdS>UyH$ A{YH$mè¶m§Zm ‘XV H$aVmV. ‘VXmZ H$aVm§Zm ‘VXmamÀ¶m S>mì¶mhmVmÀ¶m d Ë¶m ~moQ>mbm Indelible Ink emB© bmdVmV. EVM ‘erZ Agob Va (1) Mo {MÝh

Agbobm ñQ>°ån {Xbm OmVmo Vmo~°boQ> nonada ‘méZ ‘VXma‘VXmZ H$é eH$VmV. ~°boQ> nonada {d{eï> nÕVrZo KS>r H$éZÚmdm bmJVmo. ~°boQ> ~m°³g‘Ü¶o~°boQ> nona Q>mH$mdm bmJVmo.

‘VXmZ Pmë¶mZ§Va doig§në¶mZ§Va ~°boQ> ~m°³g qH$dmEVM ‘erZbm grb KmVboOmVo. d ‘VXmZ H|$Ðmda AmUë¶m Fig 16.10: Staff, discharging Duties in Polling Booth

SCERT TELANGANA


Vote to reject – NOTA (None Of The Above)2013 ‘Yrb gdm}ƒ Ý¶m¶mb¶mÀ¶m {ZU©¶mZwgma

Peoples Union of Civil Liberties gmR>r NOTA{MÝhmMr gmo¶ H$aÊ¶mV Ambr, NOTA ho ì¶{º$À¶mAVdm ñdmV§Í¶mMo à{VH$ Amho. 2013 ‘Ü¶o {X„r ¶oWrbamÁ¶ {dYmZ g oÀ¶m {ZdS>UyH$sÀ¶m doiog àW‘ ¶mMmdmna Pmbm. NOTA ¶mMr EH$ n¶m©¶ åhUwZ g‘moaAmbm. NOTA hm EH$ EopÀN>H$ n¶m©¶ Amho. hm C‘oXdmam§MoqOH$Uo qH$dm hma nojmMr j‘Vm ¶mda hm H$m§hr H$arVZmhr. Oa OmñVrV OmñV OZg§»¶m NOTA bm {‘imbr.Var Xþgè¶m Z§~ada AgUmam C‘oXdma {dO¶r C‘oXdmaåhUyZ Omhra Ho$bm OmVmo.{ZdS>UyH$ à{H«$¶oV ~Xb H$aÊ¶mMr JaO Theneed for Electoral reforms

^maV ho EH$ bmoH$g§»¶oÀ¶m Ñï>rZo OJmVrb Xþgè¶m H«$‘m§H$mda Agbobo amï´> Ë¶m‘wio^maVmg‘moa Am¶moOZ g’$bVmnwd©H$ {ZdS>UyH$m nma nmS>bo ho ’$ma ‘moR>o AmìhmZ Amho. àË¶oH$amO{H$¶ nj CÎm‘ gaH$ma, Am{W©H$ g‘mZVm, Jar~r Xþa H$aÊ¶mgmRr dMZ~Õ AgVo. na§VwH$m§hr amO{H$¶ Ywa§Ya Oo .......... AgVmV. Ë¶m§À¶m JwÝhoJmar nmíd© y‘rVwZ Ambobo AgVmV.~o H$m¶Xoera AZ¡{VH$ ‘mJm©Mm Adb§~ H$aVm§Zm ‘VXmam§Mr ‘wi H$aVmV. ¶m Aem àH$mam§‘wio{ZdS>UyH$ àíZ ¶oMo d hgo hmoV Amho.

bmoH$emhr ‘mJm©Zo {dídmg‘V à{H«$¶m nma nS>Vm§Zm H$m§hr g‘ñ¶m§Zm Vm|S> Úmdm bmJVAgob Vwåhr Aer AZoH$ CXmhaUo, AQ> ¶m§À¶m Am{U Ü¶o¶mdr àoarV H$m§hr amÁ¶H$Ë¶m©‘wiobmoH$emhrMm Jm¡ad {Q>H$dyZ R>odÊ¶mV ¶e {‘imbo.

bmoH$emhr [aË¶m VËdmMr amÁ¶ gaH$ma nma H$aÊ¶mgmR>r H$a d Cnm¶ ¶moO¶mdoV. {ZdS>UyH$m§‘Ü¶o EImXo Hw$Qy>§~mda Vwi ImV Agob Va Ë¶mM Hw$Qy>§~mVrb g‘mdVrb BVabmoH$m§Zm hr ’$io H$er Ë¶mImdU¶mg {‘iVrb? MMm© H$am?

EImÚm ‘mUgmZo Iwn gmam n¡gm IMm© Ho$bm d {ZdS>UyH$sV {dO¶ {‘i{dbm {VMo/Ë¶mMo{dMma H$aÊ¶mgmR>r nÕV H$er Agob? ‘VXmamZo ‘VXmZ H$aÊ¶m H$[aVm n¡go KoVbo.{ZdSy>Z Amboë¶m à{V{ZYr Ë¶m§À¶m àíZm {df¶r Om~ {dMmaÊ¶mMm Z¡{VH$ A{YH$maAgVmo H$m? MMm© H$am?

OmVo. Á¶m C‘oXdmamg OmñVrV OmñV ‘Vo ¶oVrb Vmo {dO¶r C‘oXdma Kmo{fV Ho$bm OmVmo.{ZdS>UyH$ AmH$bZ Ûmam {ZdSy>Z Pmboë¶m Im{bb (Vmo/Vr) à‘mUnÌ {Xbo OmVo.gmYmaU {ZdS>UyHm$Xa 5 dfm©bm H|$Ð d amÁ¶ gaH$ma bmoH$g^m, {dYmZg oMm H$m¶©H$mi 5dfm©Mm AgVmo. Ë¶m nwdu {ZdS>UyH$m ¿¶mì¶m bmJë¶m Va Ë¶mbm ‘Ü¶mdYr {ZdS>UyH$ AgoåhUVmV. H$m§hr doim 1, 2 [aH$må¶m Pmboë¶m OmJm§gmR>r {ZdS>UwH$ KoVmV. Ë¶mbm nmoQ>{ZdS>UyH$m (Bye Elections) åhUVmV.

Fig 16.11: NOTA Symbol

SCERT TELANGANA


{ZdS>UyH$ Am¶moJmH$Sw>Z gwMZm - XmoZ {dYmZ gôVrb OmJm aÔr Zdr {X„r… {ZdS>UyH$ Am¶moJmÀ¶m B{VhmgmV n{hë¶m§Xm nwdu Omhra Ho$bobr {ZdS>UyH$

ZmoQ>rg aÔ H$amdr bmJbr. {ZdS>UyH$ Am¶moJmZo AadHw$éMr, V§Omdwa ‘VXma g§K V{‘iZmSw>‘Yrb nmoQ>{ZdS>UyH$m aÔ Ho$ë¶m H$maU Iwn ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV n¡gm ~mQ>ë¶m Q>moim {ZdS>UyH$ Am¶moJmZo 16 ‘o 2016amoOr hmoÊ¶mMr {ZdS>UyH$ nwT>o T>H$bobr Jobr.

1) ‘V 2) AmMma g§{hVm 3) EVM 4) ‘VXma g§K 5) NOTA

‘hËdmMo eãX

Á¶m bmoH$m§Zr Zo‘UyH$ nmobtJ Am°’$sga åhUyZ Pmbobr Amho. Ë¶m§À¶m ‘VXmZmgmR>r Ë¶m§Mo ‘VXmZH|$Ð gmoSy>Z OmVm ¶oV Zmhr. H$maU Ë¶m§À¶mda Agbobr O~m~Xmar hr Ë¶m§Zm ‘VXmZmgmR>r Omd¶mMo ñWmZ¶mVrb A§Va ¶m‘wio Ë¶m§Zm {ZWnO©Z OmUo e³¶ ZgVo. åhUyZ {ZdS>UyH$ Am¶moJmZo nmoñQ>b ~°boQ> Mr gmo¶Ho$bobr Amho. ¶mMmM AW© Agm H$s, Á¶m§Zm {ZdS>UyH$ A{YH$mar qH$dm BVa S>çwQ>r Ambobr Amho Ë¶m§ZmAmnë¶m ‘VXmZmMm h¸$ nmoñQ>b H$mQ>m ~OmdVm ¶oVmo. {ZdS>UyH$ A{YH$mar ho ~°boQ> nong©, ‘VXmamÀ¶m‘VXmZ H|$Ðmn¶ªV gwa{jV {deof godo nmohMVmV.

nmoñQ>b ~°boQ>

àH$ën H$m¶©Collect the information of ideal politicians who have sacrificed their life for thenation? What do we learn from their lives?Collect the information, create a table and analyse the results of Loksabha electionsheld recently.

Vw‘À¶m Aä¶mgmMr gwYmaUm H$am1) bmoH$emhrV ‘VXmZmMm h¸$ hm A{Ve¶ ‘hËdmMm Amho, H$gm ñnï> H$am.2) {ZdS>UyH$ Am¶moJmMo H$m¶© ñnï> H$am.3) ^maVmV {ZdS>UyH$ Am¶moJmMr H$m‘o gm§Jm ?4) bmoH$emhrV AmXe© AmMma g§{hVoMr Amdí¶ H$m Ho$br H$m Amho?5) ‘VXmZ hr Amnbr Odm~Xmar g§nVo Ago Zmhr, bmoH$emhrbm dmMdÊ¶mgmR>r AmnU Xj amhm¶bm ¶m {dYmZmbm nwaVr Úm?6) Vw‘À¶m mJmV Vwåhmbm {ZdS>UyH$m§‘Yrb J¡aàH$ma AmT>ibo AmhoV H$m? AmMma g§{hVoMr H$moUË¶m ‘yë¶mda A{VH«$‘U Pmbo.7) {ZdS>UyH$m à{H«$¶oVrb XimMr JaO hm n[aÀN>oX dmMm d Vw‘Mo ‘V {bhm?8) ‘VXmZmMo ‘hËd {dfX H$aUmao EH$ nÌH$ V¶ma H$am?SCERT TELA

NGANA

240 gm_m{OH$ AÜ`m`Z ñdV§Ì ^maV Xoe - I

nmR >

17 ñdV§Ì ^maV Xoe(gwédmVrMo 30 df©-1947-77)

gm_m{OH$ g_mZVm {_imcr Ago Vwåhmcm dmQ>VoH$m? gm_m{OH$ g_mZVm Am{U {df_Vm XmI{dUmaoVwåhmcm _m{hV Agcoco CXmhaUm§Zm gm§Jm?

26 OmZodmar 1950 amoOr AmnU {dg§JV {OdZe¡crV n«doe H$aUma AmhmoV. amOH$maUmVg_Vm AgVo nU gm_m{OH$ Am{W©H$ ~m~VrV {df_Vm AgVo. amOH$maUmV EH$ ì`º$s EH$_VXmZ, EH$ _VXmZ EH$M _wë` m gwÌmMr AmoiI hmoVo. Va gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ {OdZmVAmncr gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ ì`dñWo_wio EH$ ì`º$s- EH$ _wë` `m gwÌmMm ZH$maM XoVmo.d¡{dÜ`VoZo _wº$ m {OdZmg {H$Vr H$mimn ªV ghZ H$é m? {H$VrH$mi AmnU Amnë`mgm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ {OdZmer g_mZVm gmÜ` H$é eH$V Zmhr? AgoM {XK©H$mi MmcVam{hco Va Amncr amOH$s` cmoH$emhr {dZmemÀ`m Amhmar OmB©c m d¡{dÜ`VoMo cdH$aM{ZamH$aU H$amdo. ZmhrVa Ag_mZVoÀ`m ~ir OmUmè`m§Zr m amÁ`KQ>Zm _ohZVrZo ~Zdcoë`mcmoH$emhr amOH$s` ì`dñWm _moSw>Z Q>mH$VmV.

- S>m°.~r.Ama. Am§~oS>H$a

`m AmYr 15 µì`m nmR>mV maVr` amÁ`KQ>Zm H$er ~Zdcr ho AmnU nm{hcmoV. EH$mM doirAZoH$ CÔrï>m§Zm gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r amÁ`KQ>ZoMo lo KoVco. cmoH$emhr ì`dñWoMr C^maUr, Xoem§VEoŠ`Vm {Z_m©U H$éZ EH$M amOH$s` YmoaU ~ZdUo, _moR>çm à_mUmV gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ ~XcKS>dwZ AmUUo. ^maV ¶m Xoemda 200 dfm©hÿZ OmñV {dXoer bmoH$m§Zr amÁ¶ Ho$bo Ë¶m XoemVVwbZmË‘H$ ÑîQ²>>çm H$‘r doimV amï´>r¶ C{Ôï> R>adUo, ho gmÜ¶ H$aUo ¶mgmR>r {d{eï> YmoaUmMmAdb§~ H$aUo hr ‘moR>r CnbãYr Amho.

^maVr` ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va B{VhmgmV gwédmVrMo df©o {ddmX gmoS>dÊ¶mV qH$dm ñdmV§Í¶m Z§VaMmB{Vhmg KS>{dÊ¶mV Jobr. XoemÀ¶m ZoV¥Ëdmg‘moa ‘w»¶ XmoZ Jmoï>r àm‘w»¶mZo hmoË¶m. XoemMrEH$Vm d AI§S>Vm H$m¶ R>odbr. gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ ~Xc KS>dwZ AmUUo, cmoH$emhr ì`dñWmgwairV MmcV Amho H$s, Zmhr Vo nmhUo, XoemÀ`m ZoË`mg_moa Agcocm _hËdmMo AmdhmZ `mAS>MUrV EH$ Xþgè`m§er g§~§Y AgwZ g_Vmoc {~KSw> Z o `mMr H$miOr ¿`mdr cmJcr. CXm.cmoH$emhrnUmg cmdwZ {dH${gV C{Ôð>m§Zm XoemMr AI§S>Vm nUmbm bmdwZ MmbUma Zmhr. mnmR>mV EH$_oH$m§er OwiwZ AgUmè`m `mVrZ ~m~t~amo~a amÁ`KQ>Zm, cmoH$emhrH$em àH$mao Mmccr, amï´>r` {Z_uVrg_hËdmÀ`m ~m~tZm maVmZo H$er Vm|S> {XcoVo nmhy `m.

SCERT TELANGANA


n{hë`m gmd©{ÌH$ {ZdS>UwH$m (First General Elections)Z{dZ g§{dYmZmImcr KoVcoë`m n{hë`m gmd©O{ZH$ {ZdS>UwH$m maVr` cmoH$emhrgmR>r Iwn

_hËdmMo Amho. {~«Q>re gaH$maH$Sw>Z ñdmV§Ì {_imë`mZ§Va cmoH$emhr _mJ© Adc§~{dÊ`mgmR>r^maV Xoe gcJ AgVmo. ho gwMdVo nmíMmË` Xoemà_mUoM AJmoXa g§nÎmr AgUmè`m Z§Vagm_m{OH$ dJmªZm _VXmZmMm A{YH$ma _V oXmZwgma Z XoVm ^maVmV gd© d`ñH$am§Zm EH$XmM_VXmZ Q>mH$Ê`mMm A{YH$ma {Xcm. CXm. pñdOac§S> _Yrc _qhc§mZm _VXmZmMm h¸$ 1971

_Ü o {_imcm.gm_m{OH$ n[apñWVr_wio gwÜXm n{hë`m

{ZdS>UwH$m AdKS> Pmë`m cmoH$g§» oVrc OmñVcmoH$m§Zm dmMUo - {c{hUo oV Zmhr. Ë`m§ZrË`mÀ`m {ZdS>rg H$go ì`º$ H$aVmV? XoemVrcH$mhr mJmVrc _{hcm§Zm Ë`mÀ`m dS>rc qH$dmnVrÀ`m ZmdmZo AmoiIVmV. Ë`m§Zm doJir {deofAmoiI Zgm`Mr _{hcm§Zm g_mZ h¸$ AgwZX oemg AOwZ gm_m{OH$ g_mZËdoH$S > odidÊ`mgmR>r mV ~Xc hdm hmoVm. _VXmam§Mr`mXr H$er V`ma H$amdr? XoeâmV {ZdS>UwH$mMmcdÊ`mgmR>r O~m~Xmar gmon{dÊ`mgmR>r{ZdS>UwH$ Am`moJ ~Z{dco.

{ZaúmVoMr g_ñ`m H$mTw>Z Q>mH$Ê`mgmR>r{ZdS>UwH$m§Mo Am`moJ amOH$s` g§K C_oXdmam§ZmR>adÊ`mMo X¡Z§{XZ {OdZmVwZ H$mhr dñVwMm dmnaH$éZ Ë`mM dñVw§Mm {MÝhmMm dmna H$amdm. hmZ{dZ {dMma g_moa Amcm. `m g¥OZmË_H$Z{dZ à`moJm_wio gw{XK© AmoiIrMr Amdí`H$VmZgwZ {MÌmg AmoiIco Va nwao {hM nÜXVAmVm nU Mmcw Amho. `mg AOwZ gwc^H$aÊ`mgmR>r n{hë`m {ZdS>UwH$sg àËòH$gXñ`m§gmR>r ~mhoaÀ`m ~mOwZo Ë`m§À`m AmoiInÌcmdcoco doJdoJio ~°coQ> noQ>r XoÊ`mV Amë`m.Ë`m§Zr {ZdS>coë`m gXñ`m§g ~°coQ> noQ>rV _VXam§ZoË`mÀ`m _VXmZmg Q>mH$mdo. {ZdS>UwH$m Amë`mË`m doir _VXmZ Q>mH$Ê`mgmR>r cmoH$m§ZmàmoËgmhrV H$aÊ`mgmR>r _moR>çm à_mUmV àMmaHo$cm.

{ZdS>UwH$m§Zm {deof H$éZ cmoH$m§Zm Ë`m§À`m_VXmZmMm h¸$mMm Cn`moJ H$éZ KoÊ`mgmR>r{ZaúmaVoMm H$gm à^md nS>Vmo. `m g_ñ oMrgmoS>dUwH$ H$er H$amc?cmoH$m§Zm _VXmZmMm A{YH$ma Zgoc Va AmncmcmoH$emhr Xoe Amho åhUwZ g§mJw eH$Vmo H$m?_{hcm§_Ü o gmúmaVm H$_r Agcoë`m _mJm©_wioË`m§Zm _VXmZmMm h¸$ Z XoVm Vo Amnë`mcmYmoaUm§da H$moUVm à^md nS>ë`m AgVrc?ZMwH$Vm {ZdS>UwH$m KoUo åhUOo cmoH$emhr À`mC^maUrMo ñnï> g§Ho$V Amho. `m ì`m»`merVwåhr gh_V AmhmV H$m? H$maU gm§Jm?

{MÌ 18.1 : n{hë`m gmd©{ÌH$ {ZdS>UwH$mV _VXmZQ>mH$Vm§Zm _{hcm.

SCERT TELANGANA


amOH$s` ì`dñWoV EH$númr` gÎmm (One Party Dominance in Political System )ñd§VÌ ^maVmV 1952, 1957 Am{U 1962 _Ü o Pmcoë`m gwédmVrÀ`m VrZ gmd©{ÌH$

{ZdS>UwH$m_Ü o BVa gXñ`m§Zm Zm__mÌ ñWmZ XoD$Z ^maVr` amï´>r` H$m°J«og {dÒ {_idco.^maVmg n{hco àYmZ_§Ìr Odmhacmc Zohé ~Zco. BVa númmV H$moUË`mhr EH$m númmcm gwÜXm11% noúmm H$_r _V {_imco Zmhr. nwU© _V_moOUr _VXmZmV 45% H$m°J«og 70% noúmm OmñVOm§Jm_Ü o H$m°J«ogM qOH$co. BVa H$moUmVM núm H$m°J«ogÀ`m Odinmghr ZìhVr.

H$m°J«og númmZo AZoH$ amÁ`mV gwÜXm gaH$ma ~Z{dco. `m_wio H$mhrOZ {Z[aúmH$mZr wº$H$m°J«og ì`dñWm ~Zdcr. Odinmg gJù`mM ~m~VrV emgZnúmr` AgUmam H$m°J«og_Ü o d BVanúmm_Ü o AgUmam g§~§Y {deof ñd^mdmZwgma `m H$mimg AmoiIVmV. Va H$m°J«og_Ü o gVVMA§VJ©V N>moQ> N>moQ>o JQ> Agm`Mo hr JQ>o ZoË`m§À`m ñnY}_wio {Z_m©U Pmcr. númmÀ`m C{Ôð>m Zwgma`m§Zr EH$Ì Agco Var H$mhr YmoaUm~m~VMm _V oX Agm`Mo.

gXñ`m§À`m \$m`ÚmZwgma hr JQ>o {d{dY {df`m§da doJdoJù`m à{VgmX XoV. m_wio H$m°J«ognúm{^Þ Aem Ñï>rH$moZ, \$m`Úm§Zm _hËd {Xë`mgmaIo {XgwZ oVo. H$mhr {df`mV hr JQ>o BVaamOH$s` númm§er {_iwZ nwT>mè`mda X~md AmUÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aV. EH$númr` A{YnË`mImcrAgUmè`m n[apñWVrg gwÜXm H$m°J«ognúmmVM amOH$s` ñnYm© hmoV hmoVr. åhUwZ {daomYr` númàË`úm YomŠ`mgM Zmhrer \$º$ namoúm YmoŠ`mgM gwM{dV.

{ZdS>UwH$rMr _m{hVr (dU©Z) (Description of Elections )nS>Xm ì`dñWog {ZpíMVM nmiUmè`m {OëømV gmYmaUnUo \$º$ ót`mÀ`m A{YH$mamImcr

{deof qó`m nomctJ, _V_moOUr A{YH$mè`mImcr {deof ót`m _V_moOUr H|$Ð ~Zdco.AO_oa oWrc EH$ amOnwV _{hcm _V Q>mH$Ê`mgmR>r nwU© A§J PmHw$Z Amcr hmoVr. VrWo nwU©

eara docdoQ> dómZo Jw§S>miwZ hmoVo. nwÝhm _V Q>mHw$ Z o åhUwZ S>mì`m ~moQ>mÀ`m Xe©Zr ~moQ>mda Z{ZKUmam emB©Mm S>mJ cmdÊ`mgmR>r Omo earamMm ^mJ Amho. VodT>m gmoSw>Z cmoH$m§Zm {VÀ`mearamMm Xwgam ^mJ XmI{dcm Zmhr.

H$mhr Jm§dmZr {_iwZ _VXmZ Q>mH$co. Amgmo_ oWwZ Amcoë`m {ZdoXrH$m à_mUo EH$mAm{Xdmgr JmdmVrc cmoH$ _VXmZ Q>mH$Ê`mgmR>r EH$ {Xdg AJmoXaM {VWo oD$Z nmohmoMVmV.Ë`m {Xder amÌâ Omi H$éZ Ë`mÀ`m ^modVmcr JmUo, Ioi IoiV, OmJaU H$aV. gH$miPmë`mZ§Va nomctJ H|$ÐmÀ`m {R>H$mUr EH$m a§mJoV {epñVZo _V Q>mH$Ê`mg OmV AgV.

noßgw (PEPSU) oWrc JmdmVrc cmoH$ H$moUmcm _VXmZ Q>mH$mdo ho R>a{dÊ`mgmR>r Ë`mgXñ`mn¡H$s VéU à{V{ZYrn¡H$s Hw$ñVrMr ñnYm© cmdwZ Ë`mV qOH$Umè`m gXñ`m§Zm _VXmZQ>mH$mdo. åhUwZ R>adë`m OmV.

_VXmZ H|Ðm§Zm XoÊ`mgmR>r {H$Ë oH$ dñVw AmUV. ~°coQ> noQ>r CKS>cr AgVm Ë`m§Mm {dígZr`{dMma gm§JÊ`mgmR>r EH$oH$mdoir AÞYmÝ` H$mnS>o Úm åhUwZ {dZ§Vrnwd©H$ nÌ Agm`Mo.

(1958 _Ü o _mJ©aoQ> Sãë w. {\$ea Am{U Om°Z pìh. ~m|Sw>a§§Q> Margaret W. Fisher and JoanV. Bondurant m§Zr {c{hcoco gmd©{ÌH$ {ZdS>UwH$m_Ü o maVmMm AZw d m nwñVH$mVwZ KoVcocm~m~r àMmaH$ H$Vm©: B§S>r`Z àog S>màoŠQ>a)

SCERT TELANGANA


^maVr` amï>r`H$m°J«og

Anúm^maVr` H$å w{ZñQ>nmQ>u

ñdV§Ì núm

OZg§K

cmoH$ gm_m{OH$ nmQ>u

Ð{dS> _wZoÐ_ H$OH$_

gmoecrñQ> núm

BVa

I^maVr` amï>r`H$m°J«og^maVr` H$å w{ZñQ>nmQ>uAnúm

gmoecrñQ> núm

{H$gmZ _OXþaàOm núm{nnwëg S>o_moH«o$Q>rH$ \§$S>

JUV§Ì n[afX

BVa

364

37

1612

9 7638

29

20

1814

7 6 2712

361

J«m\$ 1 : 1952 Am{U 1962 À`m {ZdS>UwH$sV {d{dY amOH$s` númm§Zr {_i{dcocr ñWmZo1952 1962

amOH$s` númm§Mr X{e©H$m(\$º$ nmM noúmm OmñV ñWmZo {_idcoco)

åhUwZ hr n[apñWVr BVa amOH$s` núm ZgUmar cmoH$emhr n[apñWVr Zìho. BVa núm§mZrgh^mJr hmoD$Z ñnYm© Hoo$cr. nU H$m°J«ogcm g_moao OmÊ`m EdT>çm g§» oV OmJm qOH$ë`m ZmhrV.BVa amOH$s` núm ~iH$Q> hmoD$Z XomZ XeH$mÀ`m H$mcmdYrV A{YH$marH$ ñnY©oH$ åhUwZ dmT>co.hm H$mi {deof H$éZ gwédmVrÀ`m dfm©V cmoH$emhr Mm ~Mmd H$éZ ñdV§Ì, ~{hJ©V ñnY}daAmYmarV Agcoë`m ~hþnúmr` ì`dñWm C^maÊ¶mV Ambr.

amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m AmamIS>çmÀ`m Omoam_wio, ñdV§Ì MidirZo KmVcoë`m cmoH$emhrMm nm`m_wio^maV Xoe amO{H$` ~hþnúmr` cmoH$emhr åhUwZ dmT> Pmcr. A{YH$mamV AgUmam núm gVVoX^mdm_wio ~hþnúmr` cmoH$emhrMm {dMma Z H$aVm à{V númm§Zm O~aXñVrZo H$mTw>Z Q>mH$V Ë`m

doir ñdV§Ì Pmcocm B§S>moZo{e`m, nm{H$ñVmZ, {MZ,ZmÒoar`m gma»`m ñWmZmVarV XoemÀ`m AZw dmnoúmm^mVamMm AZw d Iwn doJim Amho.

amÁ`mMo nwZ©ì`dpñWH$aU (Demand for State Reorganisation )Z{dZ CX² dcoë`m Xoem§Zm gm_moao OmUmè`m n{hë`m àíZm§n¡H$s ^mfoMr AS>MU AgUmè`m

amÁ`m§Zm nwZ©ì`dpñWH$aU H$aÊ`mMr EH$ _mJUr {~«Q>remÀ`m H$mimV XoemMo Presidencies(H$cH$Îmm, _Ðmg Am{U ~må~o) (Calcutta, Madras and Bombay) åhUwZ g|Q´>c àmo{dÝgogAm{U ~oaa (Central Provinces and Berar) gma»`m _moR>çm amÁ`mV {d^mJUr Pmcr ZgVr.

amOH$s` ì`dñWoV H$m°J«ogÀ`m A{YnmË`mg_XV H$aUmar Ho$mUVr H$maUo AmhoV.g{dñVa dU©Z H$am?SCERT TELA

NGANA


AZoH$ g§ñWmZmImcr AmhoV. hm amÁ`mV doJdoJir ^mfm~mocUmar cmoH$ {_iwZ {_giwZ {OdZ OJV AmhoV. CXm._Ðmg à{gS>oÝgr AÜ`úmVo Imcr V_ri _ë`mcr, H$ÞS>,VocJw, Jm|S>r `m ^mfm ~mocUmao cmoH$ hmoVo. EH$M ^mfm~mocV OdinmgÀ`m ^mJmV AgUmè`m gd© cmoH$m§Mo EH$amÁ` {Z_m©U H$amdo Ago gm§JrVco. `mV g§ wº$ H$Zm©Q>H$(_Ðmg, åh¡gwa, ~å~o, h¡X«m~mX_Yrc H$ÞS> ~mocUmè`mcmoH$m§Zm {_iwZ) g§ wº$ _hmamï´>, JwOamVMm _moR>m CR>md,Q´>mdoZHw$a- H$moƒrV g§ñWmZmMr {dcZVm {eIm§Zm n§Om~amÁ` `mdo Ago dmQ>V homVo. `m _mJÊ`m pñdH$maë`m_wioXoemMr EoH$Vm dmT>dÊ`mgmR>r _XV Pmcr qH$dm ^mfoÀ`mà{VnmXZoV XoemV {d^mJUr AmUw eH$Vo H$m hm _hËdmMm{df` ~Zcm.

Y_m©Zwgma XoemMr {d^mJUr Pmë`m_wio ZoË`m§À`m _ZmV^maVmMr g§aúmU, gwpñWaVoda e§H$m, q^Vr {Z_m©U Pmcr.^mfm n«{VnmXZo amÁ`m§Zm nwZ©ì`dñWrH$aU Ho$co Va XoemMo VwH$S>o homVrc mMr {^Vr dmQw> cmJcr.H$m°J«og núm mfoÀ`m n«{VnmXZoda g§KQ>rV Agco Var Ë`m AmYmao oXoemg nwZ©g§KQ>rV H$aVmo åhUwZdMZ {Xco Agco Var ñdmV§Ì Amë`mZ§Vahr Ë`mgcJoM nmD$c CMcoco Zmhr.

VocJw ~mocUmè`m cmoH$m§Zr gdm©noúmm {Vd«Midir Ho$ë`m. mfm n«{VnmXZ amÁ`m§Zm AZwH$maUH$m°J«ogZo Ho$coë`m àñVmdmg A_c H$amdo åhUwZË`m§Zr Omo_Xma CR>md Ho$cm. {~«Q>re emgZmV gwÜXmAm§Y« _hmg^m {H«$`m{ec AgwZ _ÐmgÀ`m AÜ`úmnXrAgUmè`m VocJw ~mocUmè`m cmoH$m§Zm EH$m N>VmImcrKoD$Z òÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm o. hr MidiñdmV§Í`mZ§Vahr Mmccr. _mJÊ`m AO©o, H$m_mVH$nmV, CnmofUmgma»`m nÜXVrMm mV dmna Ho$ë`mJoë`m. m _mJÊ`mg H$m°J«ogZo {damoY Ho$ë`m_wio VocJw~mocUmè`m mJmV n{hë`m {ZdS>UwH$sV H$m°J«og OmñVOmJmV {ZdSwU Amcm Zmhr. mfm à{VnmXZ MidirOmo_Xma H$aUmè`m númm§Zr OmñV OmJm qOH$ë`m.

{MÌ18.2 : 1950 À`m gwédmVrg agË`mMmnm`m KmcVm§Zm Odmhmacmc Zohé

ZH$mem 1 : ^m{f` amÁ o

SCERT TELANGANA


^mfmdma àm§V aMZm Odmhacmc Zohé {déÜX ZìhVo. Va hr doi gÜ`m ~amo~a Zmhr åhUwZg§m{JVco. Ë`mH$miÀ`m ZoË`m_Ü o `m {df`mV hoM EH$_V hmoVo. ^maV Amnë`m OmJm {Q>H$dwZR>odÊ`mÀ`m H$m`m©c` AmhoV åhUwZ `m doir H$moUË`mhr Ñï>`m cúm didwZ Z o åhUwZ Ë`m§ZmdmQ>co.amÁ`m§À`m nwZ©ì`dpñWH$aUmMm H$m`Xm 1956 (State Reorganisation Act, 1956)

{deof VocJw amÁ`mMr _mJUr H$aV CnmofU H$aUmè`m nmoÅ>r lram_cw 58 {XdgmÀ`mCnmofUmZ§Va 1952 AmŠQ>m|~a _Ü o Ë`m§Mm _¥Ë w Pmcm. Ë`m_wio Am§Y«àXoe, Vm{_cZmSw> amÁ`mMr{Z_uVr Ho$cr. AJñQ> 1953 _Ü o amÁ`mÀ`m nwZ©ì`dpñWH$aU g§KQ>ZoV (States ReorganisationCommission (SRC) H$mT>ë`m Jocr. `mV \$Oc Acr, H$[.E_ nmZr¸$a, öX`ZmW Hw§$OécwgXñ` AmhoV. mfmdma àm§V aMZm ~Zdcoë`m ~m~tMo [Z[aúmU H$aÊ`mgmR>r m g§KQ>Zog H$m_gmondco. `m g§KQ>ZoZo {Zdo{XHo$À`m AmYmao 1956 _Ü o g§gXoÀ`m amÁ`mMr nwZ©ì`dpñWH$aUH$m`Úmg AZw_moXZ {Xco. `m AmYmao 14 amÁ o, 6 H|ÐemgrV n«mV ~Z{dco. ^mfm à{VnmXZamÁ`mMr ñWmnZm H$aVodoiog Jm|S>r Am{U g§Wmcr qH$dm AmoamdZ gma»`m Am{Xdmgr ^mfm§ZmÑï>rg KoVco Zmhr EH$ ~hþg§»¶ ^mfm ~mocUmè`m§Zm V_ri Am{U VocJwgM J¥hrV Yabo.

^mfmdma àm§V aMZm qH$dm amÁ¶ {Z{‘©Vrhr JmoîQ> H$er bmoH$[à¶ Pmbr, amO{H$¶ZoË¶m§Zr g§ñWm{ZH$m§nmgwZ ñdV…Mr H$ergmoS>dUyH$ H$éZ KoVbr? ¶mMo CXm. KoVm§Zm‘mJo diwZ ~{KVbo Va mfmda amÁ¶ aMZmho ^maVmbm VmËnwaVo ‘XV H$aUmao YmoaUR>abo. maV ¶m‘wio Xþ~©i hmoB©b Aer {^Vrì¶º$ Ho$br OmV hmoVr. Vr ImoQ>r R>abr, ¶mCbQ> maV ~bdmZ hmoÊ¶mg ‘XV Pmbr.

gm_m{OH$ Am{U Am{W©H$ ~Xc (Social and Economic Change)amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m g^m gm_m{OH$ Am{W©H$, amOH$s`, Ý`m`, hwÔm gdmªZm g_mZ g§Yr {_iVo.

AmYw{ZH$ ^maV {Z_uVr gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ ~Xcmg Vo _hËdmMo ñWmZ {_idco. Z{dZamÁ`KQ>Zm {Z_m©U Pmë¶mZ§Va g§KQ>Zm àUmcrH$m ~Zdcr. àUmcrHo$À`m aMZog Zohé `m§ZrMm§Jë`m Am{W©H$ nÜXVr` ZmhrVa Mm§Jë`m amOH$s` nÜXVr gwÜXm aMë`m. àUmcrV ~ÜXgwYmaUoìXmao Y_©, OmV, àm§§V gma»`m {d^mJUrMo YmoaU H$_r hmoD$Z maV ~cdmZ AmYw{ZH$ XoeåhUwZ dmT>rg cmJoc Ago Ë`mMr {dMma hmoVo.

n{hë`m n§Mdm{f©H$ moOZoV eoVrda cúm H|$ÐrV H$éZ AÞYmÝ` Mo CËnmXZ dmT>dÊ`mgmR>rdmhVwH$ àgma úmoÌo dmT>rgmR>r, gm_m{OH$ godoÀ`m {dMmamg _hËd {Xco. ^maV eŠ`VmodacdH$aM Am¡Úm{JH$aU CÞVrgmR>r gwÜXm Ë`m§Zr cúm {Xco. AÞYmÝ` _wc wV JaO AgwZAÞYmÝ`mMo CËnÞ dmT>{dÊ`mH$S>o EH$_V Pmco nU mg H$go gmÜ` H$aVm oB©c mda EH${dMmaPmcm Zmhr. amOH$s` {dMma XmoZ àíZm§da doJim Pmcm. {dñV¥V gwYmaUm YmoaUmV eoVrg H$moUVo

^mfm{df`H$ amÁ` {Z_m©U Pmco ZgVo Va XoemÀ`mEoŠ`Vog OmñV \$m`Xm Pmco AgVo H$m? H$maU?Ë`mdoir Am{Xdmgr ^m§fmH$S>o H$m Xþc©úm Ho$ë`mJoco?^maVmV gÜ`m {H$Vr amÁ o, {H$Vr Ho$§ÐemgrVàm§V AmhoV?^maVmV gÜ`m {Z_m©U Pmcocr Z{dZ amÁ o Ho$mUVr?Vo Ho$ìhm {Z_m©U Pmco?

SCERT TELANGANA


ñWmZ Úmd o? e oVr Am {UCÚmoJm_Ü o gmYZo H$er Úmdr?

eoVr úmoÌmVrc ~Xc ZohéZo\$º$ AmYw{ZH$ KQ>H$ åhUwZ nm{hcoZmhr. Ë`mcm J«m{_Z úmoÌmVrcamOH$s` gm_m{OH$ Am{U Am{W©H$~Xc åhUwZ AmoiIÊ`mV Amcm.ZohéZo XmI{dë`mn«_mUo YmoaUAmIbo Jobo. `mV VrZ _w»`

KQ>H$ AmhoV. Vo Ago, w g§ñH$aUo, eoVr ghH$ma g§K, ñWm{ZH$ ñdamÁ¶ g§ñWm VrZ àH$maMowg§ñH$aUmMo à{VnmXZ Ho$co O_rZrXmar ì`dñWm aÔ, V{gc {dYmZ g§ñH$aU, w n[a_rVr{dYmZ

`m gdm©Mo _w»`CÔoe H$gob Ë¶mMr O{‘Z {_imdr ho nmhþZ AmUIr OmñV eoVrMo CËnmXZH$mT>Ê`mgmR>r àmoËgmhrV H$aUo hm hmo . ghmH$ma g§KmìXmao Am{W©H$cm^mgmR>r ho C{Ôï> à_m{UVZ R>odVm {~`mZo, IV, agm`Zo m gma»`m OmñV XOm©À`m CËnmXH$ dñVw§Mm nwadR>m H$arV AgV.ñWm{ZH$ gaH$mao w gwYmaUm Am_cmV AmUUo, J«m_rU gmd©O{UH$ hmH$m§Zm AZwgéZ ghH$ma g§KMmcVrc Ago nmhmdo.

na§Vw g§nwU© maVXoemV w g§ñH$aU(land reforms) (gwYmaUm) åhUmdo Vgoo Am_cmV Amë`mZmhrV. O_rZXmar nÜXV (Zamindari system)aÔ Ho$cr. na§Vw O_rZ ZgUmè`m§Zm O{_ZrMm dmQ>nHo$cm Zmhr. J«m_rU àm§VmV Y{ZH$ eº$sdmZ cmoH$ O_rZrVrc A{YH$ mJmda {Z §ÌU Mmc{dVAmhoV. XcrV cmoH$ AmUIr gwÜXm w{_{hZ AmhoV. na§Vw doQ>{~Jmar {Z_w©cZ Am{U Añn¥í`VoÀ`m{ZfoY(abolition of untouchability) Ho$ë`m _wio XcrVm§Zm WmoS>ogo à`moOZ {_imco Amho.

n{hë`m n§Mdm{f©H$ àUmcrH$m_Ü o _moR> _moR>o YaU ~m§YwZ {dÚwV CËnÎmr (produce electricity)nmUr nwadR>m Aem H$ë`mUH$mar moOZm ìXmao ì`dgm`mMr d¥ÜXr H$aÊ`mda a XmI{dcr Amho.YaUm_wio ì`dgm`V Am{U Am¡Úmo{JH$ úmoÌo XomÝhtZm \$m`Xm Pmcm. ì`dgm` CËnÎmr dmT>crVarhr Vr gd© cmoH$m§Zm nwaoer Zmhr Amho.

Fig 17.3 Bhakra Dam underconstruction during 1960. This wasone among the first dams India builtafter Independnece. (below) Image of

an adult literacy class from earlydecades. Discuss how different ideasof development or changes in society

are reflected with these projects.

SCERT TELANGANA


XoemMr àJVr ìhmdr åhQ>co Va Am¡Úmo{JH$ n«JVr (develop industries) H$éZ AmUIrOmñV cmoH§$m§Zm H$maImÊ`mV godmúm|ÌmV H$m_o {‘imdrV `mMr Amdí`H$Vm Amho. Ago omOZmH$V}o mZr AmoiIco Amho. Ë`m_wio Xþgè`m n§Mdm{f©H$ moOZoMo _w»` cúm Am¡Úmo{J H$maImÊ`mH$S>odico. ^maV XoemVrc Am{W©H$ àJVr (economic development) g§~§YrV `m KQ>H$m§ZmAJmoXaÀ`m dJm©V Vwåhr dmMcmM AmhmV.{dXoer{ZVr Am{U `wÜXo (Foreign Policy and Wars)

^maV Xoemcm ñd§VÌ Amco Ë`m doiog OmJVrH$ wÜXo gwé Pmco hmoVo. g§nwU© OJ aer`m JQAm{U A_oarH$m JQ> (US or USSR) Ago doJdoJio JQ> V`ma Pmco hmoVo. Odmhacmc Zohé m§ZrH$moUË`mhr {e~ramV Z OmVm XmoKm§gmo~V hr g_mZ A§Va amIwZ {dXoer {ZVr_Ü o ñdV§Ì nUoì`dhma H$arV hmoVo. mM doir ñdV§Ì {_idwZ mM {ZVrZo Mcmdo Ago åhUUmè`m BÝS>mo{Zer`mB{Oá, BJmoñco m Aem Xoemgmo~V hmV {_idUr Ho$cr. ho gd© OZ {_iwZ AmcrádmXr YmoaU

(Non Aligned Movement) A§JrH$maco.eoOmar amï>mer EH$_oH§$mÀ`m A§VJ©V ì`dhmamVXIc KoD$ Z o åhUwZ ZohéOrZo n§M{ecgwÌm§Mo (Panchsheel policy) {Z_uVr Ho$co`mM H$mimV maV XoemVmcm XomZ wÜXmerVm|S> Úmdo cmJco. n{hco wÜX 1948 _Ü oH$í_ra {df`mda nmH$sñVmZ gmo~V Am{UXþgao wÜX 1962 _Ü o {MZ gmo~V Pmco^maV Xoe m wÜXm§Zm àm_w»`mZo 1962 _Ü o

Pmcoë`m wÜXmÀ`m nwd© V`mar ZìhVr. `m_wio _moR>çm à_mUmV àmUhmZr Pmcr Am{U Am{W©H$ZwH$gmZ Pmco.

Zohé Z§VaMo (AZwH«$_mZo) (The Succession)1964 _Ü o Zohé {ZYZmZ§Va cmoH$emhr {Q>Ho$c qH$dm Zmhr. BVa Xoemà_mUo cmoH$emhr ZîQ>

hmoV hmoVr. Ë`mà_mUoM Amnë`m XoemVrc cmoH$emhr gwÜXm Zï> hmoVr H$s H$m` Ago AZoH$ àíZCËnÞ homV hmoVo. na§Vw gaH$mar ZoVm(leader in government) åhUwZcmc ~hmXþa emórMr {ZdS> Pmë`m_wio H$m°J«og _Yrc ~Xc {dO`d§VPmcm. ^maVmMr cúmo _wc wV JwUm§Zm àíZmW©H$ ~Zcoë`m AZoH$KQ>H$m§Zm emórZo Vm~S>Vmo~ g§Kf© gwé Ho$ë`m. X{úmUHo$H$S>rc DMKH$arV Agcoco {hÝXr {damoYr Midi hr XoemMr EH$Vocm YmoH$m{Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmaIr hmoVr. AmhmamMr H$_VaVm gm_m{OH$ Am{W©H$àJVrcm AS>Wim {Z_m©U H$arV hmoVr. EdT>oM Zìho Va 1965 _Ü onm{H$ñVmZ gmo~V wÜXmMr gwédmV Pmcr. 1966 _Ü o emór `m§Mo{ZYZ Pmco. Ë`m§ZVa àYmZ_§Ìr åhUwZ B§Xram Jm§YrMr {ZdS> H$aÊ`mVAmcr.

qhXr {damoYr Midio (Anti-Hindi Agitation)1963 _Ü o H$m ©c`rZ ^mfm hr qhXr åhUwZ H$m`ÚmMo _§Owar

(Official Languages Act) {_imë`mZ§Va {h§Xrcm CÎma amÁ`m_Yrc

Vwåhr J«m_rU àm§VmV {Zdmg H$arV Agmc Va1970 À`m AmJmoXa ghH$mar g§ñWm§Mr ñWmnZmPmcr qH$dm Zmhr mMr _m{hVr {_idm? Ë`mVgXñ` H$moUH$moU hmoVo ho _m{hV H$am?^maVXoem_Ü o Ho$coë`m w g§ñH$aUm gmo~V {MZAm{U {d`ËZm_ _Ü o Ho$coë`m w g§ñH$aUmMrVwcZm H$am?

{MÌ 17.4 : cmc ~hmXþa emór

SCERT TELANGANA


Am_cmV AmUÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ Mmcw Pmco. DMK Zo V_riZmSw> amï>m_Ü o nwU©nUo qhXrMm {damoYHo$cm Am{U qhXr {damoYr Am§XmocZo gwé Pmco. Ë`mV g§n, YaUo XoUo, haVmi, nwVio,qhXrnwñVH$m§Mr d eodQ>r g§{dYmZmÀ`m H$mhr nmZm§Mr Ominmoi Ho$cr. qhXr AgUmao gwMZm \$cH$,Zm_ \$cH$mda AZoH$ {R>H$mUr H$mima§J \$mgcm Jocm. nmo{cg d Am§XmocZ H$aUmè`m _Ü o g§Kf©Pmcm. H|$Ð gaH$macm `mV ËdarV H$m ©dmhr d XIc ¿`mdr cmJcr. H$m°J«og nmQ>uV gwÜXmqhXrÀ`m AZwHw$c d [h§XrÀ`m n«{VHw$c JQ> doJir Pmco. XoemÀ`m EH$Vocm YmoH$m {Z_m©U Pmë`mgmaIo dmQw> cmJco.

eodQ>r n[apñWVr hmVm~mhoa OmÊ`mMo {Xgy cmJVmM VËH$mcrZ n«YmZ_§Ìr cmc~hmXþa emór m§ZrqhXrMo g_W©H$,{h§XmÀ`m {damoYr {e{~amVrc C{Ðº$ dmVmdaUmcm em§V H$aÊ`mgmR>r AZoH$ gdcVr,gw{dYm Om[ha Ho$ë`m. Ë`mVrc H$mhr àË oH$ amÁ`mcm Ë`mMr mfm dmnaÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Amho. Vràm§Vr` mfm gwÜXm Agw eH$Vo. qH$dm B§J«Or amhþ eH$Vo. H$moUË`mhr ì`dhamV B§J«Or, AZwdmX n«m§Vr`^mfoV Agw eH$Vo. H|$Ð amÁ` _Ü o ì`dhmarH$ mfm åhUwZ B§J«OrMm Cn`moJ ZmJargodm n[aúmm Ho$diqhXr mfoVM Zmhr Va B§J«Or^mfoV gwÜXm KoVë`m OmD$ eH$Vo.

`m à{gÜX gm_m{OH$ Am§XmocZm_wio emgZcm Ë`mÀ`m A{YH$mamMr nwZ: g{_úmm H$amdrcmJcr. Am§XmocZ H$aUmè`m§er gh_V Pmco qH$dm Zmhr. `m XomÝhr g§X^m©V àYmZ_§Ìr hrn[apñWVr hmVm~mhoa OmD$ Z o åhUwZ Amnë`mA{YH$mam úmoÌmÀ`m ~mhoa OmD$Z {dídmgmVKoUo. ñdV: Ë`m ~mOwZo ZgVm§Zmhr ñdVm:À`mÑð > rH o mZ mV ~Xc H o $cm.ñdVm:À`mÑï>rH$moZmnoúmm XoemMr EH$mË_Vm _hËdmMrAgVo ho ZohéOr§Zr d emórOtZr AmoiIco.

àmXo{eH$ núm Am{UàmXo{eH$ MidirMm CX` Rise of Regional parties and Regional movements

^maV XoemÀ`m B{VhmgmV 1967 À`m {ZdS>UwH$m \$ma _hËdmÀ`m R>aë`m. {ZdS>UwH$scmcmoH$ J§ raVoZo KoV Amho. Amnco ApñVËd Ë`mV Amho. ho {ZdS>UwH$mZr XmI{dco. `m Am{W©H${dH$mgmÀ`m H$m ©H«$_m_wio cm^mÝdrV Pmcoco, ZwH$gmZ Pmcoco gwÜXm mV Agë`m_wio amOH$s`ñnYm© nÜXVrV gwÜXm ~Xc Amcm. H$m°J«og nmQ>uZo Ë`mAmYr H$YrM Z nm{hcocm {ZH$mcmMréMr, \$cl¥Vr nmhmdr cmJcr. ñdmV§Í`mÀ`m Z§Va H$_r ~hþ_Vm§Zr (284) OmJm {_i{dë`m.{~hma, CÎma àXoe, amOñWmZ, n§Om~, npíM_~§Jmc, Amoargm, _Ðmg, Ho$ai {dYmZ g oVH$m°J«og númmMm nam^d Pmcm. Odinmg 30 dfm© n ªV {Za§Va gÎmoV AgUmè`m nmQ>ucm `màíZm§Zm Vm|S> Úmdo cmJco. na§Vw nam yV Pmcoë`m amOH$s` núm gÎmocm YéZ cm§§o~H$mimV am{hcoZmhr. {ZdS>UwH$sV {dO`r Pmcoë`m númm§Zm gaH$ma ñWmnZ H$é {Xco. XoemV cmoH$emhrMr _wiongacr ho Xe©{dVo. ~hþc amOH$s` núm nÜXVrZo ñnY}À`m {XeoZo OmV Amho.

H$m°J«og númmMm _moR>m nam^d V{_cZmSw>, Ho$ai amÁ`mV Pmcm. V{_cZmSw>V DMK

XoemMr EoŠ`Vm d A§IS>Vog ^mfm nÜXVr H$erCn`moJr nS>cr?amï´>r` ^mfoMr Amdí`H$Vm Amho H$m?gd© ^mfm§Zm g_mZ XOm© Agmdm H$m?

SCERT TELANGANA


~hþ_Vm§Zr {dO`r Pmcm. _O~wV g§KQ>ZmË_H$ ZoV¥ËdmV àm§Vr` Midir Mmc{dUmè`m àmXo{eH$núm dM©ñd XmI{dÊ`mè`m amï´>r` númm g_moa AmdhmZM R>aVo ho {XgwZ oVo. DMK númmcm{MÌnQ> úmoÌmer nŠHo$ g§~§Y Amho. cmoH$àr` {gZoA{^ZoVm E_.Or. am_mM§ÐU M G RamachandranË`m§Zm gd©OZ MGR åhUwZ AmoiIV Ago. à§egH$ g§KQ>Zm§Mr _XV S>r.E_.Ho$.cm Cn`moJrnS>cr.

OdiM AgUmè`m Ho$ai _Ü oM ZgwZ npíM_~§Jmc, AmoargmV gwÜXm H$m°J«og núm nam wVPmcm. ho nam^dmÀ`m AmdhmZm_wio H$m°J«og núm AmVwZ H$_Omoa Pmcm. CÎmao H$S>rc amÁ`mV{dO` {_i{dcoë`m H$mhr {R>H$mUr n«{V{ZYr {damoYr númmV Joco. Ë`m_wio H$m°J«og númmMr gÎmmnS>cr. g§¶wº$ {dYm`H$ Xc (Samyukta Vidhayak Dal (SVD) Mo emgZ gËVoda Amco. hoH$m°J«ogcm {damoYmVrc {dYm`H$ - OZg§K, gmog{cñQ>, ñdV§Ìm Am{U H$m°J«ogMo Xc (Jan Sangh,Socialists, Swatantra, and Congress) ñWm{ZH$ nmQ>uÀ`m {dYm`H$m§Zr V`ma Hococo g§H$sU©emgZ ho cmoH$emhr À`m ~§S>mcm Xe©{dVo. _Ü`_dJu` OmVr, m O{_ZrÀ`m gwYmaUm H$m`m©_wio\$m`Xm hmoD$Z Am{W©H$ Ñï>r`m Xþ~©c cmoH$m§Zm cm^ Pmcm. n{hë`m§Xm amOH$s` A{YH$ma{_i{dcm. `m OmVr - har`mUm, CÎma àXoemVrc OmR>, {~hma _Yrc Hw$_u H$mo mQ>r,_Ü`àXoemVrc cmoWo, `m amÁ`mV `mXd, Am§Y«n«Xoe _Ü o aoÈ>r, H$å_m, H$Zm©Q>H$mV Amo $qcJm,V{_cZmSw>V-do„c m OmVr Ë`m Ë`m amÁ`mV dM©ñd JmO{dUmè`m OmVr AgwZ Ë`m§Mr cmoH$g§»`mgwÜXm A{YH$ g§» oV AmhoV. BVa (_mJmgdJu`) OmVrMo cmoH$ gÎmoV oÊ`mgmR>r DMK nmQ>uMoEH$ Mm§JcoM CXmhaU Amho.

`m SVD do gaH$ma OmñV H$mi gËVoV amhþ eH$co Zmhr. Ë`mMm B{Vhmg «ï>mMma Xc~Xcn«{H«$ o_wio éZ Jocm. A{YH$mam§Mr BÀN>m Ë`m§À`mV {Xgcr. m emgZmZo H$mhrM gmÜ` Ho$co Zmhr. AmOgwÜXm àmXoerH$ núm, amï>r` núm Ë`m {hemo~ S>moù`mg_moa R>oD$ZM A§XmO cmdV AgVmV.

AmOÀ`m H$mimV gwÜXm XoemVrc {d{dY àXoemV hr ^mdZm nwÝhm C§MdwZ da oV Amho.Am§Y«àXoe_Ü o doJù`m Voc§JmZmMr _mJUr Mmcw Amho. m Am§XmocZmgmR>r Cñ_m{Z`m {dÚm{nR>mÀ`m{dÚmÏ`mªZr ZoV¥Ëd Ho$co. {dH$mgmMr \$io d \$m`Xm H$mhr cmoH§$mZmM {_iV Amho. Agm Ë`m§À`m_w»` Amamon Amho.

1969 S>rg|~acm Amgm_ _Yrc Imgr, O¡ÝQ>rAm, Jmamo m Am{Xdmgr mJmgh _oKmc` mZ{dZ amÁ`mMr {Z_uVr Ho$cr. 1966 _Ü o n§Om~amÁ` V`ma Ho$co. na§Vw Ë`mV amOYmUr ZìhVr,har`mUm, n§Om~cm EH$Ì amOYmUr åhUwZ AgUmè`m M§XrJS>cm Amåhmcm Úm åhUwZ 1968-69 _Ü o n§Om~À`m comH$m§Zr Am§XmocZ Ho$co. _hmamï´>mVrc _w§~B© eha _hmamï´>mVrc cmoH$m§ZmM{_imdo åhUwZ _mJUr gyé Ho$cr. `m Midirg {edgZoZo ZoV¥Ëd Ho$co. ehamVrc amoOJmam§Mrg§Yr X{úmUoH$S>rc amÁ`mVrc cmoH$ ~iH$mdwZ KoV Amho, ^mdZoZo `m amOH$s` númmZo BVaamÁ`mVrc cmoH$m§Zm Amnco cúm ~Z{dco.

SCERT TELANGANA


Ë`mM doiog OwÝ`m _mJÊ`m AOwZ MmcwM hmoË`m. H$í_ra,ZmJmc°S>Mr _mJUr mM doiog CR>cr. ZOa H¡$XoVwZ gwQ>ë`mZ§VaeoI AãXþ„m H$í_ra amÁ`mV naV Amcm. Ë`mM n«_mUo ZmJmc°S>_Ü o Z{dZ wdm ZoV¥ËdmZo MidirZm nwT>§o KoD$Z OmÊ`mgmR>r{gÜX Ho$co.

`mM H$mimV Y_uH$ VZmd {Z_m©U Pmcm. XoemVrc H$mhramÁ`mV Ym{_©µH$ OmVr` X§Jcro ngacr. am§Mr ({~hma)Ah_Xm~mX (JwOamV) OiJmd( _hmamï>) AcrJS>(CÎmaàXoe)Vmo H$ï>H$miM hmoVm. amOH$s` ~Xc VoìhmM hmoD$Z Z{dZZoV¥Ëd OmJm KoV hmoVo. amOH$s` M¡VÝ`mg dmT>, BÀN>m,ì`º$H$aÊ`mÀ`m H$maUm_wio dmT>Vm X~md ghZ H$aÊ`mMr úm_VmZ{dZ ZoV¥Ëdm_Ü o nm{hOo VodT>r ZìhVr.

1967 À`m {ZdS>UwH$s Z§Va S>mdonúmmÀ`m nÜXVr YmoaUmH$S>o AmH${f©V hmoD$ cmJë`m_wio~mhoéZ númmVwZ oUmè`m AmìhmZmg B§{Xam Jm§YrZo Vm|S> {Xco. Jar~, _mJgcoco VimJmimVrc{XZ XcrV cmoH$m§Zm KoD$Z Ë`m§À` {dH$mgmVhr Z{dZ gm_m{OH$ AmYmamMm nmR>§t~m KodwZ númñdV:Mr AmoiI XoÊ`mg à`ËZ XþYmar emómgmaIo Cn`moJr nS>cm. gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ àJVrerg§~§YrV {Xcoco AmídmgZ AOwZ nwU© Pmco ZìhVo. 1967 À`m {dZS>UwH$sV H$m°J«og númmÀ`mnam^dmMo ho EH$ _w»` H$maU hmoVo. VarnU B§{Xam Jm§YrZr AOwZ Z{dZ AmídmgZ {Xco.Xhmdfm©À`m H$mcmdYrV cmoH$m§À`m AmH$m§úmm dmT>V hmoË`m. {Zamem, {Zñn¥ehË o_wi Am{U~m{UMrn[apñWrVr {Z_m©U Pmcr.

Oå_w Am{U H$í_ra (Jammu and Kashmir)

^maV g§KamÁ`mV BVa g§ñWmZm gmaIo Oå_w Am{U H$í_raMo {dcrH$aU H$aÊ`mMrn[apñWVr doJir hmoVr. BVa emgH$mgmaIo ZgwZ amOm harqgJ {VH$S>o nm{H$ñVmZer,BH$S>o maVmer {dcrZ Z H$aVm Oå_w Am{U H$í_ra cm ñdV§Ì amÁ` åhUwZ KmofrV H$amdoAer _mJUr H$é cmJcm hmoVm. m amÁ`mV _wpñc_ cmoH$m§Mr g§»`m A{YH$ Amho. amOmqhXþ, ^maV Xoemcm EH$ ñdmV§Ì Amë`m nmgwZ VoWo A{Ic Oå_w Am{U H$í_ra _wñcr_H$m°Ý\$aog (All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim conference) `m ZmdmZo cmoH§$mMrMidi Mmcw hmoVr. Ë`mMo ZoV¥Ëd eoI _mohå_X AmãXþ„m H$aV hmoVo. emgH$s` godo_Ü o_wñcr_m§Zm A{YH$ _hËd emgZmV à{V{ZYrËd `m gma»`m _mJÊ`mgmR>r hr MidiMmcw hmoVr. m Midircm Z§Va Z°ecZ H$m°Ý\$aoÝg åhUwZ AmoiIcr OmD$ cmJcr. Ë`mV{eI d qhXþ cmoH$ gXñ` homVo. ZoeZc H$m°Ý\$aÝg gwÜXm H$m°J«og gmaIr Y_©{Zanoúmg_mOdmXr gc¾ homVr.

{MÌ 18.5 : B§Xram Jm§Yr

SCERT TELANGANA


1947 À`m eodQ>r npíM_r gahÔrH$S>À`m nm{H$ñVmZÀ`m _XVrZo aOmH$am§Mo h„o gwéPmco. h„o H$aUmao lrZJa Odi oD$ cmJë`m_wio H$í_raÀ`m amOmZo maVr` g¡Ý`mMr _XV_mJrVco. Voìhm Oå_w Am{U H$í_ra maVmV {dcrZ Pmë`m daM Am_Mo g¡Ý` Vwåhmcm {_iweHo$c Ago maVmÀ`m Jìh©Za OZac Zo gm§JrVco. Voìhm Ë`m mJmV XoemÀ`m {dî`m g§~§Yrñdm`Îmm XoÊ`m ~m~V gw{XK© MMm© Pmcr.

1948 OmZodmar _Ü o hm {df` g§ wº$ amï´> g{_Vr (United Nations) g_moa R>docm. m{df`mg mo½` {ddaU Z Ho$ë`m_wio ho maV Xoe - nm{H$ñVmZMr g_ñ`m ~ZwZ ~gcm. Ë`mMdoir eoI AãXþ„m {X„r H$ama åhUwZ AmoiIë`m OmUmè`m H$amamMm pñdH$ma Ho$cm. Ë`mZwgmaH$í_ra maV XoemMo ZmJarH$Mm Pmcm Ë`mMo doir BVa amÁ`mcm VwcZoV m amÁ`mcm A{YH$ñdm §Vm A{YH$ma {_imco. amÁ`mÀ`m _wc wV ñdénmMo aúmU H$aÊ`mgmR>r CÔoenwd©H$ `mH$amamV AZoH$ KQ>H$m§Mm g_mdoe amÁ`KQ>ZoVrc 370 ì`m H$c_mV Zm|X{dcr Amho.

Ë`mMdoir amÁ`mVrc Am{W©H$ dmQ>nmV \$aH$ OmVr` dmXmMm a§J ngacm. amÁ`mVrcO{_ZgwYmaUm H$m`Úm_wio O{_ZrXmamÀ`m A{YH$ O{_Z {gctJ (ceiling limits) _Ü oJoë`m. O_rZr Jocoë`m O{_ZXma _Ü o A{YH$Îma {h§Xþ O{_ZXma d O{_Z {dVaUmc O{_Zr{_imcoco _wñcr_ cm^mpÝdV Pmco. 1950-1990 À`m H$mimV `m amÁ`mMr ñdm`Îmm H$_rH$éZ BVa amÁ`mÀ`m ~amo~a H$aÊ`mgmR>r H|$ÐgaH$maZo AZoH$ doim à`ËZ Ho$cm. Ë`mcmH$pí_ar cmoH$m§Zr {Vd« {damoY Ho$cm. Ë`m AmYmamdaM 1990 _Ü | ñdV§Ì H$í_ra nm{hOoåhUwZ Midir gwé Pmë`m. mM H$mimV H$pí_a Imoè`mVrc AZoH$ qhXþ Hw§$Qw>§~mZm BVa n«m§VmVñWcm§VarV ìhmdo cmJco.

~m§JcmXoemMo wÜX (Bangladesh War )

1970 À`m eVH$mVrc nwd© nm{H$ñVmZ (gÜ`mMm ~m§JcmXoe) _Ü o AZoH$ Am§XmocZo Pmcr.npíM_ nm{H$ñVmZ Ë`m§À`m ~amo~a gmdÌnUmMm ì`dhma H$aV Amho. Ë`m {déÜX Ë`m§Zr AZoH${dfoY, àXe©Zo homD$ cmJcr. Ë`m§À`m ~§Jmcr ApñVËd {Q>H$dwZ R>odÊ`mgmR>r Am§XmocZ gwé Pmcr.gmYmaU {ZdS>UwH$sV _wOr~wa aho_mZÀ`m ZoV¥ËdmVrc nmQ>u núm {dO`r Pmcm. na§Vw Ë`m§Zm H¡$XrH$éZ npíM_ nm{H$ñVmZ _Ü o KoD$Z Joco. nwd© nm{H$ñVmZ _Ü o g¡Ý`m§Mm X~md Omoa Owcw_ gwéPmcm. cmImocmoH$ eaUmWu maVmÀ`m {e{~amV oD$Z amhþ cmJco. Ë`mM doiog ~mJcm XoemÀ`mñdmV§Í`mgmR>r Am§XmocZo gwé Pmco. Ë`mgmR>r ^maV XoemMr gmhmæ`Vm _mJw cmJc|. 1971 cm^maV Xoe d nm{H$ñVmZ _Ü o wÜX gwé Pmco. maVXoemZr {dMma H$éZ mV hñVúomn Ho$cm. d~m§JcmXoe ñdV§Ì Pmcm, ñdV§Ì Xoe åhUwZ CX`mg oÊ`mg gmhmæ` Ho$co. maV XoemZo Ë`mÀ`m

SCERT TELANGANA


g¡{ZH$ gm_W© dmT>{dë`m_wio ZgwZ A{cá Xoe åhUwZ Ë`mÀ`m H$m¡eë`mMm dmna H$éZ XmoZ_moR>çm XoemÀ`m wÜXmV hñVúmon Z Ho$ë`m_wio ho gmÜ` Pmco.

Zì`m _mJm©H$S>o dmQ>Mmc (The Turn to Newpath)B§{Xam Jm§YrÀ`m Z{dZ YmoaUo, Z{dZ H$m ©H«$_m_wio H$m°J«og númm§cm Z{dZ _mJ© {_imcm.

`m YmoaUm_wio B§[Xam Jm§YrZm núm nwZ©{Z_m©UmMr nwU© nH$S> {_imcr.wÜXmV {O§H$ë`m Z§Va Jar~r hQ>mAmo (“Garibi Hatao”) `m cmoH${à` KmofUmZo 1971

À`m gmd©{ÌH$ {ZdSUwH$sV H$m°J«og númmZo {dH«$_r {dO` {_i{dcm. Ë`m_wio B§{XamJm§Yr MrcmoH$ {à`Vm A{YH$ dmT>cr. {damoYr núm Odinmg Zgë`m gmaImM Pmcm. VrMr {Q>H$mH$aUmè`m§Mo Vm|S> ~§X Pmco. Vr cmoH§$mMr qà` ZoVm Pmcr. Ë`m Z§Va 1972 _Ü o Pmcoë`m{dYmZg^m {ZdS>UwH$sV B§{XamJm§YrÀ`m cmoH${à`VoÀ`m AmYmamda H$m°J«og númmZo Mm§Jcm {dO`{_idwZ cm^mpÝdV Pmcm. Voìhm {VMo númmda, g§gXoda {Z`ÌU n«ñWm{nV Pmco. A{YH$mamVgÎmoV Amë`mZ§Va {VH$S>o númmVrc d BH$S>o emgZmVrc gd©M A{YH$mam§Mo gwÌmMo H|$ÐH¥$V H$oco.

Ë`mdoir gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ ~Xc KS>dwZ AmUÊ`mÀ`m CÔoemZo AZoH$ ImOJr ~°H$oMoamï´>r`H$aU H$aÊ`mMm H$m`Xm, amÁ`mÀ`m nmcZ nmofUmMm IM© H$aÊ`mMm H$`Xm Ho$cm. ho{deof m XmoZ H$m`Úm§Zm Ý`m`mc`mV AmdmhmZ Ho$co. Ë`m_wio amOH$s` CÔoe nwVuV Ý`m`mc ohñVúmon H$aV Amho ho Xe©{dco.

Ë`m YmoaUo nÜXVr, H$m ©H«$_m nÜXVr g§~§Yr Ý`m`ì`dñWoMo _V doJio Amho. gm_m{OH$,Am{W©H$ ~Xc m ZmdmZo g§{dYmZmV CJmM ~Xc gwYmaUm H$arV Amho. g§{dYmZmMo _wi ñdén~XcVo {d{dY g§ñWmJV ì`dñWoVg§VwcZ {~KS>Vo. åhUwZ gdm©oƒÝ`m`mc`mZo Eo{Vhm{gH$ {ZU© {Xcm.Ë`m_wio amÁ`KQ>ZoVrc gwYmaUm Ë`mgaH$maÀ`m A{YH$mamcm H$mhrà_mUmV ~§YZ cmdë`m Joco. Ë`mÀ`m {Z`ÌUmV ZgUmè`mKQ>Zm_wio B§{XamJm§Yr AZoH$ g_ñ oVAS>H$crVrZo {Xcoë`m dMZmcm nmiUoH${R>U Pmco. {VÀ`m emgZmcm J§ ragm_m{OH$ Am{U Am{W©H$ n[apñWMmgm_Zm H$amdm cmJcm. 1973 cmAa~ Bgam`cr(Arab-Israeli) `m {MÌ18.6 : H$mocH$ÎmmVrc H§w§$Qw>~ {Z`moOZMm XdmImZm

SCERT TELANGANA


XoemVrc wÜXm_wio B§YZ VocmÀ`m qH$_Vr Iwn dmT>ë`m_wio emgZmda _moR>m Vrd« X~md {Z_m©UPmcm. _hJmB© {ZË`mn`moJr dñVw§À`m [H§$_VrV dmT>, AmhmamMm VwQ>dS>m, ~oamoOJmar m gma»`mg_ñ`m§Mm à^md nS>cm. AË`mYrH$ cmoH$ Ag§Vwï> hmoVo. Ë`m_wio {damoYr númmcm g§Yr {_imcr.XoemÀ`m {d{dY àXoemVrc Ag§Vwï>VoMm AmYma Ë`m§Zr KoVcm. O`àH$me ZmamÙ `m§À`mZoV¥ËdmImcr {damoYr núm EH$Ì Pmcoco {damoYr núm XoemVrc H$mhr mJmV H$m°J«ogÀ`m {deofV:B§{XamJm§YrÀ`m {damoYmV Am§XmocZ Ho$co. Ë`mcm Oo.nr.Am§XmocZ(JP movement) åhUwZ AmoiIë`mOmVo. ho {~hma , JwOamV _Ü o _moR>çm n«_mUmda Pmco.

Am{U~m{UMm H$mim (Emergency)em§VrÀ`m aúmUmÀ`m ZmdmImcr `m Am§XmocZmÀ`m CÎmamY© ZmJarH$m§À`m A{YH$mam§Zm §J

H$aÊ`m gmaIo emgZmZo AZoH$ J§ ra H$m`Xo Ho$co. emgZmg ì`º$sJVnUo àYmZ_§Ìr An`moJ H$éZKoV Amho, Ago {damoYr númmZo {Q>H$m Ho$cr. `mVM 1971 À`m {ZdS>UwH$sV cmoH$ à{V{ZYrH$m`ÚmVrc KQ>H$m§da A{VH«$_U H$oco åhUwZ cmoH$g oVrc B§{Xam Jm§Yr {ZdSw>wZ Acmhm~mXÝ`m`mc`mZo aÔ Ho$cr. Ë`mda VrZo gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mc`mVwZ ñQ>o AmS>©a (got a stay) Wm§~{dÊ`mMmAm§Xoe KoD$Z Amcr.

H$mhr {XdgmZ§Va OonrMo A§mXomcZ AOwZ {Vd« Pmco. Ë`m_wio H|$Ð gaH$maZo Am{U~m{UKmofrV Ho$cr. cmoH$emhrcm dmMdÊ`mgmR>r emVr, gwaúmm {Q>H$D$Z R>odÊ`mgmR>r XoemMr gmd© m¡{_H$Vm,AI§S>Vm {Q>H$dÊ`mgmR>r gm_m{OH$ d Am{W©H$ ~Xc KS>{dÊ`mgmR>r ho Amdí`H$ hmoVo AgoH|$ÐemgZmZo `mMo g_W©Z Ho$co. Ë`m_wio cmoH$emhr Zmhr Ago Pmco. XoemV em§Vr, gwaúmmAmdí`H$ Amho. åhUwZ emgZmZo X~mdmMo YmoaU H$m ©dmhrcm gwé Ho$cr. ZmJarH$m§Mo n«mW{_H$A{YH$mam§da ~§Xr AmUcr. H$moUË`mhr n«H$maMo H$maU ZgVm§Zm ~§Xr ~Z{dUo , H¡$Xr H$aUo, AZoH$g§KQ>Zm KS>ë`m. mM H$mimV dñVwÀ`m qH$_VrV {Z`ÌU, H$mim~mOma,doR>{~Jmar {déÜX AZoH$Am§XmocZmg cmoH$m§Zr nmR>t~m {Xcm. Ë`mM H$mimV Hoco Jococo PmonS>nQ>çm {Z_w©cZ cmoH$g§»`m{Z`Ì§U À`m ZmdmZo ~iO~arZo Hw§$Qw>§~ {Z`ÌU H$adrZo. `m gmaIo H$m ©H«$_ cmoH$m§À`m amJmcmH$ma^r wV Pmco. ZmJar A{YH$ma Zgë`m_wio cmoH$m§H$S>o Ag§Vwï>Vm ì`º$ H$aÊ`mMo _mJ© ZìhVo.Ë`m_wio gwYmaUm H$aÊ`mMr g§Yr gaH$mcm {_imcr Zmhr.

`mM H$mimVrc gm§JÊ`mgmaIr AgUmar AmUIr EH$ KQ>Zm åhUOo 42 dr KQ>Zm XþéñVrMmCÔoe : A) {ZdS>UwH$sÀ`m dmX{ddmXmV Ý`m`mc`mMr w{_H$m Zgmdr Ago H$co. Am) amÁèmgZmÀ`m VwcZoV, H|$Ð emgZmg _O~wV H$aUo, ~iH$Q> H$aUo. B) gm_m{OH$ Am{U Am{W©H$~XcmÀ`m CÔoemZo H$m`ÚmMo Ý`m`mc`m H$Sw>Z eŠ` VodT>o aúmU H$aUo. B©) Ý`m`ì`dñWm g§gXoÀ`mAmYrZ amhmdr Ago H$aUo. `m gwYmaUoMm CÔoe XoemMr EH$Vocm ~iH$Q> H$aUo, gm_m{OH$Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmg Ý`m`mc`mH$Sw>Z gwaúmrV H$aUo Iao nmhVm Ë`m _wio XoemVrc cmoH$emhrMrB_maV H$_Omoa Pmcr.

SCERT TELANGANA


g_mamon (Summing up)n{hco 30 df© Am{U~m{UÀ`m n[apñWVrVZo g_má Pmcr. Var cm^ Am{U ZwH$gmZ Mm

AmT>mdm KoVcm Va H$_r noúmm O_mM A{YH$ amhrc.gwpñWa cmoH$emhrMr C^maUr ho `m H$mimV gmÜ` Ho$cocm _hËdmMo g§nmXZ {gÜXr hmo ,

ho gm§Jw eH$Vmo. Ë`mM doir ñdmV§Í` {_i{dcoë`m BVa Xoemgr ^maV XoemMr VwcZm Ho$cr Va{^Þ H$m`Xo gdcVr XoUmè`m númmer ñnYm©, ~hþc núm ì`dñWm H«$_em V`ma homUo hmM Iam{dO` Ago Agw eH$Vmo. BVa XoemV Ago ZìhVo. ^maV XoemV doimZwH«$_o, {Z © , ñdV§ÌdmVmdaUmV {ZdS>UH$m hmoUo EdT>oM Zìho Va emgZ, ZoVo `mV gwÜXm ~Xc Pmcm. ^maVmÀ`mg§{dYmZmZo ZmJarH$m§Zm A{YH$mamM {Xco Zmhr Va Ë`mÀ`m aúmUmgmR>r g§ñWmJV ì`dñWm {Z_m©UPmcr.

Ý`m`ì`dñWm (judiciary) {ZdSUwH$ Am`moJ (Election Commission), gmd©O{UH$AW©ì`dñWm A{YH$mar (Controller and Auditor General) Am{U {hemo~ VmgUrg gma»`mñdV§Ì n« mdr g§ñWmJV g§ñWmMr ñWmnZm Ho$cr. maV XoemZo nmaXe©H$ g§ñWmMm AmamIS>m V`maHo$cm. nmcZm A{YH$mè`mMo {ZnúmnUo VQ>ñV dmJUwH$ hr gwÜXm _moR>m {dO` hmo ho gwÜXm gm§JweH$Vmo. g¡{ZH$ Xcmda ZmJar{Z §ÌU àñWm{nV H$aUo gwÜXm EH$ _w»` {dO`M Amho. Amnë`meoOmarM AgUmam Xoe nm{H$ñVmZer VwcZm Ho$cr Va cmoH$emhr g§ñWmÀ`m {Z_uVrV ^maVXoe{H$Vr Var nwT>o Amho.

EH$Vm d AI§S>VoMo aúmU {Q>H$dwZ R>odÊ`mg maV Xoe {dO`r Pmcm. XoemVrc {d{dYoVoÀ`mH$maUm_wio VwH$S>o hmoÊ`mg gwc^ Xoe åhUwZ gd©OZ {dMma H$arV hmoVo. Vgo Pmco Zmhr, hoo BVaXoem§Zm EH$ Mm§JcmM nmR> åhUwZ Cn omJr nS>oc.

Am{W©H$ CÔoemÀ`m àmárgmR>r àUmcrH$m g§ñWm§Mr C^maUr Ho$cr. g_m§Va n«mXoerH$ {dH$mgmMmCÔoe R>odwZM gm_m{OH$ Am{W©H$VoZo gm_m{OH$VoZo _mJmg dJu`m à{V Iar lÜXm R>odcr Jocr.AÞYmÝ`mgmR>r BVam§da Adc§~wZ Z amhÊ`mÀ`m pñWVrVwZ H$mcmZwH«$_o AÞYmÝ`mMr ñd§ gm_Ï ©Vmàmá H$aÊ`mÀ`m n[apñWVrV Xoe nmohMcm. hrM Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mgmMr _wh©V_oT> R>acr.àXoem§_Ü o g§VwcrV g_mZ àJVr {dH$mg Z hmoVm H$mhr àXoe àm§V BVa n«mV§mZnoúmm A{YH$ àJV{dH${gV Pmco. Ë`mMà_mUo amoOJmamÀ`m g§YrV dmT>mdrVer dmT> Pmcr Zmhr.

àmW{_H$ {eúmU, cmoH$m§Mo Amamo½`mcm H$_r _hËd XoUo hr _moR>r H$_VaVm åhUwZ {Zg§Xohg§mJw eH$Vmo. ho \$ma H$mi n ©V Xoemcm ÌmgXm`H$ R>aco. Ë`mM doir Z{dZ eVH$mÀ`m Ama§ r{MZ, H$moar`m Xoemer VwcZm Ho$cr Va `m XomZ KQ>H$m§g Ë`m§Zr Iwn àJVr gmYcr Amho.

OmVr` ì`dñWoVrc, Añn¥í`Vm (untouchability) gma»`m ~m~r H$mT>ë`m Z§Vahr oX^mdAOwZ _moR>çm n«_mUmda hmoV Amho. qcJ oX (Gender discrimination) gwÜXm hmoV Amho.

SCERT TELANGANA


Amnë`m Aä`mgmV gwYmaUm H$amAmnë`m Aä`mgmV gwYmaUm H$amAmnë`m Aä`mgmV gwYmaUm H$amAmnë`m Aä`mgmV gwYmaUm H$amAmnë`m Aä`mgmV gwYmaUm H$am1. ñdmV§Í` {_imcoë`m n{hë`m H$mhr dfm©V gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ ~Xc H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$moUË`mhr

H$m ©dmhrMo _mn KoVë`m Joco?2. EH$m númmMo dM©ñd åhUOo H$m`? Vo {ZdS>UwH$sV dM©ñd [H§$dm VËd {gÜXm§VmV {dMma nÜXVrV

dM©ñd Vw_Mr H$maUo gm§JwZ MMm© H$am?3. EH$Vm gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r qH$dm {d^mOZmg ^maV XoemÀ`m amOH$maUmV AZoH$ doim ^mfm

H|$Ð{~§Xþ R>acr. `m H$mhr KQ>Zm AmR>dm d dU©Z H$am.4. 1967 À`m {ZdS>UwH$s Z§Va amOH$s` ì`dñWoV Amcocm _w»` ~Xc H$moUVm?5. amÁ`mMr {Z_uVr H$aÊ`mgmR>r AOwZ Xþgam _mJ© Amho H$m`? mfoÀ`m AmYmao amÁ` nwZ©:JR>Z H$em

àH$mao M§mJco Pmco AgVo?6. B§{Xam Jm§YrZo KoVcoë`m H$moUË`m H$m ©dmhr_wio Ë¶m S>mì¶m númmÀ¶m YmoaUmH$S>o dië¶m Ë¶m

AmYrÀ¶m Xhm dfm©Vrc nÜXVrer VwcZm Ho$cr Va ho YmoaU H$go doJio Amho Ago Vwåhmcm dmQ>Vo?AW©emñÌmVrc nmR>mVrc ‘m{hVrÀ¶m AmYmao VwcZm H$am?

7. ^maVr` cmoH$emhrcm Am{U~m{UÀ`m n[apñWVrZo H$go _mJo Zoco?8. Am{U~m{UÀ`m H$mimV H$moUË`m àH$maMo g§ñWmJV ~Xc Pmco?

9. ^maV XoemÀ`m ZH$memV Imcrc ñWio XmIdm?1) _hmamï´> 2) JwOamV 3) {~hma 4) CÎmaàXoe 5) Oå_w-H$pí_a6) ZmJmc°S> 7) n§Om~ 8) _oKmc`

10. ^maVr¶ amOH$maUmVrb ~hþnjr¶ nÕV ¶m‘wio Pmbobo ’$m¶Xo VmoQ>o ¶mMo {díbofU H$am?11. nmZ. H«$. 242 darb Xþgam n[aÀN>oX dmMm d Ë¶mda ‘V {bhm?

_hËdmMo eãX_hËdmMo eãX_hËdmMo eãX_hËdmMo eãX_hËdmMo eãXamÁ`mMo nwZ:g§KQ>Z (State reorganisation),EH$m númmMr dM©ñd (One party dominance),Am{U~mUr (Emergency ), àmXo{eH$ Am§XmocZo (Regional movements),amï´>r`H$aU(Nationalisation)

SCERT TELANGANA

256 ~XbVo amO{H$¶ àdmh- 1977 Vo 2000gm‘m{OH$ AÜ¶¶Z

`m nmR>mV maV XoemÀ`m AmYw{ZH$ g‘H$mbrZ amO{H$` KQ>Zm {df`r g{dñVa _m{hVr KoD$`m. nmR>mVrb amO{H$¶ KS>m‘m|S>r‘Yrb ~è¶mMí¶m àg§JmMo Vrd« {d^mOZ hmoVo. Á¶m‘wio XoemÀ¶mamO[H$¶ AmboImbm VS>m OmVmo. (Vmo nm§Jim hmoVmo) amO{H$¶ nj ì¶dñWoV ~Xb Pmë¶m‘wioñnYm©Ë‘H$ ~hþ{dY nj {Z‘m©U Pmbo. H$moUË¶mhr EH$m njmbm ñdV…À¶m nj ~imda gaH$mañWmnZ H$aZo e³¶ ZìhVo Ë¶m‘wio BVa njm§Mr ‘XV KoD$Z g§H$sU© g§¶wº$ AmKmS>r gaH$ma~Zdë¶mMo AZoH$ CXm. Zo gmnS>VmV. Am{W©H$ AmKmS>rda ‘mÌ ¶m H$mimV {dH$mgmË‘H$ YmoaÊ¶m~Xb KSw>Z Ambo. AmWuH$ ~mOmanoR>, amOH$maU ¶m§À¶mV VZmd {Z‘m©U Pmbm d ¶m§À¶mV ñnYm©bmJbr. d ¶mM doir OwwZo Ym{‘©H$ OmVr¶dmXmgmaIo àíZ nwT>o Ambo.

`m H$mimVrb KQ>Zm§da {dÚmÏ`mªZm d {eúmH$m§Zm ‘V Agob Amnë`m ñdVmÀ`m {dídmgmZwgmaAmnco {dMma ì`º$ H$amÊ¶mMo Ë¶m§Zm ñdmV§Í¶ nU BWo Ago gwMdmdo Ago dmQ>Vo H$s, BVam§Mo{dMmam§Mm nU AmXaH$amdm. Xþgè`mMo _ZXþIoc Ago AmnU Amnco{dMma ì`º$ H$é Z o.Xþgè¶m§À¶m ‘Vm§Mm Iwë¶m‘ZmZo AmXa H$amdm `mYS>çmV MMm© Ho $ë`mJ oc o ë`m n[aUm_mgcmoH$emhr g§ñWm, ñd^mdd {dî`mda _w»` à^mdnS>Vmo. Ë`m§Zm {d{dYÑï>rH$moZmVwZ AW© H$éZKoÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ H$é m.Amncr cm oH $emhrn[anŠdVm `m MMmªZmH$er Am`moOrV H$amdrho Ë`mda Adc§~wZ AgVo.

CHAPTER

19YS>m

18 ~XcVo amO[H$` n«dmh 1977 Vo 2000

Joë`m YS>çmV MMm© Ho$coë`m ^maV XoemVrc ñdV§Ì amOH$s` KQ>Zm {df`r g§{úmá {ddaU{chm?

AË`mAdga n[apñWVrMr g_már d _moamaOr XogmB© d MQaU qgJ `m§À`m ZoV¥ËdmV gaH$maMr ñWmnZm

B §{Xam Jm §Yr Z oV ¥Ëdmg H$m °J « og gaH$maMr ñWmnZm

TDP númmMr ñWmnZm

Am °na oeZ ãcw ñQ >ma Am{U B §{Xam Jm §YrMr hË`m

n§Om~da HS cm°~~modmc Am{U Agm_ da AASU er amOrd Jm§YrMm H$amaZm_m

{_Pmo ZoeZc \« § $Q >er H$amZm_m

lrc§H$mer H$amaZm_m

{d.{n.qgJ Am{U M§ÐeoIa gm o~V OZVmXc gaH$ma ñWmnZm

_§S>i H$_reZ {g_magrg Am_c H$aÊ`mMm {ZU©`

am_OÝ_ ^w_r aW `mÌm

amOrd Jm §YrMr hË`m d {n.pìh. Zaqghmamd àYmZ_§Ìr d H$m °J « og gaH$ma

Am{W© ©H$ g_rH$aU nÜXV

~m~ar _ñOrX Mr Vm oS >\$m oS >

EM.S>r. Xo odJm ¢S >m Am{U Am`.Ho$. JwOamc àYmZ_§Ìr d ZoeZc \« § $Q > Mo gaH$ma

AQ>c {~hmar dmOno`r ZoV¥ËdmV NDA gaH$ma

SCERT TELANGANA


øm nmR>mV {deofV… ¶oUmè¶m H$mbI§S>mVrb bmoH$emhrMo ñdén Ë¶mMo AZoH$ n¡by,bmoH$emhrMo g‘O, ¶mgd© Jmoï>r ~m~V AmnU MMm© H$aUma AmhmoV.

g§H$Q>H$mcrZ n[apñWVr Am{U cmoH$emhr (Return of democracy after Emergency)

1975 Vo 1985 ¶m H$mimV ^maV XoemÀ`m cmoH$emhrg n[aúmmMr doi {Z_m©U Pmcr. VråhUOo AmUr~mUrÀ¶m H$mimV cmoH$emhrV _wc wV h¸$mMm §J Aer g§H$Q>H$mcrZ n[apñWVrMrgwédmV hmoD$Z amOrd Jm§Yr ZoV¥ËdmV H$m°J«og númmZo {ZdS>UwH$m§‘Ü¶o Eo{Vhm{gH$$ {dO` àmáHo$cm. H$m§J«go amOdQ>>rZo gwédmV d eodQ> Oar Agbm Var H$m§J«ogbm n¶m©¶r AZoH$ {damoYr njH|$X«mV d amÁ¶mV {Z‘m©U Pmbr, Á¶m‘wio ^maV EH$ njr¶ bmoH$emhr gÎmonmgwZ dmMbm. OgoH$s, AZoH$ XoemV AmT>iwZ ¶oVo. ñnY}À¶m A{Zdm¶©VoVyZ bmoH$m§Zm ‘VXmam§Zm, ¶mo½¶ C‘oXdma{ZdS>Ê¶mMr g§Yr {‘imbr. m _wio amÁ¶nmVirda amï´>r` amOH$maUmV {d{^Þ amO{H$` njm§Zmd OmVr dJu` ZoË`m§Zm OmVrMm \$m`Xm H$éZ KoÊ`mMr g§Yr àmá Pmcr. gmoem{cñQ,> {h§Xþamï´>r`dmX, H$å w{ZñQ> (Socialists, Hindunationalists, Communists) gma»`mamOH$s` YmoaUrH$S> o eoVH$ar, XcrV,_mJmgdJu` OmV, àm {V` dJ ©nU\$m`ÚmgmR>r g_moa oD$Z Amnë`m h¸$mgmR>rAm§XmocZ H$é cmJco. `mM doiog n`m©daUAm§XmocZ {ó`m§Mo Am§XmocZ, ZmJarH$ h¸$mgmR>rAm§XmocZ gm{hË` Am§XmocZm gmaIo AZoH$amO{H$ oVa Am§XmocZ gwédmV hmoD$Z gm_m{OH$ ~XcmgmR>r OmoaXma eº$sV mMo énm§Va Pmco.`mVrcM H$mhr KQ>H$ g{dñVa nUo AmnU nmhþ `m.

1977 À`m {ZdS>UwH$m d Am{U~mUr n[apñWVrMr g_már (1977 Elections and theEnd of Emergency)

1977 OmZodmar _{hÝ`mV {ZdS>UwH$sMr KmofUm Pmë`m ~aom~a gdmªZm AmíM © dmQ>co.{ZdS>UwH$m hmoVmV Ago Hw$Umcmhr dmQ>V ZìhVo. amOH$s` H¡$Úm§Zm B§{XamJm§YrZo _wº$ H$éZ ñdoÀN>mhcMmc àgma Am§XmocZo, g^m a{dUo d Ë`mÀ`m§da AgUmUo nwU© {Z`Ì§U ~§YZo goÝgmamg H$mTw>ZQ>mH$Ê`mV Amco. H$m°J«ogÀ`m {damoYmV gd© _w»` {damoYr núm d nmQ>u`m {_iwZ {ZdS>UwH$m cT>mì`mAgm {ZU© KoÊ`mV Amcm. H$m°J«og (O), ñd§VÌ nmQ>u, ^maVr` OU g§K, ^maVr` cmoH$ Xc,gmoe{cñQ> nmQ>u `m nmQ>uZm EH$Ì H$éZ OZVm nmQ>u Aer nmQ>u {Z_m©U H$amdr åhUwZ {ZU©KoÊ`mV Amcm. OJ{OdZ am_ gmaIo _w»` H$m°J«ogMo ZoVo Ë`m nmQ>ug gmoSw>Z H$m°J«og {daomYr _§MmdaVo OmD$Z {_gico.BVa _w»` núm DMK, SAD ,CPI (M) gma»`m nmQ>u`m Amncr n«{Vð>mH$m`_Mr {Z`_rV Mmcw R>odmdr åhUwZ à`ËZ H$aV, Va H$m°J«og {damoYr _§Mmda OZVm nmQ>ug_XV XoÊ`mMm {ZU© KoÊ`mV Amcm. H$m°J«g {damoYr H$m°J«og {damoYr Am{U~m{U H$mimV {damoYrnúmm§À`m nwU© EH$Ì oD$Z oUmè`m {ZdS>UwH$sV {ZdS>UwH$m cT>ë`m_wio O`àH$me ZmamÙ,AmMm © Oo.~r. H¥$nmcmUr gmaIo d[að> ZoË`m§Zr _w»` w{_H$m {Z^mdcr.

H$mhr númm§Mr cmoH$emhrer VwcZm Ho$crVa EH$ núm cmoH$emhr `mo½` Agw eHVoH$m?Ag§Vmof d ~Xcm g§~YrV gm_m{OH$Mdidirg H$maUr wV R>acoë`m n[apñWVrgH$mhr nmQ>u`m H$em O~m~Xma AmhoV?

SCERT TELANGANA


1970 _Yrc H$mhr {damoYr amOH$s` núm

BLD – Bharatiya Lok Dal – maVr` eoVH$è`m§ {df`r{deof H$miOr KoÊ`mMr Amdí`H$Vm Amho Ago gmoem{cñQ>_Ü o {Z_m©U Pmcocr nmQ>u hr CÎma àXoemV Amho.

Congress (O) – B§{Xam Jm§YrÀ`m moOZocm {damoY H$aUmamH$m°J«og _Yrc gmàXm`dmXr dJ© hmo .

CPI (M) – Communist Party of India (Marxist) –amï´>r` nmVirda AgUmar nmQ>u a°S>rH$c w g§ñH$aU H$m_Jmag§KQ>Zm, gmoem{cñQ>À`m nÜXVr Zwgma H$m © H$aUmar nmQ>u

DMK – Dravida Munnetra Kazagam – _w»`VmV_rcZmSw>V AgUmar nmQ>u amÁ`m§Zm OmñV A{YH$ma dñd§ÌVmgmR>r _mJUr H$aUmam núm

Jan Sangh – hr {h§Xþ amï´>r` dmXr núm hr _w»`Vm CÎmaamÁ`m nwaVrM _`m©XrV Amho.

SAD – Shiromani Akali Dal – hm núm n§Om~ nwVu_`m©XrV AgwZ {eH$m§À`m h¸$mgmR>r cT>Umar nmQ>u Amho.JwéìXmamÀ`m AmYmamZo hr g§KQ>rV Amho. Ë`m_wio `mg H$mhrà_mUmV _V ñd^md Amho. hr nU amÁ`mV OmñV h¸$ dñdV§Ì _mJUr H$aUmam núm Amho.

gm_m{OH$, amO{H$` KQ>Zmda Ë`m númm§_Ü o H$mhtVnwU©nUo doJdoJio {dMma AmhoV ho AmnU cúmmV R>odmdo.`mdoiogM {Zc_ g§Ord aoÈ>r ho 1977 _mM© 6 amoOr ghmì`mcmoH$g^m AÜ`úm nXmgmR>r EH$_VmZo {ZdS> Pmcr. Ë`m§ZVa _w»` {damoYr núm H$m°J«og nmQ>ug nmQ>u ghrV gd©amOH$s` númm§Zr _XV {Xcr. Va _J ho amï´>nVr nXmgmR>rEH$ _VmZo {ZdS> Pmcr. d 1977 Owc¡ 25 aomOr ^maVmMoghmdo amï´>nVr åhUwZ enW{dYr H$aÊ`mV Amcm. ¶m‘wioamO{H$¶ njmV nma§nm[aH$ njmda AmYmarV amOH$maUmMmeodQ> Pmbm d g§¶wº$ AmKmS>rMo gaH$ma qH$dm Z{dZ emg{H$¶YmoaUm§Zwgma gaH$ma ñWmnZ H$aUo ¶m amO{H$¶ B{VhmgmMmàma§ Pmbm. ‘hmZ amO[H$¶ VËdk, Ë¶m§Mo Cƒ {dMma,Ë¶m§Mo g‘mOmVrb ñWmZ {dMmamV KoD$Z gaH$mar H$m¶m©b¶mVàmYmÝ¶ Úmdo, ¶m Z{dZ {dMmam‘wio OwÝ¶m njr¶ amOH$maUmV~Xb KSw>Z Ambm. {Zb‘ g§Ord aoÈ>rÀ¶m H$mimV lr‘moamaOr XogmB©, lr MaU qgh, lr‘Vr B§{Xam Jm§Yr. ¶mVrZ n§VàYmZ gaH$mamV ¶m§À¶m H$m‘ Ho$bo.

{ZdS>UwH$sV {dO` àmá Ho$coë`mOZVm nmQ>uZr Amnë`m ^mJm§Um gwpñWaH$aÊ`mgmR>r ZD$ amÁ`mVrc H$m°J« oggaH$maZm H$mTw>Z Q>mH$Ê`mV Amco. {dYmZg oV ~hþ_V AgUmè`m amÁ` gaH$mam§ZmË`m númm§Zm g§gXoV {ZdS>UwH$sV ~hþ_VZ {_imë`m_wio Ë`m§Mr hma Pmë`m_wioH|$Ð gaH$ma Ë`m§Zm H$mTw>Z Q>mH$Uo ho {H$VnV`mo½` Amho? H$m°J«og Zo cmoH§$mMm {dídmgJ_dcm Vo haco åhUwZ Ë`m§Zm amÁ`mVemgZ H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Zmhr. `mgOZVm nmQ>u Zo g_W©Z Ho$co. Ë`m amÁ`mVnwÝhm {ZdS>UwH$m Pmë`mZ§Va CÎma àX|e,_Ü` àXoe, ~§Jcm _Ü o CPI (M) dVm_rcZmSw> _Ü o DMK {ZdSw>Z Amë`m_wioË`m númmMm {ZU© hm H$m§hr à_mUmV`mo½` ~amo~a hmoVm Ago dmQ>Vo.

{MÌ 19.1 : ^maVXoemMo 6 do amï´>nVr{Zc_ g§{Od aoÈ>r

SCERT TELANGANA


OZVm nj O|ìhm gÎmoda Ambm Ë¶mdoir bmoH$emhrMo nwZ©{Z‘m©U,bmoH$emhr ‘O~yV H$é Aer AmídmgZo Ë¶m§Zr {Xbr , na§Vw A§VJ©V~§S>m_wio Ë`mÀ`m emgZmV {dñH$irVnUm Amcm. ¶m§Mm hm H$miAV§J©V Ag§_OgnUm _wio ~XcwZ OmÊ`mg `m gaH$maMo Zmd H$m`_amhþZ Joco. nmQ>u AV§J©V oX^md XþOm^md _wio VrZ dfm©VM gaH$manSw>Z Joco d 1980 _Ü o nwÝhm hmoUmè`m {ZdS>UwH$m Mr n[apñWVr{Z_m©U Pmcr.

1980 _Ü o H$m°J«og nj nwÝhm ~hþ_V àmá H$éZ A{YH$mamVAmcm. cdH$aM ZD$ amÁ`mVrc H$m°J«ogoÎma OZVm nmQ>uÀ`m g§ñH$mam§ZmaÔ H$éZ åhUOo OZVm nmQ>uÀ`m Ho$ë`m n«_mUoM H$m°J«ogZohr VgoMHo$co. V_rcZmSw> d npíM_ ~§Jmccm dJiwZ Cd©arV nwU© amÁ`mVH$m°J«ogZo {dÒ àmá Ho$cm.

H$m§J«og d OZVm nj ¶m§Zr Ho$boë¶m H¥$Vr‘wio (amÁ¶ gaH$mao~Im©ñV H$aUo) g§K amÁ¶ eº$s H$‘Omoa Pmë¶md H|$Ð gaH$ma OmñV à^mdr R>abo. H|$ÐmbmàmYmÝ¶ XoÊ¶m‘wio H|$Ð gaH$mabm H$em§hr J§ raàíZm§Zm (g‘ñ¶m§Zm) gm‘moa Omdo bmJbo,XoemMr EH$Vm d AI§S>Vm ¶mbm ~mYm nmohMobH$s H$m¶? AZoH$ amÁ¶mVrb bmoH$m§Zm,amÁ¶gaH$mam§Zr {ZU©¶ KoÊ¶mMo A{YH$ma,Am{W©H$ ñdmV§Í¶mMr ‘mJUr Ho$br. H$m§hrZrVa maVmnmgwZ doJù¶m amï>mMr ‘mJUr Ho$br.H$m§hr H$m§Jo«g a{hV nj (SAD ,DMK ) ¶mH$mimV EH$Ì Ambo. ¶m§Zr amÁ¶gaH$maÀ¶mH$m¶©joÌmV hñVjon ZH$mo, amÁ¶nmbm§À¶mA{YH$mam§Mm J¡a dmna, ‘OuZwgma amï´>nVramOdQ> B. KQ>Zm§Zm g‘moa R>oD$Z (SAD, DMK )

ho nj EH$m ‘§Mmda EH$Ì Ambo.àm§Vr` AH$m§úmmMm CXJ_(Emergence of Regional Aspirations )

^maV XoemV doJdoJù`m ^mJmV OmñVñdÀN> d ñdV§ÌmgmR>r Pmcoë`m VrZ Am§XmocUmgnS>Vmiw `m. ho Am§Y«àXoe, Amgm_, n§Om~,`m§À`m _Yrc VwcZm d \$aH$ AmoiIm? ñdÀN>mñdV§Ìm g§~§YrMr VrZ àH$maÀ`m YmoaUmg hoZoV¥Ëd H$aVmV.

amï´>nVr emgZ (President’s Rule)amÁ`KQ>ZoVrc 356 H$c_o àH$mao amÁ` gaH$ma amÁ`KQ>Zo

àH$mao amÁ`m§Zr Z MmcdÊ`mg d amÁ` gaH$ma àemgZMmcdÊ`mg Ag_W© R>aco Ago amÁ`nmcmg dmQ>ë`mg amÁ`gaH$macm ~Im©ñV H$aÊ`mMm qH$dm amï´>nVr emgZ cmJwH$aÊ`mMr {e\$mag amÁ`nmc, amîQ´>nVrg H$é eH$Vmo.Ë`m doiog n§VàYmZmMr {dMma {d_©e H$éZ amÁ` gaH$mÀ`memgZmg ~Im©ñV H$éZ amÁ`nmc emgZ nmhÊ`mg amï>nVrgm§Jw eH$Vmo.

`m g§~§YrV ñnï> _mJ©Xe©Z amÁ`KQ>ZoV Zgë`m_wioAZoH$ H|$Ð gaH$ma OmñV à_mUmV 356 ì`m H$c_oZwgmaamÁ`mV A{YH$mamda Agcoë`m gaH$macm qH$dm {damoYrnúmmcm gaH$maMr H$éZ ~Im©ñV H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVo.

H|$Ð gaH$ma 356 H$c_oMm à`moJ H$aÊ`mgmR>r 1994_Ü o gdm©oƒ Ý`m`mc`mZo {Xcoë`m _hËd nwU© {ZU© mVñnï>nUo {Z`_mMm C„oI Ho$cm Amho. Voìhm nmgwZ `mA{YH$mamMm J¡admna hmoUo ~§X Pmco.

{MÌ 19.1 : àW_ H$m°J«ogoÎmaàYmZ_§Ì _moamaOr XogmB©

amÁ`mV BVa amOH$s` núm§mMr gaH$mao Agë`m doiogH|$Ð gaH$ma Ë`mZm ~Im©ñV H$ococo AZoH$ CXmhaUoAmhoV. cmoH$emhr gwÌmg ho H$go §J H$aVo `mMrMMm© H$am?

SCERT TELANGANA


NTR amO{H$¶mVrb Imbrb ‘hËdmVÀ¶m KQ>Zm§daMMm© H$am.

i. A{^ZoVm Agë¶mZoii. amÁ¶m{^‘mZmgmR>r Am§XmobZiii. Jar~m§gmR>r AmH$f©H$ H$ë¶mUH$mar ¶moOZmiv. BVa àm§Vr¶ nmQ>uer g§~§Y

Am§Y«àXoe$H|$ÐmVrb H$m§J«og ZoV¥Ëd dm§adma Am§Y«àXoemVrb ‘w»¶‘§Ìr

~XbV Ago. déZ ZoË¶m§da X~md Q>mH$Zo Am§Y«màXoemVrbbmoH$m§Zm nQ>bo Zmhr. amï´>r¶ H$m§J«og ZoV¥ËdmnmgwZ Am§Y«àXoeZoV¥Ëdmg Amdí¶H$ VodT>m Jm¡ad {‘imbm Zmhr Ago bmoH$m§ZmdmQ>V Ago. VobwJy bmoH$m§À¶m AmË‘ Jm¡admMm An‘mZ hmoVAmho, Ago Ë¶m§Zm dmQw> bmJbo. OUmXa Agbobo {gZo‘mA{^ZoVm EZ.Q>r.am‘mamdm§Zr ¶m KQ>Zog CMbbo. 1982‘Ü¶o Amnë¶m 60 ì¶m OÝ‘ {Xder VobwJy Xoe‘ nmQ>u(Q>r.S>r.nr.) ñWmnZm H$aÊ¶mV Ambr. VobwJy bmoH$m§À¶mAmË‘ Jm¡admgmR>r Q>rS>rnr H$m¶© H$aVo Ago Vmo bmoHm§Zm gm§JwbmJbm. amÁ¶mg H$m§J«og nmQ>u ImbÀ¶m XOm©Zo nmhUo, hoVobwJy bmoH$ ghZ H$aUma ZmhrV Ago Vmo R>m‘ {dMma ‘m§Sw>bmJbm. Jar~ bmoH$m§Zm 2 é. {H$bmo Vm§Xþi d gaH$maremioV XþnmaMo ^moOZmMr ¶moOZm, ‘ÚnmZ {ZfoY Aem gma»¶m Jar~mgmR>r H$ë¶mUH$mar¶moOZm§Mr Ë¶mZo KomfZm Ho$br. ¶m OZmH$f©U ¶moOZm§‘wio 1982 À¶m {ZdS>UwH$sV Q>rS>rnr MmOmoaXma {dO¶ Pmbm. Va Ë¶mZo 1984 ‘Ü¶o eó {MH$sËgmH$arVm A‘o[aHo$g Joë¶m doiogJìh©ZaZo Ë¶mÀ¶m gaH$mamg aÔ Ho$ë¶m Jobo, Q>rS>rnr nmgwZ H$m§J«og nmQ>uer {‘giwZ KoD$ZEZ.^mñH$a amd ¶m§Zm Jìh©ZaZo ‘w»¶‘§Ìr nXmgmR>r Am‘§ÌU {Xbo. A‘o[aH$mVwwZ dmng Amë¶mZ§VaEZ.Q>r.Ama (Z§X‘war VmaH$ am‘mamd)Zo Jìh©Za H$m¶©dmhrg gdmb H$éZ emgZ g oV ‘bmM~hþ‘V gXñ¶m§Mr ‘XV Amho ho {gÕ H$éZ XmIdbo. EH$ ‘{hÝ¶mÀ¶m bmoH$m§À¶m OmoaXmaAm§XmobZm‘wio H|$Ð gaH$amZo ZdrZ Jìh©ZaMr{Z¶wº$s Ho$br d Ë¶mZo Am§Y«àXoeÀ¶m ‘w»¶§ÌrnXmda EZ.Q>r.am‘mamdmg nwÝhm {Z¶wº$ H$obo.‘mÂ¶m gaH$mabm {dZmH$maU aÔ Ho$ë¶m‘wi Ho$ë¶mJoboë¶m Am§XmobZmV BVa amÁ¶mV A{YH$mamdaAgUmao nj CPI M, DMK, SAD, NationalConference gma»¶m AZoH$ nmQ>uZr ‘XV Ho$br.

Agm‘ Am§XmobZñdoÀN>m d ñdmV§Í¶m gmaIoM nU AmUIr eº$sembr Am§XmobZ Amgm‘‘Ü¶o hmoV hmoVo.

Agm‘‘Ü¶o Amgm‘r ^mfm gmoSw>Z ~§Jmbr ^mfmnU OmñV bmoH$ ~mobVmV, {~«Q>re emgZmnmgwZamÁ¶emgZm n¶ªV ‘Ü¶‘ nmVirdarb Zm¡H$è¶mV ~§Jmbr bmoH$M AgV. ~§Jmbr A{YH$marAmåhmg g‘Ñï>rZo Z nmhVm {ÛVr¶ dJ© ZmJ[aH$ Aem [aVrZo nmhVmV. Ago Agm‘r¶m§Zm dmQ>VAgo. ñdmV§Í¶mZ§Va ~§Jmbr ~mobUmao bmoH$ ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV Agm‘mV ñWm¶r Pmbo AmhoV. ho gd©gr‘m ^mJ ~§JbmXoe‘YwZ nwîH$i ñWbm§VarV Pmbo. eoOmar amÁ¶mVrb amO{H$¶ AñWraVm dàH¥$Vr g§H$Q> {Z‘m©U Pmbo V|ìhm hOmamo bmoH$ ¶m amÁ¶mV ñWbm§Va hmoD$Z ñWm{ZH$ bmoH$m§Zm ÌmgXoD$ bmJbo. ñWm{ZH$ bmoH$m§Zm AmnU Amnbo ‘hËd J‘mdVmoV, EdT>oM Zmhr Va ‘~mho[ab

{MÌ 9.2 : N T am‘m amd

SCERT TELANGANA


bmoH$m§Mr’ g§»¶m OmñV dmT>ob d Amnbr g§»¶m H$‘r nS>ob, Aer ^rVr Ë¶m§Zm dmQw> bmJbr.bmoH$mV AgUmè¶m ¶m Ag§VmofmMo 1970 ‘Ü¶o gm‘m{OH$ Am§XmobZmV énm§Va Pmbo. gd©

Agm‘ {dÚmWu g§K (AASU) ho ¶m Am§XmobZmV gdm©V nwT>o hmoVo. hr g§KQ>Zm nwU© amÁ¶â ngabr{deof H$éZ ¶wdm‘Ü¶o ¶mg OmñV AmXa àmoËgmhZ {‘imbo. Am‘Mr ‘mJUr åhUOo ‘w»¶V…~mhoarb bmoH$m§Mr hH$mbnÅ>r H$aÊ¶mÀ¶m ‘mJUr déZ H|$Ð gaH$maÀ¶m {damoYmV nwîH$i g§nAm§XmobZo nmX¶mÌm H$aÊ¶mV Ambr.

g§ñH¥Vr d bmoH$m§Mm KQ>H$M Zmhr Va ¶m Am§XmobZmg gwédmV hmoÊ¶mgmR>r Am{W©H$ KQ>H$ nUH$maUr wV AmhoV. ì¶mnma d BVa g§ñWm ¶m Amgm‘oVa bmoH$m§À¶m hmVmV AgV. amÁ¶mVrb ‘w»¶g§nVr Mhm d Vobm‘wio ñWm{ZH$ bmoH$m§Zm ¶mMm ’$m¶Xm hmoV ZìhVm. MhmMr H$maImZo ‘w»¶V…H$bH$Îmm‘Ü¶o AmhoV. VobmMr H$maImZo gaH$mar {Z¶§ÌUmV AgwZ gwÕm ñWm{ZH$ bmoH$§mVrb ‹IwnMH$‘r bmoH$ Ë¶mV hmoVo. EdT>oM Zmhr Va Vobm§Zm amÁ¶mVwZ BVa {R>H$mUr ZoD$Z ewÕ Ho$ë¶m OmVAgV. ¶m gdmªMo gmam§e Ago Vo åhUOo Amgm‘bm A§VJ©V {dXoer àm§V åhUwZ g‘Oë¶m OmVAmho. d ¶mg Wm§~dÊ¶mgmR>r bmoH$m§Zr Am§XmobZo Ho$br. H$m‘mV ñWm{ZH$ bmoH$m§Zm OmñV àmYmÝ¶XoUo d “~mho[ab bmoH$m§Zm” H$mTw>Z Q>mH$Uo, n¶m©daU g§nÎmrg ñWm{ZH$ bmoH$m§À¶m {dH$mgmgmR>rdmnaZo ¶m ‘hËMmÀ¶m ‘mJÊ¶m hmoË¶m.

¶m AemàH$maÀ¶m ‘mJÊ¶mVwZ bmoH$mV oX^md OmVrdmX {Z‘m©U Pmbm. H$m åhUOo Xþgè¶meoOmar XoemVwZ Amboë¶m bmoH$mV OmñV bmoH$ ‘wñbr‘ hmoVo. Am§XmobZ ~§Jmbr¶m§À¶m {damoYmVdm‘njmÀ¶m ì¶{VaoH$ (n.~§Jmb‘Ü¶o dm‘nj gaH$ma A{YH$mamV hmoVo) Amgm‘oVa bmoH$m§gmo~V{damoY d eodQ>r Mm¶m n[aUm‘ maV XoemMm {damoY H$aÊ¶mEdT>r n[añWrVr {Z‘m©U Pmbr d VrAmQ>mo³¶m ~mhoa Jobr. qhgm, bwQ>‘ma, VmoS>‘moS> ho Vrd« énmV hmoD$ bmJë¶m‘wio ¶mda bj H|$ÐrVH$amdo bmJbo. Am§XmobZH$ma d gaH$ma‘Ü¶o VrZ dfm©n¶ªV Mmbboë¶m MMm© EH$m A§{V‘ {ZU©.¶mdaAmë¶m 1984 ‘Ü¶o amOrd Jm§YrÀ¶m hñVjonm‘wio H|$Ð gaH$maZo AASU ¶m H$amaZmå¶mdahñVmja H$aÊ¶mV Ambo d nwÝhm gd©gmYmaU n[añWrVr {Z‘m©U hmoÊ¶mgmR>r amÁ¶mVrb H$m§Jo«ggaH$mar ho Amnbm nXdr H$mi {e„H$ AgwZgwÕm gaH$ma MmbdÊ¶mg ZH$ma {Xë¶mZo {ZdS>UwH$mMrn[añWrVr {Z‘m©U Pmbr. ¶m {ZdS>UwH$mV Amgm‘ JU n[afX (AGP - d AASU ¶m nmQ>uVghg§~§Y {Z‘m©U Pmbobr nmQ>u) A{YH$mamV Ambr.

Va ¶m amO{H$¶ ~Xbm‘wio ¶m Am§XmobZmg H$maUr wV R>aboë¶m {XK© H$mbrZ g‘ñ¶m§Mrg‘mYmZ Pmbo Zmhr. ¶mg m¡Jmo{bH$ H$maU d Xm¡Ë¶ H$maU . ( S>m|Ja ZÚm Agë¶m‘wio g‘ñ¶mMog‘mYmZ hmoD$ eH$ë¶m ZmhrV) ~§Jbm XoemMr gr‘m ~§X H$éZ Q>mH$Uo e³¶ Pmbo Zmhr. ~è¶mM{XdgmnmgwZ ¶oD$Z ñWra Pmboë¶m ~§Jmbr¶m§Zm d EdT>çmV Amboë¶m ~§Jmbr¶m§Zm AmoiIUo H${R>UPmbo. {dXoemVwZ Amboë¶m§Zm dmng nmR>{dUo e³¶ Pmbo Zmhr. ¶mM doiog A{ñVËd gma»¶m~m~tZm OmñV ‘hËd {Xë¶m‘wio Amgm‘ ‘Ü¶o OmoS>mo d Imgr,{‘Omo d H$Ou gma»¶m OmVrda{damoYr à^md nS>bm, d ho nU AZoH$ bmoH$ Amåhm§g nU ñdÀN> d ñdV§Ì nm{hOo Aer ‘m{hVrH$é bmJbo. Vo Amnë¶m h¸$m§Mr ‘mJÊ¶mMr ‘mJUr H$éZ {dXoer¶m§Mr hH$mbnÅ>r H$amdr Ago Vo‘mJUr H$é bmJbo ¶m‘wio Amgm‘mVrb H$m§hr mJmVrb Aëng§»¶§mH$ bmoH$m§Zm O~aXñVrZo ImbrH$aÊ¶mgmR>r ‘mJUr Hé bmJbo EH$m OmVrÀ¶m {h§gmË‘H$ H¥$Ë¶mg gm‘moao OmÊ¶mgmR>r Xþgè¶mOmVrÀ¶m bmoH$m§Zm ^S>H$mdrZo qH$dm Jmoim ~méX gma»¶m dñVw nwadT>m H$aÊ¶mV Amë¶m.

SCERT TELANGANA


Am§Y«àXoemV Z§X‘war VmaH$ am‘mamd (EZQ>rAma) Am§XmobZmVrb d Agm‘ Am§XmobZmVrb gmå¶ doX gm§Jm?

¶m KQ>Zm§da Vw‘À¶m dJm©V MMm© H$am.EH$m ^mJmV EH$mM g‘whmMr bmoH$ AgmdoV. gd© Zm¡H$è¶m, nwU© ì¶mnma hm Ë¶m g‘whmVÀ¶mOmVrVrb bmoH$m§À¶m hmVmV Agmdm [H$dm ^maV XoemVrb gd© bmoH$ EH$m àm§VmVrb bmoH$mZmñdoÀN>m àXmZ H$amì¶mV AmnU {ZdS>boë¶m mJmV ñWra nS>Ê¶mgmR>r, H$m‘ H$aÊ¶mgmR>r g§YrAgmdr.bmoH$m§À¶m ñdoÀN>oZo dmdaÊ¶mMr nÕV Agë¶mg ~mhoéZ Ambobo Y{ZH$ eº$sgmbr AgUmao Vo dw‘r d g§nÎmr nwU© {dH$V KoD$Z Ë¶m àm§VmVrb Jar~ bmoH$m§Zm ~oH$ma H$aVmV H$m?

¶m‘wio Kf©U H$‘r H$aÊ¶mnojm Vo OmñV hmoÊ¶mg gaH$maZo ‘XV Ho$ë¶mgmaIo Pmbo. Kf©UH$‘r H$éZ em§Vr ~miJÊ¶mÀ¶m ¶m mJmV g¡Ý¶mÀ¶m VwH$S>çm nmR>{dÊ¶mV Amë¶m. BemÝ¶ mJmVg¡{ZH$m§Mm dmna H$aÊ¶mg VrZo H$maUo H$maUr wV R>abr. n{hbo MrZ, ~«÷m (å¶m§‘ma) ~§JbmXoemV A{V g§doXZerb {g‘m ^mJ hm hmo¶. Xþgao {damoYr CR>md JQ> hm ^maV XoemVwZ doJiohmoÊ¶mMr ‘mJUr H$aUo Am{U {Vgao Aëng§»¶m§H$ dJm©da {damoYr CR>md H$aUmam JQ> ‘moR>çmà‘mUmV {h§gmË‘H$ AmH«$‘U H$aZo ho hmo¶. ma{V¶ g¡{ZH$ ¶m g§doXZ g‘ñ¶mË‘H$ mJmV àdoeHo$ë¶m‘wio ZmJ[aH$m§Mo h¸$ ñdoÀN>m aÔ Pmbo d g¡Ý¶mg AgmYmaU A{YH$ma gmondÊ¶mV Ambo ¶màm§VmV e§mVr ~hmb H$aÊ¶mgmR>r EH$M ‘mJ© Amho Ago gaH$mabm dmQ>bo.

~§Jmbr d Amgm‘r ‘Ü¶o gwédmV Pmbobr hr g‘ñ¶m g§doXZerb V¶ma Pmbr d hrJw§VmJ§wVrMr d eodQ>r OmVr¶ Kf©UmMr n[añWrVr {Z‘m©U Pmbr. amï´>r¶ AñWraVm d OmVr¶g‘ñ¶m gma»¶m g§Hw$MrV Ñï>r gËda n[aîH$ma Z hmoVm Ë¶mg XþaÑï>rZo nmhÊ¶mMr Amdí¶H$VmAmho.

n§Om~ Am§XmobZ^maV Xoemg d XþgarH$S>o n§Om~ amÁ¶mV ñdoÀN>m d ñdmV§Í¶mgmR>r AmUIr EH$m Am§XmobZmg

gwédmV Pmbr ¶m {R>H$mUr nU OmñV à‘mUmV bmoH$m§Mr mfm d ‘V ¶m AmYmao bmoH$m§Mm {hem|~H$aÊ¶mV Ambm ¶m {R>H$mUr nU XoemÀ¶m {dH$mgmV amÁ¶mÀ¶m ww‘rH|$Zm H|$Ð {dgaV Amho Agon§Om~Mo åhUZo hmoVo. amÁ¶mMr {Z‘u©Vr Pmbr V|ìhm Ë¶m§À¶m da AÝ¶m¶ Pmbm Ago Ë¶m§Zm dmQw>bmJbo. amOYmZr ZJa AgUmao M§T>rJT> ho H|$ÐnmbrV àm§V Z R>odVm Am‘À¶m amÁ¶mV Ë¶mg R>odmdoAer Ë¶m§Mr ‘mJUr hmoVr. ^mH$am-Zm§Jb YaUmnmgwZ OmñV nmUr {‘imdo d g¡Ý¶mV OmñVà‘mUmV {gIm§Zm g§Yr Úmdr Ago Vo ‘mJUr H$é bmJbo.

H|$XmV OZVm nmQ>u gaH$ma AgVm§Zm 1978 ‘Ü¶o AH$mbr XbmZo H$m§hr {ZU©¶ KoD$Z Ë¶mgA‘b H$aÊ¶mgmR>r H|$Ð gaH$mabm gwMZm {Xë¶m amÁ¶ KQ>ZoV ~Xb AmUwZ A{YH$mam§Mo {dH|$ÐrH$aUH$éZ amÁ¶m§Zm OmñV A{YH$ma ÚmdoV hr Ë¶m§Mr ‘w»¶ ‘mJUr, ho Ë¶m§À¶m H$amaZmå¶mV gm§JÊ¶mVAmbo AmhoV.

SCERT TELANGANA


{d^rÞ ^mfm d gm§ñH¥$VrH$ dJ©, ‘Vm§Zwgma Aëng§»¶§mH$ dJ©, bmImo bmoH$m§À¶m ‘mJÊ¶m§ZmOZVm gaH$mZo {dMmamV KoD$Z Xoe EH$Vm d g‘J«Vog H$moUË¶mhr àH$maMr R>og, Y¸$m Z nmoMVmHo$ë¶m Joboë¶m Iè¶m AW©d§V EH$Vm gwÌmÀ¶m AmYmao Xoe amÁ¶KQ>Zm ~XbÊ¶mgmR>r {‹eamo‘UrAH$mbr Xb ‘mJUr H$arV Ago. EdT>oM Zmhr Va ¶m‘wio amÁ¶m§Zm AmnAmnë¶m àm§VmV Amnë¶mA{YH$ma§mMm Cn¶moJ H$éZ maVr¶m§À¶m àJVr d gm¡ m½¶d§V AW©d§V nmÌ {Z^dVmV.

{eamo‘Ur AH$mbr Xb d H$m§J«og‘Ü¶o {ZdS>UwH$m ñnYm© dmT>ë¶m‘wio n[añWrVrV AmUIrOmñV {~JmS> Pmbm. 1980 ‘Ü¶o AH$mbr gaH$mabm aÔ H$éZ nwÝhm H$m§J«og Amë¶m‘wio {gI¶m§À¶mer oX^md hmoV Amho. Aer ^mdZm Ë¶m§À¶mM {Z‘m©U Pmbr d g§doXZerb dmVmdaUmgVrd« én Ambo d Ë¶m‘wio Ë¶mVwZ AZoH$ A{à¶ KQ>Zm KS>ë¶m‘wio {gI d Ho$§Ð gaH$ma‘Ü¶o A§Vad J¡ag‘mO dmT>bm, AmV§H$s {gI g‘whmMm Zm¶H$ q~ÐoZdmbm ¶m§Zr doanmQ> dmXmMm àMma HéZ{gIm§Zm àË¶oH$ Xoe IbrñVmZMr ‘mJUr Ë¶m§Zr Ho$br. ¶mH$mimV amÁ¶mV Vrd« à‘mUmV JS>~S>gwédmV Pmbr. AmV§H$s {gImdaM Zmhr Va n§Om~mVrb BVa ‘VmÀ¶m bmoH$m§da nU gm§àXm¶Mm§XgdmX OrdZ nÕVrg A‘b H$aÊ¶mgmR>r Ë¶mZo à¶ËZ Ho$bm ¶m Kf©Um‘wio ‘VmZwgma VZmd[Z‘m©U Pmbm {gI ‘VmÀ¶m bmoH$m§da h„o H$aÊ¶mV Ambo, ¶mgdmªMm à^md {gIm§À¶m {Z‘m©UPmboë¶m JQ>mda VMog {gIm§Mo n{dÌ ñWi gwdU© ‘§{Xa (JmoëS>Z Q>|nb) bm H$ãOm Ho$boë¶m‘§[XamVwZ Ë¶m§Zm hmH$mbwZ XoÊ¶mgmR>r, ‘§{Xa Imbr H$aÊ¶mgmR>r g¡Ý¶mMm hñVjon H$amdm ¶m‘wioAm‘Mo n{dÌ nwÊ¶ ñWi An{dÌ Pmbo Ago {gIm§Zm dmQw> bmJbo d Ë¶m§À¶mV OmVr ^mdZmAmUIr OmñV Vrd« Pmbr.

{MÌ 18.4 : ^maV Xoe 1970 Am{U 1980 ‘Ü¶o gm§Ho${VH$ ghH$mar g§K ¶mgma»¶mV {H$Ë¶oH$ {dO¶àmá H$obm. lrh[aH$moQ>çmnmgwZ CnJ«h AdH$me gmoS>Uo d A‘yb ghH$ma g§K gma»¶m§ H$m§hrda AmhoV.

SCERT TELANGANA


{gIm§Mm doanmQ hm Vrd«dmXmg àarV Ho$ë¶m‘wio1984 ‘Ü¶o {X„rV {Z‘m©U Pmboë¶m {gI{damoYr X§½¶mMr H$m¶ w{‘H$m hmoVr?>Amgm‘, n§Om~ Am§XmobZm‘Ü¶o gmå¶ d oXgm§Jm Amnë¶m amO{H$¶ ì¶dñWog Vo H$emàH$mao{Z‘m©U H$aVmV?¶m XmoÝhr g‘ñ¶mV gaH$maZo dmnabobr nÕVAmnë¶m bmoH$emhr amOV§Ìmg ‘O~yV H$aVoH$m H$‘Omoa H$aVo?

¶m gd© H$maUm‘wio 1984 ‘Ü¶o B§{Xam Jm§Yr n§VàYmZ nXmda AgVm§Zm Ë¶m§Mr hË¶m Pmbr.¶mZ§Va Iwn X§Jo hmoD$Z {X„rV hOmamo {gImda h„m H$éZ Ë¶m§À¶m g§nÎmrZm Üd§g H$éZ Ë¶m§À¶mdah„o H$aÊ¶mV Ambo. ¶m KQ>Zm§Zm Wm§d{dÊ¶mgmR>r H|$Ð gaH$maZo hñVjon Ho$ë¶mgmaIo Hw$R>ohr {XgwZ¶oV Zmhr. d Ë¶mZ§Va ~è¶mM dfmªZrhr XmoftZm nH$S>Ê¶mV Ambo Zmhr.d H$m¶ÚmZwgma Ë¶m§Zm{ejm XoÊ¶mV Ambr Zmhr.

amOrd Jm§Yr àYmZ‘§Ìr Pmë¶mZ§Va SAD er MMm© H$éZ SAD AÜ¶j g§V bm§JmodmberH$amaZm‘m H$aÊ¶mV Ambm n§Om~‘Ü¶o VmOm {ZdS>UwH$m KoB©Z SAD Mm {dO¶ Pmë¶m Z§Va hrVrd« dmÚm§Zr bm§JmodmbMr hË¶m Ho$ë¶m‘wio em§Vr OmñV H$mi {Q>Hw$Z amhþ eH$br Zmhr.

1986 E[àb‘Ü¶o AH$bVº$ Odirb g‘mdoemV IbrñVmZMr ñdV§Ì Xoe åhUwZ KmofUmH$aÊ¶mV Ambr ñdV§Ì XoemgmR>r Am§XmobZo H$arV AmhomV Ago åhUUmè¶m AZoH$ g‘whm§Mo énm§Vageó XbmV hmoD$Z Vrd«dmX H¥$Ë¶ H$é bmJbo ¶mgeó g¡{ZH$mg nm{H$ñVmZ ‘XV XoV Amho Agm^maV gaH$maMm Amamon hmoVm,. n§Om~‘Ü¶o EH$m XemãXr H$mimn¶ªV {h§gm. Kf©Uo MmbwM hmoVr¶m {damoYr MidirVrb H$mimV {gI Vrd«dmXr Amo{S>gmgmo~V d BVa ‘V g‘whmgmo~V ‘wH$m~bmH$é bmJbo, Vrd«dmXmÀ¶m àd¥Îmrg {damoY H$aUmao nÌH$ma, amO{H$¶ ZoVo d H$m¶©H$Ë¶mªMr hË¶mH$aÊ¶mV Ambr. ZmJ[aH$m§Zm àmU Zï> H$aÊ¶mgmR>r ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV h„o H$é bmJbo, aoëdoÀ¶mnQ>ar Üd§g H$aZo, ~mOma, aoñQ>moa|Q>, n§Om~-{X„r ‘Ü¶o OmñV ZmJ[aH$ AgUmè¶m mJmV {dñ’$omQ>H$aÊ¶mMo H$m‘ Vo H$é bmJbo. EH$m 1991 ¶m dfm©VM EH$ hOma bmoH$ ‘¥Ë¶w nmdbo , M§Xm O‘mH$aÊ¶mgmR>r ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV AnhaU, O~aXñVrZo M§Xm dgwb H$aUo Aer H¥Ë¶o Vo H$é bmJbo. ¶mAem KQ>Zm§‘wio Vrd« dmXr {gIm§nmgwZ d n§Om~r bmoH$m§nmgwZ Xþa hmoD$ bmJbo. H$mimZwgmanmobrgm§À¶m Vrd«dmXr H¥$Ë¶m§darb H$m¶©dmhrg WHw$Z OmD$Z d àOonmgwZ ghmZw yVr J‘mdë¶m‘wio1990 eodQ>r n§Om~‘Ü¶o em§Vr {Z‘m©U Pmbr.

Va n§Om~‘Ü¶o Vrd«dmÚm§Mm A§V H$aÊ¶mgmR>r gaH$maZo Vrd« nÕVrMm dmna Ho$bm ¶m‘wioAZoH$ ZmJ[aH$m§Zm Am‘À¶m àmW{‘H$ h¸$m§Mm §J hmoV Amho Ago dmQw> bmJbo Vrd« dmÚmÀ¶mH¥$Ë¶m‘wio amÁ¶mÀ¶m àemgZ nÕVrg, YmoH$m {Z‘m©U hmoÊ¶mMr e³¶Vm Agë¶m‘wio Aemn[añWrVrV amÁ¶KQ>ZoMo C„§KZ hr gd© gmYmaU{df¶ Amho Ago nwîH$i Vk bmoH$m§Zm dmQw>bmJbo.Vrd«dmÚm {damoYr {ZH$mb {Xbm VaAm‘À¶mda nU h„m Ho$ë¶m OmVmo Ago Ý¶m¶dmÚm§ZmdmQw> bmJbo. d ^¶^rV hmoD$Z BVa Vk bmoH$gaH$ma eº$sMm Cn¶moXJ H$aUo eº$rMm Cn¶moJH$aUo {R>H$ Zmhr ho ^{dî¶mV {XK© H$mimVamÁ¶KQ>Zm {damoYr bmoH$emhr H$‘Omoa H$aÊ¶mgH$maUr yV hmoVo Ago Ë¶m§Zm dmQw> bmJbo.

SCERT TELANGANA


amOrd Jm§YrÀ¶m H$mimV ZdrZ H$m¶©dmhramOrd Jm§Yr ZoV¥ËdmV H$m§J«ogbm AJmoXa H$Yr Z{‘imbm EdT>m KZ {dO¶ àmá Pmbm, amOrdJm§Yr n§Om~, Amgm‘, {‘Pmoa‘ d eoOmar Xoelrb§Ho$ gmo~V nU em§VrÀ¶m MMm© MmbwZ R>odë¶m.lrb§Ho$V Kf©Uo hmoV AgVm§Zm XmoZ njmV (doJir‘mJUr H$aUmao V{‘i d lrb§H$m gaH$ma) ¶m§À¶mVem§Vr ñWmnZ hmoÊ¶mgmR>r ^maV XoemZo Amnbog¡Ý¶ nmR>{dbo, Va ¶m ñWrVrV V{‘i Am{Ulrb§H$m gaH$maZo ‘mÝ¶ Ho$bo Zmhr. ho EH$ XþñgmhgH$m¶© åhUë¶m Jobo d eodQ>r ^maVmZo g¡Ý¶mg1989 ‘Ü¶o ‘mKma KoVbo.

XoemV {dH$mgmda ÑîQ>r H|$ÐrV Ho$ë¶mdahr{VMm ’$m¶Xm Iè¶m Jar~ Cn^mo³¶Ë¶m§Zm hmoVZmhr Ago amOrd Jm§YrÀ¶m Ñï>rg Ambo, à{gÕPmboë¶m EH$m H$mX§~arV Jar~mgmR>r IM© Ho$ë¶mOmUmè¶m àË¶oH$ én¶mn¡H$s 15 n¡go nU «ï>mMmad BVa H$maUm§‘yio Jar~m§n¶ªV nmohMV ZmhrAgo amOrd Jm§Yr åhUmbo. {dH$mgmgmR>r

J§wVdUwH$sV {H$Ë¶oH$ à‘mUmV dmT> Ho$br. nUJar~m§Mr n[añWrVr OgoÀ¶m VerM amhþZJobr. Jar~rnmgwZ H$‘Omoa Pmbobo Jar~ bmoH$,‘{hbm, XbrVm§Zm {dH$mgmÀ¶m ¶moOZoMm ’$m¶XmhmoV Zmhr.H$m‘ MmbV Agboë¶m nÕVrV ~XbKSw>Z AmUmdm Ago Ë¶m§Zm dmQw> bmJbo. ¶mgmR>rn§Mm¶V amOg§ñWm ¶mg {H«$¶merb H$éZ ‘moR>çmà‘mUmV bmoH$ emgZmÀ¶m ¶moOZmÀ¶m H$m¶m©Vgh^mJ KoÊ¶mg bmdUo {h Mm§Jbr nÕV AgoamOrd Jm§YtZm dmQ>bo Va AZoH$ amÁ¶ gaH$mao

{MÌ 19.4 : amOrd Jm§Yr

{MÌ 19.5 : 1950 ‘Yrb Zdr {X„r Q>o{b’$moZB³gM|O‘Ü¶o H$m‘ H$aUmar AmnaoQ>g©

AmVm ‘mJo diwZ nm[hë¶mg amOrdJm§YtZr Xoemg CnbãY Ho$bobo emñdV’$m¶Xo H$moUVo?Amnë¶mgmR>r CÕoewZ H$mT>boë¶m ¶moOZm§MmJar~m§Zm H$m ’$m¶Xm Pmbm Zmhr? dJm©V¶mda MMm© H$am. Aí¶m àH$maÀ¶m¶moOZm§VwZ IamoIa Jar~m§Mm ’$m¶Xm ìhmdmåhUOo H$moUVr H$m¶‘Mr H$m¶©dmhrH$amdr bmJob?Vw‘À¶m emioV {dÚmÏ¶m©Zm {‘imd¶mÀ¶mgdbVr§Mr ¶mXr V¶ma H$am, d hr Ë¶m§Zmdoioda nmohMV Amho H$m? dJm©V, ~mhoaIoim¶À¶m ‘¡XmZmda d Kar ¶mda MMm©H$am.

SCERT TELANGANA


{deof åhUOo {damoYr nj A{YH$mamda Agboë¶m amÁ¶m§Zr ¶m Aem {H«$¶m§‘wio àË¶j {OëømVnmohMÊ¶mgmR>r Ho$bobm à¶moJ åhUOo Am‘À¶m A{YH$mamV H$‘r H$aUo hmo¶. Ago Ë¶mZm dmQw>bmJbo. Am{W©H$ {d^mJmV nU amOrd Jm§YrZr doJù¶m àH$maÀ¶m nÕVtZm Am‘bmV AmUÊ¶mMmà¶ËZ Ho$bm 1985 ‘Ü¶o Ë¶m§À¶m gaH$maZo àdoe Ho$boë¶m n{hë¶m ~OQ>bm Am‘bmV AgUmè¶m{Z¶‘dbtZm H$mTwZ Q>mHw$Z gabrH¥$V Am{W©H$ nÕV bmJw H$aÊ¶mV Ambr.

OJmV doJmZo nwTo ¶oV AgUmao gm§Ho${VH$ kmZ {deof H$éZ g§JUH$ (H°$åß¶wQ>a), Xþag§Mma,gm§Ho${VH$ {dkmZmMm dmna maV Xoe H$arb Aer ImÌr amOrd Jm§Yrg hmoVr. Ë¶mZo maV XoemVXþag§Mma H«$m§VrMr gwédmV Ho$br. CnJ«h, gm§Ho${VH$ {dkmZm‘wio XoemV XþaÜdZr Omù¶mMr doJmZo{dñVmaUm hmoÊ¶mg ho Cn¶moJr nS>bo.

OmVr¶dmX d ^«ï>mMmamV dmT>XoemÀ¶m {d^mJUrÀ¶m ¶mdh n[a{ñWVr bjmV KoVm, amOH$maUmg, Y‘©mnmgwZ Xþa R>odÊ¶mMm

à¶ËZ H$aÊ¶mV Ambm. na§Vw hm H$mi amO{H$¶ ~XbmMm H$mi Á¶m‘Ü¶o OmVr¶dmX, Y‘m©MoamOH$maU, amO{H$¶ hoVy gmÜ¶ H$aÊ¶mgmR>r OmVr Y‘m©Mm Cn¶moJ H$aÊ¶mV ¶oD$ bmJbm.gaH$maMo njnmVr YmoaU ¶mg H$maUr wV R>aVo. Ë¶m‘wio XoemMr EH$Vm d AI§S>Vm ¶mda àíZ{MÝh {Z‘m©U Pmbo.

Zdè¶mnmgwZ KQ>ñnmoQ> KoVbobr emh ~mZmo ¶m ‘{hbmZo JwÝhm Zm|X{dbm, Ë¶m JwÝømV 1985‘Ü¶o gdm}ƒ Ý¶m¶mb¶mZo {VÀ¶m ‘mOr Zdè¶mg Vrbm nmbZ-nmofUmMm IM© XoÊ¶mMm {ZU©¶

n§VàYmZmMr j‘mamÁ¶gôV S>m°.‘Z‘mohZ qgJm§Mr KmofUm... 1984 ‘Ü¶o Pmboë¶m ¶m ‘hm amï´>r¶ {dnÎmrV Mma hOma bmoH$ ‘maë¶m Jobo EH$mM

XoemV {‘iwZ H$m‘ H$arV Agë¶m‘wio Aem àH$maÀ¶m Kmoa n[añWrVr d OrdZ hmUr XoemVnwÝhm H$Yrhr nwZamd¥Îm hmoD$ Z¶o åhUwZ ZdrZ ‘mJ© emoYÊ¶mMm à¶ËZ H$amdm... ’$º$EH$m {gI bmoH$m§ZmM Zmhr Va nwU© ^maV Xoemg ‘r j‘r ‘mJrV Amho, H$m åhUOo 1984‘Ü¶o Pmboë¶m Amnë¶m amÁ¶ KQ>ZoV Ë¶mg Z‘moX Ho$ë¶m Jobo, OmV Aem ^mdZog nwU©nUo{damoY Pmbm. ‘mÂ¶m gaH$maV’©o$ d gd© bmoH$mV’} Aem àH$maÀ¶m KQ>Zm KS>ë¶m‘wio ‘bmnU bmO dmQ>Vo d bmOoZo ‘mPr ‘mZ PwH$V Amho, Va Xoe ì¶dhmamV MT>-CVma ¶oVMAgVmV. nwdu H$m¶ KS>bo, Ë¶mg AmVm H$m§hr H$aVm ¶oUma Zmhr nU EH$ ‘mZd ¶m ZmVoAmnë¶m gdmªZm CÎm‘ ^{dî¶ KS>{dÊ¶mMr ÑT> eº$s Amnë¶m Odi Amho... (pmindia.nic.in/RS%20speech.pdf) 11 Aug 2005.

¶m ^mfZmVwZ àYmZ‘§ÌrMm H$m¶ g§Xoe Amho?¶m^mfZmVwZ H$moUVo g§Ho$V {‘iVmV?àYmZ‘§Ìr Ago ^mfU XoÊ¶mMo H$m¶ ‘hËd Amho?

SCERT TELANGANA


XoÊ¶mV Ambm {dH$mg d àJVr Pmboë¶m ‘wñbr‘m§Zr ¶m gwZmdUrMo ñdmJV Ho$bo. Va BVamV ¶mgwZmdUr‘wio Bñbm‘rH$ H$m¶ÚmV hñVjon Ho$bm OmD$ eH$Vmo, ¶mg nadmZJr {Xë¶mg Am‘À¶mOrdZmVrb hñVjonmV dmT> hmoVo, åhUwZ àXe©Zo H$é bmJbo. Zdè¶mer KQ>ñnmoQ XoD$Z AÝ¶m¶mMm{eH$ma hmoUmè¶m ‘{hbmg d hmoV Agboë¶m AÝ¶m¶mg ho àmoËgmhrV H$aVo. åhUwZ ‘{hbm g§KZm{¶H$m, ‘wñbr‘ g‘mOmV g§ñH$aUmMr ‘mJUr H$aUmao gXñ¶m§Mo åhUZo hmoVo. Mm§XgdmX dJm©À¶mX~mdmV Ambobo gaH$ma 1986 ‘Ü¶o ZdrZ H$m¶Xm H$aÊ¶mV Ambm, ¶màH$mao ‘wñbr‘ Zdè¶m§Zm,nwéfm§Zm H$moUË¶m àHmaMr O~m~Xmar ZgVm§Zm Ho$bobm KQ>ñnmoQ> KoVboë¶m ‘{hbm§Zm VrZ ‘{hÝ¶mn¶ªV‘wñbr‘ ‘Vg§ñWm nmbZ-nmofZ IM© {Xë¶mg Vo nwaogo hmoVo, hr H$m¶© ‘wñbr‘ ‘{hbm§ {hVmgmR>rZmhrV, ‘V Mm§XgdmXmg‘moa PwH$ë¶mgmaIo Amho. Ago ~è¶mM bmoH$m§Zm dmQw> bmJbo. >

¶mM doiog A¶moÜ¶m‘Ü¶o {ddmXmñnX ñWimda ~§mYbr Jobobr ~m~«r ‘pñOX AgUmè¶mñWmZmda lram‘ ‘§Xra ~m§Ymdo, Aer ‘mJUr H$aV H$m§hr qhXþ Am§XmobZ H$é bmJbo. Vo lram‘mMoOÝ‘ ñWi Amho. d Ë¶m AJmoXa {VWo AgUmè¶m lram‘ ‘§{Xamg nmSw>Z ‘pñOX ~m§Yë¶m Jobr AgoË¶m§Mo åhUZo hmoVo. ~m~«r ‘pñOX {Zdm©XH$ ho Iao Zmhr, ho ‘wñbr‘m§Mo àmW©Zm ñWi Amho, AgoåhUw bmJbo. hm {ddmX H$m§hr H$mimnmgwZ MmbV Amho. A§{V‘ {ZU©¶ KoB© n¶ªV dfm©VwZ EH$ amoOgmoSw>Z ‘pñOXbm ~§X H$éZ R>odmdo Agm Ý¶m¶mb¶mZo AmXoe {Xbm. 1986 ‘Ü¶o Ý¶m¶mb¶mZo {ZU©¶XoD$Z ‘pñOXbm df© a CKS>o R>odw eH$VmV, qhXþ§Zm amoOdmar nwOmg ‘§Owar Úmdr Agm AmXoeXoÊ¶mV Ambm. H|$Ð gaH$maZo ¶m {ZU©¶mg ‘§Owar {Xë¶mZo Ago KSw>Z Ambo Ago ~è¶mM bmoH$m§Mo ‘VhmoVo. ‘pñOXbm ‘§{Xam‘Ü¶o ~Xbmdo Ago åhUUmao Vo AmUIr OmñV bmoH$m§Zm EH$Ì H$éZ ‘§{XamgCKS>o R>odÊ¶mg ghH$m¶© H$aÊ¶mV Ambo.

amO{H$¶ nj bmoH$m§V Amnbm AmXa J‘mdV AmhoV. Ago ~è¶mM bmoH$mZm, n¶©dojUH$aUmè¶m§Zm dmQw> bmJbo. AZoH$ KQ>Zm§da amO[H$¶oVa ZoV¥ËdmImbr AZoH$ àOm§XmobZo MmbwMam{hbo. ~mOmamgmR>r CËnÎmr H$aUmao eoVH$ar ì¶dgm¶ dñVw CËnÎmtZm ¶mo½¶ Mm§Jë¶m $^mdmgmR>r,{S>Prb, amgmg{ZH$ IVo, {dÚwV gma»¶m CËnmXmda gãgrS>rgmR>r Am§XmobZo H$é bmJbo. CÎmaàXoe,h[a¶mUmVrb eoVH$ar ‘h|Ð qgJ {VH$m¶V ZoV¥ËdmV Am§XmobZ H$arV AgVm§Zm ‘hmamï´m>VrbeoVH$ar eaX OmoetÀ¶m ZoV¥ËdmV Midir MmbwM R>odë¶m. AZoH$ amÁ¶mV YaUo, ImUrgmaIoàJVrÀ¶m ¶moOZm§‘wio {Zdm©grV ~oghmam hmoV Agbobo JrarOZ eoVH$ar AZoH$ amÁ¶mV Am§XmobZoH$é bmJbo. OZmXa J‘mdV Agboë¶m amï>©u¶ njm§Zr {ZdS>UwH$sV ‘XVrgmR>r qhXþ-‘wñbr‘ ‘V^mdZm§nwT>o PwH$V Amho. Ago n¶©dojH$m§Zm dmQw> bmJbo, Va ¶m‘wio XoemÀ¶m Y‘©{Zanoj ñ’w$VugZwH$gmZ nmohMVo d Z§VaÀ¶m XemãXrV ‘V amO{H$¶mg AdH$me {‘idwZ XoÊ¶mV Ambm.

¶mM doiog ma{V¶ g¡Ý¶mg eVKwi nwadR>m Ho$boë¶m ñdrS>re CËnÎmrXmam Ûmao AZoH$ ZoË¶mgàË¶j àË¶j AàË¶j énmV H$mio YZ {‘imbo, Ago Amamon Ambo. ¶m Amamonm§Zm R>m‘nUo nwamdmZgwZ nU ‘§ÌrdJm©V ‘mOr ‘§Ìr AgUmao dr.nr.qgJgma»¶m H$m§hr ZoË¶m§Zm OmoaXma Am§XmobZHo$bo, Ë¶mZ§Va 1989 ‘Ü¶o Pmboë¶m {ZdS>UwH$mV H$m§Jo«goVa amO[H$¶ eº$sg àemgZ amO{H$¶^mJmV «ï>mMma hm à‘wI àMmamMm KQ>H$ ~Zbm. Amnë¶m ‘Yrb {d oXm§er g§~§Y R>odVm

SCERT TELANGANA


g§H$sU© amO{H$¶m‘wio gaH$maneº$s Pmbo Amho Ago bmoH$m§ZmdmQ>V Ago Ë¶m‘wio H$moUVrhr EH$nmQ>u Amnë¶m ‘XVrg Xoemda ZbmXë¶m gmaIo Ago H$m§hr bmoH$m§ZmdmQ>V Ago, ¶mg CXm. ghrVMMm© H$am.

Fig 19.6 : VP. gtJ

H$m§Jo«goVa amO{H$¶ nj EH$Ì Pmë¶m‘wio H$m§Jo«gbm {O§H$Uo AdKS> Pmbo. gdm©nojm OmñV OmJmH$m§Jo«gbmM Amë¶m Z§Vahr Vo ñdV…À¶m nm¶mda gaH$ma {Z‘m©U H$aÊ¶mÀ¶m ñWrVrV ZìhVo.dr.nr.gtJ ZoV¥ËdmVrb OZVm Xbmer {‘giwZ àW‘ g§[H$U© gaH$ma {Z‘m©U Pmbo.

g§H$sU© amO{H$¶ e§ImamdñdmV§Í¶m Z§Va 1990 À¶m H$mimV ^maV XoemV ‘hËdnwU© ~Xb

KSw>Z Ambm. ñnY}V AgUmè¶m ~hþ nj (Party) ì¶dñWoV ~Xbë¶mZoOmñVrV OmñV OmJm qOHw$Z ñdV…À¶m ~imda gaH$ma {Z‘m©U H$aÊ¶mMreº$s H$moUË¶mhr njmH$S>o ZìhVr. 1989 nmgwZ amï´>r¶ nmVirda{Z‘m©U Pmbobo gaH$ma nwU© g§H$sU© Aën‘VmV AgUmar gaH$mao hmoV.H|$ÐmV gaH$ma {Z‘m©U H$aÊ¶mgmR>r AZoH$ amï´>r¶ d amÁ¶ ñVamdarbnjm§Zr amO{H$¶ {gÕmVm§g d H$m¶©H«$‘mg {‘giwZ EH$m H$amaZmå¶mdaË¶m§Zm ¶mdo bmJbo. Ë¶m‘wio H$moUË¶mhr EH$m njmg Amnë¶m BÀN>oà‘mUoamhVm ¶oV Zgo. H$m§hr à‘mUmV Ë¶m§À¶m gdmªÀ¶m ‘VmZwgma amhmdobmJV Ago. ¶m‘wio amO{H$¶ nÕVrV AZoH$ ÑîQ>rH$moZmVwZ H|$Ð gaH$mam§ZmIwn ~marH$ Imob {dMma H$éZ ì¶dhma H$amdm bmJV Ago. AemMdoiog Aem n[añWrVwZ ApñWaVm nU {Z‘m©U hmoV Ago. bhmZ nj nUAmnUmg {Xbobr ‘XV dmng KoVë¶mg gaH$ma nS>Ê¶mMr rVr AgVo. Ë¶m‘wio Vo OmñV ’$m¶XmHéZ KoÊ¶mÀ¶m à¶ËZmV AgV. {H$Ë¶oH$ doiog ¶m‘wio {dYmZ njnmV nU hmoV Ago. åhUOoH$moUVo Var EH$ gh^mJr nj ‘XV dmng KoVë¶mg gaH$ma nS>Vo ¶m ^rVrZo ‘hËdmÀ¶m Vrd«~Xbmg nÕVrb Am‘b~OmdUr H$aÊ¶mgmR>r g§H$sU© gaH$ma ^rV Ago.

n{hbo g§H$sU© gaH$ma IwnM A{ñWa AgwZ Vo nwU© H$miMmbw eH$bo Zmhr. Z§VaMo g§H$sU© gaH$ma H$‘rV H$‘rgmd©O{ZH$ H$m¶©H«$‘o d g‘Ýd¶ g§KQ>Zm gma»¶m H$m§hr nÕVrÛmaogh^mJrXma njm‘Ü¶o EH$ {dMmaYmam ¶oÊ¶mg Vo ¶ímñdrPmbo. ¶mM n[aUm‘m‘wio BJP, ZoV¥ËdmV NationalDemocratic Alliance Am{U Congress À¶m ZoV¥ËdmVUnited Progressive Alliance UPA g§H$sU© gaH$ma Amnë¶mgaH$maMm H$m¶©H$mi nwU© H$é eH$bo, EdT>oM ZmhrVa ¶w.nr.EgaH$ma nwÝhm {ZdSw>Z Ambo.

n.~§Jmb‘Ü¶o dm‘nj gaH$ma (The ‘Left Front Government’ in West Bengal)

dm‘nj amO{H$¶ njmV AgUmao maV H$å¶w{ZæQ> nmQ>u (CPI), ‹’$madS>© ãbm°H$, [adwë¶weZargmoebrñQ> nmQ>u, ^maV ‘m³g©grñQ> H$å¶w{ZñQ> nmQ>u (CPM) gma»¶m§Zr 1977 ‘Ü¶o n.~§JmbamÁ¶ {ZdS>UwH$sV {dO¶ àmá H$éZ grnrE‘ À¶m Á¶moVr~gw ZoV¥ËdmV gaH$ma {Z‘m©U Ho$bo.

SCERT TELANGANA


amÁ¶mV AnwU© am{hboë¶m w{dVaUmMo H$m‘ àW‘ H$aÊ¶mV Ambo. OwZ 1978 ‘Ü¶o n.~§JmbgaH$maZo ‘³Ë¶mZo O{‘Zr H$aUmè¶m§Mr Zmdo Z‘moX H$éZ Ë¶m§À¶m h¸$m§Zm ajU XoÊ¶mgmR>r Am°naoeZ~Jm© H$aÊ¶mV Ambo. (‘³Ë¶mZo O{‘Z H$aUmè¶m§Zm ~§JmbrV ~Jm©Xma Ago åhUVmV. ho O{‘ZXmadJm©À¶m bmoH$m§Mr O{‘Z H$aV AgVmV. {nH$m§Vrb OmñVrV OmñV ^mJ Ë¶m§ZmM ‘º$¶mÀ¶m énmVÚmdm bmJV Ago) n.~§Jmb‘Ü¶o J«m‘rU mJmVrb bmoHm§V ‘³Ë¶mZo O{‘Zr H$aUmao A{YH$ à‘mUmVAgV. emgZm g§~§YrV {Zb©j O{‘ZXma dJm©Mo dM©ñd Z R>odVm V¶ma Ho$bobr n§Mm¶V amO g§ñWm,‘³Ë¶mZo eoVr H$aUmè¶m§Mr gmd©O{ZH$ H$m¶© MaUmda Am°naoeZ ~Jm© AmYmarV hmoVo. A{YH$mar JmdmVg^m KoD$Z {d{dY nmÌYmam§Zm gm§{JVbo. EH$wU KoV AgV d bdH$aM ‘ºo$Xma bmoH$m§Mr ¶mXr V¶maH$éZ O{‘ZXma dJm©g‘moa Ë¶mg H$m§hr g‘ñ¶m Agë¶mg Xþa H$aV. O{‘ZXma dJm©Mr H$m§hr AS>MU,VH«$ma Agë¶mg Vo EHw$U KoVë¶m OmV Ago. Voìhm§À¶m V|ìhm ‘ºo$Xmam§Mr Zmdo Zm|X H$éZ ¶mo½¶ VrH$m¶ÚmZwgma H$mJXnÌo V¶ma H$éZ VoìhmMo Voìhm dmQ>n H$arV AgV.

AmnaoeZ ~Jm© n[aUm‘m‘wio ‘ºo$Xmam§Zm O‘rZXma dJ© O~aXñVrZo H$mTw>Z Q>mH$Ê¶mgmR>r Ë¶m§ZmH$mhrM A{YH$ma ZgV. Iao åhUOo ‘ºo$XmamMr h¸$m§Zm na§namJV H$éZ Vo {Z¶‘rV MmbÊ¶mgmR>rH$miOr KoÊ¶mV Ambr. EdT>oM Zmhr Va {nH$mVrb Ý¶m{¶H$ dmQ>m (H$ï> gmoSw>Z BVa Jw§VdUwH$‘ºo$Xmam§Zr Ho$boë¶m 75 Q> o$ d O{‘ZXmam§Zr 50 Q> o$) ¶m à‘mUmV ‘ºo$Xmamg {‘imd¶mMo gaH$manmhV AgV. EHwU n.~§Jmb‘Yrb J«m‘rU ^mJmVrb Hww$Qw>§~mV AY©o bmoH$ wXmZmMm ’$m¶Xm KoVboAmhoV.

Aem àH$maÀ¶m H$m¶©dmhr‘wio n.~§Jmb‘Ü¶oì¶dgm¶ CËnÎmr 30 à{VeVZr dmT>br. J«m‘rU^mJmVrb Jar~r ~è¶mM à‘mUmV H$‘r Pmbr.n.~§Jmb‘Ü¶o OmñV à‘mUmV ‘ºo$Xma 70 Q> o$EdT>o AmUIr Z‘wX Pmbo ZmhrV. d VmËnwaË¶mAem A‘b~OmdUr‘wio J«m‘rU ^mJmV ZdrZY{ZH$ dJ© {Z‘m©U Pmbo Ago Amamon Ambo.

H$m§hr Pmbo Var AmnaoeZ ~Jm©, n§Mm¶V amO nÕVrÀ¶m Am‘b~OmdUr‘wio dm‘njmg J«m‘rU^mJmVrb bmoH§$mMr nwîH$i ‘XV {‘imbr d 2006 n¶ªV nwU© {ZdS>UwH$mV {dO¶ àmá Pmbm.amÁ¶mVrb bmoH$m§À¶m JaOm bmoH$emhrZwgma nwVu Ho$ë¶m Joë¶mVrb ho EH$ CXmhaU…

n.~§Jmb ‘Yrb wXmZ nÕV d {MZ qH$dm{d¶VZm‘‘Yrb wXmZ nÕVrMr VwbZm H$amd ’$aH$ AmoiIm.‘ºo$Xmam§Zm ajU {‘imë¶m‘wio CËnÎmrH$emàH$mao dmT>br

NationalFront

1989-1990

A{YH$mamV AgUmao nj

A{YH$mamV AgUmao nj

JD; DMK; AGP; TDP ; Oå‘w Am{UH$mí‘ra Z°eZb H$m°Ý’$aÝg(JKNC)

CPM; CPI, BJP

‘XV XoUmao nj ‘XV XoUmao nj ‘XV XoUmao nj

UnitedFront

1996-1998

NationalDemocratic

Alliance1998-2004

JKNC ; TDP; TMC; CPI; AGP;DMK; MGP; g‘mOdmXr nmQ>u

JDU; SAD; AIADMK, JKNC; V¥U‘wbH$m§J«og; {~Ow OZVm Xb ; {edgoZm ;

CPM TDP

¶mV gaH$ma‘Ü¶o ^mJ KoVboë¶m {H$§dm ‘XV {X$boë¶m gd© amO{H$¶ njm§Mr ¶mXr Zmhr,nmM [H§$dm Ë¶mnoYm A{YH$ E‘.nr AgUmao nj AmhoV.

1980 nmgwZ g§H$sU© gaH$ma d H$m§hr amO{H$¶ njAgbobo njA{YH$mamVSCERT TELA

NGANA


n§Mm¶V amO Am{U 73 dr KQ>ZmX þéñVr

ñWm{ZH$ ñdàemgZmV amÁ¶KQ>Zm bjmV R>odwZ 1992¶m dfu nr.dr. Za{gåhm amdÀ¶m gaH$maZo emgZmVamÁ¶KQ>ZoV gwYmaUm H$obr, 73 dr amÁ¶KQ>Zm gwYmaUmJ«m‘ nmVirda ñWm{ZH$ ñdàemgZ gaH$maZo àmá H$éZ{Xbr Va 74 dr KQ>Zm XþéñVr hr ehar ZJam§Zm Ë¶m§À¶mnmVirZwgma gaH$maZo gmd©{ÌH$ d¶moOZ ‘VmÛmao gd©àW‘{ZdS>ë¶m Jobo. EHw$U OmJoda EH$ V¥Vr¶m§e ¶mà‘mUmVOmJm ‘m{hbm§Zm XoÊ¶mV Amë¶m, AZwgy{MV OmVr,O‘mVrÀ¶m OmJm amIrd H$aÊ¶mV Amë¶m.

amÁ¶ gaH$maÀ¶m {dMmaYmam§Zm AmXa H$éZ ñWm{ZH$àemgZ gaH$mam§Zm AgUmè¶m {ZYrMm A{YH$ma amÁ¶gaH$ma {ZU©¶mda gmoS>Ê¶mV Ambm. Ë¶m‘wio Xoeâ H$m‘H$aUmao ñWm{ZH$ àemgZmÀ¶m A{YH$mamV ’$aH$ AgVmo.

20 ì¶m eVH$mVrb eodQ>À¶m Qß¶mVrb amO{H$¶ g‘ñ¶mamO{H$¶mV ¶m ~Xbm ~amo~aQ> BVa ‘hËdmMo n[aUm‘ nU KSw>Z Ambo. ^maV Xoemg

ñdoÀNo>Zo {dXoer Jw§VdUwH$Xma d dñVw ¶oÊ¶mgmR>r Am{W©H$ {d^mJmV O~XñVr H$aÊ¶mV AmbrAm{U EH$sH$S>o ZdrZ gm‘m{OH$ dJ© n{hë¶m§Xm Amnë¶m amO{H$¶ Am§H$m§jm nwU© H$aÊ¶mgmR>rà¶ËZ H$é bmJbm. EdT>oM Zmhr Va amO{H$¶ OrdZmV ‘V Y‘m©Zwgma OmVrdmX d OmVrÀ¶mZmdmda amO[H$¶ Owidm Owidr H$aUo ‘hËdmMo R>abo. ¶m gd© H$maUm‘wio maVr¶ g‘mOmVVrd© Jm|Yi {Z‘m©U Pmbm ¶m ~Xbm§Zm g‘OwZ KoD$Z Ë¶mZwgma ~XbÊ¶mÀ¶m à¶ËZmV AmnUAmhmoV.

amÁ¶ KQ>ZoÀ¶m gdbVr d {dñVma (Extention of Constitutional Privileges)

‘mJmdJug OmVtZm nU g§Yr {Xë¶mda Ë¶m§Zm {‘giwZ KoD$Z àJVr H$aÊ¶mH$S>o OZVmXbZo bj H|$ÐrV Ho$bo. gaH$mar Zm¡H$è¶mV, {dÚm-{ejUmV {‘imd¶mÀ¶m gdbVr BVa‘mJmgdJu¶ (OBC) nU AmajU Agmdo Agr {g’$mag ‘§S>i H$‘reZÀ¶m AhdmbmVhmoVr d Ë¶mg Z°ebZ ’«§$Q> gaH$maZo COoS>mV AmUbo. ¶m H$‘reZÀ¶m {ZXe©ZmV Ambobogm‘m{OH$ {dÚmZwgma ‘mJmgdJu¶ OmVtoZm gaH$mar Zm¡H$è¶mV 27% AmajU XoÊ¶mV¶oÊ¶mÀ¶m Am¶moJmÀ¶m ‘hËdmÀ¶m {g’$maerg Am‘b H$arV AmhomV, Ago dr.nr.gtJ gaH$maZoKomfrV Ho$bo. ¶m AmXoem‘wio AZoH$ {damoY{deof H$éZ CÎma maV XoemV àXe©Zo H$aÊ¶mVAmbr. X{jU ^maVmVrb AZoH$ amÁ¶ ¶mAmajUmg, A‘b H $a rV Amh oV.dr.nr.gtJÀ¶m gaH$ma‘Ü¶o AgUmè¶m BVanjm§Zr ¶mg {damoY Ho$bm nU AmnU àOoMmAmXa J‘mdVmoV ¶m rVrZo Ë¶mdarb {damoYË¶m§Zr ~{hJ©V Ho$bm Zmhr. Joë¶m XmoZ gVmãXrVOBC. AZoH$ bmoH$ g§nÞ amhþZ Amnbo ApñVËdgm§ miwZ R>odÊ¶mQMm à¶ËZ H$aZo hoM ¶mMoH$aZo. Vo {deof H$éZ yXmZ d h[aV H«$m§VrÛmaoË¶m§Zm ’$m¶Xm Pmbm. Va {ejUmV d gaH$marZm¡H$è¶mV d amO{H$¶mghrV Amåhmg hdoVodT>o ZoV¥Ëd {‘imbo Zmhr Ago Ë¶m§Zm dmQw>bmJbo. ¶m mJmV AmVm Ë¶m§Zr Amnbm dmQ>mMmbw R>odbm. ‘§S>i Am¶moJmÀ¶m {g’$maerbmAm‘b Ho$ë¶m‘wio dr.nr.gr§J gaH$maZo Ë¶m§À¶mBÀN>m nwU© Ho$ë¶m. H«$‘mH«$‘mZo emgZ nÕVrVOmVr g‘ñ¶mg {damoY H$éZ Aëng§»¶m§H$

SCERT TELANGANA


bmoH$ Vo gm‘moao OmUmè¶m g‘ñ¶mg OmñVM ~maH$mB©Zo bj XoÊ¶mV Ambo. XbrVm§À¶m ë¶mgmR>rZoV¥Ëd H$arV AmhomV Ago ~hwOZ nmQ>u dada ¶oUmar Á¶mQ d ¶mXdgmaIo ZoV¥Ëd H$aUmè¶m amÁ¶nj ^maVr¶ amO{H$¶mV ‘hË¶mdmÀ¶m w{‘H$m {Z^dVmV.>

Y‘© Am{U amOH$maUmMm Cn¶moJ (Use of religion and politics)

bmoH$g§»¶oV OmñV à‘mUmV åhUOo qhXþÀ¶m ‘V ApñVËdmYmao Xoemg {Z‘m©U {H$amdo AemamO{H$¶ YmoaUrg ^maVr¶ OZVm nmQ>r© ZoV¥Ëd H$arV AgVo. Y‘©{Zanojm gma»¶m nmíMmË¶^mdm§Zm ho nwU© H$arV Zmhr. nwamVZ maVr¶ g§ñH¥$VrnmgwZ AmnU ~aoM H$m§hr {eH$m¶Mo Amho.¶mda hr nmQ>u {dídmg Y‘© Jwé Mmb{dUmè¶m Y‘m©Zwgma amÁ¶mg ^mOnm {damoY H$aVo.Y‘©{Zanoj amÁ¶mV Aëng§»¶m§H$ dJm©g {deof gw{dYm CnbãY Z H$aVm Ë¶m~am~a XoemVrbnwU© bmoH$m§Zm g‘mZ Ñï>rZo nmhþU EH$M ZmJ[aH$ ¶m H$m¶Úmg A‘b H$amdo Aer ^mOnmZoY‘©{ZanojdmX MM}Mr gwédmV Ho$br.

1980 n¶ªV ^maV amO{H$¶mV hr YmoaUr Zm‘‘mÌ hmoVr. CXm. 1984 À¶m bmoH$g^m{ZdS>UwH$sV ¶m§Zr ’$º$ XmoZ OmJm qOH$ë¶m Va A¶moÜ¶m KQ>Zmg am‘OÝ‘ ñWi åhUwZ ‘{ñOXAgUmè¶m OmJr ‘§{Xa ~m§YÊ¶mgmR>r Am§XmobZ Ho$ë¶m‘wio ^mOnmMm AmXa ‘moR>çm à‘mUmVdmT>bm. ¶m KQ>Zmg ‘XV åhUwZ ^mOnm ZoVm bmb H¥$îU AmS>dmUr ¶m§Zr 1990 ‘Ü¶oJwOamV‘Yrb gmo‘ZmW Vo A¶moÜ¶mn¶ªV aW ¶mÌm H$mT>br. ho Y‘©{Zanoj dmX amO{H$¶Aëng§»¶m§H$ dJmªZm {deof åhUOo ‘wñbr‘ bmoH$m§Zm g§V¥á H$aÊ¶mMm à¶ËZ H$aÊ¶mV Ambm.OmñV g§»¶ooZo AgUmè¶m qhXþ§H$S>o Xþ©bj Ho$ë¶m OmV Ago Vo åhUw bmJbo. ¶m Am§XmobZmÀ¶m doiogbmoH$ ~è¶mV ^mJmV OmVr Y‘m©Zwgma {d^mJë¶m Jobo. ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV OmVr-Y‘m©Mr X§JoPmbr. {~hma‘Ü¶o AmS>dmUrg AQ>H$ Ho$ë¶m‘wio hr ¶mÌm BWoM g§nbr. ¶mÀ¶m ‘wH$m~ë¶mVdr.nr.gtJ gaH$mamg mOnmZo {Xobobr Amnbr ‘XV dmng KoD$Z AJmoXaM {ZdS>UwH$m KoÊ¶m¶^mJ nmS>bo.

lrb§Ho$g ^maVr¶ g¡Ý¶ nmR>{dë¶m‘wio Ë¶m§À¶m ¶m H¥$Ë¶m‘wio Ë¶mMm ~Xbm KoÊ¶mgmR>rlrb§Ho$Vrb Vm{‘i {Z‘m©UdmXr (Eb.Q>r.Q>r.B©) JQ>mÀ¶m hmVmZo {ZdS>UwH$sÀ¶m àMmamV amOrdJm§YrOrMr hË¶m Pmbr. Ë¶mZ§Va Ë¶m§Zm {‘imboë¶m ghmZw yVrÀ¶m Omoamda H$m§J«og gaH$maA{YH$mamV Ambo. Va bmoH$g oV mOnmMo g§»¶m ~i 120 EdTo dmT>bo. am‘‘§{Xa {Z‘m©U àMmaMmb{dUmam ‘moR>m g‘wh 1992 ‘Ü¶o Am¶moÜ¶mg nmohMwZ ‘{ñOXog Üd§g H$aÊ¶mV Ambo, ¶mKQ>Z|Z§Va Vrd« énmV àXe©Zo d Y‘m©Zwgma OmVr¶ X§Jo Pmbr, ‘moR>çm àmUhmZr Pmbr.

gd©gmonr Am{W©H$ nÕV (Economic liberalisation)

1991 ‘Ü¶o dr.nr.gt§J gaH$ma nS>ë¶mZ§Va maVmV Vrd« Am{W©H$ g§H$Q> {Z‘m©U Pmbo, H$O©naV’o$S> H$aÊ¶mgmR>r, Am¶mVrV dñVwZm n¡gm XoÊ¶mgmR>r, Cn¶moJ KoÊ¶mÀ¶m {dXoer dñVw§MmgmR>m Wm§~dÊ¶mV Ambm. åhUOo ZdrZ H$O© {‘imbo Var nU OwÝ¶m H$Om©À¶m {IñVrgmR>rdoioda aÊ¶mÀ¶m ñWrVrV maV Xoe ZìhVm. 1992 ‘Ü¶o nr.dr.Za{gåhmamd ZoV¥ËdmV {Z‘m©U

SCERT TELANGANA


Pmbobr ZdrZ H$m§J«og gaH$maZo ¶m n[añWrVrg gwYma AmUÊ¶mgmR>rAm§VaOmVr¶ bmdmXodrgr g§nH©$ H$aÊ¶mV Ambm. ¶mg Ë¶m§Zr H$m§hr Vrd«AQ>r bmXþZ (¶mg ñddñWmJV ~Xb åhUVmV) maV Xoe gai gmoß¶mAm{W©H$ nÕVrg Am‘g H$aÊ¶m gmaIo H$aÊ¶mV Ambo. ¶mMm AW©

A. gaH$maMm IM© Vrd« à‘mUmV H$‘r H$aUo… ¶mV eoVH$è¶m§Zm{Xë¶m OmUmè¶m AZwXmZ (gìgrS>r) H$‘r H$aZo, bmoH$ godm,Amamo½¶ godm, gma»¶m ¶mV gaH$maMm IM© H$‘r H$aUo AgoAmhoV.

Am. [dXoer dñVw Am¶mVr‘Ü¶o {Z¶§ÌU d H$a H$‘r H$aUo.B. ^maV XoemV {dXoer XoemV {dXoer Jw§VdUwH H$aUmè¶mda {Z¶§ÌU H$‘r H$aUo.B©. Am{W©H$ {d^mJmV AZoH$ {d^mJ (CXm. XþaÜdZr, ~±H$, {d‘mZ

godm B.) ImOJr Jw§VdUwH$Xmam§Zm g§Yr XoUo (ho ¶mg AJmoXaÀ¶m gaH$mamV JwÎmoJma {Z¶§ÌUAgV) ¶m H$m¶©dmhr H$maUm§Zo maV XoemV {dXoer dñVw Amë¶m‘wio maVr¶ H$maImZXma dJmªZmOJmVrb CËnÎmrXmamer ñ’$Y}V CVaUo MwH$bo Zmhr. ¶m‘wio {dXoer H§$nÝ¶m maV XoemV {dXoerH§$nÝ¶m gwédmV Pmë¶m. ì¶mnma H$aÊ¶mg gwédmV Pmbr Va gaH$ma bmoH$m§Zm XoUmè¶m gãgrS>rVH$‘r Ho$ë¶m‘wio ñdñV {dXoer dñVwV dmT> Pmë¶m‘wio BWo AZoH$ H$maImZo ~§X nS>ë¶m Jobo. dË¶m‘wio gmYmaU bmoH$m§Zm IwnM Ìmg Pmbm. {dÚm, Amamo½¶ d dmhVwH$ gma»¶m AZoH$ gaH$margw{dYm ImOJr H$aÊ¶mg ^mJ nS>ë¶m‘wio ¶m godm XoUmè¶m ImOJr ì¶º$sZm bmoH$m§Zm ‘moR>çmà‘mUmV n¡g| Úmdo bmJw bmJbo.20 ì¶m eVmãXrÀ¶m eodQ>r ^maV Xoe OmJ{VH$ ~mOma noR>oV ñWmZ {‘idrbo ¶m XoemV

EH$sH$‹S>bmoH$g§»¶oVrb {d{dY dJ© Amnbm AmdmO gwZmdÊ¶mMo H$m¶© bmoH$emhr‘wyio nma nS>bo. Xþgar H$S>obmoH$m§Zm {d^mOZ H$éZ OmOrZwgm amO{H$¶ OwidmOwidr‘wio gm‘m{OH$ em§Vrg YmoH$m {Z‘m©U hmoVAmho. 50 dfm©hþZ OmñV H$mi n[ajmgmR>rC^mabr H$mhr Var WmoS>r Am{W©H$ n[añWrVr{‘idwZ bmoH$emhr eº$s CX¶mg Ambr Vrd«Jar~r, OmV, Y‘©, àm§V ór-nwéfm§‘Ü¶o Vrd«Agm‘mZVm Aem g‘ñ¶m AmVmn¶ªV gmoS>dë¶mZmhrV 21 ì¶m eVH$ maV Xoemg 50 dfm©À¶mñdmV§Í¶mZ§VaMm H$mi XoUmao dmagËd ho.g‘már (Conclusion)

^maVmMr bmoH$emhr AZoH$ àíZm§ZmVmoS>§ XoD$Z C^r amhbr. ¶m à{H«$¶oV Wr AmUIrOmñV eº$sembr Pmbobr AmnU nm{hbmoV,H«$‘ Z MwH$Vm hmoUmè¶m ñdV§Ì Ý¶m¶nwarV {ZdS>UwH$rV, ‘V Q>mH$Umè¶m§Mr g§»¶m, gaH$mamVrb ~Xb,ZdrZ JQ> OwidmOwidr, ZmJ[aH$m§À¶m h¸$m§Zm g§JjU XoUo ¶m gma»¶m AZoH$ {df¶mV ^maVmMrbmoH$emhr {dO¶r embr Ago ÊhVm ¶¶rb .Va eVmãXrÀ¶m H$mimV maVmÀ¶m bmoH$emhr {df¶r AZoH$àíZ {Z‘m©U Pmbo. {XK©H$mim bmoH$emh~r Xoe Agë¶mghr OmñV à‘mUmV bmoH$m§À¶m H$ë¶mUH$mar

{MÌ 19.7 : P.V. Za{gåhm

Fig 19.8 : H. D.Deva Gowda

Fig 19.9 : A.B.Vajpayee

SCERT TELANGANA


‘hËdmMo eãX

àm§Vr¶ AmH$m§jm g§H$sU© gaH$ma ‘VVËddmXA{YH$ g§»¶m§H$ dJ© Aëng§»¶m§H$ dJ©

Vw‘À¶m Aä¶mgmMr nwZamd¥Îmr H$am 1. OmoS>çm bmdm (AS1)

gai gmonr Am{W©H$ nÕV {dXoer Am¶Vmdarb H$amda {Z¶§ÌUBÀN>oZwgma H$mT>Uo H|$Ð gaH$ma Ûmao amÁ¶ gaH$maoBVam§Zm H$mT>wZ Q>mH$Uo Amnë¶mnojm doJùo AgUmè¶m bmoH$m§ZmEH$Vm VÎdo amÁ¶ gaH$mabm OmñV ñdoÀN>m d ñdmV§Í¶

2. ñdmV§Í¶mZ§Va Xþgè¶m Q>ß¶mVrb nmQ>u ì¶dñWoVrb ‘w»¶ gwYmaUm AmoiIm.3. H|$Ð amÁ¶ nmVirda {d{dY gaH$mao ‘w»æ¶ Am{W©H$ nÕVrVrb H$moUË¶m nÕVr {df¶r ¶m

YS>çmVrb ¶m AJmoXaÀ¶m YS>çmV MMm© H$aÊ¶mV Ambr. Ë¶mVrb gmå¶ d oX {bhm.4. àm§Vr¶ AmH$m§jm àm§Vr¶ nmQ>u {Z‘m©U hmoÊ¶mgmR>r H$moUË¶m narñWrVr {Z‘m©U Pmë¶m?5. gaH$ma {Z‘m©U H$amdr åhUOo amO{H¶ nmQ>u g‘mOmVrb doJdoJù¶m Y‘m©Vrb bmoH$m§Zm AmH${f©V

H$amdo ñdmV§Í¶mZ§Va Xþgè¶m Q>ß¶mV {d{dY amO{H$¶ nmQ>t©Zr H$go Ho$b?6. ^maVr¶ àemgZ nÕVrV gdmªZm {‘giwZ KoÊ¶mMm ñd^md Omoa YaÊ¶mg H$moUVr H$maZo H$maUr wV

AmhoV? doJdJoù¶m bmoH$m§Zm amO{H$¶ AmH$m§jmZm {‘giwZ KoD$Z OmÊ¶mÀ¶m gm‘Ï¶m©g H$em àH$maoAS>Wio ¶oVmV.?

7. {d{dY àm§Vr¶ AmH$m§jmZm gmñH¥$VrH$, Am{W©H$ H$moUmVwZ H$emàH$mao Cn¶moJ H$éZ KoVmV.8. ^maV Xoemg ñdmV§Ì Amë¶mZ§Va àW‘ àUm{bHo$Zwgma {dH$mgmg àmYmÝ¶ XoÊ¶mV Ambo d Xþgè¶m

doiog gai gmoß¶m Am{W©H$ nÕVrg àmYmÝ¶ {Xë¶m Jobo ho amO{H$¶ ^mdZm§Zm H$go à^mdrVH$aVmV? MMm© H$am.

9. g§H$sU© gaH$mam‘wio nX²YVrV ‘Ü¶ ‘mJ© Adb§~ H$aÊ¶mgmR>r g§H$sU© gaH$mamVrb {d{dY amO{H$¶nj Amnë¶m àm§Vr¶ ‘mJÊ¶m§Mr nwVu H$aÊ¶mÀ¶m nÕVrMo CXm. dmVm© nÌrH$m rÎmr nÌrH$m d dmMZmÛmao AmoiIm.

10.Amnë`m àYmZ_§Í`m§Mo {MÌm§Zm O_m H$éZ Ë`m§Mr {deofVm XmI{dUmao EH$ {MÌmdcr V`ma H$am?11. nmZ H«$.262 darc g§¶wº$ Am§Y«àXoe m {ef©H$mImcrc Am§Y«àXoemVrc _w»`_§Ìr, H$m°J«og númmMo

H$m`m©c`, nmZ H«$. 262 n`mªV dmMm. d Ë`mdarc ñnï>rH$aU Úm?12. Xþag§Mma H«$m§Vr _wio Pmcoco _mZdr {OdZnÜXVrda H$moUË`m àH$mao à^md nmS>V Amho?MMm© : CJ«dmXr Am{U AmV§H$dmXrMm gm_Zm H$aÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar emgZmMr H$s g_mOmMr?

m n[ag§dmX Am`moOrV H$am. mMm à^md _mZdr {OdZmda H$gm am{hc? Vw_Mo AZw d gm§Jm?

¶moOZm§Zm maV Xoe H$m àmá H$é eH$bo Zmhr. {dH$mg à{H«$¶m CR>dUmè¶m nañna {déÕ BÀN>m H$maUmZoCËnÞ hmoUmè¶m X~mdmg Vo H$go gm‘Zm H$aVmV. bmoH$emhr AgUmè¶m ^maV XoemV gm‘m{OH$ Am{W©H$Ag‘mZVm bmoH$emhrV ^maV Xoe H$m H$‘r H$é eH$bm Zmhr. ¶oUmè¶m dfm©V ¶m àíZm§Zm ^maVmg H$gogm‘moao Omdo bmJVo. d Xoe ho H$é eH$Vmo H$m? Ago Vwåhmg dmQ>Vo H$m?

SCERT TELANGANA

gm_m{OH$ AÜ`m`Z274 wÜXmoÎma OJ Am{U ^maV

wÜXmoÎma OJ Am{U ^maV

Xþgè`m _hm`wÜXmZ§VaXþgè`m _hm`wÜXmMm à^md doJdoJù`m Xoemda

doJdoJù`m nÜXVrZo nS>cm. wamon Xoe {deof H$éZa{e`m, nmocm°S>, wJmoñcrcdmV Amnco cmoH$ g§» oV20% EodT>o cmoH$ _¥Ë w hmoD$Z `mMm {Vd« à^md nS>cmZJao H$maImUo, ImUr m _moR>çm à_UmV Üd§ñV Pmë`m_wioa{e`m d BVa wamon Xoe Am{W©H$ Ñï>rZo nU Iwn Zï>Pmco. a{e`mV 1700 ehao d 31000 H$maImUo, 70,000Jmdo nwU©nUo ÜdñV Pmcr. m {déÜX A_oarH$m w mJmdawÜX Pmco Zmhr. Ë`m H$arVm Ë`m§Zm Pmcoco Zï> \$ma

H$_r hmoVo. Iao Va Am{W©H$ _§Xr H$maUmZo {Z_m©U PmcocoAm{W©H$ g§H$Q>mVwZ ~mhoa nS>Ê¶mgmR>r Am_o[aHm Xþgao_hm wÜX Cn`moJr nS>co. wÜXm {d^mJmnmgwZ Xþaa Agë`m_wio A_oarH$mV H$maImZo d ì`dgm`mVàJVr Pmcr. Xþgè`m _hm wÜXmÀ`m doiog A_oarHo$Zo OmñV à_mUmV Zm¡H$è`m d A{YH$ CËnÞ H$éeH$co. 1945 _mM© _Ü o A_oarHo$Mm AÜ`úm har Q´>_°Z (Harry Truman) m§Zr Ago åhQ>co H$s,‘ wÜXm_wio AmnU nwd© {dídmg eº$semcr Xoe åhUwZ AmoiIë`m OmV AmhmoV nwU© B{VhmgmVAmnë`m EdT>m eº$sdmZ Xoe Xþgè`m H$moUVmM Zmhr’ Ago åhUmcm.

wÜX {dZmemMm {eH$ma Pmcocr Xoe Amnë`m Am{W©H$ n[apñWVrV nwZ©{Z_m©U H$arV Agcoë`mdoioVM OJmZo Z{dZ n«{H«$`m nm{hVcr m à{H«$ oV _w»` VrZ KQ>H$ AmhoV. g§ wº$ amï´> g{_Vr{Z_m©U, em§Vr wÜX, dgmhVdmXr amï´>m§nmgwZ _wº$s, Xþgao _hm wÜX ho amOoemhrÀ`m {déÜX dem§§Vr, cmoH$emhr d ñdV§Í`m AgUmè`m gwÌmgmR>r Xþgao _hm wÜX Pmco. Ë`m_wio àW_ H$V©ì` gd©XoemV em§Vr, n«JVrÀ`m {dH$mgmgmR>r EH$m OmJVrH$ g§ñWm {Z_m©U H$aUo. hoM g§ wº$ amï´>g{_VrÀ`m {Z_uVrgmR>r H$ma^r wV Pmco. {dXoer amOo emgZ H$V} d e{º$dmZ Agcocm {~«Q>Z,\«$m§g gmaIr Xoe Amnë`m {dXoer emgZ nÜXVrZm Vo g_W©Z H$é eH$co ZmhrV. A_oarHo$erVwcZm Ho$cr Va hr Xoe amOH$s` Ñï>rZ eº$sdmZ Pmco. OwÝ`m {dXoer nÜXVr_wio {dXoer n«emgZAgcoë`m Xoemda {dXoer àemgH$ XoemMr hþHw$_emhr {XgwZ oVo Agë`m_wio Ë`mMm nU A§VH$amdm Agm X~md A_oarH$mZo Q>mH$cm. a{e`mMr ñ\¥$Vu {_imcoco H$å w{ZñQ> númmMo AZoH$ XoemV{dXoer emgZm {déÜX Am§XmocZo MmcdV am{hco. Aem n«H$mao {dXoer {damoYr CR>mdmV a{e`m AJ«ñWmZmda hmoVm. `m n[apñWVrV Amnë`m Imcr Agcoco {dXoer àemgZ Xoem§Zm {~«Q>Z gma»`mXoem§Zr ñdV§Í` XoÊ`mg mJ nS>co.

YS>m

19

{MÌ 20.1 : wÜXmZ§Va dmg© ZJa 85%B_marVrMo ZwH$gmZ Pmco.

SCERT TELANGANA


`m {df`r Vwåhr `m AJmoXaÀ`m nmR>mV Aä`mg Ho$cm Amho. OJ XmoZ {d^mJmV {d^mJbo,A‘o{aH$m - m§S>dbemhr amï´>, a{e¶m-gmå¶dmX amï´> hm Xoe ñdV§Ì Pmë`mZ§Va Jw§VdUwH$ nÜXV- H$å ww{ZñQ> (Am_oarH$m a{e`m _Ü o){d^m{OV Ho$ë`m Jocoë`m OJmer g_moaoOmdo cmJco. hr Xoe Amnë`mn«JVrgmR>r ñdVmMm _mJ© Cn`moJmVZ AmUVm H$m oUË`mVar EH$m{e{~amMr {ZdS> H$éZ X~md Q>mH$ë`mOmD$ cmJcm. `m XmoZ AJ¥amï´>m _Ü o Amcoë`m {d oXmg H$m§hr Xoem§Zr Amnë`m AZwHw$c Ë`mMmCn omJ H$éZ KoVcm. KQ>ZmV H$mhtMm Aä`mg AmnU `m ^mJmV g{dñVa nmhþ `m.g§`wº$ amï´> g§K (United Nations Organisation (UNO)

wÜX g_má hmoÊ`mÀ`m Q>ßn`mV oD$Z nmohMë`m doioV {_Ì Xoemer _w»`Vm {~«Q>Z, \«$m§Ýg,A_oarH$m, a{e`m, {MZ, EŠ` amÁ` g{_Vr {Z_m©U H$arVm EH$ nÌ V`ma H$aÊ`mV Amco. `mnÌmV wÜX ~§X H$éZ e§mVr ñWmnZ H$aUo EdT>oM ZgwZ OJmVrc gd© cmoH$m§Zm _mZd h¸$,cmoH$emhr {_ioc Aer, Jar~r, wH$_arMm A§V H$aÊ`mgmR>r àmYmÝ` XoÊ`mV Amco. Ë`m H$arVmg§ wº$ amï´> g{_Vr emídV e§mVr, _mZd {dH$mg Aem XmoZ _w»` CÔoemZo {Z_m©U Pmco. Ë`mMdoiog Ë`m XoemÀ`m ñdV§Ìmg AmoiI ~m§Ym Z AmUVm em§VVog àmYmÝ¶ XoD$Z ‘mZdr h³H$m§MoC„§KZ hmoUma Zmhr ¶m~m~V bj XoD$. VgoM XoemÀ`m A§VJ©V ì`dhmamV hñVúmon Ho$ë`m OmUmaZmhr Ago AmídmgZ XoÊ`mV Amco.

g§ wº$ amï´> g§K {Z_m©U Pmë`mZ§Va Ë`m doiog 51 XoemMo gXñ` hmoVo d gÜ`m (2016) _Ü o193 XoemMo gXñ` AmhoV. Ë`mZ§VaÀ`m eVH$mVrc {dXoer emgH$m eº$s nmgwZ ñdV§Ì {_imcocrXoe g§ wº$ amï> g{_VrV {_gico. g§¶wº$ amï> g§K ghm doJdoJù¶m emIm§Ûmao H$m‘ H$aVo. ¶mVrbàË¶oH$ g§ñWoMo d¡{eîQ> H$m‘ Amho. em§VVm d gwajm, {ejUmMm {dH$mg, Amamo½¶ godm, Jar~r dXm[aX²«¶ aofoImbrb g‘mOmbm ‘XV H$aUo, amï´>r¶ ‘wë¶m§gmR>r Ý¶m¶XmZ, A§V©amï´>r¶ Ý¶m¶mb¶ OohoJo ¶oWo Amho. Am§V©amï´>r¶ Amamo½¶ g§ñWm OoZodm ¶oWo Amho. Va Am§V©amï´>r¶ {ejU ({dkmZ dg§ñH$Vr H|$Ð) ¶wZoñH$mo (United Nations Scientific & Cultural Organisation)n°arg ¶oWo Amho.g§¶wº$ amï´> ~mbH$ AË¶mdí¶H$ {ZYr g§ñWm-¶w{Zgo’$ (United Nations Childrens Emergency

Fund) Ý w mH©$ _Ü o Amho.g§ wº$ amï> g{_VrMo _w»` A{YH$mar (Secretary General officer)

AgUmao goH«$Q>ar OZac {ZdS>UwH$sV gd© Xoe mJ KoVmV. hr nXdrdoJdoJdù`m Xoem_Ü o ~XcV AgVo. `mMm _w»` ^mJ Vmo åhUOogmYmaU g oV {d{dY Xoem_Ü o MMm© MmcV AgVmV. Va wÜX dem§Vr g§~§YrV {ZU© aúmU g_rVrV KoVë`m OmVmV. mV emídVgXñ` AgUmao {MZ, \«$m§Ýg, {~Q>Z, a{e`m(gÜ`mMm a{e`m) Am{UA_oarH$m àË oH$ ñWmZ nX Amho. aúmU g{_VrZo KoVcoco {ZU© m§Zm`m nmM Xoem n¡H$s H$moUrhr EH$OZ XIc KoD$Z {dQ>mo (vetoed)H$é eH$Vmo.( \o$Q>miw eH$Vmo). (made invalid or rejected) AZoH$

{dXoer emgZmnmgwZ _wº$s (decolonisation)åhUOo H$m`?XmoZ AJ«amï>m_Ü o ñnYm©VwZ Z{dZ ñdV§Ì {_imcocoXoe H$em n«H$mao à^m{dV Pmco?

{MÌ20.2 : UNO Mm {MÝh

SCERT TELANGANA


àH$maÀ`m Kf©UmV hr nmM Xoem§Mo àË`úm w{_H$mAgë`m_wio g§ wº$ amï> g{_Vr H$moUË`mhr àH$maMrH$m ©dmhr Z H$aVm Amnë`m {dQ>mo A{YH$mamZoAmS>dw eH$Vo. H$mhr g§X^m©V Amnë`m AmXoem§MonmcZ hmoÊ`mgmR>r g§`wº$ amï´> g_rVrdaeº$remcr Xoe X~md AmUV AgV. ho EŠàmÁ` g{_Vrg Amnë`m {Z`§ÌUmV H$m_H$aÊ`mgmR>r _Ü o añË`mZo MmcÊ`mMo H$aÊ`mVAmco. `m eº$semcr Xoem§Zm {Xcoco {deofw{_H$m d O~m~Xmar {Xë`m gmaIo Pmco.

{eúmU, Amamo½` d gm§ñH¥$VrH$ AZwg§YmZdmagËd aúmU `m gma»`m {d^mJmV EŠàmÁ` g{_Vr mo½` Vo {Z §ÌU R>odÊ`mV eñdVrhmoD$ eH$co ZmhrV. OJmV dM©ñdmgmR>r AJ«amï>_Ü o AgUmè`m ñnY}V Vr h_oem H$arVmË`mÀ`m Am{YZ amhrcr.

XmoZ {e{~ao Am{U em§Vr `wÜX (1945-1991)OmJ{VH$ _hm wÜXm Z§VaÀ`m H$mimV XomZ _w»` {gÜXm§VrH$$ d amOH$s` {e{~ao {Z_m©U Pmco.

USSR ZoV¥ËdmV H$å w{ZñQ> (g‘mdmXr JQ>) {e{~a d A_oarH$m ZoV¥ËdmV cmoH$emhr m§S>dcXmaJww§VdUwH$mXma JQ> hr ^mdZm gaH$ma {Z §ÌU {dH$mg `m {gÜXm§Vm§Zm nwT>o ZoVo> ZoV¥Ëdmg {damoYH$aUmè`m§Zm Xm~wZ Q>mH$Ê`mMm à`ËZ a{e`mZo Ho$cm. Xþgar H$S>o H$m§hr númm§Zr cmoH$emhr dImOJr Jw§VdUwH$Xma {Z §ÌrV {dH$mg Aem^mdZ§mZm A_oarH$mZo à«moËgmhZ {Xco. nwd©wamon(nmocm§S>, h§Joar, nwd© O_©Zr) nwU© a{e`mÀ`m

à^mdmV AgV. Z{dZ ñdV§Ì {_imcoco {MZd {d`ËZm_ gma»`m {dXoer emgrV àm§VoË`m§Zm OdiwZ amhV AgV. npíM_ wamon XoeOgo {~«Q>Z, \«$m§g, ñnoZ gmaIo Xoe A_oarH$oÀ`m~mOwZo C o am{hco. OJmVrc XoemZm Amnë`m[e{~amV gm_rc H$aÊ`mgmR>r hr XomZ AJ«XoeEH$_oH$m §V ñnYm© H$é cmJco. Xþgè`m_hm`wÜXmZ§Va 45 dfm© n`ªV `m XmoZ{e{~am_Ü o EH$ na{H$` wÜX Pmco. `mV

wÜXmg Jar~r g_mZ {dH$mg ZgUo, Xoem_Ü ogm§ñH¥$VrH$ AZwg§YmZm _Ü o g§~§Y H$mhr AmhoH$m?nmM Xoem§Zm {Xcoco {deof A{YH$ma ho cmoH$emhr{daomYr Ë`m_wio Ë`mg aÔ H$amdo Ago H$mhrcmoH$m§Mo åhUUo Amho. Va `m UNO VodT>çmZa_nUo H$m_ Ho$co Zmhr Ago H$m§hr cmoH$ åhUVmV.MMm© H$am?

J«m\$1 : US Am{U USSR nuclear stockpiles

{MÌ 20.3 :Ý w mH©$ _Yrc _w»` H$m`m©c`

SCERT TELANGANA


_w»` ñnY©H$ EH$mda EH$ mZr m¡{VH$h„m Ho$cm Zmhr. EH$m ~amo~a EH$àË`úm wÜXmV Amco ZmhrV. `mÀ`m~Xcm_wio OJmV H$moUVohr chmZ XmoZXoe _Ü o Kf©Z H$éZ ~mV{MVmÛmao,àMmam Ûmao `wÜX H$aÊ`mV Amco.nan§namJV wÜXm à_mUo Iar wÜX ZìhVo.Ë`m_wio `mg {eV wÜX Ago åhUVmV.`m {eV wÜXm_wio A_oarH$m d a{e`m_Ü o 1945-1991 _Ü o Pmcoë`m àn§MKQ>Zm gdm©da `mMm à^md nS>cm.

{eV wÜXm åhUOo (Cold War) àMma wÜX ho EH$M Zmhr. m H$mimV Pmcoë`m wÜXmV XmoZH$amoS> cmoH$ _¥Ë w nS>co. m _¥Ë w_wIr nSUmè`m Odinmg gd©M {Vgè`m àn§M XoemMr ZmJarH$hmoVo. åhUOo {dXoer emgZmnmgwZ ~mhoa nS>V Agcocm {d`ËZm_, H$moar`m, Am§Jmocm, A\$Jm{ZñVmZ,gmaIo Xoedmgr OJmMr XmoZ {e{~amV {d^mJUr Pmë`m_wio ^m¡{VH$Ñï>`m AmOw~mOwg AgUmaoXoe, EH$ nÕV AgUmè`m cmoH§$m_Ü o eÌwËd {Z_m©U Pmco d Ë`m§À`m _Ü o {dZmeH$mar wÜXPmco.

{eV wÜXmÀ`m H$mimV hr XmoZ {e{~ao N>wno wÜX g¡{ZH$ A§JrH$ma ~må~ ~UdÊ`mÀ`m ñnYm©Aem àH$maÀ`m YmoaÊ`mMm Adc§~ H$é cmJco.Nwno `wÜX (namoúm `wÜX) (Proxy War)

gwédmVr nmgwZM ñdV§Í`mgmR>r A§mXmocZ H$arV Agcoco Xoe Amnë`m à^mdmV AmZÊ`mgmR>rXomZ {e{~ao à`ËZ H$é cmJco. mÀ`mV n[a_mUm_wio Ë`m XoemV XmoZ {damoYr g_whm n¡H$s EH$mVXomÝhr {e{~ao (N>mdÊ`mV) _XV H$é cmJco. CXmhaUmV 1947 _Ü o Q>H$s©, J«rH$ XoemVH$å w{ZñQ {damoYr eº$s¨Zm A_oarH$m AÜ`úm har Q´>_Z m§Zr _XV {Xcr. Am{\«$H$mV, ~oëOr`_{dXoer emgZmA§VJ©V AgUmam H$m§Jmo§(Congo) cm 1960 _Ü o ñdV§Ì Amco. Ë`mg H$å w{ZñQ>ZoVm númmg cw_w_§~m(Lumumba) mMr 1961 _Ü o hË`m H$aÊ`m Amcr. mV A_oarH$m JwßVMag§ñWm AgUmar CIA Mm hmV hmoVm Ago åhUVmV. nmoVw©Jc nmgwZ A§Jmocm 1975 Zmoìh§o~a _Ü oñdV§Í` Amco. a{e`m, Š w~mÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo A§JmocmVrc H$å w{ZñQ>dmXr m§Zr A{YH$mamg hmVmVKoVco. c°Q>rZ A_oarH$mV {nS>ocH$mñQ>( Fidel Castro) A_oarH$mMr _XV AgUmè`m gaH$maÀ`m{damoYmV Am§XmocUmg Zm`H$Ëd H$éZ a{e`mÀ`m nÜXVrZwgma gmå`dmX nÜXVrV {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>rà`ËZ Ë`m§Zr Ho$co. m_wio c°Q>rZ A_oarHo$V AZoH$ Xoe AemM n«H$maÀ`m AmXa AgUmam MoJwdoam(Che Guevera) ZmdmMm ZoË`m§Mr hË`m H$aÊ`mV Amcr. gmogm{cñQ> ZoV¥ËdmV {ZdSw>Z AmcocogaH$m§amZm nU A_oarH$m _XVrZo Ë`m XoemÀ`m goZmnVtZm H$mTw>Z Q>mH$Ê`mV Amco. mg {Mcr_Ü o`g AËgoS>rÀ`m (S Allende) gaH$mamg nmSw>Z Q>mH$Ê`mV Amcoco EH$ CXmhaU AmnU åhUweH$Vmo.

a{e`mZo nU Amncr à^md {g_m dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ H$é cmJcm. CXmhaUmV 1950

{MÌ 20.4 : AZw~må~ {Vd«Vm g_OwZ KoÊ`mgmR>r ho H$éZ nmhm. {hamo{g_mdaQ>mH$cocm AUw~må~ 15 {H$cmo Q>Z hmoVm Va ZmJmgmH$s da Q>mH$cocm 21 {H$cmoQ>Z 1 {H$cmo Q>Zcm EH$ Jmoc {R>nŠ`mZo {ham{g_m da Q>mH$cocm AUw~må~ZogwMdco. a{g`m AgUmam AË §V eº$sd§V AUw~må~ 50,000 {H$cmo Q>Z{hamoer_mda Q>mH$coë`m AUw~må~cm gwMdë`m à_mUo mg gwMdmdo åhUOonwñVH$mV {H$Vr noO cmJVmV mMm A§XmO H$am. m ~må~cm Ho$ìhm Var

Cn`moJmV AmZm`Mo Agë`mg Ë`mMm à^md {n[aUm_ {H$Vr {Vd« AgVmo A§XmOcmdm.

SCERT TELANGANA


_Ü o O_©Zr h§Joar PoH$moñcm°dmH$s`m (Hungary and Czechoslovakia) gma»`m XoemV {damoY{Z_m©U Pmë`mg a{e`m Amnë`m g¡Ý`mg nmR>dwZ Ë`m XoemV Amnë`m AZwHw$c ZgUmè`mgaH$macm H$mTw>Z Q>mHw$Z Amnë`mer ñZohnwd©H$ amhUmè`m gaH$maMo {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV Amco. 1960À`m Z§Va a{e`mMr g§~§Y Xþa H$amdoV Ago {MZZo {ZU© KoVcm. {MZda X~md AmUÊ`mgmR>ra{e`mMm {d\$c à`ËZ Pmcm. 1971 _Ü o A\$JmUrñVmZ da a{e`mZo h„m H$éZ {VWo Amnë`mAZwHw$c AgUmao gaH$ma {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV Amco. Ë`m_wio _V {Vd«dmXr AgUmao A\$JmZmVCR>mdH$aUmè`m§Zm A_oarHo$Zo _XV Ho$cr. mMm n[aUm_ _wio {XK©H$mi n ©V ZmJarH$ wÜX Mmcwam{hco. eodQ>r 1985 _Ü o A\$Jm{UñVmZ nmgwZ Amnë`m g¡Ý`m§Zm _mKma KoÊ`mMm {ZU©a{e`mZo KoVcm. Ë`mZ§Va _V {Vd«dmXr AgUmao Vmcr~mZ A{YH$mamda oD$Z AmVm A_oarH$m{damoYr Vo H$m_ H$arV AmhoV. hr AJ«amï´>mZoo Ioicoë`m IoimV {dXoer emgH$ {Z §ÌUm nmgwZ~mhoa nS>mdo Ago Ë`m§Zm dmQ>V AgVm§Zm {Vgè`m àn§M wÜXmg d {dÜdgm§g a§J w_r V`ma Pmcr.wÜXmV a{e`m A_oarH$m g¡{ZH$mM ZmhrVa {Vgè`m à§nMmVrc cmoH$m§Zr ^mJ KoVcm. `mMr

AmR>dU R>odm. cîH$ar wVr (Military Alliances)

A_oarH$m a{e`m XomKmOdi nU AUw~må~ AmhoV. Va AUw wÜX Oa Pmco Va H$moUVmhr Xoe{dO`r hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr. Ë`m Xm|Km§Zm _m{hV hmoVo. Ago AgwZ gwÜXm Vo g¡{ZH$ _hËdmMoA§JrH$ma H$aÊ`mV Amco. 1949 _Ü o A_oarH$m Amnë`m _°Jrg CÎma AQ>c°Q>rH$ g§Yr ì`dñWm(North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)(ZmQ>mo) m gma»`m Ûmao _O~wV H$éZ KoV hmoVo.`mÀ`m {damoYmV H$å w{ZñQ> Xoem§Zrdmgm© A§JrH$ma H$aÊ`mV Amcm.A_oarH$m {d{dY ^mJmV g¡{ZH$wVr AgUmao gmD$W-BñQ> E{e`Z

(South East Asian TreatyOrganisation (SEATO) andCentral Treaty Organisation(CENTO)er H$aÊ`mV Amco.g¡{ZH$ A§JrH$maHo$ë`m_wio Amncreº$s dmT>dwZ KoVcr Var OawÜXM Pmco Va nwU© àn§MmVrc

_mZd OmVtZm hmZr nmohMweH$Vo. ho `m XomÝhr {e{~aXoem§Zm _m{hV Amco. Ë`m_wio VoEH$Xþgè`m§er {_iwZ {_giwZamhÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$arV Amho.`m wVrìXmao AJ«amï´> à^mdmMr{g_m dmTw>Z Ë`mg Imcr Z_wXHo$coco CncãY Pmco.

NATO ñWmnrV Xoe 1942

_mKma KoUo: Aë~o{Z`m1968

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SCERT TELANGANA


- Voc, I{ZO gma»`m _hËdmÀ`m g§nÎmr- Amnë`m CËnÎmrg ~mOma, Amnë`m Jw§VdUwH$sg YmoH$m ZgUmam ^mJ- Amnë`m g¡{ZH$m§Zm eñÌMm Cn`moJ H$aÊ`mgmR>r g¡{ZH$ {e{~ao- Amnë`m {dMma Ymam- _moR>çm n«_mUmV g¡{ZH$s IMm©gmR>r Am{W©H$ _XV.

g¡{ZH$ eñÌ Am{U AV[aúm ñnYm© (Arms and Space Race)eñÌ g§emoYUmda {MZ I§S>mVa úmonUr d {dÜdg H$aUmao AUweñÌ hË`mao gmR>dUwH$s gmR>r

A_oarH$m d a{e`mZo _moR>çm à_mUmV {ZYr IM© H$aV AgV. m XomZ XoemV EH$mH$m Odi nwU©OJmg Zï> H$aÊ`mgmaIo AUw hË`mao AmhoV. H$mcH«$_mZo Ë`mMo {_Ì Xoe {~«Q>Z \«$m§g, {MZ XoenU AUw eñÌ V`ma Ho$co AmhoV. JwáMa ì`dñWm Ûmao úmonUr V`mar ~m~V CnJ«h Cn omJr nS>V

Agë`m_wio AmVm ñnYm© A§VamimVnU dmT>cr Amho. àW_ CnJ¥h hmñ\w$Q>{ZH$ (satellite Sputnik)a{e`mZo mMm à`moJ Ho$cm. VgoM§A§VamimV OmUmam àW_ ì`º$swar J§JarZ (Yuri Gagarin) mg

a{e`mZo nmR>dco. m_wio XomZ AJ«amîQ´ >m_Üò CnJ«hmMm à`moJHo$ë`m_wio ñnYm© gwédmV Pmcr.{Zc A_rñQ ´ > m § J (NeilArmstrong) `mg M§Ð`mZ danmR >dÊ`mgmR >r 1969 _Ü` oA_oarH$mMm eñdr n« ËZ Pmcm.wÜX A§XmO (Flash points)

àË`mWu {e{~ao {dÜdgm§MreñÌm§Mr gmR>dUrV dmT> H$arV

Joë`m_yio àn§M ho AUw~må~ nmgwZ hmoUmè`m hmUrMm A§XmO H$éZ {^VrÀ`m X~m~mV amhVAmhoV. gd© XoemMr cmoH$ wÜXmÀ`m {^VrV OJV AmhoV. XomZ AJ« amï´>m_Ü o wÜX ho A{Zdm ©Amho Aer n[apñWVr Agë`mdahr amOXþV MM}VwZ H$moUË`mhr n[apñWV wÜXmV Q>miÊ`mg VoèñdVr Pmco AmhoV. a{e`m Amnë`m XoemVrc A_oarH$mer AgUmao Jwá H¥$Ë`mVwZ {d_mZm§ZmÜdg H$aUo, nSw>Z Q>mH$Uo, a{e`mV eñÌ gmR>dUrg A_oarH$mZo AmoiIUo, H$moar`m Jë\$ wÜXmVgma»`m g§X^m©V ~è`mM doiog àn§M wÜXmMm A§XmO hmoD$ cmJcm.VQ>ñV Midi (Non Alignment Movement (NAM)

1950’_Ü o OJ XomZ n«Ë`mWu {e{~am_Ü o {Vd« à_mUmV eñÌ {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV Amco. XmoZAJ« amï´>m_Ü o g¡{ZH$ dM©ñd, {gÜXm§VmMm {damoY, Am{W©H$ dM©ñdmgmR>r Pmcoë`m ñnYm© _wio OJXomZ ^mJmV {d^mJë`m Joco. `m XmoZ númmV H$moUË`mhr númmÀ`m ~mOwZo Z amhVm amhÊ`mMmVQ>ñV amhÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aÊ`mV Amcm. AJ« amï´>m_Yrc ñnYm©_wio EH$Vm {dXoer emgZm nmgwZñdV§Ì Pmcoë`m XoemV AgUmè`m g_ñ`m , Jar~r AZmamo½` Ag_mZVm {dXoer dmX gma»`mg_ñ`m H$moUË`mhr gmoS>dÊ`mV Amë`m ZmhrV.

{MÌ 20.5 : (S>mdr H$S>o) Yuri Gagarin, (COdrH$S>o) M§Ðmda _mZd

SCERT TELANGANA


Z{dZ ñdV§Ì {_idcoë`mXoem§Zm AgwaúmrV n[apñWVrVg wYmaUm H $éZ g w aú m rVdmVmdaU Agmdo Ago Vo _mJUrH$é cmJco. `m CÔoemZo 1955_Üò BÝS>mo{Z{e`mVrc ~m°Sw>§J_Üò EH$ g^m A`moOrVH$aÊ`mV Amcr. àW_ A{e`m-Am{\«$H$m g_mdoe mg 29 XoehOa Pmco. `m gôV hOaamhUmao _w»` ZoË`mV ^maVmMon §S >rV Odmhacmc Zohé,B{OáMo J_c A~S>oc Zmga,`wJmopñc{d`mMo Omogr\$ {~«O{Q>Q>mo(Josip Broz Tito) ho AmhoV. n§S>rV Zohé§Zm Ë`m§Mm A{YH$ma n«{V{ZYr åhUwZ AmoiIÊ`mVAmco. ho VQ>ñV MidirV n[apñWVr {Z_m©U Pmcr. (Non Aligned Movement (NAM).

Am{e`m, Am{\«$H$m d Ë`m Z§VaÀ`m c°Q>rZ A_oarH$mV Z{dZ ñdV§Ì {_imcoë`m Xoem_Ü o gm§ñH¥$VrH$Am{W©H$ ghH$m§amZm àmoËgmhmZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r A§VaOmVr` g§ñWm VQ>ñV Midi {Z_m©U Pmcr.

`mMr n{hcr g^m 1961 gßQ>|~a _Ü o wJmoñcmo{d`mVrc ~ocJ«rS> _Ü o KoÊ`mV Amcr. mg25 XoemMo gXñ` hOa Pmco. 2012 `mdfu `mMr gXñ`Mr g§»`m 120 EdT>r Pmcr. `mV 17n ©doúmH$ AmhoV. {VZ _w»` CÔoemZwgma àW_ g^m KoÊ`mV Amcr.

- VQ>ñV gXñ`m Xoem_Ü o ghH$ma {Vd«VmMm BVa àn§Mmda ñdV§Ì Xoe {_gico.- dmT>V OmUmar VQ>ñV wÜX {Vd«VmMm BVa àn§Mmda Ë`mMm à^md- {dXoer emgZmnmgwZ ñdV§Ì Pmcoco Xoe H$moUË`mhr g¡{ZH$ {e{~amV Z [_giÊ`mMr XúmVm KoUo.

XmoZ AJ« amï´> ñnYm© H$aV {d{dY Xoem§Zm Amnë`mH$S>o AmoT>Ê`mÀ`m à`ËZÀ`m doiog maVmgmaIo Xoe ñdV§Ì ~mOw _m§S>Ê`mVwZ VQ>ñV Midi H$maUr wV Pmcr. AJ«amï´> EH$_oH$m§ZmEH$_oH$m§À`m {damoYr Cn`moJr H$éZ Z{dZ àJVr{ec Xoe AmnUmg Amdí`H$ Vo ghmæ` ñWmUàmá H$é eH$co. VQ>ñV Midi Xoem_Ü o AgUmè`m g_ñ`m oX^md Xþa H$aÊ`mgmR>r nU H$mhrà_mUmV ho Cn omJr nS>co. XomZ AJ« amï´> VQ>ñV MidirH$S>o An_mZmÀ`m Ñï>rZo nmhV AgV.A§VaOmVr` KQ>Zmda VQ>ñV Midirg a{e`m§Mm nmR>t~m Amho Ago A_oarHo$g dmQw> cmJco.CXmhaUmV A\$Jm{ZñVmZ da gmo{d`V h„m Ho$ë`m_wio Ë`mda à{VH«$r`m ì`º$ Z H$aUo ho VQ>ñVMidirÀ`m {Znúm nÜXVrÀ`m {damoYr Amho Agm A_oarH$mZo Amamon Ho$cm. VQ>ñV YmoaUrMidirVrc AmUIr H$_OmoarnUm Vmo åhUOo gXñ` Xoe Xþgè`m Xoemer hmoV Agcoë`m wÜX Vo

{MÌ 20.6 :1960 _Ü o Zohé(^maV) ¹$m_o ZH«w$_mh (Ho${Z`m), J_cAmãXoc Zmga (B{Oá) gwH«$mZmo (B§S>moZo{e`m), {Q>Q>mo ( wJmoñcmo{d`m)

NAM g oV EH$Ì Amco.

SCERT TELANGANA


Wm§~dÊ`mV Ag\$c Pmco. CXmhaUmV- BamU- BamH$ ho Xoe gmV dfm©n ªV wÜX H$arV AgVm§ZmVQ>ñV Xoe H$m§hr H$é eH$co ZmhrV. Aem AQ>r{Z`_ AgwZ gwÜXm XomZ AJ« amï´>m_Ü o AgUmè`m{deof A{YH$mam_wio Z{dZ ñdV§Ì Pmcoë`m Xoem§VA§VaOmVr` ì`dhmamV ñdV§ÌnUo {ZU© KoÊ`mgmR>rVQ>ñV MidirMm \$m`Xm Pmcm.

npíM_ Am{e`m Kf©U (West AsianConflicts)

wamon A{e`m _Ü o ^mJmg npíM_ Am{e`m åhUVmV. àmVm§gM _Ü` n{íM_ Ago nUåhUVmV. Ama~ d mXþc _Ü o {Z_m©U Pmcoco Kf©U mg npíM_ Am{e`mVrc g§H$Q> åhUVmV.ho _w»`Vm nmcrñVmZ AH«$_Um g§~§YrV Amho. Ama~ [Zdmg H$arV Agcoco nmcrñVmZ Xþgè`mOmJVrH$ wÜXmÀ`m nwdu {~«Q>re {Z §ÌUmV AgV. {VWo AgUmam µOoégco_da mXþc, {¼íMZ d_wñcr_ gdm©gmR>r n{dÌ ñWi Amho.

`mXþc, nmcrñVmZmg Amncr dMZ~ÜX w_r (Promised Land) Ago g_OVmV. àm{MZH$mimV {VWwZ Ë`m§Zm {Zdm©{gV Ho$ë`m_wio Vo wamon, Am{e`m m gd© mJmV ñWcm§Va Pmco. oew{¼ñVmg _maÊ`mgmR>r `mXþc `m§À`mda {Oå_oXmar gmondwZ wamon _Ü o AgUmè`m {¼íMZm§ZmN>ië`m OmñV Ago. O_©Zr _Ü o ZmOr emgZmImcr cm§Imo mXþc m§Zm _maUo d Ooc_Ü o Q>mH$Uo`mg n[aH$mï>m hmo .

nwU© OJâ AgUmè`m `mXþc§mZm EH$Ì H$éZ Amncr _mV¥ w_r nmcrñVmZmg naV hñVJVH$éZ `mXþc `m§À`m àË oH$ Xoe {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r `mXwcer {O`m{ZñQ> Am§XmocZ (ZionistMovement) gwédmV Ho$cr. 1945 _Ü o `mg nmíMmË` eº$sMr _XV nU {_imcr. Va Vmon ªV nmcrñVmZdmgr (`mV OmñV cmoH$ Aa~ _wñcr_ ) {VWo amhV AmhoV. m_wio Ë`m àm§VmgmR>rXomÝhr ^mJmVrc cmoH$m§_Ü o Kf©U {Z_m©U Pmco.

_Ü` npíM_ {deof H$éZ Aa~ pìXnI§S>mV _moR>çm à_mUmV noQ´>moc VocmMm gmR>mMm emoYcmJë`m_wio g_ñ`m AmUIr OmñV Jw§VmJwVrMr Pmcr. A_oarH$m, a{e`mZr `m àm§VmV Amnë`m{Z`ÌUmV KoÊ`mgmR>r n« ËZ Ho$cm d BVamÀ`m {Z`Ì§Umg Ë`mZr AS>Wim AmUcm.

1947 _Ü o g§ wº$ amï´> g§K EH$ {ZU© KoD$Z Ë`mg _§Owar XoÊ`mV Amcr. Ë`m àH$maonmcrñVmZmMo XmoZ ^mJ H$éZ EH$ Ama~cm d Xþgam `mXþcmg gmondÊ`mV Ammcm. 1948 _Ü o{~«Q>ZZo Amnë`m g¡Ý`mg nmcrñVmZ nmgwZ H$mTw>Z KoVco. mXþc H$arVm BO«m`cMr {Z_uVr Pmcr.Ama~mZr Amnë`m _mV¥ w{_g gmoSw>Z XoÊ`mgmR>r ZmH$maco. BO«m`ccm H$m`ÚmZwgma EH$ XoeåhUwZ AmoiIÊ`mgmR>r Ama~mZr ZmH$ma {Xcm. nmcrñVmZm gmo~V BO«m`c Xoe dmnaÊ`mÀ`mnÜXVr_wio d¡aËd _V oX ho {Vd« Pmco. Ama~m§Zr Amncr g§nÎmr, Ka gmoSw>Z XoD$Z BVa Aa~XoemV eaZmWu åhUwZ Ë`m§Zr Aml` KoVcm.

B{OáMo AÜ`úm J_c AmãXoc Zmga (Gamal Abdel Nasser (1918-1970) Ama{~`m§ZmEH$Ì H$aÊ`mgmR>r `mZo à`ËZ Ho$co. BO«m`c _Yrc gmd©O{ZH$ àXoemV ñ\$moQ> H$aÊ`mgmR>rË`mZo AmË_KmVr XcmcmMr {Z_uVr Ë`mZo Ho$cr Vmo {~«Q>Z \«$mÝgÀ`m {damoYmV H${R>U nÜXVrMm

1955 _Yrc ~m°Sw>J g^m§Mm _w»` CÔoe H$mÀmho?VQ>ñV YmoaUmÀ`m gwÌm ~m~V AJ«amï´>mMr H$grà{V{H«$`m homVr?VQ>ñV YmoaUr Xoem§Zm OJmVrc {Vgao Xoe AgoH$m åhUVmV?

SCERT TELANGANA


dmna H$éZ gwÒH$mcì`m nmgwZ go¡Ý`mg_mKma KoÊ`mgmR>r{~«Q>Uda X~md Ë`mZoAmUcm. AñdmU YaU~m§Yë`m_wio B{OáerA_oarH$mZo AmncrAm{W©H$ _XV ~§XH o $cr. nmíMmË`XoemÀ`m {dam oYmVHo$coë`m Am§XmocZmVB{Oácm, g ¡ Ý`,Jmocm~méXmMm nwadR>mHo$coë`m a{e`mÀ`m_XVrZo Zmga gw OH$mcì`mg amîQ´ >r`H$aÊ`mV Amco. (Suez Canal)

1956 _Ü o nmíMmË` XoemÀ`m _XVrZo B{Oá da BO«mEcUo h„m H$aÊ`mV Amcm. wÜXmgg_má H$aÊ`mMo A_oarH$m d a{e`mZr gm§JrVco. BO«mBc Amnë`m g¡Ý`mg _mKma KoVco. 1967_Ü o Aa~mZr nwÝhm EH$Xm BO«mEc da h„m H$éZ Ë`m§Mm dm wg¡ZmÀ`m _XVrZo nwU© Üd§g H$aÊ`mVAmco. EdT>oM ZmhrVa JmOm, JmocmZ, h¡Q>g Am{U dñQ>o ~°H$ (Gaza, Golan Heights and theWest Bank) w mJmg KoÊ`mV Amco. g§ wº$ amï´> g§KmMm {ZU© KoVë`mghr Vmã`mV KoVcoë`m^mJmg dmng XoÊ`mgmR>r BO«mEcZo ZmH$ma {Xcm. d \$º$ wÜX g_márMmM A§JrH$ma H$aÊ`mVAmcm. hm Vmù`mV KoVcoco ~\$a mJ (buffer zones) åhUwZ H$m_ H$arV Ago BO«mEccm dmQw>cmJco. Ama~mZr `m Am§XmocZmg `m wÜXmg _mJo KoÊ`mV Amco.

EdT>çmV 1964 _Ü o OmoS>©S>moZ nmcrñVmZm ñdV§Ì g§KQ>Zm (Palestinian Liberation Organisation(PLO ) Mr {Z_uVr Pmcr. Ama~m§À`m gdmªZr EH$Ì H$éZ ho EH$ Z{dZ én YmaU H$aÊ`mV Amco.J_mdcoë`m w{_g em§VrZo nwÝhm hñVJV H$aUo hm Ë`mMm _w»` CÔoe Va 1967 _Ü o mga Aam\$VZoV¥ËdmV PLO cm BO«m`cda h„m H$aÊ`mgmR>r Aa~ Xoemda X~md Q>mH$Ê`mV Amcm. mg Aa~ Xoem§ZrVodT>m CËgmh XmIdcm Zmhr. Ë`m_wio PLO VwZ EH$ dJ© Aam\$V(Arafat) ZoV¥ËdmV {Mcr {d_mZAnhaU, 1972 gßQ>|~a _Ü o å w{ZH$ Am°c§nrH$ (Munich Olympics) _Ü o BO«m`cMm AgUmamAm°c§{nH$ JQ>mg AnhaU H$éZ AZoH$ cmoH$ {H«$S>mH$am§Mr hË`m H$aUo m gma»`m CJ«dmXr H¥$Ë`mg Vo H$écmJco. nmcrñVm{ZÙm§Zr m hë`mMm \$m`Xm KoD$Z BO«m`cdmgr`m§da nwÝhm h„o H$éZ AmnU nwdu{Xcoë`m dMUmg eãXmg Am_c H$aÊ`mgmR>r ZmH$ma {Xcm.

h„m à{Vhëë`mV hm àm§V nwU© wÜX dmVmdaUmV d CJ«dmh hëë`mV AgV. PLO nañnaKf©Umg nS>Umè`m AZoH$ chmZ chmZ dJm©V {d^mJwZ Jocm. eodQ>r Aam\$V CJ«dmXmg gmoSw>ZXoD$Z BO«mBccm AmoiIë`m _wio em§Vr ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r A§JrH$ma H$aÊ`mV Amcm. {XK©H$miwÜXmg g_má H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`mZo BO«mBcer g§nH©$ gmYwZ nmcrñVmZrÀ`m ñdèmgZmg g§~§YrV

AZoH$ wVr H$aÊ`mV Amco. doñQ> ~°H$ _YwZ Amnë`m g¡Ý`mg _mKma KoUo EdT>oM ZmhrVanmcrñVmZmVrc Aa~ dmgt`mZm AmoQ> h¸$ XoÊ`mgmR>r BO«mBcZo A§JrH$ma Ho$cm. Va BO«mBc

Map 2 :

SCERT TELANGANA


Amnë`mda dMZmg eãXmer R>m_ Z am{hë`mZo H$moUË`m Var EH$m {Z_rË`mZo nm{cñVmZr`mdah„m MmcwM R>odë`m_wio hm A§JrH$ma {dO`d§VPmcm Zmhr. nmcrñVm{Z` Xoemg PLO Zo H$m`XmZwgma n«{V{ZYrg Aam\$VZo Ë`mg AÜ`úm åhUwZAmoiIÊ`mgmR>r AZoH$ XoemZo _mÝ` Ho$co Aam\$V2004 _Ü o _¥Ë w nmdcm. {df Amhma XoD$Z Ë`mg_maÊ`mV Amco Aer e§H$m Amho.

_Ü`npíM_ _Üò amï´>r`dmX ^mdZoMm{dH$mg (The Growth of Nationalism in theMiddle East)

BO«m`c A_oarH$mMr _XV Mmcw Agë`m_wionmcrñVm{Z`mÀ`m X`{Z` n[apñWVr_wio m àm§VmV

A_oarH$m {damoYr mdZm \$ma à_mUmV {Z_m©U Pmë`m. AmnUmg AmnU {_Ì Xoem§Zm noQ´>moc Vocg§nÎmr CncãY AgÊ`mg m àm§VrVrc J¡acmoH$emhr emgZmZm A_oarH$m _XV {Xcoë`m H$maZm_wioVo àOoÀ`m ÛofmMm {eH$ma ~Zco. dmid§Q> ^mJmV Xþgè`m H$moUË`m g§nÎmr ZgUmè`m cmoH$m§À`mH$ë`mUm H$arVm Voc g§nÎmr nmgwZ Amcoë`m CËnÞmg dmna H$éZ ¿`mdm Ago cmoH$m§Zm dmQ>V Ago.1968 _Ü o BamH$mV {damoYr CR>md H$éZ Aa~ amîQ´>r`dmX d gm_m{OH$dmX Aem Xþhoar {dZmXmZogÔm_ hþgoZ A{YH$mamda Amcm gm_m{OH$ dmX åhUOo Ë`m§À`m CÔoemZo VocmÀ`m g§nÎmrMoamï>r`H$aU, Voc nmgwZ oUmè`m CËnÞmg cmoH$m§À`m H$ë`mUmgmR>r gaH$ma IM© H$aUo. 1969 _Ü o`mM àH$maMm n[aUm_ {c~r`mV nU Pmcr. (`m~m~V Vwåhr Zdì`m dJm©V 19 ì`m nmR>mV mMmAä`mg Ho$cm Amho.) hr gaH$mao H$ë`mUH$mar moOZm gh EH$ ì`º$s qH$dm chmZgm JQ> hm EH$ZoV¥Ëd emgZ H$aVmV. H$moUË`mhr àH$maMm cmoH$emhr {damoY Agmo qH$dm Ag§Vmof Agmo `m§Zm_§Owar XoÊ`mV Amcr Zmhr.

AZoH$ ^mJmV A_oarH$mg, A_oarH$m _XV {Xcoë`m gaH$mamg {damoY d _VnamZwgma a§Jngacm Jocm g§nÎmr d Ë`mMm Cn omJmMr g§Yr gdmªZm g_mZ dmQ>n H$amdr. `m {dMmamgamîQ´>r`dmX eº$s Z {_iVm Ë`m Ë`m XoemV _VMm°Xg dmXr A{YH$mamda oÊ`mgmR>r _XV Ho$ë`mJocr. 1979 _Ü o BamU _Ü o Am§XmocZ {Z_m©U hmoD$Z (A_oarH$m _XV {Xcoë`m) BamZ amOmg~Im©ñV H$éZ {e`m Bñcm_rH$ _V Jwé cmoH$emhrZwgma {ZdS>ë`m Jococo ZoVo {_iwZ MmcdÊ`mOmUmao Z{dZ emgZmMr {Z_uVr Ë`m§Zr Ho$cr.

gmo{d`V g¡{ZH$ dmng {ZKwZ Joë`mZ§Va A\$Jm{ZñVmV Vmcr~mZ A{YH$mamda oD$Z {Vd«dmXBñcm{_H$ gaH$ma {Z_m©U Ho$co. _VJ«Wm§V AgUmè`m {Z §_m§Um àOoZo nmcZ H$amdo AerË`m§À`mda ~iO~ar XoÊ`mV oV Ago. `m H$maUmZo _{hcmg _VZwgma Aën g§»`mH$ cmoH$m§Zm_m¡crH$ ñdoÀN>m, g_mZËd {Xë`m OmV Zgo.

21 ì`m eVH$mÀ`m àma§ r Ama~mV A§gVmof dmTw>Z n[aUm_o _Vna CJ«dmX dmT>cm. H$mhrAma~ CJ«dmX cmoH$ A_oarH$mMo XomZ {d_mZo AnhaU H$éZ Ë`m§Zm Ý w m©H$mVrc àn§M dm{UÁ`H|$ÐmV (World Trade Centre) {d_mZ Kwgë`m_yio Ë`m B_maVr nSw>Z {H$Ë oH$ hOma cmoH$_¥Ë`_wIr nS>co. m_wio Vmcr~mZmda A_oarH$mZo wÜX KmofUm Ho$cr d eodQ>r BamH$ da nU wÜXHo$ë`m Joco. EdT>çmVM Pmcoë`m m KQ>Zm{df`r OmñV _m{hVr dV©_mZn{ÌH$m _YwZ d _m{gHo$_YwZ _m{hV H$éZ ¿`m.

Aa~r, nmcrñVm{ZÙ _Ü o Kf©Umg H$m` H$maUoAmhoV?Kf©UmV nmcrñVm{Z`m§U B{OáZo H$emgmR>r _XVHo$cr?H$mhr nmcrñVm{ZÙ cmoH$ CJ«dmX nÜXVrMrH$m {ZdS> Ë`m§Zr Ho$cr? Ë`mMm H$m` n[aUm_Pmcm?eaZmWu m§À`m {e{~amV amhþZ {Za§Va wÜXmMr{^Vr, Jar{~Zo H$§R>miwZ Jococo nmcrñVm{ZÙmÀ`m{OdZ n[apñWVr {df`r _m{hVr H$am?

SCERT TELANGANA


em§Vr A§mXomcZ a{e`m nVZ d {eV wÜXmMmA§V (Peace Movements, Collapse of theUSSR and the end of the Cold War)

H$mc_mZ MmcV AgVm WmoS>çm à_mUmVeó Jmoim, ~méX ñnY}g H$_r H$éZ AUw AómMmZme H$amd`mMm Ago a{e`m AmU A_oarH$mMocmoH$ {Vd« X~md AmUw cmJco. m {df`r Z§aVÀ`mnmR>mV g§nwU© _m{hVr {_ioc. n[aUm_r `m XomZ XoemVg§nH©$ gmYwZ eñÌ, Aó, ñnY}g d gmR>dUrg H$_r H$amdocmJoc. eodQ>r 1985 Vo 1991 _Ü o AUw n[aúmmda {ZfoYcmdcm Jocm.

a{e`mV {_IrBc Jmoa~mMod(Mikhail Gorbachev)A{YH$mamda Amë`m_wio Vo eŠ` d gmø Pmco Ago åhUVmoB©c. a{e`m(USSR) V {Vd« gwYmaUm AmUwZ AmUIr OmñV

nmXe©H$Vm H$éZ Ë`mg amOH$s`mer ~Xcr H$aÊ`mgmR>r{_IrB©c Zo à`ËZ Ho$co. Vmo AYmamdmXr VËdmer {_imcm.Am{W©H$ ì`dñWm nwÝhm {dH$mg hmoÊ`mgmR>r Ë`mZo H$mhr~Xc H$éZ nmíMmË` Xoemer g§~§YmV gwYmaUm H$aÊ`mgmR>rË`mZo à`ËZ Ho$cm `mZo àdoe R>odcoë`m ~Xcmg ½cmgZomñQ>Am{U noaoñQ´>moB©H$m(‘Glasnost’ and ‘Perestroika’) Agog_OVmV.

`mM doiog nwd© wamon XoemV {Vd« Am{W©H$ g§H$Q>mg g_moaoOmV AgVm am{e`m Ë`m§Zm _XV H$aÊ`mÀ`m pñWVrg ZìhVo.n[aUm_ ñdoÀN>m, cmoH$emhr, Am{W©H$ n[adV©ZmMr _mJUrH$aV nwd© wamonmV gJirH$S>o n«Om Am§XmocZo Omoa Yé cmJcr.`mMm n[aUm_ Xoemg MmcdUo AeŠ` AgUmao gaH$mao nSw>ZJocr. npíM_ O_©Zr ho nwd© wamon n[aUm_mdéZ {XgwZ oVo. O_©Zr àOoZo {damoY Ho$coë`m m q^Vra{e`m {Z`Ì§Umg g§H$oV AgwZ `mg Iwn à{gÜXr {_imcr.

a{e`m _YrcM H$å w{ZñQ> Mm§XadmX Jmoa~mMod `mg 1991 _Ü o A{YH$mamhþZ H$mTw>UQ>mH$Ê`m ~Ôc EH$m {damoYr CR>mdmg àmoËgmhZ{_imco. Va a{e`m g§gXo V\}$ ~moarg EëgrZ(Boris Yelstin) mZo m {damoYr CR>mdmg AS>WimAmUcm Vmo eodQ>r AÜ`úm {ZdS>UwH$sV {dO`rhmoD$Z 1991 _Ü o a{e`m cm aÔ H$arV AgcocrKmofUm Ë`mZo Ho$cr. _mOr am{e`m _Yrc amÁ` hoñdV§Ì Xoe Amho. Ë`mZ§Va Ë`mV ~è`mM n«_mUmVa{e`mer A§JrH$ma H$éZ KoVco.

{MÌ 20.7 nwd©-npíM_ O_©ZrZm {d^mJë`mJocoë`m ~cuZ q^Vrg nmS>V Agcoco Ñî`

Aa~ gmoem{cñQ> amï´>r`dmXmg d _VmZwgmaamï´>r`dmXm _Ü o H$m` \$aH$ Amho?BamUmV Vmcr~mZ Imcr AgUmè`mA\$JmUrñVmZmV {Z_m©U Pmcoco n[aUm_m§Um_m{hV H$éZ KoD$Z _VmZwgma gaH$maÀ`m H$m_H$aÊ`mÀ`m nÜXVrg g_OwZ AW© H$éZ ¿`m?

Y‘m©dma AmYmarV amï>r¶Ëd d Aa~ g‘mOmdarcAmYmarV amï´>r¶Ëd ¶mVrc gmå¶ d oX ñnï>H$am?Y‘© hm AmYma Agcoco amï´> H$go H$m¶© H$aVmV¶m gmR>r Vmcr~mZÀ¶m A{YH$mamVrc BamU dA’$Jm{UñVmZ ¶m amï´>mVrc àJVr ~Ôc OmUwZ¿¶m?

SCERT TELANGANA


a{e`m nSw>Z Joë`m_wio àn§M amO{H$`mV Z{dZ wJmMr gwédmVPmcr Vo EH$ Yw«{d` àn§MmV Ë`m§Mm ~Xc Pmcm. à§nMrH$aU wJmMrgwédmV Pmcr. `m {df`r Vwåhr Xþgè`m nmR>mV Aä`mg Ho$cm Amho.

^maV Xoe Am{U Ë`mMo eoOmarc Xoe (India and its Neighbours)

^maV Xoe hm VQ>ñV Am§XmocZmMm ì`dñWmnH$ (NAM) Xoe Amho. d XomZ AJ« amÁ`m_Ü oAmnco ñdV§Ì gm§ miÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ Ho$cm Ago AmnU nm{hco Amho. Jm§YrdmX {gÜXm§V åhUOoem§Vr, A§{hgm AmYmao Amnë`m {dXoer {ZVrg ~XcÊ`mgmR>r ^maV XoemZo n« ËZ Ho$cm. em§Vr~m~V Amncr w{_H$m ñnï> Agë`m_wio Odmhacmc ZohéZo à{gÜX Aem n§M{ec gwÌmgà{VnmXZ Ho$co. (Panchsheel principles)

1. EH$mÀ`m gd©gÎmmH$ÎmoÀ`m ^m¡JmocrH$ g_J¥Vog Xþgè`mZo Jm¡ad H$aUo.2. BVa XoemÀ`m AV§J©V ì`dhmamV hñVúmon Z H$aUo.3. h„m Z H$aUo, {ddmXmg nañna g_OXmarZo gmoS>dÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aUo.4. A§Va OmVr` g§~YmV nañna Jm¡ad d ghH$m`m©gmR>r à`ËZ H$aUo.5. em§Vr wJ gh{OdUmg àmoËgmhZ XoUo.BVa Xoemer {deof H$éZ eoOmar Xoe AgUmao {MZ, nm{H$ñVmZ, lrc§H$m d ~m§JcmXoeer

^maV Xoe g§~§Ymg m gwÌmMm à^md nS>cm.eoOmar Xoem_Üò ^maV Xoe g§§~§Ym{df`r Imcrc {Xcoco dmMZ H$éZ Vo {H$VnV

`m n§M{ec gwÌmda AmYméZ AmhoV _m{hV H$am.{MZ ^maV g§~§Y (Sino-Indian relations)

{XK©H$mc A§mXomcZo, {hgm§Ë_H$ H«$m§Vr Z§Va 1949 _Ü o {MZ H$å w{ZñQ> JUV§Ì amÁ` Pmco.{MZ H$å w{ZñQ> númmg AmoiIë`m Jocoë`m àW_ XoemV maV Xoe EH$ Amho. Ë`m nwdu g§ wº$ amï´>g{_Vr, aúmU g{_VrV {M`m°J Ho$ eoH$ (Chiang Kai Shek) gaH$macm Agcoë`m emídVñWmZmg gÜ`mÀ`m {MZmg gmonÊ`mg ^maV XoemZo _XV {Xcr. {gÜXm§Vrc {d oX AgwZ gwÜXm~m§Sw>J (Bandung) g_mdoemV ^mJ KoÊ`mgmR>r {MZ ^maV XoemZo EH$Xþgè`mg _XV Ho$cr.n§M{ec A§JrH$mamda XomÝhr Xoem§Zr 1954 E{àc 29 `m amoOr hñVmúma Ho$co. XmoÝhr XoemMo ZoVoAmnë`m XomÝhr Xoem§Zm oQ> {Xcr. _moR>çm g§» oZo cmoH$m§Zr Ë`mMo ñdmJV Ho$co.

{dXoer emgZ H$mimV XmoZ Xoem_Ü o gahÔ AgUmar _°H$ _mohZ(Mc Mahon)aofm _maÊ`mVAmcr. Zohé Jm§YrZo Vo _mÝ` Ho$co. {MZ maV Xoem_Ü o AgUmao {V~oQ> ñdV§Ì hm ~\$a àm§V Ago.Va EH$mdoir {MZ gm_«mÁ`mV {V~oQ> nam{YZ Xoe Amho Agm C„oI Ho$ë`m Jocm OmD$Z 1950 _Ü o{V~oQ>mVrc {MZ `mg AmnUmV {_giwZ KoÊ`mV Amco. `m_wio ^maV - {MZ _YwZ ~\$a àm§V{ZKwZ Jocm. {V~oQ>mV Pmcoë`m {damoYr CR>mdmg {MZZo Xm~wZ Q>mH$co. XcmB© cm_m ghrV hOmam|{V~oQ>r §mZr Amnco AmnUmg MwH$dwZ maV XoemV Aml` KoVcm. maVmZo XcmB© cm_mg Aml`{Xcm. `m_wo ^maV-{MZ _Ü o d¡aËd gwé Pmco. ^maV Xoemg {MZ n«Ë`mWu g_Ow cmJcm. Ë`mAJmoXa XmoZ Xoem_Ü o gahÔ {ddmX {Z_m©U Pmcm. cXmI mJmVrc AŠgm° -{MZ(Aksai-chin)^mJ AéUmMc àXoemVrc ~amM mJ Am_Mm Amho Ago {MZ åhUw cmJcm. AZoH$ à`ËZmZo gw{XK©MMm© Z§Va nU hm {ddmX AmVm n ©V gmoS>dcm Jocm Zmhr.

^maV Xoemgmo~V Ho$coë`m em§Vr A§JrH$aUmcm §J H$éZ 1962 AmŠQ>mo~a _Ü o maV Xoemda

XomZ Yw«do, EH$ Yw«do àn§MAem `m eãXmMo dU©ZH$am?

SCERT TELANGANA


{MZZo h„m Ho$cm m AMmZH$ hëë`mg maV Xoe nwU© V`marV Zgë`m_wio \$ma _moR>çm à_mUmVZwH$gmZ Pmco. eodQr {MZZo EH$núm Jmoir~ma g_má KmofUm H$éZ g¡Ý`mg _mKma KoÊ`mV AmconwÝhm gmYmaU g§~§Y {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mgmR>r XemãX H$mim noúmm OmñV doi cmJcm. nwU© nUoXþVg§~§Y 1976 _Ü o nU Pmco ZmhrV.

gÜ`m XomZ Xoe Am{e`mV eº$semcr hmoVAmhoV. Am{W©H$ ÑîQ>çm CÞV ñWmZmda Agë`mMoAmoiIë`m OmV Amho. àn§MmVrc _w»` Am{W©H$amOH$s` eº$s åhUwZ C^maÊ`mMr Amem `mXmoÝhr Xoem§Zm Amho. Ë`m_wio ho EH$mg EH$amOH$s`, Am{W©H$ ñnY©H$ åhUwZ nU g_Oë`mOmVo. gahÔr Odi chmZ _moR>çm KQ>Zm hmoVAgë`mVar em§Vr gX² mdZm amhÊ`mgmR>r XomÝhrgaH$mao à`ËZ H$arV AmhoV.

nm{H$ñVmZ- ^maV g§~§Y (India’s relation with Pakistan)

`m AJmoXaÀ`m YS>çmV gm§JrVë`m à_mUo {~«Q>re ^maVmg {d^mJUr Ho$ë`m_wio nm{H$ñVmZ^maV XoemVwZ ñdV§Ì Pmcm. \$miUr Z§Va XmoÝhr Xoem_Ü o {Za§Va Kf©U MmcwM Amho. XmoÝhrXoemVrc _w»` {ddmX H$í_ra hm Amho.

XomÝhr Xoem_Ü o n«W_ wÜX H$mpí_a gmR>r 1947-48 _Ü o Pmco Va m g_ñ`mMo {ZdmamgmR>rPmcm Zmhr. wÜXm _wio H$pí_aMo XmoZ ^mJ H$aÊ`mV Amco. nm{H$ñVmZ AmH«$_rV H$í_ra(Pakistan occupied Kashmir (PoK) d ^maV XoemVrc Oå_w H$í_ra amï´> `m XmoÝhrZmdmñVd aofm doJir H$aVo. (line of control)

1965 _Ü o ^maV XoemMo àYmZ_§Ìr cmc ~hmXþa emór hmoVo nm{H$ñVmZ _Ü o hþHw$_emhrMmcdÊ`mgmR>r OZac Am w~ ImZ A{YH$mamda hmoVm. H$í_racm ñd§VÌ H$aUo m H$arVm maVXoemda h„m Ho$cm Va H$mpí_a_Ü o {damoYr CR>md hmoD$ eH$VmoAgo Ë`mcm dmQw> cmJco. VaH $ m pí_a cm oH $ m § Z r `mgàmoËgmhZ {Xco Zmhr. wÜXmV^maV gaH$macm _XV H$ocr.cmhmoacm cú`mV R>oD$Z n§Om~_YwZ ^maV XoemZo `wÜXHo$ë`m_wio H$mpí_a _YwZnm{H$ñVmZcm _mKma KoUo mJnS>co. Jmoir~ma Wm§~dÊ`mgmR>rXmoÝhr Xoem§Zm g§ wº$ amï> g{_VrMo OZac goH§«$Q>ar (U Thant)`mZo `wÜX Wm§~dÊ`mg amOrH$aÊ`mV Amco. wÜX g_márZ§Va 1966 _Ü o VmnñQ>o _Ü o

XcmB© cm_m Ë`mMo {V~oQ> AZw m`r`mg maVmZoAml` XoUo `mo½` Amho H$m`?{V~oQ>cm {Z §ÌrV H$amdo Ago {MZMo åhUUo`mo½` Amho H$m`?gahÔr g§~§YrV nwduMo d¡aËd {dgéZ XomÝhrXoem§Zr {H$VnV AW©d§§V ghH$m © {_ÌËd n«máH$é eH$VmV Ago Vwåhmg dmQ>Vo H$m?

SCERT TELANGANA


XmoZ XoemÀ`m àYmZ _§Ìr EH$m A§JrH$manÌmda ñdmúmar Ho$co.

1970 À`m àma§ r nm{H$ñVmZmV {Vd«A§VJ©V g§H$Q> {Z_m©U Pmco. nm{H$ñVmZmVg¡{ZH$ OZac wÚImZ(Yahya Khan)hm cmoH$emhr gaH$maMr ñWmnZm H$aVmoåhUwZ dMZ XoD$Z {ZdS>UwH$sg AmXoeXoÊ`mV Amcm. {ZdS>UwH$sV cmoH$m§Mm{ZHmc doJù`mM àH$macMm Amcm npíM_nm{H$ñVmZmV Owë\$sH$ma Acr, ~wÅ>mo m§Zm{dO` {_imcm Va nwd© nm{H$ñVmZmVeoI _wOr~a ah_mZ ZoV¥ËdmVrc Amdm_rqcJ Zo {dÒ {_idcm Va `m{ZdS>UwH$sV {ZH$mcmg qH$dm nwd©nm{H$ñVmZmg OmñV ñdoÀN>m Am{U ñd§ÌVXoÊ`mgmR>r nm{H$ñVmZ gaH$maZo _mÝ` Ho$co

Zmhr. m§À`m ~Xcmg _wOr~wa ah_mZ mg H¡$X H$éZ Xm~wZ Q>mH$Ê`mV Amco. nwd© nm{H$ñVmZ _YwZ hOmam|H$mXr{gI maVmV oD$ cmJco. _wOr~wa ah_mZcm _V H$aUmao _wº$s ~m{hUr ( ‘Mukti Bahini’)ZmdmZo ñdV§Ì Am§XmocZ H$é cmJco. maV XoemMo àYmZ_§Ìr lr_Vr B§{Xam Jm§Yr mg _XV {Xcr EdT>oMZmhr a Am§VaOmVr` _XV KoÊ`mg nU {VZo à`ËZ Ho$cm. maV Xoemer _XVrÀ`m ~mOwZ C^m am{hcoë`ma{e`m gmo~V _¡Ìr A§JrH$ma nÌmda maVmZo hñVmúma Ho$co.

1971 {S>g|~a _Ü o nm{H$ñVmZer nwU©nUo wÜX gwé Pmco.nwd© nm{H$ñVmZ ñd§VÌ hmoD$Z~m§½cmXoe åhUwZ {Z_m©U Pmco m_wio maV XoemZo Jmoir~ma Wm§~dÊ`mMr KmofUm Ho$ë`mZo wÜXmg_má Pmco. Z§Va Owë\$sH$ma Acr ~wÅ>mo àYmZ _§Ìr B§{Xam Jm§Yr ZoV¥ËdmV XomÝhr Xoem_Ü o {g_mA§JrH$ma Pmcm.

1971 wÜXm Z§Va XomÝhr Xoem_Ü o Iwco wÜX H$Yr Pmco Zmhr, nU gahÔrÀ`m mJmV AZoH$doiog Jmoir~ma, Kf©Z dmVmdaU {Z_m©U hmoV Amho. Vwåhr H$maJrc wÜXm( ‘Kargil War’){df`r Vwåhmg _m{hVM Agoc.1999 _Ü o nm{H$ñVmZ g¢{ZH$mÀ`m _XVrZo ^maVm {damoYr {Vd«dmXr`m§Zr ^maVmMm w mJmda Vm~m Ho$ë`mZo g¡{ZH$r H$m ©dmhr Ûmao Ë`m§Mr hH$mcnÅ>r H$oco.

^maV Xoe gahÔrV AgUmao amÁ` n§Om~- Oå_w H$mpí_amV nm{H$ñVmZ {Z_m©U Am§XomcZmg_O~wVr {_iw cmJcr. Aem àH$maÀ`m Am§XmocZmg _XV XoUo EdT>oM Zmhr Va Y_©dmX,{Vd«dmXr`m§Zm {eúmU XoD$Z mVa XoemV g_ñ`m {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r nm{H$ñVmZ gVV à`ËZ H$écmJcm. Agm ^maV Aamon H$arV Amho. VæmÀ`m ~XcmV ^maV Xoe Am_À`m XoemV ApñWaVm{Z_m©U H$arV Amho AUw, eó, Jmoim~mé BVa eó, AñÌmMm gmR>dUr Ûmao g¡{ZH$ H$m ©dmhr ÛmaoAmåhmg gVV oS>dV Amho Ago nm{H$ñVmZ Amamon H$arV Amho. `m n[aUm_mHw$io XomÝhr XoeEH$mÀ`m {damoYm AmUIr EH$ Jmoim ~méXm§Mr gmR>dU H$aÊ`mgmR>r _moR>çm à_mUmV {ZYr n¡gm

Y_© Am{U `wÜX (Religion and War)wÜX g_má Pmë`mZ§Va {X„rV Pmcoë`m EH$m àXe©Zmg ho

_wpñc_ qh§Xþ _Ü o wÜX Ago åhUV nm{H$ñVmZ Y_m©g Cn`moJH$aÊ`mgmR>r Ho$coë`m à`ËZmg cmc ~hmXþa emór ZmamOrì`º$ Ho$cr. ^maV Xoe hm Y_©{Zanoúm Xoe Amho Ago Jdm©Zogm§JrVco.

Amnë`m XoemMr {deofVm H$m` åhUOo oWo qhXþ,_wpñc_, {¼íMZ, {eI, nmgu, AmUIr {H$Ë oH$ Y_m©Mo cmoH$AmhoV. oWo _§{Xao, _ñOrXo, JwéìXmao, MM© AmhoV. V` `m§mAmnU amOH$s` mMm hñVúmon Hoo$ë`m OmVm oV Zmhr. maVXoemV d nm{H$ñVmZm_Ü o AgUmao \$aH$ hm hmo . nm{H$ñVmZAmnco AmnUmg Bñcm{_H$ Xoe åhUV Y_m©g amOH$s` KQ>H$åhUwZ dmna H$arV Amho. ^maV XoemMo cmoH$ H$moUË`mhrY_m©Mm pñdH$ma H$aVm oVmo. H$moUË`mhr àH$mao XoemMr AmamYZmH$aVm oVmo. amOH$s`mg Amë`mZ§Va àË oH$ OU maVr` AmhoV.

SCERT TELANGANA


IM© H$arV AmhoV. XmoÝhr XoemOdi AUw~må~ AmhoV. Xþgam Xoe Amnë`mda Xoemda AH«$_U H$éZ o åhUwZ hr AUw~må~ Ë`m H$arVm Cn`moJr nS>VmV XomÝhr Ë`mda {dídmg H$aVmV.

Ë`mM doiog g§ñH¥$Vr ZmJarH$Vm dmQ>n H$éZ KoVcoco gw{XK© MarÌ XomÝhr Xoem§Zm Agë`mZoñdmWueº$s ìXoe dmT>cm Var Ë`mg {Z`Ì§UmV R>odÊ`mgmR>r nm{H$ñVmZ maV XoemMr cmoH$ à`ËZH$arV AmhoV. dm{UÁ` {H«$S>m, {gZo_m, n ©Q>Z, gm§ñH¥$VrH$AZwg§YmUmìXmao ñZoh nwd©H$ dmVmdaU {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>rà`ËZ H$arV AmhoV. XomÝhr XoemV Y_©{Zanoúm dmX ,{Z_m©U hmoÊ`mgmR>r Cn omJr nS>VmV Ago ^ma{V` dnm{H$ñVmZr cmoH$m§Zm dmQ>V Amho. m XmoÝhr Xoem_Ü oKf©U dmT>ë`m_wio `m AmXem©g {dYmV nmohMÊ`mMmYmoH$m Amho.^maV- ~m§½cmXoe g§~Y (India’s relation with Bangladesh)

1972 _Ü o maVr` g¡{ZH$mÀ`m _XVrZo nm{H$ñVmZ nmgwZ ~m§JcmXoe ñdV§Ì Pmcm Vo ñdV§Ì{_imë`mg cdH$aM maV XoemMr 25 dfm©gmR>r em§Vr A§JrH$ma nÌmda ñdmúmar H$aÊ`mV Amco.Va ~«åhnwÌ J§Jm ZXrÀ`m nmÊ`mÀ`m dmQ>nm gma»`m KQ>Zmda XmoÝhr Xoem_Ü o _V oX {Z_m©UPmco. ~m§½cmXoe nmgwZ cmoH$ _moR>çm à_mUmV J¡aH$m`ÚmZo ^maV XoemV Z oÊ`mgmR>r H$m§hrgahÔ àm§Vm_Ü o m cmoH$m§Zm AmS>{dÊ`mgmR>r maV Xoe gahÔ mJmV Hw§w$nZ {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mg~mJcmXoemZo _ZmB© Ho$cr. gahÔ ^mJmV ^maV Xoe _moR>m^mD$ Ago w{_H$m {Z^dV Amho Ago~m§JcmXoemg dmQw> cmJco.

{H$Ë oH$ _V oX Agcm Var XomÝhr Xoe AZoH$ a§JmV {deof H$éZ Am{W©H$ ^mJmV ghH$m ©EH$_oH$m§g H$arV AmhoV. X{úmU Am{e`mV å`mZ_ma ìXmao nwd© Am{e`mer g§~§Y OmoS>Ê`mÀ`m^maVmÀ`m {dMmaYmaoV ~m½cmXoeZo nU mJ KoVcm. AmnÎmr d g§H$cH$mcrZ n[apñWVrV XomÝhrXoem_Ü o ghH$ma Amho. ~m½cmXoe ñdV§Í`mgmR>r Am§XmocZ Ho$coë`m {OdZXmZ Ho$coë`m {H$Ë oH$^maVr`m§Mm ~m§JcmXoe gÝ_mZ Ho$cm.

XomZ Xoem_Ü o emídV em§Vr {Z_m©U homÊ`mgmR>r^maV d nm{H$ñVmZ Xoem§Zr H$moUVr H$m ©dmhrHo$cr nm{hOo?^maV Xoe d nm{H$ñVmZ {dH$mgmR>r XomÝhrXoem_Ü o em§VrMr Amdí`H$Vm H$m Amho?

eoOmaMo _moR>o amï> _moR>çm mdmgmaIr dmJUwH$ H$aVmV åhUwZ AZoH$ chmZ Xoe Amamon H$aVm. m AW© H$m?^maV d ~mJcmXoemMm ZH$mem nmhm d XmoZ XoemV AgUmè`m ghg§~YmMr H$m` _hËdmMrw{_H$m Amho Vo gm§Jm?

{MÌ20.8 : (Left) 1958 _Ü o {MZ {damoYr àXe©Z H$arV Agcocr àOm å`mZ_ma _Ü o H$å w{ZñQ> {MZ, {V~oQ> ~mOwZoOmD$ Z o Ago Amho. (Right)1971 _Ü o nwd© nm{H$VñVmZ nmgwZ maVm_Ü o oV AgUmao {eI

SCERT TELANGANA


~mJcmXoemg maVmZo Ho$coë`m _XVrg lrc§H$m Ë`m nmÌmg VwcZm H$am. XmoZXoemV n[apñWVr EH$M n«H$mao Amho H$m? Ë`mV \$aH$ gm§Jm?

lrc§H$m ^maV g§~§Y (India’s relation with Sri Lanka)

^maV XoemÀ`m X{úmUog qhXþ _hmgmJamV AgUmao pìXn Xoe lrc§H$m mg 1948 _Ü o ñdV§Ì {_imco.na§namJV ^maV, lrc§H$m _Ü o gm§ñH¥$VrH$, Am{W©H$ g§~§Y AmhoV. XomÝhr {dXoer emgZm nmgwZ ñdV§Ì{_idwZ AmO Vo cmoH$emhr Xoe åhUwZ AmoiIcm OmVmo. Vm_rcr ~mocUmao Aëng§»`mH$ cmoH$m ~amo~alrc§H$m gaH$maZo Ho$coë`m ì`dhmam déZ XomÝhr XoemÀ`m g§~§Ym_Ü o {MS> AmUÊ`mMr n[apñWVr {Z_m©UPmcr. `m {df`r Vwåhr Zdì`m dJm©V Aä`mg Ho$co AmhmV. `m MMm© nwÝhm EH$ doiog AmR>dU H$am.

lrc§H$m d Vm_rc eaZmWu _moR>çm à_mUmV maVmV Amë`m_wio EH$ doJir g_ñ`m {Z_m©U Pmcr.`m_wio ^maV XoemZo AmUIr OmñV hñnúmon H$éZ Ë`m XoemV em§Vr {Z_m©U homÊ`mgmR>r lrc§H$mer dV_rc {Vd«dmXrV A§JrH$ma H$aÊ`mV Amcm. lrc§H$mV em§Vr ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r maVmUo Amnco g¡Ý`mgnmR>dë`m{df`r d àYmZ_§Ìr am{Od Jm§Yrg {Vd«dmX Vm_rcmUr hË`m Ho$ë`m{df`r `m AJmoXa AmnUAä`mg Ho$cm Amho. Vm{_i {Vd« dmXmÀ`m {damoYmV lrc§H$m gaH$ma nwU© nUo wÜXmg CÎmaë`m Z§Vahr^maV XoemoZ Ë`mV hñVúmon H$é Z o Agm {ZU© KoÊ`mV Amcm. m wÜXmV _mZH$ h¸$mMo C„§KZ d {Vd«à_mUmV aº$nmV Pmcm m_wio Amnë`m XoemV lrc§H$mZo g¡{ZH$s Kf©Z Wm§~dco.

Amnë`m Aä`mgmV gwYmaUm H$amAmnë`m Aä`mgmV gwYmaUm H$amAmnë`m Aä`mgmV gwYmaUm H$amAmnë`m Aä`mgmV gwYmaUm H$amAmnë`m Aä`mgmV gwYmaUm H$am1. `mo½` CÎmamMr {ZdS> H$am: {eV wÜXm{df`r Imcr Agcoë`m ì`m»`mV Ho$mUVo A`mo½` Amho?

a) A_oarH$m, a{e`m àË`úm wÜXmV mJ KoUo. b) A_oarH$m Am{U a{e`m _Ü o {damoYc) eñÌ ñnYm© H$maU AgUo. d) XomÝhr AJ« amï>mV {gÜXmVrH$ ñnYm©

2. Imcr {Xocoë`m n¡H$s H$moUVo npíM_ Am{e`m g§H$Q>H$mcmV ZìhVm?a) B{Oá b) B§S>mo{Z{e`m c) {~«Q>Z d) BO«m c

3. Xþgè m _hm wÜXmZ§Va àn§MmVrc A{YH$mamV H$em àH$maMm ~Xc KSw>Z Amcm?4. OJmV em§Vr ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r g§ wº$ amï> g{_VrÀ`m {d{dY nmÌm{df`r _m{hVr {chm?5. cmoH$emhr mdZm g§X^m©V {ZU© KoÊ`mV H$m§hr XoemZm {deof A{YH$ma AgUo {H$VnV mo½` Amho Vo gm§Jm?6. g¡{ZH$ A§JrH$mam_wio AJ«amï>mZm Ë`mMm H$gm \$m`Xm Pmcm?7. {eV wÜXm_wio eó, Jmoim~méX ñnYm© d Jmoim~méX {Z`ÌU H$aUo ho XmoÝhr H$go KSw>Z Amco?8. OJmV Kf©Umg H|$Ð{~§Xþ npíM_ Am{e`m H$m H$ma^r wV Pmcm.9. 20 ì m eVH$mVÀ m eodQ>r EH$ Xoe OJmda hþHw$_emhr MmcdV hmoVm. m ~m~VrV NAM Mr H$m w{_H$m Agw eH$Vo?

10. “Ho$di g¡{ZH$ A§JrH$ma g§X m©VM Zmhr Va Am{W©H$ nÜXVr g§X m©V nU NAM Am§XomcZ hmoD$ cmJco ” mg g_W©Z H$am?11. maVmg eoOmarc Xoemgr m Imcrc KQ>ZmV g§~§Y XmIdÊ mgmR>r EH$ Vº$m V ma H$am. Kf©Umg H$maUr wV KQ>H$- wÜX

g§KQ>Zm, ghmæ`, ghH$ma g§KQ>Zm12. “lrc§H$mer OmVr d¡aËd maV XoemMo Ë`m g§dYmZm à^md nS>cm”. dU©Z H$am?13.OJmVrc ZH$memV Imcrc XoemMo ñWio Xe©dm? 1) nmocm°S> 2) a{e`m 3) ñnoZ 4) c°{Q>Z A_oarH$m 5) A\$Jm{UñVmZ14. nmZ H«$. 294 darc AmcoI Z§.2 Mo {Z[aúmU H$éZ Imcrc àíZm§Mo CÎmao Úm? 1) H$moUË m XoemMm g¡{ZH$ IM© OmñV Amho?

2. OrS>rnr Q> o$dmarV XomZ XoemÀ`m g¡{ZH$s IMm©À`m {Z[aúmUmV Vwåhmcm H$m` AmT>iwZ Amco?15. nmZ H«$. 295 darc eodQ>Mm n[aÀN>oX dmMwZ Ë`mdarc ñnï>rH$aU Úm?

_hËdmMo eãX_hËdmMo eãX_hËdmMo eãX_hËdmMo eãX_hËdmMo eãXg¡{ZH$ wVr, Nw>no wÜX, eóñnYm©, EH$ Y«wd àn§M, XomZ Y«wd àn§M, {dXoer emgrV Xoem§Zm ñdV§Ì,

{dQ>mo, OmVr oX^md, n§M{ec

SCERT TELANGANA

290 g‘H$mbrZ gm‘m{OH$ Midirgm‘m{OH$ AÜ¶¶Z

bmoH$m§Zr ‘moR>çm g§»¶oZo ^mJ KoVboë¶m H$m§hr Midir Vwåhr nm{hë¶mM AgVrb. EH$mg‘ñ¶m§Zm g‘OyZ KoD$Z Ë¶m‘Ü¶o ~Xb H$aÊ¶mÀ¶m CÚoemZo Aem Midir {Xë¶m OmVmV. AemMidir‘Ü¶o Vwåhr H|$ìhm Var ^mJ KoVbmM Agob. X¡{ZH$m‘Ü¶o dmMboë¶m qH$dm Vwåhr ^mJKoVboë¶m Midirbm EH$Xm AmR>dU H$éZ ¿¶m. Ë¶mVrb g‘ñ¶m H$moUË¶m? d Ë¶m‘wio H$moU ~irnS>bo? Ë¶mÀ¶m BÀN>m H$m¶ AmhoV? Ë¶m Midirbm nwT>mar H$moU Amho? Midir‘Ü¶o mJ ¿¶måhUwZ bmoH$m§Zm H$go àmoËgmhrV Ho$bo OmVo? Midit‘Ü¶o H$moUVm Var A{^àm¶ ‘V oX Amho H$m?Midi H$er Mmbbr? MidirMo CÕrï>m§Mo Hw$T>n¶mªV gmÜ¶ H$aÊ¶mV Ambo?

nmíd©^ y‘r20 ì¶m eVH$mÀ¶m nwdm©Ym©V OJmVrb ‘hm¶wÕo, amÁ¶H$m«Ë¶m, O‘©ZrVrb ’°$grÁ‘, gmo{d¶V,

a{e¶m‘Yrb gmå¶dmX, nmíMmË¶m CXmaVmdmX, AZoH$ ñdV§Ìo bT>o ¶m KQ>mZm§Zr abobr Amho. na§Vw1950 n¶ªV Xþgao OmJ{VH$ ‘hm¶wÕ g§nbo hmoVo. ^maV Xoe, {MZ, B§S>moZoer¶m, Zm¶Oo[a¶m,B{Oágma»¶m dgmhVr VWm AY© dgmhVr XoemMr dmQ>Mmb ñdmV§Í¶mH$S>o Pmbr. ¶m‘wio OJmV EHmZì¶m ¶wJmMm Ama§ Pmbm. AZoH$ XoemÀ¶m ~m~VrV ho AY© eVH$ Am{W©H$, gm§àXm{¶H$ àJVrMo¶wJ åhUVmV. Ago Agbo Var, {XK©H$mimnmgwZ ‘mZdr h¸$m§Mr ‘mJUr H$aUmao AZoH$ bmoH$ nwT>oAmë¶m‘wio AZoH$ Xoem§‘Ü¶o gm‘m{OH$ Ii~i ‘mOrdUmao AY© eVH$ hmo¶.

1960 ‘Yrb ZmJ[aH$ A{YH$mad BVa Midir

Aem MidirV A{YH$ ‘hËdmMr MidiåhUOo, A‘o[aHo$Vrb ZmJ[aH$m§À¶m h¸$mMrMidi hmo¶. emio‘Ü¶o, ~g‘Ü¶o, gmd©O{ZH${R>H$mUmda, H$mù¶m OmVrVrb bmoH$m§Zm doJioR>odrV hmoVo. Zm¡H$è¶m§‘Ü¶o, J¥hñWr‘Ü¶o‘VXmZmÀ¶m h¸$mgh Ë¶m§Zm H$‘r boIV hmoVo.¶m {damoYmV Am’«$mo-A‘o[aH$Z ¶m H$mù¶mOmVrVrb bmoH$m§Zr g‘mZVogmR>r Ho$bobrMidi hmo¶. ¶m g§Kfm©Zo 1960 ‘Ü¶o Vrd«én YmaU Ho$bo. ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV {ZXe©Zo,‘moMo©, {ZfoY g^m (H$‘r boIrV Agboë¶mH$m¶ÚmMo em§Vr ¶wwVoZo C„§KZ H$aÊ¶mV Ambo.)

{MÌ 21.1 : E{bOm~oW E³H$’$moS>>© ZmdmMr H$mù¶m OmVrVrb‘wbJr. 4 gßQ>|. 1957 bm {bQ>b am°H$ ñHw$b‘Ü¶o àdoe KoÊ¶mgmR>rà¶ËZ H$arV Agbobr ‘wbJr. ’$moQ>mo… Eb.gr

YS>m

20 (Social Movements in Our Times)

g‘H$mbrZ gm‘m{OH$ Midir

g‘H$mbrZ gm‘m{OH$ Midir

SCERT TELANGANA


H$‘r boIwZ XOm©{hZ godm (ñdoV OmVr, H$mir OmVrË¶m§Zm doJio ~g‘Ü¶o ~gÊ¶mMo {R>H$mU ¶mgma»¶m KQ>Zm){ZXe©ZmZo ho Am§XmobZ em§Vr nwU© MmbV hmoVo. ¶mVrb‘hËdmMo åhUOo, S>m°.‘mQ>uZ byWaqH$J ZoV¥ËdmImbr ‘m|Q>‘mo‘ar¶oWo dfm©Zwdf©o H$mù¶m OmVtZr dgmda ~{hîH$ma Q>mH$bm.Ë¶m‘wio ~g MmbdUmè¶m H§$nÝ¶m§Zm {Zìdi ZwH$gmZPmbo.A§{V‘V… 1956 ‘Ü¶o dg‘Ü¶o oX^md H$aZo hm H$m¶ÚmZoJwÝhm Amho, Ago R>adrÊ¶mVAmbo. Ë¶mMH$mimV H$mù¶mAm{U Jmoè¶m OmVrVrb bmoH$mZmdoJdoJù¶m emim Agë¶m‘wio¶m {damoYmV ‘O~wV MidiMmbV hmoVr. 28 Am°JñQ> 1963amoOr XmoZ bmImÀ¶mda bmoH$m§ZrdmqeJQ>Z ¶oWo ‘moR>m ‘moMm©H$mTw>Z ZmJ[aH$ h¸$ H$m¶XmH$mT>mdm Aer ‘mJUr H$aÊ¶mVAmbr. amoOJma hm‘r ¶moOZm,g§nwU© Ý¶m¶dÕ amoOJma, Mm§JbodgmhVr, ‘VXmZmMm A{YH$maJmoè¶m OmVrVrb Am{U H$mù¶mOmVrVrb ‘wbm§Zm gh {ejU,gdm©Zm g‘mZ {dÚmMr g§Yr{‘imdr ¶mgma»¶m àW‘‘mJÊ¶m hmoË¶m. ¶m àXe©ZmVgdm©~amo~a S>m°.qH$½gZohr mfU {Xbo.

“‘mPo EH$ ñdßZ ..” Ago åhUwZ Ë¶m§Zr E{VhmgrH$ mfU Ho$bo, Ë¶mZ§VaÀ¶m H$mimV H$mù¶mOmVtgmR>r g‘mZ H$m¶Xm {Z‘m©U Ho$bm. gw{XK© g§Kfm©Z§Va ho g‘W©nUo Am‘b~OmdUr H$aÊ¶mVAmbr. gwYmaUm ¶m ~XbmgmR>r AqhgmË‘H$, gm‘m{OH$ MidirgmR>r g§nwU© OJmV àoaUmXm¶H$R>abr.

{h Midi Og-Ogo ‘O~wV hmoV OmB©b, V|ìhm em§Vr ‘mJm©Ûmao gd© bmoH$m§Zm g‘mZËd{‘idrZo, gmo¶rñH$a hmoVo. Ë¶mbm Amdí¶H$ Vo H$m¶Xo gaH$ma H$aVrb Agm {dMma loUrbm,S>m°.qH$½g gmo~V gdmªMo gh‘V hmoVo. na§Vw ‘mbH$mo‘ E³ggmaIo BVa AZoH$ bmoH$ H$mù¶m OmVrdoJù¶m AmhoV, ñdoV OmVr¶ àemgZmnmgwZ ñdmV§ÌVm {‘imdr åhUwZ g§Kf© H$amdm, Ago åhUZohmoVo. A{YH$ma Amnë¶m hmVr KoÊ¶mgmR>r geó bS>m XoÊ¶mgmR>r gd© ‘mJm©Mm dmna H$amdm, AgoË¶m§Mr ^mdZm hmoVr.

ZmJar A{YH$ma MidirV A{YH$ g§»¶mZo ‘{hbm§Zr mJ KoVbm hmoVm. na§Vw ¶m MidirVnwéfmMo Am{YnË¶ OmñV Amho. Amåhmbm H$moUrhr H$Xa H$arV Zmhr, Ago Ë¶m§Mo åhUZo hmoVo.

{MÌ 21.2 : S>m°. ‘mQ>uZ byWa qH$J Ow{Z¶a^mfmU XoVm§Zm

‘mPo EH$ ñdßZ..e§â dfm©Imbr {d‘wº$s KmofUm nÌmda hñVmja H$aUmè¶m

‘hm‘mZdmÀ¶m N>m¶oV AmO AmnU Cô AmhmoV, AÝ¶m¶mÀ¶mA¾r‘Ü¶o OiV Agboë¶m H$mù¶m OmVrVrb bmoH$m §Zm hoEo{Vhm{gH$ nÌ EH$m AmeoÀ¶m {H$aUmgmaIo {Xgbo. na§VwH$mù¶m OmVrVrb bmoH$m§Zr e§â df© Pmbr Var Ë¶m§Zm ñdoÀN>mAmUIr Pmbr {‘imbr Zmhr. ôX^mdm§À¶m Hw$by§nmUr Am{UdoJdoJio H$aUmè¶m gmIirZo e§â df© Pmbr Varhr H$mù¶mOmVrVrb bmoH$m§Mo OrdZ‘mZ {dñH$irVM Amho...‘mPo Mma ‘wbo EHo$ H$mir Ë¶m§À¶m H$mVS>rÀ¶m a§Jmda ZgwZË¶m§À¶m ì¶º$sËd bjUm§H$S> o nmhÿU A§XmO bmdVrb, Aí¶mXoem§‘Ü¶o OJmVrb Ago ‘mPo EH$ ñdßZ Amho...

S>m°. ‘mQ>uZ byWa qH$J Ow{Z¶a(Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.)

S>m °.‘mQ>uZ qH$J byWaZo {Xboë¶m øm à»¶mV ^mfUmMmAä¶mg H$éZ A‘o{H$Vrb g‘mOmnwT>o Ë¶m§Zr R>odboë¶m AmXem©{df¶rd Ë¶mbm gmÜ¶ H$aÊ¶mgmR>r Ë¶m§Zr {Z‘m©U Ho$boë¶m àUm{bH$m

SCERT TELANGANA


dmqeJQ>Z ¶oWrb à»¶mV g o‘Ü¶o EH$m ‘{hbmbm gwÕm ~mobÊ¶mMr g§Yr {Xbr ZìhVr. ‘{hbmg‘mZËdmgmR>r ‘{hbm§Zr g§Kf© H$amdm Aer Ë¶m§Mr ^mdZm hmoVr.

¶m {d^rÞ YmoaUm§Zm {‘giwZ AmYw{ZH$ A‘o[aHo$À¶m M[aÌmbm EH$ ‘O~wV g‘mZËd Midi{Z‘m©U H$aÊ¶mgmR>r ghH$m¶© {‘imbo.

gmo{d¶V g§Km‘Ü¶o ‘mZdm{YH$ma Midi (Human Rights Movements in the USSR)Ë¶mH$mimV gmo{d¶V g§KmZo Am{U Ë¶mÀ¶m {‘Ì Xoem§Zr åhUOoM ¶wamonr¶ XoemVhr {ZenjnmVr

{ZdS>UwH$m H$moUË¶mhr àH$maMo Zgbobm ‘wÐrV àgma ‘mÜ¶‘o BVa àgma ‘mÜ¶‘o EdT>oM Zìho VaeodQ>r gd© gmYmaU ZmJ[aH$m§À¶m ~mobÊ¶mbmhr ~§YZ AmUbo. ¶m gaH$mam§Zm H$moUË¶mhr jUramÁ¶ H$ma^ma gmoS>Ê¶mgmR>r X~md AmUë¶m OmÊ¶mMr rVr dmQ>V Ago. gaH$mar H$m¶m©b¶o Am{Ugmd©O{UH$ H$m¶m©da gaH$maMr ZH$ma Ago, Aí¶m àH$maÀ¶m ~§YmZm§‘wio H§$Q>miboë¶m àOoZo mdì¶º$s ñWbm§VamMr BÀN>m VgoM ñdoÀN>oZo ~mV‘r nÌ qH$dm BVa g‘mMma ‘mÜ¶‘m§Zm nwaoer OmJmXoÊ¶mV Ambr, ‘mZdm{YH$mamgmR>r gmo{d¶V g§Km‘Yrb H$m§hr àm§Vm‘Ü¶o d VgoM nwd© ¶wamon‘Ü¶oH$m§hr Midir gwé Pmë¶m. h§Joar, MoH$ñbmodm{H$¶m, nmobm§S>gma»¶m Xoem§‘Ü¶o gmo{d¶V g§KmÀ¶mAm‘bmImbrb Xoem§Zr àm~ë¶ H$‘r H$aÊ¶mgmR>r Midir Mmbw am{hë¶m. ¶m Midirn¡H$sH$mhtZm gmå¶dmX {damoYr A‘o[aH$m, B§½b§S> Aem XoemH$Sw>Z ‘XV gwÕm {‘imbr. ‘mZdr h¸$mÀ¶mg§ajUmgmR>r AZoH$ YmoaUo AmIÊ¶mV Ambr. H$m§hr YmoaUo gd© gmYmaU àOobm g§nwU© ñdmV§Ì XoD$BÀN>rV hmoVr. Va H$m§hr YmoaUo gmå¶dmXr amOnÕVrZda ìhmdr, Aer hmoVr. gmå¶dmXr YmoaU Zï>ìhmdo ¶mMm àMma Am{U àgma H$aÊ¶mV à{gÕ boIH$ Abo³gm§S>a gmobPoZrËgZ, AÊdóVk

Am§Ðo¶r gImamod ¶m§Zr Ho$bm. ¶m d BVaMidirVwZM gmo{d¶V g§Km‘Ü¶o {‘ImB©bJmo~m©Mod ¶m§§Mo ZoV¥Ëd CX¶mg Ambo. Ë¶m§ZrZmJ[aH$m§Zm OmñVrV OmñV ñdmV§Ì {‘imdo ¶mhoVwZo ½bmñVZmog Zm‘H$ gwYmaUm am~dë¶m.

AÊdó {damoYr Am{U ¶wÕ {damoYr ‘mo{h‘m1970 AmUr 1980 ‘Ü¶o EH$m ZdrZ àH$maÀ¶m MidirMr gwédmV Pmbr. Vo AmÊdó {damoYr

Am{U ¶wÕ {damoYr H$aUmar Midi hmo¶. 1945 Am°JñQ>‘Ü¶o {hamoer‘m, ZmJmgmH$sda Q>mH$boë¶mAUw~m§~ ¶wÕo Am{U ¶wÕmVrb ^¶§H$a ñWrVr hm gd© OJmZoM nm{hbr hmoVr. Var nU A‘o[aH$m,gmo{d¶V g§K, {~«Q>Z, ’«$m§ggma»¶m AJ«amÁ¶ d BVa Xoeo BVa AmUw~m§~Mm dmna H$arV Zmhr AmåhrË¶mMm {damoY H$aVmo, Ago gm§JV Amnë¶m XoemV Ë¶mMr gmR>dU dmT>dV AmhoV, Vo A‘o[aH$m-gmo{d¶V g§K ¶mVrb AàË¶j ¶wÔ qH$dm {d¶VZm‘ gmo~V A‘o[aH$m ¶wÕ. ¶mH$mimVrb {Xdg

A‘o[aH$m-gmo{d¶V g§K‘Yrb amO{H$¶ì¶dñWm‘Ü¶o g‘mZVm Am{U ’$aH$ AmoiIm.bmoH$m§À¶m A{YH$mamgmR>r Vo H$go Cn¶moJrnS>bo.

ZmJ[aH$ A{YH$ma MidirÀ¶m ‘mJUrVm Vº$m V¶ma H$éZ Ë¶mbm Vwåhr Ë¶m darb Cnm¶gwMZm.bmoH$emhr Xoe åhUwZ A‘o[aH$m gm§JVo, na§Vw H$mhr eVmãXrnmgwZ ‘Ü¶H$mimn¶ªV H$m§hrbmoH$m§Zm doJio R>odbo, ^maVo Xoem‘Ü¶o bmoH$emhrMr ^mdZm gdmªZm {‘idÊ¶mgmR>r H$erahmdr? MMm© H$am?EH$m MidirV doJdoJio AmdmO H$emgmR>r EoH$Ê¶mg {‘iVmV? Ë¶mVrb A{^àm¶ oXm§ZmAmoiIm?

SCERT TELANGANA


A{Ve¶ ^¶mZH$ hmoVo. AmUIr OmJ{VH$ ¶wÕ gwé hmoVo H$s H$m¶? hr ^rVr OJmVrb gdmªÀ¶m‘ZmV erabr hmoVr. ¶wÕmMr gwédmV Pmbr Va, AmUw~m§~Mm Cn¶moJ Ho$bm Va y‘rda AgbobrOrdg§nXm gd© Zï> hmoD$ eH$Vo. Aer ^rVr dmQ>V Amho. g§nwU© OJmV emók, {dYdVo AmUw¶wÕmÀ¶m {ZfoYmgmR>r ‘moR>-‘moR>çm Midir gwé H$arV AmhoV, ì¶W© Agboë¶m ¶wÕ ñnY©obm nwU©{dam‘ Úmdm, Aer A‘o[aH$m, gmo{d¶Vg§K gma»¶m Xoem§Zr H$amamda EH$ÌrV ¶mdo Ago ‘V ‘m§SVAmhoV.

{d¶VZm‘ ¶wÕm‘Ü¶o {d¶VZm‘Mo 8 bmI g¡{ZH$, 30 bmI ZmJ[aH$ AgwZ A{YH$ g§»¶oVH§$~mo{S>¶Z,bmdmoer¶Ýg ‘mabo Joobo. A‘o[aHo$bm H$moUË¶mhr àH$maMo ZmJ[aH ZwH$gmZ Pmbo Zmhr.na§Vw ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV g¡{ZH$ ‘aU nmdbr, Ë¶mnojm A{YH$ g§»¶m§‘Ü¶o g¡{ZH$ An§J Pmbr. Ë¶mÀ¶m{damoYmV AgUmao A‘o[aH$m, ’«$m§ger VwbZm Ho$br Va {d¶VZm‘ hm Xoe A{Ve¶ Jar~ bhmZ XoeAmho. ¶wÕm‘Ü¶o {d¶VZm‘ ¶m§Zr Jmoar„m ¶wÕ (JUr‘rH$mdm) nÕVrMo Adb§~Z Ho$bo. A‘o[aHo$Zoamgm¶{ZH$ eómóo Am{U AË¶mYw{ZH$ Zmnmb‘ ~§m~Mm Cn¶moJ H$éZ JmdoÀ¶m Jmdo CÜdñV Ho$br.

A‘o[aHo$bm H$moUVmhr YmoH$m ZgUmar ^moir ^m^S>r OZVoda ~m§~ Q>mH$Uo {H$VnV ~amo~aAmho, 1970 À¶m Ama§ m‘Ü¶o {d¶VZm‘ déZ naV ¶oV Agboë¶m g¡{ZH$m§‘Ü¶o g§Xoh {Z‘m©UPmbm.Ë¶mMdoir {d¶VZm‘‘Ü¶o Hw$R>oVar MmbV Agboë¶m ¶wÕmbm nmR>{dÊ¶mgmR>r {damoY H$arVhmoVo. Agm {damoY H$aUmè¶m bmoH$m§Mr g§»¶m dmT>V hmoVr. Ë¶m‘wio A§{V‘V… A‘o[aH$mZo 1975 ‘Ü¶o¶wÕ Wm§~dwZ, {d¶VZm‘ gmoS>bo. A‘o[aHo$À¶m {damoYmV {d¶VZm‘mVrb bmoH$ H$arV AgbobrMidi ¶eñdr Pmbr.

bmoH$m§Zr Ho$bobr Midi g’$b Pmë¶m‘wio g§nwU© OJmV em§Vr‘¶ MiditZm ñ’w$Vu {‘imbr.

‘‘Amåhr OmV Zmhr’’A‘o[aH$m‘Ü¶o earaamZo bÇ> Agboë¶m gd© ZmJ[aH$m§Zm g¡Ý¶m‘Ü¶o Vu ìhmdo bmJVo, Agm H$m¶Xm

Amho. {d¶VZm‘ gmo~V ¶wÕ H$aÊ¶mgmR>r hOmamo ZmJ[aH$mZo g¡Ý¶mV Vu hmoÊ¶mgmR>r ZH$ma {Xbm. ¶mEH$m [VañH$mam{df¶r WmoS>m Aä¶mg H$é ¶m. hmadS>© {H«$‘gZ ZmdmÀ¶m X¡{ZH$mV ho N>mnbo Amho.

“goZoVo ^Vu hmoÊ¶mgmR>r d¶AgUmao ¶wdH$ Amåhmbm gaH$ma{d¶VZm‘‘Ü¶o nmR>dw eH$Vo, ¶m¶ wÕmÀ¶m B{VhmgmMmñd^mdm§Mm Amåhr Aä¶mgHo$bm Amho, Ë¶m‘wio AmåhmbmAgo g‘Obo H$s, ¶m ¶wÕm‘Ü¶o^mJ K oU o Am‘À¶m

AV©AmË‘mÀ¶m {damoYmV Amho.Agm Amåhr {ZU©¶ Ho$bm Amho.Ë¶m‘wio {d¶VZm‘ gmo~VA‘o[aH$m ¶wÕmbm Mmby R>odo n¶ªVAmåhr g ¡ {ZH$ g od o‘Ü¶ o(H$m¶ÚmZwgma gdmªZr AgoH$amdo) hmoÊ¶mgmR>r ZH$maXoÊ¶mMm {ZU©¶ R>m‘ Amho.

¶m KmofZoda ghr Ho$ë¶m‘wio hoMAm‘Mo ‘V g‘OwZ g¡Ý¶mVXmIb hmoÊ¶mMo d¶, BVa¶wdH$m§Mm nmN>t~mXoV ¶wÔmbmAm‘Mr d¶º$sJV ZH$ma Z¡VrH$ZH$ma hogd© ÑT> amO{H$¶H$moUmVwZ nmhÊ¶mV ¶mdo.”

¶m§Zm Xoe^º$s Zmhr, Ago H$m§hr OU åhUZo hmoVo, AÝ¶m¶mgma»¶m ¶wÕm‘Ü¶o Z mJ KoUo ~amo~aAmho, Ago H$m§hr bmoH$m§Mo ‘V hmoVo. ¶m XmoZ Ñï>r H$moUmbm dJm©V MMm© H$éZ Vw‘À¶m Ñï>rH$moUmVwZgmo~V XmoZ ~mOwÀ¶m dmX-{ddmXmda g§jrá {bhm.

SCERT TELANGANA


{MÌ 21.3: a. {d¶VZm‘ ¶wÕmbm [damoY H$aUmam ‘moMm©; b. n|Q>mJZ BWog§ajUmgmR>r Agboë¶m g¡{ZH$mbm àXe©ZH$mam‘Yrb EH$ ‘{hbm EH$ ’w$b

XoV Amho, ¶m {MÌmVrb mdZm§Mr MMm© H$ama

b

{d¶ËZm‘ ¶oWrb ¶wÕ g§në¶mZ§Va AmUIr H$m§hr Xoe AÊdóm§À¶m gmR>dUr‘Ü¶o EH$hÿU EH$ Xoe ñnYm© H$é bmJbo. Ë¶m‘wio AUw¶wÕ ñnY}Zo Vrd« én YmaU Ho$bo. ¶m Am¶wYm§ZmCËnÎmr H$aUmè¶m H§$nZr‘wio (¶mbmV g¡{ZH$ Am¡Úmo{JH$ H§$nÝ¶m) Ago åhUVmV. gaH$maogmYmaU bmoH$m§Zm ¶wÕ rVr {Z‘m©U H$arV hmoVo. AUw¶wÕmda g§nÎmrMm IM© OmñV H$arV hmoVo.H«$‘mZo àË¶oHr ¶wamon‘Ü¶o AZoH$ bmoH$ ¶wÕ O¶ H$arV hmoVo. Ë¶mMoM ’$i AUw¶wÕ ñnY}‘wiogd©OU Ymo³¶mV nS>ob Am[U ¶wÓm‘Ü¶o àË¶j g§~§Y ZgUmar Xoemgh g§nwU© OJmMm Zmam hmoB©bAgo dmQ>V hmoVo. gaH$maÀ¶m YmoaUmda ‘moR>çm g§»¶oZo bmoH$m§Zr {damoY Ho$bm. BVa gaH$mamgmo~VAUw¶wÕ gm‘J«rMm gmR>m H$‘r H$aÊ¶mgmR>r, em§Vr ‘mJm©Zo H¥$fr H$aÊ¶mgmR>r MMm© àma§ H$amdrAgm X~md Q>mH$sV hmoVo.

¶m X~mdm‘wioAUw¶wÕ ñnY©o‘Ü¶o‘w»¶ Xoe AgbobmA‘o[aH$m, gmo{d¶Vg §K gmaI o X oeË¶m§À¶m AUw¶wÕmMmgmR > m H $‘rH$aÊ¶mgmR>r MMm©à ma §^ H o $br. -(Strategic ArmsLimitation Talks(SALT) na§Vw MMm©¶eñdr Pmbr Zmhr.A§{V‘ doiog 1991‘Ü¶o ì¶wdhmË‘H$AUw¶wÕemó H$‘rH$aÊ¶mÀ¶m H$amamda(Strategic ArmsReduction Treaty(START). hñVmjaoHo$br. B{VhmgmVgdm©V ‘moR>o KmVH$eó {Z¶§ÌU H$amahmoVm. hm 2001 ‘Ü¶oAm‘bmV Ambm.V|ìhmnmgwZ ì¶whmË‘H$AmUw¶wÕm‘Ü¶o 80Q>¸o$ eómAómZmH$mTw >U Q>mH$Ê¶mV

Ambo. H$ama Zmå¶mda hñVmja Ho$ë¶m Z§Va WmoS>çm H$mimVM gmo{d¶V g§K Zï> hmoD$Z Ë¶mÀ¶m

SCERT TELANGANA


OmJoda ZdrZ a{e¶mMo {Z‘m©U Pmbo.¶m‘wio à{XK© H$mimnmgwZ MmbV AgboboerV ¶wÕ g§nbo. {dÜd§gH$mar OmJ{VH$ ¶wÕH|$ìhm g§ dob hr ^rVr {ZKwZ Jobr. na§VwXoem§‘Ü¶o ¶wÕo qhgoMm A§V Pmbm Zmhr.Ago nwd© ¶wamon, BamH$, A’$JmZrñVmZ gma»¶màm§Vm‘Ü¶o Pmbobo {dÜd§gH ¶wÕo à‘mUAmhoV.

gmo{d¶V g§KmÀ¶m eodQ>À¶m H$mimVMZm}~o‘Yrb AUwà{H«$¶m Ho§Ðm‘Ü¶o ‘moR>rXwK©Q>Zm KS>br. Ë¶m‘wio MoZm}~ob‘Ü¶oH$m‘Jma ‘moR>çm g§»¶ooZo bmoH$ ‘aU nmdbo,EdT>oM ZgwZ ¶wamon‘Yrb AZoH$ Xoem§ghAZoH$ {demb n«m§Vm‘Ü¶o AUw àXþfU

H$maUr yV R>abo. ¶m à^mdm‘wio ¶wÕmgmR>r Agmo [H$dm em§Vr¶wº$ à¶moOZmgmR>r Agmo, AUweº$sMm dmna Ho$ë¶m‘wio H$em XþK©Q>Zm hmoVmV, ho bmoH$m§À¶m bjmV Ambo. ¶mMmM n[aUm‘ AgmPmbm H$s, ¶wÕ {damoYr Midir, n¶m©daU n[ajU Midir gwé Pmë¶m.

OmJ{VH$sH$aU, {Zdm ©grV bm oH$ Am{U n¶m ©daU ‘m o{h‘1990 nmgwZ ‘OmJ{VH$sH$aU’ qH$dm ‘Zdo CXmaVmdmXr YmoaU’ ¶m ZmdmZo g§ m{dV Agboë¶m

OmJ{VH$ ì¶már Am{W©H$, amO{H$¶ ~Xbm‘wio H$moUË¶mhr àH$maMr gw{dYm ZgUmao bmoH$m§MoOrdZ‘mZ Vrd« à^mdrV Pmbo. AmXrdmgr bmoH$, Jar~ eoVH$ar, y‘r ZgUmao H$m‘Jma, ‘{hbmAÝ¶ì¶dñWrH¥$V joÌmV H$m‘ H$arV Agboë¶m ehar Jar~m§Zm Am¡Úmo{JH$ H$m‘Jma gdm©V OmñV’$Q>H$m ~gbm. Aem bmoH$m§‘Ü¶o OmñV ‘mUgm§Zm emioVrb {ejU, g‘Vmob nmofH$ AmhmaXdmImZm ¶mgma»¶m gw{dYm ZìhË¶m. ¶m H$maUm‘wio ZdrZ Zm¡H$è¶m Agmo, Mm§Jbo nJmarAgUmao H$m‘Jma Agmo, H$m¶ÚmZwgma qH$dm Ý¶m¶~Õ ‘mo~Xbm Agmo, Ë¶m§Zm {‘imbr Zmhr.

JV H$m§hr eVH$m§nmgwZ ì¶dgm¶rH$ eoVH$ar Am{U ImUrVrb H$m‘Jma g§ñWm, nmQ>~§Ymao,YaU ¶moOZm BË¶mXr. ¶m‘wio {Zdm©grV Pmbobo bmoH$ g§H$Q>mMm gm‘Zm H$arV AmhoV. ¶m‘wiod§emZwd§e amhV Agboë¶m AmXrdmgr, AmXr‘ g§àXm¶mMm Zme hmoV Amho. ¶m‘wio g‘mOmVrbgdm©V OmñV à^mdrV bmoH$ åhUwZ Ë¶m§À¶mH$S>o nm{hbo g‘mOmVrb gdm©V OmñV à^mdrV bmoH$åhUwZ Ë¶m§À¶mH$S>o nm{hbo OmVo. EdT>oM Zìh| Va {dH$mgmÀ¶m à{H«$¶oV Z¡gJuH$ g§nXobm ‘moR>mYmoH$m {Z‘m©U hmoD$Z n¶m©daU ñdajUmMr ‘mo{h‘ gwé Pmbr. ¶m {dH$mg eº$sÀ¶m {dYd§gH$,qhgmË‘H$ ñnénmVrb amJ {Zdm©grV àOoMo Vm|S> nwgÊ¶mMo H$m‘ ¶m ‘mo{h‘m H$arV AmhoV. ¶m‘mo{h‘oVwZ Mm§Jbo {ZînÞ hmoB©b. Aer Amem {dî¶mV ~miJw.

eómórH$aU H$aÊ¶mMo {d{dY g§X © gm§Jm?Xoem-XoemVrb amÁ¶H$Ë¶mªMm nañna ¶mnojm MM}VyZ Oo naH$sM YmaU R>adbboMM}nojmhr gm‘mÝ¶ bmoH$m§À¶m MMm©, oQ>r,¶wÕm§Mr e³¶Vm H$‘r H$aVmV. ho Vwåhmbm‘mÝ¶ AmhoV H$m¶? g‘W©ZmV H$maUo Úm?AUwà{H«$¶m CÚmoJ, n¶m©daU àXþfU gma»¶m¶moOZm H$em am~dmì¶m ¶m§À¶mer g§~§YZgUmè¶m XoemVrb bmoH$ OmJ¥V hmoVAmhoV. Ë¶m n[añWrVrMr H$maUo Úm? Ë¶mn{añWrVrMm H$maUo Úm? Ë¶m n{añWrVrMmgm‘Zm H$gm H$amb?

SCERT TELANGANA


{ZKmbo Zmhr. Aem AmoiIUmè¶m bmoH$m§Zr ¶mMm {damoY Ho$bm.YaUm§Zm ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV IM© hmoV AgVmo. EdT>oM ZgwZ ho nwT>oJ«hrV Yaë¶m à‘mUo VodT>m nmUr nwadR>m H$arV Zmhr. Am{UAmnU åhUVmo VodT>r {nH$m§V CËnÎmr gwÕm hmoV Zmhr. YaUm‘YrbgmR>dUrMo nmUr A{^¶§Vm bmoH$m§À¶m A§XmOmà‘mUo ZìhVo. YaUmVH$‘r nmUr gmR>dU hmoVr. ¶mg XoemÀ¶m B{Vhmgm‘Ü¶o Z‘©XmZXrda Agbobr AË¶§V ‘moR>r ZXrÀ¶m Xarda YaU {Z‘m©UPmbo. gaH$maZo à{VnmXZ Ho$ë¶m‘wio ¶mgd© g‘ñ¶m nwT>o Amë¶mAmhoV.

¶m ¶moOZo‘wio {Zdm©grV Pmbobo ’$º$ O{‘Z AgUmè¶mbmoH$m§Zm ZgwZ {VWo AgUmè¶m gd© bmoH$m§Zm Ý¶m¶mà‘mUo ZwH$gmZmânmB©Mm ‘mo~Xbm {‘imbm nm{hOo Ago åhUV hmoVo. EdT>oMZmhr Va YaUm‘wio ~wS>mboë¶m O§JbmMm ~Xë¶mV O§JbodmT>{dÊ¶mgmR>r ‘mo{h‘ Mmbdmdo, Á¶m§À¶m O{‘Zr YaUmV Joë¶mAmhoV Ë¶m§Zm O{‘Zr ÚmdoV. gdmªZm nwZamdmg {‘imdm åhUwZ

‘mJÊ¶m H$arV hmoVo. na§Vw bdH$aM bmoH$m§Zr XmoZ {df¶m§Zm AmoiIbo, ~wS>rV joÌmV Joboë¶mO{‘Zr BVH$s O‘rZ ZwH$gmZ ânmB© XoÊ¶mgmR>r VodT>r O‘rZ Zmhr. {Zdm©grV Pmboë¶m gd©bmoH$m§Zm nwaogm nwZamdmg {‘iw eH$V Zmhr. EdT>oM ZgwZ ho ZwH$gmZ anmB© nwZamdmgm g§~§Yrg‘ñ¶m Zìho Va hr A{^d¥Õr g§~§Yr AmUr

Aem àH$maMr A{^d¥Õr ì¶dgm¶mbm AmXrdmgr bmoH$m§ZmI{ZO ì¶dgm¶ joÌmMr

{Z‘uVr H$aUo ghO I{ZO g§nXmbmgwñWra nÕVr‘Ü¶o {dZr¶moJmda AmYmarVAmho, ho Jar~ eoVH$è¶m§Zm, AmXrdmgrbmoH$m§À¶m OrdZ à‘mUmbm H$moUË¶mhràH$mao gwYmaUm hmoV Zmhr. Ë¶m§Zm Z¡nwÝ¶Zgbobo ‘Owa dJ© ~ZdrV Amho. 12ì¶m

Map 1

{MÌ. 21.4 monmb J°g XþK©Q>ZoMoñ‘aU

J«rZnrg ‘mo{h‘oMo g§Ho$V ñWi…( h t t p : / / w w w. g r e e n p e a c e . o r g /international) nmhwU g§ñWm H$arV AgbobrH$m‘o {ZdS>boë¶m nÕVr OmUwZ ¿¶m. g§ñWoÀ¶mEH§$Xa H$m‘Jrar {df¶r A{^àm¶ Am{U {Q>H$m‘m{hV H$éZ ¿¶m?

SCERT TELANGANA


¶wam onm‘Ü¶o J«rZnrg ‘mo{h‘ AbmñH$mOdi g‘wÐ J^m©‘Ü¶o A‘o[aH$m 1971 ‘Ü¶o H$arV Agboë¶m AUw n[ajUmÀ¶m

{damoYmV hr ‘mo{h‘ gwé Pmbr. {damoY ì¶º$ H$aÊ¶mgmR>r godm^mdr H$m¶©H$V} N>moQ>çm OhmOm§‘Ü¶o~gwZ à¶moJ àXoemH$S>o {ZKmbo. ¶m OhmOmMo Zmd J«rZnrg ho hmoVo. AIoaog ho OhmO ‘mo{h‘ZmdmZo AmoiIw bmJbo. àñVwV hr ‘mo{h‘ 40 Xoem§‘Ü¶o MmbV Amho. ¶mMo ‘w»¶ H$m¶m©b¶ A°‘ñQ>aS>°‘(hmob±S>) ‘Ü¶o Amho. ho à‘w»¶ Am§VaOmVr¶ ñd¶§godr g§ñWm§ (‘non-governmental organistion’)‘Ü¶o EH$ Amho.

gww¶m©À¶m KmVH$ {H$aUm§nmgwZ ‘mZdmMo g§ajU H$aUmè¶m AmoPmoZMm Wa àXþ‹fUm‘wio Zï> hmoVAgë¶mMo Joë¶m H$m§hr XeH$mnmgwZ emók gm§JV AmhoV. àXþfUm‘wio O{‘ZrMo Vmn‘mZ H«$‘mH«$‘mZodmT>V Amho. ¶m‘wio Y¥dr¶ àXoemVrb ~’$m«©Mo S>m|Ja {dViwZ O{‘Zrdarb nmÊ¶mMr nmVir dmT>VAmho. hm ~’©$ {dViwZ g‘wÐm‘Ü¶o {‘imë¶m‘wio ‘hmg‘wÐo, g‘wÐmMr nmÊ¶mMr nmVir dmT>V AgVo.¶m‘wio g§nwU© OJmVrb {H$Zmar àm§Vm§Zm ~wS>rV joÌmV ¶oV Amho. g‘wÐ {H$Zmè¶m§ Odi ~m§½bmXoe,lrb§H$m, ‘marerg, ^maVXoe, B§S>moZo{e¶m gma»¶m Xoem§‘Ü¶o A{YH$ g§»¶m§‘Ü¶o ahmV Agbobobm|H$m§Zm dmXio , ~wS>rV joÌmV Vrd« g‘ñ¶m§Zm Vm§oS> Úmdo bmJVo. OJmMo CîUVm‘mZ dmT>ë¶m‘wionmD$g‘mZmV ’$aH$ (dmXir nmD$g, OmñVrMm nmD$g, Hw$T>o XþîH$mi) Aer n[añWrVr {Z‘m©U hmoVAmho. {nHo$ Zï> Pmë¶m‘wio g‘wÐ {H$Zmè¶mnmgwZ Xwa Agbobo bmoH$hr g§H$Q>mV gmnS>bo AmhoV.AmUIr EH$m eãXmV gm§Jm¶Mo Va dmVmdaUmVrb ~Xbm‘wio eoVr AmYmarV Xoe Am{U àOoda{dnarV n[aUm‘ Pmbm.

dmVmdaUmVrb ~Xbmda H$m§hr Xoem§‘Ü¶o J«rZnrg ‘mo{h‘ Mmbw Ho$br. {H$Ë¶oH$ àH$maMr{d{dYVm Agboë¶m Am{U àmÊ¶m§Zm OJdrUmè¶m O{‘ZrMr nmofH$Vm [Q>H$drZo hm ¶m g§ñWoMmCÕoe. g§KQ>ZoÀ¶m H$m¶m©V gwñWranUo {dH$mg hmoUo ho AnojrV Amho. {dH$gZerb Am{U {dH$grVXoemVrb gd© ZmJ[aH$m§Zm Ý¶m¶~Õ nÕVrZo n¶m©daU AZwHy$b {XK©H$mbrZ {dH$mg ìhmdm hm CX²oehr g§ñWm ~miJVo.^monmb J°g X þK ©Q >Zm g§~ §YrV ‘m o{h‘

1984 ‘Ü¶o monmb ¶oWo g§ dboë¶m ¶m ¶mZH$ KQZm XþK©Q>Zm {df¶r Vwåhr Aä¶mg Ho$bmMAgmb monmb ‘Yrb ¶w{Z¶Z H$m~m©BS> H§$nZr (Z§Va {Vbm S>m¡d H§$nZrbm {dH$Ê¶mV Ambo) EHoamÌr {df dm¶w ~mhoa nS>bm Ë¶m‘wio hOmamo bmoH$ ‘¥Ë¶w‘wIr nS>bo. Ë¶mÀ¶m à^mdm‘wio AmOhrhOmamo bmoH$ ~ir n‹S>bo AmhoV. OJmVrb gdm©V ‘moR>r Am¡Úmo{JH$ XþK©Q>Zm hmo¶. AJmoXa nmgwZ^monmbMo bmoH$ Mma ‘w»¶ Aem ‘m§JÊ¶mgmR>r bT>V AmhoV.

~ir nS>boë¶m bmoH$m§Zm Amdí¶H$ Vr Amamo½¶ gw{dYm CnbãY ìhmdr, hr H§$nZr ~hþ amï´>r¶Agë¶m‘wio Am§VaOmVr¶ H$m¶Úm n«‘mUo ZwH$gmZ ânmB© XoÊ¶mV ¶mdr, ~hþamîQ´>r¶ H§$nmZrÀ¶m‘mbH$mbm ¶m XþK©Q>ZoMm Xmofr R>admdm. AIoaog Aer XþK©Q>Zm hmoD$ Z¶o åhUwZ nmhmdo.

¶mVrb H$m§hr ‘m§JÊ¶m§Zm {d¶O {‘imbm Var hr gd© ‘w»¶ ‘mJÊ¶m nwU© hmoÊ¶mgmR>r AmUIr{H$Vr doi bmJob, gm§JVm ¶oV Zmhr. ^monmb‘Ü¶o Amamo½¶ godm H$m¶©H«$‘ am~{dÊ¶mgmR>r ‘moR>çmà‘mUmV YZ IM© Ho$bo. Varhr XþK©Q>Zm à^mdrV mJmVrb bmoH$ AmUIr {d{dY amoJm§Zm Vm|S> XoVAmhoV. ZwH$gmZ ânmB© AmV§aOmVr¶ à‘mUrH$m àH$mao oQ>br Zmhr. oQ>bobr WmoS>r aH$‘gwÕm

SCERT TELANGANA


Fig. 21.5 {Zdm©grV hmoD$ Z¶o {damoYmV Z‘©XmXar‘Yrb {damoY àXe©Z

à^mdrV bmoH$m§n¶ªV nmohMbr Zmhr. XþK©Q>Zobm H$maUr yV Agboë¶m H§$nZr ‘mbH$mbm gaH$maZo{dMmaUm HéZ {ejm {Xbr Zmhr. gÜ¶m gwYmarV H$m¶Xm Amho. Ago åhUOo ~amo~a Amho.^{dî¶mV Aem àH$maÀ¶m XþK©Q>Zm hmoD$ Z¶o åhUwZ Amnë¶mH$S>o H$moUVohr ñnï> YmoaU [H§$dm nwaoer{ZnjnmVr gwajm g{‘Vr Zmhr. OooUo H$éZ Aem XþK©Q>Zm§Zm Wm§~{dÊ¶mg ‘XV hmoB©b. ¶m XþK©ZmbmH$maUr yV Agbobr H§$nZr A‘o[aH$m‘Ü¶o Agë¶m‘wio ¶m {df¶mV {ZXe©Zo H$aUo OmñV H${R>UPmbo, ¶m H§$nZr‘wio {Z‘m©U Pmboë¶m àXþfUm‘wio à^mdrV Pmbobo H$maImÊ¶mVrb H$m‘Jma,‘{hbm Vm|S> XoV Agboë¶m g‘ñ¶m§Zm bS>Ê¶mgmR>r Am§VaOmVr¶ H$m¶ÚmMr ‘XV ¿¶mdr bmJVo.b§S>Z‘Ü¶o hmoUma Agboë¶m Amob§{nH$ [HS>m§Mo S>m¡ H§$nZr àm¶moOrVH$Ëd H$é Z¶o åhUwZ OJmVrbAZoH$ g§KQ>Zm nmR> nwamdm H$arV AmhoV. ¶m nÕVrZo AmOn¶§©V gwÕm ¶m {df¶mda S>m¡ H§$nZr‘Ü¶oAZ¡{VH$ g§~§Ymbm gd© OJmVrb AZoH$ g§ñWm {Q>H$m H$arV AmhoV.n¶m ©daU ‘m o{h‘

1970 ‘Ü¶o Amnë¶m XoemV dZ g§nXm§gmR>r AZoH$ ‘mo{h‘r Pmë¶m Ë¶mn¡H$s J«m‘ nmVirdaPmboë¶m ‘mo{h‘o{df¶r Vwåhr 12 ì¶m YS>çmV {MnH$mo Midir{df¶r dmMbo AmhoM. Aem AZoH$‘mo{h‘o n¡H$s hr EH$ ‘mo{h‘.Z‘©Xm ZXrdaÀ¶m YaUm {dam oYr Midi

1950 ‘Ü¶o maV Xoe àUm[bH$m~Õ A{^d¥Õr‘Ü¶o ~hþCÚoer¶ YaU ‘moR>çm YaUm§n¡H$s hmEH$ ^mJ Amho. Aem ~m§YÊ¶m‘wio H$mhr ^mH«$m‘§Jb, {hamHw§$S>, ZmJmOw©Z gmJa Aem YaUm§ZmbmoH$m§Zr AX yV {Z‘m©U Ho$bo. Vr ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV nmÊ¶mÀ¶m gmRdU H$arV hmoVo Am{U ‘moR>A¶mà‘mUmV {dÚwV CËnÎmr hmoV hmoVr. dmXio, XþîH$mimda {Z¶§ÌUmgmR>r Agm H$arV AgV, ¶màH$ënm‘wio bmoH$m§‘Ü¶o EdT>r AmYma ^mdZm hmoVr H$s, ~wS>rV joÌmVrb gmnS>boë¶m àm§VmVgmnS>boë¶m àm§VmVrb bmoH$m§Zm PmS>m§Zm, à«mÊ¶m§Zm ¶m§Mo H$m¶ Pmbo Ago H$moUr {dMmabo Zmhr. ¶mYaU {Z‘m©Um‘Ü¶o ~wS>mboë¶m {demb w mJm{df¶r Zï> Pmboë¶m mJm§{df¶r àmÊ¶m{df¶r {Zdm©grVbmoH$m§{df¶r H$moUrhr {’$¶m©X KoVbr Zmhr. {Zm©grV Omboë¶m bmoH$m§Zm Hw$R>ohr OmÊ¶mH$arVm OmJm

ZìhVr. Ë¶m§Zm H$moUË¶mM àH$maMrZwH$gmZ anmB© {‘imbr Zmhr. Oa{Xbr Va Vr Zm‘‘mÌ hmoVr. ‘moR>çmYaUm‘wio XoemVrb bmoH$m§Zm {dñV¥Và¶moOZm‘wio g‘ñ¶m OmñVrV OmñVbmoH$m§Zm bhmZ dmQ>br. na§Vw ZwH$gmZPmbobr O§Jbo, O{‘Zr, Jmdo,JmdmVrb IM© ¶m gd© ZwH$gmZânmB© ZOaog KoVë¶mg YaUmdaHo$boë¶m IMm©n¡H$s Ë¶m§Zm VodT>o ’$i

SCERT TELANGANA


YS>çmV Vwåhr ~mdm ‘h{b¶m {df¶r Aä¶mg Ho$bm AmhmV. Z‘©Xm ZXr ~MmAmo ‘mo{h‘oV Ë¶m§MrnU mJrXmar Amho. n{hë¶m§Xm {díd~°H$Ûmao KoVboë¶m F$UmZo gaXma gamoda YaU ~m§Ymdo AgoåhUV hmoVo. Vrd« {damoY, bmoH$m§Mo g‘rH$aU, {ZXe©Zo, CnmofU ¶m§‘wio Am§Vaamï>r¶ Midir §Z§Va{díd~°Ho$Zo YaUmbm F$U XoD$ Z¶o Ago R>a{dbo.

gaXma gam oda YaU {Z‘m ©Um §Z mAmS>{dÊ¶mgmR>r Z‘©Xm ~MmAmo ‘mo{h‘ A¶eñdrR>abr Varhr gd©OU A{^d¥Õr ñd^mdm {df¶r{dMma H$aÊ¶mg mJ nmS>bo. ¶mV Ë¶m§Zr {dO¶{‘idrbm Vo Jar~m§À¶m {dH$mgmgmR>r qH$dm

Y{ZH$m§À¶mgmR>r, eº$s dZm§gmR>r{dMma H$aÊ¶mgmaIo Amho. àH¥$Vr‘Ü¶o‘moR>çm à‘mUmV hñVjon H$éZ ~m§YVAgboë¶m ‘moR> ‘moR>çm YaUm§À¶mà¶moOZm {df¶r gwÕm gd©OU hoMMm© H$aÊ¶mgmaIo Amho. AemA{^d¥Õr H$maImZo {Zdm©grV Pmboë¶mbmoH$m§Zm nwaogo Jm¡adnwU© ZwH$gmZ‹ anmB© XoÊ¶mÀ¶m {XeoZo gaH$maZo{dMma H$aÊ¶mgmaIo Ho$bo Amho.

{ZeãX Xar 1973-85 (Silent Valley Movement )

Ho$abm‘Yrb n{íM‘ Q>oH$S>çm‘Ü¶o {ZeãX dmhV Agboë¶m XmoZ ZÚm§da YaU ~m§Ymdo Agoà{VnmXZo Ho$ë¶mda ¶m‘wio Ë¶m Xè¶mVrb Agbobr ~hÿ‘wë¶ PmS>r, àmUr Zmhrgo hmoVmV, åhUwZ{dÚmd§V Agboë¶m AZoH$ bmoH$m§Zr åhQ>bo hmoVo. hr AX^yV OmVr‘Yrb EH$ àH$maMr ‘mH$S>oÁ¶m§Mm ñdén qghmgmaIo Amho. (bm¶Z Q>oëS> ‘H$°H$) ho EH$ hmo¶. H«$‘mH«$‘mZo {ZeãX Xarbm‘XV åhUwZ YaUmÀ¶m {damoYmV ‘moR>r Midi gwé Pmbr, bmoH$m§§‘Ü¶o {dkmZ emó àMmamgmR>r,{dÚmgmR>r H$m‘ H$arV Agboë¶m Ho$abm emó n[afX §g§nwU© amï>m´VrbbmoH$m§Mo g‘rH$aU Ho$bo. àH$ën àm§VmVrb PmS>m§Zm VmoS>Ê¶mÀ¶m {damoYmVË¶m g§ñWmZo H$moQ>m©Mm Aml¶ KoVbm Ë¶m‘wio Ho$abm Cƒ Ý¶m¶mb¶mZoPmS> o Vm oS>Ê¶mda ~§Xr KmVbr. Vrd« àXe©Zm§‘wio AIoa gaH$maZoYaUmMo {Z‘m©U Wm§~dwZ {ZeãX Xarbm 1985 ‘Ü¶o OmVr¶ nmH©$åhUwZ KmofUm Ho$br.

{MÌ. 21.6 : BH$S>o O§JbmV PmS>o ZmhrV åhUwZ ho O§Jb {ZeãX AgVmo.¶m XarMr {d[eï>Vm åhUOo .¶oWrb qghmgmaIo ‘mH$S>o, BVa {H$S>o, new-

njr BË¶mXr AmT>iVmV.

eoVH$è¶m§Zm, AmXrdmgtZm {Zdm©grV Z HaVm H$maImZo~m§YZo, CËIZZ, {dÚwV CËnVr H|$Ðm§Zm V¶maH$aZo hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr H$m? Xþgao H$moUVo Cnm¶AmhoV H$m? KQ>H$m§da Kar d dJm©V MMm© H$am?

^maVmVrb n¶m ©daU n[añWrVr1980 ‘Ü¶o {dkmZ emó, n¶m©daU H|$X« (CSE) ¶mVr A{Zb

AJ«dmb ¶m§Zr ñWmnZm Ho$br. ^maV XoemVrb A{^d¥Õr, n¶m©daUKQ>H$mda Aä¶mg H$éZ Ë¶mÀ¶m {df¶r ‘m{hVr XoUo ho Ë¶m§Mo‘w»¶ CÚoe hmo¶. ^maV XoemVrb n¶m©daU ñWrVrda ZmJ[aH$m§MrOm{haZm‘m 1982 ¶m ZmdmZo à»¶mV AmOXoe Vm§oS> XoV Agboë¶m n¶m©daU g‘ñ¶m§Zm g‘J© Agm gwMZmgmR>r hm Om{haZm‘m Cn¶moJr nS>Vmo. hm H$arV Agbobr H$m‘oAm{U AÜ¶¶Z Ho$boë¶m g‘ñ¶m§{df¶r AmUIr ‘m{hVrgmR>r øm§Mr(http://www.cseindia.org) nmhm.

{MÌ. 21.6

SCERT TELANGANA


Z‘©Xm ~MmAmo Am§XmobZm‘Ü¶o AZoH$ YmoaUo {‘giwZ AmhoV ho ‘widmgr bmoH$m§Mr Midi hmo¶.Zdm CXmaVmdmX YmoaZm§Zm {damoYr Midi hmo¶. eharH$aU, YaUo, H$maImZo, IZZ, BË¶mXrgma»¶m§gmR>r O{‘ZrVr AmoT>VmZ hmoV Amho. ¶m‘wio Amnbr O{‘Z ~Mmd H$aÊ¶mgmR>r eoVH$arH$arV Agbobr Midi hmo¶.

gm‘m{OH$ Ý¶m¶, ‘mZdm{YH$mamgmR>r ‘{hbm §Mr Midi‘{hbm Vm§oS> XoV Agoë¶m gm‘m{OH$ Ag‘mZVm {df¶r, g‘mZ A{YH$mam{df¶r AmdíH$Vm

ì¶º$sJV gwajm, Ý¶m¶mgmR>r Ë¶m§Zr H$arV Agboë¶m bT>çm{df¶r ¶m AJmoXaÀ¶m dJm©V AmnU{eH$bmo Amho. AmOÀ¶m H$mimV AZoH$ ‘w»¶ Aem gm‘m{OH$ MidirV ‘{hbm nwT>o ¶oV AmhoV.¶oWo AmnU XmoZ CXm.~Ôb OmñVrMr ‘m{hVr {‘idw ¶m Am§Y«àXoemVrb ‘{hbm§Zr Xmé~§Xr HobobrMidi Am{U BemÝ¶ bmoH$m§da X‘Z ZrVr H$maUm‘wio g¡{ZH$ Xb àË¶oH$ A{YH$mè¶m {damoYmV‘Urnwa ‘{hbm§Zr Ho$bobr Midi BË¶mXr.

‘oYm nmQ>H$aer ‘wbmIV‘wbmH$VrV Z‘©Xm ~MmAmo MidirMr nwTmar ‘oYm nmQ>H$a Ë¶m§À¶mer KoVboë¶m ‘wbmH$Vr ‘Ü¶o Ë¶m

g§ñWm {df¶r Ë¶m§Zr Ago gm§{JVbo.JwOamV gaH$ma Ogo {dMma H$aVo Vgo H$aV Agë¶mZo AmVm gÜ¶m Midirbm Mmbw

R>odÊ¶mV H$mhr AW© Amho H$m?“Omon¶ªV CÕrï> gmÜ¶ hmoV Zmhr Vmon¶ªV g§Kf© Wm§~V ZgVmo”. gaH$maZo Om{ha Ho$bobo YmoaU O{‘Zrda Am{U àJVrerb Zmhr, Á¶m§À¶m O{‘Zr àH$ënmV Joë¶m

Ë¶m§À¶m Ord‘mZm{df¶r gaH$maZo H$moUVrhr ImÌr{Xbr Zmhr. n¶m©daU g§ajUmÀ¶m ~m~r AmVmn¶ªVnwU© H$aÊ¶mV Amë¶m ZmhrV. YaUmMr C§MrdmT>{dÊ¶mÀ¶m {ZU©¶m‘wio AZoH$ Jw§VmJw§VtÀ¶m ~m~tMrEH$ gmIir {Z‘m©U Pmbr Amho.

“Z‘©Xm ~MmAmoo Am§XmobZmÀ¶m ‘mÜ¶‘mVwZ OoH$m§hr WmoS>ogo gmÜ¶ Pmbo Vo OJmbm H$imdo åhUwZgVV hm gKf© Omar Amho, Vmo ^{dî¶mVhrOmar amhrb. H$ÀN> ^mJmVrb, {ZgJ©mÀ¶mgmÝZrÜ¶mV AZmXrH$mbmnmgwZ amhUmè¶mbmoH$m§Mr ‘moR>r gm‘m{OH$ n¶m©daU-{df¶H$,Am{U Am{W©H$ JaO Omon¶ªV nwU© hmoV ZmhrVmon¶ªV VgoM ¶m ^mJmV ‘moR>r ehao {Z‘m©UhmoUma ZmhrV, Vmon¶ªV g§Kf© ~§X hmoUma Zmhr. {Zdm©grV, {dñWmnrV, Zï>Vm ¶m {damoYmV n¶m©¶r{dH$mg ¶moOZm§Mo ’$i g§~§YrVm§Zm XoÊ¶mMr EZ~rE (Z‘©Xm ~MmAmo Am§XmobZ)Mr ww{‘H$m Amho.Ë¶mÑï>rZo ard Ago H$m‘ ¶m joÌmV (Z‘©Xm Imoè¶mVM) Zìh| Va g§nwU© maVâ ho Am§XmobZ H$aUmaAmho....”

Fig 21.7

gm‘m{OH$ MidirZo H$moUË¶m YmoJUmMoAdb§~Z Ho$bo.MidirVrb bmoHm§Zm nwZd©gZmVrb nÕVrH$em {XgVmV.

SCERT TELANGANA


‘{hbm EH$OwQ> Pmë¶m Va (Adavallu Ekamaitme)“H$Wm Zmhr ho amÌrÀ¶m emioV {ejU KoVbobr {dO¶ JmWm Amho ” ‘mÂ¶m JmdmMo Zmd

Xþ~mJw§Q>m Amho. Amåhr ‘Owar H$éZ OJV AgVmo. Amåhr O{‘ZrVwZ gmoZo CJdV AgVmo. na§VwH$m§hr H$ï> H$éZ g§nmXZ Ho$bobm n¡gm Am‘Mr ‘mUgo Xméda IM© H$arV AmhoV. Ë¶m§À¶mH$S>o n¡goZgob Va Vm§Xþi, Vob, Xmi {dHw$U Xmé {dH$V KoV AgVmV. XmégmR>r H$moUVrhr dñVw {dH$VmV,Ë¶m§À¶m hmVmbm bmJbobr àË¶oH$ dñVw CMbwZ KoCZ OmVmV. [...]. {nD$Z Amåhmbm ^m§S>VAgVmV. Am‘À¶m g§J PJS>o H$aVmV, ‘wbm§Zm ‘maV AgVmV. Am‘À¶m amoOÀ¶m OrdZmV AS>WimAmUVmV. Am‘À¶m Odb Agboë¶m nmN²>¶-nwñVam‘YwZ EH$ H$Wm {gVå‘m H$Wm dmM{dbr Amho,Vr Amåhmbm {dMma H$aÊ¶mg ^mJ nmS>br. {VÀ¶m ‘¥Ë¶wbm H$moU H$maU? Xmé {dH$Umè¶m§Zm dgan§Mbm gm§{JVbo nU Amåhmbm Ë¶mÀ¶mV ¶e {‘imbo Zmhr.

“Ë¶m‘wio eoH$S>mo bmoH$ Jmoim hmoD$Z JmdmV ¶oV Agboë¶m XméÀ¶m JmS>rbm JmdmÀ¶m ~mhoaC^m Ho$bo. Xmé gm§S>dwZ Q>mH$ åhUwZ Amåhr JmS>rÀ¶m ‘mbH$mbm gm§§{JVbo Vmo Km~éZ Jobm. Ë¶m{XdgmnmgwZ Am‘À¶m JmdmV XméMr JmS>r Ambr Zmhr, EHo$ {Xder Xmé KodwZ JmdmV EH$ OrnAmbr, VrÀ¶m ^modVr Jmoim hmoD$Z Ë¶m§Zm Amåhr gm§{JVbo H$s Ý¶m¶mb¶mH$S>o {’$¶m©X H$aVmoåhUwZ ‘mbH$mbm Y‘H$s {Xbr. Vmo Km~abm ‘J Ë¶m§Zr Am‘À¶m JmdmV Agbobo XméMo XþH$mZ ~§XHo$bo. Ë¶m‘wio Am‘Mm AmË‘{demdmg dmT>bm. {ejUm‘wio hm {dO¶ {‘imbm åhUwZ AmåhrAmoiIbo ¶mdfu XméÀ¶m {ZbmdmgmR>r H$moUrhr gmhg Ho$bo Zmhr.”

hr KQ>Zm 1992 ‘Ü¶o Pmbr. na§Vw hr g§KQ>Zm EH$M Zìho hr ~mV‘r EHw$U CÎma JmdmVrb‘{hbmgwÕm Ë¶m§À¶m JmdmVrb XméMr XþH$mZo ~§X H$éZ Q>mH$br. A§Vr‘V… Ë¶m§Zr hOmamo g§»¶o‘Ü¶oZo„moa {OëhmYrH$marÀ¶m H$m¶m©bmOdi ¶oD$Z dfm©bm EH$ doiog hmoV Agboë¶m Xmé H$ama{Zbm‘rbm Wm§~dwZ Q>mH$bo. Xmé Zrbm‘rbm {Oëhm{YH$mè¶mZo ghm doiog Wm§~{dbo. AIoag Ë¶m§ZmaÔ H$amdo bmJbo.

BVa àm§Vm‘Ü¶o ‘{hbm Xmé ~mOmam§Zm {damoYr {ZX©eZo H$arV hmoVo. Ë¶mbm H$V©ì¶mnmgwZamoIwZ R>odbo hmoVo. Aem Xmé ~mOmam§Zm ~§X H$aÊ¶mgmR>r à¶ËZ H$arV hmoVo. XþH$mZ ~§X H$arVZmhr Ago XþH$mZ ‘mbH$ åhUV AgV Ë¶m doig Ë¶m§Zm Koamd H$arV AgV XméMo nmH$sQ> ~mhoa’o$Hw$Z XoV AgV. XméÀ¶m {eí¶mMm {T>J H$éZ OmirV AgV. AZoH$ JmdmV Xmé gmoS>rV Zgboë¶m‘mUgm§À¶m ‘rer ~m¶m H$mnrV AgV. H$m§hr g§X^m©V JmT>dmda ~gdwZ Ë¶mMr {‘adUwH$ H$mT>rVAgV. AmOnmgwZ Xmé nrV Zmhr åhUwZ ‘§XramV ZoD$Z Ë¶mÀ¶m H$Sw>Z enW KoÊ¶mg bmdV AgV.g§nwU© amï´>mV ‘{hbm H$arV Agboë¶m àXe©Zm, g‘mdoem‘wio A‹Ioa 1995 ‘Ü¶o g§nwU© XmédaAm{YH$marH$ {ZfoY bmJw H$aÊ¶mV Ambm.

¶m ‘{hbm XbrV A{Ve Jar~, Ë¶m§Mo Zdao, ‘mUgo XméÀ¶m Amhmar ~ir nS>ë¶m‘wio Ë¶m§ZmVrd« hmb Anojm gmogmì¶m bmJë¶m ¶m ‘{hbmVrb nwîH$i ‘{hbm àm¡T> {ejU KoD bmJë¶m Ë¶mXaamoO Ë¶m§Zm ¶oV Agboë¶m g‘ñ¶m§{df¶r MMm© H$arV AgV. ¶m àm¡T> {ejUm‘wio ‘{hbm§ZmË¶m§À¶m OrdZm{df¶r MMm© H$aÊ¶mgmR>r g§Yr {‘imbr. ZdrZ g§~§Y ¶oD$ bmJbo EH$ doiogMidi gwé Pmbr V|ìhm ¶mVrb AZw d mjaVm nwñVH$mÛmao amï´>mVrb gd© ‘{hbm§n¶ªV nmohMVhmoVm. Aem àH$mao g‘mOmVrb AË¶§V YZdmZ Am{U ~bdmZ Aem amO{H$¶ hmñV Agboë¶m Xmé~Z{dUmè¶m§À¶m {damoYmV A{Ve¶ Jar~ Xm[aX²Œ¶ dJm©er g§~§YrV ‘{hbm§Zr ¶eñdr Vm|S> {Xbo.

SCERT TELANGANA


H$b‘ 3: àË¶oH$m§Zm , OrdZ, ñdoÀN>m, ì¶º$sJV gwwajoMm hm h¸$ Amho. n[aÀN>oX ____ dm³¶ ____H$b‘ 5: Hw$Umbmhr qhgoZo qH$dm H«w$a, A‘mZdr¶, An‘mZH$maH$, ì¶dhma qH$dm {ejm XoD$ Z¶o.

n[aÀN>oX ____ dm³¶ ____ H$b‘ 7: H$m¶ÚmnwT>o gd© g‘mZ AmhoV. H$moUË¶mhr Ag‘mZVobm ~ir Z OmVm gdm©Zm H$m¶ÚmÛmao

g‘mZ g§ajU {‘imdo, ¶mKmofUobm §J H$éZ Ag‘mZVobm ~ir Z nS>Vm gdm©Zm g‘mZ g§ajU{‘imdo. Ag‘mZVoÀ¶m àmoËgmhZmVwZ gwÕm g§ajU {‘imdo. n[aÀN>oX ____ dm³¶ ____

H$b‘ 9: Hw$Ubmhr H$maU ZgVm AQ>H$ H$é Z¶o, ~§XrñV H$é Z¶o, ~{hñH¥$V H$é Z¶o. n[aÀN>oX____ dm³¶ ____

H$b‘ 10: EH$m ì¶º$sda bmdÊ¶mV Ambobm Amamon Vmo [Vr]. A{YH$ma Odm~XmarZo {ZU©¶mgmR>rñdV§Ì, {ZînjnUo {Q>ã¶wbZ (bdmX) Ûmao Om{ha[aË¶m g§nwU© g‘mZVoMm A{YH$ma àË¶oH$m§Zm Amho.n[aÀN>oX ____ dm³¶ ____

H$b‘ 12: H$moUmbmhr, Hw$UmÀ¶mhr, ImOJr, ì¶º$sJV, Hw$Qw>§~, narga, ì¶dhma ¶m§‘Ü¶o XIbXoÊ¶mMm [H$dm h„m H$aÊ¶mMm H$moUVmhr g§d¡Y{ZH$ A{YH$ma Zmhr. Hw$UmÀ¶mhr à©{Vï>obm Y¸$mnmohMV Agob Va Ë¶m {déÕ XmX ‘mJÊ¶mMo A{YH$ma ZmJ[aH$m§Zm XoÊ¶mV Ambobo AmhoV. n[aÀN>oX____ dm³¶ ____

H$b‘ 13: (1) XoemÀ¶m gr‘oMo nmbZ H$éZ àË¶oH$m§Zm ñdÀN>oZo {’$aÊ¶mMm h¸$ Am{U {Zdmg~m§YÊ¶mMm h¸$ Amho. [¶oWo {Vbm åhUOo Xoemg]. n[aÀN>oX ____ dm³¶ ____

(2) àË¶oH$mbm Amnë¶m Xoemgh H$moUË¶mhr Xoem§Zm gmoS>Ê¶mMm h¸$ Amho. naV Amnë¶m Xoem§ZmnaVÝ¶mMm h¸$ Amho. n[aÀN>oX ____ dm³¶ ____

AmOÀ¶m H$mimV n.~§Jmb (Z§XrJ«m‘), Amo{S>gm({Z¶‘Jrar), Am§Y«àXoe (nmobmda‘, gmo‘noQ>)BË¶mXr) ‘Ü¶o Pmboë¶m ‘mo{h‘o {df¶r AmUIr‘m{hVr {‘idm. ¶m ‘mo{h‘o‘Ü¶o ‘w»¶ KQ>H$m§ModU©Z H$éZ EH$ AmboI V¶ma Ham.

AmOMr n[añWrVr nwÝhm ~XbobrXméMm ~mOma nwÝhm Mmbw AmOmbm Amho.Aem MidirÀ¶m {dO¶ MraH$mb {Q>Hw$Zamhmdm åhUOo qZa§Va {ZKm, H$m¶©MaUAgmdo, Agm g‘O hmoVmo.

‘mZ{d¶ A{YH$mamda gm‘m{OH$ Midi (g‘rH$aU)BemÝ¶ maVmVrb ‘Urnwar ‘{hbm§Zr egó Xbm§{damoYr Ho$boë¶m g§K©fmMr ‘m{hVr KoD$ ¶m.

Ë¶§mÀ¶m bS>çmda H$m¶Xoera Ñï>rZo Oa haH$V KoVbr Zgob Va Ë¶m{df¶r Ý¶m¶mb¶mV XmX ‘mJVm¶oV Zmhr. geñÌ Xbm§Zm {Xboëæmm A{YH$mam {déXY BemÝ¶m amï´>mV Ý¶m¶mb¶mV {’$¶m©X H$aVm¶oV Zmhr.

‘mZ{d¶ h¸$mVrb H$m§hr A{YH$ma Imbr {Xbobo AmhoV. ¶m ^mJmMo XmoZXm dmMZ H$am.n{hë¶m§Xm dmMwZ ‘mZdm§Zm hdo Agboë¶m gd© A{YH$mam§Mr AmR>dU H$am. Xþgè¶m§oXm dmMwZ Imbr{Xboë¶m ‘mZdr h¸$mMo C„I§Zm ~m~V H$moUVm n[aÀN>oX, H$moUVo dm³¶m Amho, Vo AmoiIm.(H$XmMrV àË¶oH$ dm³¶mbm CÎma {‘iUma Zgob Aem doiog Vr OmJm [aH$m‘r R>odm)

SCERT TELANGANA


Eo{VhmgrH$ n[aÀN> oX‘Urnwa hm àm§V XmoZ {dbjU m¡JmobrH$ àXoem§Zm {‘iwZ Amho. S>m|Jao, ZÚm. ñdV§Ìnwdu Xar

àm§VmZm amOo bmoH$ narnmbZ H$arV hmoVo. S>m|Jar àm§Vo àW‘V… AmXrdmgr bmoH$m§À¶m ñd¶§narnmbZmVhmoVr. 1891 ‘Ü¶o {~«Q>rem§Zr ¶m àm§Vmda Ë¶m§Mm Vm~m {‘idrbm Varhr amOo bmoH$m§Zm Ë¶màm§Vmda narnmbZ Ho$bo. ‘Urnwa amOmbm maV XoemV {‘idrÊ¶mV Ambo. ‘Urnwa amÁ¶mbm 1949‘Ü¶o ^maV Xoemgmo~V {‘iÊ¶mgmR>r H$amaZmå¶mda ghr Ho$br. ¶m H$amaZmå¶m‘wio AZoH$bmoH$m§Zr PJS>o d oX {Z‘m©U Ho$bo. Amåhr ñdemgZmZo OJVmo, Amåhr maVmV {‘iÊ¶mg V¶maZmhr. Ago dmX-dm{dX H$arV hmoVo.

^maV XoemV {dbrZ hmoÊ¶mgmR>r ZH$ma XoUmè¶m bmoH$m§da {Z¶§ÌU R>odÊ¶mgmR>r ^maVgaH$maZo g¡Ý¶mg nmR>{dbo, em§Vr d gwajm amIÊ¶mgmR>r Ho$boë¶m H$m¶Úm‘Ü¶o EH$ geº$ XimbmàË¶oH$ A{YH$ma XoÊ¶mV Ambo. hm H$m¶Xm 1958 ‘Ü¶o Am‘bmV Ambm. XoedrÐmohr H$m¶m©V mJKoV Amho Ago g‘Oë¶mg Ë¶m ì¶º$sZm AQ>H$ H$aUo [H§$dm Jmoir ‘maUo hm H$m¶Xm gwajm g¡Ý¶mgXoÊ¶mV Ambm hmoVm. ¶m H$m¶ÚmMo H$m§hr KQ>H Xþén¶moJr PmboV. Am{U gÜ¶m gd©gmYmaUOZVoda$ AÝ¶m¶ d qhgm hmoV Amho. Ë¶m§Mr ‘¥Ë¶w hmoV Amho. åhUwZ Amamon hmoV AmhoV. EdT>oMZgwZ geñÌ XimVrb ‘{hbm§Zm bwQ>-‘ma, AË¶mMmamg ~ir nS>mdo bmJV Amho Agm AmamonAmho. Xoe{dÐmohr H$m¶m©g mJ KoV AmhoV. ¶m AUw‘mZmZo Ë¶m§À¶m nVrbm d ‘wbm§Zm {ZdªY H$éZgVdrV AmhoV Aer rVr ‘{hbm§Zm d VoWrb Am¶m-~m¶m§Zm dmQ>V hmoVr. AmB© Am{U ‘wbr ñd¶§b¡{JH$ AË¶mMmambm ~ir nS>V AmhoV. b¡{JH$ AË¶mMmambm ~ir nS>boë¶m ‘{hbm AmË‘hË¶mH$éZ KoV AmhoV. V§JO‘ ‘Zmoa‘m ZmdmMr 32 dfm©Mr ‘{hbm {ZdªYZm‘Ü¶o ‘¥Ë¶w nmdë¶m‘wiogdm±©Mr Ñï>r ¶mH$S>o AmH${f©V Pmbr. ¶mÀ¶m {damoYmV ‘moR>çm {ZXe©Zo Pmbr.

‘¡am n¡~r Midi (Meira Paibi Movement)‘¡Vo¶r mfoV ‘¡am n¡~r (‘emb nH$S>Umao bmoH$) Agm Ë¶mMm AW© hmoVmo. 1970 À¶m eodQ>r

Xmé nrD$Z ~mOmamV PJS>m H$é Z¶o, ¶m {ZdmaUmgmR>r ‘¡am n¡~r Midi gwé Pmbr.1980 ‘Ü¶o‘Urnwa ñdmV§Í¶mgmR>r d geó MiditZm Vm|S> XoÊ¶mgmR>r maVr¶ g¡{ZH$m§Zm ‘moR>çm à‘mUmVnmR>{dë¶m‘wio VoWo ‘mZdr h¸$mgmR>r d ajUmgmR>r ‘mo{h‘ gwé H$aÊ¶mV Ambr. Ë¶mMdoir amï>bmX§JbJ«ñV à«§mV åhUwZ KmofrV H$aÊ¶mV Ambo Am{U geó Xim§Zm àË¶oH$ A{YH$ma H$m¶ÚmImbr^maVr¶ g¡{ZH$m§Zm anwa A{YH$ma XoÊ¶mV Ambo. ¶m‘wio gVV g¡{oZH$ Midir‘wio ‘mZd h¸$mMoC„§IZ hmoV hmoVo. ¶mÀ¶m {damoYmV {ZXe©ZmZo ‘¡am n¡~r bmoH$ Vm~S>Vmo~ à{VKQ>rV Pmbo. ¶m‘wioVo bmoH$ amÌrÀ¶m doir ~mOmamV nhmam XoUo gwé Ho$bo. JmdmVrb, ehamVrb, dmS>©‘Yrb ‘{hbmamoO Aí¶m nhmè¶m‘Ü¶o mJ KoV AgV. na§Vw ¶mÀ¶m Odi H$moUË¶mhr àH$maMo ZìhVo. ’$º$ ~m§~wAm{U amHo$bZr rObobr OiVr ‘emb Ë¶m§À¶m hmVmV Agm¶Mr. àOoÀ¶m em§Vrbm §J, YmoH$mhmoD$ Z¶o åhUwZ ‘{hbm JQ> àË¶oH$ amÌr ‘moh„¶m, J„r‘Ü¶o ~gV hmoË¶m. WmoS>çm em§Vr¶wº$doir H$m§hr ‘{hbm ~marZo nhmam XoV hmoË¶m. na§Vw ^rVrXm¶H$ Vrd« dmVmdaU Agm¶Mo. Voìhm‘moR>çm à‘mUmV ‘{hbm EH$Ì amhV AgV. ¶m ‘{hbm Midir H$aUmè¶m ZìhË¶m, ¶m§ZmamO{H$¶ AmH$m§jm H$mhr ZìhË¶m, bmoH$m§À¶m gwajoMr O~m~Xmar hmVmV KoUmè¶m ¶m gmYmaU‘{hbm hmoË¶m.

SCERT TELANGANA


geó Xim§Zm {Xboë¶m àË¶oH$ A{YH$ma H$m¶Úmbm aÔ H$amdo åhUwZ ‘¡am n¡~r MidirMobmoH$ ‘mJUr H$arV AmhoV. ¶m H$m¶Úm {damoYmV Midirbm H«$‘mH«$‘mZo ~i {‘imbo, {ZdS>UwH$sda~{hîH$mamnmgwZ Vo CnmofUmn¶ªVÀ¶m AZoH$ énmV Vo Ë¶m§Mm {damoY XmIdrV hmoVo. ¶mVrb EH$CXmhaU Am¶amo‘ e‘ubm ZmdmÀ¶m ‘{hbm hr J¥h {Z~ªYmV AgwZ gwÕm Xhm dfm©À¶m A{YH$H$mimnojm AYrH$ H$mi {VZo CfmofU Ho$bo. ¶m g‘ñ¶m§Zm ‘mJ© H$mT>Ê¶mgmR>r AZoH$ à¶ËZo Pmbr‘mOr g¡{ZH$ A{YH$mamVrb H$m§hr bmoH$ ¶m àm§Vm‘Yrb VZmdm{df¶r g{dñVa ‘m{hVr {bhVmV,CÎm‘ XOm©À¶m ‘m¡{bH$ JaOm, gw{dYm, A^rd¥Õr Ho$br Pmbr Va ‘mÌ ¶m àm§VmVrb bmoH$Midir ~§X H$aÊ¶mg ‘mÝ¶ hmoVrb. Aer Ë¶m§Mo åhUZo hmoVo. ¶m àm§Vm‘Ü¶o ¶m H$m¶Úmbm aÔH$aÊ¶mgmR>r Agboë¶m g§YrMo {ZarjU H$aÊ¶mgmR>r gdm}ƒ Ý¶m¶mb¶mV Agbobo ~r.nr.OrdZ aoÈ>r¶m§Mr {ZdS> gaH$maZo Ho$br. hr H$‘oQ>r Ë¶m§Mr Ahdmb gmon{dÊ¶mgmR>r AmVmn¶ªV Ë¶m§ZrH$m¶‘Mm ‘mJ© XmI{dbm Zmhr.

gm‘m{OH$ MidirVrb H$m §hr KQ>H$Ë¶m§Mm dmX-{ddmX ¶m {d{dY gwÌmnmgwZ OÝ‘ Pmbm. ‘hmbr¶m Am{U byWaqH$J ¶m§Zr

‘mZd h¸$mÀ¶m AmXem©gmo~V n¶m©daU g‘mZoVo g§~§YrV Agboë¶m KQ>H$m§ZmgwÕm CMbbo AmhoV.ho Vw‘À¶m bjmV ¶oVo. H$m§hr g§X^m©‘Ü¶o Ë¶m§À¶mda bmXboë¶m ~Xbm§Zm ¶mgma»¶m MidirVhmUwZ nmS>Ê¶mV Amë¶m AmhoV. ‘mQ>uZ byWa {H$§J, ‘¡am n¡~rgma»¶m H$m§hr MidirZo ~XbmMrAnojm Ho$br. gm‘m{OH$ Midir gmYmaUV… amO{H$¶ njm§nmgwZ Xya amhþZ EH$m Ame¶mgmR>r{‘iwZ H$m‘ H$arV AgVmV. Ë¶m‘Ü¶o mJ KoUmao bmoH$ {d{dY njm§Mo Agw eH$VmV. gVV Aí¶mMidirÀ¶m H$m¶©H«$‘m§Zm, bmoH$emhr nÕVr‘Ü¶o KS>drVmV. Xoem‘Ü¶o amO{H$¶ njm§Zr Ho$boë¶mH$m§hr bmoH$m§À¶m njmnmVmZo Aí¶m gd© gmYmaU bmoH$m§À¶m ‘mJÊ¶m nwU© Zmhr Pmë¶m Voìhm qH$dmbS>Ê¶mgmaIo A§e AgVrb Va gm‘m{OH$ MidirMr gwédmV hmoV AgVo.

{MÌ. 21 .8 :‘moM©o©V mJKoV Agboë¶m‘¡am n¡~r‘{hbm

SCERT TELANGANA


‘hËdmMo eãXZmJ[aH$m§Mo A{YH$ma AghH$ma Am§XmobZ bmoH$m§Zm doJio H$aUo A{ñWaVm¶wÕ {damoY geórH$aU nwZamdmg ZwH$gmZ anmB©

Vw‘À¶m Aä¶mgmMr nwZamd¥Îmr H$am1. gm‘m{OH$ Midirda EH$ Vº$m V¶ma H$aÊ¶mgmR>r BWo H$m§hr KQ>H$ {Xbo AmhoV. ¶mÀ¶m AmYmao

EH$ V¶ma H$éZ {d{dY MidirVrb ’$aH$ Am{U g‘mZVm AmoiIm.MidirVrb ‘w»¶ KQ>H$, Hw$R>o Pmbo, ‘w»¶ ‘mJÊ¶m, {ZXe©Zo H$aÊ¶mÀ¶m nÕVr, ‘w»¶ nwT>mar,gaH$maZo XmIdbobr nÕV, g‘mOmda hmoV Agbobm n« md…

2. H$Þ¶m, aå¶m Am{U gb‘m øm [VKo EH$m {df¶mda MMm© H$arV AmhoV, Ë¶m§À¶m ‘mJÊ¶m doJù¶mAmhoV, ‘mZd h¸$mÀ¶m Ñï>rH$moUmVwZ nm{hbo Va Vwåhr H$moUmer EH$‘V ìhmb, ho gm§JwZ H$maUo{bhm… bmoH$m§Zr Jar~r‘Ü¶o ~wSy>Z amhþ Z¶o Ago nmhmdo, Ë¶mgmR>r Amdí¶H$ Agboë¶m d¥Îm nÌ,ñdmV§ÌVm, Aem H$m§hr A§embm {Z¶§ÌrV H$amdo, Ago aå¶mbm dmQ>Vo. Amhma EH$M ZgwZ MmbVZmhr, d¥ÎmnÌ ñdoÀN>mgwÕm ‘w»¶ Amho, Zgob Va XoemVrb {d{dY àm§Vm‘Ü¶o ‘mZd h¸$mMo Hw$R>oC„§KZ hmoV Amho H$m, ho ‘m{hV H$aÊ¶mMm ‘mJ© amhV Zmhr. Ago gb‘mMo åhUZo Amho. d¥ÎmnÌoYZdmZ, eº$sdmZ bmoH$m§À¶m hmVmV AgVrb Va à¶moOZ H$moUVo? Vo gmYmaU bmoH$m§À¶m g§~§YrVd Ë¶m§À¶m KQ>H$m§Zm Vo bmoH$ H$í¶mgmR>r N>mnVrb Ago H$Þ¶mMo åhUZo Amho.

3. gm‘m{OH$ MidirVrb ‘m¡{bH$ KQ>H$ H$moUVo?4. darb {Xboë¶m CXm. ‘Ü¶o gmYmaU bmoH$m§Mo nmÌ H$go gm§{JVbo Amho?5. A‘o[aHo$VVrb H$mù¶m OmVrVrb

Midi Am{U ‘¡am n¡~r Midi‘Yrb g‘mZVm d ’$aH$ H$moUVo?

6. g§nwU© OJmVrb AË¶m{YH$ amO{H$¶ì¶dñWm Agboë¶m amï>m§‘Ü¶o bmoH$emhrOmñV Amho. hr bmoH$emhr bmoH$m§À¶mAmH$m§jm nwU© H$arV Amho. ¶m S>çmV{Xb o ë¶m CXm.À¶m AmYma mZ o‘bmoH$emhr, gm‘m{OH$ Midir’ AemKQ>H$mda EH$ N>moQ>mgm {Z~§Y {bhm.

7. monmb J¡g XþK©Q>Zm gma»¶m KQ>Zm§Zmd {ZXe©Zmbm, Midirbm g§nwU©OJmV bmoH$m§Zr H$go g‘rH$aU JmoimHo$bo. ‘m{hVr {‘idwZ MMm© H$am.

SCERT TELANGANA

gm‘m{OH$ AÜ¶¶Z306 Voc§JmZm amÁ` {Z_uVrMr Midi

21YS>m

Voc§JmZm amÁ` {Z_uVrMr Midi

2 OwZ 2014 amoOr maV XoemV Voc§JmZm EH$ g§nwU© ñdV§Ì amÁ` åhUwZ CX`mg Amco. mYS>çmV Voc§JmZm amÁ¶mVrc cmoH$m§Zm nmÊ¶mgmaIm àíZ, {ZYr, amoOJma ¶m gma»¶m àíZm§Zmgm‘moao OmÊ¶mgmR>r Omo g§Kf© H$amdm cmJcm m à{H«$ o {df`rMr _m{hVr dmMy d g_OwZ KoD$`m.

Vwåhr [H§$dm Vw_À`m H§w$Qw>§~mVrc gXñ`m§Zr `m Midir d Am§XmocZo nm{hcr Agmc qH$dmË`mV gh^mJr Pmcoco Agmc Voìhm Vw_Mo AZw d dJm©V gm§Jm. doJim Voc§JmZm amÁ` _mJUr_mJo AgUmar à_wI H$maUo H$moUVr AgVrb Ago Vwåhmcm dmQ>Vo?Voc§JmZm amÁ` {Z_uVr {deof, à_wI w{_H$m ~OmdUmè`mÀ`m ZmdmMr mXr Vw_À`m AmB©dS>rcd {eúmH$m§À`m ghH$m`m©Zo V`ma H$am. Ë`mÀ`m w{_H$m {dfX H$aUmao Om{hamV, q^VrnÌV`ma H$éZ Vw_À`m dJm©V XmIdm qH$dm àX{e©V H$am.

^maV XoemV h¡Ðm~mX amÁ`mMo {dcrZrH$aU^maV Xoem§Mr ñdmV§Í`mgmR>rMr Midi eodQ>À`m Q>ßn`mV AgVm§Zm h¡Ðm~mX amÁ` qH$dm

{ZOm_ g§ñWmZmZo gdm©Mr Ñï>r AmH${f©V Ho$cr. ^maV Xoemcm B§J«Om§Zr amÁ` H$V} gmoSw>ZJoë`mZ§Va ñdV§Ì amÁ` {Z_uVrgmR>r {ZOm_mZo S>moH$oda H$mT>co. h¡Ðm~mX _Yrc amï´>r`dmXrOZVoZr Ë`m§Zm {damoY Ho$cm. h¡Ðm~mX amÁ`mVrc 16 {Oëô¶m§n¡H$s VocwJw ^mfrH$ AmR> {OëhoAmhoV, VgoM VocwJw ^mfm AdJV AgUmao Am{Xdmgr cmoH$g§»`m A{YH$ AmhoV. `m àmVm§gVoc§JmZm åhUwZ AmoiIë`m OmVmo. h¡Ðm~mX_Yrc amï´>r`dmXr cmoH$ JmdmoJmdr OmD$Z VocwJw^mfoV {eúmUmgmR>r cmoH$emhremgZmgmR>r, gm_m{OH$ g_VogmR>ràMma H$é cmJco hmoVo Am{UV o1920,1930 `m XeH$mVAm§Y«_hmg oZo hr ‘mJUr nwT>o Zocr.1940 `m XeH$mV `m MidirgH$moñVm VQ>r` Am§Y«mVrc amï>r`dmXrOZVoZr `mcm _XV {Xcr.WmoS>çmM AdYrV hr Midi w_rgwYmaUm {df`m g§~§Yr {ZOm_, ZH$mem 1 : EH$sH¥$V h¡Ðm~mX amÁ¶mVrb Vob§JmZm

SCERT TELANGANA


aOmH$mam§À`m _XVrZo _mcH$ (Xmoam) m§À`m gVocm {damoY Ho$cm. m AV§J©V g§fKm©_wio OdhmacmcZohé àYmZ_§Ìr AgUmè`m maV gaH$maZo nmocrg H$m ©dmhr H$éZ maV XoemV h¡Ðm~mXamÁ`mcmg_mdoe Ho$cm. `m {df`r Vwåhr dJ© AmR>dr dmMZ Ho$co AmhmV. Voìhm VQ>r` (H$moñVm) Am§Y«,am`c{g_m àm§V, _Ðmg àoÝgrS>oÝgr amÁ`mVrc mJ hmoVm. Ë`mZ§Va VocwJw m{fH$ àm§VmZm {_idwZAm§Y« àXoe amÁ` {Z_m©U H$amdo Aer Midi gwé Pmcr.

gä` ì`º$r H$ama, Am§Y« àXoe amÁ` {Z_uVr The Gentlemen’s Agreement andthe Formation of the State of Andhra Pradesh

VocwJw mfm ~mocUmao VrZ {^Þ àm§V Amho, Vo Voc§JmZm, H$moñVm, VQ>r` Am§Y«m, am`c{g_m`m VrZ àm§VmV ~mocë`m OmUmè`m VocwJw mfoV \$aH$ ZgwZ {^Þ g§ñH¥$Vr, ApñWËd AmoiI gwÜXmAmho. Voc§JmZm ^mfm Am{Xdmgr ^mfogh cmoH$ g§ñH¥$Vr d g§àXm`mer VgoM CXþ©, H$ÞS> Am{U_amR>r ^mfogmo~V g§c¾ Amho. VQ>r` Am§Y«mVrc VocwJw mfoda g§ñH$¥V^mfoMr g§~§YrV ^mfoMmà^md A{YH$ Amho. _wpñc_, XcrV, hñVCÚmoJr, Am{Xdmgr, ñWcm§VarV OmVr g_wXm`mH$Sw>ZKoVcocr g§_rl g§ñH¥$Vr Voc§JmZmMr Amho. BVa àm§Vmnoúmm _wpñc_, _mJmgdJu` OmVr, Am{XcdmgrcmoH$ A{YH$ g§» oV Agë`m_wio Voc§JmZmMo gm_m{OH$ {MÌ doJioM hmoVo. Eo{Vhm{gH$ Ñï>`m

Voc§JmZm noúmm VQ>r` Am§Y«m àm§Vmda g§ñH¥$V g§ñH¥$VrMmà^md A{YH$ hmoVm. Ho$mñVm àm§V, VQ>r` àXoe{~«Q>rem §À`m emgZmImcr homVm. 19 ì`meVH$mnmgwZ B§J«Or {eúmU CncãY homVo. Ë`m_wiohm mJ doJmZo AmYw{ZH$sH$aUmÀ`m à{H«$ oV gm{_c

Pmcm. Ë`m {déÜX n[apñWVrV {ZOm_ n«emgZmVrc Voc§JmZmV {eúmUmMr ^mfm CXþ© A_cmVhmoVr. Ë`m_wio AmYw{ZH$ {eúmUmcm àmoËghmZ VodT>o {_imco Zmhr. 1948 ‘Ü¶o Voc§JmZmamÁ¶mVrc gmúmaVm Xa 9% hmoVm. Am{U {deofV: {ó {eúmUmMm Xa 4% hmoVm.

Ho$mñVm Am§Y«m {deofVm S>oëQ>m ({Ì wO) àXoemVrc _¡XmZr^mJ Agë`m_wio CÎm_ H$mcì`mMrì`dñWm g_¥ÜX nmUr nwadR>mg `mo½` nR>ma w mJmVrc Voc§JmZm àm§V nmdgmÀ`m nmÊ`mdaAmYmarV eoVrda, newnmcZmda O§JcmVrc {eH$ma Amhma dñVw JmoimH$aÊ`mda AmYmacocmAmho. H$moaS>dmhþ, H${R>U O_rZrMm mJ AgUmè`m m àm§VmV àXoemV Vio ~m§YwZ Ë`m nmÊ`mMmCn`moJ {d{dY qnH$mÀ`m cmJdS>rgmR>r H$aV AgV. {~«Q>reH$mimV eoVr, ì`mnma, CÚmoJmMmH$moñVm Am§Y«mMm {dH$mg Pmcm Amho. VgoM à_wI ZÚm§Mm àdmh {dñVrU© I{ZO g§nXm, O§Jco,dZ w_r_wio Voc§JmUmMm {dH$mg hmoÊ`mMr g§Yr Amho. m H$maUm_wio Voc§JmZmVrc I{ZO g§nÎmr{ZgJ© g§nÎmr gmYZmMm Cn`moJ H$aÊ`mgmR>r Am§Y«m àm§VmVrc g§nÞ Jw§VdUwH$Xma cmoH$m§Zr {Vd«BÀN>m ì`º$ Ho$cr. Ë`m_wio Am§Y« àm§VmnmgwZ {demcmAm§Üm«m Aer AmH$m§úmm g_moa Amcr.

`m Imcrc KQ>H$m§em déZ Voc§JmZmMo d¡{eï>ogm§Jm.

i. Z¡g{J©H$ ^m¡Jmo{cH$ KQ>H$ii. g_mOiii. Eo{Vhm{gH$ nmíd© w_r

SCERT TELANGANA


^maV XoemV {dcrZ Pmë`mZ§Va h¡Ðm~mX amÁ` 1952 _Ü o cmoH$emhr emgZ àUmcr ImcrAmho. h¡Ðm~mX amÁ`mMr {ZdS>UwH$sV {ZdS>wU Amcoco n{hco _w»`_§Ìr ~wéJwcm am_{H«$îUmamd hohomVo. _Ðmg ào{gS>oÝgr nmgwZ 1953 _Ü o Am§Y« àm§V doJim Pmë`m_wio Q>§JwQw>ar àH$mem_ _w»`_§ÌrPmco. Voìhmg VocwJw ^mfm ~mocUmè`m àm§VmZm EH$Ì H$aÊ`mgmR>r Midi gwé Pmcr.{dcrUrH$aUmgmRr Am§Y«emgZ g oZo EH$_VmZo R>amd nmg H$aVmM, h¡Ðm~mX amÁ` emgZg oVrc A{YH$m§e gXñ`m§Zr {dcrUrH$aUmg {Vd« Amúmon ì`º$ Ho$cm. H$moñVm (VQ>r`) Am§Y«mVrcg§nÞ, {dH${gV dJ© Z{dZ {Z_m©U hmoUmè`m amÁ`mV daMñd ñWmnZ H$aVrc åhUwZ ZmamOr ì`º$H$é cmJco. H$moUË`mhr àH$maMm \$m`Xm ZgVm§Zm Voc§JmUmVrc cmoH$ Amncr Z¡g{J©H$ I{ZOg§nÎmr d gmYmZ J_mdwZ ~gw åhUwZ ^`^rV Pmco. H$moñVm(VQ>r`) àm§VmV B§p½ce {eúmU{eH$cocm wdm dJ© _moR>çm g§» oZo Agë`m_wio Amnë`m wdmdJm©Vrc cmoH$m§Zm {eúmU, amoOJmaÀ`mg§Yr {df`r gwÜXm Vo ZmamOJr ì`º$ H$é cmJco. H|$Ð emgZmÀ`m _Ü`ñVrZo XmoÝhr àm§VmVrc ZoVo{X„rÀ`m g oV g§_ocrV Pmco. g{dñVa MM}Z§Va 1956 \o$~«wdmar 20 cm lmoVw gä` ì`º$sH$ama(OoÝQ>c_°Z A§J«r_oÝQ>) Pmcm. `m H$amamda A§mY«àm§Vm H$Sw>Z ~r. JmonmcaoÈ>r, EZ. g§{Od aoÈ>r,Or.cƒÞm, Eo. gË`ZmamÙmamOw Am{U Voc§JmZm H$Sw>Z ~r. am_H¥$îUmamd, E_. MoÞmaoÈ>r, Oo.dr.ZaqgJamd, Ho$.dr.a§JmaoÈ>r `m§Zr ñdmúmar Ho$cr. `m§Zr _wc wV 14 _m¡crH$ A§emda AmYmarVH$ama Ho$cm. Ë`m_wio Voc§JmUmVrc OZVm g§V¥ï> Pmcr d XomZ amÁ`mÀ`m {dcrUrH$aUmMm _mJ©gwJ_ Pmcm. Ë`mZwgma h¡Ðm~mX amOYmZr Am§Y«àXoe ho Z{dZ amÁ` {Z_m©U Pmco.

1. amÁ`H$ma^mamdarc IM© XmoÝhr àm§VmZr Ë`m§À`m {ZínVr à_mUmV amdm. Voc§JmZmVrcCd©arV ( aoìhoÝ w ) _hgwc Voc§JmZmÀ`m {dH$mgmgmR>rM IM© H$amdm.

2. Voc§JmZmVrc e¡úm{UH$ gw{dYm Voc§JmZmVrc {dÚmÏ`mªgmR>rM am{Id AgVrc.3. ~mamdfm©nmgwZ Voc§JmZmV amhUmè`m§ZmM Voc§JmZmVrc godm, Zm¡H$è`m, {eúmU g§ñWmZm_Ü o

àdoemg nmÌVm Xe©{dUmè`m _wcH$séc {Z`_m§Mo nmcZ H$aÊ`mMo pñdH$maÊ`mV Amco.4. Voc§JmZmVrc {dH$mg d Amdí`H$Vm `m§Mr {Z[aúmU AdcmoH$Z H$aÊ`mgmR>r {dYmZ

g oVrc 20 gXñ`m§Mr àm§Vr` n[afX H$m oXera V`ma H$aÊ`mMo pñdH$maÊ`mV Amco.5. Voc§JmZmVrc eoVO_rZ {dH«$s da hr àm§Vr` n[afX {Z §ÌU R>odUma.6. Am§Y« àXoemVrc _§Ìr_§S>imV 40 %$ gXñ` Voc§JmZmVrc Am{U 60 % Am§Y«mVrc _§Ìr

AgVrc.7. _w»`_§Ìr Am§Y«màm§Vrc Agoc Va Cn_w»`_§Ìr Voc§JmZmVrc, _w»`_§Ìr Voc§JmZmVrc

Agë`mg Cn_w»`_§Ìr Am§Y«màm§Vrc Agmdm.Voc§JmZmgmR>r àm§Vr` n[afX ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mMr _mJUr \$maM _hËdmMr hmoVr. BVa àm§VmÀ`m

SCERT TELANGANA


{dH$mg {Z`moOZ amÁèmgZ V`maH$aVo. Voc§JmZm {df`r ho àm§Vr`n[afXoZoM V`ma Ho$co nm{hOo.Voc§JmZm àm§VrVrc Amdí`H$VoZwgmagdm©{JZ {dH$mg àm§Vr` n[afX{ZpíMV g§nmXZ H$aoc. gmYmaU{Z`moOZm Zwgma eoVrg nmUr XoUo,Am¡ÚmoJrH$ {dH$mgmÀ`m {Z`moOZmMràUmcrHo$Mr aMZm, {dH$mgm g§~§Yr_hËdme`m n[afXoZo nmhmdo VgoMVoc§JmZm àm§V{d^mJ g§~§YrÀ`mgodm^VuMo {Z[aúmU, AdcmoH$Z H$aVrc. Voc§JmZmVrc O_rZr, w_r BVa àm§VmVrc cmoH$m§Zm{dH$Ê`mda {Z`Ì§U R>odVrc.

Aem àH$mao hm H$ama emgH$s` gmYZ gm_wJ«rMm g_mZ Cn`moJ Voc§JmZmVrc wdH$m§Zm{eúmU, amoOJmamÀ`m g§Yr CncãY H$éZ XoÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ Ho$co.

WmoS>Š`mV gm§Jm`Mo åhUOo m H$amamZo Z{dZ {Z_m©U Pmcoë`m Am§Y«àXoemV Voc§JmUmMo ñnï>d doJio ApñVdmMr AmoiI H$m`_ R>odcr. åhUwZ`mcm amÁ`mVrc amÁ` Ago AmoiIë`m Joco.

1969 Mo Am§XmocZH$mcm§VamZo gä`loð> ì`º$sH$ama(OoÝQ>c_°Z

AJ«r_|Q>) Mr A_c~OmdUr Z Pmë`m_wio Ag§VmofdmT>cm. m Ag§Vmofmcm _w»`Vm VrZ H$maUo hmoVr.Voc§JmZmVrc A{V[aº$ Cacocm _hgwc BVa àm§VmgmR>rdi{dÊ`mV Amcm. emgH$s` úmoÌmVrc amoOJma dgodm^VuV oX^md, _wëH$sH$m`ÚmÀ`m {Z`_mÀ`m{déÜX Voc§JmZm àm§VmV H$m_H$aUmè`m cmoH$m§ZmH$m`_Mo dmñVd {Z wº$s {Xcr. H$mhr {Z wŠË`m§À`m{ZfoYmW© àXe©Zo gwé Pmcr. H$mcm§VamZo Ë`mMo ñdénOZAm §X m ocZmV Pmc o . Ë`mg Cñ_m{Z`m{dÚm{nR>mVrc {dÚmÏ`mªZr _hËdmMr ^w{_H$m

Voc§JmZm àm§Vr` n[afXoV Vwåhr gXñ` AmhmVAgo g_Om. Voìhm Vwåhr H$moUVr {dH$mgmMrH$m_o gm§Jmc? Vwåhr {dfoeV: gwM{dcocrVrZ `moOZm§Mr Zmdo gm§Jm?Voc§JmZmV AZwgw{MV OmVr, Am{Xdmgr,^Q>Š`m O_mVr §Zm am oOJmamÀ`m g§Yr{_iÊ`mgmR>r H$moUË`m nÜXVrMm AZwgaUVwåhr H$am`cm nm{hOo?Voc§JmZmVrc I{ZO gmYZo gm_wJ«rMm Cn`moJH$aÊ`mgmR>rMm CÎm_ _mJ© H$moUVm?Voc§JmZmVrc eoVH$ar, _Owa dJmªZm Vm|S X`mdmcmJUmè`m g_ñ`m BVa àm§Vmnoúmm doJù`mAmho H$m? dJm©V MMm© H$am?doJim Voc§JmZm amÁ` {Z_m©U Pmcm nm{hOohr _mJUr H$aÊ`mè`m Am§Xm ocZm_Üò{dÚmÏ`mªZr à_wI w{_H$m H$m ~Omdcr AgoVwåhmg dmQ>Vo?

ZH$mem 2 : EH$sH¥$VAm§Y«àXoe amÁ¶mVrb

Vob§JmZm

SCERT TELANGANA


~Omdcr. {ZfoX àXe©Zo, g§n, CnmofU, A_aU CnmofU gwÜXm Pmcr. hOmam| cmoH$m§gh _moR>_moR>ràXe©Zo Pmcr. Ë`mV AZoH$OZ nmocrgm§À`m XS>nemhrcm ~ir nS>co. àXe©ZH$mè`m§da nmocrgm§ZrJmoir~ma gwÜXm Ho$cm. A{YH$marH$ _m{hVrZwgma 370 OZ àmUmg _wH$co. Ë`mV A{YH$Va{dÚmWu hmoVo.

Ë`mM doir Voc§JmZmVrc ZoË`m§Zr {_iwZ doJim Voc§JmZm amÁ` {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$m ©H$aÊ`mg Voc§JmZm àOm g{_Vr m ì`mg{nR>mMr ñWmnZm Ho$cr. Ë`mZ§Va hoM ì`mg{nR>mMo énm§VaEH$m Zì`m amOH$s` númmV énm§VarV Pmco. H|$Ð gaH$maZo {XK©H$mimn ªVÀ`m MMm©, g§nH$m©Z§VaAmR> _hËdmMo A§e `moOZm KoD$Z Amcr. Ë`mV àm_w»`mZo AZoH$ g{_Ë`m V`ma H$aUo ho homVo.AZoH$OZm§Zm hr `moOZm g§V¥ï> H$é eH$cr Zmhr Var WmoS>çm H$mimn ªV Am§XmocZ _mJo KoÊ`mVAmco hmoVo.

Voc§JmZm Am§XmocZmcm O~m~r H$m ©dmhr åhUwZ {g_m- Am§Y«m àm§VmV 1972 _Ü o O` Am§Y«mAm§XmocZ gwé Pmco. H$moñVm (VQ>r`) àm§VmVrc {OëømMm AOwZ {dH$mg H$amdm `m _mJUrghH$m`_Mo dmñVì` hþÔm g§~§YrMo _wëH$séc H$m`ÚmVrc {Z`_ gwÜXm aÔ H$amdo `m_w»` _mJÊ`mhmoË`m Amncm amoOJma, godm^Vu À`m g§Yr {hamdë`m OmB©c [H§$dm _maImB©c m {^VrZo BH$S>ogwÜXm {dÚmÏ`mª Am§XmocZmV àm_w»`mZo g_rc hmoVo. gaH$mar CÚmoJ, amoOJma d Zm¡H$è`mV godoVñWm{ZH$ cmoH$m§Zm àmYmÝ` XoÊ`mV oB©c. gd© àm§VmVrc cmoH$m§Zm {dídmg d h_r XoÊ`mMo 1973_Ü o H|$Ð gaH$maZo ghm gwÌr {gÜXm§V V`ma Ho$co. {eúmUmÀ`m g§Yr gd© àm§VmV CncãY H$aUo,h¡Ðm~mX _Ü o Ho|$Ðr` {díd{dÚmc` ñWmnZ H$aUo m gma»`m ~m~r mV g_m{dð> hmoË`m. Ë`m_wioVoc§JmZm àm§Vr` g{_Vr d _wëH$séc H$m`Xm ñW{JV H$aÊ`mV Amco. `m à_mUo gä`ì`º$sH$amamV g_m{dð> H$oë`m Jocoë`m ñdV§Ì ApñWËdmcm Voc§JmZm àm§VmZo J_mdwZ ~gco. Am§Y«àXoemVrcgd© àm§VmZm EH$ gmaIo g_mZ g_Oë`m OmD$ cmJco.

Ë`mMdoir gÎmméT> H$m°J«og númmÀ`m H|$ÐemgZmZo H|$Ðr` ZoËd¥ËdmZo dma§dma hñVúmon H$aUo mKQ>ZoÀ`m {damoYmV Z{dZ amOH$s` Midi gwé Pmcr. VrM VocwJw Xoe_ númmÀ`m {Z_uVrgH$ma^r wV R>acr. àm§Vr` Am§XmocZ VmËnwaVo em§V Pmco.

Fig 21.1Differeentforms of

protests in1969

Telanganaagitation

SCERT TELANGANA


Voc§JmZmV dmT>VMmcocm Ag§Vmofgä` loð> ì`º$s H$ama Ago n ©V àm§Vr` n[afX V`ma H$aUo, gma»`m BVa _hËdmÀ`m

KQ>H$m§emMr àË`úmnUo A_c~OmdUr H$aÊ`mV Amcr Zmhr. Ho$di àm§Vr` g{_Vr V`ma Ho$cr.Ë`m§À`m {e\$maer A_cmV AmUë`mM nm{hOo ho Amdí`H$ ZìhVo, emgZ Zoh_r Ë`m {dgaV Ago.

1956 Vo 1990 n ªV moOZm~Õ {dH$mgmÀ`m H$mimV ‘Ü¶ àXoe amÁ`mV AZoH$ {dH$mgmMrH$m_o Pmcr. _moR>_moR>r YaUo ~m§Ycr, eoVrcmnmUr, {dÚwV àH$ënmMr gwédmV Pmcr. _moR>_moR>çmImUr, Am¡Úmo{JH$ H|$ÐmMr ñWmnZm Pmcr. eoVrVrc CËnÞmV dmT> H$aÊ`mgmR>r harVH«$m§VrA_cmV Amcr. _moR>çm g§» oV {díd{dÚmc o, Vm§{ÌH$ g§ñWm§ZmMr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV Amcr.1990 Z§Va amÁ`mV {deofV h¡Ðm~mXm_Ü o _m{hVr d V§ÌkmZ hm CÚmoJ CX`mg Amcm.Voc§JmZmVrc OZVoZo hm {dH$mg IwnM {df_ Amho, `mMm OmñVrV OmñV cm^ Á`m àm§Vmcm{_im`cm nm{hOo Ë`mcm Z {_iVm BVa àm§Vmcm {_iV Amho Ago dmQw> cmJco. Voc§JmZmVrcgmYZ d ómoVmMm Cn`moJ ñWm{ZH$ cmoH$m§À`m JaOogmR>r gaH$ma H$arV Zmhr Ago dmQw> cmJco.

amÁ`mV {Z_m©U hmoUmè`m Z{dZ amoOJmamÀ`m g§YrBVa àm§VmVrc cmoH$m§Zm XoÊ`mV oV Amho AgooWrc wdmdJm©g dmQw> cmJco.

Oa AmnU darc gw{MHoZwgma g§nwU©AmocrVmImcrc {dñVuUVm `m gw{MHo$cm KoVcoVa EH$m dfm©V {H$Vr w{dñVr©VoV {nHo$ KoVcr hoXe©{dVo. ho H$moñVmAm§Y« àm§VmV mMr dmT> Omo_mZoOmñVrV OmñV Pmcr. na§Vw Voc§JmZmV àm§VmV_mÌ VodT>rM Amho.

Voc§JmZm{d^mJ eoVrÀ`m nmUr nwadR>çmgAmocrVmMr {dñVuUVog eoVH$è`m§Zr ñdV: IwnIM© H$éZ {d{har ImoXë`m, Am§Y« àm§VmV emgH$sÌMm©Zo V`ma Ho$coë`m H$mcì`m ìXmao {dñVmaH$aÊ`mV Amcm Amho.

eoVr ì`dgm`mVrc àJVr EHw$U {nH$m§Mr{dñVuUVm dmT> EH$ gwMH$ §ÌmImcr Amho AgoVwåhmcm dmQ>Vo H$m`?eoVrg nmUrnwadR>m A{YH$ Va {d{harÀ`m nmÊ`mdaAdc§~wZ Agë`m_wio Voc§JmZmVrc eoVH$è`m§ZmH$moUË`m g_ñ`m§Zm Vm|S> Úmdo cmJV Amho?_mJrc H$mimV gmd©O{ZH$ nmUr nwadR>çmMo gmYZVù`mZ H$S>o Xþc©úm H$m H$aÊ`mV Amco? Ë`m§À`mnwZamoYmamgmR>r H$moUVr H$m ©dmhr Ho$cr nm{hOo?Voc§JmZmVrc A{YH$ g§»òV hmoV Agcoë`mAmË_hË oMr H$maUo H$moUVr?VQ>r` Am§Y«m àm§VmÀ`m VwcZoV Voc§JmZmVrcgmúmaVoMo à_mU H$_r AgÊ`mMr H$maUo H$moUVr?

EHwU {nH$m§Mr {dñVuUVm - {_cr`Z hoŠQ>aàm §V 1955-56 2006-07 Q >¸ o $dma r%Am§Y« 4.2 5.3 20

Voc§JmZm 4.8 5 5

Ë`m à_mUo eoVrgmR>r H$mcì`mMo nmUrXoÊ`mÀ`m gw{dYmMm {dñVma Voc§JmZmV àm_w»`mZo{d{har da AmYmacocm Va Am§Y« àm§VmV H$mcì`mdaAmYmacocm Amho.AmocrVm Imcrc {dñVuUVm 2007 _Üò cúm- hoŠQ>aàm §V {d{ha r H$mcdo Vio BVaAm§Y« 5 13 2.5 2.5Voc§JmZm 14 2.5 2 0.5

AmocrgImcrc H$odi {dñVr©UVm - cúm hoŠQ>amVàm §V 1955-56 2006-07 Q >¸ o $dma r%

Am§Y« 17 23 135

Voc§JmZm 7 19 257lrH¥$îUm H$_oQ>rÀ`m AmYmao

SCERT TELANGANA


1993-94 _Ü o XmoÝhr àm§VmVrc eoVrVwZ J«m_rZ ì`º$scm {_iUmao CËnÞ WmoS>o\$ma EH$gmaIoM hmoVo (gw_mao 7800 én o) 2007 -08 cm Am§Y« àm§VmV 11,800 én o EodT>o dmT>coVoc§JmZm àm§VmV VodT>o dmT>co Zmhr, 10,000 én oM hmoVo.

Ë`mM doir Voc§JmZmÀ`m eoV _Owam§Mr g§»`m 38% nmgwZ 47% n ªV dmT>cr Va àXoe Vr\$º$ 1% Zr dmT>cr. Voc§JmZmVrc eoVH$è`m§Zm eoVrÀ`m {dnÎmr H$mimg Vm|S> XoV ghV H$arVZm BcmOmZo eoV O_rZr {dH$V Amho. eoVH$ar, _Owa hmoV AmhoV ho Xe©{dVo. XþîH$mim_wio{nH§$mMo ZwH$gmZr_wio {dUH$a cmoH$m§Mo amoOJma ~§X nS>co. Ë`m_wio _o 2004 Zmoìh|~a 2005 _Ü og§nwU© Am§Y« àXoemV 1068 cmoH$m§Zr AmË_hË`m Ho$cr. Ë`mV 663 cmoH$ Voc§JmZmamÁ¶mV hmoVo.Zm{nH$sÀ`m {dnÎmr_wio Odinmg 36% Voc§JmZm àm§VmVrc cmoH$m§Zr AmË_hË`m Ho$ë`m.

VgoM e¡úm{UH$ úmoÌmV gwÜXm H$moñVmAm§Y« àm§Vmnoúmm Voc§JmZm àm§V _mJo nS>cm Amho. 2001_Ü o Voc§JmZmVrc gmúmaVoMo à_mU 53% Va Am§Y«mV 63% homVo. Ë`mM doir Voc§JmZmàm§VmVrcJar~ cmoH$ gm_m{OH$ Ñï>`m _mJmgdJu` cmoH$m§V gmúmaVoMo à_mU AOwZ H$_r Amho. wdmdJm©Vrc _wcm_wctgmR>r Voc§JmZmàm§VmVrb 159 _hm{dÚmc o Amho, h¡Ðm~mXcm dJiwZ \$º$116 _hm{dÚmc o AmhoV Va Am§Y«m àm§VmV 181 _hm{dÚmc o AmhoV. Ë`mM à_mUo _hm{dÚmc`rZAZwXmZ 93 H$moQ>r én o Va Am§Y«m àm§Vmcm 224 H$moQ>r én o Amho.

{dH$mg H$m`m©V {df_VmM Zìho Va Voc§JmZmVrc cmoH$m§er gm§ñH¥$VrH$ oX^mdmg AmnU~ir nS>Vmo AmhmoV ho OmUdw cmJco. XmoÝhr àm§VmÀ`m {dcrUrH$aUmZ§Va H$moñVm Am§Y«m àm§VmVrc^mfm, g§ñH¥$Vr AmXe©{Z` åhUwZ àMma H$arV Voc§JmZmVrc àm§V ^mfm d g§ñH¥$Vr H$S>o AàJVåhUwZ Xþc©úm H$arV hmoVo. emco nmR>çnwñVH$mV Voc§JmZmVrc B{Vhmg, g§ñH¥$Vr, ZoVo `m§Zmnm{hOo VodT>o àmYmÝ` {_imco Zmhr. Voc§JmZmVrc J«m_XodVm, gUm§H$S>o Xþc©úm H$éZ H$moñVm Am§Y«màm§VmVrc gUo, g§ñH¥$Vr, AmMmam§Zm d g_ma§ mZm àmYmÝ` {Xco Omdw cmJco. {gZo_m, {MÌnQ>mVgwÜXm Voc§JmZmàm§VmVrb cmoH§$mZm _mJmgcoco, Ag§ñH¥$V, An¹$ {M{ÌV H$é cmJco. CXmhaUmW©lrH¥$îU H$_oQ>r Zo Imcr {Xcoë`m à_mUo {e\$mag Ho$cr.

Ë`mM doiog H$moñVm Am§Y«màm§VmVwZ BVa naàm§VmVwZ g§nÞ, YZmQ>ç cmoH$ Voc§JmZmV {deofH$éZ h¡Ðm~mX ZJa cJVÀ`m O{_Zr {dH$V KoÊ`mgmR>r _moR>çm à_mUmV n¡em§Mr Jw§VdUwH$ Ho$cr.Ë`m_wio m àm§VmV Jw§VdUwH$ hmoD$Z gwÜXm oWrc {dH$mgmV ñWm{ZH$ cmoH$m§Mm H$moUVmM \$m`Xm{_imcm Zmhr. VodT>oM ZgwZ [a`cBñQoQ> ì`mnmar dJm©_wio Ë`m§Zr Ë`m§À`m O_rZrdarc A{YH$mad {Z §ÌU J_dmdo cmJco.

Ë`mM doir Voc§JmZmàm§VmV Jar~ eoVH$ar, eoV_Owa m§Zm {d{dY àH$maÀ`m X~mdmcm Vm|S>Úmdo cmJco. EH$sH$S>o H$_r à_mUmV g§nV Mmccom eoVrÀ`m nmÊ`mMo ómoV Ë`m_wio eoVH$arH$moaS>çm XþîH$mimMm gm_Zm H$aV hmoVo d CËnZmVrc KQ> d ZmnrH$scm Pw§O XoV hmoVo. H$mamJracmoH$ Ë`m§Zm Amdí`H$ AgUmam H$ƒ_mc, ~m§~w, gmJdmZ cmHw$S> Zmhrgo Pmë`m_wio Ë`mM~amo~a Ë`m§À`m CËnXZmcm _mJUr Zgë`m_wio AZoH$ g_ñ`m§Zm ghZ H$arV hmoVo. H$nS>oYwUo(narQ>) `m gmaIo gm§àXm{`H$ godm H$aUmè`m OmVr, ^Q>Š`m OmVr§Zm gwÜXm Ë`m§À`mgodmd¥Îmrcm _mJUr {JèhmB©H$ H$_r Pmco. Cn{O{dH$m Mr hr gmYZo Zï> Pmcr. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§ZmAZoH$ g_ñ`m§Zm Vm|S> Úmdo cmJco. m gma»`m AZoH$ g_ñ oVrc XoemVrc Jar~ OZVm gm_Zm

SCERT TELANGANA


H$arV AgVm§Zm Am§Y«m§Vrc ì`mnmè`m§Zm cm^ {_imdm åhUwZ amÁ`gaH$maMr YmoaUo ho lr_§VcmoH$m§Zm AZwHw$c Aer Amho. Ë`m_wio ho gd© hmoV Amho Ago Voc§JmZmVrc OZVocm dmQw> cmJco.Iao cmoH$emhr emgZ Ë`m§À`m JaOm§Zm `mo½` Aer YmoaUo am~dVrc Aer Amem Voc§JmZmVrcOZVocm hmoVr. Ë`m§À`m AmH$m§úmm, BÀN>m EoHw$U Ë`m§À`m g_ñ`m§ gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r H$miOrnwd©H${dMma H$aVrc Aer emgZm ~Ôc _hËdH$m§úmm hmoVr.1990 _Yrc Am§XmocZ

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d§ena_nam§JV H$m_ H$aUmao cmoH$ ~oamoOJma Pmco, Z{dZ amoOJma H$aÊ`mg mo½` gm_Ï ©, {eúmUË`m§Zm ZìhVo. Ë`mM doiog amÁ` emgZ Amncm IM© H$_r H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$arV hmoVo. Z{dZgodm^Vu H$_r H$arV hmoVr. ImOJr ì`dgm`rH$ úmoÌmV {dñVma Pmë`m_wio, ~oamoOJmar qH$dmAgwaúmrV godmH$m ©, amoOJma EH$ _moR>r g_ñ`m homD$Z ~gcr. AZwH«$_o cmoH$g§» oVrc {d{dYdJm©Vrc cmoH$ Ë`m§Mo g§KQ>Zm Am§XmocZo V`ma H$éZ Ë`m§À`m _mJÊ`m nwVugmR>r Midi H$arVhmoVo.

Am{Xdmgr OmVrÀ`m g§KQ>Zm Oem VwSw>_Xoã~m, c§~mS>r ZmJa oa>r, EéHw$cm gma»`m V`mahmoD$Z Ë`m§À`m d§enanam§JV {OdZ nÜXVr da hmoUmao h„m§Zm Vm|S> XoV Ë`m§À`m A{V Amdí`H$Ob, O§Jc, O_rZ dmM{dÊ`mgmR>r aúmUmW© g§Kf© H$é cmJë`m hmoË`m. _m{XJm - X§S>moam,Hw$éå_m- Jmo„m, X>mocS>oã~m, _mo³Hw$Xoã~m gma»`m V`ma Pmë`m, VmS>r CVa{dUo, _oT>çm nmiUohmV_mJ {dUH$a, _mgmoù`m YaUmao gma»`m AZwdm§{eH$ H$m_mMo hiw hiw _hËd H$_r hmoV Pmco.Ë`m§À`m nwT>o YmoH$m {Z_m©U hmoV Amho. Voc§JmZm Amnë`m m g_ñ`m§Zm gmoS>dcoc m AmeoZo chmZchmZ g_mO g§KQ>Zm `m Am§XmocZmV gh^mJ Pmë`m hmoË`m.

Voc§JmZmV gmOao Ho$co OmUmao gU H$moUVr?Ë`m§Mr _{hUodmar `mXr V`ma H$am?Voc§JmZmVrc OZVoMr ^mfm g§ñH¥$Vr `m§Mo`mo½` {M{ÌH$aU H$aÊ`mV Amcoë`m {MÌnQ>m§Mr`mXr V`ma H$am?Joë`m {dg dfm©V h¡Ðm~mX Iwn _moR>o g§nÞeha åhUwZ {dH${gV Pmco. VargwÜXmVoc§JmZmVrc OZVm Ë`m_wio g§Vwï> H$m PmcrZmhr?Voc§JmZmVrc eoVH$ar H$mamJra Hw$Q>ra CÚmoJH$aUmao Vm|S> XoV Agcoë`m g_ñ`m§ BVaamÁ`mVrc cmoH$gwÜXm `m g_ñ oer P§wO XoVAmho. Vo `m g_ñ`m gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r doJioamÁ` {Z{_©Vr ho EH$M nwaogo Amho H$m?

SCERT TELANGANA


Voc§JmZmda homUmam AÝ`m`m g§~§YrMr _m{hVr Omhra H$aÊ`mgmR>r ~wpÜX_mZ, gw{e{úmVcmoH$m§Zr 1989 _Ü o Voc§JmZm _m{hVr g§ñWm ñWmnZ Ho$cr. EH$ ~wpÜX_mZ cmoH$ g_whmZo 1996Zmoìh|~a 1 cm àmo. O¶e§H$a ¶m§À¶m ZoV¥ËdmImcr da§Jc _Ü o Voc§JmZm {dÐmoh {Xdg åhUwZnmicm. Ë`mZ§Va cmoH$m§À`m _moR>çm g§» oVrc CnpñWVrV AZoH$ g^m hmoD$Z Voc§JmZm amÁ`{Z_uVrMr _mJUr H$aUmè`m AZoH$ g§ñWm {Z_m©U Pmë`m. 1997 _Ü o ñWmnZ Pmcocr Voc§JmZmOZ g^m, Voc§JmZm _hmg^m m gma»`m g§KQ>Zm Voc§JmZm amÁ` {Z_uVr Am§XmocZmV H$_Hw$dVdJm©cm Am§XmocZmV gh^mJr H$aÊ`mgmR>r Cn`moJr nS>ë`m.

{eúmH$, AamOnm{ÌV, amOnm{ÌV A{YH$mar `m§À`m gh Voc§JmZmVrc gd© H$_©Mmè`m§À`mg§KQ>Zm V`ma Pmë`m. Voc§JZmVrc ~wpÜ_mZ, gw{eúmrVm§Zr 1997 _Ü o Cñ_m{Z`m {díd{dÚmc`mVMMm© gÌ Jmoï>r g§Ì Am`moOrV H$éZ `m g_ñ oda gd© Ñï>rH$moUmVwZ {dMma H$aÊ`mg Cn`moJrR>acm. Voìhm nmgwZ H$_©Mmar, {dÚmWu, H${d, H$cmH$am§gma»`m MMm©gÌ Jmoï>r, ^mfUo, g^m,gm§ñH¥${VH$ {JV Z¥Ë` `m gmaIo Yw_Ym_ H$m ©H«$_mMo Am`moOZ Ho$ë`m Joco. `m Am§XmocZmMr\$cl¥Vr Z{dZ H$cmH$ma H$m ©H$V} ~ZwZ nwT>o Amco. Ë`m§Zr Voc§JmZmgmR>rÀ`m gd© g^mg_mdoemVAmncr H$cm ñ\¥Vr, JrV Z¥Ë`m _mÜ`_mVwZ wdm dJm©g, J«m_rU OZVocm {Xem {ZX}eZH$aÊ`mgmR>r àX{e©V H$aUo Amdí`H$ Pmco. 1978 OJË`mVë`m O`Ì`mÌoV gwé hmoD$Z 1990n ªVÀ`m da§Jc oWrc eoV_Owa g§KmÀ`m Om{ha g on ªV AZoH$ H$m ©H$V} m H$mimV V`ma PmcoVoc§JmZm Am§XmocZmV Midir Vo \$ma _hËdmMo R>aco. m Ë`m§À`m ZwVZ CÎgmhmZo AZoH$ Z{dZg§ñWm {Z_m©U Pmë`m.

Voc§JmZm amï´> g{_VrVoc§JmZm OZ n[afX, Voc§JmZm _hmg^m, Voc§JmZm OZ g^m Am{U Voc§JmZm EoŠ` doXrH$m

gma»`m AZoH$ g§ñWm g§KQ>Zm amOH$s` ñ\w$VuZ ñWmnZ Pmë`m hmoË`m. na§Vw H$moUVmM amOH$s`núm ñWmnZ Pmcm Zmhr. m nmíd© w_rda E{àc 2001 _Ü o Voc§JmZm amï´> g{_Vr Mr ñWmnZmPmcr.

VoìhmM Yw_Ym_ JO©Zm, nX`mÌm m {ZfoXmW© Midir Voc§JmZmV MmcV hmoË`m. d§ena§namJVXo{dMo Z¡doÚ (~moZmcw), amJmoir ho H$m ©H«$_ gwÜXm Voc§JmZm Mr AmH$múmm ì`º$ H$aÊ`mgmR>rCn omJr Amco. JO©Zm H$m¶©H«$‘m A§VJ©V (‘mJÊ¶m ‘m§S>Ê¶mgmR>r ‘moR>çm g oMo Am¶moOZ)Voc§JmZmMidir, Am§XmocZm à{V Ë`mMm nmqR>~m d EoŠ`Vm ghH$m © dm§{eH$ godm H$m © H$aÊ`mMr ì`º$H$aÊ`mgmR>r {ZfoYm©V añË`mda, Ho$eH$V©Z, H$nS>oYwZo, ñd§ nmH H$aUo, añË`mda gm_w{hHo$ moOZmMoH$m ©H«$_ _moR>çm à_mUmV H$aÊ`mV Amco.

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SCERT TELANGANA


ñWmnZ H$éZ {ZfoY MidirV gh^mJr Pmco. {d{dY _§S>i H|$ÐmV gmIir CnmofUo gwé Ho$cr.Ë`mV àË oH$ {Xder EH$ d§eHw$imVrc g§KmZrË`mÀ`m d§ena§namJV H$m_mÀ`m AdOmamgh H$m_oH$éZ Om{ha {ZfoY àXe©Zo Ho$co. `m gmaIr{ZfoY àXe©Z o \$º$ `m d §ena §namJVH$m ©H$aUmè`m cmoH$m§À`m ì`dgm n ªVM _`m©XrV

am{hcr Zmhr Va AmYw{ZH$ ì`dgm` H$aUmao {eúmH$, Am¡Úmo{JH$ H$m_Jma, ImUrVrc _OwaH$m_Jma, H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm, _{hcm g§KQ>Zm§Zr gwÜXm `m {ZfoY MidirV gh^mJr Pmco.

Ho$ M§ÐeoIaamd `m§Mo CnmofU - 2009`m Am§XmocZmcm {ZUm© ñdén àmá H$éZ XoÊ`mgmR>r Voc§JmZm amï´> g{_VrMo AÜ`úm Ho$.

M§ÐeoIaamd m§Zr 29 Zm|ãho~a 2009 cm {gÜXrnoQ> _Ü o A_aU CnmofU H$aUma Ago Om{ha Ho$co.Ë`mM doir CnmofU gwédmV H$am`À`m Am{YM Ë`m§Zm ~§Xr ~ZdwZ H$mamJ¥hmV nmR>{dco. Ë`m§ZrH$mamJ¥hmVM CnmofU gwé Ho$co. Ë`mZ§Va XdmImÊ`mV gwÜXm Ë`m§Zr Amnco CnmofU MmcwM R>odco.Cñ_m{Z`m {dÚm{nR>mÀ`m {dÚmÏ`mªZr Ë`m§Zm ÑT> EoŠ`mMm nmqR>~m åhUwZ 16 Zmoìh§o~acm Voc§JmZm{dÚmWu g§ wº$ H$m ©dmhr (Telangana Students Joint Action Committee (TJAC) g{_Vr{Z_m©U Ho$cr. Ë`m_wio H$mH$m{V`m {díd{dÚm{nR>mZo d Ë`mZ§Va Voc§JmZmVrc nmc_wa, gmVdmhZAm{U _hmË_m Jm§Yr {dÚm{nR>mZo (OoEgr) Am`H$mg {Z_m©U Pmë`m. Ë`mZ§Va H$_©MmarOoEgr,dH$scm§Mr OoEgr, doJdoJù`m OmVr g_mOmMr OoEgr Am{U Ë`mZ§Va {OëhmnmVirdaOoEgr {Z_m©U Pmcr.

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SCERT TELANGANA


{MÌ 21.5

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Voc§JmZm Am§XmocZmVrc {ZfoX H$m`©H«$_mMo ñdén

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SCERT TELANGANA


{MÌ 21.8, 21.9: amÁ` {Z_uVrgmR>r cmoH$m§Mr EH$Vm Xe©{dUmao, añË`mda gh^moOZ ZmdmZoñd`nmH$ H$éZ gm_whrH$ ^moOZ Ho$co.

Fig 21.8 Fig 21.9

KmofUoMm _mKma (Withdrawal Announcement)

Am§Y«m àm§VmVrc amOH$r` ZoË`mÀ`m X~mdm_wio 23 {S>g|~a 2009 cm doJim Voc§JmZm ñd§VÌamÁ` {Z_uVrMr KmofUm _mJo KoÊ`mV Amcr. Am§Y« àXoemVrc KS>m_moS>rda {dH$mg H$m`m©MoAÜ``Z H$é Am{U H|$Ð gaH$macm Ahdmb ([anmoQ>©) XoÊ`mgmR>r OñQ>rg lrH¥$îUm `m§À`mZoV¥ËdmImcr EH$ Am`moJ V`ma Ho$cm. Voc§JmZmVrc OZVocm m n[aUm_mMm _moR>m Y¸$m nmohMcm`m KmofUm _mKma KoÊ`mÀ`m H$maUo nmhþ `m.

h¡Ðm~mX hoM {dH$mgmMo H|$Ð ñWmZ Pmco Am{W©H$ gwYmaUoÀ`m {dO` OJ à{gÜX AmoiI{_i{dÊ`mg maV XoemVrc ho _hËdmMo _hmZJamV n[adVuV Pmco. gd© gmYZ gm_wJ«r oWoMH|$ÐrH¥$V Pmë`m_wio àm§Vr` {dH$mgmV {df_Vm {Z_m©U Pmcr. doJdoJù`m amÁ`mÀ`m àm§VmVrcAZoH$ cmoH$m§Zr h¡Ðm~mX_Ü o g§nÎmr KoÊ`mV Am{W©H$ Jw§VdUwH$ Ho$cr. amoOJma, {eúmUmÀ`m g§Yr,_moR>çm g§» oV cmoH$ h¡Ðm~mXcm ñWcm§VarV Pmco.

BVa àm§VmVwZ Amcocr Jww§VdUwH$Xma Amnë`m ^{dî`m g§~§Yr qMVrV Pmco. Z{dZ amÁ`{Z_m©U Pmco Va Am§Y« àmVm§VrVrc eoVrcm H$mcì`mZo nwa{dcm OmUmam nmUr nwadR>m ~§X hmoB©cH$s H$m`, {dÚwV {dOoMm VwQ>dS>m nS>oc H$s H$m` Ago H$moñVm àm§VmVrc eoVH$è`m§Zm {^Vr dmQw>cmJcr qMVmVwa Pmco. VocwJw mfm à{VnmXZmda V`ma Pmcoco amÁ`mMo {dcrZrH$aU aÔ hmoD$Z

XmoZ amÁ` åhUwZ Voc§JmZmMr KmofUo da H|$Ð gaH$ma _mKma KoÊ`mgmR>r X~md AmUÊ`mÀ`mCÔoemZo AZoH$ {ZfoY àXe©Zo Ho$cr.

Ë`mM doir ñdV§Ì amÁ` gmYZogmR>r, Voc§JmZm amÁ¶mVrc cmoH§$mÀ`m hrV gmYÊ¶mgmR>rZ{dZ amÁ`mZo à{V{ZYrËd H$amdo ho nmhÊ`mgmR>r {d{^Þ úmoÌmVrc, ñWamVrc dJm©Vrc gm_mÝ`cmoH$m§À`m g{_H$aUmZo ñdm §VVm àmárg amOH$s` núm ì`{VaoH$ AZoH$ g§ñWmZm d g§KQ>ZoZr Ë`m§MoH$m ©H«$_ Mmcw R>odco. ho gd© g_mOmVrc doJdoJù`m dJm©Vrc cmoH$m§Zm AmXmocZmV gm{_c Ho$co.`m g§ñWm d g§KQ>ZmZm ApñVËdmV Zgcoë`m g_mO g§KQ>Zm, gm_m{OH$ g§ñWmZm amOH$s` ñdénàmá H$éZ {Xco. d OZAm§XmocZmV, amOH$s` Midircm _O~wV ÑT> Ho$co. Voc§JmZm amÁ`mgmR>r

SCERT TELANGANA


{MÌ 21.12 : h¡Ðm~mX_Yrc hþgoZ gmJamOdirc_hma°cr

`m g§KQ>Zm§Zr nwU© doi H$m © H$aUmao H$m ©H$V©o V`ma H$oco. `m H$m ©H$Ë`mªZr{d{^Þ doJdoJù`m ñWamda Am§XomcZ d Midir Mmc{dë`m, gm_mÝ` OZVocm ZoV¥ËdmV gm_rcH$éZ Z{dZ {Z_m©UmË_H$ ñdén Ë`m§À`mV {Z_m©U Ho$co.

gd© númm§Zm, g§KQ>rV H$ê$Z EH$Ì H$éZ EoŠ` Vmo EH$mM _§Mmda AmUÊ`mgmR>r Voc§JmZmEoŠ` H$m ©MaU g§ñWm (OoEgr) Voc§JmZm g§ wº$ H$m ©dmhr g{_Vr {Z_m©U H$ocr. m g{_VrÀ`m(OoEgr. À`m ZoV¥ËdmImcr ghm _moR>r Am§XmocZo Pmcr. AghH$ma Midi, {_cr`Z _mM©, gH$cOZwcm gå`, ~oMmirg {Xdgmn ªV Mmcocm AgmYmaU g§n, gmJa hma (h¡Ðm~mXÀ`m hþgoZgmJaÀ`m g^modVr _mZdhma), g§gX mÌm(Mcm nmc©_|ÝQ>) Am{U Mcmo Ag|ãcr.Vob§JmZm àmá Ho$bo

`m nmíd© w{_da H|$Ð gaH$maZo XomÝhr àm§VrVrc H$m°J«og ZoË`mer g§nH©$ H$éZ Ë`mMo à`ËZMmcw R>odco H$moUVm Var EH$ {ZU© KoÊ`mMo amï´>r` H|$Ð ñVamda X~md dmT>cm. Ë`m_wioVoc§JmZmMm _wÔm amï>r` g_ñ`m R>acm. A§mY« d Voc§JmZm àm§VmMo dmX à{VdmX EoH$ë`mZ§Va H$m°J«ogH$moa H${_Q>rZo amÁ`mÀ`m {d^mOZmg AZwHw$c A§{V_ {ZU© KoVcm. Ë`mgmR>r `mo½` Am§Y« àXoeamÁ`mMo {d^mOZmMo {dYo H$({~c) cmoH$g oV _§Owa Ho$co. 2 OwZ 2014 cm hm {Z_m©U {XdgåhUwZ Zo_wZ XoÊ`mMo Om{ha Ho$co. cmoH$g oV ~rOonr, ~rEgnr, grnrAm` d BVa {damoYr númmZo

Fig 21.11 : Agitaters participating inMillion march

Fig 21.10 : Agitaters removing the fencing

gd© ñVamda _moR>çm g§»òV (OoEgr)Am`H$mg g§ wº$ H$m ©MaU g{_Vr BVag§K {Z_m©U Pmco. `m gdm©Zm {_iwZVoc§JmZm EoŠ` H$m ©MaU g{_Vr g§ñWmH$m {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV Amcr? m {Z_uVrZoAm§XmocZmcm H$em àH$mao à^m{dV Ho$co?Voc§JmZmÀ`m Midir, Am§XmocZmV VwåhrEH$ H$m ©H$Vm© g_OwZ doJio amÁ` {Z_m©UH$aÊ`mgmR>r H§o$Ð gaH$maZo _mÝ` Ho$co. VoìhmVwMå`m _ZmV H$moUË`m mdZm Amë`m Ë`m§ModU©Z H$am?

SCERT TELANGANA


`m {dYo H$mg _XV {Xcr.cmoH$m§Zr AmZ§XmZo hm {Xdg{dO¶moËgd åhUwZ gmOamHo$cm. cmoH$emhr à{H«$ oV{ZU©`mg Cera hm oD$eH$Vmo na§Vw {ZfoX àX{e©VH$éZ cmoH$m§Zr AmncrMidi, Am §Xm ocZ ZgmoS>Vm MmcwM R>odë`m_wioAm §Y « àX oemnmg wZVoc§JmZmcm doJio H$amåhUwZ MmcwM R>odë`m _wioAm§Y« àXoemnmgwZ Voc§JmZmdoJim H$am åhUwZ XoemcmAZwHw$c Ho$co.

ZH$mem 3 : Vob§JmZm 2 OwZ 2014 bm A{d© mdZH$mem 3 : Vob§JmZm amÁ¶ {Z{‘©Vr 02 OwZ 2014

SCERT TELANGANA


àmo’o$ga O¶e§H$a(Vob§JmZm amÁ¶mMo àUoVo {dMmad§V)

¶m§Zr gaH$mar emim ‘aH$mOr hm¶ñHw$b BWwZ 10 dm dJ©nmg Ho$bo, d 12 dr d nXdr n[ajm da§Jb ¶oWyZ CÎmrU© Ho$br.nXdmoËÎma {ejU åhUOo M.A Economics ~ZmZag {hÝXþ{díd{dÚmb¶mVwZ KoVbr. d Cñ‘m{Z¶m {doÚm{nR>mVwZ Ph.D. hrnXdr àmá Ho$br.

ho gwédmVrbm {ejH$ åhUwZ godoV éOy Pmbo, Ë¶mZ§VaM§XmH$m§Væ¶m H$m°boO (C.K.M. College) da§Jb ¶oWo Ë¶m§Zr VoàmMm¶© Pmbo. H$mH$Vr¶m {dÚm{nR>mMo CIFL g|Q´>b BÝg{Q>Q>çwQ>Am°’$ ’$m°aoZ c°½doOog (Or AmVm EFLU ‘Ü¶o Amho.) ‘Ü¶oCnHw$bJwé åhUyZ H$m‘ nm{hbo.

ñdV§Ì Vob§JmZm amÁ¶ {Z{‘©Vr ‘§S>i à{H«$¶oV àmo. O¶e§H$a¶m§Zr AZoH$ MidirV mJ KoVbm. 1952 gmbr amÁ¶ nwZ©aMZm‘§S>i (State Reorganisation Commission) ¶m g§ñWoÀ¶m à‘wInXmda Agbobo ’$Ob Abr ¶m§Zr OZVoMm H$m¡b KoÊ¶mgmR>rh¡Ðm~mX ehambm oQ> {Xbr. àmo. O¶e§H$a ho Ë¶mdoir AJ«JÊ¶àUoVo hmoVo. Ë¶m§Zr ¶m H$‘reZbm Ahdmb gmXa Ho$bm. H$‘reZZo

Vwåhr am`c{g_m àm§VmVrc AgwZ h¡Ðm~mX _Ü o H$m_ H$arV AmhmV Ago g_OwZ Vw_À`m mdZm{dfX H$amEH$ l_rH$ _{hcm AmhmV Ago g_OwZ Vw_À`m ^mdZm {dfX H$am?2009 {S>g|~a _Ü o Vwåhr Am{Xcm~mX {OëømVrc Am{Xdmgr ì`º$s AmhmV Ago g_Om. Vw_À`m^mdZm, {dMma ñnï> H$am?

B.g 1952 nmgwZ H$moÅ>on„r O¶e§H$a¶m§Zr ñdV§Í¶ Vob§JmZmÀ¶m ‘mJUrgmR>rg§Kf© gwé Ho$bm. ¶m§Mm OÝ‘ 6 Am°JñQ>1934 amoOr Am¸$‘noQ> (da§Jb {Oëhm)AË‘Hw$é ‘§S>i ¶m Jmdr Pmbm. ¶m§À¶mAmB©Mo Zmd ‘hmbú‘r d d{S>bm§Mobú‘rH$m§V amd hmoVo.

SCERT TELANGANA


Ë¶mdoir KS>m gdmb Ho$br H$s, Vob§JmZm ñd§VÌ amÁ¶ åhUwZñdV…bm pgÕ H$é eHo$b H$m? ¶m àíZmbm CÎma XoVm§Zm{dÚmÏ¶mªMo ZoVo A{Ve¶ YrQ>nUo åhUmbo, Amåhr Am§Y«mVrbbmoH$ åhUwZ OJÊ¶mnojm Amåhmbm {Zdm©hmgmR>r {^jm ‘mJmdrbmJbr Va Mmbob. 1969 gmbr Vob§JmZm Midi ~¡R>H$ H$aÊ¶m‘mJo¶m§Mo ¶moJXmZ ñVwVr ¶mo½¶ Amho. ¶m§Zr Am§Y«m OZVoÀ¶m dM©ñdJmOdÊ¶mMo ‘Zmod¥ÎmrMm àMma Ho$bm VgoM Vob§JmZmVrb bmoH$m§Zm{ejU, Zm¡H$ar, ~oamoOJmar VgoM gm§ñH¥$VrÀ¶m {^ÞVoÀ¶m àíZm§ZmH$go gm‘moao Omdo bmJV Amho ho ñnîQ> Ho$bo.

1969 Z§Va åhUOoM 1996 ‘Ü¶o Pmboë¶m Vob§JmZm amÁ¶{Z{‘©Vr MidirMo Vo àUoVo ~Zbo. Vob§JmZmVrb bmoH$m§da PmbobmAÝ¶m¶, oX^mdmMr mdZm Ë¶m§Zr AmH$S>odmar g{hV àgma ‘mÜ¶‘m§Mmdmna H$éZ OZVon¶ªV AmUbr.

Vob§JmZm Midi VrZ {d^mJmV {d^mJbr Jobr nm{hOo. n{hë¶m^mJmV Vob§JmZm amÁ¶ {Z{‘©Vr ‘mJo à‘wI {dMmaYmam, Xþgè¶m^mJmV Vob§JmZm amÁ¶ {Z{‘©Vr MidirMo ñdén Am{U {Vgè¶m^mJmV amO[H$¶ nÕV. Vob§JmZm amÁ¶ {Z{‘©Vr ‘mJo y{‘H$m ñnï>H$aÊ¶mgmR>r ¶m§Zr AWH$ à¶ËZ Ho$bo d bmoH$m§n¶ªV hr {dMmaYmamnmohM{dÊ¶mV Ë¶m§Zm ¶e Ambo. ¶m§À¶m {dMmam§Zr àoarV hmoD$ZAZoH$ {dÚmWu g§K, amO{H$¶ nj EH$Ì Ambo. d Vob§JmZm Om±§B§Q>E³eZ H$‘rQ>r ñWmnZ Pmbr. Vob§JmZm Midirbm AmVm ‘wV©ñdén Ambo d ¶mMm n[aUm‘ åhUwZ 02 OwZ 2014 amoOr Vob§JmZmñdV§Ì amÁ¶mMr KmofUm Pmbr. ‘r ¶m KQ>ZoMm gmjr Agob hoË¶m§Mo dm³¶ hmoVo. X©wX¡dmZo Ë¶m§Mo ho ñdßZ nwU© hmoD$ eH$bo Zmhr.emararH$ AmOmanUm‘wio 21 OwZ 2011 amoOr Xþ…IX {ZYZ Pmbo.

àmo. O¶e§H$a ¶m§À¶m ñ‘aUmW© Vob§JmZm amÁ¶ gaH$maZo H¥$fr{dÚm{nR>mMo ZdrZ Zm‘H$aU Ho$bo, àmo. O¶e§H$a H¥$fr {dÚm{nR>d Zì¶mZo {Z‘m©U Pmboë¶m {Oëømg àmo. O¶e§H$a ¶m§Mo Zmd {Xbo.

SCERT TELANGANA


Vw_À`m Aä`mgmV gwYmaUm H$am1) Imcrc MwHrMo {dYmZ ~amo~a H$am.

^maV XoemVrc amÁ` ^mfoÀ`m AmYmao {Z_m©U Pmco. Am§Y« àXoe ¶m amÁ`mV amhUmè`m {d{^Þ dJ©JQ>mVrc cmoH$m§À`m mfo nm{hOo VodT>r _mÝ`Vm, AmoiI {Xcr Zmhr.

2) “Voc§JmZmV amhUmè`m cmoH$m§Vrc {d{dYVoV Eo{Vhm{gH$ gm_m{OH$, gm§ñH¥$VrH$ MT>mAmoT> ñnYm©Amho” `m nmR>mVrc g_m{dð> Ho$ë`m Jocoë`m KQ>H$m§em§À`m AmYmao dmŠ`mVrc XmofmMo {ZamH$aH$am?

3) gä` loð> ì`º$sH$amamVrc _w»` KQ>H$m§emMo dU©Z H$am. hm H$ama XomÝhr àm§VmV A{dídmgmMH§$|Ð H$gm R>acm?

4) Voc§JmZmamÁ¶mVrc cmoH$m§À`m AmH$m§úmm, AZw dmÀ`m AmYmao gd© dJm©Vrc cmoH$m§À`m ^mdm§MmAmXa H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$moUVr H$m ©dmhr gwM{dVo?

5) nmUr, eoVr, {eúmU, amoOJma, CncãYVog§~Yr XomÝhr àm§VmVrc oX H$moUVm Amho?6) ehao d J«m{_U àm§VmVmÀ`m {dH$mgmVrc {df_Vo_wio emgZmH$Sw>Z AnoúmrVoV {damoY H$gm

{Z_m©U Pmcm?7) XomÝhr àm§VmZr {_iwZ amhmdo Ago dmQ>Umè`m§Zr H$moUVm _wÔm/dmX g_moa AmUcm?8) Voc§JmZm amÁ` {Z_uVrgmR>r Ho$ë`m Jocoë`m OZEH${ÌH$aUmÀ`m _mJm©Mo Vwåhr H$go _wë`mH§$U

H$amc?9) Voc§JmZmÀ`m {Z_uVrV OoEgr Am{U amOH$s` númmÀ`m w{_Ho$Mo dU©Z H$am. gd© amOH$s`

númm§Mr {dMmaYma, {gÜXm§V OoEgr Zo EH$mM _§Mmda AmUco Ago Vwåhmcm H$m dmQ>Vo?10) Voc§JmZmÀ`m ZH$memV Imcrc ñWio XmIdm?

i) _ho~w~ZJa ii) Iå__ iii) {ZOm_m~mX iv) Am{Xcm~mX v) ZcJm|È>mvi) {Z‘©b vii) OmoJwbm§~m

àH$ën H$m`©2009 À`m MidirV gh^mJr Pmcoë`m H$mhr OZm§Mr _wcmIV ¿`m. Ë`m§Mo AZw d OmUwZ

EH$ {ZdoXrH$m V`ma H$am. OwZo dV©_mZnÌ, gmám{hH$mVwZ `m KQ>Zoer g~§YrV {MÌ O_mdwZ EH$ñH«°$n~wH$ (H$mÌUo {MH$Q>dwZ R>odÊ`mMr dhr) V`ma H$am?

‘hËdmMo eãXaOmH$ma nmobrg go³eZ àmXo{eH$ n[afX‘wëH$s emgZ {g‘m§Y«m EHw$U {nH$mImbrb joÌ

SCERT TELANGANA


Telangana Political Map

SCERT TELANGANA


ICEL

AND

NORWAY

SWEDEN

FINL

AND

RUSS

IA

RUSS

IA

ESTO

INA

LATV

IALI

THUA

NIA

DENM

ARK

BELA

RUS

NETH

ERLA

NDS

BELG

IUM

GERM

ANY

POLA

ND

UKRA

INE

MOLDOVA

SLOV

OKIA

CHEC

H RE

P.FR

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ITZE

RLAN

DAUST

RIA

HUNG

ARY

ROM

ANIA

BULG

ARIA

TURK

EY

TURK

EY

ITALY

SPAI

N

PORTUGAL

UNIT

EDKI

NGDO

M

IREL

AND

Arct

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ean

Blac

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Nort

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Sea

Atlantic Ocean

Asia

Afric

a

Med

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Sea

Casp

ian

Sea

MON

TENE

GRO

Euro

pePo

litic

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SCERT TELANGANA


Euro

pePr

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e map

SCERT TELANGANA


The Indian Ocean

Africa Political MapM

OROC

CO

ALGERIA LIBIYATU

NIS

IAEGYPT

WES

TERN

SAHA

RA

MAURITANIA

SENEGAL

GUINEA

LIBERIA

COASTIVOIRE

GHANA

NIGERIA

NIGER

BURKINAFASO

MALICHAD

CAM

EROO

N

CENTRAL

AFRICAN REP

SUDAN ERITHRIADJIBOUTH

ETHIO-PIA

SOMALIA

KENYAUGANDA

SOUTHSUDAN

GABON

REP. OFCONGO

DEMO-CRATIC REPCONGO BURUNDI

MALAWI

ZAMBIA

TANZANIA

MOZAMBIQUE

MA

DA

GA

SCA

R

ZIMBABWE

BOTSWANA

NA

MIB

IA

SOUTHAFRICA

LESOTHO

SWAZILAND

AN-GOLA

EQUATO-RIALGUINEA

THEGAMBIA

GUINEABISSAU

RAWANDA

SIERRALEONE

TOGOBENIN

The Atlantic Ocean

SCERT TELANGANA


Africa Practice Map

SCERT TELANGANA


World Political Map

SCERT TELANGANA


Wor

ld O

utlin

e M

ap

SCERT TELANGANA


India Practice Map

SCERT TELANGANA


India Physical Map

SCERT TELANGANA


^maVr` g§{dYmZmVrc n[a{eï>n{hco eoS> wc l amÁ` Am{U H|$ÐemgrV àXoem§Mr `mXrXþgao eoS> wc l amï´>nVr, amÁ`nmc, _w»`Ý`m`m{Ye, Cƒ Ý`m`mc` Am{U gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mc`mVrc Ý`m`_wVu

{hemo~VnmgUr (H§$Q´>moca Am{U Am°S>rQ>a OZac `m§Mo doVZ){Vgao eoS> wc l enW, ÑT>dMZm§Mr aMZmMm¡Wo eoS> wc l amÁ`g^m ñWmZmMr amÁ`mg dmQ>UrnmMdo eoS> wc l AZwgw{MV {d^mJmMr `mXr àemgZ d {Z`§ÌUghmdo eoS>`wc l Amgm_, _oKmc`, {Ìnwam, {_Omoam_ Am{U AéUmMc àXoemVrc Am{Xdmgr mJmMo àemgZmMr

ì`dñWmgmVdo eoS> wc l H|$Ð Am[U amÁ`m§Z _Üò A{YH$ma Am{U H$m_mMo dmQ>n. Ë`mÀ`m {VZ `mÚm 1) H|$Ð `mXr (

97 {df` KQ>H$) 2) amÁ`mMr mXr (66 {df` KQ>H$ ) 3) EH$Ì mXr ( 47 {df` KQ>H$)`mXr V`ma H$aUo.

AmR>do eoS> wc l ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoìXmao _mÝ`Vm àmá 22 ^maVr` ^mfm1. Añgm_r 2. ~ |J mcr 3. J wOa mVr 4. qhXr 5. H $ pí_a r6. _{Unwar 7._ù`mi_ 8. H$ÞS> 9. H$m|H$Ur 10._amR>r 11. Zonmcr12. Am o a r` m 13. n §Om~r 14. g § ñH ¥ $V 15. qgYr16. V_ri 17. VocwJw 18. CXw© 19. g§Wmcr 20. ~moS>mo 21. _¡Wrcr22. S>moJ«r

Zddo eoS> wc l 1956 ì`m dfu 1 n{hë`m gwYmaUm XþéñVr ìXmao gm_rc Ho$ë`m Jocooco wH$ama w_r Am_XmZr,^w_rH$a, aoëdo, CÚmoJm g§~§YrMo H$m`Xo Am{U emgH$s` AmXoe AgUo.( g§nVrMm A{YH$mag§Ü`m _wc^wV A{YH$ma Zmhr)

Xhmdo eoS> wc l 1985 `m dfu 52 gwYmaUm Ho$ë`m Joë`m. H$V©ì`mVrc MwHo$ ~Ôc AnmÌ g§Yr {_iUo ho `mgwYmaUm _w»` CÔoe

AmH$amdo eoS> wc l 1992 `m dfu 73 gwYmaUo ìXmao g_m{dï> Ho$co Jococo n§Mm`VamO ì`dñWm {Z_m©U~mamdo eoS> wc l 1992 dfu 74 gwYmaUo ìXmao gm_rc ZJa nmcrH$m g§ñWm {Z_m©U Ho$co.

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