Role Reversal from Beneficiaries to Expert Participants

World Development xxx (2017) xxxndashxxx

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

World Development

journal homepage wwwelsevier comlocate wor lddev

Women and Climate Stress Role Reversal from Beneficiaries to ExpertParticipants

Please cite this article in press as Dey A et al Women and Climate Stress Role Reversal from Beneficiaries to Expert Participants World Devel(2017) httpsdoiorg101016jworlddev201707026

Anamika Dey Gurdeep Singh Anil K GuptaIndian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad IndiaIIM-Ahmedabad India

a r t i c l e i n f o

Article historyAccepted 29 July 2017Available online xxxx

Key wordsgenderclimate adaptationfood availabilityIndia

s u m m a r y

Women especially in the marginalized communities of the high-risk regions prone to flood and droughtare considered most vulnerable to climate change risks They play a very important role in householdnutrition management and resource management in terms of labor off-farm products and small savingsIn the absence of help from formal and informal R and D and technology institutions their knowledge andresourcesrsquo exchange system has to be very robust to cope with the seasonal shortages arising due to cli-mate fluctuations The study found that these exchanges spilling over caste or class boundaries serve asvaluable informal safety nets and contribute to household resilience Researchers seeking to strengthencommunity coping strategies should pursue such polices and institutional interventions whichstrengthen womenrsquos resource exchange and exploitation mechanisms We offer in the end a 4-E modelinvolving exchange expertise ethics and environmental consciousness which describes how theseempower women and help in articulation of their unique coping strength at intra- and inert-community levels Lateral learning among community members sustains and enhances over time collec-tive and household coping strategies with climate risks

1 Introduction

Adjustment strategies of women at the farm and householdlevel play an important role in coping with climate variabilityand food security Some of these strategies are short term or episo-dic while some others are institutionalized over time in the form oftraditions and culture Several studies have observed that womenare more vulnerable to climate risks due to institutional factors(Adger 1999) socio-economic factors (Baumlthge 2010 Denton2002 Terry 1999) higher dependence on natural resources(UNWomenWatch 2009 UNDP Policy brief 2013) etc Howeverthe lack of empirical studies at the household and individual levelhas been a major gap in understanding their role in coping withclimate uncertainty (Berrang-Ford Ford amp Paterson 2011 Goh2012) The tendency to see women as homogenous group andresort to excessive generalizations has also been rightly decried(Arora-Jonsson 2011 Kelkar amp Nathan 1991)

This exploratory study looks at womenrsquos role in ensuring avail-ability of material like food seeds etc and non-material resourceslike labor during climate fluctuations through social exchangepooling sharing nursery vegetables andor harnessing local

knowledge about edible weeds Their access and ability to convertaccess into availability of resource varies among different womenmembers of the community The asymmetry in access to differentresources institutions and networks contributes to their vulnera-bility (Dankelman 2002) In a rainfed region a household diversi-fies their portfolio of livelihood options by including farming andnonfarm activities animal husbandry etc to minimize risk overtime and space Some of these activities may be season space orskill specific [Niehof 2004 Ellis 1998] They may also cope by dis-tributing risk over different livelihood options at various times andamong members of the community

Although adaptation takes place over time short-term concur-rent adjustments to cope with stress help the household toobserve experiment learn and adapt The heuristics derived fromthe successful experiments are often used to build an institutionalarrangement around them thus ensuring continuity The ability toabsorb or insulate from the stress induced by climate fluctuationsdepends on the institutional context agro-ecological conditionsand household endowments of individuals and dynamics of knowl-edge and material exchanges (Agrawal 2010)

opment

i Autumn Stanley (1995) studied the USPTO database for 200 years and foundshare of women innovators to be much lesser than that of men

2 A Dey et al World Development xxx (2017) xxxndashxxx

2 Part 1- Conceptual framework

(a) Vulnerability and variability

Climate fluctuations and changing patterns of climate have adirect bearing on food security and the marginalized communitiesare likely to suffer most from altered environment (Gupta 1984Burke amp Lobell 2010 Chakraborty 2001 Tompkins amp Adger2004) The effects of climate fluctuation is different for men andwomen partly due to different perceptions (Hemmati 2005)physical and cognitive attributes (Eckel amp Grossman 2008) andtheir expertise due to difference in access to resources technologyand institutions (Demetriades amp Esplen 2010 Denton 2002Nelson Meadows Cannon Morton amp Martin 2002 Reid et al2009 Yavinsky 2012) Social sanctions and historical discrimina-tion against women have limited their access to institutions to avarying extent (Quisumbing Brown Feldstein Haddad amp Pentildea1995 Adhikari Di Falco amp Lovett 2004 Resurreccion amp Elmhirst2012) Women in the marginal communities are vulnerable dueto their limited access to resource support (Mearns amp Norton2010) Gender inequalities and other socio-economic differencesincrease their vulnerability to climate risks and hence uniformadaptation strategies for men and women might not work (UNDP2011 Ahmed amp Fajber 2009 UNWomenWatch 2009)

Within their socio-cultural limitations womenrsquos role has beencentral to meet household subsistence nutrition and energy needsespecially in the least developed and developing nations (James1995) They mobilize resources at the intra-house level throughreallocation storage (apprehending future scarcity) and modifyingtheir consumption over the needs of other family members(Quisumbing Brown Feldstein Haddad amp Ray 2007)Womenoftenforgo their own nutritional requirement to meet the family needsThis has also been called lsquolsquomaternal altruismrdquo (Whitehead 1988)This increases their vulnerability to food insecurity in the wake ofclimate change Climatic stress affects other activities like collectionof firewood and managing agriculture especially in marginalizedcommunities in high-risk regions (Morton 2007) The ability ofwomen to access Climate Smart Agricultural (CSA) practices maynot improve if their constraints in dealing with imprecise weatherinformation increased work load due to new technologies and lackof access to validated indigenous knowledge practices of othercommunities facing similar risks (Jost et al 2016)

At the inter-household level men are involved more in financialexchanges with formal or informal financial institutions and atgenerally a higher scale women take precedence in managingnon-monetary exchanges and financial exchanges of much smallerorder These exchanges are important strategies of coping withmarket and climate risks They can also pool or amalgamateresources to cope with the risk In his study of Northern CameroonMolua (2011) observes lsquolsquoDespite the economic challenges and theexposure to food insecurity risks these households provide aninteresting test of womenrsquos capability as household-level resourceadministrators and food security managersrdquo They play a crucialrole in household adjustment and coping by managing intra- andinter-household resources especially in a high-risk environment(Gupta et al 1985)

This study tries to assess the role of individual women in copingwith the climatic risks with special reference to managing agricul-ture energy and nutrition in flood- and drought-prone paddy-growing region of eastern India The central research question ishow can external agencies from public private and civil societyhelp disadvantaged women in coping with climate fluctuation par-ticularly in the context of paddy cultivation in mainly rain-fedregions

Womenrsquos participation and involvement is much higher in thenursery than men transplanting weeding harvesting and post-

Please cite this article in press as Dey A et al Women and Climate Stress R(2017) httpsdoiorg101016jworlddev201707026

harvest operations in paddy cultivation (Singh amp Tiwari 2009 inSingh amp Hensel 2012) Physical strength may have partly influ-enced the gender-based role division but also the different degreeof tenacity in tasks involving higher degree of drudgery like trans-planting paddy (Chi amp Yamada 2003 Mbiti 2007) Technologicalchange has been rather slow in the tasks that women do(Balakrishnan 2000 Gupta 2012 Gupta et al 2003) The persis-tence of drudgery necessitates higher reliance on socio-culturalexchange mechanisms rather than technological innovation Therole of women in science and technology institutions has alsoremained under-studied (Gupta amp Mashelkar 2005) affecting therate of innovation development targeted at reducing their con-straints Institutional factors such as negligence by both formal(and sometimes by informal R and D sectors) in developing strate-gies reinforce the social inertia that enhance womenrsquos capacity indifferent agro-climatic regions to cope with climate fluctuationsHistorically several cultural factors have also contributed to theseconstraints such as denial of opportunities to pursue the occupa-tions of black smithy and carpentry in south Asian region There-fore even if they had ideas they did not always have the tools toexecute them or innovate new solutions (Gupta 2012 Gupta2016 Stanley 1995)i The cultural norms also inhibited women toexpress and articulate their technological needs stifling laterallearning potential (Haumlusler 1997 Singh 2010)

3 Context changes the content

In a situation like this when not many technological alterna-tives are available and climate changefluctuation risks have tobe coped with we argue that there are ingenious ways in whichindividual women find creative ways of coping by managingresource exchange and pooling overcoming class and culturalboundaries

Manywomen are simultaneously part of several institutions likesocial groups or networks that help them to draw on collectivesupport and solidarity This reinforces their confidence and thecapability to take decisions ie agency Unequal power dynamicsaffect their autonomy even in reciprocal relationships shapingthe terms of exchanges (Riley 2008) The effectiveness of their deci-sions and coping strategies has to be assessed by examining theembeddedness of their responses (Reid et al 2000) They mightnot be assertive or stand-alone and may be highly contextualizedin certain cases (Johnsson-Arora 2011) They follow differentcultural traditions and technological practices evolved through adynamic interplay of social and economic institutions and ecologi-cal endowments This lends to diversity of coping strategies whichmay later be embedded into a portfolio of adjustment strategiesMany of the earlier studies considered women as a part of onegroup (Gabrielsson 2014) Such an assumption may deny theopportunity for creating a knowledge network among differentwomen for developing diverse coping strategies across regions

Many adaptations are autonomous ie done by the local com-munitiessocial groupsindividual son their own These maycomplement the ex-ante strategies that government might haveplanned to reduce overall loss to the households due to climatefluctuations However these become imperative where timely gov-ernmental intervention is difficult or absent

Earlier studies on vulnerability (Adger 1999 2006 2006) sus-tainable livelihood (Krantz 2001 Scoones 2009) gender analysis(SEAGA (Socio-economic and Gender Analysis) and adaptation torisk (Oxfam and UN 2009) have pointed toward need for augment-ing assets increasing capacities and improving policy and

ole Reversal from Beneficiaries to Expert Participants World Development

A Dey et al World Development xxx (2017) xxxndashxxx 3

institutional environment for disadvantaged women to deal withrisks suitably and sustainably The policy recommendations gener-ally included either improving their access to various resourcesindividually or in groups or improving their skills to avail of newopportunities In this paper we have tried to take vulnerability ofwomen due to climate fluctuations as given However the empir-ical evidence of coping strategies reveal that in a specific socio-ecological condition the policy and institutional interventionshave to be tailored to the specific set of constraints affectingresource (including knowledge) management by women Thestudy focusses more on what they can do themselves by exploitingand strengthening their autonomy and agency

4 Autonomy agency ability and action

The household strategies are influenced by differential access toinstitutions in specific agro-ecological contexts Institutions can beformal such as agricultural university banks extension systemsetc or the informal ones dealing with exchange system of paddynursery and cultural institutions like devotional hymn-singingcommittees The terms or rules of access may be influenced bythe assurances from institutions including kinship networks Inhis experiments Raymond (2006) found that institutional assur-ance covered up for lack of trust among individuals and incen-tivized people for effective collective protection of endangeredspecies Access to resources and assurance from institutions arenot enough the ability to convert access into investments is alsovital However in the absence of an attitude of overcoming barriersand inertia the other three A ie access assurance and ability willbe of little help Eventually the mix of differential access availabil-ity of assurance abilities and attitude influences the autonomyand agency of women to cope with the climate risks Autonomyis defined as the freedom to act in a given set of constraints Agencyrefers to the ability to use that freedom by overcoming what isoften called lsquolsquolearned helplessnessrdquo (Peterson amp Bossio 1989)

In some cases as we strengthen their autonomy and enableaccess to resources and institutions many of them are able to per-form at par with men and sometimes better (Nathan amp Apu 2007)Efforts are also being undertaken to increase their access assur-ance and hence ability to participate (Joy amp Paranjape 2005Morley 2005) in programs that improve their food securityGupta (1985 1992) articulated vertical and horizontal assurancesin the 4A (Access Assurance Ability and Attitude) model of sus-tainability However these have different meanings and implica-tions for men and women and even among women for instanceRay (2007) distinguishes gaining access to water from agency touse it properly When autonomy and agency can trigger actionsor experiments a portfolio of inter- and intra-household copingstrategies emerges Inter-household coping efforts often dependon the effectiveness of intra-household coping along with manyother cultural factors The feedback from inter- and intra-household coping efforts influence the viability of initiatives bydifferent women in a community

We illustrate in this paper how some of the coping strategiesare culturally coded like in the songs sung by women at the timeof transplantation or while pursuing other collective activitiesfacilitating inter-generational transfer of knowledge These mea-sures strengthen the agency of women We thus argue that by pay-ing attention to these coping mechanisms scholars can contributetoward multi-level institutional development which may comple-ment the design process of technological solutions and to someextent compensate for the historical inertiaii Technological inertia

ii It has been suggested earlier that institutional inadequacies can sometimes becompensated by technological innovations and vice versa Gupta et al (1997)

should be overcome but until it is done we can strengthen the handsof women through improved access to institutional socio-culturaland informational knowledge base This has been one of the thrustareas of the Honey Bee Network for the last twenty-eight years forenabling communities and individuals to cope with the risksimproving productivity and reducing drudgery

The role of a woman as a part of household with or withoutadequate autonomy and agency to take decisions affecting herability to cope with climatic stress has not been empirically stud-ied adequately although her contribution as a part of social group(often assumed homogeneous) has been studied to some extent

5 Part 2 The study

(a) Study area and methodology

This paper is a part of a larger longitudinal study on loss of agro-biodiversity from 1989ndash90 to 2014ndash15 conducted in three villagesIsoulibhari Shivnathpur and Kharella in Faizabad district in east-ern Uttar Pradesh India The district falls under the Hot Sub humid(moist) eco-sub region These flood prone villages are located inthe floodplains of Sarayu River The region follows ricendashwheatcropping system and is largely rain-fed The climate data have beenobtained from the Department of Agricultural Meteorology Naren-dra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology

One hundred and twenty-two detailed interviews were carriedout to study the loss of agrobiodiversity and farmersrsquo coping strate-gies with climate variability and fluctuations apart from a plot-by-plot survey Being a largely patriarchal society opportunisticfocused group interviews were conducted wherever womenrsquos par-ticipation was noticed The case studies thus are not randomlyselected but rather are opportunistically sampled Fifteen focusgroup interviews were conducted with an average participationof 5ndash7 women in each group The total number of householdsand number of interviews in the villages are Isoulibhari (365households 7 interviews) Kharella (170 households 5 interviews)Shivnathpur (96 households 3 interviews) Some of the examplesof uncultivated or less cultivated plants or weeds used by womenfor making food formulationsrecipes have been quoted from theHoney Bee Network database (wwwhttpwwwsristiorghb-new)

(b) Adjustments with climate variability

Rainfall and temperature data were analyzed for twenty-fiveyears in the case study region (1990ndash2014) Three periods wereanalyzed the monsoon season or the kharif season the post rainyperiod which coincides with the rabi season and pre-monsoonseason that coincides with the zaidsummer cropping season

It is apparent that there is a high fluctuation in the onset with-drawal number of days it rained total rainfall received and aver-age rainfall received per number of days which received rainfallduring the monsoon season (Table 1) Higher the fluctuation par-ticularly during the crop cycle higher the resilience required Thesituation becomes more difficult in the case of high fluctuation inthe rainfall onset and withdrawal dates Since primarily womenperform transplantation and harvesting they get constrained dueto these fluctuations Depending upon the respective social capitaldifferent women try to mobilize voluntary labor from otherwomen However the ability of poor women to either hire laboror mobilize voluntary labor through reciprocity may be limited

The knowledge of women about managing extremes of wateravailability and the ability to seek co-operation from the farmersowning plots above and below their field for receiving drainagewater or draining their field to lower lying plot makes a critical

Table 1Descriptive statistics of rainfall and temperature data of the kharif season

Monsoons at Kumarganj

Onset Withdrawal Days of rain Total rainfall (mm) Average rainno of rainy days mm)

Mean 13780 28216 5224 91706 1768Standard Error 296 223 126 3896 061Median 13600 28200 5200 90240 1790Mode 12400 28700 5600 NA 1840Standard deviation 1480 1115 629 19480 305Sample variance 21908 12422 3952 3794584 932Kurtosis 019 009 130 265 049Skewness 077 050 051 119 006Range 5000 4600 2800 92111 1388Minimum 12100 25700 4200 59760 1086Maximum 17100 30300 7000 151871 2474Sum 344500 705400 130600 2292658 44189Count 2500 2500 2500 2500 2500Confidence Level (950) 611 460 260 8041 126

Note day of arrival is calculated at nth day of the year taking January 1 as day 01

iii wwwhoneybeeorg

difference in the choice of technology and thus the survival Lim-ited attention to such adjustments has led to limited research onexpanding the degrees of freedom during such period If a womenfarmer is constrained in inviting other women because of culturalreciprocities due in such voluntary exchanges (like offering tea andsnacks after pooled labor) or limited financial resources for hiringother laborers which stage of water drainage of crop should shefocus on most is one such question to ponder upon by agriculturalscientists Not all varieties may be equally vulnerable to standingwater at all stages of the crop When we look at the data of varietalchoice of lowlands uplands and medium lands the preponderanceof Sarju 52 a traditional improved variety in the uplands and thelowlands which are more risky domains is evident The hybridvarieties like PA 6444 are sown in medium lands which requiremore number of irrigations in a dry spell (Dey Singh amp Gupta2015)

Through a correlation analysis we found that if rains arrivedlate in the kharif season women who might have sown nurserylate due to financial constraints might actually have only a limitedadvantage However as they may also be engaged in labor atotherrsquos farm due to cash compulsiveness (Bharadwaj 1974) theymight not be able to utilize their own nursery wholly Lowertemperature in the post rainy season will result in lower evapo-transpiration losses and will not pose much problem for house-holds who do not have irrigation sources Late withdrawal of therains is directly related to the total number of rainy days in thekharif season the minimum temperature in the summer season(in the pre-rainy season) and the increased minimum temperatureduring the rainy season Late withdrawal of the rains will lessenthe turnaround time (ie time interval between harvesting the lastcrop and sowing the next crop) This will constrain ability ofwomen to harvest the paddy crop before full ripening drying themin the sun for threshing and sowing of the next crop The totalamount of rainfall received is negatively correlated to the maxi-mum temperature in the previous season ie the summer seasonLesser rain will affect the availability of water for both on farm andoff farm use In most rural areas women fetch water for drinkingand other household chores often from long distances The amountof rainfall received per number of rainy days is inversely corre-lated to the maximum temperature in the summerzaid seasonsuggesting the chances of flood or cloudbursts Floods pose severalproblems for the women (1) restricts their mobility and increasetheir dependence on stored resources (Ahmed 2004) (2) increaseslabor in collecting fuel wood and meeting other needs (AlamBhatia amp Mawby 2015 21ndash22) and (3) induces other farm andnonfarm stresses (Crate and Nuttal 2016) The early arrival of

the rains in kharif season increases the probability of cloudyweather in the winters or the rabi season Early rains are usefulfor farmers who have sown the nursery early It creates an oppor-tunity for selling of the nursery or bartering it with labor requiredfor transplantation through factor and product market linkages(Bharadwaj 1974) As women do most of the transplantation theycan exchange their labor for the nursery that a well-off farmermight have grown owing to his access to irrigation sources

Women have an expertise in knowledge of tasks they are exclu-sively engaged in (IFPRI 1995) like paddy transplantation weed-ing seed storage post-harvest processing livestock health andhygiene and marketing of certain kinds of farm produce especiallyin the local village markets The expertise might not be genderspecific but might be due to experience in the particular tasks(Gupta et al 1997) Paddy is the most dominant kharif crop hereand like other rice-growing regions transplantation involves pool-ing and exchange of female workforce in the community Weedingtakes a major portion of resources for farms located in uplands andmedium lands or in case there is a long dry spell even in low landsWomen tackle these risks through their network where theyexchange labor equipment and commodities (Agarwal 2010abMuthoni amp Wangui 2013) These exchanges are seldom monetaryin nature and are often reciprocal Only if there is a large differencein labor requirements ie a larger land holding will need morelabor there is a supplementary compensation generally in kindthough sometimes in cash Similarly they stagger their activitiesto be able to help each other during harvesting and post-harvestactivities like storage of grains and food processing

Storability of food grains and crops pose challenges in the trop-ical climate Careful storage of grains and other crops play animportant cushioning strategy The Honey Bee databaseiii has sev-eral practices provided by women which they use to make cropspest free Gupta (1987a) Gupta (1987b Gupta (1987c Gupta(2007a Gupta (2007b) reported that women in Bangladesh not onlytook care of consumer preference but also the shelf life and storabil-ity of sweet potato He reported that women in Tangail district ofBangladesh cut some of the rootlets from the nodes of sweet potatocuttings before transplanting them This helped in the developmentof rounder tuber with a thicker skin Consumers in the market pre-ferred rounder tubers and the thick skin increased the shelf life(Gupta 2016) He also reported that a woman farmer in Bangladeshfollowed the practice of planting one banana plant among four arecatrees (see Sheshagiri Narayanaswamy amp Shivanna 2010) The

v SRISTI Ahmedabad a voluntary organization pursues exploratory walks calledShodhyatras twice a year in the hinterland of India to learn from the localcommunities and share available information honor local innovators and traditional

banana suckers absorbed moisture in the monsoons and made itavailable to areca roots during winters when there is a water stress(Gupta 1987a Gupta 1987b Gupta 1987c) This provides an inter-esting example of the scientific basis of knowledge of women in theunorganized sector Jacka 2016 (in Crate and Nuttal 2016 186ndash199)found high correspondence between climatic data and its perceptionand related local knowledge of communities in Papua New Guineaakin to the findings of numerous other studies reviewed recently(Lebel 2013)

Sharing their knowledge at least among women helps in bond-ing and lateral diffusion of knowledge Gangaben Yagnik a widowat the age of 14 dedicated a chapter in her book Hunnar Mahasagar(1898) to examples of ecological and climatic indicators The bookalso contains information on over two thousand eighty practicestradesrecipes for self-employment It was a great hit among thereaders It is said that thousand copies were sold within a few daysof its release (Honey Bee 2003) However in spite of such out-standing examples of contribution to science and society theknowledge of women has remained under represented especiallyin decisionmaking and policy discourses They are often seen assinks of resources rather than source of ideas and adaptation andcoping mantras (Gupta 2006)

(c) Food and nutrition availability perceptions from field

When asked about their food in the lean months Raj KumarSingh replied lsquolsquoItrsquo sher departmentrdquo pointing at his wife MunniDevi She replied lsquolsquoI make curries of matar (pea) which I dried inthe sun and preserved with chickpeardquo Many women plant cucur-bits like bottle gourd pumpkin satputia (a small cultivar of ridgegourd) okra and colocasia in their homesteads in the summerscatering to the vegetable needs of the family since these are cost-lier in summer A few women ensure food security by processingfruits and vegetables and storing them safely for consumptionlater Munni Devi and other women of her village Isoulibhari har-vest the weeds and segregate them for consumption by humanandor cattle while the non-edible ones are either composted orthrown awayiv Women generally take care of the cattle and animalhusbandry while men take decisions on breeding and sale of dairyproducts Many women know the medicinal and nutritional proper-ties of weeds (or wild edible plants) as well (see Boedecker TermoteAssogbadjo Van Damme amp Lachat 2014) During the monsoonswomen collect Kermuha (also called Kalmuha water spinach Ipo-moea aquatic Forssk) from the nearby water pools and use it to makevarious preparations Believed to be very nutritious it is given espe-cially to pregnant and nursing women It has enough magnesium foradult women and children besides being a good source of iron man-ganese potassium (Umar Hassan Dangoggo amp Ladan 2007) Itsnutritional properties particularly with regard to antioxidants andessential amino acids have been confirmed (Doka Tigani amp Yagi2014 and other scientific studies) (Prasad Shivamurthy ampAradhya 2008) They use seeds of hurhur (Cleome viscose Linn) toflavor curries It is also known for its therapeutic effects especiallyfor the liver (Upadhyay 2015) A few drops of juice of its leavesare put into the ears in the case of earache Another widely adaptedweed mostly growing in waste landsfield bunds locally called leh-sua (false amaranthus Digeramuricata (L) Mart) is used as a veg-etable It is known to be effective against digestive disorders(Sharma amp Vijayvergia 2013) Women have developed rich knowl-edge systems ensuring nutrition security through both agricultureand other edible resources in the wild (Quisumbing et al 1995)Such resources need to be popularized after verifying and testing

iv While weeding Canylondactylon Dhruva grass women make it a point to dig itsroots at least 6ndash8 inches around the removed clum so that it doesnrsquot easily growagain It is one of the most difficult weed to control in certain cases

their properties since food and nutrition insecurity is often an inevi-table consequence of climate variability In fact the recent studies(Myers et al 2014) have shown that several crops might have lessernutrition due to increased level of carbon dioxide In such caseswomenrsquos knowledge about weeds which supplement these nutri-ents particularly K Mn and Fe such as Ipomoea aquatic Forssk willbecome very useful (Umar et al 2007)

Women in high-risk zones especially arid and semi-arid zoneschoose leaves and stem of many perennials available throughoutthe year for food This becomes an important coping strategy tofight food shortage or famine Many of these plants as said earlierhave been used in the traditional medicine systems for their ther-apeutic effects Modern scientific tools and techniques have vali-dated some of the properties A compilation of some of theplants shared in food recipe competitions held during Shodhyatrasconducted by SRISTI organizationv is given in Table 2 Some of theseare uncultivated or rarely cultivated plants or involve their rarelyeaten part A compilation of the uses of weeds that are found andused in Isoulibhari Kharella and Shivnathpur in Faizabad districtis given in Table 3

(d) Women as a cultural agency of sustainability

In the study area like other rice-growing regions of India folk-songs are passed on for generations sung together during trans-plantation and other collective activities which they believehelp to manage the physical pain Some of the couplets we heardmentioned the importance of weeds An old woman named PyariDevi interviewed in Isoulibhari village explained the context ofone of the songs she sang for us The song tells about the conver-sation between a newlywed woman and her mother in law whomshe asks lsquolsquoWhat should I make for lunch as my brother is coming tovisit me Her mother-in-law replies lsquolsquoKundwa ma baateakhriKo-daiya khetwa me mausdasagwa wahibanaojonarwardquo (Take thekodo millet growing on the bunds and the leafy weeds and makea meal) It not only informs us about palatability (due to high fibercontent)vi of kodo millet which one may otherwise throw away as aweed but also defines the ecological niche where it may be found Italso asks people to look for other weeds that are eaten as leafy veg-etables In another song set around the story of KrishnandashSudama ofHindu Mythology Susheela Sudamarsquos wife asks him to go to hisfriend lord Krishna for help She sings lsquolsquoKodosamajurtobharpait tochahatnadoodhdadmethoti yaghartekabhaunagayepiya toototawa-narahekathotirdquo (if I could get enough millets I will not need evenmilk curd or butter I would not ask my beloved to go away fromhome if there were any thing left in utensils) One of the interpreta-tions told to us by Susheela meant that if the family could getenough millet to eat that would have sufficed for their needs inthe tough times Such folksongs were probably the cues societyhas used to survive in difficult times when the crops failed It givesa clear indication of the nutritional superiority of the millets andsuggests that when other crops fail millets might still have a chanceof survival since these are considered as climate smart crops (CGIAR2014 Bhat 2015) This knowledge has stayed with the society forlong but only recently formal institutions have recognized some ofthe components of Indigenouslocal knowledge and innovation sys-tem (Gupta 1989 Gupta 2006) Awards by the National InnovationFoundation [NIF-India] for such unique knowledgeinnovations

knowledge holders at their door step It has conducted such walks in all the states ofIndia Recipe contest is one of the important activity during such walks in whichstress is placed on those dishes which have at least one ingredient as uncultivatedplantvi See httpwwwicrisatorgcrop-kodomillethtm downloaded on Sept 18 2015

Table 2Some of the plants used in recipe competitions conducted during Shodhyatras

SN PlantVernacularname

ScientificName

Family Plant partused inthe recipe

Life span Traditional uses Pharmacology

1 Mokha Schreberaswietenioides

Oleaceae Tenderbranchesleavesfruits

Perennial Anemia dyspepsia colic flatulence skindiseases leprosy diarrhea urethrorrheasplenomegaly helminthiasis boils burnsrectal disorders digestive purgativestomachic anorexia haemorrhoids diabetesand vesical calculi (Nambiar 1996)

Anti-oxidant (root) ant-inflammatory(root)antipyretic (root) (Manda Rao Yashwant ampSwarnkar 2009) anti-anemic (root) (PingaliSrinivas amp Reddy 2015) antidiabetic (fruit)antioxidant (fruit) (Bagali amp Jalalpure 2010)hepatoprotective activity (fruit) (Bagali ampJalalpure 2010)

2 Karad Dichanthumannulatum

Poaceae Grass Perennial Dysentery and manorrhagia (whole plant)(Nisar et al 2014) fodder (Khan Khan ampQureshi 2012)

Antiviral (Fraction) antimicrobial (Fraction)and cytotoxic activities (Fraction) (AwadRagab amp Atef 2015)

4 Mahuda Madhucaindica

Sapotaceae Leavesfruitsrind

Perennial Leave chronic bronchitis Cushingrsquos disease(Prajapati et al 2003) verminosis gas-tropathy dipsia bronchitis consumptionderma topathy rheumatism cephalgia andHaemorrhoids (Sunita amp Sarojini 2013)Flower cooling agent tonic aphrodisiacastringent demulcent helminths acute andchronic tonsillitisSeed skin disease rheumatism headachelaxative piles and sometimes as galacto-gogue (Umadevi et al 2011)

Leave Wound healing activity (SharmaSharma amp Kohli 2010) Expectorant chronicbronchitis and Cushingrsquos disease Cytotoxicactivity (Saluja et al 2011) Antioxidantactivity Nephro and hepato protectiveactivity (Palani Raja Karthi Archana ampKumar 2010) Antioxidant activity Astrin-gent Stimulant Emollient DemulcentRheumatism Piles and Nutritive Antimicro-bial activity (Khond et al 2009) Verminosisgastropathy Dipsia bronchitis consumptiondermatopathy rheumatism cephalgia andhemorrhoids (Vaghasiya amp Chanda 2009)Antihyperglycemic activity (Ghosh et al2009)Aerial part Anti inflammatory analgesic andantipyretic activity (Shekhawat ampVijayvergia 2010) Flower Skin diseases(Prashanth et al 2010) Analgesic activity(Chandra 2001) Hepatoprotective activity(Umadevi et al 2011)Seed Anti inflammatory (Gaikwad AhmedKhalid amp Swamy 2009)

5 Doli Leptadenareticulata

Asclepiadaceae perennial Leave skin infections ear disorders asthma(Patel amp Dantwala 1958) cough asthmatuberculosis (Schmelzer amp Gurib-Fakim2013)Flower eyesight (Shortt 1878)Seed gangrene (Schmelzer amp Gurib-Fakim2008) Aerial parts oviposition deterrence ofstorage pests stimulant and a tonic (Baheti ampAwati 2013)Whole plant anti-abortifacient tonicrestorative bactericidal antifabrifuge pros-titutes wound healer snake bite (Dandiya ampChopra 1970) (Bhatt Jain JayathirthaBanerjee amp Mishra 2002) hematopoiesisdysentery emaciation dyspnea burningsensation and night blindness (Sivarajan ampBalachandran 1994)

Stem Antianaphylactc activity (PadmalathaVenkataraman amp Roopa 2002) Vasodilation(Agarwal Deshmankar Verma amp Saxena1960) Hepatoprotective activity (NemaAgarwal amp Kashaw 2011)Aerial parts Antifungal activity (Mishraet al 2010) (Kaou et al 2008) Antimalarialactivity (Kaou et al 2008)Leave Antiasthmatic Activity (Baheti ampAwati 2013) Anticencerous(Sathiyanarayanan et al 2008) AntiulcerActivity (Bodhanapu amp Sreedhar 2011)Whole plant Antidepressant (Hakim 1964)Cardiovascular activity (Mehrotra Ojha ampTandon 2007) Oligospermic treatment(Madaan amp Madaan 1985)

6 Mankachu Alocaceaodora Araceae Leavesand stem

Annual Leaves digestive laxative diureticastringent rheumatic arthritis (MullaSalunkhe amp Bhise 2009) styptic abdominaltumors (The Wealth of India 2004)

Leave Antidiarrheal activity antiprotozoalactivity (Mulla Chopade Bhise Burade ampKhanwelkar 2011) antioxidant antinoci-ceptive anti-inflammatory (Mulla KuchekarThorat Chopade amp Kuchekar 2010) antidi-abetic and hypolipidemic properties (Patilet al 2012) antifungal (Bhatt amp Saxena1980) hepatoprotective properties (Mullaet al 2009)

7 Tindodi Cocciniagrandis

Cucurbitaceae Leaves Perennial Leaves skin diseases (Muthul MuniappanNagappan amp Savarimuthu 2006) jaundiceleprosy psoriasis (Silja Varma amp Mohanan2008) asthma (Natarajan LeelavinodhJayavelu Devi amp Kumar 2013) ulcer(Alagesaboopathi 2011) (VaidyanathanSenthilkumar amp Basha 2013) piles bodycool (Jeyaprakash Ayyanar Geetha amp Sekar2011) rheumatism (Manjula Rao amp Reddi2013) dysentery (Hasan et al 2010)

Antioxidant activities (Umamaheswari ampChatterjee 2008) glucose tolerance(Attanayake Jayatilaka Pathirana ampMudduwa 2013) analgesic antipyreticactivity (Madhu amp Ramanjaneyulu 2013)anti-inflammatory analgesic (Pari amp Kumar2002) antipyretic (Pari amp Kumar 2002Niazi Singh Bansal amp Goel 2009) hepato-protective activity (Kundu Mazumder ampKushwaha 2012) antibacterial activity(Sivaraj et al 2011) Anticancer

Please cite this article in press as Dey A et al Women and Climate Stress Role Reversal from Beneficiaries to Expert Participants World Development(2017) httpsdoiorg101016jworlddev201707026

Table 2 (continued)

ScientificName

(Nanasombat amp Teckchuen 2009)(Bhattacharya 2011) antidyslipidemicactivity (Mishra Mishra amp Ahmad 2012)antifungal activity (Bolay et al 2010)

8 Sejan Moringaoleifera

Moringaceae Leaves Perennial Asthenia Cough Gonorrhea oligospermiHemorrhoids High blood pressure Immunedeficiency caused by the HIV InfertilityIntestinal worms Fever Malaria AnemiaSexual weakness Diabetes DysmenorrheaIcterus Eyesight problems Varicella (AgoyiAssogbadjo Gouwakinnou Okou amp Sinsin2014)

Cholesterol lowering action (MehtaBalaraman Amin Bafna amp Gulati 2003)hepatoprotective activity (Pari amp Kumar2002) Cardiovascular Activity (Faizi et al1994) anti-cancer activity (MurakamiKitazono Jiwajinda Koshimizu amp Ohigashi1998) Wound Healing activity (HukkeriNagathan Karadi amp Patil 2006)AntibacterialActivity (Rahman et al 2009) Anti-inflam-matory Activity (Kumar Arora amp Yadav2012) Antiulcer Activity (Devaraj Asad ampPrasad 2007)

9 Bad phal Ficusbenghalensis

Moraceae Leaves Perennial Diarrhoea dysentery abscesses (Baquar1989)

Antioxidant activity (Bhaskara Rao OjhaPreeti Kumar amp Karthik 2014) antitumoractivity (El Hawary Wassel amp EI-Menshawi2012)

10 Arbi Colocasiaesculenta

Araceae Leaves Annual hepatic ailments (Tuse Harle amp Bore 2009)snake bite constipation stomatitis alopeciahemorrhoids general weakness (Awasthi ampSingh 2000) (Devarkar Marathe amp Chavan2011)

Hepatoprotecitvity (Patil amp Ageely 2011a)Antidiabetic activity (Kumawat ChaudhariWani Deshmukh amp Patil 2010) antimicro-bial activity (Nair Kalariya amp Chanda 2005)Antimicrobial antioxidant anticancer (LeeWee Yong amp Syamsumir 2011) anti-lipidperoxidative (Patil amp Ageely 2011b)

11 Kela Musaparadisiaca

Musaceae Leaves Perennial dysentery ulcers bronchitis diabeticsmenstruation (Kumar et al 2012)

Hypoglycemic activity (Pari amp Maheshwari2000) analgesics activity (Gupta GargSharma amp Singh 2011) hair growth promo-tion activity (Savali Bhinge amp Chitapurkar2011)

12 Gular Ficusglomerata

Moraceae Leaves Perennial glandular swelling abscess (Paarakh 2009)ulcers wounds bilious infection dysentery(Bheemachari Ashok Joshi Suresh amp Gupta2007)

Anti-inflammatory (Li et al 2004) Antidiar-rheal (Patil et al 2012) Antibacterial(Shaikh Rub amp Bhise 2010) Hepatoprotec-tive (Mandal Maity Das Pal amp Saha 1999)(Channabasavaraj Badami amp Bhojraj 2008)

13 Brahmi Bacopamonnieri

Plantaginaceae Leaves Perennial speech disorders (Chopra amp Nayar 2002) inpremature ejaculation (Anuradha Vartak ampKumbhojkar 1994) flatulence (Mohan ampSingh 1996) abdominal pain (Chetty ChettySudhakar amp Ramesh 1998) Aging Antioxi-dant Stress cough cold (Pareek 1994)(Malhotra amp Moorthy 1973) (Singh amp Aswal1992) rheumatism (Singh 1993) (Bedi1978)

Antioxidant activity (Meena Pandey PandeyArya amp Ahmed 2012) anti-inflammation(Hossain et al 2014b) (Mistry et al 2014)

14 Kolu Cucurbitapepo

Cucurbitaceae Flower Annual Anemic healing wounds (Colagar amp Souraki2011)

Antioxidant activity (Tarhan Kayali ampRaziye 2007)

15 Karela Momordicacharantia

Cucurbitaceae Leaves Annual Piles (Kumar amp Bhowmik 2010) diabetes(Leatherdale et al 1981) (Duke 2002)(Raman amp Lau 1996) Respiratory Problems(Ganesan Natesan Vellayutham Manickamamp Ramasamy 2008) Cholera (AhmadHassan Halder amp Bennoor 1999)(Jayasooriya et al 2000)

Antimicrobial activity (Leelaprakash RoseGowtham Javvaji amp Prasad 2011)Antifertility effects (Prakash amp Mathur1976) Antifeedant activity (Bing Wang JiZhang amp Liang 2008) Anti HIV agents(Bourinbaiar amp Leehuang 1995) AnxiolyticAntidepressant Anti-Inflammatory Activities(Ganesan et al 2008)

16 Bel Aeglemarmelos

Rutaceae Leavesand Fruit

Perennial Astringent diarrhea gastric troublesconstipation laxative tonic digestivestomachic dysentery brain amp heart toniculcer antiviral intestinal parasitesgonorrhoea epilepsy (Anonymous 1989)(Jain 1991) (Grieve amp Leyel 1992) (Gaur1999)

Antioxidant activity (Rajan Gokila JencyBrindha amp Sujatha 2011) antifungal(Gheisari Amiri amp Zolghadri 2011)antibacterial activity (Poonkothai ampSaravanan 2008) Anti-inflammatory activity(Rao Ojha Amresh Mehrotra ampPushpangadan 2003) antidiarrheal activity(Joshi Patil amp Maheshwari 2009) anti stressadaptogenic activity (Duraisami Mohite ampKasbe 2010) Antihyperlipidemic activity(Kamalakkannan amp Prince 2003Rajarajeswari amp Pari 2003) (KrushnaKareem amp Devi 2009) (Narayanasamy ampLeelavinothan 2011)

(continued on next page)

Table 2 (continued)

ScientificName

17 Jambu Syzygiumcumini

Myrtaceae Leaves Perennial Diarrhoea dysentery (Nadkarni 1976)strengthening the teeth (Kirtikar amp Basu1999)

Antihyperglycemic effect (Teixeira KnijnikPereira amp Fuchs 1989) Antioxidant activity(Eshwarappa Iyer Subbaramaiah Richard ampDhananjaya 2014) Antimicrobial Antioxi-dant Anticancer Activity (Kiruthiga SaranyaEganathan Sujanapal amp Parida 2011)Anti-inflammatory (Roy BhattacharyaPandey amp Biswas 2011) anti-allergic activity(Brito et al 2007)

18 Pui Basella rubra Basellaceae Leaves Annual Dysentery (Kumar 2010) boils (Ramu et al2011) Anemia in women coughs cold(Rahmatullah et al 2010) constipationpoultice for sores urticaria gonorrhea(Yasmin Kaisar Sarker Rahman amp Rashid2009) headaches (Jadhav Mahadkar amp Valvi2012)

Anti-Inflammatory Anti-Bacterial Activity(Abdul Kalam Sulaiman Azizi Labu amp Zabin2013) antidiabetic activity (BamideleArokoyo Akinnuga amp Oluwarole 2014)Antimicrobial Antioxidant Activity (Sugunaet al 2015) Wound healing activity(Mohammed Anu Saraswathi Guru ampChandini 2012)

19 Cholae Dolichoslablab

Fabaceae Leaves Annual Wound (Balangcod amp Balangcod 2011) skindiseases (Rahmatullah et al 2010) tonsillitis(Rahmatullah et al 2009)

Anti-diabetic activity (Singh amp Sankar 2012)hypoglycemic activity Antibacterial (Priya ampJenifer 2014) Antilithiatic Activity (Deodaet al 2012)

20 Dharo Cynodondactylon

Poaceae Grass perennial Piles vomiting irritation of urinary tractwounds (Khan Khan amp Qureshi 2013) leu-corrhoea (Rahman 2014) Epitasis hema-turia inflamed tumors cuts woundsbleeding piles cystitis nephritis scabiesdiarrhea (Sivasankari Anandharaj ampGunasekaran 2014)

Antidiarrheal activity (Ravindra BabuNeeharika Pallavi amp Reddy 2009)antibacterial activity (Chaudhari Mody ampAcharya 2011) (Garg amp Paliwal 2011)Angiogenic effect (Soraya et al 2015)anticancer activity (Kowsalya KaliaperumalVaishnavi amp Namasivayam 2015)Antidiabetic activity (Jarald Joshi amp Jain2008) Diuretic Activity (ArunaChakarvarthy amp SarathBabu 2013)Antiarthritic activity (Bhangale amp Acharya2014) anticonvulsive property (Odenigbo ampAwachie 1993) (Shen et al 1988)(Subramanian et al 1986) (Najafi NazemiehGhavimi Gharahkhani amp Garjani 2009)(Najafi Nazemiyeh Garjani Ghavimi ampGharekhani 2007) Antiulcer activity (PatilJalalpure Prakash amp Kokate 2003a)

21 Koliyar Bauhiniapurpurea

Leguminosae Leaves Perennial Wounds (Chopda amp Mahajan 2009) infec-tions pain diabetes jaundice leprosy cough(Morais Dantas Silva amp Magalhatildees 2005)

Antinociceptive anti-Inflammatoryanalgesic antipyretic (Zakaria et al 2007)Wound Healing (Ananth et al 2010)antiulcer activity (Zakaria et al 2011)Anti-inflammatory activity (Bhatia BishnoiChauhan Kinja amp Shailesh 2011)Antimicrobial Activity (Negi Dave ampAgarwal 2012) antioxidant (Krishnaveni2014)

22 Puvad Cassia tora Fabaceae Leaves Perennial Acrid anthelmintic antiperiodic cardiotonic laxative liver tonic (The Wealth ofIndia 1992) (The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeiaof India nd)

Anti-Inflammatory Activity (Maity et al1998) (Jain amp Patil 2010) Anti-ProliferativeActivity (Rejiya Cibin amp Abraham 2009)Anti-Microbial Activity (Bhattacharya et al2010) Antinociceptive and SpasmogenicActivity (Chidume Kwanashie AdekeyeWambebe amp Gamaniel 2002 PrabhuKrishnamoorthy Prasad amp Naik 2013)

including plant varieties developed by farmer breeders and womenherbalists at the hands of The President of India constitute may beone of the most distinctive global initiatives in this regard Not allof this local knowledge might be true to its claim but it must beblended with formal scientific knowledge systems for societalempowering local communities and the dichotomy between so-called indigenous and formal knowledge systems must be overcome(Agrawal 1993 1994 1995) There is an urgent need to documentvalidate value add and disseminate it for a more climate resilientfuture (Gupta 1987a 1987b 1987c 1988 1989 2007a 2017bHiwasaki Luna amp Shaw 2014)

(e) Conservation of traditional varieties wild relatives and minormillets

Women in this region consume only uncultivated plants as foodwhile celebrating the festival of teej Of these plants Oryza rufi-pogon Griff a wild rice variety is most important They believe thatthe fast will be incomplete without eating this rice Such institu-tions have evolved in society probably for conservation of theseotherwise less appreciated crops and varieties Interestinglyscientists have characterized the wild rice variety for manydesirable genetic characteristics (Xiao et al 1998) It was also

Table 3Existing knowledge system around weeds found in three villages of eastern Uttar Pradesh

Botanical name Use(s)reported infield

Traditional uses Pharmacology

1 Ecilpta albaEclipta prostrata

Indigestionhair problems

Acidity Asthma Constipation Diarrhea and dysentery FeverGingivitis Hemorrhoids Hair fall Burns Alopecia Bronchitisand pneumonia Loss of appetite Pimple Wrinkles (Khan ampKhan 2008)

Anti-hepatotoxic property (Kim et al 2008) Anaphylaxisactivity Immunomodulatory activity (Ghosh 1984) (RoittGrostoff amp Male 1998) (Hudson amp Frank 1991) Antidiabeticactivity (Giordano et al 1989) (Nahar 1993) Anticanceractivity (Ruddon 2007) (St Luke 2007) Analgesic andAnti-inflammatory activity (Singh Malhotra amp Subban 2008)(Sawant Isaac amp Narayanan 2004)

2 Partheniumhysterophorus

Fever Fever Diarrhoea Neurologic disorders urinary tractinfections dysentery malaria inflammation eczema skinrashes herpes rheumatic pain cold heart trouble (Marwat ampKhan 2015)

Antioxidant Anti-HIV Agents Anticancer (Kumar ChashooSaxena amp Pandey 2013) Thrombolytic activity (Prasad et al2006) Antitumor Screening (Al-Mamun Hamid Islam ampChowdhury 2010) Antibacterial (Madan Gogia amp Sharma2011) (Fazal et al 2011) Antifungal (Shazia amp Sobiya 2012)(Zaheer Shafique Shafique amp Mehmood 2012)

3 Ipomoea aquatica Anemia givento nursingmothers

Itching Antidote (Shukla Srivastava amp Rawat 2010) pilessleeplessness head-ache (Burkill 1966) (J L C H VanValkenburg 2001) Diabetes (Iwu 1993) (MalalavidhaneWickramasinghe amp Jansz 2000) high blood pressure nosebleeds (Duke amp Ayensu 1985) (Perry amp Metzger 1980)constipations (Samuelsson et al 1992)

Anti-diabetic activity (Villasenor Cabrera Meneses Rivera ampVillasenor 1998) (Malalavidhane et al 2000) Anti-microbialactivity Anti-inflammatory activity (Sivaraman Muralidaranamp Kumar 2010) Anti-arthritic activity (Saturnino et al 2000)Anti-ulcer activity (Sivaraman amp Muralidaran 2008) Nootro-pic activity (Sivaraman amp Muralidaran 2010) Anxiolyticactivity (Mohd Vipin Varun Manvendra amp Sanjay 2011)

4 Malvastrumcoromandelianum

Pain Fever dysentery wounds (Shah et al 2013) pain diaphoretic(Amjad Arshad amp Qureshi 2015)

wound healing activity (Gangrade Sheorey Rawal amp Chouhan2012) Antimicrobial Anti irritant activities (Islam et al 2007)Anti-inflammatory Analgesic Activity (KhonsungNantsupawat Jesadanont Chantharateptawan amp Panthong2006)

5 Cleome viscosa Ear acheindigestion

neuralgia rheumatism pains head ache epileptic fits earache (Sankaranarayanan et al 2010) ringworm flatulencecolic dyspepsia constipation cough bronchitis cardiac dis-orders (Kirtikar amp Basu 1975) (Saxena Koli amp Saxena 2000)

Antinociceptive cytotoxic Antibacterial activity (Bose BalaGhosh Gunasekaran amp Rahman 2011) AnthelminticAntimicrobial Analgesic anti-inflammatory Immunomodula-tory Antipyretic psychopharmacological AntidiarrhealHepatoprotective activity (Mali 2010)

6 Commelinabenghalensis

Fever headache constipation leprosy fever snake bite jaundice(Hasan et al 2008) (Yusuf Chowdhury Wahab amp Begum1994) (Yoganarasimhan 1996) epilepsy (Okello amp Ssegawa2007)

Analgesic Anti-Inflammatory Activity (Hossain et al 2014a)Acute hepatotoxicity (Sambrekar Sudhir 2013) antitumoranticancer antioxidant activity (Hasan et al 2008) (MbazimaMokgotho February Rees amp Mampuru 2008) (RahmanHaque amp Rashid 1990)

7 Digera muricata Kidney stonesUrinaryinfection

blood purifier pulmonary congestion (Shah et al 2013)diabetic (Jagatha amp Senthilkumar 2011) urinary discharges(Rajasab amp Isaq 2004) kidney stone (Aggarwal Gupta ampNarayan 2012) (Sharma Tanwer amp Vijayvergia 2011)

Hepatoprotective activity (Paulsson Granath GraweEhrenberg amp Toumlrnqvist 2001) (Friedman 2003) Antimicro-bial activity (Mathad amp Mety 2010) Anti-diabetic activity(Jagatha amp Senthilkumar 2011) Anthelmintic activity(Hussain 2008) Anti-testicular toxicity (Weber Boll ampStampfl 2003) (Lin et al 2008) Allelopathic effect (Bindu ampJain 2011)

8 Achyranthesaspera

Dysentery asthma bleeding in facilitating delivery boils bronchitiscold cough colic debility dropsy dog bite dysentery earcomplications headache leukoderma pneumonia renalcomplications scorpion bite snake bite skin diseases (Jain1991)

Spermicidal Activity (Paul et al 2010) Antiparasitic Activity(Zahir et al 2009) Hypoglycemic and Cancer Chemo preven-tive Activity (Akhtar amp Iqbal 1991) (Chakraborty et al 2002)Hepatoprotective Activity (Bafna amp Mishra 2004)Anti-inflammatory anti-arthritic and Anti-oxidant activity(Vijaya Kumar Sankar amp Varatharajan 2009) (Devi et al2009) Nephroprotective Activity (Jayakumar et al 2009)Anti-depressant Activity (Barua et al 2009) Bronchoprotective Activity (Goyal Mahajan Mali Goyal amp Mehta2007) Anti-allergic and Wound Healing Activity (Datir et al2009)

9 Oldenlandiacorymbosa

Skin infections skin sores ulcers sore throat bronchitis gynecologicalinfections pelvic inflammatory diseases Chang Chang amp But(1986) (Bensky Gamble amp Kaptchuk 1993) (Chang 1992) (QuXu Li amp Luo 1990) jaundice liver heat eruptions vitiatedconditions of pitta hyperdypsia giddiness dyspepsiaflatulence colic constipation helminthiasis leprosy skindiseases cough bronchitis necrosis nervous depression bilehepatopathy (Kirtikar amp Basu 1994)

Acute oral toxicity test (Awobajo Omorodion-OsagieOlatunji-Bello Adegoke amp Adeleke 2009) Cytotoxic Activity(Haryanti Junedi amp Meiyanto 2013) Anti-malarial activity(Mishra Dash Swain amp Dey 2009) Antioxidant activity(Sasikumar Maheshu Aseervatham amp Darsini 2010)Abortifacient activity (Nikolajsen et al 2011)

10 Phyllanthus niruri Stones kidney stones gallbladder stones liver related diseasesJaundice (Bagalkotkar Sagineedu Saad amp Stanslas 2006)

Anti-spasmodic pain relieving amp anti-inflammatory(Shanbhag Amuthan amp Shenoy 2010) Anti fertility activity(Ezeonwu 2011) Anti-microbial activity (LopezNitisinprasert Wanchaitanawong amp Poovarodom 2003)Anti-viral action (Hepatitis B) (Unander Webster amp Blumberg1995) Anti-ulcer activity (Cipriani et al 2008) Antinocicep-tive activity (Santos Valdir Filho Yunes amp Calixto 1995)

Table 3 (continued)

11 Phyllanthusamarus

Jaundice Jaundice gastropathy diarrhoea dysentery feversmenorrhagia scabies genital infections ulcers wounds (PatelTripathi Sharma Chauhan amp Dixit 2011) migraine jaundice(Kala Dhyani amp Sajwan 2006) (Udayan Tushar George ampBalachandran 2007) gonorrhoea skin disease malaria(Chenniappan amp Kadarkarai 2010)

Anticancer activity (Lee et al 2011) (Abhyankar et al 2010)Anti-diarrheal gastro protective and antiulcer activity(Shokunbi amp Odetola 2008) Antifungal activity (Sahni et al2005) (Agrawal Srivastava Srivastava amp Srivasava 2004)Analgesic anti-inflammatory anti-allodynic andanti-oedematogenic activity (Iranloye Owoyele Kelani ampOlaleye 2011) Antiplasmodial activity (Ajala Igwilo Oreagbaamp Odeku 2011)

12 Cyperus rotundusLinn

Menstruation Dysmenorrheal menstrual irregularities (Bhattarai 1993)pain fever diarrhoea dysentery an emmenagogue intestinalproblems (Uddin Mondal Shilpi amp Rahman 2006) (Vidal1963) (Umerie amp Ezeuzo 2000) analgesic sedativeantispasmodic (Zhu Luk Fung amp Luk 1997)

Anti-mutagens and radical scavengers (Kilani et al 2005)Antimalarial (Thebtaranonth ThebtaranonthWanauppathamkul amp Yuthavong 1995) Antidiarrheal (Uddinet al 2006) Antibacterial activity (Nima Jabier Wagi ampHussain 2008) Antioxidant activity (Nagulendran VelavanMahesh amp Begum 2007) wound healing activity(Puratchikody Devi amp Nagalakshmi 2006)

13 Physalis minima Urinary tractinfection

Earache stomach pain pain (Islam et al 2014) urinary trackdiuretic joint inflammation blood purifier skin diseasepimples liver tonic (Parul 2015)

Analgesic activity (Anand et al 2014) Diuretic activityAntiulcer Activity (Tammu Ramana amp Thalla 2013) CNSdepressant activity (Dharamveer et al 2009) AntibacterialPotential (Patel et al 2011) Antioxidant Activity (GuptaGowda Umashankar Nandeesh amp Sreedhar 2010)Antifertility (Sudhakaran Ramanathan amp Ganapathi 1999)

14 Echinochloacrusgalli

Woundhealing

carbuncles hemorrhage sores spleen trouble cancer wounds(Duke amp Wain 1981)

antioxidant activity antibacterial activity (Mehta amp Vadia2014) Cytotoxic activity (El Molla Motaal El Hefnawy amp ElFishawy 2015) Anti hypercholesterolemic (Sathis Kumaret al 2013) Antidiabetic activity (Devi Vrushabendra SwamyVishwanath Swamy amp Ramu 2012)

15 Cynodon dactylon Menstruationmilk yieldenhancer

Scanty irregular periods (Yadav Kumar amp Siwach 2006)piles irritation of urinary tract vomiting wounds (Khan et al2013)

Antioxidant activity (Sies 1997) Anticancer activity(Albert-Baskar amp Ignacimuthu 2010) Anticonvulsant activity(Pal 2009) Hypoglycemic activity (Singh et al 2008)Immunomodulatory activity (Mangathayaru Umadevi ampReddy 2009) Hepatoprotective activity (Surendra et al 2008)Antiulcer activity (Patil et al 2003)

16 Dactylocteniumaegyptium

Fodder fodder (Chaudhari et al 2013) astringent bitter tonicanti-anthelmintic gastrointestinal biliary urinary ailmentspolyurea (Janbaz amp Saqib 2015) fevers (Choudhury Bawari ampSingha 2010) urinary lithiasis spasm of maternity renalinfections (Malhotra Dutta Gupta amp Gaur 1966)

Antibacterial activity (Jebastella amp Reginald Appavoo 2015)Antimicrobial activity Antioxidant activity (Rekha amp Shivanna2014) Anti-diabetic Activity (Nagarjuna Murthy amp Rao 2015)

17 EchinochloacolonumEchinochloacrusgalli

Anti-diabetic Ingestion (Arifa Tasveer amp Zaheer-Ud-Din 2013) httpwwwknowledgebankirriorgtrainingfact-sheetsitemechinochloa-colona

18 Eragrostisamabilis

Fodder Fodder (Dangol 2008) Menorrhagia (Ghildiyal Juyal ampSadana 2014)

mdashmdashmdashmdashmdash

found to be rich in Fe Zn and antioxidants (Anuradha et al 2012Fasahat Muhammad Abdullah amp Ratnam 2012) Mrs Om PrakashPandey Kasari village Faizabad District insisted on plantingsamai (Echinochloacolona (L) Link) in the kharif season She gotthe seeds from her brother who lives in Isoulibhari Her husbandis the village Pujari (priest) The sama grown in the kharif seasoncalled Bhadelasamai is considered very auspicious for offering tothe deities during funeral Echinochloacolona a weed in rice fieldsis reported as an alternate host for several paddy pests andpathogens (Bharati Om amp Kushwaha 1990 Tanwar et al 2010)It shows resistance to feeding activity of brown planthopper dueto its anti-feedant property (Kim et al 2011) Its nutritional valueis at par with the cereals and more in terms of Iron and Zinc (SalihNour amp Harper 1992) It has higher Ca than its domesticatedcounterpart (Mandelbaum Barbeau amp Hilu 1995) It is widelyadaptive growing in a wide change of climatic and ecologicalconditions and more so in drought conditions (Padulosi et al2009) Some of the cultural institutions had taken care ofsustainability through such institutions and knowledge systemslong back though science may find their utility now

(f) Role in energy conservation and optimum utilization

With climate change and destruction of forests women have towalk up to greater distances to collect fuel wood (Oxfam 2006Joto Afrika 2011) Women especially from the marginal communi-ties learn to be frugal and efficient in resource utilization Forexample in tribal areas of Manipur Meghalaya Andhra Pradeshwomen use shelves at multiple levels above the cooking stove tocure wood dry fuel wood dry different vegetables cheese andmeat and fumigate stored seeds to keep pests away In this waythey are able to harvest the waste heat through a heat gradientat different heights thereby reducing the energy wastage In the21st Shodhyatra in the Arku valley of Andhra Pradesh Jyotiinformed that she kept the paddy panicles on the shelf so that pan-icles get sustained low heat This makes the husk and the seedexpand at different rates and makes threshing easier thus reducingdrudgery involved in the task otherwise Some of these indigenouspractices have been developed after generations of experimenta-tion and testing while some have been developed recently Thesestrategies need to be tapped in the policy discourse on Indige-nouslocal Knowledge or climate change adaptation though

current usage is not adequate (Honey Bee database United NationsUniversityrsquos Traditional Knowledge Initiative (UNU-TKI)vii

(g) Small savings sharing and reciprocity

Women sustain themselves through small savings in the rainydays They lend to each other often without charging an interestbut with generalized reciprocity (that is they can create equiva-lence between say someone weeding their field and in turn theytaking care of her infant when she goes for work on anotheroccasion) Generally their husbands are not involved in suchtransactions Another interesting practice in these villages is thatthey prefer to share the surplus production from the homesteadgardens with other women rather than selling it in the marketExplaining this exchange of vegetable surplus a middle-agedwoman community member told that it helped them to keep theirhorizontal communication channels open In view of the generalassurance of reciprocity they protect such plants from beingeaten by cattle Women often bond beyond their social class orstatus They can share their emotions and knowledge with otherwomen much more freely and hence they can serve as an impor-tant link in participatory research and execution of adaptationpolicies

6 Part 3 Policy recommendations and conclusion

(a) Recommendations

1 Women need platforms where their can share their knowledgeget feedback and rewardsWe discussed a few cases from The Honey Bee Network institu-tions like SRISTI (Society for Research and Initiatives forSustainable Technologies and Institutions) Such institutionsprovide a repository of womenrsquos knowledge This knowledgeneeds to be disseminated at a large scale in multi-media andmulti-lingual formats given the demographic and culturaldiversity of India and disparity in literacy levels A recent pub-lication by SRISTI viz Shatayu a book based on the life ofmajority of women centenarians shows how much one canlearn from those who struggle and still sustain their spirit fora century The knowledge transfer across generations particu-larly among women is vital for maintaining sustainability questof vulnerable communitiesAgency of women needs strengthening because many elementsof their knowledge system may exist as concatenated frag-mented or embedded in induced institutional innovationsTheir knowledge may not seem stand-alone as most of themshare it with other women generally without caste or class bar-riers Hence this knowledge becomes a community or publicdomain knowledge owing to the culture of open sharing How-ever in the absence of low transaction cost platform of laterallearning the adequate churning of their knowledge systemmay not take place contributing sufficiently to climate changeresilience

2 The informal networks of women can be the channels for tar-geting climate adaptation policies dealing with horizontalknowledge management systemsIn the study area we could see that there is a culture of opensharing beyond caste class or creed This open sharing helpsthe knowledge system become more robust As it gives every-one the access to the resource pool and the value-added knowl-edge If women groups become the loci of the knowledge andresource dissemination at least in the cases of a disaster like

vii httpwwwunutkiorg

crop failure due to flood or drought there are fair chances thatthey will share these more openlyMost of the collective understanding needs negotiations butpublic extension functionaries are seldom trained in institutionbuilding or induced autopoiesis (Dey et al 2015) Community-managed portfolios of resource management choices such asfor drainage nursery cultivation and exchange using non-chemical pesticides play a crucial role in collective decisionmaking or managing CPRI (common property resource institu-tions see sristiorgcpri for many examples of indigenouslocalCPR institutions from around the world) The moral controlrather than formal or legal contracts plays a crucial role insurvival through such institutions The informal exchanges ofwomen also help in building community solidarity and a senseof belonging especially in the regions where men folks outmigrate

3 Government subsidies reliefs and resources can be routedthrough prior groups like SHGs mahilamandalis bhajanman-dalisviii wherever they existSometimes government provides subsidies or relief on individualbasis and not group basis thereby possibly weakening thecollective institutions But if they are routed through collectiveinstitutions the cost of resolving the conflicts or disputes maygo down given there better transparency higher trust greateraccountability and some third-party sanction against the viola-tors in these informal institutions There are some institutionswhere community representatives could censure the undesirablebehavior Moreover it is evident that women are part of manysocial groups or networks simultaneously Hence it might be dif-ficult to accept the idea of mediating support through any oneinstitution They have dealt with restrictions and stringent socialsanctions for generations Instead an iterative model of institu-tional engagement and disengagement may appeal to themmoreThis may help them design their package of practicesincentivessolutions better and prevent rapid obsolescence of emergentsolutions

4 Weather information needs to be provided according to localcalendars which are different from the Gregorian calendarsThe onset and withdrawal of monsoon rains have a great bear-ing on the farming activities in which women are involvedThese operations are timed according to the localtraditionalcalendars If we can develop easily manageable and comprehen-sible expert systems then women can feed their local fieldparameters and generate operational choices to deal withvarious kinds of impending risks

5 Gender-specific policies need to build upon their strengthrather than their weakness (more often in terms of physicalattributes) We need to reinterpret lsquolsquoSkillrdquo among the so-calledlsquolsquounskilled laborersrdquoTo illustrate a woman farm laborer who does weeding mighthave vast knowledge about the uses of different weeds Shecan be hired to make a database and herbarium of suchusefulharmful weeds and paid wages for that instead ofbeing asked to break stones or dig earth under employmentprogramsTheir expertise and knowledge about non-agricultural foodsources help in dealing with food and nutrition availability forcoping with fluctuating climate Many of them were eitherweeds or wild perennial plants used round the year Severalweeds had therapeutic and nutritional properties identified bylocal communities Gangabenrsquos book of over 2080 recipes forself-employment compiled 117 years ago is an excellent proof

viii Small informal groups who carry out certain activities together like singingdevotional songs cleaning a locality harvesting or investing

Figure 1 4-E model of coping and adaptation by women with climate-induced risk

ix If a guest comes suddenly women would help each other to manage the situationby helping in terms of food delicacies labor etc

of knowledge sharing Hence policies for women should bebased upon the strength of theirs rather than their obviousphysical and social weaknesses This knowledge remains likedistributed islands generally untapped in the formal knowledgediscourse It needs to be collected and disseminated to otherareas where this knowledge can be used as such or with somemodifications The knowledge and ideas of one place may leadto many other derivative innovations locally or elsewhereHowever it is also important that knowledge can flow amongthe knowledge holders and the users so that the users providea feedback strengthening thereby the knowledge and innova-tion system as a whole (see Figure 1)

6 Venture Fund ear marked for start-ups for and from womenrsquosknowledgeWe saw how small savings help women during the rainy daysSeveral models have come up in the past like the Grameen Bankof Bangladesh SHGs micro credit rotating saving and creditassociations risk funds etc Innovation-based enterprises havebeen supported by the Micro Venture Innovation Fund (MVIF)created by the National Innovation Foundation with the helpof SIDBI Some funds have also been invested to build socialbusinesses through these innovations or knowledge Womenrsquosknowledge about palatable weeds and perennials sustains theirfamilies through the lean months It is however necessary topool and maintain this knowledge through developing smallenterprises around them These enterprises are different fromthe microenterprises by catering to the uncertain future needsrather than catering to the products whose market alreadyexists These enterprises will become very important resourcesin the wake of extreme climatic events and consequent foodinsecurity Hence it pays off to build and maintain themthrough a Climate Resilience Community Fund This fund willenable communities or women groups to build enterprisesaround their knowledge not only currently relevant ones butalso those which may deliver products in the wake of extremeclimatic events and natural disasters Thus these may helpcommunity to overcome food and nutrition insecurity (seeFigure A1)

(b) Exchange expertise ethics and environmental consciousness

In this paper we have tried to share the resources (knowl-edge skills and experimental ethic) that women are rich in theway they try to cope with seasonal irregularities in food andanimal feed supply We can perhaps better understand thesecoping strategies through the 4E model (Figure A2) ie expertiseexchange environmental consciousness and the ethics [4Es] ofopen sharing

We could see how they cope by exchange or pooling laborknowledge and other biological resources Women who have someautonomy or a say in household decision-making processes areable to cope better as they can share resources with others Thecapability or agency along with autonomy increases womenrsquos abil-ity to cope The access to informal institutions acts as safety nets intimes of need and they rely heavily on them The assurance thatknowledge and resources will be shared influences the attitudetoward even consumable goods like the homestead gardens Whenwomen do not have autonomy they try to utilize endogenousresources sub-optimally or may succumb to malnutrition due toprolonged episodes of self-sacrifice We have argued that womenwould need both the autonomy and agency to allow them toexchange of knowledge and other resources including labor andskills These exchanges take into account the asymmetry in knowl-edge systems because of the expertise developed by some womenover time These exchanges may be reciprocal but at times theselead to creation to public goods because of the communal ethicsAlthough mostly non-monetary importance of these exchangesmay not always be obvious to outsiders When one sees thenumber of households involved in these transactions one canappreciate their contribution better Some of the cases discussedindicate that womenrsquos knowledge networks contribute immenselyto tide over the adverse effect of the risk episodes But these infor-mal channels of dissemination of the knowledge are often notrecorded in the formal scientific discourses Even the discourseon traditional knowledge does not seem to represent as much ofthe knowledge of women traditional knowledge holders mid-wives or female herbal healers as may be needed (Reyes-Garciacutea2010)

The paper also highlights the role of women as cultural agentsof sustainability in maintaining biodiversity On one hand thecultural institutions ensured that intergenerational transfer ofwomenrsquos knowledge takes place but on the other some other insti-tutions governing resources technology finance etc led to theirexclusion from several community institutions When institutionsfailed to provide access some assurance of restoring health wasdeveloped through festivals and rituals (as in the case of teej) Theyhave tried to overcome these through their ethos and social net-work that help them to seek and nurture non-monetary exchangesto cope with seasonal variability In the patriarchal societies wherea woman generally goes to live with her husbandrsquos family theyalso help in spatial distribution of localindigenous knowledge ina process making the Indigenous knowledge system more robustHere comes the significance of ethics Ethics shapes the type of net-work created by women for sharing risk resource and skills Theconservation ethics (the fourth E) through biodiversity conserva-tion and optimal utilization of energy resources could be seen inthe case of wild rice and the multi-tier heat-harvesting systemsThe conservation ethics manifests through enhanced environmen-tal consciousness

These coping strategies operate at intra- and inter-communitylevel leading to their empowerment and articulation through lat-eral learning processes This reinforces the coping strategiesthrough 4Es in a dynamic manner Women have a created asocial capital which can be drawn upon at critical timesAlthough quantum of exchange and time of assurances both playan important role criticality of time often supersedes the rest inthe case of uncertaintyix These informal safety nets so formedamong women need to be supported and strengthened to achievea more inclusive resilience (Harvey et al 2014) We notice thatlateral learning is an important strategy and platforms where

women can exchange their views ideas and knowledge should beencouraged and emulated Given enormous socio-economic andcultural diversity they need to share these in their own languageand in different media formats We need to create platformswhich enable women farm workers and farmers to learn fromother farm workers These platforms need to be essentially openfacilitating multidirectional knowledge flows so that knowledgedisseminated reaches far but is deep as well The women groupsor individual knowledge providers in turn become foci of newknowledge generation and transmit the value-addedvalidatedmodified knowledge to other men and women Further researchcan map womenrsquos role more exhaustively in temporal and spacialscales Focus on the economically poor but nutritionally healthyfamilies can bring out many frugal practices of weed- and minor

A B C D E F G

A 1B 011 100C 004 088 100D 006 050 057 100E 003 037 039 054 100F 016 027 018 065 093 100G 053 065 079 076 004 009 100H 044 056 014 030 015 006 004I 044 053 054 087 042 063 045J 033 076 078 086 016 019 095K 015 051 058 100 052 060 081L 090 003 032 009 020 024 063M 003 055 054 037 097 091 015N 081 028 009 027 025 024 052

A = ArrivalB = WithdrawalC = No of days of rainD = Total rainfallE = Average rain per no of rainy daysF = Max temperature in the Pre rainy seasonG = Min temperature in the Pre rainy seasonH = Rainfall in the Pre rainy seasonI = Max temperature in the rainy seasonJ = Min temperature in the rainy seasonK = Rainfall in the rainy seasonL = Max temperature in the Post rainy seasonM = Min temperature in the Post rainy seasonN = Rainfall in the Post rainy season

millet-based nutrition that women employ to ensure the familywellbeing despite climatic fluctuation-induced stresses

Acknowledgment

The authors thank CMA IIM-Ahmedabad We are also thankfulto late Parshottam Patel who helped us in conducting the fieldwork

Annexure 1

Correlation table of Max and Min temperature and rainfall inpre rainy season rainy and post rainy season

H I J K L M N

100046 100033 062 100028 082 090 100064 033 037 017 100002 029 006 034 025 100073 014 029 033 087 023 100

Figure A1 Location map of villages Shivnathpur Village Shivnathpur Block Milkipur Tehsil Bikapur District Faizabad (UP)

Annexure 2

Figure A2 Location map of villages Isoulibhari And Kharella

Abdul Kalam A Sulaiman W Azizi W M Labu Z K amp Zabin S (2013) Anoverview on phytochemical anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial activity of

References

basellaalba leaves extract Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research 14(5)650ndash655 ISSN 1990-9233 Accessed at httpirepiiumedumy305391Azad_MEJSR-Bsella_albapdf

Abhyankar G Suprasanna P Pandey B N Mishra K P Rao K V amp Reddy V D(2010) Hairy root extract of Phyllanthus amarus induces apoptotic cell death inhuman breast cancer cells Innovative Food Science amp Emerging Technologies11(3) 526ndash532 httpsdoiorg101016jifset201002005

Adger W N (1999) Social vulnerability to climate change and extremes in coastalVietnam World Development 27(2) 249ndash269

Adhikari B Di Falco S amp Lovett J C (2004) Household characteristics and forestdependency Evidence from common property forest management in NepalEcological Economics 48(2) 245ndash257 httpsdoiorg101016jecolecon200308008

Adger W N (2006) Vulnerability Global environmental change 16(3) 268ndash281Agarwal B (2010a) Does womenrsquos proportional strength affect their participation

Governing local forests in South Asia World Development 38(1) 98ndash112Agarwal B (2010b) Rethinking agricultural production collectivities Economic and

Political Weekly 64ndash78Agarwal S L Deshmankar B S Verma C L amp Saxena S P (1960) Studies on

Leptadenia reticulata part I pharmacological actions of aqueous extract IndianJournal of Medical Research 48 457ndash464

Aggarwal S Gupta V amp Narayan R (2012) Ecological study of wild medicinalplants in a dry tropical peri-urban region of Uttar Pradesh in India InternationalJournal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 2 246ndash253 Accessed at httpwww

openaccesssciencecompdf-filesvol2_2_jun2012IJMAP_2_2_6_periurbanregionpdf on 18th December 2015

Agoyi E E Assogbadjo A E Gouwakinnou G Okou F A amp Sinsin B (2014)Ethnobotanical Assessment of Moringa oleifera Lam in Southern Benin (WestAfrica) Ethnobotany Research and Applications 12 551ndash560

Agrawal A (1995) Dismantling the divide between indigenous and scientificknowledge Development and Change 26 413ndash439

Agrawal A (2010) Local institutions and adaptation to climate change Socialdimensions of climate change Equity and vulnerability in a warming world(pp 173ndash197) Accessed at lthttpsbooksgooglecoinbookshl=enamplr=ampid=07FAyBQVxCMCampoi=fndamppg=PA173ampdq=resilient++climate+change+instituional+agro+ecological+endowmentampots=0yV-VHKYs1ampsig=VZ4XEJ7x58NMEg5MAxaNomeK_OIltv=onepageampqampf=falsegt

Agrawal A Srivastava S Srivastava J N amp Srivasava M M (2004) Evaluation ofinhibitory effect of the plan phyllanthus amarus against dermatophytic fungimicrosporum gypserum Biomedical and Environmental Sciences 17(3) 359ndash365Accessed at httpwwwbesjournalcomfreeArticlespastIssues2004No3200701P02007011069974790254332200417314758pdf on 22nd December2015

Ahmad N Hassan M R Halder H amp Bennoor K S (1999) Effect of Momordicacharantia (Karolla) extracts on fasting and postprandial serum glucose levels inNIDDM patients Bangladesh Medical Research Council Bulletin 25(1) 11ndash13(PMID10758656)

Ahmed S (2004 August) The gendered context of vulnerability Copingadaptingto floods in Eastern India Gender Equality and Disaster Risk ReductionWorkshop (Honolulu HI) Database online Available from lthttpwww ssrihawaiieduresearchGDWwebsitepagesproceeding htmlgt

Ahmed S amp Fajber E (2009) Engendering adaptation to climate variability inGujarat India Gender amp Development 17(1) 33ndash50 httpsdoiorg10108013552070802696896 Accessed at httpwwwtandfonlinecomdoiabs10108013552070802696896ltaHR0cDovL3d3dy50YW5kZm9ubGluZS5jb20vZG9pL3 BkZi8xMC4xMDgwLzEzNTUyMDcwODAyNjk2ODk2QEBAMA==

Ajala T O Igwilo C I Oreagba I A amp Odeku O A (2011) The antiplasmodialeffect of the extracts and formulated capsules of Phyllanthus amarus onPlasmodium yoelii infection in mice Asian Pacific journal of tropical medicine4(4) 283ndash287 httpsdoiorg101016S1995-7645(11)60087-4

Akhtar M S amp Iqbal J (1991) Evaluation of the hypoglycaemic effect ofAchyranthes aspera in normal and alloxan-diabetic rabbits Journal ofEthnopharmacology 31(1) 49ndash57 httpsdoiorg1010160378-8741(91)90143-2

Alagesaboopathi C (2011) Ethnomedicinal plants used as medicine by theKurumba tribals in Pennagaram Region Dharmapuri District of Tamil NaduIndia Asian Journal of Experimental Biological Sciences 2(1) 140ndash142 ISSN0975-5845 Accessed at httpajebscomvol524pdf

Alam M Bhatia R amp Mawby B (2015) Women and climate change Impact andagency in human rights security and economic development GeorgetownInstitute for women Peace and Security

Albert-Baskar A amp Ignacimuthu S (2010) Chemopreventive effect of Cynodondactylon (L) Pers extract against DMH-induced colon carcinogenesis inexperimental animals Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology 62(4) 423ndash431httpsdoiorg101016jetp200906003

Al-Mamun R Hamid A Islam M K amp Chowdhury J A (2010) Cytotoxic andthrombolytic activity of leaves extract of Parthenium hysterophorus (FamAsteraceae) Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 13(2) 51ndash54 Accessed at httpwwwbps-bdorgjournalvolume13_210pdf on 22nd December 2015 ISSN0301-4606

Amjad M S Arshad M amp Qureshi R (2015) Ethnobotanical inventory and folkuses of indigenous plants from Pir Nasoora National Park Azad Jammu andKashmir Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 5(3) 234ndash241 httpsdoiorg101016S2221-1691(15)30011-3

Anand et al (2014) Phyto chemical investigation and evaluation of analgesicactivity of physalis minima World Journal of Pharmacy and PharmaceuticalSciences 3(10) 471ndash478

Ananth K V et al (2010) Evaluation of wound healing potential of Bauhiniapurpurea leaf extracts in rats Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 72(1)122

Anonymous (1989) The Wealth of India Raw Materials Series (Publications andInformation Directorate New Delhi) 33ndash34

Anuradha S U Vartak V D amp Kumbhojkar M S (1994) Ethno-medico-botanicalstudies in Western Maharashtra India Ethnobotany 6(25ndash31) 1994

Arifa Z Tasveer Z B amp Zaheer-Ud-Din K (2013) Ethnobotanical Usages ofGrasses in Central Punjab-Pakistan International Journal of Scientific ampEngineering Research 4(9) Accessed at httpwwwijserorgresearchpaper5CEthnobotanical-Usages-of-Grasses-in-Central-Punjab-Pakistanpdf on 17thDecember 2015

Arora-Jonsson S (2011) Virtue and vulnerability Discourses on women genderand climate change Global Environmental Change 21(2) 744ndash751

Aruna D Chakarvarthy K amp SarathBabu K (2013) Evaluation of diuretic activityof cynodondactylon in rats with comparison of hydrochlorothiazide IJRPBS4(2) Accessed at httpwwwijrpbsonlinecomfiles10-4193pdf on 3rdDecember 2015

Attanayake A P Jayatilaka K A Pathirana C amp Mudduwa L K (2013) Study ofantihyperglycaemic activity of medicinal plant extracts in alloxan induceddiabetic rats Ancient Science of Life 32(4) 193 httpsdoiorg1041030257-7941131970

Awad M M Ragab E A amp Atef A (2015) Phytochemical investigation andbiological evaluation of Dichanthium annulatum (Forrsk) Journal of Scientificand Innovative Research 4(3) 131ndash137 Accessed at httpwwwjsirjournalcomVol4_Issue3_05pdf on November 25 2015 ISSN 2320-4818

Awasthi C P amp Singh A B (2000) Nutritional quality evaluation of edible leaves ofsome promising Colocasia and Alocasia collections Indian Journal of AgriculturalResearch 34(2) 117ndash121 ISSN 0367-8245

Awobajo F O Omorodion-Osagie E Olatunji-Bello I I Adegoke O A amp AdelekeT L (2009) Acute oral toxicity test and phytochemistry of some west Africanmedicinal plants Nigerian Quarterly Journal of Hospital Medicine 19(1) 53ndash58httpsdoiorg104314nqjhmv19i150209

Bafna A R amp Mishra S H (2004) Effect of methanol extract of Achyranthes asperaLinn on rifampicin-induced hepatotoxicity in rats ARS Pharmaceutica 45(4)343ndash351 ISSN-e 0004-2927

Bagali R S amp Jalalpure S S (2010) Evaluation of antidiabetic and antioxidanteffect of Schrebera swietenioides fruit ethenolic extract Der Pharmacia Lettre2(5) 278ndash288

Bagalkotkar G Sagineedu S R Saad M S amp Stanslas J (2006) Phytochemicalsfrom Phyllanthus niruri Linn and their pharmacological properties a reviewJournal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 58(12) 1559ndash1570 httpsdoiorg101211jpp58120001

Baheti J amp Awati S (2013 April) Antiasthmatic Activity of Leptadenia reticulata(Retz) Wt amp Arn leaves In 3rd International Conference on Applied Mathematicsand Pharmaceutical Sciences (ICAMPSrsquo2013) Singapore (pp 335ndash339)

Balakrishnan R (2000) Widening gaps in technology development and technologytransfer to support rural women Human resources in agricultural and ruraldevelopment (pp 80ndash91) Accessed at lthttpwwwfaoorgdocrep003x7925mX7925M09htmgt on September 6 2015

Balangcod T D amp Balangcod A K D (2011) Ethnomedical knowledge of plantsand healthcare practices among the Kalanguya tribe in Tinoc Ifugao LuzonPhilippines Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 10(2) 227ndash238 ISSN 0975-1068 Accessed at httpnoprniscairresinbitstream123456789114971IJTK20102822920227-238pdf

Bamidele O Arokoyo D S Akinnuga A M amp Oluwarole A O (2014) Antidiabeticeffect of aqueous extract of Basellaalba leaves and metformin in alloxan-induced diabetic albino rats African Journal of Biotechnology 13(24)2455ndash2458 ISSN 1684-5315 Accessed at httpwwwacademicjournalsorgappwebrootarticlearticle1402926863_Bamidele20et20alpdf

Baquar S R (1989) Medicinal and poisonous plants of Pakistan Medicinal andpoisonous plants of Pakistan 201

Barua C C Talukdar A Begum S A Buragohain B Roy J D Borah R S et al(2009) Antidepressant-like effects of the methanolic extract of Achyranthesaspera Linn in animal models of depression Pharmacologyonline 2 587ndash594Accessed at httppharmacologyonlinesilaeitfilesarchives2009vol2059Baruapdf on December15 2015

Baumlthge S (2010) lsquoClimate Change and Gender Economic Empowerment of Womenthrough Climate Mitigation and Adaptation GTZ Working Papers GTZ Eschborn

Bedi S J (1978) Ethnobotany of the Ratan Mahal Hills Gujarat India EconomicBotany 32(3) 278ndash284 httpsdoiorg101007BF02864701

Bensky D Gamble A amp Kaptchuk T J (1993) Chinese herbal medicine Materiamedica Seattle WA Eastland Press

Berrang-Ford L Ford J D amp Paterson J (2011) Are we adapting to climatechange Global Environmental Change 21(1) 25ndash33

Bhangale J amp Acharya S (2014) Antiarthritic activity of Cynodondactylon (L) Pers52 215ndash222 Accessed at httpimsearlimahidolacthbitstream1234567891503511ijeb2014v52n3p215pdf

Bharadwaj K (1974) Production conditions in Indian agriculture a study based onfarm management surveys Accessed at lthttpagrisfaoorgagris-searchsearchdorecordID=US201300515084gt on December 2 2015

Bharati L R Om H amp Kushwaha K S (1990) Alternate plant hosts of riceleaffolder International Rice Research Newsletter 15(4) 21ndash22 Accessed athttpwwwcabdirectorgabstracts19911152105htmljsessionid=437B3F1F45BD7C1B77E9E15403BD97CF on September 9 2015

Bhaskara Rao K V Ojha V Preeti Kumar G amp Karthik L (2014) Phytochemicalcomposition and antioxidant activity of Ficus benghalensis (Moraceae) leafextract Journal of Biologically Active Products from Nature 4(3) 236ndash248 httpsdoiorg101080223118662014936902

Bhatia L Bishnoi H Chauhan P Kinja K amp Shailesh S (2011) In vitrocomparative antioxidant activity of ethanolic extracts of Glycosmis pentaphyllaand Bauhinia variegate Recent Research in Science and Technology 3(7) 1ndash3

Bhatt T Jain V Jayathirtha M G Banerjee G amp Mishra S H (2002) In vitroregeneration of roots of Phyla nodiflora and Leptadenia reticulata andcomparison of roots from cultured and natural plants for secondarymetabolites Indian Journal of Experimental Biology 40(12) 1382ndash1386 ISSN0975-1009 (Online)

Bhatt S K amp Saxena V K (1980) Antifungal activity of seeds extracts of Alocasiaindica Indian Drugs 17(7) 210ndash211

Bhattacharya B et al (2010) In vitro evaluation of antifungal and Antibacterialactivities of the plant Cocciniagrandis (L) Voigt Journal of Phytology 2(11)52ndash57

Bhattacharya B (2011) In-vivo and in-vitro anticancer activity of Coccinia grandis(L) Voigt (Family Cucurbitaceae) on Swiss albino mice Journal of PharmacyResearch 4(3) 567ndash569 httpsdoiorg1013140RG2129179603

Bhattacharya M S Ghosh S Datta S Samanta A Das G amp Durbadal Ojha B(2010) Evaluation of antimicrobial potentialities of leaves extract of the plantCassia tora Linn (LeguminosaeCaesalpinioideae) Journal of Phytology 2(5)

Bhattarai N K (1993) Folk herbal remedies for diarrhoea and dysentery in centralNepal Fitoterapia 64 243ndash250

Bheemachari J Ashok K Joshi N H Suresh D K amp Gupta V R M (2007)Antidiarrhoeal evaluation of Ficus racemosa Linn latex Acta PharmaceuticaSciencia 49(2) 133ndash138

Bindu V amp Jain B K (2011) Allelopathic effect of Digera muricata (L) martonin vitroseed germination of Pennisetum typhoideum International Journal ofPlant Sciences 6(2) 332ndash334 Accessed at httpwwwresearchjournalcoinonlineIJPSIJPS206(2)6_A-332-334pdf on December 13 2015

Bing L I N G Wang G C Ji Y A Zhang M X amp Liang G W (2008) Antifeedantactivity and active ingredients against Plutella xylostella from Momordicacharantia leaves Agricultural Sciences in China 7(12) 1466ndash1473 httpsdoiorg101016S1671-2927(08)60404-6

Bodhanapu S amp Sreedhar S (2011) Antiulcer activity of aqueous extract ofleptadenia reticulata Inventi Rapid Ethnopharmacology Pharmacologyonline 21190ndash1196

Boedecker J Termote C Assogbadjo A E Van Damme P amp Lachat C (2014)Dietary contribution of Wild Edible Plants to womenrsquos diets in the buffer zonearound the Lama forest Beninndashan underutilized potential Food Security 6(6)833ndash849

Bose U Bala V Ghosh T N Gunasekaran K amp Rahman A A (2011)Antinociceptive cytotoxic and antibacterial activities of Cleome viscosaleaves Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia 21(1) 165ndash169 httpsdoiorg101590S0102-695X2011005000023

Bourinbaiar A S amp Leehuang S (1995) Potentiation of anti-HIV activity of anti-inflammatory drugs dexamethasone and indomethacin by MAP30 theantiviral agent from bitter melon Biochemical and Biophysical ResearchCommunications 208(2) 779ndash785 httpsdoiorg101006bbrc19951405

Brito F A Lima L A Ramos M F S Nakamura M J Cavalher-Machado S CSiani A C et al (2007) Pharmacological study of anti-allergic activity ofSyzygiumcumini (L) Skeels Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research40(1) 105ndash115 ISSN 0100-879X Accessed at httpwwwscielobrpdfbjmbrv40n16085pdf

Burke M amp Lobell D (2010) Food security and adaptation to climate change Whatdo we know In climate change and food security (pp 133ndash153) NetherlandsSpringer

Burkill I H (1966) A dictionary of the economic products of the Malay Peninsula ADictionary of the Economic Products of the Malay Peninsula 2 (2nd edition)

CGIAR (2014) Millets and sorghum Climate-smart grains for a warmer worldAccessed at lthttpdialoguescgiarorgblogmillets-sorghum-climate-smart-grains-warmer-worlddownloadedgt on Dec 30 2016

Chakraborty R N (2001) Stability and outcomes of common property institutionsin forestry Evidence from the Terai region of Nepal Ecological Economics 36(2)341ndash353 httpsdoiorg101016S0921-8009(00)00237-8

Chakraborty A Brantner A Mukainaka T Nobukuni Y Kuchide M KonoshimaT et al (2002) Cancer chemopreventive activity of Achyranthes aspera leaveson Epstein-Barr virus activation and two-stage mouse skin carcinogenesisCancer Letters 177(1) 1ndash5 httpsdoiorg101016S0304-3835(01)00766-2

Chandra D (2001) Analgesic effect of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of MadhukaLongifolia (Koeing) Indian Journal of Pharmacology 33(2) 108ndash111 Accessed athttpmedindnicinibit01i2ibit01i2p108pdf

Chang M (1992) Anticancer medicinal herbs Changsha Human Science andTechnology Publishing House

Chang Chang H M amp But P P (Eds) (1986) Pharmacology and applications ofChinese material medical World Scientific Singapore Vol 2

Channabasavaraj K P Badami S amp Bhojraj S (2008) Hepatoprotective andantioxidant activity of methanol extract of Ficus glomerata Journal of NaturalMedicines 62(3) 379ndash383 httpsdoiorg101007s11418-008-0245-0

Chaudhari S K Arshad M Ahmed E Mustafa G Fatima S Akhter S et al(2013) Ethnobotanical evaluation of grasses from Thal Desert PakistanArchives Des Sciences 248ndash255

Chaudhari Y Mody H R amp Acharya V B (2011) Antibacterial activity ofCynodondactylon on different bacterial pathogens isolated from clinicalsamples International Journal of Pharmaceutical Studies and Research 1 16ndash20ISSN 0975-1491 Accessed at fileCUsersIIMADownloadsPRELIMINARY_PHYTOCHEMICAL_STUDY_AND_ANTIpdf

Chenniappan K amp Kadarkarai M (2010) In vitro antimalarial activity oftraditionally used Western Ghats plants from India and their interactions withchloroquine against chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum ParasitologyResearch 107(6) 1351ndash1364 httpsdoiorg101007s00436-010-2005-9

Chetty K M Chetty M L Sudhakar A amp Ramesh C (1998) Ethno-medico botanyof some aquatic angiospermae in Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh IndiaFitoterapia 69(1) 7ndash12

Chi T T N amp Yamada R (2003) Gender division of labor in farming system A casestudy in Omon District Can Tho Province Mekong Delta In Proceedings of thefinal workshop of JIRCAS Mekong Delta Project Vietnam Can Tho UniversityAccessed at lthttpwwwclrriorgver2uploadsnoidung11-15pdfgt onSeptember 14 2015

Chidume F C Kwanashie H O Adekeye J O Wambebe C amp Gamaniel K S(2002) Antinociceptive and smooth muscle contracting activities of themethanolic extract of Cassia tora leaf Journal of Ethnopharmacology 81(2)205ndash209 httpsdoiorg101016S0378-8741(02)00079-X

Chopda M Z amp Mahajan R T (2009) Wound healing plants of Jalgaon district ofMaharashtra state India Ethnobotanical Leaflets 2009(1) 1 Accessed atlthttpopensiuclibsiueducgiviewcontentcgiarticle=1318ampcontext=eblgt on5th December 2015

Chopra R N Nayar S L amp Chopra I C (2002) Glossary of Indian medicinal plantsNational institute of science communication and information resources CSIRNew Delhi (Six Reprient) ndash 42 214

Choudhury M D Bawari M amp Singha L S (2010) Some antipyretic ethno-medicinal plants of manipuri community of Barak valley Assam IndiaEthnobotanical Leaflets 2010(1) 21ndash28 httpopensiuclibsiuedueblvol2010iss14

Cipriani T R Mellinger C G de Souza L M Baggio C H Freitas C S MarquesM C et al (2008) Acidic heteroxylans from medicinal plants and their anti-ulcer activity Carbohydrate Polymers 74(2) 274ndash278 httpsdoiorg101016jcarbpol200802012

Colagar A H amp Souraki O A (2011) Review of pumpkin anticancer effects Quranand Medicine 1(4) 77ndash88 httpsdoiorg105812quranmed8923

Crate S amp Nuttell M (Eds) (2016) Walnut Grove CA Left Coast PressDandiya P C amp Chopra Y M (1970) CNS-active drugs from plants indigenous to

India Indian Journal of Pharmacology 2(3) 67 Accessed at httpsbooksgooglecoinbooksid=3clmAgAAQBAJamppg=PA158amplpg=PA158ampdq=Leptadenia+reticulata+gangreneampsource=blampots=SHEpf3ClITampsig=r8RJoAEatdxytF7WHj6_z8H4G5wamphl=enampsa=Xampved=0ahUKEwjCo_if9t3KAhVPbY4KHWzqA2kQ6AEIMTADv=onepageampq=Leptadenia20reticulata20gangreneampf=false on December26 2015

Dangol D R (2008) Traditional uses of plants of common land habitats in WesternChitwan Nepal Journal of the Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science 29 71Accessed at httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC3432267 onDecember 11 2015

Dankelman I (2002) Climate change Learning from gender analysis and womenrsquosexperiences of organising for sustainable development Gender amp Development10(2) 21ndash29

Datir S B Ganjare A B Nirmal S A Bhawar S B Bharati D K amp Patil M J(2009) Evaluation of antiallergic activity of the various extracts of the aerialpart of achyranthes aspera var Porphyristachya (wall Ex moq) Hook F921-925 Accessed at lthttppharmacologyonlinesilaeitfilesnewsletter2009vol392Datirpdfgt on December 11 2015

Demetriades J amp Esplen E (2010) The gender dimensions of poverty and climatechange adaptation Social Dimensions of Climate Change 133 ISBN0821381423 9780821381427 Accessed at lthttpsbooksgooglecoinbookshl=enamplr=ampid=07FAyBQVxCMCampoi=fndamppg=PA133ampdq=The+Gender+Dimensions+of+Poverty+and+Climate+Change+Adaptationampots=0yRZXFO4q7ampsig=Zg4UU8npVPcgS01Bg-EBLl6cesQltv=onepageampq=The20Gender20Dimensions20of20Poverty20and20Climate20Change20Adaptationampf=falsegt onAugust 10 2015

Denton F (2002) Climate change vulnerability impacts and adaptation why doesgender matter Gender amp Development 10(2) 10ndash20 httpsdoiorg10108013552070215903 Accessed at lthttpwwwtandfonlinecomdoiabs10108013552070215903gt on September 8 2015

Deoda R S et al (2012) Antilithiatic Activity of Leaves Bulb and Stem OfNympheaOdorata and Dolichos Lablab Beans Research Journal ofPharmaceutical Biological and Chemical Sciences 3(1) 814ndash819

Devaraj V C Asad M amp Prasad S (2007) Effect of leaves and fruits of Moringaoleifera on gastric and duodenal ulcers Pharmaceutical Biology 45(4) 332ndash338httpsdoiorg10108013880200701212924 Accessed at httpwwwencognitivecomfilesEffect20of20Leaves20and20Fruits20of20Moringa20oleifera20on20Gastric20and20Duodenal20Ulcerspdf on December 92015

Devarkar V D Marathe V R amp Chavan D P (2011) Dietary and medicinalsignificance of wild vegetables from Osmanabad region Maharashtra (India)Life Sciences Leaflets 11 317ndash332 Accessed at httpapiningcomfiles42ptSX3mtU2qd0LlfU6EtNEr4-Buh8bVehT5OX-lNesaYEXIwbvBJWX7zunMinUNOeQBNdsgfpOFR9ofraslfrasl1tf7q-XxEz7ARjH317DIETARYANDMEDICINALSIGNIFICANCEOFWILDVEGETABLESFROMOSMANABADREGIONMAHARASHTRAINDIAByVDDEVARKARVRMARATHE1ANDDPCHAVAN2pdfpdf on December 282015

Devi S G Archanah A Abiramasundari P Priya V Uma K amp Abirami T (2009)Comparative evaluation of the antioxidant status and in vitro free radicalscavenging activities of leaves and roots of Achyranthes aspera Indian Journal ofNutrition and Dietetics 46(12) 485ndash490 ISSN 0022-3174

Devi Y A Vrushabendra Swamy B M Vishwanath Swamy K M amp Ramu R R(2012) Antidiabetic activity of Echinochloa crusgalli (L) P Beauv grains extractin alloxan induced diabetic rats RJPBCS 3(4) 1257ndash1275 Accessed at httpwwwrjpbcscompdf2012_3(4)[140]pdf on December 14 2015

Dey A Singh G amp Gupta A K (2015) Innovative incentives for in-situ conservationof agro-biodiversity for strengthening community adaptation with climate changeMimeo

Dharamveer et al (2009) Cns depressat activity of ethaolic extract of physalisMiima Li Fruit Pharmacologyonline 2 707ndash710 Accessed at httppharmacologyonlinesilaeitfilesnewsletter2009vol271Guptapdf on 14thDecember 2015

Duke J A (2002) Handbook of medicinal herbs CRC Press Boca Raton FL CRCPress 315ndash6 ISBN 1420040464 9781420040463

Duke J A Wain K K (1981) Medicinal plants of the world Computer index withmore than 85000 entries Medicinal plants of the world Computer index withmore than 85000 entries

Duke J A amp Ayensu E S (1985) Medicinal plants of China (Vol 2) AlgonacMichigan Reference Publications httpsdoiorg101002fedr19870980707ISBN 0-917266-20-4

Duraisami R Mohite V A amp Kasbe A J (2010) Anti stress adaptogenic activity ofstandardized dried fruit extract of aegle marmelos against diverse stressorsAsian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 3(4) 1ndash3 Accessed athttpwwwajpcrcomVol3Issue45pdf on December 8 2015

Eckel C C amp Grossman P J (2008) Men women and risk aversion Experimentalevidence Handbook of Experimental Economics Results 1 1061ndash1073

El Hawary S S Wassel G M amp EI-Menshawi B S (2012) Antitumor andantioxidant activity of Ficus elastica Roxb and Ficus bengalensis Linn familyMoraceae World Applied Sciences Journal 19(11) 1532ndash1539 Accessed atlthttpidosiorgwasjwasj19(11)121pdfgt

El Molla S G Motaal A A El Hefnawy H amp El Fishawy A (2015) Cytotoxicactivity of phenolic constituents from Echinochloa crus-galli against fourhuman cancer cell lines Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia httpsdoiorg101016jbjp201507026

Ellis F (1998) Household strategies and rural livelihood diversification The Journalof Development Studies 35(1) 1ndash38 httpsdoiorg10108000220389808422553

Eshwarappa R S B Iyer R S Subbaramaiah S R Richard S A amp Dhananjaya B L(2014) Antioxidant activity of Syzygium cumini leaf gall extracts BioImpactsBI 4(2) 101 httpsdoiorg105681bi2014018

Ezeonwu V U (2011) Antifertility activity of aqueous extract of Phyllanthus niruriin male albino rats The Internet Journal of Laboratory Medicine 4(2) Accessed athttpwwwstudentpulsecomarticles577antifertility-effects-of-aqueous-extract-of-phyllanthus-niruri-in-male-albino-rats on 14th December 2015

Faizi S Siddiqui B S Saleem R Siddiqui S Aftab K amp Gilani A U H (1994)Isolation and structure elucidation of new nitrile and mustard oil glycosidesfrom Moringa oleifera and their effect on blood pressure Journal of NaturalProducts 57(9) 1256ndash1261 httpsdoiorg101021np50111a011

Fasahat P Muhammad K Abdullah A amp Ratnam W (2012) Proximatenutritional composition and antioxidant properties of lsquoOryzarufipogonrsquo a wild

rice collected from Malaysia compared to cultivated rice MR219 AustralianJournal of Crop Science 6(11) 1502ndash1507 Availability lthttpsearchinformitcomaudocumentSummarydn=908235159777791res=IELHSSgt ISSN1835ndash2693

Fazal H I N A Ahmad N Ullah I Inayat H Khan L amp Abbasi B H (2011)Antibacterial potential in Parthenium hysterophorus Stevia rebaudiana andGinkgo biloba Pakistan Journal of Botany 43(2) 1307ndash1313 Accessed atlthttpwwwpakbsorgpjbotPDFs43(2)PJB43(2)1307pdfgt on 26th December 2015

Friedman M (2003) Chemistry biochemistry and safety of acrylamideA review Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 51(16) 4504ndash4526httpsdoiorg101021jf030204 Accessed at httpxexxusnetPDFfilesAcrylamideJAgricFoodChem2003pdf on 24th December 2015

Gabrielsson S (2014) Adaptive capacities to climate variability and change in thelake Victorian Basin In T H Inderberg S Eriksen K OrsquoBrien amp L Sygna (Eds)Climate change adaptation and development Transforming paradigms andpractices Routledge

Gaikwad R D Ahmed M L Khalid M S amp Swamy P (2009) Anti-inflammatoryactivity of Madhuca longifolia seed saponin mixture Pharmaceutical Biology47(7) 592ndash597 httpsdoiorg10108013880200902902513

Ganesan A Natesan S Vellayutham R Manickam K amp Ramasamy N (2008)Anxiolytic antidepressant and anti-inflammatory activity of methanol extractof leaves of Momordica charantia Linn (Cucurbitaceae) Iranian Journal ofPharmacology amp Therapeutics 7(1) 43ndash47 Accessed at httpwwwsidirENVEWSSIDJ_pdf101020080108pdf

Gangrade N K Sheorey R V Rawal H amp Chouhan S (2012) Investigation ofwound healing activity of Malvastrum tricuspidatum syn Malvastrumcoromandelianum on experimental animals International Journal of Pharmacyamp Life Sciences 3(12) Accessed at httpwwwijddhrjournalcomissues2012IV20issue8pdf on 23rd December 2015

Garg V K amp Paliwal S K (2011) Anti-inflammatory activity of aqueous extract ofCynodondactylon International Journal of Pharmacology 7 370ndash375 httpsdoiorg103923ijp2011370375

Gaur R D (1999) Flora of the District Garhwal North West Himalaya Withethnobotanical notes) (p 811) Srinagar Garhwal TransMedia

Gheisari H R Amiri F amp Zolghadri Y (2011) International Journal of CurrentPharmaceutical Research 3 85ndash88

Ghildiyal J C Juyal P amp Sadana G (2014) Indigenous uses of plants in differentwomen ailments in Garhwal region Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical andBiological Research 2(1) 39 Accessed at lthttpijpbrinwp-contentuploads2014036-Indigenous-uses-of-plants-in-different-women-ailments-in-Garhwal-regionpdfgt on December 3 2015

Ghosh R Dhande I Kakade V M Vohra R R Kadam V J amp Mehra (2009)Antihyperglycemic activity of Madhucalongifolia in alloxan-induced diabeticrats The Internet Journal of Pharmacology 6(2) 1ndash12

Ghosh M N (1984) Fundamentals of experimental pharmacology 2nd ed Calcuttascientific book agency ISBN 81-902965-0-7

Giordano B Thrash W Hollenbaugh L Dube W P Hodges C Swain A et al(1989) Performance of seven blood glucose testing systems at high altitude TheDiabetes Educator 15(5) 444ndash448 httpsdoiorg101177014572178901500515

Goh A H (2012) A literature review of the gender-differentiated impacts of climatechange on womenrsquos and menrsquos assets and well-being in developing countriesInternational Food Policy Research Institute CAPRi Work

Goyal B R Mahajan S G Mali R G Goyal R K amp Mehta A A (2007) Beneficialeffect of Achyranthes apsera Linn in toluene-di-isocyanate inducedoccupational asthma in rats Global Journal of Pharmacology 1(1) 6ndash12Accessed at httpidosiorggjp1(1)072pdf on December 12 2015

Grieve M amp Leyel C F (1992) A Modern Herbal (p 770) London Tiger BooksInternational

Gupta A K (1985) Socio-Ecological Paradigm for Analyzing Problems of Poor inDry Regions Ecodevelopment News (Paris) No32ndash33 pp 68ndash74

Gupta A K (1987) Role of women in risk adjustment in drought-prone regions withspecial reference to credit problems IIM working paper no 704 Ahmedabad IIM

Gupta A K (1987) Role of women in risk adjustment in drought-prone regions withspecial reference to credit problems October IIM Working Paper 704 Accessedat lthttpanilgsristiorgrole-of-women-in-risk-adjustment-in-drought-prone-regionsongt

Gupta A K (1987b) Scientific perception of farmersrsquo innovations in dry regionsBarriers to the scientific curiosity September 1987 (No 699 pp 24ndash30) IIMworking Paper Accessed at lthttpvsliriimahdernetin8080xmluibitstreamhandle1234567891530WP201987_699pdfsequence=1gt onSeptember 5 2015

Gupta A K (1989) Scientific perception of farmers innovations in dry regionsBarriers to the scientific curiosity In Farmer First R Chambers A Pacey amp L AThrupp (Eds) Scientistsrsquo view of farmersrsquo practices in India Barriers interaction(pp 24ndash30) Institute of Development Studies University of Sussex

Gupta A K (1992) Saga of a star fish participative design of sustainableinstitutions for natural resource management (Working Paper No 1077)Ahmedabad India Indian Institute of Management

Gupta A K (1988) Survival Under Stress Socio Ecological Perspective on FarmersrsquoInnovation and Risk Adjustments Indian Institute of Management EconomicStudies (ns) 2(4)

Gupta A (2006) Rewarding conservation of biological and genetic resources andassociated traditional knowledge and contemporary grassroots creativityIntroductory Essay (pp 9ndash73) in WIPO-UNEP Study on the Role of IntellectualProperty Rights in the Sharing of Benefits Arising from the Use of BiologicalResources and Associated Traditional Knowledge WIPO UNEP Accessed at

lthttpwwwsristiorgmdpipr2006day2rewarding_conservation_of20bio20genetic20resources-WIPO20final85pdfgt on September 5 2015

Gupta A K (2007a) lsquoFrom farmers first to labourers first why do we still know solittlersquo Workshop on Farmer First Revisited Farmer Participatory Research andDevelopment Accessed at lthttpwwwfuture-agriculturesorgfarmerfirstfilesAdd_Guptapdfgt on November 28 2015

Gupta A K (2007) How local knowledge can boost scientific studies Accessed atlthttpwwwscidevnetglobalbioprospectingopinionhow-local-knowledge-can-boost-scientific-studieshtmlgt on November 5 2016

Gupta A K (2012) lthttpwwwdnaindiacomanalysiscolumn-innovation-today-needs-a-woman-s-touch-1688316gt

Gupta A K (2016) Grassroots innovations Minds on the margin are not marginalminds (p 318) New Delhi Penguin Randomhouse

Gupta A K Patel K K Vijaya Sherry Chand P G Pastakia A R Suthar J Shukla S Sinha R (1997) Participatory research Will The Koel Hatch The CrowrsquosEggs New Frontiers in Participatory Research and Gender Analysis Proceedingsof the international seminar on participatory research and gender analysis fortechnology development 1997 (pp 209ndash243)

Gupta S Garg V K Sharma P K amp Singh A (2011) Analgesic activity of aqueousextract of Musa paradisiaca Der Pharmacia Sinica 2(4) 74ndash77

Gupta A K Gowda K P Umashankar R N Nandeesh R amp Sreedhar S (2010) In-vitro Antioxidant Activity of Aqueous Extract of Physalis minima Linn ResearchJournal of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics 2(5) 332ndash334 ISSN 0975-4407

Gupta A K amp Mashelkar R A (2005) Women and formal and informal science InB Roy (Ed) Women in India Colonial and postcolonial periods (pp 208ndash209)New Delhi Sage Publication Accessed at lthttpwwwiimahdernetinpublicationsdata2005-05-02anilguptapdfgt on September 14 2015

Gupta A K Sinha R Koradia D Patel R Parmar M Rohit P et al (2003)Mobilizing grassrootsrsquo technological innovations and traditional knowledgevalues and institutions Articulating social and ethical capital Futures 35(9)975ndash987

Hakim R (1964) The use of malkanguni with other indigenous drugs in thetreatment of depression Indian Journal of Psychiatry 6(3) 142

Harvey C A Rakotobe Z L Rao N S Dave R Razafimahatratra H Rabarijohn RH et al (2014) Extreme vulnerability of smallholder farmers to agriculturalrisks and climate change in Madagascar Philosophical Transactions of the RoyalSociety B Biological 369(1639) 20130089 httpsdoiorg101098rstb20130089 Accessed at lthttprstbroyalsocietypublishingorgcontent369163920130089gt on September 12

Haryanti S Junedi S amp Meiyanto E (2013) Ethanolic extract of Hedyotiscorymbosa L increases cytotoxic activity of doxorubicin on MCF-7 breast cancercell Indonesian Journal of Biotechnology 14(1) Accessed at httpijbiotechugmacidojsindexphpbiotecharticleview183 on December 14 2015

Hasan M M Annay M E A Sintaha M Khaleque H N Noor F A Nahar A et al(2010) A survey of medicinal plant usage by folk medicinal practitioners inseven villages of Ishwardi Upazilla Pabna district Bangladesh American-Eurasian Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 4(3) 334ndash340 ISSN 1995-0748

Hasan S M Hossain M M Faruque A Mazumder M E H Rana M S Akter Ret al (2008) Comparison of antioxidant potential of different fractions ofCommelina benghalensis Linn Bangladesh Journal of Life Science 20(2) 9ndash16

Haumlusler S (1997) Gender and the environment Recent initiatives to improvesustainable development policy planning and practice Gender Technology andDevelopment 1(3) 327ndash348 httpsdoiorg101177097185249700100301Accessed at lthttpgtdsagepubcomcontent13327gt on September 7 2015

Hemmati M (2005) Gender and climate change in the north Issues entry pointsand strategies for the post-2012 process and beyond GenanetFocal PointGender Justice and Sustainability Frankfurt Germany Accessed at lthttpwwwgenanetdefileadminuser_uploaddokumenteGender-Klima-EnergieGender_Post-Kyotopdfgt on September 2 2015

Hiwasaki L Luna E amp Shaw R (2014) Process for integrating local and indigenousknowledge with science for hydro-meteorological disaster risk reduction andclimate change adaptation in coastal and small island communitiesInternational Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 10 15ndash27 Accessed atlthttpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS2212420914000612gt onSeptember 15 2015

Honey Bee 2003 14(1) 16 Accessed at lthttpwwwsristiorghbnewhoneybee_detailedphppage=51ampsearch_case=languagegt on November 25 2015

Hossain F et al (2014a) Analgesic and anti-infammatory activity of Commelinabenghalensis Linn Turkish Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 11(1) 25ndash32Accessed at httpeskiteborgtrimagesupld2ecza_akademidergi111201420(1)2025-32pdf on December 22 2015

Hossain H Al-Mansur A Akter S Sara U Ahmed M R amp Jahangir A A (2014b)Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity and total tannin content from theleaves of Bacopa monnieri (Linn) International Journal of PharmaceuticalSciences and Research 5(4) 1246 Accessed at httpcrawlprodproquestcoms3amazonawscomfpcache0e45d1341ef90d033398977d4bbcbff6pdfAWSAccessKeyId=AKIAJF7V7KNV2KKY2NUQampExpires=1453887786ampSignature=ZVRWTX1oMtpooJe5WQkI6utBhXQ3D on December 5 2015 httpijpsaizeonpublishersnetcontent2013conference_abstracts69Apdf on December 42015

Hudson L amp Frank H C (1991) Practical immunology (3rd ed) London Black WellPublications Oxford University Press

Hukkeri V I Nagathan C V Karadi R V amp Patil B S (2006) Antipyretic andwound healing activities of moringaoleifera lam in rats Indian Journal ofPharmaceutical Sciences 68(1) 124ndash126 httpsdoiorg1041030250-474X22985

Hussain A (2008) Evaluation of anthelmintic activity of some ethnobotanicals(Doctoral dissertation) Department of parasitology faculty of veterinaryscience university of agriculture Faisalabad Pakistan 87 Accessed atlthttpprrhecgovpkthesis110spdfgt on December 14 2015

Iranloye B O Owoyele V B Kelani O R amp Olaleye S B (2011) Analgesic activityof aqueous leaf extract of Phyllanthus amarus African Journal of Medicine andMedical Sciences 40(1) 47ndash50 (PMID21834261)

Islam M Ali E Saeed M A Jamshaid M amp Khan M T J (2007) Antimicrobialand Irritant activities of the extracts of Malva Parviflora L MalvastrumCoromandelianum L and Amaranthus viridis L-A Preliminary InvestigationPakistan Journal of Pharmacy 2010 20ndash23 Accessed at lthttppuedupkimagesjournalPJPpdf-filesP1_TJKhanpdfgt on 14th December 2015 ISSN0973-4643 Accessed at lthttpnoprniscairresinbitstream12345678945781IJEB20462892920660-667pdfgt ISSN 0975-1009

Islam M K Saha S Mahmud I Mohamad K Awang K Uddin S J et al (2014)An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by tribal and native people ofMadhupur forest area Bangladesh Journal of Ethnopharmacology 151(2)921ndash930 httpsdoiorg101016jjep201311056

Iwu MM (1993) Handbook of African Medicinal Plants Boca Raton FL CRC Pressp 111-3 ISBN 1466571977 9781466571976

Jacka J K (2016) In anthropology and climate Change From encounters to actions2nd ed pp xx-xx

Jadhav V D Mahadkar S D amp Valvi S R (2012) Documentation andethnobotanical survey of wild edible plants from Kolhapur district RecentResearch in Science and Technology 3(12) ISSN 2230-8407 Accessed at httpwwwirjponlinecomadminphpuploads2386_pdfpdf

Jagatha G amp Senthilkumar N (2011) Evalution of anti-diabetic activity ofmethanol extract of digera muricata (l) mart in alloxan induced diabetic ratsInternational Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 2(6) 748ndash752Accessed at httpciteseerxistpsueduviewdocdownloaddoi=10112785468amprep=rep1amptype=pdf on December 27 2015

Jain S K (1991) Dictionary of Indian folk medicine and ethnobotany New DelhiIndia Deep Publications

Jain S amp Patil U K (2010) Phytochemical and pharmacological profile of Cassiatora Linnndashan overview Indian Journal of Natural Products and Resources 1(4)430ndash437

James V U (1995) Women and sustainable development in Africa GreenwoodPublishing Group Business amp Economics ndash 203 pages ISBN 02759530849780275953089

Janbaz K H amp Saqib F (2015) Pharmacological evaluation of Dactylocteniumaegyptium an indigenous plant used to manage gastrointestinal ailmentsBangladesh Journal of Pharmacology 10(2) 295ndash302 httpsdoiorg103329bjpv10i221811 Accessed at httpwwwbanglajolinfoindexphpBJParticleview2181115767 on 25th December 2015

Jarald E E Joshi S B amp Jain D C (2008) Antidiabetic activity of aqueous extractand non polysaccharide fraction of Cynodon dactylon Pers Indian Journal ofExperimental Biology 46(9) 660

Jayakumar T Sridhar M P Bharathprasad T R Ilayaraja M Govindasamy S ampBalasubramanian M P (2009) Experimental studies of Achyranthes aspera (L)preventing nephrotoxicity induced by lead in albino rats Journal of HealthScience 55(5) 701ndash708 httpsdoiorg101248jhs55701

Jayasooriya A P Sakono M Yukizaki C Kawano M Yamamoto K amp Fukuda N(2000) Effects of Momordica charantia powder on serum glucose levels andvarious lipid parameters in rats fed with cholesterol-free and cholesterol-enriched diets Journal of Ethnopharmacology 72(1) 331ndash336 httpsdoiorg101016S0378-8741(00)00259-2

Jebastella J amp Reginald Appavoo M (2015) Screening of antibacterial activity inmedicinal grass (Dactyloctenium Aegyptium) using two extract InternationalJournal of Recent Scientific Research 6(7) 5046ndash5048

Jeyaprakash K Ayyanar M Geetha K N amp Sekar T (2011) Traditional uses ofmedicinal plants among the tribal people in Theni District (Western Ghats)Southern India Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 1(1) S20ndashS25httpsdoiorg101016S2221-1691(11)60115-9 Accessed at httpugcdskpdfunipuneernetinJournaluploadsBLBL080183-A-3pdf

Joshi P V Patil R H amp Maheshwari V L (2009) In vitro anti diarrhoeal activityand toxicity profile of Aegle marmelos Correa ex Roxb dried fruit pulp NaturalProduct Radiance 8(5) 498ndash502

Jost C Kyazze F Naab J Neelormi S Kinyangi J Zougmore R et al (2016)Understanding gender dimensions of agriculture and climate change insmallholder farming communities Climate and Development 8(2) 133ndash144

Joto Afrika (2011) Issue 6 March Accessed at lthttpwwweldisorgvfileupload1document1104JotoAfrika_Issue206pdfgt on September 10 2015

Joy K J amp Paranjape S (2005) Women and water Relationships experiencesapproaches In B Ray (Ed) Women of India Colonial and post-colonial periodsNew Delhi Sage Publications Inc ISBN 076193409X 9780761934097

Kala C P Dhyani P P amp Sajwan B S (2006) Developing the medicinal plantssector in northern India challenges and opportunities Journal of Ethnobiologyand Ethnomedicine 2 httpsdoiorg1011861746-4269-2-32 article 32Accessed at httpdownloadspringercomstaticpdf183art253A101186252F1746-4269-2-32pdforiginUrl=http3A2F2Fethnobiomedbiomedcentralcom2Farticle2F1011862F1746-4269-2-32amptoken2=exp=1454078877~acl=2Fstatic2Fpdf2F1832Fart25253A10118625252F1746-4269-2-32pdffrasl~hmac=584adada58ca4adae2d77a7768a4f376a5fce6b1365eca67dbe2e643c46e6677on December 19 2015

Kamalakkannan N amp Prince P S M (2003) Hypoglycaemic effect of water extractsof Aegle marmelos fruits in streptozotocin diabetic rats Journal ofEthnopharmacology 87(2) 207ndash210

Kaou A M Mahiou-Leddet V Hutter S Aiumlnouddine S Hassani S Yahaya Iet al (2008) Antimalarial activity of crude extracts from nine African medicinalplants Journal of Ethnopharmacology 116(1) 74ndash83 httpsdoiorg101016jjep200711001

Kelkar G amp Nathan D (1991) Gender and tribe Women land and forests inJharkhand Zed Books

Khan A V amp Khan A A (2008) Ethnomedicinal uses of Eclipta prostrata LinnIndian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 316 Accessed at httpnoprniscairresinbitstream12345678915931IJTK207(2)20316-320pdf on 23rdDecember 2015

Khan J Khan R amp Qureshi R A (2013) Ethnobotanical study of commonly usedweeds of District Bannu Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Pakistan) Journal of MedicinalPlants Studies 1(6) Accessed at httpwwwplantsjournalcomvol1Issue1Issue_march_20131pdf on 8th December 2015

Khond M Bhosale J D Arif T Mandal T K Padhi M M amp Dabur R (2009)Screening of some selected medicinal plants extracts for in-vitro antimicrobialactivity Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research 4(4) 271ndash278 ISSN 1990-9233 Accessed at httpidosiorgmejsrmejsr4(4)7pdf on November 262015

Khonsung P Nantsupawat S Jesadanont S N Chantharateptawan V ampPanthong A (2006) Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of waterextract of Malvastrum coromandelianum (L) Garcke Thai Journal ofPharmaceutical Sciences 28 8ndash15 Accessed at httpwwwthaipharmacolorgjournal2006v28n3p8-15pdf on 6th December 2015

Kilani S Ammar R B Bouhlel I Abdelwahed A Hayder N Mahmoud A et al(2005) Investigation of extracts from (Tunisian) Cyperus rotundus asantimutagens and radical scavengers Environmental Toxicology andPharmacology 20(3) 478ndash484 httpsdoiorg101016jetap200505012

Kim J Y Jang K C Park B-R Han S-I Choi K-J Kim S-Y et al (2011)Physicochemical and antioxidative properties of selected barnyard millet(Echinochloautilis) species in Korea Food Science and Biotechnology 20461ndash469 httpsdoiorg101007s10068-011-0064-z

Kim D I Lee S H Choi J H Lillehoj H S Yu M H amp Lee G S (2008) Thebutanol fraction of Eclipta prostrata (Linn) effectively reduces serum lipid levelsand improves antioxidant activities in CD rats Nutrition Research 28(8)550ndash554 httpsdoiorg101016jnutres200805003

Kirtikar K R amp Basu B D (1975) Indian medicinal plants (2nd ed Vol 1) pp 183ndash185) New Delhi Periodical Experts

Kirtikar K R amp Basu B D (1994) Indian Medicinal Plants (Vol 2 p 1263)Dehradun Bishen Singh Mahendrapal Singh

Kirtikar K R amp Basu B D (1999) Indian medicinal plants (pp 1052ndash1054)Dehradun International Book Distributor

Kiruthiga K Saranya J Eganathan P Sujanapal P amp Parida A (2011) Chemicalcomposition antimicrobial antioxidant and anticancer activity of leaves ofSyzygium benthamianum (Wight ex Duthie) Gamble Journal of BiologicallyActive Products from Nature 1(4) 273ndash278 httpsdoiorg10108022311866201110719094

Kowsalya R Kaliaperumal J Vaishnavi M amp Namasivayam E (2015) Anticanceractivity of Cynodondactylon L root extract against diethyl nitrosamine inducedhepatic carcinoma South Asian Journal of Cancer 4(2) 83 httpsdoiorg1041032278-330X155691 Accessed at httpjournalsajcorgtempSouthAsianJCancer4283-8150674_223826pdf

Krantz L (2001) The sustainable livelihood approach to poverty reduction SIDADivision for Policy and Socio-Economic Analysis

Krishnaveni M (2014) Antioxidant potential of Bauhinia purpurea (L) leafInternational Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 6(7) ISSN0975ndash1491 Accessed at httpwwwinnovareacademicsinjournalsindexphpijppsarticleviewFile17609892 on 22nd December 2015

Krushna G Kareem M A amp Devi K L (2009) Antidyslipidaemic effect of Aeglemarmelos Linn fruit on Isoproterenol induced myocardial injury in ratsInternational Journal of Pharmacology 6 1ndash5

Kumar P (2010) INDIAN SPINACH Basellaalba (PUI) succulent branched smoothtwining herbaceous vine Best Nutrition ISSN 2141-2502 2013 Accessed athttpwwwacademicjournalsorgarticlearticle1381400671_Kumar20et20alpdf

Kumar K P S et al (2012) Traditional and medicinal uses of banana Journal ofPharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 1(3) 2278ndash4136 Accessed at httpwwwphytojournalcomvol1Issue3Issue_sept_201291pdf on December 42015

Kumar P Arora S amp Yadav Y C (2012) Anti-inflammatory activity of coumarinand steroidal fractions from leaves of Moringa Oleifera International Journal ofDrug Discovery and Medical Research 1(1) 20ndash25 Accessed at httpsijddmrfileswordpresscom201204prashant_paper_antiinflammatory5pdfon December 10 2015

Kumar K S amp Bhowmik D (2010) Traditional medicinal uses and therapeuticbenefits of Momordica charantia Linn International Journal of PharmaceuticalSciences Review and Research 4(3) 23ndash28 Accessed athttpglobalresearchonlinenetjournalcontentsvolume4issue3Article20004pdf on December 8 2015

Kumar S Chashoo G Saxena A K amp Pandey A K (2013) Partheniumhysterophorus A probable source of anticancer antioxidant and anti-HIV

agents BioMed Research International 2013 httpsdoiorg1011552013810734

Kumawat N S Chaudhari S P Wani N S Deshmukh T A amp Patil V R (2010)Antidiabetic activity of ethanol extract of Colocasia esculenta leaves in alloxaninduced diabetic rats International Journal of Pharm Tech Research 21246ndash1249 Accessed at httpsphinxsaicoms_v2_n2PT_V2No2phamtech_vol2no2_pdfPT=4220(1246-1249)pdf on December 3 2015

Kundu M Mazumder R amp Kushwaha M D (2012) Evaluation of hepatoprotectiveactivity of ethanol extract of Coccinia grandis (L) Voigt leaves on experimentalrats by acute and chronic models Oriental Pharmacy and ExperimentalMedicine 12 (2) httpsdoiorg101007s13596-012-0057-3

Leatherdale B A Panesar R K Singh G Atkins T W Bailey C J amp Bignell A H(1981) Improvement in glucose tolerance due to Momordica charantia (karela)BMJ 282 (6279) 1823ndash1824 httpsdoiorg101136bmj28262791823Accessed at httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1506397pdfbmjcred00661-0011pdf on December 17 2015

Lebel L (2013) Local knowledge and adaptation to climate change in naturalresource-based societies of the Asia-Pacific Mitigation and Adaptation Strategiesfor Global Change 18(7) 1057ndash1076

Lee S H Jaganath I B Wang S M amp Sekaran S D (2011) Antimetastatic effectsof Phyllanthus on human lung (A549) and breast (MCF-7) cancer cell lines PLoSOne 6 e20994 httpsdoiorg101371journalpone0020994

Lee S W Wee W Yong J F S amp Syamsumir D F (2011) Antimicrobialantioxidant anticancer property and chemical composition of different parts(corm stem and leave) of Colocasia esculenta extract Ann Univ Mariae Curie-Sklodowska Pharm 24(3) 9ndash16

Leelaprakash G Rose J C Gowtham B M Javvaji P K amp Prasad S A (2011) Invitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of Momordica charantia leavesPharmacophore 2 (4) 244ndash252 Accessed at httpswwwresearchgatenetprofileG_LEELAPRAKASHpublication215806094_Invitro_antimicrobial_and_antioxidant_activity_of_Momordica_charantia_leaveslinks04325252bbcfedaeb9857001pdf on December 22 2015

Li R W Leach D N Myers S P Lin G D Leach G J amp Waterman P G (2004) Anew anti-inflammatory glucoside from Ficus racemosa L Planta Medica 70(5)421ndash426 httpsdoiorg101055s-2004-818969

Lin H M Tseng H C Wang C J Lin J J Lo C W amp Chou F P (2008)Hepatoprotective effects of Solanum nigrum Linn extract against CCl 4-iducedoxidative damage in rats Chemico-Biological Interactions 171(3) 283ndash293httpsdoiorg101016jcbi200708008

Lopez C M Nitisinprasert S Wanchaitanawong P amp Poovarodom N (2003)Antimicrobial activity of medicinal plant extract against food borne spoilageand pathogenic microorganisms Kasetsart Journal of Nature Science 37460ndash467 Accessed at httpwwwrdikuacthKU_JournalSciencesdocKU37(4)pdfpage=76 on December 18 2015

Madaan S amp Madaan T R (1985) Speman in oligospermia Probe 24(2) 115ndash117Accessed at httphimalayacentroamericanacomhimalaya_researchpaperspdf_filesspeman058pdf

Madan H Gogia S amp Sharma S (2011) Antimicrobial and spermicidal activities ofParthenium hysterophorus Linn and Alstonia scholaris Linn Indian Journal ofNatural Products and Resources 2(4) 458ndash463 Accessed at httpnoprniscairresinbitstream123456789133451IJNPR202(4)20458-463pdf onDecember 23 2015

Madhu C amp Ramanjaneyulu M (2013) Evaluation phytochemical screeninganalgesic and antiinflammatory activity (synergic activity) of hydroalcoholicextract of Cocciniagrandis International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences 4(4)180ndash186

Maity T K Mandal S C Mukharjee P K Saha K Das J et al (1998) Studies onanti-inflammatory effect of Cassia tora leaf extract (fam Leguminosae)Phytotherapy Research 12 221ndash223

Malalavidhane T S Wickramasinghe S N amp Jansz E R (2000) Oralhypoglycaemic activity of Ipomoea aquatica Journal of Ethnopharmacology72(1) 293ndash298 httpsdoiorg101016S0378-8741(00)00217-8

Malhotra S P Dutta B K Gupta R K amp Gaur Y D (1966) Medicinal plants of theIndian arid zone Journal drsquoagriculture tropicale et de botanique appliqueacutee13(6ndash7) 247ndash288 httpsdoiorg103406jatba19662885

Malhotra S K amp Moorthy S (1973) Some useful amp medicinal plants or Chandrapurdistrict (Maharashtra State) The Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 1513ndash21

Mali R G (2010) Cleome viscosa (wild mustard) A review on ethnobotanyphytochemistry and pharmacology Pharmaceutical Biology 48(1) 105ndash112httpsdoiorg10310913880200903114209 Accessed at httpswwwresearchgatenetprofileRavindra_Malipublication45276886_Cleome_viscosa_(wild_mustard)_a_review_on_ethnobotany_phytochemistry_and_pharmacologylinks00b7d526a43924e1fd000000pdf on 23rd December 2015

Manda H Rao B K Yashwant G N amp Swarnkar S K (2009) Antioxidant Anti-Inflammatory and Antipyretic Activities of Ethyl Acetate Fraction of EthanolicExtract of Schrebera swietenioides Roxb Root International Journal ofToxicological and Pharmacological Research 1 7ndash11

Mandal S C Maity T K Das J Pal M amp Saha B P (1999) Hepatoprotectiveactivity of Ficus racemosa leaf extract on liver damage caused by carbontetrachloride in rats Phytotherapy Research 13(5) 430ndash432 httpsdoiorg101002(SICI)1099-1573(19990809)135lt430AID-PTR456gt30CO2-G

Mandelbaum C I Barbeau W E amp Hilu K W (1995) Protein calcium and ironcontent of wild and cultivated species of Echinochloa Plant Foods for HumanNutrition 47(2) 101ndash108

Mangathayaru K Umadevi M amp Reddy C U (2009) Evaluation of theimmunomodulatory and DNA protective activities of the shoots of Cynodondactylon Journal of Ethnopharmacology 123(1) 181ndash184 httpsdoiorg101016jjep200902036

Manjula R R Rao J K amp Reddi T S (2013) Ethnomedicine for rheumatism by thetribals of Khammam District Andhra Pradesh Journal of Natural Remedies 13(2)138ndash141

Marwat S K amp Khan I U (2015) Ethnobotanical Importance and Phytochemicalconstituents of Parthenium weed (Parthenium hysterophorus L)ndashA ReviewPlant Science Today 2 (2) 77ndash81 httpsdoiorg1014719pst201522113

Mathad P amp Mety S S (2010) Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Activity of DigeraMuricata (L) Mart Journal of Chemistry 7(1) 275ndash280 Access at downloadshindawicom

Mbazima V G Mokgotho M P February F Rees D J G amp Mampuru L J M(2008) Alteration of Bax-to-Bcl-2 ratio modulates the anticancer activity ofmethanolic extract of Commelina benghalensis (Commelinaceae) in Jurkat Tcells African Journal of Biotechnology 7(20) 3569ndash3576 Accessed at httpwwwajolinfoindexphpajbarticleview5937347672 on 20th December2015

Mbiti I M (2007) Moving women Household composition labor demand and cropchoice Unpublished paper Dallas TX USA Department of Economics SouthernMethodist University Accessed at lthttppaa2007princetonedupapers72117gt on 17 September 2015

Mearns R amp Norton A (Eds) (2010) Social dimensions of climate change Equity andvulnerability in a warming world World Bank Publications ISBN 08213814239780821381427

Meena H Pandey H K Pandey P Arya M C amp Ahmed Z (2012) Evaluation ofantioxidant activity of two important memory enhancing medicinal plantsBaccopa monnieri and Centella asiatica Indian Journal of Pharmacology 44(1)114

Mehrotra N N Ojha S K amp Tandon S (2007) Drug development forcardiovascular diseases from ayurvedic plants Feature 1 89 Accessed athttpwwwcdriindiaorgR26D1-3fullpdf

Mehta K Balaraman R Amin A H Bafna P A amp Gulati O D (2003) Effect offruits of Moringa oleifera on the lipid profile of normal andhypercholesterolaemic rabbits Journal of Ethnopharmacology 86(2) 191ndash195httpsdoiorg101016S0378-8741(03)00075-8

Mehta J P amp Vadia S H (2014) In-vitro antioxidant activity and antibacterialassay of minor millet extracts Journal of Chemical amp Pharmaceutical Research6(7) 2343

Mishra K Dash A P Swain B K amp Dey N (2009) Anti-malarial activities ofAndrographis paniculata and Hedyotis corymbosa extracts and theircombination with curcumin Malaria Journal 8(1) 26 httpsdoiorg1011861475-2875-8-26

Mishra R Mishra P amp Ahmad S (2012) A review on herbal treatment of obesityInternational Journal of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Science 1 523ndash525Accessed at httpwwwijpcsonlinecomfiles9-79pdf on December 27 2015

Mishra M K Tiwari P Dash D K Jadon R S Ghosh G amp Barik B B (2010)Antifungal activity of Leptadenia reticulata Wight and Arn aerial partsInternational Journal of Phytomedicine 2(2010) 172ndash176 httpsdoiorg105138ijpm20100975018502027 Accessed at lthttpswwwresearchgatenetprofileRajesh_Jadonpublication228058312_Antifungal_activity_of_Leptadenia_reticulata_Wight_and_Arn_aerial_partslinks0fcfd4fe9f7afb1d98000000pdfgt

Mistry et al (2014) Invitro-antioxidant anti-inflammatory and anti proliferativeactivity of crude extract of Bacopamonnieri World Journal of Pharmacy andPharmaceutical Sciences 11(3) 646ndash662 Accessed at wjppscomdownloadarticle1414819302pdf

Mohammed H K P Anu A Saraswathi R Guru P M amp Chandini N (2012)Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Gel of Basella alba for wound healingactivity Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 4(1) 1642ndash1648Accessed at httpwwwjpsrpharmainfoinDocumentsVolumesvol4Issue01jpsr2004120101pdf

Mohan K amp Singh A K (1996) Advances in Plant Science Ethno-medico-botany ofTharus 9 1ndash6

Mohd J K Vipin S Varun S B Manvendra S K amp Sanjay B K (2011) Anxiolyticactivity of Ipomoea aquatica leaves The European Journal of ExperimentalBiology 1 63ndash70 Accessed at httppelagiaresearchlibrarycomeuropean-journal-of-experimental-biologyvol1-iss1EJEB-2011-1-1-63-70pdf on 4thDecember 2015

Molua E L (2011) Farm income gender differentials and climate risk in CameroonTypology of male and female adaptation options across agroecologiesSustainability Science 6(1) 21ndash35

Morais S M D Dantas J Silva A R A D amp Magalhatildees E F (2005) Ethno-medicinal plants of Tapeba Indians from the State of Cearaacute-BrazilRevistaBrasileira de Farmacognosia 15(2) 169ndash177

Morley L (2005) Opportunity or exploitation Women and quality assurance inhigher education Gender and Education 17(4) 411ndash429 httpsdoiorg10108009540250500145106

Morton J F (2007) The impact of climate change on smallholder and subsistenceagriculture Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104(50)19680ndash19685 httpsdoiorg101073pnas0701855104

Mulla W A Chopade A R Bhise S B Burade K B amp Khanwelkar C C (2011)Evaluation of antidiarrheal and in vitro antiprotozoal activities of extracts ofleaves of Alocasia indica Pharmaceutical biology 49(4) 354ndash361 httpsdoiorg103109138802092010517211

Mulla W A Kuchekar S B Thorat V S Chopade A R amp Kuchekar B S (2010)Antioxidant Antinociceptive Anti-inflammatory Activities of Ethanolic Extractof Leaves of Alocasia indica (Schott) Journal of Young Pharmacists 2(2)137ndash143 httpsdoiorg1041030975-148363152

Mulla W A Salunkhe V R amp Bhise S B (2009) Hepatoprotective activity ofhydroalcoholic extract of leaves of Alocasia indica (Linn) Indian Journal ofExperimental Biology 47(10) 816 ISSN 0975-1009 (Online)

Mulla W A Salunkhe V R Kuchekar S B amp Qureshi M N (2009) Free radicalscavenging activity of leaves of Alocasia indica (Linn) Indian Journal ofPharmaceutical Sciences 71(3) 303 httpsdoiorg1041030250-474X56036Accessed at httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC2865790

Murakami A Kitazono Y Jiwajinda S Koshimizu K amp Ohigashi H (1998)Niaziminin a thiocarbamate from the leaves of Moringaoleifera holds a strictstructural requirement for inhibition of tumor-promoter- induced Epstein-Barrvirus activation Planta Medica 64 319ndash323

Muthoni J W amp Wangui E E (2013) Women and climate change strategies foradaptive capacity in Mwanga District Tanzania African Geographical Review32(1) 59ndash71 httpsdoiorg101080193768122012756766

Muthul C Muniappan A Nagappan R amp Savarimuthu I (2006) Medicinal plantsused by traditional healers in Kancheepuram District of Tamil Nadu Journal ofEthnobiology and Ethnomedicine 2 43ndash52 ISSN 1746-4269

Myers S S Zanobetti A Kloog I Huybers P Leakey A D Bloom A et al (2014)Rising CO2 threatens human nutrition Nature 510(7503) 139

Nadkarni K M (1976) Indian materia medica with ayurvedic unani-tibbi siddhaallopathic homeopathic naturopathic amp home remedies appendices amp indexesBombay Popular Prakashan

Nagarjuna S Murthy T G K amp Rao A S (2015) Antidiabetic Activity of DifferentFractions of Ethanolic Extract of Dactyloctenium aegyptium in StreptozotocinInduced Diabetic Rats 8(4) 1ndash10 Accessed at httpcrawlprodproquestcoms3amazonawscomfpcache4b2cfb8e3e320b8f3baaa3fa27c01ce5pdfAWSAccessKeyId=AKIAJF7V7KNV2KKY2NUQampExpires=1454090775ampSignature=dmzASo2BJYb4QUzrRimwQfkSt2Byo3D on 13th December 2015

Nagulendran K R Velavan S Mahesh R amp Begum V H (2007) In vitroantioxidant activity and total polyphenolic content of Cyperus rotundusrhizomes Journal of Chemistry 4(3) 440ndash449 ISSN 0973-4945

Nahar N (1993) Traditional medicine (18th ed) New Delhi Oxford and OBHPublishing Co Pvt Ltd pp 205- 209

Nair R Kalariya T amp Chanda S (2005) Antibacterial activity of some selectedIndian Medicinal Flora Journal of Biology Turkey 29 41ndash47 Accessed at httpjournalstubitakgovtrbiologyissuesbiy-05-29-1biy-29-1-7-0405-4pdf onDecember 6 2015

Najafi M Nazemieh H Ghavimi H Gharahkhani A amp Garjani A (2009) Effectsof hydroalcoholic extract of cynodon dactylon (L)pers Rhizome on Infarct Sizein Ischemic Isolated Heart 14(4) 267ndash273

Najafi M Nazemiyeh H Garjani A Ghavimi H amp Gharekhani A (2007)Cardioprotective effects of Cynodon Dactylon against ischemiareperfusion-induced arrhythmias Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology 42(6) S12

Nambiar V P K (1996) Indian medicinal plants a compendium of 500 species(Vol 5) Orient Blackswan ISBN 8125007636 9788125007630

Nanasombat S amp Teckchuen N (2009) Antimicrobial antioxidant and anticanceractivities of Thai local vegetables Journal of Medicinal Plants 3(5) 443ndash449Accessed at httpwwwacademicjournalsorgjournalJMPRarticle-full-text-pdfA854CB115293 on December 18 2015

Narayanasamy R amp Leelavinothan P (2011) In-vivo and in-vitro antioxidantactivities of coumarin on chemical induced hyperglycemic rats InternationalJournal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 2(4) 968ndash978

Natarajan A Leelavinodh K S Jayavelu A Devi K amp Kumar B S (2013) A studyon ethnomedicinal plants of Kalavai Vellore District Tamil Nadu India 3(1)99ndash102 httpdoiorg107324JAPS201330119 Accessed at httpimsearlimahidolacthbitstream1234567891515161japs2013v3n1p99pdf

Nathan D amp Apu N A (2007) Access to common property resource and povertyreduction inland open-water fisheries in Bangladesh The World Fish CenterWorking Papers Accessed at lthttpwwwworldfishcenterorgresource_centreWF_37464pdfgt

Negi B S Dave B P amp Agarwal Y K (2012) Evaluation of antimicrobial activity ofBauhinia purpurea leaves under in vitro conditions Indian Journal ofMicrobiology 52(3) 360ndash365 httpsdoiorg101007s12088-012-0264-0

Nelson V Meadows K Cannon T Morton J amp Martin A (2002) Uncertainpredictions invisible impacts and the need to mainstream gender in climatechange adaptations Gender amp Development 10(2) 51ndash59 httpsdoiorg10108013552070215911 Accessed at lthttpwwwtandfonlinecomdoipdf10108013552070215911gt on September 02 2015

Nema A K Agarwal A amp Kashaw V (2011) Hepatoprotective activity ofLeptadenia reticulata stems against carbon tetrachloride-inducedhepatotoxicity in rats Indian Journal of Pharmacology 43(3) 254 httpsdoiorg1041030253-761381507

Niazi J Singh P Bansal Y amp Goel R K (2009) Anti-inflammatory analgesic andantipyretic activity of aqueous extract of fresh leaves of Coccinia indicaInflammopharmacology 17(4) 239ndash244 httpsdoiorg101007s10787-009-0010-3

Niehof A (2004) The significance of diversification for rural livelihood systemsFood Policy 29(4) 321ndash338

Nikolajsen T Nielsen F Rasch V Soslashrensen P H Ismail F Kristiansen U et al(2011) Uterine contraction induced by Tanzanian plants used to induceabortion Journal of Ethnopharmacology 137(1) 921ndash925 httpsdoiorg101016jjep201105026

Nima Z A Jabier M S Wagi R I amp Hussain H A (2008) Extraction Identificationand Antibacterial activity of Cyperus oil from Iraqi C rotundus Engineering andTechnology 26(10) 1156ndash1160

Nisar M F et al (2014) Ethno-medicinal uses of plants from district BahawalpurPakistan Current Research Journal of Biological Sciences 6(5) 183ndash190 ISSN0975-5071

Odenigbo G O amp Awachie P I (1993) Anticonvulsant activity of aqueousethanolic extract of Cynodondactylon 64(5) 447ndash449 Accessed at httpwwwlibteiepgrimagesstoriesactaActa20680680_16pdf

Okello J amp Ssegawa P (2007) Medicinal plants used by communities of NgaiSubcounty Apac District northern Uganda African Journal of Ecology 45(s1)76ndash83 httpsdoiorg101111j1365-2028200700742x

Oxfam (2009) Beyond Aid Ensuring Adaptation to Climate Change Works for the PoorOxfam Briefing Paper 132 Oxford Oxfam

Paarakh P M (2009) Ficus racemosa linnndashan overview Natural Product Radiance8 (1) 84ndash90 Accessed at httpnoprniscairresinbitstream12345678937771NPR208(1)2084-90pdf on December 2 2015

Padmalatha K Venkataraman B V amp Roopa R (2002) Antianaphylactic effect ofDLH-3041 (polyherbal formulation) on rat mesenteric mast cell degranulationIndian Journal of Pharmacology 34(2) 119ndash122 Accessed at httpmedindnicinibit02i2ibit02i2p119pdf on December 27 2015

Padulosi S Mal B Bala Ravi S Gowda J Gowda K T K Shanthakumar G et al(2009) Food security and climate change Role of plant genetic resources ofminor millets Indian Journal of Plant Genetic Resources 22(1) 1

Pal D K (2009) Determination of brain biogenic amines in Cynodon dactylon persand Cyperus rotundus treated mice International Journal of PharmaceuticalSciences 1 190ndash197 Accessed at httpijppsjournalcomVol20120Issue201134pdf on 14th December 2015

Palani S Raja S Karthi S Archana S amp Kumar B S (2010) In vivo analysis ofnephroamphepato protective effects and antioxidant activity of Madhucalongifoliaagainst acetaminophen-induced toxicity amp oxidative stress Journal of PharmacyResearch 3(1) 9ndash16 ISSN 0974-6943 Accessed at httpjprsolutionsinfofilesfinal-file-556709e0bc095708697711pdf

Pareek A (1994) Preliminary ethnobotanical notes on the plants of aquatichabitats of Rajasthan Journal of Phytolological Research 7 73ndash76

Pari L amp Kumar N A (2002) Hepatoprotective activity of Moringa oleifera onantitubercular drug-induced liver damage in rats Journal of Medicinal Food 5(3)171ndash177 httpsdoiorg10108910966200260398206

Pari L amp Maheshwari U J (2000) Antihyperglycemic activity of Musa sapientumflowers effect on lipid peroxidation in alloxan diabetic rats Phytother Res 14136ndash138 httpsdoiorg101002(SICI)1099-1573(200003)142lt136AID-PTR607gt30CO2-K

Parul B D Vashistha (2015) An Ethnobotanical Study of Plains of Yamuna NagarDistrict Haryana India International Journal of Innovative Research in ScienceEngineering and Technology 4(1) Accessed at httpwwwijirsetcomupload2015january36_Anpdf on 23rd December 2015

Patel R P amp Dantwala A S (1958) Antimicrobial activity of Leptadenia reticulataIndian Journal of Pharmacy 20 241ndash244

Patel T Shah K Jiwan K amp Shrivastava N (2011) Study on the antibacterialpotential of Physalis minima Linn Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences73(1) 111 httpsdoiorg1041030250-474X89770

Patel J R Tripathi P Sharma V Chauhan N S amp Dixit V K (2011) Phyllanthusamarus Ethnomedicinal uses phytochemistry and pharmacology A reviewJournal of Ethnopharmacology 138(2) 286ndash313 httpsdoiorg101016jjep201109040

Patil B R amp Ageely H M (2011a) Antihepatotoxic activity of Colocasia esculentaleaf juice International Journal of Advanced Research in Biotechnology 2296ndash304 Accessed at httpswwwresearchgatenetprofileBhagyashree_Patilpublication259176624_IJABRv2i22011011links0deec52a1ffca51a2b000000pdf on December 5 2015

Patil B R amp Ageely H M (2011b) Anti-lipid peroxidative activity ofColocasiaesculenta leaf juice against CCL 4 and acetaminophen mediated celldamage International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics 2(3) 141ndash149

Patil V V Bhangale S C Chaudhari K P Kakade R T Thakare V M Bonde C Get al (2012) Evaluation of the antidiarrheal activity of the plant extracts ofFicus species Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine 10 (3) 347ndash352Accessed at httpwwwjcimjournalcomarticlespublishArticlespdfjcim20120315pdf on December 14 2015

Patil M B Jalalpure S S Prakash N S amp Kokate C K (2003) Antiulcer propertiesof alcoholic extract of Cynodon dactylon in rats In III WOCMAP congress onmedicinal and aromatic plants-vol 6 Traditional medicine and nutraceuticals 680(pp 115ndash118) httpdoiorg1017660ActaHortic200568016

Patil S H Sreenivas S A Deshmukh P V Srikanth M Choudhury A amp Wagh AE (2012) Antidiabetic amp hypolipidemic potential of Alocasia indica SchottLeaves in Streptozotocin induced diabetic rats International Journal of DrugDevelopment amp Research 4 368ndash374

Paul D De D Ali K M Chatterjee K Nandi D K amp Ghosh D (2010)Comparative study on the spermicidal activity of organic solvent fractions fromhydroethanolic extracts of Achyranthes aspera and Stephania hernandifolia inhuman and rat sperm Contraception 81(4) 355ndash361 httpsdoiorg101016jcontraception200909001

Paulsson B Granath F Grawe J Ehrenberg L amp Toumlrnqvist M (2001) Themultiplicative model for cancer risk assessment applicability to acrylamideCarcinogenesis 22(5) 817ndash819 httpsdoiorg101093carcin225817

Perry L M amp Metzger J (1980) Medicinal plants of east and southeast AsiaAttributed properties and uses (p 620) Cambridge MA USA MIT Press

Peterson C amp Bossio L M (1989) The learned helplessness the plenum series insocialclinical psychology In R C Curtis (Ed) Self-defeating behaviorsExperimental research clinical impressions and practical implications(pp 235ndash257) London Springer

Pingali P S S Srinivas P amp Reddy M (2015) Study of anti-anaemic effect ofSchrebera Swietenioides Roxb In Rat Models Asian Journal of Pharmaceuticaland Clinical Research 8(5) ISSN 0974-2441

Poonkothai M amp Saravanan M (2008) Ancient Science of Life 17 15ndash18Prabhu A Krishnamoorthy M Prasad D J amp Naik P (2013) Anticancer Activity of

Friedelin Isolated from Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Cassia tora on HeLa and HSC-1Cell Lines Indian Journal of Applied Research 3(10) 1ndash4

Prajapati V Tripathi A K Khanuja S P S amp Kumar S (2003) Anti-insectscreening of medicinal plants from Kukrail Forest Lucknow IndiaPharmaceutical Biology 41(3) 166ndash170 httpsdoiorg101076phbi41316615092

Prakash A O amp Mathur R (1976) Screening of Indian plants for antifertilityactivity Indian Journal of Experimental Biology 14(5) 623ndash626

Prasad S Kashyap R S Deopujari J Y Purohit H J Taori G M amp Daginawala HF (2006) Development of an in vitro model to study clot lysis activity ofthrombolytic drugs Thrombosis Journal 4(14) 1ndash4 httpsdoiorg1011861477-9560-4-14 Accessed at lthttpdownloadspringercomstaticpdf901art253A101186252F1477-9560-4-14pdforiginUrl=http3A2F2Fthrombosisjournalbiomedcentralcom2Farticle2F1011862F1477-9560-4-14amptoken2=exp=1454050206acl=2Fstatic2Fpdf2F9012Fart25253A10118625252F1477-9560-4-14pdfhmac=1f35bcd2b97b4b2eb6f57547ef4400efffda23ba2c51027df7edf646303f71edgt on 18th December 2015

Prasad K N Shivamurthy G R amp Aradhya S M (2008) Ipomoea aquatica anunderutilized green leafy vegetable A review International Journal of Botany4(1) 123ndash129 Accessed at lthttp198170104138ijb2008123-129pdfgt onSeptember 2 2015

Prashanth S Kumar A A Madhu B Kumar Y P amp Prashanth S (2010)Antihyperglycemic and antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract of madhucalongifolia bark International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review andResearch 5(3) 89ndash94

Priya S amp Jenifer S (2014) Antibacterial Activity of Leaf and Flower Extractof Lablab purpureus against Clinical Isolates of Staphylococcus aureusResearch amp Reviews A Journal of Drug Design amp Discovery 1(2) 5ndash7 ISSN2349-9036

Puratchikody A Devi C N amp Nagalakshmi G (2006) Wound healing activity ofcyperus rotundus linn Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 68(1) 97httpsdoiorg1041030250-474X22976

Qu M Xu H Li Y amp Luo H (1990) An illustrated guide to antineoplastic Chineseherbal medicine The Commercial 144ndash145

Quisumbing A R Brown L R Feldstein H S Haddad L amp Pentildea C (1995)Women The key to food security Washington DC International Food PolicyResearch Institute Accessed at lthttpcoreacukdownloadfiles1536289051pdfgt

Quisumbing A R Brown L R Feldstein H S Haddad L amp Ray I (2007) Womenwater and development Accessed at lthttpwwwannualreviewsorgeprintsb22hd768NXr3iRSJciPfull101146annurevenergy32041806143704gt onJanuary 2 2017

Rahman A M (2014) Ethno-gynecological study of traditional medicinal plantsused by santals of Joypurhat District Bangladesh Biomedicine andBiotechnology 2 (1) 10ndash13 httpsdoiorg1012691bb-2-1-2 Accessed atfileCUsersIIMADownloadsbb-2-1-2pdf

Rahman G M S Haque N amp Rashid A (1990) Cytotoxic activity of Commelinabenghalensis Linn using Brine Shrimp Lethality Bioassay Bangladesh Journal ofPhysiology and Pharmacology 15 62ndash65

Rahman M M Sheikh M M I Sharmin S A Islam M S Rahman M A RahmanM M et al (2009) Antibacterial activity of leaf juice and extracts of Moringaoleifera Lam against some human pathogenic bacteria CMU Journal of Naturalof Sciences 8(2) 219 Accessed at httpwwwresearchmoringacomuploads3CMU_J_Nat_Sci_Antibacterial_Activitypdf on December 22 2015

Rahmatullah M Islam M R Kabir M Z Harun-or-Rashid M Jahan R Begum Ret al (2010) Folk medicinal practices in Vasu Bihar village Bogra districtBangladesh American-Eurasian Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 4(1) 86ndash93ISSN 1995-0748 Accessed at httpswwwresearchgatenetprofileMd_Islam174publication264741946_Folk_Medicinal_Practices_in_Vasu_Bihar_Village_Bogra_District_Bangladeshlinks53ed38310cf2981ada15a34bpdf

Rahmatullah M Mollik M A H Azam A T M A Islam M R Chowdhury M AM Jahan R et al (2009) Ethnobotanical survey of the Santal tribe residing inThakurgaon District Bangladesh American Eurasian Journal of SustainableAgriculture 3(4) 889ndash898 ISSN 1995-0748 Accessed at httpswwwresearchgatenetprofileMajeedul_Chowdhurypublication228669239_Ethnobotanical_Survey_of_the_Santal_tribe_residing_in_Thakurgaon_District_Bangladeshlinks09e4150875d8d7b2a4000000pdf

Rahmatullah M Rahman M A Haque M Z Mollik M A Miajee Z U M E UBegum R et al (2010) A survey of medicinal plants used by folk medicinalpractitioners of Station Purbo Para village of JamalpurSadarUpazila in Jamalpurdistrict Bangladesh American-Eurasian Journal of Sustainable Agriculture4(2) 122ndash135 ISSN 1995-0748

Rajan S Gokila M Jency P Brindha P amp Sujatha R K (2011) Antioxidant andphytochemical properties of Aegle marmelos fruit pulp International Journal ofCurrent Pharmaceutical Research 3(2) 6 Accessed at httpwwwijcprorgIssuesVol3Issue2306pdf on December 22 2015

Rajarajeswari N amp Pari L (2003) In vivo and in vitro antioxidant activities ofcoumarin on chemical induced hyperglycemic rats International Journal ofPharmaceutical Sciences and Research 2(4) 968ndash978

Rajasab A H amp Isaq M (2004) Documentation of folk knowledge on edible wildplants of North Karnataka Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 3(4)419ndash429 Accessed at httpnoprniscairresinbitstream12345678993771IJTK203(4)20419-429pdf on December 21 2015

Raman A amp Lau C (1996) Anti-diabetic properties and phytochemistry ofMomordica charantia L (Cucurbitaceae) Phytomedicine 2(4) 349ndash362 httpsdoiorg101016S0944-7113(96)80080-8

Ramu G Krishna Mohan G Jayaveera K N Ramu G Mohan G K amp Jayaveera KN (2011) Preliminary investigation of patchaippasali mucilage (Basellaalba) astablet binder International Journal of Green Pharmacy 5(1) 24 5(1)24-27

Rao C V Ojha S K Amresh G Mehrotra S amp Pushpangadan P (2003) Analgesicantiinflammatory and antiulcerogenic activity of unripe fruits of Aeglemarmelos Acta Pharmaceutica Turcica 45 85ndash91

Ravindra Babu D S Neeharika V Pallavi V amp Reddy M B (2009) Antidiarrhealactivity of Cynodon Dactylon pers Pharmacognosy Magazine 5(19) 23Accessed at httpwwwphcogcomarticleaspissn=0973-1296year=2009volume=5issue=19spage=23epage=27aulast=Ravindra

Ray I (2007) Women water and development Annual Review of Environment andResources 32

Raymond L (2006) Cooperation without trust Overcoming collective actionbarriers to endangered species protection Policy Studies Journal 34(1) 37ndash57

Khan R U Wazir S M Subhan M Ullah S Ullah H Farooq A Jaffar F Shazia IA S amp Kamal M (2012) Weed flora of sugarcane in district Bannu KhyberPakhtunkhawa Pakistan Pakistan Journal of Weed Science Research 18(4)541ndash552 Accessed at httpswwwresearchgatenetpublication276352780_WEED_FLORA_OF_SUGARCANE_IN_DISTRICT_BANNU_KHYBER_PAKHTUNKHAWA_PAKISTAN

Reid H Alam M Berger R Cannon T Huq S amp Milligan A (2009) Community-based adaptation to climate change an overview Participatory Learning andAction 60(1) 11ndash33 ISBN 1843697297 9781843697299 Accessed at lthttpeebeaorgsitesdefaultfilesdocumentss20326ens20326enpdfltpage=13gt onSeptember 4 2015

Reid R S Kruska R L Muthui N Taye A Wotton S Wilson C J et al (2000)Land-use and land-cover dynamics in response to changes in climatic biologicaland socio-political forces The case of southwestern Ethiopia Landscape Ecology15(4) 339ndash355

Rejiya C S Cibin T R amp Abraham A (2009) Leaves of Cassia tora as a novel cancertherapeuticndashan in vitro study Toxicology in vitro 23(6) 1034ndash1038 httpsdoiorg101016jtiv200906010

Rekha D amp Shivanna M B (2014) Diversity antimicrobial and antioxidantactivities of fungal endophytes in Cynodon dactylon (L) Pers andDactyloctenium aegyptium (L) P Beauv International Journal of CurrentMicrobiology and Applied Science 3(8) 573ndash591 Accessed at httpwwwijcmascomvol-3-8DRekha20and20M20B20Shivannapdf on December12 2015

Resurreccion B P amp Elmhirst R (2012) Gender and natural resource managementLivelihoods mobility and interventions UK Routledge ISBN 11365650519781136565052

Reyes-Garciacutea V (2010) The relevance of traditional knowledge systems forethnopharmacological research Theoretical and methodologicalcontributions Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 6(1) 1

Riley O P (2008) A feminist political economic framework centre of concernAccessed at lthttpswwwcocorgfilesRiley20-20FPE_0pdfgt on January 22017

Roitt I Grostoff J amp Male D (1998) Immunology London Mosby PublicationRoy A Bhattacharya S Pandey J N amp Biswas M (2011) Anti-inflammatory

activity of Syzygiumcumini leaf against experimentally induced acute andchronic inflammations in rodents Alternative Medicine Studies 1(1) 6httpdoiorg104081ams2011e6 Accessed at httpsdocsgooglecomviewerngviewerurl=httpwwwpagepressorgjournalsindexphpamsarticleviewFileams2011e6pdf

Ruddon R W (2007) Cancer biology (3rd ed) New York Oxford University PressISBN 0195175433

Sahni S Maurya S Singh U P Singh A K Singh V P amp Pandey V B (2005)Antifungal activity of nor-securinine against some phytopathogenic fungiMycobiology 33(2) 97ndash103 httpsdoiorg104489MYCO2005332097

Salih O M Nour A M amp Harper D B (1992) Nutritional quality of uncultivatedcereal grains utilised as famine foods in western sudan as measured bychemical analysis Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 58 417ndash424httpsdoiorg101002jsfa2740580317

Saluja M S Sangameswaran B Hura I S Sharma A Gupta S K amp ChaturvediM (2011) In Vitro cytotoxic activity of leaves of Madhuca longifolia againstEhrlich Ascites Carcinoma (EAC) cell lines International Journal of DrugDiscovery and Herbal Research (IJDDHR) 1(2) 55ndash57 ISSN 2231-3184Accessed at httpscholarsresearchlibrarycomJNPPR-vol1-iss4JNPPR-2011-1-4-66-72pdf on November 25 2015

Sambrekar Sudhir N et al (2013) Protective Effects Of Commelina BenghalensisLinn (Root) Extract On Ethanol Induced Acute Hepatotoxicity In Rats IJSIT 2 (3)172ndash183 Accessed at httpwwwijsitcomadminijsit_filesPROTECTIVE20EFFECTS20OF20COMMELINA20BENGHALENSIS20LINN20(ROOT)20EXTRACT20ON20ETHANOL20INDUCED20ACUTE20HEPATOTOXICITY20IN20RATS_IJSIT_231pdf on December 8 2015

Samuelsson G Farah M H Claeson P Hagos M Thulin M Hedberg O et al(1992) Inventory of plants used in traditional medicine in Somalia II Plants ofthe families Combretaceae to Labiatae Journal of Ethnopharmacology 37(1)47ndash70 httpsdoiorg1010160378-8741(92)90004-B

Sankaranarayanan S et al (2010) Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants usedby traditional users in Villupuram district of Tamil Nadu India Journal ofMedicinal Plants Research 4(12) 1089ndash1101 Accessed at httpswwwresearchgatenetprofilePuthupalayam_Kalaichelvanpublication266408827_Ethnobotanical_study_of_medicinal_plants_used_by_traditional_users_in_Villupuram_district_of_Tamil_Nadu_Indialinks54b207640cf220c63cd12ae2pdf on 17th December 2015

Santos A R Valdir Filho C Yunes R A amp Calixto J B (1995) Further Studies onthe Antinociceptive Action of the Hydroalcoholic Extracts from Plants of theGenus Phyllanthus Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 47(1) 66ndash71httpsdoiorg101111j2042-71581995tb05736x

Sasikumar J M Maheshu V Aseervatham G amp Darsini D (2010) In vitroantioxidant activity of Hedyotis corymbosa (L) Lam aerial parts Indian Journalof Biochemistry amp Biophysics 47 49ndash52 Accessed at httpimsearlimahidolacthbitstream1234567891352431ijbb2010v47n1p49pdf on December 172015

Sathis Kumar D Banji D amp Harani A (2013) Antihypercholesterolemic effect ofechinochloa crusgalli extract International Journal of Pharma Sciences (ISSN2320-6810)

Sathiyanarayanan L Arulmozhi S amp Chidambaranathan N (2008)Anticarcinogenic activity of Leptadenia reticulata against Daltonrsquos AsciticLymphoma Iranian Journal of Pharmacology amp Therapeutics 6(2) 133ndash135Accessed at httpwwwsidirEnVEWSSIDJ_pdf101020070203pdf

Saturnino C Fusco B Saturnino P Martino G D Rocco F amp Lancelot J C (2000)Evaluation of Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Activity of Novel BETA-LactamMonocyclic Compounds Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 23 (5)654ndash656 Accessed at httpwwwinterscienceorgukindexphpijccarticleview51 on 15th December 2015

Savali A S Bhinge S D amp Chitapurkar H R (2011) Evaluation of hair growthpromoting activity of Musa paradisiaca unripe fruit extract Journal of NaturalPharmaceuticals 2(3) 120ndash124 httpsdoiorg1041032229-511986257

Sawant M Isaac J C amp Narayanan S (2004) Analgesic studies on total alkaloidsand alcohol extracts of Eclipta alba (Linn) Hassk Phytotherapy Research 18(2)111ndash113 httpsdoiorg101002ptr1165

Saxena B R Koli M C amp Saxena R C (2000) Preliminary ethnomedical andphytochemical study of Cleome viscosa L Ethnobotany 12 47ndash50

Schmelzer G H amp Gurib-Fakim A (Eds) (2008) Medicinal plants (Vol 1) PROTApp 384

Schmelzer G H amp Gurib-Fakim A (2013) Medicinal plants 2 (Vol 2) Prota158ndash159 ISBN 9290815205 9789290815204

Scoones I (2009) Livelihoods perspectives and rural development Journal ofPeasant Studies 36 171ndash196

Shah A et al (2013) Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants of semi-tribal area ofMakerwal amp Gulla Khel (lying between Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and PunjabProvinces) Pakistan 4(1) httpsdoiorg104236ajps201341015

Shaikh T Rub R amp Bhise K (2010) Antibacterial activity of Ficus racemosa LinnLeaves on Actinomyces viscosus Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences andResearch 2(1) 41ndash44 Accessed at httpciteseerxistpsueduviewdocdownloaddoi=10112967993amprep=rep1amptype=pdf on December 17 2015

Shanbhag T Amuthan A amp Shenoy S (2010) Effect of Phyllanthus niruri Linn onburn wound in rats Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 3(2) 105ndash108httpsdoiorg101016S1995-7645(10)60045-4

Sharma S Sharma M C amp Kohli D V (2010) Wound healing activity andformulation of ether-benzene-95 ethanol extract of herbal drug Madhucalongifolia leaves in albino rats Journal of Optoelectronics and BiomedicalMaterials 1(1) 13ndash15 Accessed at httpwwwchalcogenro13_Sharmapdf

Sharma N Tanwer B S amp Vijayvergia R (2011) Study of medicinal plants inAravali regions of Rajasthan for treatment of Kidney stone and Urinary tracttroubles International Journal of PharmTech Research 3(1) 110ndash113 Accessedat httpwwwsphinxsaicomVol3No1pharm_jan-mar11pdfJM11(PT=19)20pp20110-113pdf on December 26 2015

Sharma N amp Vijayvergia R (2013) A review on Digera Muricata (l) Mart ndash A greatversatile medicinal plant International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Reviewamp Research 20(1) 114

Shazia S amp Sobiya S (2012) Biological control potential of partheniumhysterophorus against fusarium solani-a cause of fusarium wilt in potatoInternational Conference on Applied Life Sciences 315ndash320

Shekhawat N amp Vijayvergia R (2010) Investigation of anti-Inflammatoryanalgesic and antipyretic Properties of Madhuca indica GMEL European Journalof Inflammation 8(3) 165ndash171 httpsdoiorg1011771721727X1000800305

Shen H D Wang S R Tang R B Chang Z N Su S N amp Han S H (1988)Identification of allergens and antigens of Bermuda grass (Cynodondactylon)pollen by immunoblot analysis Clinical Experimental Allergy 18(4) 401ndash409httpsdoiorg101111j1365-22221988tb02888x Accessed at httpwwwreadcubecomarticles1011112Fj1365-22221988tb02888xr3_referer=wolamptracking_action=preview_clickampshow_checkout=1amppurchase_referrer=onlinelibrarywileycomamppurchase_site_license=LICENSE_EXPIRED

Shokunbi O S amp Odetola A A (2008) Gastroprotective and antioxidant activitiesof Phyllanthus amarus extracts on absolute ethanol-induced ulcer in albino ratsJournal of Medicinal Plants Research 2(10) 261ndash267 Accessed at httpwwwacademicjournalsorgappwebrootarticlearticle1380526259_Shokunbi20and20Odetolapdf on 21st December 2015

Shortt J (1878) List of wild plants and vegetables used as food by people in faminetimes Indian Forester 3(3) 232ndash238

Shukla A N Srivastava S amp Rawat A K S (2010) An ethnobotanical study ofmedicinal plants of Rewa district Madhya Pradesh Indian Journal ofTraditional Knowledge 9(1) 191ndash202 Accessed at httpwwwniscairresinsciencecommunicationResearchJournalsrejourijtkFulltextsearch2010January202010IJTK-Vol209(1)-20january202010-20pp20191-202htmon December 15 2015

Sies H (1997) Oxidative stress Oxidants and antioxidants Experimental Physiology82(2) 291ndash295 httpsdoiorg101113expphysiol1997sp004024

Silja V P Varma K S amp Mohanan K V (2008) Ethnomedicinal plantknowledge of the Mullu kuruma tribe of Wayanad district Kerala IndianJournal of Traditional Knowledge 7(4) 604-612 ISSN 0972-5938 Accessed athttpnoprniscairresinbitstream12345678923891IJTK2072842920604-612pdf

Singh P B (1993) Medicinal plants of Ayurvedic importance from Mandi district ofHimachal Pradesh Bulletin of Medicinal and Ethnobotanical Research 14(34)126ndash136

Singh M (2010) Empowerment of women gaps in technology diffusion SocialChange 40(4) 563ndash576 httpsdoiorg101177004908571004000409Accessed at lthttpschsagepubcomcontent404563fullpdf+htmlgt onSeptember 3 2015

Singh P B amp Aswal B S (1992) Medicinal plants of Himachal Pradesh used inIndian pharmaceutical industry Journal of BMEBR 13(3ndash4) 172ndash208

Singh S amp Hensel O (2012) On farm research (OFR) on transplanting paddy Alsquolsquobest-betrdquo prototype for drudgery reduction International Journal ofAgriculture Research and Review 2(4) 483ndash490 ISSN 2228-7973 Accessedat lthttpswwwuni-kasseldeeinrichtungenfileadmindataseinrichtungenicddPublicationsIJARR-12-124pdfgt on September 5 2015

Singh S amp Tiwari C (2009) Drum Seeder as an Improved Technique for GenderEmpowerment Paper presented at Uttarakhand State Science and TechnologyCongress GB Pant University of Ag amp Tech Panatnagar

Singh A Malhotra S amp Subban R (2008) Anti-inflammatory and analgesic agentsfrom Indian medicinal plants International journal of integrative biology 3(1)57ndash72 Accessed at lthttpwwwclassicruscomIJIBArch20081068pdfgt onDecember 14 2015

Singh R amp Sankar C (2012) Screening for anti-diabetic activity of the ethanolicextract of Dolichos lablab leaves PhTechMed 1 177ndash180 Accessed at httpwwwpharmtechmedicacomuploadScreening20for20Anti-Diabetic20Activity20of20the20Ethanolic20Extract20of20Dolichos20Lablab20Leavespdf

Singh S K Rai P K Jaiswal D amp Watal G (2008) Evidence-based criticalevaluation of glycemic potential of Cynodon dactylon Evidence-BasedComplementary and Alternative Medicine 5(4) 415ndash420 httpsdoiorg101093ecamnem044

Sivaraj A Jenifa B P Kavitha M Inbasekar P Senthilkumar B amp PanneerselvamA (2011) Antibacterial activity of Coccinia grandis leaf extract on selectivebacterial strains 1(7) 120ndash123 Accessed at lthttpimsearlimahidolacthbitstream1234567891509121japs2011v1n7p120pdfgt on December 232015

Sivarajan V V amp Balachandran I (1994) Ayurvedic drugs and their plant sourcesOxford and IBH Publishing 195ndash200 ISBN 8120408284 9788120408289

Sivaraman D amp Muralidaran P (2008) Anti-ulcerogenic evaluation of theethanolic extract of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica Forsk) in aspirinulcerated rats Journal of Pharmacy Research 1(2) Accessed at lthttpjprsolutionsinfofilesfinal-file-54e08d9db6baf036419834pdfgt on December23 2015

Sivaraman D amp Muralidaran P (2010) Nootropic effect of Ipomoea aquatic Forskin rat hippocampus International Journal of PharmTech Research 2 476ndash479Accessed at lthttpsphinxsaicomsphinxsaiVol_2No1PharmTech_Vol_2No1PharmTech_Vol_2No1PDFPT=7420(475-479)pdfgt on December 19 2015

Sivaraman D Muralidaran P amp Kumar S S (2010) Evaluation of anti-microbialand anti-inflammatory activity of methanol leaf extract of Ipomoea aquaticaForsk Research Journal of Pharmaceutical Biological and Chemical Sciences 1(2)258ndash264 ISSN 0975ndash8585

Sivasankari B Anandharaj M amp Gunasekaran P (2014) An ethnobotanical studyof indigenous knowledge on medicinal plants used by the village peoples ofThoppampatti Dindigul district Tamilnadu India Journal of ethnopharmacology153(2) 408ndash423 httpsdoiorg101016jjep201402040

Soraya H Moloudizargari M Aghajanshakeri S Javaherypour S Mokarizadeh AHamedeyazdan S amp Garjani A (2015) Angiogenic effect of the aqueous extractof Cynodondactylon on human umbilical vein endothelial cells and granulationtissue in rat DARU Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 23(1) 10 httpsdoiorg101186s40199-015-0093-x Accessed at lthttpdownloadspringercomstaticpdf916art253A101186252Fs40199-015-0093-xpdforiginUrl=http3A2F2Fdarujpsbiomedcentralcom2Farticle2F1011862Fs40199-015-0093-xamptoken2=exp=1453865997acl=2Fstatic2Fpdf2F9162Fart25253A10118625252Fs40199-015-0093-xpdffraslhmac=7a57171f5e7dd569a473251607c0a0a22525c3bf67cf976831bdba4caf8ddfd4gt

St Luke (2007) Breast cancer Treatments (pp 107ndash108) 1st edStanley A (1995) Mothers and daughters of invention Rutgers University PressSubramanian S et al (1986) Wound healing properties of Cynodondactylon and

Pongamiaglabra (18th Annual Conference of Indian Pharmacol Soc Jan 8ndash10Abstract No 119) Indian Journal of Pharmacology 18(1) 19ndash60

Sudhakaran S Ramanathan B amp Ganapathi A (1999) Antifertility effects of thepetroleum ether extract of Physalis minima on female albino rats

Pharmaceutical Biology 37(4) 269ndash272 httpsdoiorg101076phbi3742695809

Suguna J et al (2015) Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activity of the Leaf Extract ofBasellaalba Ijppr Human 3(2) 66ndash77

Sunita M amp Sarojini P (2013) Madhuca Lonigfolia (Sapotaceae) A review of itstraditional uses and nutritional properties International Journal of Humanitiesand Social Science Invention 2(5) 30ndash36 ISSN (Online) 2319-7722 ISSN (Print)2319ndash7714 Accessed at httpswwwresearchgatenetprofileSunita_Mishra2publication257536534_Madhuca_Lonigfolia_28Sapotaceae29_A_review_of_its_traditional_uses_and_nutritional_proportieslinks0deec536c82cec1e54000000pdf

Surendra V Prakash T Sharma U R Goli D Fadadu S D amp Kotresha D (2008)Hepatoprotective activity of aerial parts o Cynodon dactylon against CCl4-induced in rats Pharmacognosy Magazine 4(16) 195ndash201

Tammu J Ramana K V amp Thalla S (2013) Antiulcer Activity of MethanolicExtract of Physalis minima Leaves International Journal of PharmTech Research 5(2) httpsdoiorg10108014756360802321120

Tanwar R K Anand Prakash S K Panda N C Swain D K Garg S P Singh S Bambawale O M (2010) Rice swarming caterpillar (Spodopteramauritia) and itsmanagement strategies Technical Bulletin 24 National Centre for Integrated PestManagement New Delhi Accessed at lthttpwwwncipmorginNCIPMPDFsPublicationSwarming_caterpillarpdfgt on September 20 2015

Tarhan L Kayali H amp Raziye O U (2007) In vitro antioxidant properties ofCucurbita pepo L Male and female flowers extracts plant foods for humannutrition Plant Foods for Human Nutrition 62 49ndash51 httpsdoiorg101007s11130-006-0038-0

Teixeira C C Knijnik J Pereira M V amp Fuchs F D (1989) The effect of teaprepared from leaves of lsquolsquojambolaordquo (Syzygium cumini) on the blood glucoselevels of normal rats an exploratory study In Proceedings of the Brazilian-SinoSymposium on Chemistry and Pharmacology of Natural Products Rio de JaneiroBrazil (p 191) GOTTLIEB O (1991)

Terry G (1999) No climate justice without gender justice An overview of theissues Gender amp Development 17(1) 5ndash18

The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India Part 1 Vol 3 1st ed Government of IndiaIndia p 153

The Wealth of India (1992) A raw material (pp 368ndash370) Vol 3 New Delhi Councilof Scientific and Industrial Research

The Wealth of India (2004) A dictionary of Indian raw material amp industrial productsraw material Vol 1 New Delhi Publication amp Information Directorate

Thebtaranonth C Thebtaranonth Y Wanauppathamkul S amp Yuthavong Y (1995)Antimalarial sesquiterpenes from tubers of Cyperus rotundus structure of 1012-peroxycalamenene a sesquiterpene endoperoxide Phytochemistry 40(1)125ndash128 httpsdoiorg1010160031-9422(95)00260-E

Tompkins E L amp Adger W N (2004) Does adaptive management of naturalresources enhance resilience to climate change Ecology and Society 9(2) 10Accessed at httpproclimacetesbspgovbrwp-contentuploadssites28201405managementofnaturalresourcesandclimatechangepdf

Tuse T A Harle U N amp Bore V V (2009) Hepatoprotective activity ofColocasiaantiquorum against experimentally induced liver injury in ratsMalaysian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 7(2) 99ndash112 Accessed at httpwebusmmymjpsmjps07022009mjps07022009_2pdf on 23rd December2015

Udayan P S Tushar K V George S amp Balachandran I (2007) Ethnomedicinalinformation from Kattunayakas tribes of Mudumalai wildlife sanctuary Nilgirisdistrict Tamil Nadu Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 6(4) 574ndash578Accessed at httpnoprniscairresinbitstream12345678910031IJTK206(4)20(2007)20574-578pdf on December 20 2015

Uddin S J Mondal K Shilpi J A amp Rahman M T (2006) Antidiarrhoeal activityof Cyperus rotundus Fitoterapia 77(2) 134ndash136 httpsdoiorg101016jfitote200411011

Umadevi M Maheswari C Jothi R Paleti S K Reddy Y S amp Narayanan R V(2011) Hepatoprotective Activity of Flowers of Madhuca longifolia (Koen)Macbr against paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity Research Journal ofPharmacy and Technology 4(2) 259ndash262 Online ISSN 0974-360X

Umamaheswari M amp Chatterjee T K (2008) In vitro antioxidant activities of thefractions of Coccinia grandis L leaf extract African Journal of TraditionalComplementary and Alternative Medicines 5(1) 61ndash73 ISSN 0189-6016

Umar K J Hassan L G Dangoggo S M amp Ladan M J (2007) Nutritionalcomposition of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica Forsk) leaves Journal ofApplied Sciences 7 803ndash809 httpsdoiorg103923jas2007803809

Umerie S C amp Ezeuzo H O (2000) Physicochemical characterization andutilization of Cyperus rotundus starch Bioresource Technology 72(2) 193ndash196httpsdoiorg101016S0960-8524(99)00103-0

Unander D W Webster G L amp Blumberg B S (1995) Usage and bioassays inPhyllanthus (Euphorbiaceae) IV Clustering of antiviral uses and other effects

Journal of Ethnopharmacology 45(1) 1ndash18 httpsdoiorg1010160378-8741(94)01189-7

UNDP Policy brief (2013) Accessed at Overview of linkages between gender andclimate changehttpswwwundporgcontentdamundplibrarygenderGender20and20EnvironmentPB1-AP-Overview-Gender-and-climate-changepdf

UNWomenWatch (2009) Women gender equality and climate change Accessed atlthttpwwwunorgwomenwatchfeatureclimate_changedownloadsWomen_and_Climate_Change_Factsheetpdfgt on September 4 2015

Upadhyay R (2015) Cleome viscosa Linn A natural source of pharmaceuticals andpesticides International Journal of Green Pharmacy 9(2) 71 Available fromlthttpwwwgreenpharmacyinfotextasp20159271155050gt

Vaghasiya Y amp Chanda S (2009) Screening of some traditionally used Indianplants for antibacterial activity against Klebsiella pneumonia Journal of HerbalMedicine and Toxicology 3(2) 161ndash164

Vaidyanathan D Senthilkumar M S amp Basha M G (2013) Studies onethnomedicinal plants used by malayali tribals in Kolli hills of Eastern ghatsTamilnadu India Asian Journal of Plant Science and Research 3 29ndash45 Accessedat httpswwwresearchgatenetprofileM_Ghouse_Bashapublication265794736_Studies_on_ethnomedicinal_plants_used_by_Malayali_Gounder_Tribes_in_Pachamalai_of_Eastern_ghats_Tamil_Nadu_Indialinks54faa2a20cf2040df21c5d2dpdf

J L C H Van Valkenburg N Bunyapraphatsara (2001) Plant Resources in South-East Asia Number 12 Backhuys Publishers Leiden The Netherlands

Vidal J E (1963) Les Plantes utiles du Laos Cryptogames gymnospermesMonocotyleacutedones Museacuteum national drsquohistoire naturelle Journal drsquoAgriculturetropicale et de Botanique appliqueacutee 1963 320ndash325

Vijaya Kumar S Sankar P amp Varatharajan R (2009) Anti-inflammatory activity ofroots of Achyranthes aspera Pharmaceutical Biology 47(10) 973ndash975 httpsdoiorg10108013880200902967979

Villasenor I M Cabrera M A Meneses K B Rivera V R amp Villasenor R M(1998) Comparative antidiabetic activities of some medicinal plants PhilippineJournal of Science 127 261ndash266

Weber L W Boll M amp Stampfl A (2003) Hepatotoxicity and mechanism of actionof haloalkanes Carbon tetrachloride as a toxicological model Critical Reviews inToxicology 33(2) 105ndash136 httpsdoiorg101080713611034

Whitehead A (1988) Im hungry mum The politics of domestic budgeting In KateYoung Carol Wolkowitz amp Roslyn McCullagh (Eds) Of marriage and the market(pp 88ndash111) London CSE Books

Xiao J Li J Grandillo S Ahn S N Yuan L Tanksley S D et al (1998)Identification of trait-improving quantitative trait loci alleles from a wild ricerelative Oryzarufipogon Genetics 150(2) 899ndash909 Accessed at lthttpwwwgeneticsorgcontent1502899gt full on September 9 2015

Yadav J P Kumar S amp Siwach P (2006) Folk medicine used in gynecological andother related problems by rural population of Haryana Indian Journal ofTraditional Knowledge 5(3) 323ndash326

Yasmin H Kaisar M A Sarker M M R Rahman M S amp Rashid M A (2009)Preliminary Anti-bacterial Activity of Some Indigenous Plants of BangladeshDhaka University Journal of Pharmaceutical Science 8 61ndash65

Yavinsky R W (2012) Women more vulnerable than men to climate changeAccessed at lthttpwwwprborgPublicationsArticles2012women-vulnerable-climate-changeaspxgt on September 16 2015

Yoganarasimhan S N (1996) Medicinal plants of India (vol 1 p 135) BangaloreInterline Publishers

Yusuf M Chowdhury J U Wahab M A amp Begum J (1994) Medical Plants ofBangladesh Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research ChittagongLaboratory Dhaka Bangladesh p 73

Zaheer Z Shafique S Shafique S amp Mehmood T (2012) Antifungal potential ofParthenium hysterophorus L plant extracts against Fusarium solani ScientificResearch and Essays 7(22) 2049ndash2054 httpsdoiorg105897SRE12082Accessed at httpwwwacademicjournalsorgjournalSREarticle-full-text-pdf7357DFC34230 on 8th December 2015

Zahir A A Rahuman A A Kamaraj C Bagavan A Elango G Sangaran A et al(2009) Laboratory determination of efficacy of indigenous plant extracts forparasites control Parasitology Research 105(2) 453ndash461 httpsdoiorg101007s00436-009-1405-1

Zakaria Z A et al (2011) In vivo antiulcer activity of the aqueous extract ofBauhinia purpurea leaf Journal of Ethnopharmacology 137(2) 1047ndash1054

Zakaria Z A Wen L Y Abdul Rahman N I Abdul Ayub A H Sulaiman M R ampGopalan H K (2007) Antinociceptive anti-inflammatory and antipyreticproperties of the aqueous extract of Bauhinia purpurea leaves inexperimental animals Medical Principles and Practice 16(6) 443ndash449

Zhu M Luk H H Fung H S amp Luk C T (1997) Cytoprotective effects of Cyperusrotundus against ethanol induced gastric ulceration in rats PhytotherapyResearch 11(5) 392ndash394 httpsdoiorg101002(SICI)1099-1573(199708)115lt392AID-PTR113gt30CO2-1

Women and Climate Stress Role Reversal from Beneficiaries to Expert Participants

1 Introduction





5 Part 2 The study





(e) Conservation of traditional varieties wild relatives and minor millets




(a) Recommendations


Acknowledgment

Annexure 1

Annexure 2

References