Reading Material 2 - For final exam

R E A D I N G M A T E R I A L SH I S T 1 0 0 0

1 This file is the reading materials for HIST 1000 and intellectual properties of

students of section 5 under the supervision of Mdm. Wiwin Oktasari

2 The contents:

- Lesson Outlines

- Students’ Presentation Slides

- Summaries of the HIST 1000 textbook

3 Usage:

- Reading material and preparation for exams.

- Using this file for presentation or assignment is prohibited without

putting the reference.

4 For more detail explanation of the topics, please refer to the textbook and please

read your notes taken from the series of lectures in the class!

5 COPYRIGHT ©2015 Semester II, HIST1000, SECTION 5, MDM. WIWIN

OKTASARI

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, copied, or

transmitted in any form or by any mean without prior proper citation and

reference to the writers and compilers.

Mdm. Wiwin Oktasari

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LESSON OUTLINE

1. What is civilization? Explain the following points:

a. Meaning and Definitions of Civilizations

b. What Constitutes a Civilization?

c. Nature of Civilizations

d. Stages of Human Development and Civilizations

e. Rise and Fall of Civilizations

f. Relation among Civilizations

2. Describe the achievement of Mesopotamian Civilization!

3. Provide short note on:

a. Ziggurat

b. Cuneiform

c. Epic of Gilgamesh

d. Code of Hammurabi

4. Discuss the legacies and achievement of Egyptian

civilization!

5. Provide a short note on:

a. Religion of Egyptian Civilization

b. Pyramid

c. Hieroglyph

d. Science and technology of ancient Egyptian



6. Describe the contribution / legacies of Indian Civilization

(Indus and Vedic civilizations) to human progress!

7. Provide a shortnote on:

a. Religions of indus valley and vedic

b. Writing system and literature of indus valley and vedic

c. Science and technology of indus valley and vedic

d. Town planning of Indus Valley civilization

8. Describe the contribution of Chinese civilization to the

human progress!


a. The religions of Chinese civilization

b. Writing system of Chinese civilization

c. Science and technology

d. Mandate of Heaven

10. Discuss the contribution of Greco-Roman civilization

to the western civilization!


a. Religion of Greek and Christianity

b. Greek’s Philosophers



c. Science and technology of Roman civilization

d. Politics during the Roman civilization

12. Discuss the achievement of Islamic Golden Age!


a. Baytul Hikmah

b. Muslim Philosophers and their ideas

c. Islamic hospitals and library

d. Prominent Muslim scientists and their inventions

14. Discuss the contribution of western civilization for human

progress!


a. Enlightment

b. Scientific revolution and influential scientists of that era

c. Renaissance and its impacts on Christianity

d. the impacts of industrial revolution



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HIST 1000WHAT IS CIVILIZATION & MESAPOTAMIANCIVILIZATION

PRESENTERS:

NOR AFINA BINTI ZULFALY (1410132

NURUL SYAKIRAH BINTI KAMARUDDIN(1419118)

INSTRUCTOR:

MADAM WIWIN OKTASARI

CONTENTS

What is civilizat ion?

The f irst civilizat ion

The nature of civilizat ion

Relat ions among civilizat ion

Mesopotamian civilizat ion

2300- 2100 B.C:Sumerian Era1792-49 B.C:Old Babylonian

1530 B.C :Kassites and Hit t ites1500 B.C :Assyrians

1100 B.C :New Babylonian

CH

APT

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CH

APT

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What is Civilizat ion?

• Does not have a proper def init ion

• The opposite of barbarism

• Closely related to the word cult ure

• Civilizat ion: Moral and materialvalues

• The def init ion varies for dependson person

The First Civilizat ioncrit erion of a civilizat ion

v Largerv More populatedv Complex in polit ical, economic, social

st ructurev Developed farming techniquev Writ ing systemv Organized governmentv Buildings, monumentv Trade and manufacturingv St ructured religion inst itut ionv Sit uated near river valleys

The nature of Civilizat ion

o Dist inct ion exists between civilizat ion

in the singular and civilizat ion in

plural

§ Singular

- Civilized society dif fered from primit ivesociety (set t led, urban, lit erate)

- To be civilized was good, to be

uncivilized was bad

- It provides the standard to judge asociety

§ Plural

- Rejected the idea in singular civilizat ion

- Thinks that there are mult iple ways to be

The nature of Civilizat ion

o Civilizat ion is a cultural ent ity

• Way of life of the people

• It includes the values, norms, inst it ut ionsand thought of the people

o Civilizat ion are comprehensive

• The way people lived in certain

civilizat ion may ref lects the pastcivilizat ion

o Civilizat ion are mortal but also long-

lived

• Endure and evolved



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Relat ions among Civilizat ions

v Evolved through two phases andnow in third phase

v The relat ions are-;

• Civilizat ion were separated by t imeand space

• Civilizat ion were separated

geographically

• Ideas and technology moved fromcivilizat ion to another civilizat ion

Mesopotamia

2300- 2100 B.C :Sumerian Era

1792-49 B.C :Old Babylonian

1530 B.C :Kassites and Hit t ites

1500 B.C :Assyrians

1100 B.C :New Babylonian

Map of Mesopotamia

Sumerian Era

• Locat ion

– Sumer (The most developed part )

– Land between the Tigris and Euphratesrivers

– Region of mud-f lats

– Well-known and successful because of it sclimate and geography

– But because there is no rainfall for 8moths every year, it ’s people have to relyon t rading act ivit y

– The most important cit ies in Sumer areUruk, Ur, Lagash

Administrat ion

• 3200 B.C – 2000 B.C :For first 9 centuries,

there are no unified Government

• 2320 B.C : Ruled by Mighty warrior f rom

Akkad that posses the t it t le Sargon

(King Sargon of Akkad)

• 2130 B.C :Regained independence

• 2000 B.C : Ruled by Kings that residesin Ur,

Ur becomes the most

important city

Invent ions– Wheeled

t ransportat ions• Two wheeled chariot

• Four wheeled carts (wasdrawn by oxen)

– The lunar calendar• Use to determine the day

of plant ing andharvest ing crops

– Writ ing (not inventedbut evolved throught imes)

• Pictorial writ ing

• [Cuneiform]

– Mathematical funct ionsCuneiform



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Religion and beliefs

• Two phase of views on God

1. God from being a part of nature to God

act ing like human being

2. God from act ing like human being to God

act ing like a ruler with unlimited powers

• Regardless of the views on Gods, the

Sumerian Temple remain as the most

important part of the city

Ziggurat• The Sumerian temple

• M ade out of blocks that wasmade by clay

Funct ions

• Accommodate Sumerianpriests, the craftsmen,Administ rators, slaves

• School for Priests andAdminist rators, teachingcuneiform and otherbeneficial subjects

• Selling and trading of goods

Social classes

4 ranks

• First rank: the priests, Kings, Warriors

• Second rank: The “specialists”

:M erchants, Administ rators,

Art isan

• Third rank : The free farmers

• Fourth rank : The slaves

Old Babylon

• Two dist inct aspects

i. Geographical

ii. Language

Geographical

• M ove toward the

north of Akkad

• Centered on the

newly founded city of

Babylon

Language

• Spoke Semit ic

language rather

than Sumerian

language

Founder

• The greatest Amorite ruler

• Hammurabi

• Also the inventor of the earliest ordered

collect ion of laws : Code of Hammurabi

Code of Hammurabi

• Stone document that contain282 laws

• The M esopotamianJurispudence

• Famous principles

Ø “An eye for an eye”

Ø “ Let the buyer beware”

Epic of Gilgamesh

• Gilgamesh: Sumerian King who ruled around

2600 B.C

• Exaggerated stories told about King Gilgamesh

from normal civilians from one generat ion to

another

• Around 1900 B.C, a Semit ic speaker wove four

or five of the Gilgamesh stories

(Today’s version of the famous poem)



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Kassites and Hitt ites

• Indo European

• Works together to defeat Old Babylon

• Hitt ites defeated Old Babylon and gave it to

Kassites

• Kassites conquered Old Babylon

• Lack of leadership, polit ical and cultural

ident ity

• Fell into “dark age” because of no changes and

new invent ions

Hitt ites

• Expanded territory to eastern M editerranean

:Syria

:Lebanon

• Attacked by Egypt and Northern

M esopotamia(Semit ic Assyrians)

• The fall of Hitt ites in 1185 B.C

Assyrians

• Sett led on the Northern

M esopotamia

• States: Assur

• Took over Kassites

sett lements in Sumer

• The Kings : Takult i-Ninurta

: Sennacherib

(master almost all

territory of Western Asia)

• Nineveh

: Splendid New Capital

: Build within walls are

temples and Royal

palaces of 71 chambers

: outside walls : Zoos and

orchards

:Library of Clay Tablets

• The declinat ion

: promotes brutality and fright fulness as the

military campaign

: the rulings only lasted two generat ions later

: After two years of war, the Babylon fell into the

rulings of M edes

New Babylon

• Ruled by the Chaldeans

• Ruler: Nebuchadnezzar

: Conquered Jerussalem

: Build the Babylon’s Hanging Gardens

• Study the M ovement of the planet and the

stars (Astrology)

THE END



SUMMARY

WHAT IS CIVILIZATION?

- Oxford dictionary: Human development or human advancement

- Actually there is no proper definition on civilization

- Different scholars have own opinion on how to define civilization

- Some says it related to the word culture

- Culture means way of life

- It related because it examines human life

THE FIRST CIVILIZATION

- Larger: the cities are large because it was the first ever civilization happened

- More populated: large cities brings a lot of people to be in the community

- Complex in political, economic and social culture: the bigger the population the

more complex the political, economic and social institution become

- Develop farming technique: the soil was fertile so the idea of farming ignites the

idea of the techniques of farming

- Writing system: a way to communicate when people are away or far

- Others: Organized government, buildings, monument, trade and manufacturing,

structured religion institution, situated near river valleys

THE NATURE OF CIVILIZATION

- Distinction exists between civilization in the singular and civilization in plural

o Singular civilization was the civilized society that are differed from the

primitive society which means they are more urban, literate and settled.

§ People thinks that to be civilized is good and to be uncivilized was bad



§ Due to the thought, people have set the standard to judge a society

§ E.g: In the 19th century, the European thought that people who are not

from Europe or country outside Europe are uncivilized.

o Plural civilization was society who rejects the thought of people in singular

civilization

§ Their thought on civilization was that there are multiple ways to be

civilized and has not set any standard towards it

- Civilization is cultural entity

o The world culture and civilization both examines human life as culture

examines human way of life while civilization examines the human

development

- Civilization are comprehensive

o The word comprehensive means covering all aspects

o In context of civilization, the development in earlier civilization would be

implemented and upgraded to another level

o It happened from one to another that is why until now there are some

inventions from the past still been used until today

o E.g: farming mechanism and transportations

- Civilization are mortal and but also long lived

o It endured rise and fall of government and faded eras but civilization still lived

- Civilization are cultural not political entities

o It was a cultural entity and doesn’t involved any political abstract like tax or

wars

o But, it involved many political units like empire and states



RELATIONS AMONG CIVILIZATION

Ever civilization has started it evolved through few phases and today people are living

in the third phase of civilization. In this context, the word evolved means the phases of

civilization, it rise and fall during the time of the civilization.

The relations of the civilizations are-;

i) Separated by time and space

a. Only some civilization existed at one time and the significance existed

b. E.g. Mesopotamian civilization and Ancient India civilization existed at

the same time but different culturally

ii) Separated geographically

a. Though it may start at the same time or near to each other but the

civilization has not contact

b. E.g civilization in indus valley with nile has no contact

c. But, in the Asia part though there are distance but they still communicate

iii) Ideas and technologies moved from civilization to another civilization

a. Some things were passed down from earlier civilizations

b. But, usually it took centuries

c. E.g. the spread of Buddhism to China, it took 6 hundred years to get there

from India.



Mesopotamian Civilization

Mesopotamian civilization was the first earliest human civilization and it started roughly

around 3200 B.C. and ended around 500 B.C.. The Mesopotamian land is located between two

rivers which are the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. It was a region of mud-flats that was successful

because of its geography and climate. Its first main city was Sumer and under Sumer there are

three main sub-cities which are Uruk, Ur and Lagash.

The land itself went through a couple of changes in its administration, which are the age

of Sumerian, the Old Babylonian, the Kassite and Hittite, the Assyrians and the New Babylonian.

The religion base of the Mesopotamians is that they practiced Polytheism, which means they

worship multiple gods, such as the belief that each God has their own specific duty, for example,

to grow the grain. But then, their belief changes to another two phases which were perceiving

Gods as part of nature to them acting like human and from acting like human to being a ruler

with unlimited power. The Mesopotamians are classified into social classes that contains four

ranks, the first rank consist of the Priests, Kings and Warriors, meanwhile the second rank

consist of “The Specialists” which are the Merchants, Administrators and Artisans, the third rank

consist of the free farmers and lastly, the fourth rank consist of the slaves.

The Mesopotamians were inventive as they had invented a huge range of inventions that

was very futuristic at that time. They have contributed a lot in huge range fields, and the

inventions are wheeled transportations which are the two wheeled chariot and the four wheeled

cart that was drawn by oxen, the Lunar calendar, Cuneiform, Mathematical functions and the

Astrology studies.



Cuneiform

• A pictograph base writing system that was among the first systematic writing system ever

found. They were written on clay tablets using wedge, which is the triangular shaped tool

made out of wood or stone. The characters (words) used ranging from 1000 to 400

characters according to time, and it was decreasing.

Ziggurat

• The Mesopotamian’s temple, which was also the most important feature of the city. It

was nicknamed as “The states inside a state”, emphases on its importance. It serve many

purposes such as a temple, the residency for priests, craftsman, administrators, and

slaves, school teaching cuneiform and other beneficial subjects to priests and

administrators. In addition, the outskirt of the temple was used as place of selling and

trading goods and also for import and export activities.

Code of Hammurabi

• The earliest ordered collection of laws invented by Hammurabi (the greatest Amorite

ruler). It was in form of stone document that contained 282 written laws. It acts as the

Mesopotamian’s Jurisprudence. The two most famous principle of Code of Hammurabi

were “An eye for an eye” and “Let the buyers’ beware”. “An eye for an eye” means that

an act that has been done will be return back to the actor, if ones’ broke ones’ leg, he will

received the same punishment. The second principle of “Let the buyers’ beware” means

that the seller have their full rights on selling things regardless if it’s broken or with a

high price, instead the buyers were the one who should be aware.



Epic of Gilgamesh

• Poem collection that in todays’ version only consist of five poems, which combined

together, becoming an epic. It main focus was on the life journey of King Gilgamesh,

which was the Sumerian King at 2600 B.C.. It was an exaggerated stories told about the

king among the peasants and passed down to later generations. The stories were altered

until it became almost pure fiction. The todays’ version of the epic was made by a

Semitic speaker that wove five of the Gilgamesh stories.











1

M DM . WIWIN OKTASARI

1. AHM AD SYUKRI BIN IBRAHIM 1426489

2. SYED ABDULLAH SYED M OHAM AD 0939475

3. AHM AD FARISBIN M OHD KHAIRY 1426871

PART A

HAM M URABI CODE

Hammurabi Code is a collection of 282 laws writ ten on pillars of stone erected

throughout the cit ies. The code was writ ten in Akkadian, the daily language of Babylonian

people. This code was enacted by the famous King Hammurabi who ruled Sumer and Akkad.

The law covers almost every aspect of human life which includes criminal offence, marriage and

family, slavery, trade and commercial act ivity. Even though the code was legislated to provide

justice, slaves have no rights in this code and punishment always in favor of the upper

classmen. Thus, the upper classmen were punished less severely if they commit crimes against

the slaves. The famous principles to describe the penalt ies are “ an eye for an eye” and “ let the

buyer beware” . This reflects the str ictness of the law and ensured the person never repeat the

crime again. For example, a robber will be killed if he was caught stealing and if a slave at tack

his owner, his ear shall be cut. The code was an ideal law to maintain order between cit izens as

the harsh punishment brought sense of fear in people to commit crimes.

EPIC OF GILGAM ESH

The Epic of Gilgamesh is a tale about Gilgamesh, the half god, half human, and half-wild

man named Enkidu. Gilgamesh was the king of Sumerian of M esopotamia. Enkidu was created

by god due to request from the people of Sumerian who were treated badly by Gilgamesh.

Upon that , Gilgamesh sent a woman to the forest to seduce Enkidu and suddenly Enkidu lost his

wildness and gained wisdom. Enkidu went to the city to fight Gilgamesh but he lost the brawl.

After that , both of them became best friends. Gilgamesh and Enkidu travelled to Cedar forest to

find some woods. They first killed the wild beast, Humbaba before obtained the woods.



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M eanwhile, Ishtar, goddess of love fell in love with Gilgamesh but Gilgamesh rejected her

intentions. Ishtar became furious and sent Bull of Heaven to destroy the city. Gilgamesh and

Enkidu managed to kill the bull and saved the city. That following night , Enkidu dreamed that

the God’s chief had a decision to punish either Gilgamesh or Enkidu for their sins. Enkidu

offered himself and died from sickness. Gilgamesh realized he soon will have the same fate as

his friend. He decided to travel to find the secret to immortality and met an old man. The old

man said that immortality is impossible but told Gilgamesh about a plant that can restore

someone youth. Gilgamesh obtained the plant from the sea’s floor and fell asleep as he was

exhausted. The plant was eaten by a snake while he slept. Later, he woke up and realized his

chance to immortality was over after seeing the snake changed its skin.

ZIGGURAT

Ziggurat is derived from the verb zaqaru, “ to be high“ from the Akkadian’s word

ziqquratum. Ziggurat was a temple, at the center of each major city of M esopotamian. The

people believed that every city has their own god and the Ziggurat was built to honor the god.

Ziggurat looks like a huge pyramid with steps and was the tallest structure in the city. Ancient

Sumerian built the Ziggurat high as they believed their gods lived in the sky. The closer the

people to the sky, the better the gods hear their prayers. At the top of Ziggurat , there was a

shrine where religious ceremonies were held. People would leave offerings such as food, cloth

and wine along the steps. The shrine area was only accessible to the priest in order to keep the

rituals private. They prayed to gods to give them rain, fert ile land as well as keeping them away

from diseases and natural disasters. It is also believed that Ziggurat also served as an escape

from big flood.

CUNEIFORM WRITING

Cuneiform was known as one of the earliest systems of writ ing. The Cuneiform means

“ wedge shaped” which came from Lat in word cuneus “ wedge” and forma “ shape” . This term

applied to a mode of writ ing which used a wedge-shaped stylus to write on clay surface. The

clay tablets were dried under sun making it very fragile. Cuneiform was develop from

pictographic, a writ ing system based on pictures. It gradually develops to meet up the need of

writ ing and changed over t imes. Scribes were the important people trained to write Cuneiform.

Cuneiform was used to record M esopotamian daily events, t rade, astronomy and literature in

scripts over thousands of years. M any languages including Semitic and Indo-European were also



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writ ten in cuneiform. The writ ten scripts were the only ways to make sure civilizat ion’s

achievement were recorded. Cuneiform writ ing later develop as writ ing foundat ion of Akkadian

language.

PART B

M esopotamia, The Cradle of Civilizat ion was an ancient region between Euphrates and

Tigris rivers. M esopotamia was the earliest of all civilization as people formed permanent

set tlement. M esopotamian civilizat ion was well known for its w ide achievements in human

history. The first notable masterpiece was the invention of writ ing system, cuneiform by

Sumerians. The cuneiform formed by applying stylus to make impressions on wet clay tablet

and then the clay was sunbaked unt il hard. The writ ing system can be distinguished as

cuneiform writ ing has wedge shaped style. Cuneiform writing began as a system of pictographs

and this system evolved as it became inconvenient to portray anything other than simple noun.

Cuneiform also used by scribes to record government and financial records. The writing system

constant ly adopted over t imes by Archaic, Akkadian, Assyrian people. Later, it was spread to

Persia and Egypt and became the plat form to exchange of ideas among cultures.

Next except ional achievement of M esopotamian was their technologies. They are the

first people to create wheels which led to invent ions of chariots that widely used to carry goods

and as well as weapon’s war. M esopotamian people were among the first Bronze Age people in

the world. They create knife, hoe and appliances from metal. In the meant ime, copper, bronze,

gold and iron were used as king’s jewelry most ly during Hit t ites era. In agricultural act ivit ies,

irrigation has been implemented to solve water issue to the far places from Nile as well as

control flooding during the spring. They also built dams and aqueducts that widely used t ill this

day. In addition, they also managed to deal w ith salinization problem by drainage technique,

plant ing barley which grew better in saline rather than wheat and practicing crop rotat ion to

keep the soil fert ile. These technologies were the underlying basis of our modern day

agriculture technologies.

M esopotamian were not just advanced in writ ing system and technological aspects,

they also developed mathematics and sciences, part of our daily life today. Babylonian created

mathemat ics sexagesimal numeral system, a system which based on 60. The system was the



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fundamental of our modern usage of 60 seconds in a minute, 60 minutes in an hour, and 360

degrees in a circle. During Sumerian era, they also develop mult iplicat ion tables, solving division

problems and geometry. All of these were writ ten on clay tablet found by modern

archeologists. In geometry, they created the rules for measuring volumes and areas. Geometry

knowledges were used by Babylonian astronomer to study stars and sky, the mot ion of the

planets and the solar and lunar system. Apart from that, remarkable astronomy achievements

were the invention of calendar, seven days a week based on 12 lunar months. Taurus, Leo,

Scorpious, Capricons were among of Babylonian constellat ions names that we use in this

modern day. All of these discoveries helped the ancient people predicting incoming eclipse and

solst ice. For instance, Babylonian’s astronomers indicate Leo constellat ion as a sign of summer

solst ice.

M esopotamian was also famous with literature includes mythology of the

M esopotamian gods, tales of their heroes, poetry, and songs. Epic of Gilgamesh was the first

known work of great literature and epic poem. The Epic was written on a six-columned tablet

telling the story of the creation of human and animals, the cities and their rulers. Gilgamesh

was well known about the great adventure of Sumerian King, Gilgamesh and his friend, Enkidu.

There was also a story about Gilgamesh quest of eternal life and immortality. The story of Noah

and the great flood in the Old Testament of the Jewish and Christ ian holy books was also

parallel to both Gilgamesh and Nippur tablet content . It is believed by modern science the

melt ing ice raised the sea level more than ten feet in one century causing the great flood.

M oving on to next legacies of M esopotamian, Hammurabi Code was the earliest writ ten law in

world’s history. The Code contains 282 laws in total and was enacted by King Hammurabi, the

ruler of Babylonia. Writ ten laws helped people to know the consequences and punishments if

they break the law. Hammurabi’s code was based on “ eye for an eye” which was not equal to

all people. Punishments were based on social class, the higher the class of the vict ims, the

lower the punishment was. The Code of Hammurabi was one of the instrumental parts of

M esopotamian civilizat ion and today law policies.

Last but not least, M esopotamians were the pioneer of t rade system. Due to lack of

natural resources, they needed to trade goods with neighbouring countries. Grains, oils and

textiles were among the main things they trade with other countries. In return, they acquired

t imber, win, metals and stones. Indirect ly, the trade system was the plat form for the countries

to make peace and avoided wars. Today’s worldwide trade is the endowment of

M esopotamian’s trade system. As conclusion, M esopotamian attained a lot of achievement as

well as contribut ing to this day’s civilization. According to Samuel Noah Kamer in his book,

History Begins at Sumer, he listed thir ty nine firsts in recorded history. The firsts referred to the

achievements of Sumerian people as the first recorded civilization in the history. The First



5

“ Farmer’s Almanac” , The First Lullaby and The First Library Catalogue were among the firsts of

M esopotamian listed by the author. Basically, M esopotamia is the mother of our current

culture and as today’s generat ion we should treasured it .















HIST 1000

INTRODUCTION TO HISTORY AND

CIVILIZATION

SUMMARY OF EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION

FIRST GROUP:

- Syahidah binti Saludin 1428610

- Rayyani Inayati binti Rusli 1417230

- Noorasikin binti Ali 1429370

SECOND GROUP:

- Nur Liyana binti Ahmad 1421546

- Nur Azza binti Hamzah 1429514

MADAM WIWIN OKTASARI

SECTION 5

SEMESTER 2, 2014/2015



Egyptian civilization is the longest civilization in the word, because it contain three main

periods which is Old Kingdom, Middle kingdom and New kingdom. Like in Mesopotamian

civilization, Egyptian civilization also starts their kingdom near the river which is Nile River.

Herodotus refers that Egyptian civilization as a gift of the Nile. In extend originally Egyptian

civilization start with different ruler upper (southern) and lower (northern) Egypt. The

pharaoh called Manes or Narmer had combine upper and Lower Egypt and he became the

first king of Egypt. In addition, Egyptian civilization experience long peaceful period

compared to Mesopotamian civilization.

The Old Kingdom

The Old Kingdom, capital in Memphis is well known as “The age of prosperity and

splendor” because of, at that time the biggest and greatest pyramid was built on a tomb of

king Giza. The pyramid took over 20 years to be done and approximately 100 000 men have

worked there. Furthermore at that time, the economy was monopoly by pharaoh, no trade

activities at that time. The pharaoh was very rich, their power is unlimited and they

considered themselves as a child of God. At that time there are no codes of law because the

king order is considered the direct source of the law. The Old Kingdom collapse because of

too much power struggle from the king and the pyramid cost too much money and energy.

The Middle Kingdom

The middle Kingdom capital in Thebes because of the nomarc of Thebes in Upper

Egypt take control of country and develop the kingdom. Moreover, during this period they

focused on social work for example they make big drainage and irrigation project to support

the society and to replace the building of pyramid that only pharaoh use it. At the same time,

to give respect to the king who has died they buried the king in special area called Valley Of

The King. Furthermore, bronze weapon had been invented during this period. The Middle

Kingdom have collapse because they have been invaded by an Alliatic people called Hykos,

after that Egypt was ruled by foreign.



The New Kingdom

This kingdom is well known by the powerful pharaoh that builds their own big

empire. For example Ramses III is well known for Trojan War and Akhenefan is considered

as sophisticated and knowledgeable in Anatomy. In instant on this period pharaoh have

absolute power and can rule their kingdom using their own principle. Moreover at that time

there has a good military campaign lead by Anmose who claimed the sovereignty to Palestine

and Syria. However their claimed was failed because of they cannot gained the loyalty from

people in that country. The kingdom become unsuccessful because of the Libyan barbarism

held the power in Egypt, and after that they have been conquered by Assytian for 8 years.

After that they become independence kingdom before the Persian had invaded the kingdom

and they had been absorbed into the Persian Empire subsequent ruled by the Roman.

Religion

Religion in Egyptian civilization is a Polytheism this mean they worship to gods and

goddesses like Anubis (Anpu), Bastet (Bast), Sekhmet , Horus, Isis, Osiris, etc. This

civilization they believe that there are one god Aton/Atum (Re), the sun god also a creator of

universe and the pharaoh is a son of Re. Others gods and goddesses have their own function,

foe example Orisis is a God of Nature and known as a power of the Nile, there is a myth the

dead of resurrection of Orisis is a symbolized of drying the Nile in Autumn and flood in

Spring. In 1375 B.C until 1390 B.C, religious was reform by Amenhotep (5) he said that,

they still worship of Aton no as a god of sun but as a chief God. He also change he name to

Akhenaton and he built another city El-Amarna then moved the capital from Thebes to El-

Amarna. But this new religion failed because the society still belief of old religion.

Egyptian Intellectual Achievement

During Egyptian civilization, their intellectual achievement was divided into 2 parts.

Firstly, language and literature and the other one are science.

In language and literature, they developed their own writing system which was

Hieroglyphic. They also wrote many short stories based on advice and worldly affairs.



On the other hand, science was developed during the Egyptian civilization with

astronomy which was the lunar calendar. After that in medical, the Egyptian people were

good with the traditional ingredients such as herbs, ostrich egg, tortoise shells to treat so

many diseases. Lastly, the mathematics, the Egyptian people emerged their own formula to

measure objects in mathematics.

Arts and architecture

The most famous visual monuments are the pyramids. Pyramids were built by

thousands of people who lived during that time. The pyramids were served as the tombs of

the Pharaohs and surrounded with their needs like foods and clothes and these items will

together with them.

There are three biggest pyramids located in Giza. First pyramid is Khufu. It is built by

thousands of people which unemployed because of flood. So Khufu built by the 481 feet, 756

feet long on each side and its base covering 13.1 acres. Second is Khafree, built at the center

between Khufu and Menkaure. During this time, there is Great Sphinx which is the half part

of human and the other part is lion. Last is, Menkaure located besides the Khafree at Giza.

For the architecture, the sculptures have meaning and styles for different statues. They

build the statues in big size and had ranged from seventy-five until ninety feet. They have

rigid position which is they put the arms folded across the chest or fixed to the sides of the

body. There are the numbers of Sphinx in Giza but the best-known is The Great Sphinx. The

Great Sphinx is the combination of the head of human (Pharaohs) and body of lion. The

symbol of the sphinx is Pharaohs possessed the lion’s qualities of strength and courage. The

significant of the statues are to show the power of Pharaohs during that time.

Social and economic life

During Egyptian civilization old kingdom, the population was divided to five classes;

the royal family, the priests, the nobles, the middle class of scribes, merchants, artisans, and

wealthy farmers, and last is peasants. When new kingdom arrived, the class became six to

seven classes, the soldier was added after the nobles and the slaves became the last class after

the peasants.



During this time, basic social unit of a family was the monogamous (one husband

with one wife), but they also practice polygamy (one husband with more than one wife).

Even though Pharaoh also practices polygamy, but mostly Pharaoh has a wife and a mistress.

Meanwhile, women can inherited property and involve in business. At this time, women were

permitted to be a queen of a kingdom.

The economic life of Egyptian civilization is primarily in agriculture activities,

because of the soil produce excellent crop they agriculture was highly developed. The lands

are the property of the Pharaoh but then he gave it to his people. Meanwhile, the trading

activity expanded to the island of Crete and with territories on the eastern Mediterranean

shore.

Early 3000 B.C, people started to involved in artisanal craft, after that factories were

established with 20 or more employees under one roof. The dominant industries were

shipbuilding and the manufacture of pottery, glass and textiles. The Egyptian also made

development in business, they have accounting and bookkeeping. Other than that, the

merchants issued orders and receipts for goods. Moreover, the start to invented deeds for

property, written contracts and wills. Furthermore they have rings of copper or gold of set

weight circulated as exchange as their currency. However, the peasants and poorer they used

barter system among them.



Student ’s Name:

Firdaus Salsabila (1118102)

Intan Fithr ia (1313586)

Instructor :

Mdm. Wiwin Oktasari

Introduction to History

HIST 1000

Sect.4, Semester 2, Session 2014/ 2015

An Overview

One of the ear liest civi lizations in wor ld history which is located in the nor th-western

region of the Indian subcontinent. Over 1052 cities and sett lement have been found in

Mohenjo Daro and Harappa.

Populat ions: Mankind-black, yellow, and white colored people:

1. Ancient people in who has almost disappeared from Indiaà A negr ito

2. Australoid and Mongolian element, and also Alpine types (Nordic mixture)

3. The Most widespread group in southern Indiaà Dravidians

Geography

The Indus Valley is on the border between India,Pakistan and Afghanistan.The main city

may have been Mohenjo-Daro but it could have been Harappa. To the West of Mohenjo-

Daro are the Highlands.Nor th East of Mohenjo Daro are the Himalayan mountains.

The Indus Valley Civilizat ion (c.3200-1600 B.C.) covered an area of near ly half a million

square miles, extending from the shores of the Arabian Sea northward through the Indus

River to Oxus River in nor thern Afghanistan.

Two pr incipal cit ies are Mohenjo Daro and Harappa. Both cit ies shared urban design and

architectural features 3 miles in circumference with populations of 40,000.



The City Structure: Streets and Buildings

The cities were for ti fied, durably constructed of br ick, and laid out in accordance with

ambit ious and intelligent planning.

Solidly built houses were equipped with the bathrooms that drained into sewer pipes

running underneath the pr incipal streets.



Mohenjo Daro City



Harappa City

Writing

� For an histor ian's point of view, the most frustrating thing about this civi lizat ion is

that the scr ipt has not been deciphered.

� Over 400 dist inct symbols (some say 600) have been recovered from the sites of

Indus Valley cit ies, on seals, small tablets, or ceramic pots, and on over a dozen

other mater ials.



Trade and Transportation

• Agriculture played the pr imary role in the Indus Valley economy.

• Produced wheel-turned pottery, diversified animal husbandry,vcult ivated

numerous crops.

• The Indus Valley civilizat ion may have been the fir st in wor ld history to use

wheeled transpor t .

Religion

After finding many swastikas in some places of Indus Valley civilization, the histor ian

believed that there are at least 3 religions found in Indus Valley Civi lization:

1. Hinduism: They believed in many gods and goddess. Religious beliefs strongly

emphasized fer ti li ty which is seen in the number of feminine deities, and in later

Hinduism, Dravidian gods are blue-faced. Hinduism religious practice includes

sacrificing foods such as milk, grain and animal flesh. Some of the Gods are: Dyaus,

Mir ra, Surya, Pushan, Vishnu, etc.



Some of statues and crafts that prove the existence of Hinduism belief.

2. Buddhism

3. Jainism: One of the oldest religion in the wor ld, or iginated in india, believe in non-

violence towards all living beings, karma, and self control to achieve liberat ion.

Science and Ar ts

The engineer ing skills of the Indus Valley people were of a very high order . This can be

seen in the large buildings and water-management systems (drainage) on evidence

at Harappa and Mohenjo-daro. Also the natural air condit ioning system that they applied

in both cit ies

All kinds of ar tefacts have been found in the Indus Valley cities: seals, glazed beads, pottery,

gold jewellery, and anatomically detai led figurines in terra-cotta, bronze, and soapstone.

Var ious gold, ter ra-cotta and stone figur ines have also been discovered, of dancing gir ls,

men (perhaps gods?), animals (cows, bears, monkeys, and dogs) and a mythical beast (par t

bull, par t zebra, w ith a huge horn) . Shell, ceramic, agate and soapstone beads were used in

making necklaces, bangles, and other ornaments. All these show that these cities housed a

busy and highly refined craft industry.

Crafts on models and figur ines



Pots

The toys and dice

Social Structures

The people of Indus Valley civi lization are divided into four classes called varna (color), the

system is called Jat i (means species, which translated in English as the caste system). the

caste system is a race-based system. Those who are born as Aryan will be placed under 3

classes (Brahmans, Kshatr ias, Vaishas) while non-Aryan will be under Sudras. People can’t

change their class in caste system, but they can go to lower class if they violate any rule.



The caste system

The Decline of Indus Valley Civilization

There are 3 theor ies to explain its decline and fall:

1. The conquest: Some histor ian believed that the people of Caucasus came to Indus

Valley and invaded the land, because the people of Indus Valley civi lization were so

peaceful, they didn’t have many weapons to fight back, therefore they’re defeated.

2. The Environmental Changes: Another group of histor ian believed that the people of

Indus Valley Civi lization star t to destroy their own environment and made their

own fall because of that.

3. The Ear thquake: A very interest ing theory came from some histor ian that say Indus

Valley civilizat ion declined because there was a big ear thquake and flood that

change the course of Indus r iver that the water in Indus Valley were drained out and

the cit ies couldn’t sustain themselves because of that, therefore it slowly decayed.





















1

The Summary of Chinese Civilization

Introduction to History and Civilization

Saidatul Nazura Rosmera (1116156)

The Formative Stage

Beginning of high civilization in China occurred about 1000years after flowering of the Indus-valley

civilization, India. Chinese remains the same people since Neolithic times. One contemporary scholar

contends that, unlike inhabitants of well-watered Nile (Indian) and Tigris-Euphrates(Mesopotamia)

valleys, the Chinese begin as dry-land farmers and may have insufficient irrigation facilities until the

sixth century B.C.. China is the home of one of the earliest human species, the 'Peking man'. Neolithic

age in China is dated from sixth millennium B.C.. There were three Neolithic culture discovered; the

first one centred in the great highland plain that surrounds the Yellow River (name originated from

the colour of its soil-yellow) valley. Second one in the valleys of the lower Yangtze and Huai rivers.

The third one in the southeast coastal area, including the island of Taiwan. Sufficient contacts between

regions promote growth and spread of homogeneous civilization.

Shang Dynasty is the second of China's ruling houses (c. 1766-1123 B.C.). It also known as Yin

Dynasty. It have impressive workmanship and flourished by 1400 B.C. (precise date not yet

determined). Shang's culture is based upon Neolithic farming communities. They do agriculture for

food supply. They also hunt and herd animals. They lived in house that designed with intelligent

adaptation to the environment. They used stone, shell, bone, horn, leather, and metal in their

craftsmanship. They used cowry shell as jewellery and money. They use not only pictograph but

sometimes ideographs in their writing. The meaning of their writing was conveyed by combining

different symbols or concepts. In political and social institution, the King supervised public works

and chief of religion. He is assisted by educated class of priests. In religious belief, they can be said

as polytheist as they worshipped many natural objects and forces. In their custom, they need to bury

the dead with valuable objects. They must serve they King and Queen's corpse with sacrifices. They

also need to serve their dead ancestors with food. About 1027B.C., the city of Shang were captured

and the dynasty overthrown. But still the new rulers preserved basic institutions, encouraged cultural

progress, but change their name to Chou Dynasty.

Nurul Suraya Atiffin (1318510)



2

The Chou Dynasty, The Classical Age Of China

GOVERNMENT

During the Chou dynasty, the king used capital city as centred of ruling. This is because, Chou

maintained large armies which were used to suppress rebellions. Basically, they are gradually

transforming their position from that appointive official to hereditary ruler.

The Chou Dynasty used Mandate of Heaven, the system that gave king power the rules as long as he

satisfied the god and his people. They believed that their ruler is chosen by god and his main job as

king to keep the god happy.

Then, they also believed that King as the mediator between them. King became as a mediatory

position between heaven and earth. The king is command to care about his people’s welfare. If the

king failed to do so, heaven will withdraw its mandate and invest it to another.

SOCIETY

At this time, Chou decided to classes their society through commonwealth. Firstly, scholar; second;

farmers, third; artisans, fourth; merchants, and last; soldiers. For those who are in the lower classes,

they need to work with nobleman who is richer and have many lands.

RELIGION

In Chou times, they were worshiped to local spirit and nature gods such as Earth and Heaven. Mostly,

they are sacrifice human, animals and agriculture produce because they lead them not to prayer

because the scarifying. Second, supreme spiritual power so-called Mandate of Heaven who is ruled

by king which refers as ‘Son of Heaven’. The king believed to have significance for the whole land

of China. Furthermore, there is no clear-cut system religious system like church and fixed creed. The

king is merely assistant in the ritual as the head of families and propitiated the great deities of the

rivers, earth and sky. Actually, the king is involved into welfare matters especially regarding to state

matters. They also believed that spirits of ancestors could bring prosperity until day. For example,

‘Hungry Ghost’ whose sacrifices had been neglected r cut off through extinction of family were

considered as dangerous evil.

LITERATURE AND PHILOSPOHY

Literature in China is aimed to kept literature as their properties and records their activities. Firstly,

‘Book of Changes’ it contains a collection of hexagrams formed of straight and broken lines arranged

in different combinations, with accompanying text. The figures, like the earlier Shang oracles bones,

were used for divination. Second, ‘Book of History’ is collection of official documents, proclamations



3

and speeches. The last one is ‘Book of Poetry’ an anthropology of about 300 poems covering wide

range of subjects and moods.

Peng LiYa (1216226)

Four Main Philosophic Schools

Chinese philosophy originates in the Spring and Autumn and Warring States eras, during a period

known as the "Hundred Schools of Thought", which was characterized by significant intellectual and

cultural developments. Although much of Chinese philosophy begins in the Warring States period,

elements of Chinese philosophy have existed for several thousand years; some can be found in the Yi

Jing (the Book of Changes), an ancient compendium of divination, which dates back to at least 672

BCE. It was during the Warring States era that the major philosophies of China, Confucianism,

Mohism, Legalism, and Daoism, arose, along with philosophies that later fell into obscurity,

like Agriculturalism, Chinese Naturalism, and the Logicians.

Confucianism, also known as Ruism, is an ethical and philosophical system, on occasion described

as a religion, developed from the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius (551–479 BCE).

Confucianism originated as an "ethical-sociopolitical teaching" during the Spring and Autumn Period,

but later developed metaphysical and cosmological elements in the Han Dynasty.

Taoism (or Daoism) is a philosophical, ethical, political and religious tradition of Chinese origin that

emphasizes living in harmony with the Tao (also romanized as Dao). The term Tao means "way",

"path" or "principle", and can also be found in Chinese philosophies and religions other than Taoism.

Born in Tengzhou, Shandong Province, China, he founded the school of Mohism and argued strongly

against Confucianism and Daoism. His philosophy emphasized self-restraint, self-reflection and

authenticity rather than obedience to ritual. During the Warring States period, Mohism was actively

developed and practiced in many states but fell out of favour when the legalist Qin Dynasty came to

power.

In ancient China, Legalism refers to a current in administrative philosophy that culminated in an

emphasis of rule by law. During the Spring and Autumn Period, ministers began reforms in-order to

support the authority, state and military of the kings.





























Ancient Chinese civilization

Chinese civilization began after Mesopotamia, Egypt and Indus valley civilization which is

known as that the China is one of the earliest human species called Peking man, his skeleton

were found between 1920 and 1930 in a cave about 25 miles southwest of Peking. Moreover,

anthropologists estimate that Peking man lived at least 500,000 years ago and he was a

contemporary of Java man. At that time he used stone and bone tools and he also had

knowledge of fire and buried dead. Furthermore, it is know that most of China was occupied

by subhuman throughout the Stone Age such as Homo sapiens that appeared about 50,000

years ago.

In addition, Shang Dynasty was the second dynasty of three periods. It found by Cheng

Tang who overthrew the evil king because he said that Shang king was evil and that heaven

no longer wanted him to rule. They blamed the Shang’s downfall on its king’s excessive

drinking, indulgent lifestyle, and immoral behavior. Besides, the first capital called Shang

which located in north part of modern-day Henan province later the capital moved so many

times by king. Shang house, the Shang people lived in pit but in the city they built a

convenience and comfortable house above the ground. Shang people planted grains, barley,

wheat, and millet. For the craftsmanship, they made many things such as stone- knives, axes,

shells for to be money, horn and so on.

The Shang religion, at that time did not has any Taoism, Confucianism, and Buddhism but

it had folk religion during the Shang dynasty was polytheistic, meaning the people

worshipped many gods such as river, sun, wind and even direction they liked to gamble with

tortoiseshell and the priests commonly used tortoise shells and cattle bones to answer

questions about the future. They interpreted the cracks formed by holes punched in the bones.



Oracle bones also served as a way for the priests to write down the history of the dynasty and

the timeline of kings.

The last is the end of Shag that ended about 1050 BCE It ended in about 1050 BCE when

conqueror from the stage of Zhou invaded the capital and successfully toppled the Shang

Dynasty

Chou Dynasty

Chou dynasty has began after Shang dynasty, The early ruler maintained near modern

Sian as capital, the way of ruling at that time, they believe in “Mandate of Heaven” where

Heaven will choose their king as ruler. It was roughly similar with Europe at the age of

feudalism. By the eighth B.C, the time of King Yu (771 B.C), Chou dynasty come to the

lowest point when King Yu was killed and his palace looted. That time was almost ended of

dynasty, but the noble realm found it expedient to install king’s son as the next king, King

Ping, he is the first who move to near modern city of Loyang and that known as “Eastern

Chou”. Even though, there were political disunity and internal strife, Chinese civilization also

was expended at that time to about 18 provinces to the north, west and south. That was the

time where “Great Wall Of China” constructed.

The society in Chou time is divided into five classes, there are first class is scholar,

second is farmer, the third is artisan, forth is merchant and fifth is soldiers, lumped and

thieve. The religion at that time is people worship local spirit and nature god.

Chou period was in field of philosopher, confucius school was found by Kung Fu –

Tzu, his idea was not write down in any document, he believe that knowledge is key of

happiness, the doctrines is stressed on good live, good communication and human

relationship.

Taoism, Tao means the way, the founder is Lao-Tze, he wrote a book name “Tao Teh

Ching” this book exalts nature and deprecates human effort, later this doctrine become

religion in China. Mo Ti, the third school of political and ethical philosophy, He combine the

doctrict of utilitarian-insisting that everything should be judged by its usefulness-with a



sweeping idealism that drew inspiration from religion faith. Legalism, the fourth

philosophical school, they disagree with Mo Ti and Confucius, Legalist were indebted to

Taoism, but thay stay away from myth, they argued that human can rule with law, and King

Chin brought all Chinese under his power and extent of his triumph and that was the end of

chou dynasty and began chin dynasty













NURULHAQ BINTI OMAR 1411980

NURUL HAYATI BINTI HAMZAH 1321998

SUMMARY ON ROMAN CIVILIZATION

EARLY ITALY

v Italic people or Indo-European language group = the founder of Rome at 753 B.C.

v Etruscan – borrowed the architecture and engineering to Romans

v Greek – gave the god and goddesses as well as stories and literature to Rome.

THE ROMAN MONARCHY (753 B.C. to 509 B.C.)

v The strategic location and geographical character.

v There were seven kings who ruled the Romans land.

v It was based upon the idea of patriarchal family where:

• The king exercising a jurisdiction over his subjects while the head of the family over

the members of his household.

• The authority of the king was limited by the ancient constitution just like the

authority of father was limited by customs.

v The kingship in Roman government have been included:

• An assembly consisted of all male citizens

• A senate (the council of elders)

v The monarchial system was overthrown by the seventh king, Tarquinius Superbus and

replaced by a republic system in 509 B.C.

THE ROMAN REPUBLIC (509 B.C to 27 B.C.)

v The Early Republic

• It was marked by the long struggle between two different groups of Romans; the

patricians and the plebeians.

v The Fateful Wars With Carthage



• There were three great wars between Romans and Carthaginians struggling to

control the seas and the lands of the Italian peninsula, Sicily, Northern Africa and the

southern lands of Spain.

§ The first Punic War (264 B.C. to 241 B.C.)

§ The Second Punic War (218 B.C. to 201 B.C.)

§ The Third Punic War (149 B.C. to 146 B.C.)

v The Social Struggles of The Late Republic

• The brother Gracchus; Tiberius Gracchus and Gaius Gracchus.

• Two military leaders; Marius and Sulla.

• Pompey (106-48 B.C.) and Julius Caesar (100-44 B.C.)

THE PRINCIPATE OF THE EARLY EMPIRE

-The crowning of Octavian marks the beginning of period or peace and prosperity. He accepted

the title Augustus and emperor (victorious general) and refused to be dictator. Used the title

‘princeps’ or first citizen of the state, thus the period of his and his successor rule was properly

called Principate or early empire. From the period of Augustus until Trajan, the Roman Empire

continued to expand.

v Octavian or Augustus (63 BCE – 14 CE)

v Nerva (96 – 98 CE)

v Trajan (98 – 117 CE)

v Hadrian (117 – 138 CE)

v Antoninus Pius (138 – 161 CE)

v Marcus Aurelius (161 – 180 CE)

CULTURE AND LIFE IN THE PERIOD OF THE PRIINCIPATE

v Philosophy = Stoicism

v Literary = Horace (Odes), Virgil (Eclogues, Aeneid), Ovid and Livy

v Art = Architecture, engineering, and sculpture (e.g.: the Aqueducts, the

Pantheon, the Colosseum, the Forum, the Domus Aurea)

v Public services = Police forces, fire-fighter

v Science = Astronomer (Ptolemy), physician (Galen)



v Social = Confinement of women, passion of cruelty (human slaughter, e.g.

Gladiatorial combat)

v Economic = Trade to India, Arabia, China and new coinage system. Depending too

much on slave labor

v Government = Stable, Senate lost most of its power

v Manufacture = Production of pottery, textiles, glass, metal

ROMAN LAW

v Rooted in the law of the Twelve Tables (from 449 BCE) to the codification by Eastern

Roman Emperor, Justinian I (530 CE)

v Known as “Justinian codes”; divided into 3 groups of law

1. Jus Civile (Citizen Law) – common laws applied to Roman citizen

2. Jus Gentium (Law of Nations) – common law applied to all peoples regardless of

nationality, especially foreigners

3. Jus Naturale (natural law) – affirmed that all men are by nature equal, thus

this laws were considered common to all beings

THE CRISIS OF THE THIRD CENTURY

v Government = Marcus Aurelius made his own son Commodus as emperor

v Civil war = the worst (the half-century between 235 – 284 CE)

v Economic crisis = civil war lead to disastrous economic effects, slave labor

v Disease = because of war and hunger

v External enemies = Germany and Persian

CAUSES OF ROME’S DECLINE

Gradually decline.

v Internal factors

- Morality collapsed because of ascetic religions



- Politics (civil war) due to - lack of clear law (how to replace ruler), and peoples did not

involves in politics in any ways

- Manpower shortages-overreliance of slave labor

- Financial crisis

- The rise of the Eastern Empire

- Other reasons – oppressive taxation, regional differences, lack of public educations,

social stratification, etc.

v External factors

- German invasion in the West

- Persian invasion in the East

- Invasion by Barbarian tribes

THE ROMAN HERITAGE

v Transmission of Greek civilization to the European West

v Influence the later civilization :

- Architecture and sculpture survives until nowadays

- Law and legal systems

v Innovation

- Advancement in sanitation, flush toilets, indoor plumbing, complex sewer system

















Islamic Civilization Summary

by

Nor Hadiyati Binti Khir Junaidi 1427246

Nur Syahirah Binti Bisharim 1312122

Siti Aisyah Binti Ibrahim @ Mat Salleh 1319700

HIST 1000 INTRODUCTION TO HISTORY AND CIVILIZATIONS

SECTION 5

SEMESTER 2 2014/2015

DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY AND CIVILIZATION

INTERNATION ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF MALAYSIA

Islamic Civilization had a significant role in the history of human development which had

affected various fields of belief, governance, philosophy, arts and literature. There are five main

categories of unique historical impressions of Islamic Civilization:

Creed and Faith

Islamic Civilization inspired religious reformist movements in Europe from 7th Century

until modern times. Amongst the values that they had acquired from Islamic principles had been

the idea of the Unity of God, how He has no partners in His sovereignty and Authority and how

He is free from anthropomorphism, injustice, tyranny, defects and shortcoming. The influence of

Islam spread in the East and West and had inspired various reformations, fight against polytheism,

refusal of the power of the clergymen and Pope and also influenced the movement of the separation

of the church and the state during the French Revolution.

Philosophy and Science

Free and open educational centres in Andalusia had allowed European to learn from

Muslim philosophers and scholars in the field of medicine, chemistry, geography and astronomy.

Arabic texts were often translated into Latin and books from Muslim scholars were brought into

and used in European educational institutions. Arabic literature of philosophy had also introduced

Greek philosophy in return due to the Arabs gaining access to ancient Greek philosophy and having

extending its scope for the study of the universe.

Amongst the translated work that had contributed vastly to the Europeans had been Al-

Qanun by Ibn Sina and Al-Hawi by al-Razi with the theme of medical science, Al-Arkan by Euclid,

Al-Akar by Theodosius, Arabic Ptolemy’s book on Geography of the Inhabited Earth and Ibn

Haytham’s book al-Basariyyat with the knowledge of astronomical science. Many notable



European scholars like Monsieur Renan and Gustav Lebon had claimed that the Arabs had

contributed greatly to the discovery of various knowledge fields and the Arabs alone were the

“bearer of civilization”.

Language and Literature

Arabic language and literature had influenced and inspired many people who had travelled

to Andalusia to learn. It is noted that those affected the most had been the Spanish poets. Dousie

had claimed that people grew indifferent to Latin and became more interested in Arabic due to its

vast literature, eloquence and established libraries and institutions. Inspirations from the famous

tale of “The Arabian Nights” had influenced Italian Boccaccio’s “Ten Morns/ Deca Meron” who

then inspired Englishman Chaucer (also known as the Father of English Poetry) in writing the

famous book, “Canterbury Tales”. The cultural literature in the Arabic language then gained

interest of many scholars with the Arab culture, Islam and its prophets. Other than that, Arabic

words also had an impact on English. Words like cotton, musk, lemon and zero for example had

been derived from Arabic.

Legislature

As observed during the Islamic control of Andalusia, the European students in the

educational institutions had translated the Muslim works on Fiqh and implementation of the

Shari’ah laws. And the result could be seen in French laws where a similarity with the compendium

of Fiqh of the Malikite School can be seen.

State and Government

Among the principles that the Islamic Civilization had declared was that treaties must be

respected, there must be freedom in the matter of creed and the places of worship must be allowed

to remain in the possession and under control of those worshipping in them. The personal freedom,

honour and dignity of people should not be violated to encourage traits of nobility and humanity.

The extreme monarchs and religious reign that had possessed the mind, body and property of their

people had been eliminated through the use of proper law and court of justice coupled with the use

of Islamic judiciary and principles to govern the state and nation. The spirit of liberation was

introduced to those who had been enslaved. Spirit of the freedom of thought and conscience was

infused into all the nations that existed around the Islamic society. All these nations took turns to

become dynamic, prepared themselves for a revolution, and at last broke chains and became free.

SCHOOLS AND EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS

The Islamic world was characterized by an abundance of schools and institutions of higher

education. Islamic schools were established with the income of large properties from Muslim

endowments. Many Muslim recognized the value of knowledge and educational institutions that

endowments were a sort of cultural practice. Teachers and principals were employed for public



instruction and were certified and selected from amongst the best like Imam al Nawawi, Ibn al-

Salah, Khatib al-Tabrizi and Fayruzabadi. They taught for free but due to economic growth and

the influx of students, salaries were assigned.

During Islamic Civilization, the mosque was the centre which developed the school and

did not only served as a place of worship, but also housed students. Kuttab was established and it

resembles modern primary schools while establishment of schools next to mosque and kuttab

resembles secondary and high school of today. Education was free for all. Boarding system also

was created mostly to cater to the poor so that they had easy facilities like the mosque, classrooms,

residential quarters, library, kitchen and toilet facilities to use. Examples of famous institution

housed within a mosque is the al-Azhar mosque which then extended into a university that still

exists today. When schools were well established, they started awarding certificates that are similar

to modern time degrees and diplomas.

PRIVATE AND PUBLIC LIBRARIES

In Islamic civilization, libraries prevailed particularly in the palaces of the caliphs, schools,

Kuttabs, mosque, capitals of Islamic states, and remote villages and areas. There were two types

of libraries; private and public libraries.

Private libraries were largely spread throughout the Muslim world, such as the libraries of

Caliph al-Mustansir, al-Fath ibn khaqan. The famous historian Ibn Miskawayh stated that he had

been the librarian of Ibn al-Amid’s library. Public libraries were cultural institutions to preserve

the cultural heritage and experiences of humanity, to be accessible by the people of all classes,

races, ages, professions, and cultural.

There were some facilities available at these libraries which do not compare with the

capitals of the most advanced countries of Western Civilization. In the public libraries, a full-time

staff was employed. The head librarian was known as the Khazin al-Maktabah who was usually a

scholar. Libraries also provided services to the people such as delivering books, providing place

to study and rest/sleep.

The mentioned libraries in the Islamic history includes the following:

• Maktabat a Khulafa’ al Fatmiyyah, Cairo

Famous library of the Fatimid Caliphs of Cairo assumed to house 2 million book.

• Bayt al –Hikma, Baghdad

Founded by Harun al Rasyid during the rule of Ma’mun al Rasyid. Had scribes and translators.

Books gathered from conquered lands.

• Maktabah al-Hakam, Andalusia



Had catalogued collections of 250000 books. Provided services such as book binding. Had

permanently employed expert scribes.

HOSPITAL AND MEDICAL INSTITUTIONS

Islamic civilization developed hospitals and medical institution to preserve and restore

health and had produced medical men of extraordinary standards. There were two types of hospital:

mobile and stationary. Mobile hospital was first discovered during the period of Prophet

Muhammad where he utilized mobile dispensaries in the Battle of the Trench. Stationary hospitals

were established buildings in a main place that were accessible to everyone needing medical care

or seeking medical knowledge.

The hospitals were systemic and had medical staffs and doctors who were certified and

they were assigned to appropriate departments and specialization. Cleanliness was a vital aspect

in the hospitals and there were also proper arrangement of its medical staffs and doctors according

to fields and diseases (systemic diseases, ophthalmology, surgery, orthopaedic and psychology).

Men and women patients were not placed together. These hospitals also served as institution for

training medical students. They had practical and theory studies at these institutions.

Some of the prominent hospitals in the Islamic history includes the following:

• Azdi Hospitals of Baghdad

It was established by Azd al-Dawlah ibn Buwayh in 371 AH/981 in Baghdad. Twenty four

physicians worked at this hospital. However, the number was considerably increased later.

The hospital included a large library, a pharmacy and kitchens, in addition to a large

number of staff and sweepers who worked in that hospital. Moreover, doctors rotated in

serving patients. So, there are doctors at the hospital twenty four hours a day.

• Nuri Hospital of Damascus

It was established by Sultan Al-Adil Nur-al-Din Mahmud 549AH/1154AD. It was one of

the greatest hospitals. It received patients until 1317AH/1899AD, nearly eight hundred

years.

• The Major Mansuri Hospital

It was established by King Al-Mansur Sayf-al-Din Qalawun in Cairo. It was one of

wonders in terms of accuracy, organization and cleanliness. It accommodated more than

four thousand patients on one day.









Anis Nabila and Husna sakhor

HOSPITALS AND M EDICAL INSTITUTIONS

Islamic civilizat ion is based upon both physical and spiritual needs of man. The physique is

important so that along with resplendent soul, man may have at tained the highest posit ion in the

development . Prophet M uhammad said that , “ Assuredly the body too has a claim over you” (Bukhari

and M uslim). Ali ibn Abbas has defined medicine as ‘the science which investigates the preservation of

health and returning health to the ill’ .

The principles of public health and hygiene, which are the most important objective of medical

science, have been kept in view in all forms of Islamic worship such as prayer, fasting and Hajj; where

hygiene, health and keeping the body fresh and act ive are ext remely useful. Plus, this civilizat ion

combated the spread of diseases. The field of medicine has been founded upon strong principles and its

feats have at tained great heights in this field.

The first Muslim hospital was established during period of Walid ibn Abd Malik, which was

exclusively for leprosy patients. Large propert ies and salaries granted for its physicians.

Hospitals were of 2 kinds- mobile dispensaries and permanent buildings. The first mobile

military dispensary in Islam was established during period of Prophet Muhammad SAW during the Bat tle

of Trench, where a separate tent was erected for the wounded. Later on, the Caliphs and rulers

developed them including all pat ients’ requirements ranging from medical care, diet, medicines, clothes,

physicians and pharmacists. These mobile hospitals moved from village to village where there were no

permanent hospitals.

The mobile hospitals had become so large that 40 camels carried its equipment during the reign

of Sultan Muhammad Saljuqi. As for permanent hospitals, they were in such large number that every

big and small town benefited from them. Even Cordoba alone had 50 major hospitals.

The nature of these hospitals had changed too. In addit ion to the special physicians attending to

the Caliphs, the military commanders, and the nobles- there were also physicians reserved for the army

personnel. Plus, there were separate hospitals for the prisoners.



There were also first aid centres located at busy places such as mosques with a large

congregation. For example, one of them in Egypt provided a place for ablut ion and dispensary well-

equipped with medicines, attendants and a standby physician on Fridays.

Some hospitals were of a general nature, open to all for 24 hours. They were of 2 types- male-

only hospitals and female-only hospitals. Each of them had several departments dealing with different

diseases: systemic diseases, ophthalmology, surgery, orthopedics and psychology. Every department

had an officer-in-charge, a presiding officer, and a specialist on its own. There was also a

superintendent , supervising the ent ire institution. There were fixed working hours for the physicians.

Every hospitals had its own junior staffs of pharmacists and nurses with fixed salaries, a ‘Store

of M edicat ion’ or pharmacy which comprised many kinds of fluid medicine, f ine electuaries and high

quality medicinally preserved fruit . They had also fine surgical equipment, glass containers and other

vessels which to be founded previously only in palaces of the kings.

These hospitals also served as institutions for training of medical students, provided with large

lecture theaters and all kinds of medical books and surgical inst ruments. The discussions with pat ients

and teachers were of practical importance. The textbooks were of high standard. Often the teachers

took their students with them to the hospital wards where they participated in the practical work.

No physician was allowed to practice on his own. To prove his worth, anyone who wished to

establish a pract ice had to appear before the Chief M edical Officer by writ ing a treatise on his wanted

subject for the cert ificate of proficiency and needed to have an interview with the officer for the

permission of pract ice.

Every large hospital had a library for the benefit of both students and physicians. For instance,

Ibn Tulun Hospital of Egypt had a library comprising 100,000 books on various branches of medical

science.

The portals of these hospitals were open to everybody regardless the poor or rich, related or

stranger, common man or dist inguished person. Plus, no fees were charged. For outpatients, they were

carefully examined and given medicines to be taken at home. Those who had serious condit ions were

registered as inpat ients. For inpat ients, they would be provided with clean hospital uniform, clean bed in

the ward, and nourishing diet with fixed quality. Before discharge, they were given a new dress and

monetary aids to establish means of livelihood.



The hospital rooms and wards were neat and tidy, with a regular supply of water, furnished w ith

clean carpets, and had special executive staffs. The Caliph also would have a visit here. This was the

excellent system at work in all the hospitals of the Islamic world such as in Baghdad, Damascus, Cairo,

Bayt al-Maqdis, M akkah, Madinah and Andalusia. Examples of major hospitals in 4 big cit ies during

Islamic civilizat ion were Azdi Hospital of Baghdad, Nuri Hospital of Damascus, The Major Mansuri

Hospital and The M oroccan Hospital.

The hospitals existed at a t ime when Europe was wandering under layers of darkness and was

unaware of these hospitals and of their level of cleanliness and human concern, even Europe was

ignorant of the meaning of hospital itself.

In conclusion, it can be said that Islamic civilization established the highest standard in the field

of management of hospitals about 900 years prior to Western civilization; which established under such

exalted human sentiments, principles of mercy and justice to humanity. M uslims was the first nation to

discover the effects on the patient’s psychological consciousness of melody and humorous literature

through experimentation which proved to be very helpful in disease treatment . It is a high record in the

matter of collect ive support the pat ients were t reated free of charge and given enough money after

discharged.

PRIVATE AND PUBLIC LIBRARIES

During this era, there were numerous schools for educat ion and training. Here, everyone

appears to be a lover of books, books are being discussed and everyone was interested in books.

Perhaps Arabic literature is the richest of the ancient literatures. M uslim men of letters preferred the

study of books to gatherings and discussion, for being close to books was closer to their hearts than

being close to the Caliph or the ruler.

Due to this literary taste and high spirit of learning, libraries were established throughout

different parts of the Islamic world. Libraries are of public and private. Public libraries were established

by the Caliphs, nobles, scholars and the rich. Libraries were built attached to large mosques, and at

t imes, they were built in separate permanent buildings.

Libraries at that t ime were so spacious, magnificent and organized. They provide separate

rooms for readers, scribers who used to copy books, and for those who gathered for academic



discussions. There was also rooms for music where people go to relax their minds. Surprisingly, libraries

also provide bedrooms and dining halls for those who want to sleepover at any part icular days.

There were some facilit ies available at these libraries which do not compare to the capitals of

the most advanced countries of Western Civilizat ion. In the public libraries a full-t ime staff was

employed. The head librarian was known as Khazin al-Maktabah. He would always be a renowned

scholar of the t ime. Every big and small library had a catalogue of books w ith which any book could be

taken out easily. This catalogue was prepared according to which the books belonged.

Next , the sources of income of these libraries varied. For most of the public libraries, there were

t rusts built exclusively for their maintenance. The nobles, the rich and the scholars financed each other’s

libraries.

Examples of libraries ment ioned in history in Cairo are M aktabat al Khulafa al Fatmiyyah, Dar al-

Hikma, Bayt al Hikma in Baghdad, Maktabah al-Hakam in Andalusia and M aktabah Bani Ammar in

Tripoli.

If it is f illed w ith happiness when discussing about the spread of libraries, it is also be filled with

sadness and remorse when discussing the fate of these libraries. Calamities happened when Barbarian

Tartars destroyed every books they found. They threw the books into Tigris river unt il the river water

turned its color into black because of the ink. The river also become so shallow unt il their horsemen can

cross the water very easily.

There were also such events that brought calamities which are the dominat ion of Andalusia by

the Spaniards. The Crusades also destroyed all the precious libraries of Tripoli, M aarrah, Bayt al-M aqdis,

Asqalan and other big cit ies. Amir Ibn Fat ik who was the leader of Egypt at that t ime recorded the most

amazing calamity of all. He was once had a huge library and he sat in there most of his time. When he

died, his wife and the neighbours entered the library and started to throw every books they found into a

tank of water in the courtyard. She said the books have distracted Amir Ibn Fatik’s attention towards

her.

In conclusion, this is the woeful tale of the demise of the libraries in the Islamic World during the

period of Islamic civilizat ion. Although it is diff icult to forgive what the enemy has done to us, it is our

duty to do so w ith an open heart .



INTRODUCTION TO HISTORY BY MADAM WIWIN OKTASARI

MUHAMMAD FADHIL BIN AHMAD TAKRI 1319271

AHMAD BASIR BIN ABU BAKAR 1316207

ABDUL GHANI BIN ABDUL WAHAB 1314927

SUMMARY FROM OUR WESTERN CIVILIZATION PRESENTATION

THE AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT

Was began in 18th century. The Enlightenment means accepting new philosophical ideas

based on the discoveries of the Scientific Revolution. It’s also means rejection of traditional

Christianity. The emergence of secularism.

THE TWO OUTSTANDING FATHERS OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT ‘S IDEALS

Isaac Newton: was the greatest scientific mind of his age. John Locke: Locke was the

leading mapper of the political path that England embarked upon with the Glorious Revolution

of 1688. For the previous seventeen centuries, the Christian idea of guilt from the sin of Adam as

an insuperable barrier to human perfection had been the foundation stone of Western moral

philosophy.

THE PHILOSOPHES AND THEIR INTERRELATIONS

They generically known by the French term philosophes and included men and women of

both thought and action, scientist and philosophers, who were committed to the cause of reform.

They were united in their desire for progress, by which they meant controlled changes. Several

of the outstanding philosophes were French, Paris and secondarily London, was the center of the

Enlightenment’s activities (the Enlightenment was a decidedly urban phenomenon). The

Americans Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, and John Adams belong as well the

Enlightenment had no territorial boundaries, thought it was much narrower and shallower in East

Europe than in the west. Chronologically, one can say that their first major achievements date

from the 1730s and that the period ended with the French Revolution. The high point of reform

activity was in the 1770s and 1780s.



COMMON GOALS OF THE PHILOSOPHERS

Firstly, admire the British system of assuring civil rights and condemned the French lack

of such safeguards. Secondly, freedom of conscience like “Establish” or tax supported churches

should be abolished. For the example, The First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was the

first example of the separation of religion and government in Western history. Third, all persons

should enjoy a fundamental equality before the law.

ECONOMIC THOUGHT: ADAM SMITH

He said the smaller the government’s role in the national economy, the better, and that

there is no economic problem that a free market cannot solve to the benefit of all. And his

trademark is Laissez faire (Let them do what they will). Smith is rightly credited with being the

father of free enterprise as that term is used in the modern West. Smith also criticized

mercantilism, the ruling economic wisdom of his time because disadvantage for consumers.

EDUCATIONAL THEORY AND THE POPULARIZATION OF KNOWLEDGE

Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778), His book Emile (1762). He believing that children

can and must follow their interests in proper education. He also strongly criticizing the prevalent

belief that progress meant achieving more consumption and better material life through mastery

of science, exploitation of nature and must involve improvements in the moral and ethical life.

IDEAL OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT

Reason: was derived from nature by the observation of what was natural. Liberty: is

meant the personal freedom to do and say anything that did not harm the right s of another

person.



FRENCH REVOLUTION

Background

Started late 18th and 19th century, 1789 in Paris. It was triggered by a dispute over

finance and taxation monarch and subjects. But tax question was superficial and so complex.

1715 after death Louis XIV known as sun king, the France started to decline. Before, France was

very rich country. When his great-grandson era; Louis XV He was intelligent but lazy and play

in work. Corruption and bribery began to appear in the courts and in administrative office.

France was involved wars but all that wars that they participated, they lost and they lost

many money. This problem lead them to increase the tax. But the tax only charge only on the

middle class and the peasantry. While church who the greatest owner property in France and rich

noble were paying nothing. Because they have “exemptions” that granted by medieval kings. So,

this event lead to revolution become more faster in France.

REVOLUTIONARY TERROR

The Reign of Robespierre

After 1792, France no longer a monarchy country. But a republic country was governed

by a small group. The executive power was exercise by committee of Public Safety with

dictatorial Authority. Lead by two leaders: Maximillian Robespierre and Georges-Jaquez

Danton. July 1794, this group make public feel horrible to Robespierre. Lastly the National

Convention come and make them disappear forever from France.

The Jacobins

They come to make revolution aristocratic longer in France. They remove legislative

assembly and called them as National Convention. So, early 1793 they make Reign of Terror to

attack all their enemies. One of their first victims are Louise XVI and the Queen. This news

spread widely to entire Europe and make them very shocked because before this they hold on

liberalism. Until 1793-1994 (Climax stage of French revolution). Jacobins makes many technics

and ideas that new things to everyone that can make them survive for two century. Such as they

insisted: 1. Egalite = All men were legally and politically equal; 2. Liberte = they were freedom;

3. Fraternite = they were and should be as brothers.



EUROPE’S INDUSTRIALIZATION

There are some prerequisites for industrial production in Europe’s Industrialization. Firstly,

factors for an economy engagement in large scale industrial production. Then, upsurge in world

trade. On the other hand, rising population also give some effect that lead to increase flow of

money. So, they experienced managers and entrepreneurs.

Agrarian Improvements open fields to enclosures. New agrarian practices using the new

methods. The method of machine industry such as improvement in technology by using

machines. They use factory before 18th century by using single employer. For example, putting

out system. New factory style of production called as company gathered together under one

managerial eye.

The initial leader in industrialism was began when they were became most experienced traders

and entrepreneurs. Every day the population was sharply increasing. English agriculture has its

own revolution means England country controlled much of the two basic raw materials of early

industry such as coal and cotton. England had the most favorable internal transport system. After

that, the news on the industrial revolution was spreading to entire Europe. Slowly during 18th

century till early 19th century. England’s attempt to treat industrial technique as state secrets. The

long Napoleonic wars. Early Industrial Success in Cotton textiles, Coal mining and Wool.

Finally, we was divided into two phases of the Industrial revolution. First is Industrial revolution

and secondly is industrial revolution.









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