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Alexandria University
Medical Research Institute
Department: Human Genetics Department
Degree: M.Sc. in Human Genetics
Course title: Basic Genetic Epidemiology
Course code: 1713724
Final Exam
Part I: 30 marks (60 minutes)
Choose the correct answer: (½ mark each)
1. Members of the same species which are capable of interbreeding are best described as
a ……..
a- population genetics
b- population c- genetic population
d- frequency population
2. One possible reason that certain mutations occur frequently in a given population
would be:
a- Heterozygote advantage. b- Heterozygote disadvantage.
c- Foundation efforts. d- Random mating.
3. The total aggregate of alleles in a population is referred to as: a- the genotypic frequency b- the allelic frequency
c- the gene pool d- the genetic structure
4. Which one of the following is an example of heterozygote disadvantage?
a- Phenylketonuria b- Homocystinuria
c- Hemophilia d- Galactosemia
Student name:
Semester: Fall
Academic year: 2019 – 2020
Time allowed: 2 hours
Date: 8 / 1 / 2020
Total marks: 60
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5. Which one of the following is an example of heterozygote advantage?
a- Galactosemia b- Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome c- Alpha thalassemia
d- Hemochromatosis
6. If four percent of a population show a recessive trait, what will be the frequency of
carriers in the following generation? a- 4% b- 8% c- 16%
d- 32%
7. If there is only one allele for a gene in a population, that gene is referred to as:
a- Monoallelic
b- Fixed c- Common
d- Diallelic
8. For a particular human population, if the allelic frequency of the O allele for blood type
was 0.1, and the frequency for the B allele was 0.5, what would be the allelic frequency for
the A allele?
a- 0.1
b- 0.2 c- 0.3 d- 0.4
9. Population genetics is the study of:
a- How selective forces change the allele frequencies in a population over time
b- The genetic basis of population-wide traits
c- Genes in populations as distinguished from the study of the behavior of genes in
families
d- Whether traits have a genetic basis
10. The Hardy-Weinberg law has important implications in the field of:
a- Inbreeding and prediction of recurrence of a disorder in families b- The frequency at which a normal allele mutates to an abnormal allele is the same as
the rate at which an abnormal allele sustains another mutation
c- Population genetics and risk assessment for members of families with genetic disorders.
d- Individuals of all genotypes reproduce at similar rates
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11. Which of the following would cause deviation from the Hardy-Weinberg
equilibrium?
a- Random mating b- Migration c- Large population
d- Lack of selection
12. In an autosomal recessive disease, the people represented by "2pq" in the equation
' are:2+ 2pq + q 2'p a- carriers of the disease b- affected by the disease c- those who have a new mutation
d- those without a mutant mutation
13. The Hardy-Weinberg law defines the frequencies of genotypes in a randomly mating
population based on the frequencies of the alleles at a:
a- Large population sample b- Locus
c- Random sample d- Small size sample
14. By random mating, we mean that matings occur without regard to:
a- The genotypes frequency of the individuals b- The genotypes of the individuals
c- The phenotype of the individuals d- The alleles frequency of the individuals
15. Suppose 25 out of 750 students are redheads. What is frequency of redheads?
a- 0.0033 b- 0.032
c- 0.033
d- 0.33
Questions 16 – 20 are based on the following data:
If the genotypes AA, Aa, and aa have frequencies 0.5, 0.25, and 0.25 (respectively). What
are
16. Freq (A)?
a- 0.00625
b- 0.0625 c- 0.625
d- 0.0652
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17- Freq (a)?
a- 0.0375 b- 0.375 c- 0.00375
d- 0.357
After a single generation of random mating, what is the expected frequency of:
18. AA?
a- 0.625 b- 0.0625
c- 0. 0391 d- 0.39
19. Aa?
a. 0.469 b. 0.0469 c. 0. 00469
d. 0.000469
20. aa?
a- 0.0140
b- 0.140 c- 0.00140 d- 0.040
Questions 21 and 22 are based on the following data:
Consider- a -locus with 12 alleles, A1, A2 ... A12. If we know that freq (A1A1) = 0.10, and
that the frequency of all heterozygote genotypes containing A1 is 0.40.
Under the assumption of Hardy-Weinberg:
21. What is the frequency of allele A1?
a- 0.03 b- 0.003
c- 0.0003
d- 0.3
22. What is the expected frequency of A1A1?
a- 0.9 b- 0.09
c- 0.009 d- 0.1
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23. "A" represents the dominant allele and "a" represents the recessive allele of a pair.
If, in 1000 offspring, 500 are aa and 500 are of some other genotype, which of the
following are most probably the genotypes of the parents?
a- Aa and Aa
b- Aa and aa c- AA and Aa
d- AA and aa
24. A form of vitamin D-resistant rickets, known as hypophosphatemia, is inherited as
an X-linked dominant trait. If a male with hypophosphatemia marries a normal female,
which of the following predictions concerning their potential progeny would be true?
a- All of their sons would inherit the disease
b- All of their daughters would inherit the disease c- About 50% of their sons would inherit the disease
d- About 50% of their daughters would inherit the disease
Questions 25 - 28 are based on the following data:
A rare X-linked recessive trait affects 1/5000 males in a certain population.
25. What is the allele frequency of the allele associated with the recessive trait?
a- 0.0002
b- 0.002 c- 0.02 d- 0.2
26. How many affected men are there for each affected woman (Ratio of affected men:
affected women)?
a- 100 : 1
b- 500 : 1 c- 1000 : 1
d- 5000 : 1
27. In what proportion of matings would this trait affect half of the children of each sex?
a- 0.0000008
b- 0.000008 c- 0.00008 d- 0.0008
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28. A population has been assayed for a 4-allele polymorphism, and the following
genotype counts have been obtained:
Genotype count
1,1 1,3 1,4
2,3 2,4
3,3 3,4 4,4
4 8 3
5 9
4 6 11
On the basis of these genotype counts, what are the gene frequencies of alleles 1 and 2?
a. 0.38, 0.28
b. 0.19, 0.14 c. 0.095, 0.07
d. 0.25, 0.25
29. The incidence of hemophilia B, an X -linked recessive disorder, is approximately 1 in
20,000 males. What is the frequency of the disease gene?
a- 0.01 b- 0.002 c- 0.0004
d- 0.00005
30. The frequency of an allele for an autosomal dominant disorder in a population is
0.0001. What is the frequency of the disorder in the population?
a- 0.01 b- 0.02
c- 0.0001 d- 0.0002
31. Tay-Sachs disease shows autosomal recessive inheritance. Parents of a newly
diagnosed affected child are referred for genetic counseling. It would be correct to tell
them that: a- the probability that their next child will be affected is 1 in 2.
b- the probability that the older unaffected sister of the affected child is a carrier is 1 in 4.
c- the fact that their last child was affected means that their next three children will not
be affected.
d- the probability that each parent is a carrier is 1.
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32. If an autosomal recessive disorder which shows Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium has an
incidence of 1 in 8100 then the frequency of carriers is approximately ---------.
a- 1 in 20
b- 1 in 45
c- 1 in 80
d- 1 in 180
33. Which of the following statements is TRUE ?
a- X linked recessive conditions are more prevalent in communities with high
consanguinity rates
b- Mitochondrial disorders are more common im females
c- Autosomal recessive conditions follow a vertical line of transmission
d- Autosomal recessive genes are equally expressed in males and females
34. If an X-linked recessive disorder is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and the incidence
in males equals 1 in 100, then the expected incidence of affected homozygous females
would be --------.
a- 1 in 1000
b- 1 in 4000
c- 1 in 10 000
d- 1 in 40 000
35. Identify the FALSE statement.
a- Reduced penetrance is commonly seen with autosomal dominant disorders
b- Children born to females with a mitochondrial disorder are at risk of inheriting the
disorder
c- Sisters of a male with an X-linked disorder are obligate carriers
d- Pedigree is a graphical representation of family history using standard symbols
36. Achondroplasia shows autosomal dominant inheritance with complete penetrance. A
man with achondroplasia has an unaffected partner of normal height. Their first two
children are not affected. Which of the following is CORRECT?
a- The probability that each of their children will be affected is less than 1 in 2 because
the parents of the man with achondroplasia are not affected.
b- The probability that their next child will be affected is 1 in 2.
c- If their third child is unaffected, then the probability that their fourth child will be
affected is 1 in 8.
d- If the mother of these children has a sister with achondroplasia. This increases the risk
that the children could be carriers.
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37. Match the pedigree with the most likely mode of inheritance.
a- Autosomal dominant
b- Autosomal recessive
c- Mitochondrial
d- X-linked recessive
38. X-linked traits are considered when …..
a- a man can inherit the condition from his maternal grandfather
b- an affected man transmits the trait to his son
c- these traits will skip a generation, and a man will resemble his father’s father
d- a man will always have the same genotype as his maternal uncle
39. Incomplete penetrance refers to …….
a- a dominant allele that may not be expressed in the phenotype
b- a recessive allele that may not be expressed in the phenotype
c- alleles of the same gene that both contribute to the phenotype
d- a gene that has more than two forms
40. In a population of Ashkenazi Jews, screening showed the frequency of Tay-Sachs
disease heterozygotes to be 0.1. What is the probability that the first child of two
individuals from this population with no family history of the disease will have Tay-Sachs?
a- 0.01
b- 0.25
c- 0.0025
d- 0.0625
41. Consider a woman [I-2], who is affected by a rare autosomal recessive blood
disease. What is the probability that her two grandchildren
will give birth to an affected child ?
a- 1/4
b- 1/8
c- 1/16
d- 1/32
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42. If you know that the prevalence of a certain X-linked recessive disorder among the
females of a population is 1/1000 000. Based on this figure, what would the prevalence be
among males?
a- 1/1000
b- 1/2000
c- 1/5000
d- 1/100 000
43. Which of the following is TRUE of autosomal dominant disorders?
a- Affected individuals must be born to consanguineous parents
b- They are more prevalent in communities with high consanguinity rates
c- Autosomal dominant conditions follow a vertical line of transmission
d- The risk of having the disorder is higher for males than female
44. Regarding pedigree construction & analysis, which of the following statements is
TRUE?
a- The symbol in a pedigree for a male individual is a circle
b- All the children born to a man with an X-linked recessive disorder will be affected
c- Consanguinity is commonly found in pedigrees of autosomal recessive conditions
d- Sisters of a male with an X-linked disorder are obligate carriers
45. In a population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the frequencies of recessive alleles
will ………………over time.
a- increase
b- increase and then decrease
c- decrease and then increase
d- remain constant
46. A young man with phenylketonuria, who was successfully treated is planning to start
a family with his healthy, unaffected, and unrelated partner. Phenylketonuria shows
autosomal recessive inheritance with an incidence of 1 in 10 000. Assuming that the
population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, which of the following is CORRECT?
a- The probability that his partner is a carrier is 1 in 100.
b- The probability that the man will transmit a mutant allele to his first child is 1 in 2.
c- The probability that their first child will be affected is 1 in 100.
d- The probability that their first child will be an affected girl is 1 in 8.
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47. A woman who has two brothers and a maternal uncle with non-specific X-linked
mental retardation is referred for genetic counseling. There are no diagnostic tests
available to help determine whether or not she is a carrier. Which of the following is
CORRECT?
a- The prior probability that she is a carrier is 1 in 4.
b- This means that the probability that her next son will be affected is 1 in 8.
c- The probability that the maternal grandmother of this woman is a carrier is 1 in 2.
d- The woman already has three unaffected sons. Therefore, the probability that she is a
carrier can be modified using Bayes' theorem.
48. Which of the following statements is Not True?
a- Sons of a male with an X-linked disorder are all affected
b- The genetic constitution of an individual is called the genotype
c- A dominant gene is expressed in the homozygous and heterozygous state
d- Phenotype refers to the observable characteristics of an individual
49. You have ascertained an autosomal dominant disease in three offspring of a healthy
couple with positive family history of the disorder. What is the most likely explanation
for the pedigree shown here?
a- Fresh mutation
b- Reduced penetrance - skipping of generations
c- Anticipation
d- Mitochondrial inheritance
50. If 50 out of 2 million individuals are homozygous dd (where D = wildtype allele and d
= disaccharide intolerance), what are the approximate number of heterozygous
individuals in this group.
a- 5000
b- 10,000
c- 20,000
d- 200,000
51. In South Africa, the most likely explanation for the high incidence of 'variegate
porphyria' in the white South African population (which originated from a small group
of Dutch settlers) is ------
a- founder effect
b- heterozygote advantage
c- selection against heterozygotes
d- assortative mating
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52. Match the pedigree with the most likely mode of inheritance. Note that complicating
factors, such as reduced penetrance, may be present. Assume that the gene frequency of
the disorder in the general population is very low.
a- Autosomal recessive
b- Autosomal dominant
c- X-linked recessive
d- Mitochondrial
53. A man and woman are both affected by an autosomal dominant disorder that is
lethal in the embryonic period in homozygotes. The disease has 90% penetrance in
heterozygotes. On average, what proportion of their live-born offspring will be
affected?
a- 10%
b- 30%
c- 60%
d- 100%
54. Which of the following is TRUE of autosomal recessive disorders?
a- Affected individuals must be born to consanguineous parents
b- They are more prevalent in Arab and Moslem countries
c- The risk of having the disorder is higher for males than female
d- There is no skipping of generations
55. In some African populations, the prevalence of sickle cell disease, an autosomal
recessive condition, is 1/100. Based on this value, what proportion of the population
would be heterozygous carriers of the sickle cell disease gene?
a- 0.01
b- 0.1
c- 0.9
d- 0.18
56. In Achondroplasia, an autosomal dominant disease, the gene is lethal in
homozygotes. If the frequency of the normal allele is 0.99, what is heterozygote
frequency ?
a- 0.01
b- 0.02
c- 0.98
d- 0.99
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57. Which of the following best describes the gene frequency of an X-linked recessive
disease ?
a- It is equal to 1
b- It is equal to 2pq – 1
c- It is equal to its frequency in female carriers
d- It is equal to the disease frequency in males
58. Knowing that the disease shown in the pedigree is very rare fully penetrant
Mendelian (single-gene) disease, which is the most likely explanation ?
a- X-linked recessive
b- New Mutation
c- Reduced penetrance
d- Autosomal recessive
59. A color-blind (X-linked) male with hemophilia A mates with a normal female. They
produce a daughter with Turner syndrome who is not hemophilic. What is the
daughter's risk of being color blind?
a- 0%
b- 25%
c- 50%
d- 100%
60. Consider a woman who is affected with oculocutaneous albinism (autosomal
recessive). What is the probability that her two grandchildren (shown in the pedigree as
individuals A and B) are both heterozygous carriers of the albinism-causing allele ?
a- 1/4
b- 1/16
c- 1/32
d- 1/64
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Part II: 30 marks (60 minutes)
Write short note on:
1. Genotype frequency. (2 marks)
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2. Hardy – Weinberg law and an autosomal dominant disorder. (2 marks)
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3. State and explain any two factors affecting allele frequency in population. (2 marks)
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4. Risk assessment in autosomal recessive disorder. (2 marks)
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5. A man is a known heterozygous carrier of a mutation causing hyperprolinemia, an
autosomal recessive condition. Suppose that 0.0025% (1/40,000) of the population is
homozygous for the mutation causing this condition. If the man mates with somebody
from the general population, what is the probability that he and his mate will produce a
child who is homozygous for the mutation involved? Explain (2 marks)
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6- The incidence of Duchenne muscular dystrophy in North America is about 1/3,000
males. On the basis for this figure, what is the gene frequency of this X-linked recessive
mutation? Explain (2 marks)
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7. A man who is affected with hemophilia A (X-linked recessive) mates with
a woman who is a heterozygous carrier of this disorder. What proportion of this
couple’s daughters will be affected, and what proportion of the daughters will be
heterozygous carriers? Explain? (2 marks)
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8. An autosomal recessive gene is lethal in homozygotes. In a population at Hardy-
Weinberg equilibrium, how many generations will it take to eliminate the gene from the
population? Explain? (2 marks)
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9. For an autosomal recessive disorder in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium with incidence of
1 in 6400, calculate the following: (2 marks)
a- The disease gene frequency
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b- The carrier frequency
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c- The probability that the mother of an affected child is a carrier
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d- The probability that a known carrier in this population married to an unrelated partner will
have an affected child
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6. "Aly" and his maternal grandfather "Abdalla" both suffer from a rare X-linked
recessive disorder. Aly's wife "Hanan" is his maternal aunt's daughter. Aly and Hanan
have three daughters (Jana, Jody and Jasmin) and a young son (Youssef). Jasmin suffers
from her father’s condition, while Jana and Jody are unaffected. (4 marks)
a- Draw the pedigree and indicate the obligate carriers.
b- How do you explain that Jasmin is affected with this X-linked recessive disorder?
c- What is the probability that Youssef would manifest the condition of his father ?
a- Pedigree:
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b-
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c-
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7. A woman (Salma) and her paternal aunt (Mona) are married to two related men.
Mona’s husband is the maternal uncle of Salma’s husband. Each couple produces a child
with galactosemia (autosomal recessive disease). (4 marks)
a- Draw the pedigree and indicate the obligate carriers.
b- If Salma and her husband had sought genetic counseling before having had a child (knowing
that Mona and her husband had an affected child), what risks for having affected progeny
would have been given to them?
a- Pedigree:
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b-
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c-
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7. A young lady; III-5 in the figure, presented to our
clinic seeking genetic counseling. She wishes to know
the probability that she is a carrier of hemophilia. She
is concerned about her family history which revealed
two maternal uncles affected with this disease. This
female, however, has five healthy brothers. Use this
information to do the following:
a- Calculate the theoretical risk for that woman of being a carrier of the disease.
b- If this woman marries the healthy son of her affected uncle II-4, does this situation increase
her risk of having an affected child? Why?
c- Construct a Bayesian table and show how the Bayesian analysis can be used to modify her
theoretical risk of being a carrier of the disease.
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