26

Ruth BLANKEI{FELDT

WEAPON DEPOSITS IN THE "THORSBERGER MOOR" -150 YEARS OF RESEARCH AND NEW PERSPECTIVES

The Thorsberger Moor:introduction

It was through reports of conspicuous objectsfound during cutting of peat in the ThorsbergerMoor (Süderbrarup, district Schleswig-Flensburg)(fig. 1), that the curator of the "Sammlung nor-discher Altertümer", Helvig Conrad Engelhardt,became aware of the location. After numerousviewings of the site, he conducted excavationsduring the summer months between 1B5B and1861 - probably unaware of the fact that he

would lay the foundation for a new archaeologi-cal genre! In total, he laid free through 750 m2 ofthe relatively dry bog under technically difficultconditions and discovered numerous artefacts thatshowed a strong military component (Engelhardt1863) (fig. 2).

During the following years, Engelhardt car-ried out fuilher excavations, including locationsin different Danish bogs. At the sites at Nydamand Porskirr in Jutland, as at the sites of Vimoseand Kragehul on Funen, he noticed similaritiesin the composition of the archaeological inven-tory to those discovered in the Thorsberger Moor(Engelhardt 1865; 1866; 1867; lB69) (fig. 1): There

was also a great number of items found in a com-paratively small area in these locations. In addition,most of the finds like shields, swords, lances and

spears showed a high percentage of objects thatcould be described as militaria.

Due to the quickly publication with high qual-ity find-drawings these locations became acces-

sible to a wider audience. The unusual composi-tion of the inventory rapidly led to a variety ofinterpretations. Among other things, they were de-clared as battlefield relics, as remains of warriors

who had broken through the ice, as funerary offer-ings for deceased warriors in Valhalla, or as aban-doned large-scale deposits of metal merchants(Lund Hansen 2003; Rau, Carnap-Bornheim2012:517 f.).

The Danish archaeologist Jens Jacob AsmussenWorsaae initially declared the artefacts to be of-ferings consisting of weapons that were capturedas war trophies, without having concrete evidenceto reach this conclusion (Worsaee 1865: 55 f.).Engelhardt was more cautious in his interpreta-tion of the findings, however he assumed them tobe objects that were intentionally deposited. Thisincluded the often deliberate sorting of artefactsaccording to groups of objects, and the differentelevation levels of various objects, indicating a

difference in time line (Engelhardt 1866: 23 f.;Wiell2003).'

Contemporary interpretationof the weapon deposits

More than 150 years have passed since the firstarchaeologically motivated prick of a spade in theThorsberger Moor. Meanwhile, over two dozensimilar sites are known.

Geographically, the offering places stretch fromSchleswig Holstein in northern Gerrnany via main-land Denmark (Jutland) and the Danish islands tomainland Sweden and the Swedish island of Öland(fig.2).'They encompass a chronological frame ofthe Middle Pre-Roman Iron Age to the end of theMigration period (summarized: Ilkjrr I990a: 332,fig. 201; 2003a: 46, fi5. 2;2003b).

The decisive breakthrough in reaching a cer-tain interpretation of religiously motivated de-positions of the armour of vanquished opponents

1 Numerous references to Engelhardt's observations during the excavations are also found in the excavation di-ary, dated 1860, which was rediscovered in the inventory of the National Museum of Copenhagen in 1978.

2 For the history of research and interpretation of these votive sites, refer to: (Blankenfeldt, Rau 2009; Ilkjer,Iversen 2009; Carnap-Bornheim, Rau 2012; Rau 2012; Rau, Carnap-Bornheim 2012).

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Ruth BLANKENFELDT

Fig. 2. Finds from the "Thorsberger Moor" (photo: Regional Museum of Archaeology Schleswig)

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30 Ruth BLANKENFELDT

combined groups of weapons from graves and

weapon deposits are of great imporlance. Besidesthe combined groups I 12 with chronological rel-evance worked out by Ilkjrer (1990a), J. Bemmannand G. Hahne also authored a similar dating systembased on the inventories from Norwegian weapongraves (Bemmann, Hahne 1990).

Meanwhile, these systems could be modifiedfuither. In this context, especially the sacrifice sites

ofNydam (Rau 20 1 0) and Kragehul (Iversen 2008a;2008b; 2010) are to be mentioned. By understand-ing the modern excavated sites and chronology ofweapons, the old excavated finding-places can be

reinterpreted today as well.All in all in sacrificial sites with offerings of

military equipment, few and chronologically dif-ferentiated extensive deposits were performed.While H. Jankuhn assumed in his investigationsinto the Thorsberger Moor that sacrifices were of-fered at regular intervals (Jankuhn I936a; 1936b),this is meanwhile clearly refuted. Thus, analysis ofthe finds from Illerup Adal for example, concludedthat a time span of up to 100 years could pass be-tween deposits (in summary: Ilkjer 1990a: 332,

fie. 201;2003a: 46, fig. 2;2003b).

Thorsberger Moor: the siteThe composition and quantity of the find en-

sembles from the votive sites is influenced byvarious selective factors: from the looting to thesacrifice, to the excavation methods and the ar-chiving. In addition morphological conditions ofthe respective sites impact the information aboutthe sacrificed objects as well. The physicochemi-cal conditions of the Thorsberger Moor with a

very low PH balance have the effect that only ar-tefacts consisting of coloured or precious metals,wood, leather, glass or ceramics survived. Objectsmade of iron, antler or bone (apatite) have notbeen preserved.

Today, the majority of these artefacts are lo-cated in the Archaeological National Museum,Foundation Schleswig-Holstein State MuseumsGottorf Castle, Schleswig, and in the NationalMuseum in Copenhagen. Following publicationby the excavator (Engelhardt 1863), the finds werediscussed in particular by K. Raddatz (1952; 19571957158;1987a;1987b), as well as in subsequentpublications (Wemer 1941, Carnap-Bornheim1997; Nebet 2004; Blankenfeldt 2008). The arte-

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32 Ruth BLANKENFELDT

tions that were sacrificing here and burying there(see Rau 2010:79 f .).

Offerings of brooches are generally regarded as

being sacriflces of female worshippers (Jud 2006:97; see also Torbrügge 1972: 99, 1,19;Teegen 1999).Although offerings of fibulae by men generally cannot be excluded, none have been documented as ofyet (Jud 2006:99).

The utilization of the area now known as theThorsberger Moor as a place to offer sacrifices as

early as the Pre-Roman IronAge is certain (Raddatz1970; Willroth 1992: 223 f ., 411 f .; Müller-Wille1999: 49 f.). Evidence of this is a large variety ofpottery and wooden vessels, as well as agriculturaltools, which lead to the conclusion of a votive cultcharacterized by agriculture (Engelhardt 1893: Tab.16,17;' Raddatz l9B'7a: cat. no. 881-1076, Tab. 61

71; Neben 2004). Thus, the deposits of vessels andbrooches span a similar time period, even thoughthe course of intensity can be described as diamet-rical based upon the findings available today.

The objects deposited in the Thorsberger Moorin the Older Roman IronAge are exclusively nativedress accessories elements and ceramics. The char-acter and probable intent ofthese sacrifices is sig-nificantly different from the symbolism connectedto the deposit of spoils of war.

Sacrifices during the Younger Roman IronAge in the Thorsberger Moor

A total of three deposits of military equipmentin the Thorsberger Moor have been performed dur-ing the Younger Roman Iron Age (fig 4).u A largepercentage of the findings seem to belong to twosacrifices, both of which were performed in the Clperiod. A definite association to one of these twodeposits can't be derived for all ofthese objects, as

they often consist of long-lasting forms.The definition of an earlier and later sacrifice

in the Cl period can further be supported with thehelp of militaria (see Ilkjrer I993a: 283; Iversen2008b: appendix II.22; Mate5iö in prep.).In con-trast, the horse hamesses from this time frame canbe attributed to an advanced stage of period C1 (see

Lau 2007 ; 2008; in prep.).The first offering of military equipment took

place in the beginning Young Roman Iron Age(fi9. 4,left). The find provenances indicate a largegeographical area in continental Europe (fig. 4, left,light green). In addition to strong evidence of the

Elbian-Germanic cultural area, there are many arte-facts that are probably of an East-Germanic origin(flg.4,left, dark green). The interpretation of suchfindings alongside the mixing of different culturalgroups is questionable. Thus, alliances betweenmen of different cultural groups are just as possibleas the representation ofa geographical area that layin an overlapping zone of both influences.

Probably the most comprehensive deposit ofspoils of war happened in the first half of the thirdcentury AD (fig. 4, centre). A majority of the itemsfound in the Thorsberger Moor could be attributedto this deposit (Ilkjrer 1993a:283; Biborski, Ilkjrer2006a:383; Lau 2001;, 2008; in prep.; Iversen2008b: appendix IL22; Blankenfeldt in prep.;Mate5iö in prep.). An offering previously describedin the literature as being the main deposit of pe-riod Clb is therefore verified; however, the earlierdescribed extreme quantitative preponderance of95 oÄ of the overall findings from the ThorsbergerMoor must be relativized (see Ilkjrer, Lonstrup7982: 95 Lonstrup 1984: 92). Elbian-Germanicfind provenances are strongly represented in this of-fering, however North German and Danish, as wellas Jutland components can also be noted (fig.4,centre, light red). Such an observation is partiallyexplained by alliances between units of differingorigin, on the other hand, cultural parallels are alsopossible. This is for example obserued on similari-ties in the Funen and Holstein form-spectrum. Dueto significant individual aftefacts and their typicalpatterl of distribution, the warriors' potential re-gions of origin can be namowed down a bit moreclearly (fig. 4, centre, dark red).

The final deposit of army equipment in theThorsberger Moor took place at the early fourthcentury AD (fig. 4, right). The findings are compa-rable to deposits in other sacrificial sites, and there-fore can be easily narrowed down chronologically(Ilkjar 1990a: 303 f., 334, fig. 203). Besides "per-sonal equipment" arlefacts, the functional groups"horse harnesses" (Lau 2008: 34 f.) and "militct-ria" (Ilkjnr 1990a: 303 f., 334,fig.203; Biborski,Ilkjrer 2006a: 383; Iversen 2008b: appendix II.22; Mateüö in prep.) are also represented in thisfinal deposit. Scandinavian components dominatein these findings (fi5. 4, right, light blue) and sug-gest an origin of the warriors from the south andsouth-eastern area of Sweden and the Danish islandregions (|fig. 4, right, dark blue).

6 To maintain clearness, a detailed list of the objects, which were considered to be a chronological indicator,is not included here. For more information, see (Blankenfeldt in prep.).

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34 Ruth BLANKENFELDT

3Plt,'q,n.

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Fig. 5. Destruction occurred in a systematic manner: ritual treatmentof snake head bracelets from the "Thorsberger Moor"(photos: Regional Museum of Archaeology of Schleswig)

The thorsberger Moor:militaria and horse harnesses

Weapons are a central functional group repre-sented in deposits of military equipment. Due to the

acid pH-value in the Thorsberger Moor, the quotaof loss in this object group can cerlainly be classi-fied as very high. The transmitted metal artefactsconsisting of copper alloys and precious metals are

mostly attributable to sword and shield sets. Herea relatively high proporlion of objects is recogniz-ably of Roman origin. If a statement can be maderegarding the provenance of these finds, these

mainly refer to the provinces of Germania Inferiorand Britannia (Mate5iö in prep.).

Among the rnilitaria there are some strikingindividual pieces, for example a silver face mask(Engelhardt 1863: table 5. 3; Raddatz 1987a: cat.no. 405, tab. 90.1; 91.1;fi9.23). During a revisionof the finds from the Thorsberger Moor, S. Ma-teiiö could explain that this piece, along withother metal artefacts found here, could be recon-structed into a complete helm, originally with aniron and therefore meanwhile gone helmetcalotte (MateSiö 2010; in prep.).Models for thisGermanic-made and so far unique helmet are tobe found in Roman pieces. Parallels to "mask hel-mets of the female type" from the second half ofthe second and early third century AD, which are

primarily known from the Danube region, becomeparticularly clear (Mate5iö 2010: 56 f., fig. onp.571' in prep.).

In the Thorsberger Moor, an unusually highnumber of Gennanic Roman Iron Age horse har-ness pieces could be, which N. Lau could assem-ble into at least two dozen sets (Lau 2007; 2008;in prep.). The majority of them were probably sa-

crificed along with the main deposit in the firsthalf of the third century AD. At least nine setsended up in the Thorsberger Moor in the final sac-rifice (see above).

Besides models from the Roman empire com-bined with Germanic design and manufacturingstyles, the Germanic horse harnesses prove contactto further cultural areas. Thus, there are indicationsof parallels with Sannatian and Pannonian horsehamess pieces, as well as with the Norlh Danubianarea at the time of the Marcomannic Wars (Lauin prep.).

Ritual destructionThe Germanic harnesses and bridle chains are

often richly decorated and superior in quality. Theycan be associated with a higher status of the rid-ers. This lead to the conclusion that members ofthe military comrnand in particular, but also the so-cial elite, were mounted and participated directlyin battle events (Lau in prep.).On the other hand,

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Jb Ruth BLANKENFELDT

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