1

Proving the validity of deciherment of Indus Script

Corpora as metalwork catalogues: Rosetta stones of

Begram, Sanchi, Bharhut

A Rosetta Stone helped validate the decipherment of Egyptian hieroglyphs because the

inscriptions on the Stone contained multilingual texts containing the same message. So far, Indus

Script Corpora has NOT produced any Rosetta Stone type of evidence. Hence, any claim of

decipherment of Indus Script is contested in academia. Rightly so.

Many 'Rosetta Stones' removed in time from the days of Indus Script inscriptions (which started

from ca. 3500 BCE) have been found in Sanchi and Bharhut engravings (which are dated to from

ca. 3rd cent. BCE).

This note discusses these Indus Script Rosetta Stone evidences discovered in Begram, Sanchi

and Bharhut -- to validate the decipherment of Indus Script.

Artifact finds of Sanchi and Bharhut demonstrate the use of Brahmi and Kharosthi syllabic

writing which demonstrate that the language of the artists and artisans was Prakritam. Use of

Brahmi and Kharosthi writing is also evidenced on a punchmarked coin of Taxila (Fig. 10.13.14)

with inscriptions: obv. negama (Brahmi) and rev. kojaka (Kharosthi).

"In the northwest Kharosthi continued to flourish and most of the known inscriptions in that are

were written in this script between c. BCE 200 and CE 200. Kharosthi gained wide currency for

coin inscriptions in the same reion. That its use spread at an early date into the Ganges valley can

be inferred from the fact that at Bharhut the masons used Kharosthi letters for their masonry

marks. Recently a number of Kharosthi inscriptions have been discovered on potsherds from

sites in Bengal. Coinage. Around the opening of the second century BCE the establishment of an

Indo-Greek kingdom in Gandhara introduced into the northwest a major new currency system,

with a predominantly silver and bronze coinage. At an early stage the Greeks employed bilingual

inscriptions in Greek and in Prakrit in Brahmi or Kharosthi script, and their coins provided a

model which later rulers in the region were to initiate. The Greeks were followed into India by a

series of foreign groups, first the Sakas and later the Kusanas who were among those to emulate

the Greek patterns of coin...On the coins of Kaniska and his successors in the second century CE

a wide variety of deities was depicted, including, beside the mainly Iranian pantheon, the Buddha

and Siva, as well as Greek and Egyptian deities."(Allchin, FR & George Erdosy, 1995, The

archaeology of early historic South Asia: the emergence of cities and states, Cambridge

University Press, p.311).

2

After Fig. 10.12. Allchin & Erdosy, 1995. Coinage ascribable to the pre-Mauryan period (c. BCE

4th century). Northwest regions: 1. silver bar coin (double standard); 2. silver round coin (half

standard); 3. silver square coin. Ganges valley (Kasi); 4. cup-shaped silver punchmarked coin; 5.

silver punchmarked coin.

3

After Fig. 10.13. ibid. Coinage ascribable to the Mauryan and immediately post-Mauryan period.

6,7,8 silver punchmarked coins, national series; 9,10,11 coper cast coins; 12,13,15,16 die-struck

copper coins; 14. inscribed copper coin, Taxila; obv. negama (Brahmi script),

rev. kojaka (Kharosthi script). "We believe it is reasonable to conclude that during the Mauryan

period silver punchmarked coins of the national series were very widely distributed in South

Asia, and were accompanied by coins of the cast copper varieties."(Allchin, FR & George

Erdosy, 1995, The archaeology of early historic South Asia: the emergence of cities and states,

Cambridge University Press, p.221).

It is known that sculptors of Sanchi and Bharhut artifacts were in the tradition of ivory carvers of

Begram.

4

The hieroglyphs -- for example, elephant, tiger, mountain-range, tree, fire-altar, sun's rays,

svastika -- deployed on the coins of Mauryan period are comparable to the hieroglyphs on Indus

Script Corpora. The later-day inventors of Kharosthi and Brahmi scripts are likely to have been

adept at Indus Script hieroglyph writing (mlecchita vikalpa, i.e. Meluhha cipher).

arka 'sun' rebus: arka, eraka 'gold, copper moltencast'

kanda 'fire-altar'

kuTi 'tree' rebus: kuThi 'smelter'

Ku. ḍ , ḍ ʻ stony land ʼ; B. ḍāṅ ʻ heap ʼ, ḍāṅ ā ʻ hill, dry upland ʼ; H. ḍ f. ʻ mountain --

ridge ʼ; M. ḍ m.n., ḍ , ° ā , ḍ ā n. ʻ hill -- tract ʼ. -- Ext. -- r -- : N. ḍ ṅ ur ʻ heap ʼ.

M. ḍ m. ʻ hill, pile ʼ, ° ā m. ʻ eminence ʼ, ° ī f. ʻ heap ʼ. -- Ext. -- r -- : Pk. ḍuṁ r -- m. ʻ

mountain ʼ; Ku. ḍ r, ḍ rī; N. ḍuṅ r ʻ heap ʼ; Or. ḍuṅ uri ʻ hillock ʼ, H. ḍu r m.,

G. ḍ r m., ḍ rī f. S. ḍ u ru m. ʻ hill ʼ, H. M. ḍõ r m.(CDIAL 5523) rebus: N. ḍāṅro ʻ term

of contempt for a blacksmith ʼ; Or. dhāṅ ṛ ʻ young servant, herdsman, name of a Santal tribe

ʼ,H.dh ṅ r m. ʻ herdsman ʼ, dh ṛ, °ar m. ʻ a non-- Aryan tribe in the Vindhyas, digger of

wells and tanks ʼ(CDIAL 5524) For rebus readings of elephant, tiger, see following paragraphs.

Hieroglyph: svastika: satthiya 'svastika' rebus: satthiya, jasta 'zinc'

Taxila coin

Semantics of negama (Brahmi) and kojaka (Kharosthi) on Taxila coin which meant 'merchant

caravans' and 'treasurer' respectively as may be seen from the glosses of Indian sprachbund (both

Indo-Aryan including Prakritam and Dravidian):

-° गम [p= 545,3] a caravan or company of merchants (ifc. f(आ).) R. Das3. ;a town , city ,

market-place A1past. Car. Lalit. m. insertion (esp. of the name of a deity into a liturgical

formula) SrS.the or the Vedic text Hariv. Pa1n2. Pur. &cany work auxiliary to and

explanatory of the s Mn. iv , 19 ( Kull. )doctrine , instruction in , art of

(comp.) Ba1lar.= Cat. (Monier-Williams)

nigamá m. ʻ marketplace ʼ Āpast. [√gam]Pa. nigama -- m. ʻ market town ʼ, Pk. i m -- m.;

OSi. niyama ʻ marketplace ʼ.(CDIAL 7158)*nigamagrāma ʻ market village ʼ. [nigamá -- ,

grāˊma -- ]Si. niyamgama ʻ large village ʼ.(CDIAL 7159) Go<tiniGam>(A) {V} ``to ^start

(doing something)''.(Munda etyma) It is possible that the gloss is linked

to grAma 'village'. grāˊma m. ʻ troop, village ʼ RV., °aka -- m. MBh.Pa. ām -- , °aka -- m. ʻ

village ʼ, Aś. ām -- , KharI. grama, Dhp. gama, NiDoc. grame pl.; Pk. ām -- m. ʻ collection,

village ʼ; Gy. eur. gav m. ʻ village, town ʼ; Ash. glam ʻ village ʼ, Kt. ŕom, Pr. əm, Dm. gram,

Paš. dar. lām, kuṛ. lām , chil. lōm, ar. dlōm, lōm (not dialects in which it would collide

with lām < kárman -- IIFL iii 3, 109), Niṅg. Shum. lām, Woṭ. ām m., Gaw. lām, Kal. grom,

Kho. gram (in cmpds. and place names), Bshk. lām, Tor. ām, Mai. , Gau. gaõ, Sv. rām,

Phal. rōm, Sh. irōm ʻ cowpen ʼ (earlier → Bur. gir*lm ʻ clan, village ʼ Morgenstierne in

5

Lorimer BurLg I, xxii), dr. ām ʻ village ʼ, gur. āõ (← Ind. ~ kui < kuṭī -- ); K. ām m. ʻ village

ʼ, S. u m., L. ir m., P. r , ir , °rā m., WPah. bhad. ḍ , bhiḍ. bhal. ḍ n., paṅ.

cam. r ; cur. ir ʻ field ʼ; rudh. gye ʻ village ʼ, khaś. r o, Ku. , gng. , N. A. ā , B.

Or. , Bi. , Mth. o, ām, Bhoj. Aw. lakh. H. u m., Marw. , G. ām n.,

M. , ā m.n., Ko. u m., Si. gama; -- ext. -- ṭ -- : Sk. rām ṭi ā -- f. ʻ wretched village ʼ,

Pk. ām ḍ -- m., G. āmṛ n. ʻ small village ʼ.grāmín -- ; *agrāmin -- , agrāmya -- ,

*nirgrāmika -- , saṁgrāmá -- ; grāmakūṭa -- , grāmaṇīˊ -- , *grāmadāra -- , *grāmadhāna -- ,

grāmavāsin -- , grāmastha -- , grāmāntá -- , *grāmārdha -- ; *g grāma -- , *nigamagrāma -- ,

*paragrāma -- , *pāṇḍavagrāma -- , *pālagrāma -- , mātr grāma -- .Addenda: grāˊma --

: WPah.kṭg. (kc.) r m. (obl. kṭg. r , kc. grama) ʻ village ʼ.(CDIAL 4368)

[p= 314,2] n. case , receptacle of (in comp.) Ma1rkP. xi , 5.f. a drinking-vessel L.

(Monier-Williams) Kol. (SR.) kojā cup. Go. (ASu.) kh jā bowl. (Kamaleswaran.) (DEDR

2191) Go. kōsur (Mu.) a government servant or paik, (Elwin) outsiders and strangers, a paik;

(Ph.) kosur, (W.) koshur Hindu man; (Ph.) kostār, (W.) koshtār Hindu woman; (Ph.

W.) kosh the Hindi language (Voc. 991). Konḍa (BB) kōslaen (pl. kōska) a peon. Pe. kōsku

(pl.) peons. Kuwi (S.) koheesi constable, (pl. kōska police); (Ṭ.) kōh'i (pl. kōska) peon; kōhu

haḍa the Oriya language.(DEDR 2192). <kokoJa>

{NK} ``^members of one's immediate ^family''. @2202. #16121.suffix of adverbs'.(Munda

etyma)

k śāgāra n. ʻ treasure chamber ʼ MBh. [k śa -- , agāra -- ]L. kohārā m. ʻ cash bo , bo for

blacksmith s odds and ends ʼ, mult. kh hārā m.(CDIAL 3542).Kosa1 (m. nt.) [cp. Sk. kośa and

koṣa, cavity, bo vessel, cp. Goth. hūs, E. house; related also kukṣi=P. kucchi] any cavity or

enclosure containing anything, viz. 1. a store -- room or storehouse, treasury or granary A iv.95

(rāja˚); Sn 525; J iv.409 (=wealth, stores); J vi.81 (aḍḍhakosa only half a house) in cpd. -- ˚

koṭṭhāgāra, e pld at DA i.295 as koso vuccati bhaṇḍāgāraŋ. Four kinds are mentioned: hatthī˚,

assā˚, rathā˚, raṭṭhaŋ˚. <->- koṭṭhāgāra "treasury and granary" usually in phrase paripuṇṇa -- k --

k (adj.) "with stores of treasures and other wealth" Vin i.342; D i.134; S i.89; Miln 2; & passim.

(Pali) Kosaka [fr. kosa] 1. a sheath for a needle J iii.282; - 2. a bowl, container, or vessel for

food J i.349 (v. l. kesaka); M ii.6, 7,(Pali)

Begram ivory prototype and Bharhut torana

6

Women standing under a Toraṇa. Begram Ivory Plaque which is a prototype for Bharhut-Sanchi

Stupa Toraṇa

7

Bharhut Torana

See: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/06/bharhut-stupa-torana-architectural.html

It is suggested that the engravers of Begram, Sanchi and Bharhut who wrote in Brahmi and

Kharosthi syllabic scripts followed the tradition of hieroglyphmultiplextext of Indus Script on

pictorial motifs of ivory or stone sculptural artifacts. In this perspective, Begram, Sanchi,

Bharhut artifacts constitute Rosetta stones to validate decipherment of Indus Script Corpora --

which are metalwork catalogues with inscriptions in Prakritam -- the same language used by

scribes of Begram, Sanchi and Bharhut.

8

The language Prakritam unites the Rosetta Stones of Begram, Sanchi and Bharhut with the Indus

Scipt Corpora and overcomes the problem time-gap of about 1000 years-- between ca. 3500 BCE

- 1500 BCE (the dates of Sarasvati-Sindhu or Indus Valley Civilization) and 3rd cent. BCE.

Continuing Art traditions of Indus Script Corpora in Begram, Sanchi, Bharhut

Unique art forms unite the artifacts with hieroglyphs of Indus Script Corpora, Begram ivories

and Sanchi/Bharhut stone sculptural friezes.

One characteristic style which singles out Indus writing system is the deployment of

hieroglyphmultiplextext, creating for example, composite animals with many body parts from

different animals. This characteristic style continues into the historical periods. As mlecchita

vikalpa (cipher writing in Meluhha or Prakritam), all artifacts with unique hieroglyphmultiplexes

can be explained as plain texts related to metalwork which was a principal life-activity of the

artisans of both Bronze and Iron Ages in the civilization area of Indian sprachbund (laguage

speech union).

Detail of three winged tigers and a pair of horned, winged tigers with riders on Sanchi Stupa as

centre-piece on the top architrave and on left and right pillars

Horns as hieroglyph: The 'horns' are 'stalks', hieroglyphs: [ kāraṇḍā ] [ karaṇḍā ] m A

chump or block. the stock or fixed portion of the staff of the large leaf-covered summerhead or

umbrella. A clump, chump, or block of wood. [ karāṇḍā ] m C A cylindrical piece as sawn

or chopped off the trunk or a bough of a tree; a clump, chump, or block. [ kar ḷā ] m The

half-burnt grass of a Potter s kiln: also a single stalk of it. Kalanda [cp. Sk. karaṇḍa piece of

wood?] heap, stack (like a heap of wood? cp. kalingara) Miln 292 (sīsa˚) (Pali) [L=44277]

n. a piece of wood , block Bhpr.

Rebus: fire-god: @B27990. #16671. Remo <karandi>E155 {N} ``^fire-^god''.(Munda)

9

Allograph: [ r ḍī ] f (See ई) Safflower: also its seed.

Rebus: r ḍ ‘hard alloy’ (Marathi) See: http://tinyurl.com/qcjhwl2

Hieroglyphs:

kola, k lu ‘jackal, tiger (Konkani.Telugu) rebus: kola_ burning charcoal (Lahnda.Punjabi.);kol,

kolla a furnace (Tamil); kolla a blacksmith (Malayalam); kol metal (Tamil); kol 'working in

iron'; kolhe 'smelter' (Santali); kolimi 'smithy-forge'(Telugu) kole.l 'smithy, temple'(Kota)

dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'cast metal'

eraka 'wing' Rebus: eraka 'copper'.

Artistic style: Joined animal Hieroglyph: sangaḍi = joined animals (Marathi)

Rebus: saMghAta 'caravan'

Hieroglyphs of riders: With karaṇḍā 'stalks' as koD 'horns' and artisans (carrying goads or

weapons or kANDI 'little stalk or stem') hieroglyph components added: karaḍā eraka kol

saMghAta 'hard alloy moltencast copper working in iron caravan' PLUS kuThAru 'armourer', or

kamar 'artisan' PLUS koD 'workshop'. [In Udipi and coastal Dakshina Kannada districts of

Karnataka, there is a practice of ‘Pili Kola’ worshiping Tiger. The festival is conducted once in

every two years in Muggerkala Temple in Kaup.

http://www.bellevision.com/belle/index.php?action=topnews&type=3842

http://www.mangalorean.com/specials/specialnews.php?newsid=481755&newstype=local]

Rebus: (p. 202) [ khāṇḍa as in lokhaṇḍa 'metal tools, pots and pans, metalware' (Marathi).

Thus the two riders of the hieroglyph-multiplex of stalk-as-horn PLUS winged tigers can be read

as: armourers working in a smithy-forge, kolimi and with hard alloy, karaDa; moltencast

metal, eraka. The riders seem to be arrying: (p. 167) [ kuṭhāra ] m S An ax or a hatchet.

Hence, they are kuThAru 'armourers'.

The entire hieroglyphmultiplextext is read rebus in Meluhha:

dul eraka r ḍ kol lo h ḍ kuThAru saMghAta 'moltencast metal, alloy, iron worker,

metalware, armourer caravan'.

The stalks ligatured as horns are hieroglyphs which compare with Sit Shamshi bronze which

displays three such stocks to signify metalwork and oblations to the Sun divinity:

kolmo 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'; kole.l 'smithy, temple'.

10

The prototype model for the joined tigers occurs on Indus Script Corpora deciphered as smithy

workshop: kole.l cAl

m0295 Mohenjo-daro seal

This is a good example of hypertext with two categories of hypertext components: 1. pictorial

motif hieroglyphs; 2. text hieroglyphs called signs in Indus Script Concordances such as those of

Parpola and Mahadevan.

cāli 'Interlocking bodies' (IL 3872) Rebus: sal 'workshop' (Santali) Allograph: sal ‘splinter’

Pict-61: Composite motif of three tigers

Text1386 Note how the hieroglyph components of the text are displayed in the

space available on the seal after the pictorial motif hieroglyphs have been put together as part of

the hypertext. The broken corner of the seal may have included other 'text hieroglyphs called

signs'.

11

Hieroglyph of ‘looking back’ is read rebus as kamar 'artisan': [krammaru] krammaru.

[Tel.] v. n. To turn, return, go back. . or r mm rinṭsu. V. a. To

turn, send back, recall. To revoke, annul, rescind. . krammara. Adv.

Again. or Same as . krəm backʼ(Kho.)(CDIAL 3145) Kho. Krəm ʻ

back ʼ NTS ii 262 with (?) (CDIAL 3145)[Cf. Ir. *kamaka – or *kamraka -- ʻ back ʼ in Shgh.

Čůmč ʻ back ʼ, Sar. Čomǰ EVSh 26] (CDIAL 2776) cf. Sang. kamak ʻ back ʼ, Shgh. Čomǰ (<

*kamak G.M.) ʻ back of an animal ʼ, Yghn. Kama ʻ neck ʼ (CDIAL 14356). Kár, kãr ‘neck’

(Kashmiri) Kal. Gřä ʻ neck ʼ; Kho. Goḷ ʻ front of neck, throat ʼ. Gala m. ʻ throat, neck ʼ

MBh. (CDIAL 4070) Rebus: rmār ‘smith, artisan’ (Skt.) kamar ‘smith’ (Santali)

kolmo 'three' Rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'

kola 'tiger' Rebus: kol 'working in iron'; kolle 'blacksmith'; kolimi 'smithy, forge'; kole.l 'smithy,

temple'

meḍ ‘body’ Rebus: meḍ ‘iron’ (Mu.) Vikalpa: āḍ 2 a man's length, the stature of a man (as

a measure of length); rebus: āḍ ‘stone’; Ga. (Oll.) nḍ , (S.) nḍu (pl. nḍ il) stone

ḍ n ‘rim of jar’; Rebus: r ‘scribe’; ḍ ‘furnace, fire-altar’. Thus the ligatured

Glyph is decoded: ḍ r ‘furnace scribe

kole.l smithy, temple in Kota village (Ko.)

k nṭa corner (Nk.); tu. k ṇṭu angle, corner (Tu.); rebus: kõdā ‘to turn in a lathe’

(Bengali) Alternative reading; kanac 'corner' rebus: kancu 'bronze'

sal 'splinter' Rebus: sal 'workshop'

Thus, the message on the seal reads: meḍ ‘iron’; āḍ ‘stone’; r ‘furnace

scribe'; kolimi 'smithy, forge' kole.l 'smithy, temple'; sal ‘workshop’ PLUS õdā s l 'turner

workshop' (Alternative: kancu sal 'bronze workshop')

The entire hypertexts of pictorial and text hieroglyph components can thus be read using rebus-

metonymy-layered-meluhha cipher as: 'iron stone furnace scribe smithy-forge, temple, turner or

bronze workshop'.

http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2013/08/dholavira-gateway-to-meluhha-gateway-to.html

cāli 'Interloc in bodies' (IL 3872) Rebus: sal 'workshop' (Santali) Did the Bharhut architect

who designed the Western Torana (Gateway) with hieroglyph multiplex of 3 tigers (winged)

12

intend to send the message that the precincts are: Hieroglyph: cAli 'interlocking bodies'

Rebus: sal 'workshop'?

Hieroglyph: kul 'tiger' (Santali) [ k lhēṃ ] A jackal (Marathi) kol tiger, jackal (Konkani.)

kOlupuli 'tiger' (Telugu) [ k lu ] ōlu. [Tel.] adj. Big, great, huge . or a

royal tiger. Rebus: kolimi 'smithy, temple'; kol 'working in iron'. Thus kol(m) could have

connoted a tiger.

*ut-- śāla ʻ leaping up ʼ. (CDIAL 1846) śāˊlā f. ʻ shed, stable, house ʼ AV., śālám adv. ʻ at home

ʼ ŚBr., śāli ā -- f. ʻ house, shop ʼ le . Pa. Pk. sālā -- f. ʻ shed, stable, large open -- sided hall,

house ʼ, Pk. sāl -- n. ʻ house ʼ; Ash. sal ʻ cattleshed ʼ, Wg. šāl, Kt. šål, Dm. šâl; Paš.weg. sāl,

ar. šol ʻ cattleshed on summer pasture ʼ; Kho. š l ʻ cattleshed ʼ, šeli ʻ goatpen ʼ; K. hal f. ʻ hall,

house ʼ; L. sālh f. ʻ house with thatched roof ʼ; A. xāl, xāli ʻ house, workshop, factory ʼ; B. sāl ʻ

shed, workshop ʼ; Or. sā ʻ shed, stable ʼ; Bi. sār f. ʻ cowshed ʼ; H. sāl f. ʻ hall, house, school

ʼ, sār f. ʻ cowshed ʼ; M. sā f. ʻ workshop, school ʼ; Si. sal -- a, ha° ʻ hall, market -- hall

ʼ.(CDIAL 12414) *k lhuśālā ʻ pressing house for sugarcane or oilseeds ʼ. [*k lhu -- , śāˊlā --

] Bi. olsār ʻ sugarcane mill and boiling house ʼ.(CDIAL 3538) karmaśālā f. ʻ workshop ʼ MBh.

[kárman -- 1, śāˊlā -- ]Pk. mm sālā -- f.; L. mhāl f. ʻ hole in the ground for a weaver s feet ʼ;

Si. kamhala ʻ workshop ʼ, kammala ʻ smithy ʼ.(CDIAL 2896) 2898 karmāˊra m. ʻ blacksmith ʼ

RV. [EWA i 176 < stem *karmar -- ~ karman -- , but perh. with ODBL 668 ← Drav. cf.

Tam. rumā ʻ smith, smelter ʼ whence meaning ʻ smith ʼ was transferred also to karmakāra --

] Pa. mmār -- m. ʻ worker in metal ʼ; Pk. mmār -- , °aya -- m. ʻ blacksmith ʼ, A. mār,

B. āmār; Or. mār ʻ blacksmith, caste of non -- Aryans, caste of fishermen ʼ; Mth. mār ʻ

blacksmith ʼ, Si. m burā. Md. n buru ʻ blacksmith ʼ.(CDIAL 2898) *karmāraśālā ʻ smithy ʼ.

[karmāˊra -- , śāˊlā -- ] Mth. m rsārī; -- Bi. m rsāy r?(CDIAL 2899)

I suggest that the three tigers with interlocked bodies DOES connote cāli 'interlocked bodies'

Rebus-metonymy layered cipher yields the plain text message : kola 'tiger' > kolom 'three'

PLUS cāli 'interlocked bodies' : mm sālā 'workshop' (Prakritam) < kol(m) PLUS śāˊlā, i.e.

smithy workshop.

See: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/06/bharhut-stupa-torana-architectural.html

http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/07/nature-of-indus-writing-system-defined.html

Hieroglyphmultiplextext of stalks as horns is displayed on another frieze of Sanchi with an

elephant ligatured to the body of a bull:

13

Hieroglyph multiplex: Sanchi stupa. railing. 2nd cent. BCE. Hieroglyphs are: elephant (face,

trunk), bull (body), safflower, leafless stalks as horns

Hieroglyphs:

With karaṇḍā 'stalks' as koD 'horns' and artisans (carrying goads or weapons or kANDI

'little stalk or stem') hieroglyph components added as signifiers on the frieze:

sangaḍi = joined animals (Marathi) [In this hieorglyphmultiplex, body of a bull is joined to the

face and trun of an elephant]

Rebus: saMghAta 'caravan'

barad, barat, 'bull' rebus: baran, bharat 'mixed alloys' (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin) (Punjabi)

bharana id. (Bengali)

[ karaḍī ] f (See ई) Safflower Rebus: [ kharaḍā ] scribbling, engraving Rebus: (p. 137) [ karaḍā ] Hard from alloy--iron, silver &c. PLUS kolmo 'three' Rebus:

kolimi 'smithy, forge'.

kara ‘elephant’s trunk’ rebus: khar ‘blacksmith’ PLUS ibha 'elephant' Rebus: ibbo 'merchant'

Pronounced together: (kar+ibbha) karb ‘iron’ (See: Tulu. ajirda karba very hard iron; karba iron.)

Or. kāṇḍa, kã ṛ ʻstalk, arrow ʼ(CDIAL 3023). Rebus: khāṇḍā tools, pots and pans, metal-ware'.

ayaskāṇḍa a quantity of iron, excellent iron'

Read together: r ḍā hā ḍā bharat ibbo saMghAta kolimi Hard alloy, mixed alloy

(copper+zinc+tin) smithy, forge metalsmith artisan-merchant-scribe OR metalcaster-engraver

caravan (guild).

Sanchi examples of hieroglyhphmultiplextexts are a continuum of the Indus Script tradition.

The artisans convey messages of metalwork on Indus Script Corpora as also on many sculptural

friezes using such hieroglyphmultiplextexts.

In addition to the thousands of examples on punch-marked and other metal coins of the historical

periods and scruptural relief hieroglyphs, the hieroglyphmultiplextexts from the Indus Script

Corpora tradition also get displayed on a pre-Mauryan ca. 6th cent. BCE Sohgaura copper plate.

14

The koTThaka mentioned in the Brahmi inscription is also displayed as a hieroglyph on a

hypertext, top line:

Sohgaura coper plate inscription. The Sohgaura copper plate refers to a pair of kos.t.ha_ga_ra

(dva_ra kot.t.haka); the two storehouses described as tri-garbha (i.e. having three rooms)...

See: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2012/07/sohgaura-copper-plate-inscription-

as.html [k ṣṭhāgāra n. ʻ storeroom, store ʼ Mn. [k ṣṭha -- 2, agāra -- ]Pa. oṭṭhā ār -- n. ʻ

storehouse, granary ʼ; Pk. oṭṭhā ār -- , oṭṭhār -- n. ʻ storehouse ʼ; K. uṭhār m. ʻ wooden

granary ʼ, WPah. bhal. óṭhār m.; A. B. uṭh rī ʻ apartment ʼ, Or. oṭh ri; Aw. lakh. oṭhārʻ

zemindar s residence ʼ; H. uṭhiyār ʻ granary ʼ; G. oṭhār m. ʻ granary, storehouse ʼ, oṭhāriy n.

ʻ small do. ʼ; M. oṭhār n., oṭhārẽ n. ʻ large granary ʼ, -- °rī f. ʻ small one ʼ; Si. oṭār ʻ granary,

store ʼ.WPah.kṭg. əṭhāˊr, kc. uṭhār m. ʻ granary, storeroom ʼ, J. uṭhār, ṭhār m.; --

Md. ořāru ʻ storehouse ʼ ← Ind.(CDIAL 3550)]

A trilogy has demonstrated that the Indus Script Corpora constitute catalogus catalogorum of

metalwork of the Bronze Age:

Author: S. Kalyanaraman

Publisher: Sarasvai Research Center, Herndon, VA, USA

1. Indus Script Cipher -- Hieroglyhphs of Indian Linguistic Area(2010)

2. Indus Script: Meluhha metalwork hieroglyphs (2014)

3. Philosophy of Symbolic forms in Meluhha cipher (2014)

The sakkia who created the Begram ivories also created the Bharhut and Sanchi architectural

marvels. They are from the lineage of scribes of Sarasvati-Sindhu civilization who wrote in

mlecchita vikalpa (lit. meluhha cipher) documented on Indus Script Corpora.

S. Kalyanaraman

Sarasvati Research Center

July 5, 2015