Pacific Geographies Issue #45/February 2016

Whale Watching in Patagonia, ChileGuaranteeing a Sustainable Ecotourism?

Heritage Preservation in Cambodia The Case of Battambang

The System of Rice Intensification (SRI) Challenges for Timor-Leste

Issue #45 | January / February 2016 | www.pacific-geographies.org | ISSN 2196-1468 | € 6,00

Research | Notes | Current Issues from the Asia-Pacif ic Region

Pacific Geographies

19th and early 20th century trade cards about OceaniaTools for European colonial powers?

European education and people of all nations Learning-by-looking

Asia street food Book review

CONTENTS | January / February 2016

Pacific Geographies #45 • January/February 20162

#45

04 19th and early 20th century trade cards about Oceania as tools of information, education and propaganda for Euro- pean colonial powers Hermann Mückler

11 Learning-by-looking: European education and people of all nations Max Quanchi

17 Typhoon Washi/Sendong and disputations between urban poor and city government in Cagayan de Oro, Philippines Luzile Satur

21 Essay: a city on steroids Steve Harrison

22 Book Review: asia street food Britta Schmitz

24 Advertisement of photo book: Hà Nêi: CAPITAL City Michael Waibel (ed.)

Book Review: Asia Street Food – 26Learning-by-looking – 11

19th and early 20th century trade cards about Oceania as tools for European colonial powers – 04

3Pacific Geographies #45 • January/February 2016

Pacific Geographies

EDITORIALDear readers,

This issue of Pacific Geographies covers a wide and interdisciplinaryrange of topics. We hope that you find them interesting.

Two papers addresses the colonial period in the Pacific Islands regionfrom an anthropological viewpoint. In his colourful and well illustratedarticle, Hermann Mückler discusses 19th and early 20th century tradecards about Oceania and their uses for information, education and aspropaganda for European colonial powers. He highlights their role increating a specific image of the Pacific Islands as a region worthy ofcolonization, missionary activity and exploitation. Max Quanchi’s paperexplores the role of an?the? illustrated serial encyclopaedia(s) of theearly 1900s.

The paper by Luzile Satur deals with climate change and inefficientimplementation of socialised housing policies for the urban poor inCagayan de Oro, Philippines. She argues for attention to environmentaljustice in housing.

Finally, you will find a book review on Asian Street Food.

Enjoy your reading, with our geographical, historical, anthropologicaland culinary insides. We hope you enjoy this new issue of Pacific Geographies. Dr. Matthias Kowasch, on behalf of the editorial board

IMPRINT:

Editorial Board:Dr. Michael Waibel (v.i.S.d.P.),

University of HamburgDr Julia N. Albrecht, University

of Otago, NZDr. Matthias Kowasch, Univer-

sity of Bremen

Scientific Advisory Board:Dr Tara Duncan, Department of

Tourism, University of Otago, NZDr Simon Batterbury, University

of Melbourne, Australia

External Reviewers:Dr Nick Bainton, Honorary

Research Fellow, School of Social Science, University of Queensland, BrisbaneDave Bamford, International

tourism advisorDr Denise Fisher, Visiting

Fellow, Centre for European Studies, Australian National University, CanberraWilfried Gebhardt, Free Con-

sultantDr. Isabelle Merle, Chargée

de Recherche CNRS, CREDO MarseilleDr. Roland Seib, Independent

Researcher, DarmstadtMarion Struck-Garbe, Asien-

Afrika-Institut, University of HamburgDr. Serhat Ünaldi, Bertels-

mann-Stiftung, Bielefeld

Layout Print Version:Michael Waibel

All material published in the Pacific Geographies expresses the views and opinions of the authors of this material.

Please submit your manuscript to: [email protected] or [email protected] [email protected]

Association for Pacific Studies (APSA), in co-operation with the Department of GeographyUniversity of HamburgBundesstrasse 55D-20146 Hamburg, Germany.

COVER PICTURELiebig-card showing a Samoan dancer. There is no arch harp in Samoa!

© Private Archive of Hermann Mückler

The Association for Pacific Studies (Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Pazifische Studien e.V., APSA) was founded in 1987 at the Department of Geography of the University of Technology in Aachen. Activities include workshops, conferences, public lectures and poster exhibitions. The book series Pazifik Forum was initiated in 1990. In 1992, it was complemented by the publication of the journal Pacific Geographies. The latter has developed into the major activity of APSA in recent years.The APSA sees itself as one of the largest scientific networks in Germany for acade-mics and practitioners with an interest in the Asia-Pacific region as well as academic exchange.

Pacific Geographies (PG), ISSN 2196-1468, is a peer-reviewed semi-annual publication published by the Association for Pacific Studies (Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Pazifische Studien e.V., APSA) in co-operation with the Department of Human Geo-graphy of Hamburg University, Germany. The PG provides an interdisciplinary platform for an academic discussion of social, cultural, environmental, political and economic issues in the Asia-Pacific region. In order to uphold scientific standards, the PG is implementing a peer-review process. Articles marked as „scientific papers“ have been peer-reviewed by two external revie-wers. Articles marked as „research notes“ have been peer-reviewed by one external reviewer and a member of the editorial board. All other articles have been reviewed by the editorial board.APSA-Members receive the Pacific Geographies at no cost as a membership benefit.

4 Pacific Geographies #45 • January/February 2016

Abstract: From the mid-19th century on, trade cards became a significant medium not only for advertising consumer pro-ducts, but also for promoting and distributing political messages such as the idea of colonization. With regard to the Pacific Islands, the article highlights the role of trade cards as a channel to create a specific image of the Pacific Islands as a region worthy to be colonized, missionized and exploited. A core symbol of this idea figured in the South Seas stereotype which was widely used to merge visions of unspoiled, peaceful island societies and dreams of a paradise on earth, with goals of establi-shing political control over the islands in the context of the race for colonies of the Western powers in the age of imperialism.

Keywords: trade cards, stereotypes, education, propaganda, history of colonialism, visual culture, visual anthropology

[Submitted as Scientific Paper: 12 November 2015, Acceptance of the revised manuscript: 05 January 2016]

19th and early 20th century trade cards about Oceania as tools of information, education and propaganda for European colonial powersHermann Mückler1

Department of Social and Cultural Anthropology, University of Vienna, Universitätsstr. 7, 1010 Vienna, Austria1

The message of the “South Seas”-trade cards

Trade cards with explicitly South Sea motifs appeared in the second half of the nineteenth century, when Britain, France and – with some delay – Germany, started to divide the 6RXWK�3DFLÀF� DPRQJ� WKHPVHOYHV� LQWR�VSKHUHV�RI �LQÁXHQFH��VWHS�E\�VWHS�ZLWK�HVWDEOLVKLQJ� SURWHFWRUDWHV� WR� LQFRUSR-UDWLQJ� LVODQGV�DV�FRORQLHV��7KH�%ULWLVK�and the French had already acquired colonies around 1850 (Britain: Pitcairn 1838, New Zealand 1840, Fiji 1874; France: Tahiti 1842, New Caledonia 1853), and after 1885 when Germany DSSHDUHG�RQ�WKH�VFHQH�DQG�HVWDEOLVKHG�protectorates over parts of New Gui-nea, Micronesia and later in Samoa, a SDUWLWLRQ� RI � DOPRVW� DOO� 3DFLÀF� WHUULWR-ULHV��H[FHSW�7RQJD��WRRN�SODFH�GXULQJ�D�VKRUW�SHULRG�RI �WLPH��6LQFH�WKDW�WLPH��PRWLIV� IURP� WKH� UHJLRQ� LQFUHDVLQJO\�HPHUJHG�RQ�WUDGH�FDUGV��&RPSDULQJ� WUDGH� FDUGV� IURP� %UL-

tain and the United States with those from France and Germany of the SHULRG� �� WKH� SULQWLQJ� TXD-OLW\�RI � WKH� ODWWHU� LV�E\� IDU�EHWWHU��7KH�FKURPROLWKRJUDSK\� XVHG� WKHUH� RIIH-red an intensity of colourfulness and EULJKWQHVV�XQNQRZQ�WR�RWKHU�IRUPV�RI �SULQW�PDVV�PHGLD�RI �WKRVH�WLPHV��7KH�

WHFKQRORJ\� ZDV� IDU� PRUH� GHYHORSHG�on continental Europe, especially in Germany, compared with Britain and the USA (apparent in the two cards VKRZLQJ�WKH�KRLVWLQJ�RI �WKH�ÁDJ��)RU-mats and sizes were also different in YDULRXV� FRXQWULHV�� 7KH� )UHQFK� DQG�German trade cards, issued from 1853 RQ�� ZHUH� RIWHQ� ELJJHU� LQ� VL]H� �� [� ��FP�� WKH� W\SLFDO� ´6DPPHOELOGHU´�RU�´FDUGH�FRPPHUFLDO�µ�7KH�SURWRW\SH�RI �this type of trade card is the so-called ´/LHELJ�.DXIPDQQVELOG�µ� QDPHG� DIWHU�WKH� IDPRXV�/LHELJ�&RPSDQ\�� WKH�SUR-ducer of a meat extract, a process LQYHQWHG�E\� WKH�*HUPDQ� FKHPLVW� -XV-WXV� YRQ� /LHELJ�� ZKLFK� FRXOG� FRQFHQ-trate and preserve the essential nutri-HQWV�DQG�ÁDYRXUV�RI �EHHI �LQ�WKH�IRUP�RI �SDVWH�RU�ERXLOORQ�FXEHV��7KH�%ULWLVK�tended to a smaller format (7 x 3,5 cm), UHIHUUHG� WR� DV� ´FLJDUHWWH� FDUGVµ�� ,Q�%ULWDLQ� LQ��WKH�WREDFFR�LPSRUWHU�:�'��+�2��:LOOV�ZDV�RQH�RI �WKH�ÀUVW�FRPSDQLHV�WR�LQFOXGH�DGYHUWLVLQJ�FDUGV�ZLWK� WKHLU� FLJDUHWWHV�� EXW� LW� ZDV� -RKQ�3OD\HU��6RQV� LQ��WKDW�SURGXFHG�RQH� RI � WKH� ÀUVW� JHQHUDO� LQWHUHVW� VHWV��2IWHQ�WKHVH�FDUGV�ZHUH�SURGXFHG�DQG�LVVXHG�LQ�VHULHV�RI �IRXU��VL[��VHH�ÀJXUH�1), or even more cards, which formed D� VHW� UHOHYDQW� WR� RQH� VXEMHFW�� 7KH�WUDGH�FDUGV�GHSLFWLQJ�2FHDQLD�FDQ�EH�

GLYLGHG� LQWR� IRXU� VXE�FDWHJRULHV�� WKRVH�ZKLFK�SURYLGH�HWKQRJUDSKLF�LQIRUPDWLRQ� DERXW� SHRSOH� DQG� FXO-WXUHV� RI � WKH� 3DFLÀF� LVODQGV� �VHH� ÀJX-UHV��E�G�� WKRVH�ZKLFK�underlined the colonial claim over the SDUWLFXODU� LVODQGV� �VHH� ÀJXUHV� �� WKRVH�ZKLFK�WUDQVSRUW�HG��VWHUHRW\-SLFDO�6RXWK�6HD�LPDJHV�DQG�FOLFKpV��VHH�ÀJXUH�� DQG�� WKRVH� LPDJHV�ZKLFK�VKRZ�DQLPDOV��SODQWV��DQG�WRSRJUDSKLF�IHDWXUHV��VHH�ÀJXUHV��D��6RPHWLPHV�WZR�RU�PRUH�DVSHFWV�DUH�PHUJHG�LQ�RQH�LPDJH��7R�WKH�ÀUVW�JURXS�RI �LPDJHV�EHORQJ�

WKRVH�ZKLFK�DOORZ�DVVXPSWLRQV�DERXW�QDWLYH�GHFRUDWLRQ��WDWWRRV��LQGLJHQRXV�IRUPV� RI � DUFKLWHFWXUH�� ERDW�EXLOGLQJ�and art, as well as those which provide LQIRUPDWLRQ� DERXW� VSLULWXDO� IHDWXUHV�and ritual characteristics of a native WULEH��(VSHFLDOO\�WULEHV�LQ�LVODQG�0HOD-QHVLD�DV�ZHOO�DV�WKH�KLJKODQGV�RI �1HZ�Guinea showed such a variety of dis-tinct cultural expressions, which were RIWHQ� VHL]HG� IRU� SLFWXUHVTXH� PRWLIV��'R� WUDGH� FDUGV� FRQWDLQ� DFFXUDWH� RU�veridical information? Not necessa-ULO\��$�/LHELJ�FDUG�VHULHV�DERXW�6DPRD�shows tree houses in the Samoan LVODQGV�ZKLFK�QHYHU�HYHU�H[LVWHG�WKHUH��2QO\� LQ�1HZ�*XLQHD� VXFK� WUHH� KRX-VHV�FRXOG�EH�IRXQG��DQG�WKHQ�RQO\�LQ�


VRPH�GLVWLQFW�SODFHV��$OVR��PXVLF�LQVW-ruments such as the arched harp, that RULJLQDWHV�LQ�(DVW�$IULFD��FDQ�EH�VHHQ�RQ�RQH�RI � WKRVH�FDUGV�GHVSLWH�EHLQJ�an instrument that was never used in the context of traditional Samoan FXOWXUH��VHH�ÀJXUH��6RPHWLPHV�WKH�PL[WXUH�RI �GLIIHUHQW�IHDWXUHV�WRJHWKHU�LQ� RQH� FDUG� FUHDWHV� VWUDQJH� LPDJHV��ZKLOH� LW� LV�WUXH�WKDW�VXUÀQJ�ZDV�D�WUD-GLWLRQ� RQ� WKH� +DZDLLDQ� LVODQGV�� FUR-FRGLOHV�ZHUH� QRW� D� WKUHDW� �VHH� ÀJXUH��6RPH�RI �WKHVH�PLVWDNHV�RFFXUUHG�EHFDXVH� WKH� SHUVRQ� ZKR� PDGH� WKH�RULJLQDO��VWRQH��HQJUDYLQJ�RIWHQ�KDG�WR� UHO\� RQ� SKRWRJUDSKV� DQG� SHUVR-nal comments from travellers to the 3DFLÀF�EXW�ZDV�QRW�LQ�WKH�SRVLWLRQ�WR�YHULI\� RU� IDOVLI\� HWKQRJUDSKLF� GHWDLOV��2Q�WKH�RWKHU�KDQG��GUDZLQJV��RU�EHW-

WHU� SULQWHG� HQJUDYLQJV�� DERXW� WUDGLWL-onal tattoos are often very accurate and provide indeed useful informa-WLRQ� DERXW� QDWLYH� GHFRUDWLRQ� VW\OHV��DV�WKH\�ZHUH�XVXDOO\�EDVHG�RQ�DOUHDG\�SXEOLVKHG� PDWHULDO� IURP� :HVWHUQ�explorers, early travellers, and anth-URSRORJLVWV� �VHH� ÀJXUHV� �� 1HYHU-theless, the use of trade cards for contemporary educational purposes ZDV� JXDUDQWHHG� RQO\� WR� VRPH� H[WHQW��DV�WKH�HOHPHQW�RI �VXEOLPLQDO�RU�IUDQN�SURSDJDQGD� DERXW� WKH� FRORQL]HG�SHRSOH�ZDV� DQ� LQWHJUDO�SDUW�RI �PRVW�RI � WKH� LPDJHV�� 7R� WDUJHW� FKLOGUHQ� DV�FROOHFWRUV�DQG�FRQVXPHUV��VXEWH[WXDO�PHVVDJHV�ZHUH�LQFOXGHG�WR�VSDUN�LQWH-UHVW�LQ�WKRVH�ZKRVH�JHQHUDWLRQ�ZRXOG�SRWHQWLDOO\� SRSXODWH� DQG� JRYHUQ� WKH�FRORQL]HG� WHUULWRULHV�� 7RGD\�� HDFK� RI �

WKH� WUDGH� FDUGV� KDV� WR� EH� DQDO\]HG�separately in its contemporary time IUDPH�DQG�FRQWH[W��UHJDUGLQJ�LWV�SROL-tical and economic intentions and the QHHGV� RI � YDULRXV� LQYROYHG� SURWDJR-QLVWV�� 7KXV� WKH� YDOXH� RI � WUDGH� FDUGV�for contemporary enterprises and JRYHUQPHQWV� ZDV� EDVHG�PXFK�PRUH�RQ� WKH� VHFRQG� FDWHJRULHV� DVSHFWV�� WR�provide contemporary information DERXW� WKH� SRWHQWLDOV� RI � WKH� UHFHQWO\�DFTXLUHG� FRORQLHV�� )ODJ�KRLVWLQJ�VFHQHV�OHJLWLPDWHG�WKH�FRORQLDO�DXWKR-rity over the islands and their peoples �VHH�ÀJXUHV��%ULWLVK�ÁDJ�KRLVWLQJ�LQ�%ULWLVK�3DSXD��ÀJXUH��*HUPDQ�ÁDJ�KRLVWLQJ�LQ�6DPRD��7KH�GHSLFWLRQ�RI �modern infrastructure, such as post RIÀFHV��VHH�ÀJXUH��LQWHQG�WR�HQFRX-UDJH�VHWWOHUV�IURP�WKH�PRWKHU�FRXQWU\�

Figure 1: A series of six trade cards showing traditional appearance and rituals of Pacific Islanders.So

urc

e o

f al

l ph

oto

s: p

riva

te c

olle

ctio

n M

ück

ler


to move to the French, and to some extent in the German South Sea colo-QLHV� IRU� HFRQRPLF� HQJDJHPHQW� DQG�SHUPDQHQW� VHWWOHPHQW�� 7KH� LQWHQWLRQ�was to convey the impression that potential settlers would not lament WKH�DEVHQFH�RI �:HVWHUQ�FRQYHQLHQFHV��:DUVKLSV� DQG� VROGLHUV� RIWHQ� V\PER-lized the presence of state authority and transported the idea of security for those who wanted to move to the 6RXWK�6HD�FRORQLHV��

The question if and how state authorities were involved in the crea-tion and selection of motifs for trade FDUGV� FDQQRW� EH� HDVLO\� DQVZHUHG� DV�WKHUH�H[LVWV�QR�VHULRXV�VFLHQWLÀF�LQYHV-WLJDWLRQ� WR� GDWH�� 1HYHUWKHOHVV�� LW� LV�apparent that the trade cards acted as a PHDQV�WR�MXVWLI\�DQG�HYHQ�JORULI\�FROR-QLDOLVP��'LUHFWLYHV�XVXDOO\�FDPH�IURP�the companies themselves, which allo-ZHG�FDUGV�WR�EH�SURGXFHG�LQ�LQGHSHQ-GHQW� VWXGLRV�� 7KHLU� REMHFWLYH� ZDV� WR�raise the appeal of the cards for the LQFUHDVH�RI �WKH�YLVLELOLW\�RI �WKH�DGYHU-tised products and thus for the sales ÀJXUHV�� 7KLV� FRXOG� EH� EHVW� REWDLQHG�with motifs that depicted South Sea stereotypes already diffused in the tar-

JHWHG� SRSXODWLRQ�� 0RWLIV� ZLWK� DEXQ-GDQW�OXVK�YHJHWDWLRQ�DQG�ZLOOLQJ�EHDX-WLIXO�\RXQJ�PDLGHQV�DUH�DPRQJ�WKRVH�FOLFKpV�� ZKLFK� ZHUH� XVHG� UHSHDWHGO\�WR� FUHDWH� D� �VXE�� WURSLF� DWPRVSKHUH�of relaxation and satisfaction for those representatives of white wes-tern civilization, who had to travel to and live on these islands (see Sturma, �� 2·%ULHQ�� $OWKRXJK� QRW�LPPHGLDWHO\� GHWHFWDEOH�� RIWHQ� DWWULEX-WHG� SUHMXGLFHV� ZHUH� XQGHUO\LQJ� WKHVH�´HDV\JRLQJµ� VXUIDFH�HOHPHQWV�� VXFK� DV�LGOHQHVV�� QDLYHW\�� DQG� EDFNZDUGQHVV��DQG� WKXV� FUHDWH� DQ� DPELYDOHQW� DWPRV-SKHUH��6XFK�WUDGH�FDUG�PRWLIV�VDWLVÀHG�the expected exotic element of over-seas territories and invited the collec-

Figure 5: Hawaiian Islands with hula-dance, surfing and a crocodile.

Figure 6: German Post officer in Apia, Upolu, Samoa.

Figure 2: Maps on the cards often underline colonial authority over the islands.

Figure 3: Traditional full-body tattoo from Nukuhiva, Polynesia.

Figure 4: Traditional face tattoo "moko" of the New Zealand Maori.

7Pacific Geographies #45 • January/February 2016 7

WRUV�RI �VXFK�FDUGV�WR�GUHDP�DERXW�WKH�6RXWK�6HD�DV�D�SHDFHIXO�DQG�SURPLVLQJ�SODFH�� 7KH� ODVW� DQG� IRXUWK� FDWHJRU\�underscored such intentions of “exo-WLVPµ� ZLWK� FRORXUIXO� LOOXVWUDWLRQV� RI �ELUGV�RI �SDUDGLVH�� ODQGVFDSHV�RI �DWROO�LVODQGV�DQG�OXVK�ÁRZHULQJ�LVODQG�YHJH-WDWLRQ��2IWHQ�LW�ZDV�VWDWHG�WKDW�WUDGH�FDUGV�

ZHUH�SURGXFHG�HVSHFLDOO\�IRU�FKLOGUHQ��$OWKRXJK� WUXH� LQ� JHQHUDO��ZH� KDYH� WR�WDNH�LQWR�DFFRXQW�WKDW�WKH�SURGXFWV��WR�ZKLFK�WKH�WUDGH�FDUGV�ZHUH�DWWULEXWHG��ZHUH� FRPSDUDWLYHO\� H[SHQVLYH�� &KR-FRODWH�� FDFDR�� PHDW� H[WUDFW�� WREDFFR��FRIIHH��WHD��DQG�FKHPLFDO�SURGXFWV�OLNH�ÁRRU�SROLVK��ZHUH�H[SHQVLYH�SURGXFWV�LQ� WKH� ODWH�QLQHWHHQWK�FHQWXU\�DQG�E\�WHQGHQF\�DIIRUGDEOH�UDWKHU�IRU�PLGGOH-FODVV�IDPLOLHV��QRW�IRU�WKH�ZRUNLQJ�FODVV��Thus the collection of trade cards was D�KREE\�RI � D� UHODWLYHO\�ZHDOWK\�PLQR-rity, as the middleclass was indeed HPHUJLQJ� UDSLGO\� DW� WKRVH� WLPHV�� EXW�QRW�IXOO\�HVWDEOLVKHG�DV�WKH�PDLQ�VRFLDO�FODVV� LQ� (XURSHDQ� DQG� 86� VRFLHWLHV��This partially limited the scope for the companies that issued trade cards and OHDG� JUDGXDOO\� WR� FKHDSHU� SURGXFWLRQ�PRGHV��2Q�WKH�RWKHU�KDQG��WUDGH�FDUGV�and the products that they advertised ZHUH�LQFUHDVLQJO\�IDU�DSDUW��DV�WKH�WUDGH�FDUGV�ZHUH�VRXJKW�DIWHU�DQG�FROOHFWHG�DV�DQ�HQG�LQ�LWVHOI��7KH�VHULHV�SURGXFHG�QXPEHUHG�LQWR�WKH�WKRXVDQGV�DQG�WKH�VFUDSERRNV�ZKHUH�WKH�FDUGV�ZHUH�FDUH-IXOO\�SUHVHUYHG�UHTXLUHG�D�VWHDG\�ÁRZ�RI � QHZ� VHULHV� ZLWK� D� ZLGH� UDQJH� RI �PRWLIV�� 7KH� DGYHUWLVHG� SURGXFW� WKXV�EHFDPH� RI � VXEVHTXHQW� LPSRUWDQFH�IRU�WKH�EX\HUV��7UDGH�FDUGV�ZHUH�RIWHQ�FROOHFWHG�LQ�DOEXPV�WKDW�DFWHG�²�LQ�RXU�FDVH� ²� DV� WH[WERRNV� WR� GHVFULEH� WKH�FRORQLHV� DQG� WKHLU� LQGLJHQRXV�SRSXOD-

WLRQV�WR�D�EURDG�JHQHUDO�DXGLHQFH�The trade cards shown in this article

DUH� H[WUDFWHG� IURP� WKH� DXWKRU·V� FROO-HFWLRQ� ZKLFK� FRQWDLQV� SKRWRJUDSKV��SRVWFDUGV�� HQJUDYLQJV�� PDSV�� SRVWHUV��HSKHPHUD�� DQG� FROOHFWLEOHV� RI � SRSX-ODU� FXOWXUH� H[FOXVLYHO\� HQJDJLQJ� ZLWK�WKH�3DFLÀF�,VODQGV�DQG�WKHLU�SDUWLFXODU�WUDGLWLRQV� DQG� FXOWXUHV��$PRQJ� WKHVH�LWHPV�DUH�DERXW��WUDGH�FDUGV�ZLWK�´6RXWK� 6HDµ�UHSUHVHQWDWLRQV� WKDW� DUH�VXLWDEOH� IRU� DQDO\VLV� DQG� FDQ�EH� LQWHU-preted as a mirror of Western percep-WLRQ�RI �2FHDQLD��6R�IDU�RQO\�RQH�ERRN�LQ� WKH� *HUPDQ� ODQJXDJH� GHDOV� H[SOL-citly with the aspect of colonialism in relation to the trade card (Zeller 2008), DQG�DQRWKHU�ERRN�FRQWH[WXDOL]HV�WUDGH�cards in their capacity to create time frames for the addressed time periods �:H\HUV�.|FN��7KH�WUDGH�FDUGV�GHSLFWLQJ� WKH� 3DFLÀF� ,VODQGHUV� DQG�

WKHLU� FXOWXUHV� SURYLGH� GHWDLOV� DERXW�2FHDQLD�DQG�LWV�FXOWXUDO�GLYHUVLW\��EXW�LW�WHOOV�HYHQ�PRUH�DERXW�:HVWHUQ�SHUFHS-WLRQ�� WKLQNLQJ� DQG�DFWLQJ� WRZDUGV� WKH�3DFLÀF� ,VODQGHUV� LQ� WKH� DJH� RI � LPSH-ULDOLVP��

Trade cards as an advertising medium7UDGH�FDUGV�ZHUH�SURGXFHG�LQ�JUHDW�

TXDQWLW\� DQG� YDULHW\� GXULQJ� WKH� ODVW�third of the nineteenth century and FRQVWLWXWHG�D�QHZ�DQG�VLJQLÀFDQW�PDU-NHWLQJ�VWUDWHJ\�LQ�DGYHUWLVLQJ��$�WUDGH�FDUG�LV�XVXDOO\�GHÀQHG�DV�D�VLQJOH�SLHFH�RI �PHGLXP�ZHLJKW�SDSHU�VOLJKWO\�VPDO-ler than a post card, printed with deco-UDWLYH�LPDJHV�WKDW�GLUHFWO\�RU�LQGLUHFWO\�promote a commercial product, ser-YLFH��RU� HYHQW��7UDGH� FDUGV�ZHUH� WKXV�D�FURVV�EHWZHHQ�PRGHUQ�GD\�EXVLQHVV�FDUGV� DQG�DGYHUWLVLQJ�Á\HUV��7KH� W\SL-

Figure 7: Four cigarette cards from different British companies.

Figure 8: Liebig-card showing a Samoan dancer. There is no arch harp in Samoa!


cal card showed a picture (usually in FRORXU�� RQ� RQH� VLGH� DQG� D� SDUDJUDSK�RU�WZR�RQ�WKH�UHYHUVH�WR�GHVFULEH�WKH�SURGXFW�RU�VHUYLFH��0DQ\�\HDUV�EHIRUH�SRSXODU�PDJD]LQHV�EHJDQ� WR�SURGXFH�DQ\� VXEVWDQWLDO� YLVXDO� DGYHUWLVLQJ� LQ�HLWKHU�EODFN�DQG�ZKLWH�RU�FRORXU��WUDGH�cards proliferated in Europe and the USA into even the most remote areas E\�PHDQV�RI �IUHH�GLVWULEXWLRQ��GLUHFWO\�from retailers and wholesalers to their FXVWRPHUV��7UDGH�FDUGV�ZHUH�WKH�ÀUVW�widely used form of colour advertise-PHQW�� 2WKHU� QDPHV� IRU� WUDGH� FDUGV�DUH�� FROOHFWRU�FDUGV�� DGYHUWLVLQJ�FDUGV��6DPPHOELOGHU��.DXIPDQQVELOGHU��FDUG�FRPPHUFLDOH�� WR�PHQWLRQ� RQO\� D� IHZ��7KH� IRUPDW� ZDV� SRSXODUL]HG� DORQJ-VLGH� RI � WKH� GHYHORSPHQW� RI � OLWKRJUD-phy, and more importantly, chromo-OLWKRJUDSK\� LQ� WKH� PLG�QLQHWHHQWK�FHQWXU\�� 7UDGH� FDUGV� DV� DGYHUWLVLQJ�ephemera offer today many directions RI �UHVHDUFK��,PSRUWDQW�IRU�SURYLGLQJ�information on products, prices, and GLVWULEXWLRQ� QHWZRUNV�� WKH\� DOVR� RUL-JLQDOO\�RIIHUHG� LQVLJKWV� LQWR� HYHU\GD\�OLIH� WKURXJK� LPDJHV�RI � VWRUH�GLVSOD\V��VWUHHW� VFHQHV�� DQG� GRPHVWLF� LQWHULRUV��Later, in the second half of the nine-WHHQWK� FHQWXU\�� WKH\� EURDGHQHG� WKHLU�PHVVDJH�SRUWIROLR� LQ�FRYHULQJ�DOPRVW�DOO�DVSHFWV�RI �GDLO\� OLIH�� LQFOXGLQJ�WKH�presentation of overseas territories and colonies and their native popu-lations as well as the illustration of FRORQLDO� DFKLHYHPHQWV� E\� WKH� UHVSHF-WLYH� (XURSHDQ� SRZHUV�� &RQVHTXHQWO\��WKH� EDFNVLGH� RI � WKH� WUDGH� FDUGV� QRW�RQO\� DGYHUWLVHG� SURGXFWV� EXW� DOVR�provided more detailed explanatory LQIRUPDWLRQ� DERXW� WKH�PRWLI � RQ� WKH�IURQW� VLGH� �VHH� ÀJXUH� �� 7KXV� WKH�WUDGH� FDUGV� JUDGXDOO\� WXUQHG� LQWR� DQ�LQIRUPLQJ� DQG� HYHQ� HGXFDWLRQDO� LQVW-UXPHQW��ZKLFK�FRXOG�SURSHUO\�EH�XVHG�

DV�D�WRRO�IRU�SURSDJDQGD�7KH� LWHPV� UDQJH� LQ� GDWH� IURP� WKH�

mid-nineteenth to the early twentieth FHQWXU\��GLVSOD\LQJ�D�UDQJH�RI �SULQWLQJ�WHFKQLTXHV� DQG� DGYHUWLVLQJ� VWUDWHJLHV��and represent the shift from hand-FUDIWHG� WR� PDFKLQH�PDGH� SURGXFWV��,QGXVWULDOL]DWLRQ�� XUEDQL]DWLRQ�� DQG�commercial expansion in Europe and the USA had altered in the nine-teenth century the social and econo-PLF�ODQGVFDSH�DQG�FRQWULEXWHG�WR�WKH�rapid development of new consumer PDUNHWV��0DQXIDFWXUHUV� EHJDQ� WR� YLH�DJJUHVVLYHO\� IRU� FRQVXPHU� VSHQGLQJ��,W�ZDV� WKH�DGYHUWLVLQJ� WUDGH�FDUG� WKDW�met the need for an effective mass DGYHUWLVLQJ� PHGLXP�� KHUDOGLQJ� WKH�arrival of an extraordinary variety of PDQXIDFWXUHG� JRRGV� QHZO\� DYDLOD-EOH� WR� WKH� :HVWHUQHUV� SXEOLF�� :LWK�WKH� LQYHQWLRQ� RI � FKURPROLWKRJUDSK\�WKH\�EHFDPH�HYHQ�PRUH�SRSXODU� DQG�PDGH�SULQWLQJ�LWHPV�FKHDSHU��7KH�VL]H�EHFDPH� PRUH� VWDQGDUGL]HG� WR� EHWWHU�ÀW� LQWR�VPDOO�SURGXFW�SDFNDJHV�DV�DQ�extra reminder to consumers to con-WLQXH�EX\LQJ��7UDGH�FDUGV��DQG�ODEHOV��KDYH�EHHQ�FROOHFWLEOH�WKURXJKRXW�WKHLU�KLVWRU\��HDUO\�RQHV�DV�HQJUDYHG�SULQWV��ODWHU�RQHV�DV�PDWHULDO� IRU�VFUDSERRNV��'DYH� &KHDGOH�� H[SHUW� RQ� 9LFWRULDQ�trade cards once stated: “a historian ZRXOG� KDYH� WR� EH� EOLQG� WR� PLVV� WKH�SRZHU�WKDW�WUDGH�FDUGV�KDYH�LQ�WHOOLQJ�their own stories, and a writer would KDYH� WR� EH� SXUH� PHUFHQDU\� WR� FDWD-ORJXH�FDUGV�DQG�DVVLJQ�SULFHV�ZLWKRXW�DW� OHDVW� RFFDVLRQDOO\� QRWLQJ� WKH� KLV-WRULFDO�VLJQLÀFDQFH�RI �VRPH�RI � WKHVH�FDUGVµ� �&KHDGOH� �� 7KH� XVH� RI �trade cards declined only in the twen-WLHWK�FHQWXU\�DV�PDJD]LQH�DGYHUWLVLQJ�EHFDPH� PRUH� SRSXODU�� 7RGD\� WUDGH�FDUGV�DV�DQ�DGYHUWLVLQJ�PHGLXP�DUH�QR�ORQJHU�LQ�XVH�

There are differences in the quality RI � WKH� WUDGH�FDUGV��7KH� LQYHQWLRQ�RI �WKH� ´6WHLQGUXFNµ� E\� $ORLV� 6HQHIHO-GHU�LQ��PDUNHG�WKH�EHJLQQLQJ�RI �WKLV� WHFKQLTXH�� 3ULQWLQJ� ZDV� IURP� D�OLWKRJUDSKLF�OLPHVWRQH�ZLWK�D�VPRRWK�VXUIDFH��$�QHZ�SURFHVV�GHYHORSHG�E\�WKH�)UHQFKPDQ�*RGHIUR\�(QJHOPDQQ�LQ� �� NQRZQ� DV� FKURPROLWKRJUD-SK\��LQWURGXFHG�PXOWL�FRORXU�SULQWLQJ��A separate stone was used for each FRORXU��DQG�D�SULQW�ZHQW�WKURXJK�WKH�SUHVV� VHSDUDWHO\� IRU� HDFK� VWRQH�� 7KH�PDLQ� FKDOOHQJH� ZDV� WR� NHHS� WKH� LPD-JHV�DOLJQHG��7KXV�WKH�VR�FDOOHG�WZHOYH�FRORXU� FKURPROLWKRJUDSK\� ZDV� WKH�SHDN� RI � WKLV� PHWLFXORXV� WHFKQRORJ\��ZKLFK� JXDUDQWHHG� FRORXUIXO� LPDJHV�

– the trade cards thus often called ´FKURPRVµ� ²� DW� WLPHV� ZKHUH� DOPRVW�DOO� SULQWLQJ� RXWSXW� ZDV� LQ� EODFN� DQG�ZKLWH� �VHH�0LHONH�� &LROLQD�&LR-OLQD��2QH�RI �WKH�PDQ\�IXQFWLRQV�RI �WKLV�

type of early print mass media, aside IURP� LQIRUPLQJ�� HQWHUWDLQLQJ�� RU� SHU-VXDGLQJ� YDULRXV� VHJPHQWV� RI � VRFLHW\��LV�FXOWXUDO� WUDQVPLVVLRQ��:KHWKHU� WKH�various forms of mass media intend WR�RU�QRW��WKH\�UHÁHFW�DQG�XSKROG�WKH�culture that they serve – the trade FDUGV� DUH� QR� GLIIHUHQW�� (PEHGGHG�ZLWKLQ� DGYHUWLVLQJ� DUH� XVXDOO\� WKH�EOXHSULQWV� IRU� WKH� GRPLQDQW� FXOWXUDO�LGHRORJ\��DV� -DPHV�&KDQ� ��RQFH�XQGHUOLQHG�� 7KH� DGYHUWLVLQJ� PHGLD��OLNH� DOO� RWKHU� PHGLD�� KDYH� D� WDUJHW�audience, and for the historical trade cards, which are thematised here, it were the populations in the mother countries of European overseas colo-QLDOLVP��+HQFH��DGYHUWLVLQJ�LQ�WKH�UHV-pective countries has always mirrored white superior male cultural values as well as attitudes toward other cul-WXUHV�� $V� &KDQ� QRWHG�� ´,I � RQH� FDQ�

Figure 9: French trade card showing Marist/Picpus missionaries preaching to Melanesians.


understand the cultural attitudes of a VRFLHW\� WKURXJK� LWV� DGYHUWLVLQJ�� WKHQ�one can also understand past cultu-UDO� DWWLWXGHV� E\� DQDO\]LQJ� DGYHUWLVLQJ�IURP� D� VRFLHW\·V� SDVWµ��$W� WKH� KHLJKW�RI � WKHLU� SRSXODULW\� GXULQJ� WKH� ODWWHU�half of the nineteenth century, trade cards mirrored the social, cultural, and political attitudes of European VRFLHWLHV�RI � WKDW�HUD��,Q�WKH�VR�FDOOHG�era of imperialism, the “race for colo-QLHVµ� DQG� WKH� LGHD�RI � ´FLYLOL]LQJ�KHD-WKHQ� SHRSOHV�µ� WUDGH� FDUGV� QRW� RQO\�transported stereotypes – in our case DERXW�WKH�6RXWK�6HD�,VODQGV�²�EXW�DOVR�MXVWLÀHG� FRORQLDO� DFWLRQV� WR� FRQTXHU��H[SORLW� DQG�FRQWURO� IRUHLJQ�FRXQWULHV�DQG�SHRSOHV�

The South Sea cliché and its instrumentalization$�FOLFKp�RU�VWHUHRW\SH�LV�XVXDOO\�D�´ORD-GHG� LPDJH�µ� RU�� LQ� RWKHU� ZRUGV�� DQ�LPDJH� WKDW� LV� DVVRFLDWHG� ZLWK� D� VHW�RI � PHDQLQJV� DQG� JHQHUDOLWLHV� ZKLFK�RFFXUV� WKURXJK� UHSHWLWLRQ��5HJDUGLQJ�WKH� 3DFLÀF� ,VODQGV�� WKH� UROH� RI � WUDGH�cards was to act as a “channel“ to FUHDWH� D� VSHFLÀF� LPDJH� RI � WKH� 3DFL-ÀF� ,VODQGV� DV� D� UHJLRQ� ZRUWK� WR� EH�colonized, missionized and exploi-WHG�²�UHPRWH�EXW�ULFK�LQ�UHVRXUFHV��$�FRUH�V\PERO�RI �WKLV�LGHD�ÀJXUHG�LQ�WKH��´6RXWK�6HDVµ�FOLFKp�ZKLFK�ZDV�ZLGHO\�XVHG� WR� PHUJH� YLVLRQV� RI � XQVSRLOHG��

peaceful island societies and dreams RI �D�SDUDGLVH�RQ�HDUWK��ZLWK�JRDOV�RI �HVWDEOLVKLQJ�SROLWLFDO�FRQWURO�RYHU�WKH�islands in the context of the “race for FRORQLHVµ� RI � WKH�:HVWHUQ� SRZHUV� LQ�WKH�DJH�RI �LPSHULDOLVP��7KH�6RXWK�6HD�stereotype emanated from the contact RI � :HVWHUQHUV� ZLWK� 3DFLÀF� ,VODQGV�SRSXODWLRQV�� HVSHFLDOO\� LQ� 3RO\QHVLD��$V� WKH� PDLQ� (XURSHDQ� YR\DJHV� RI �GLVFRYHU\� LQWR� WKH�3DFLÀF� WRRN�SODFH�LQ� WKH�VHFRQG�KDOI �RI � WKH�HLJKWHHQWK�and early nineteenth century, the LGHDV� RI � WKH� HQOLJKWHQPHQW� DQG� WKH�

search for new and different political and social models around the world dominated the approach to and the LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ� RI � WKH� 3DFLÀF� ,VODQGV�FXOWXUHV�� 6XFK�SRWHQWLDO�PRGHOV�ZHUH�projected to act as positive alternati-YHV� WR� H[LVWLQJ� (XURSHDQ� PRGHV� RI �VRFLDO�RUJDQL]DWLRQ��/RXLV�$QWRLQH�GH�%RXJDLQYLOOH�DQG�6DPXHO�:DOOLV��-DPHV�&RRN�DQG�*HRUJ�)RUVWHU��/D�3HURXVH�DQG�'XPRQW�'·8UYLOOH� ²� DOO� IDPRXV�IRU� WKHLU� GLVFRYHULHV� LQ� WKH� 3DFLÀF�²� ZHUH� DPRQJ� WKH� RQHV� ZKRVH� SXE-OLVKHG� UHFRUGV� VSDUNHG� DPD]HPHQW�

Figure 10: British flag hoisting in Port Moresby, New Guinea, in 1884.

Figure 11: German flag hoisting in Apia, Upolu, Samoa Islands, in 1900.

Figure 12: British cigarette card depicting a Maori chief.

Figure 13: Backside of the cigarette card with the Maori chief.


DQG� DWWUDFWHG� DWWHQWLRQ�� 7KHUH� H[LVWV�D�PXOWLSOLFLW\�RI �SRVVLEOH� VWHUHRW\SHV�DERXW�WKH�3DFLÀF�,VODQGV��WKHLU�SHRSOHV�and cultures, some of them most fre-TXHQWO\�HYRNHG�E\�ZULWHUV�DQG�DUWLVWV�FDSWLYDWLQJ�WKH�(XURSHDQ�LPDJLQDWLRQ��6XFK� VWHUHRW\SHV� LQFOXGHG�� DPRQJ�others, exotic femininity, which was VWUHVVHG� ZLWK� WKH� VWHUHRW\SH� DERXW�primitive female sexuality which held WKDW�\RXQJ�JLUOV�ZHUH�VH[XDOO\�PDWXUH��2WKHU� VWHUHRW\SHV� IHDWXUHG� WKH� LQQR-FHQFH�RI �WKH�LQGLJHQRXV�SHRSOH�,QLWLDOO\�WKH�6RXWK�6HDV�ZHUH�RIWHQ�

approached with an attitude not so PXFK� RI � VXSHULRULW\� DV� RI � HQY\�� ,W�ZDV�WKH�´WKH�QREOH�VDYDJH´�´/H�ERQ�VDXYDJH�µ�´GHU�HGOH�:LOGHµ��WKDW�WULJ-JHUHG� GLVFRXUVHV� LQ� WKH� (XURSHDQ�DFDGHPLF� FLUFOHV� DERXW� WKH� LPSRU-WDQFH� RI � WKH� VWXG\� RI � IRUHLJQ� VRFLH-WLHV� DQG� WKHLU� UXOHV� RI � VRFLDO� RUJDQL-]DWLRQ�� 7KH� EULJKW� VNLQQHG� 7DKLWLDQ�EHFDPH�D�V\PERO�RI �SXUHQHVV�LQ�WKH�ZDNH� RI � -HDQ�-DFTXHV� 5RXVVHDX·V�URPDQWLF� SKLORVRSKLFDO� HQOLJKWHQ-PHQW�LGHDV��DOWKRXJK�5RXVVHDX�QHYHU�HPSOR\HG� WKH� SKUDVH� ´QREOH� VDYDJHµ�KLPVHOI�� 7KH� ´QREOH� VDYDJHµ� DV� D�OLWHUDU\� VWRFN� FKDUDFWHU� HPERGLHG�

WKH�FRQFHSW�RI �DQ�LGHDOL]HG�LQGLJHQH��DQ�RXWVLGHU��RU�´RWKHUµ�ZKR�KDV�QRW�EHHQ� LQÁXHQFHG� DQG� WKXV� FRUUXSWHG�E\� FLYLOL]DWLRQ�� DQG� WKHUHIRUH� V\P-EROL]HG� KXPDQLW\·V� LQQDWH� JRRGQHVV��:LWK� WKH� FRQWLQXLQJ� H[SORUDWLRQ� LQ�2FHDQLD� LQ� WKH� QLQHWHHQWK� FHQWXU\�and especially the acquaintance of WKH� GDUN�VNLQQHG� 0HODQHVLDQV�� WKLV�LPDJH� WXUQHG� JUDGXDOO\� LQWR� WKH�´ZLOG� VDYDJH�µ� WKH� ´FDQQLEDO�µ� WKH�´FDQDTXH�µ� ZKR� KDV� WR� EH� IRUFLEO\�civilized, missionized (“from heathen WR�KHDYHQµ��DQG�WR�EH�HQGRZHG�ZLWK�WKH� EHQHÀWV� RI � :HVWHUQ� FLYLOL]DWLRQ��7KHVH�FOLFKpV��RIWHQ�UHLWHUDWHG�E\�WKH�SURWDJRQLVWV� ZKR� SXVKHG� IRU� FROR-nization in those times, was often VXSSOHPHQWHG� E\� WKH� SDWHUQDOLVWLF�DUJXPHQW� WKDW� WKH� 3DFLÀF� ,VODQGHUV�DUH� OLNH� FKLOGUHQ� �VHH� ÀJXUH� �� RI �ZKLFK�\RX�KDYH�WKH�UHVSRQVLELOLW\� WR�WDNH�FDUH�IRU�WKHLU�RZQ�VDNH��&RORQLDO�DGPLQLVWUDWRUV� �VHH� ÀJXUH� �� RIWHQ�FORVHO\�FRRSHUDWLQJ�ZLWK�PLVVLRQDULHV�LQ� WKH�ÀHOG� �VHH�ÀJXUH�� UHSHDWHGO\�EURXJKW� IRUZDUG� WKH� DUJXPHQW� WKDW�WKHLU�PLVVLRQ�ZDV� IRU� WKH�EHQHÀW�RI �WKH� LVODQGHUV� �VHH� /DQGVGRZQ� ��Thus politicians in Western countries that exercised overseas colonialism ZLOOLQJO\� DFFHSWHG� DQG� FUHDWHG� VXFK�LPDJHV� ZKLFK� DOVR� KHOSHG� WR� MXVWLI\�ÀQDQFLDO� LQYHVWPHQW� LQWR� UHPRWH�UHJLRQV� RI � WKH� ZRUOG�� DV� WKH� 3DFLÀF�,VODQGV�UHJLRQ�LV�RQH�RI �WKHP��7UDGH�cards were perfectly suited as the contemporary mass media to trans-SRUW�DQG�GLIIXVH�VXFK�PHVVDJHV� LQWR�almost all spheres of society, as the PHDQV� WR� REWDLQ� DFWLYH� DQG� SDVVLYH�VXSSRUW� IRU� WKH� JRDO� RI � DFKLHYLQJ�FRORQLHV��VHH�0�FNOHU��DQG��The paternalistic approach as well as WKRVH�FRQFHSWV�RI �FKDUDFWHUL]LQJ�WKH�3DFLÀF�,VODQGV�SHRSOHV�DV�WKH�´QREOH�VDYDJH´�DQG�WKH�´ZLOG�FDQQLEDOµ�PHQ-WLRQHG�DERYH�FDQ�EH�IRXQG�LQ�URPDQ-ticised or realistic forms in early trade FDUGV�� &RQWUDU\� WR� KLVWRULFDO� VWHUHR-W\SLFDO� SRUWUD\DO�� 2FHDQLD� ZDV� DQG�is far from simple dichotomies and offered, especially in the nineteenth FHQWXU\��D�EURDG�YDULHW\�DQG�GLYHUVLW\�of particular cultures and cultural SUDFWLFHV� WKDW� DWWUDFWHG� JHQHUDWLRQV�RI � DQWKURSRORJLVWV�� %XW� DVVLPLODWLRQ�DQG�XUVXUSDWLRQ�E\�:HVWHQHUV�FUHDWHG�

D�QDUURZHG� LPDJH�RI � WKH�6RXWK�6HDV��$V�WKH�IDPRXV�6DPRDQ�DXWKRU�$OEHUW�Wendt once stated, the South Seas ZHUH� WUDQVIRUPHG� E\�:HVWHUQ� VWHUHR-W\SHV� LQWR�D�´JROG�PLQH�IRU�URPDQWLF�QRYHOLVWV� DQG� ÀOP�PDNHUVµ� �FI � +XJ-JDQ��VHH�DOVR�%UDZOH\�'L[RQ��EXW��DV�ZH�FDQ�VHH�KHUH��DOVR�IRU�DGYHUWLVLQJ�FRPSDQLHV�DQG�WKHLU�VSHFL-ÀF�SURGXFW��WKH�WUDGH�FDUG��WR�VXSSRUW�VHOOLQJ� HIIRUWV� RI � YDULRXV� (XURSHDQ�DQG�$PHULFDQ�FRPSDQLHV�

ReferencesBrawley, S. and C. Dixon (2015). The South

Seas: A Reception History from Daniel Defoe to Dorothy Lamour. Lanham: Lexington Books.

Chan, J. (2015). “Rough on Rats.” Racism and Advertising in the Latter Half of the Nineteenth Century. Retrieved on November 9th, 2015, http://chsa.org/2005/ 03/daniel-k-e-ching-collection-con-ference-excerpt/

Cheadle, D. (1996). Victorian Trade Cards. Historical Reference & Value Guide. Padukah: Collectors Books.

Ciolina, E. and E. Ciolina (1985). Garantiert Aecht - Das Reklame Sammelbild als Spiegel der Zeit. München: Edition Wissen und Literatur Verlag.

Huggan, G. (2008). Interdisciplinary Measures: Literature and the Future of Postcolonial Studies. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.

Jay, R. (1987). The Trade Card in Nineteenth-Century America. Columbia: University of Missouri Press.

Lansdown, R. (2006) (ed.). Strangers in the Sou-th Seas. The Idea of the Pacific in Western Thought. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.

Mückler, H. (2004). Traum vom Paradies und Realität. Die Südsee: Auslöser und Spiegel ideen-geschichtlicher Veränderungen im europäischen Denken. In: Rusterholz, P. and R. Moser (eds.): Verlorene Paradiese. Berner Universitätsschriften, Vol. 48, Bern: Haupt Verlag, pp. 35-52.

Mückler, H. (2009). Mythos Südsee. Reaktio-nen, Projektionen, Visionen. In: Mückler, H. et.al.: Ozeanien. 18. bis 20. Jahrhundert Geschichte und Gesellschaft. Edition Weltregionen. Wien: Promedia, pp. 12-32.

O’Brien, P. (2006). The Pacific Muse. Exotic Fe-minity and the Colonial Pacific. Seattle: University of Washington Press.

Sturma, M. (2002). South Sea Maidens. Western Fantasy and Sexual Politics in the South Pacific. Contributions to the Study of World History, No. 95. Westport/London: Greenwood Press.

Weyers, D. and C. Köck (1992). Die Eroberung der Welt. Sammelbilder vermitteln Zeitbilder. Det-mold: Westfälisches Freilichtmuseum Detmold.

Zeller, J. (2008). Bilderschule der Herrenmen-schen. Koloniale Reklamesammelbilder. Berlin: Ch. Links Verlag.

Corresponding author: Hermann Mückler [[email protected]] is Professor of Cultural An-thropology and Ethno-History at University of Vienna. His regional focuses are the Pacific Islands as well as Australia. He specialises in peace and conflict studies, colonialism and post-colonialism, geopolitics, history, visual anthropology and material culture. More info: www.hermann-mueckler.com

Figure 14: An example of a “humorous“ card, showing a Hawaiian lady in derogatory manner.


PDJD]LQHV�RU�VHOOLQJ� WKHP�IRU�XVH�DV�SRVWFDUGV��ERRN� LOOXVWUDWLRQV�DQG�DG-YHUWLVHPHQWV��$QRWKHU�DYHQXH�ZDV�WKH�ERRP�SULQW�SKHQRPHQRQ�RI �WKH�HDUO\��WK�FHQWXU\� ��SLFWRULDO��RU�SKRWRJUD-SKLFDOO\�LOOXVWUDWHG�VHULDO�HQF\FORSDHGLDV��7KH�SRSXODULW\�DQG�DYDLODELOLW\�RI �VHULDO�encyclopaedia meant European audien-FHV�FRXOG�OHDUQ�E\�ORRNLQJ�ZLWKRXW�OHD-YLQJ�WKHLU�DUPFKDLU�RU�NLWFKHQ�WDEOH�DV�monthly issues arrived in the post, were DYDLODEOH�DW�ERRNVKRSV�RU� LQ�GRFWRUV�DQG�VROLFLWRUV�ZDLWLQJ�URRPV��,�KDYH�DUJXHG�HOVHZKHUH�WKDW�SXEOLVKHG�SKRWR-JUDSK\�KDG�WKH�SRZHU�WR�VKDSH�RSLQLRQ��inform audiences of events in distant colonies and to provide entertainment

and at the personal or social level were RI �WRSLFDO�LQWHUHVW�LQ�SURYLGLQJ�HYLGHQFH�DQG�D�IRFXV�IRU�SDUORXU�WDON�RU�GLQQHU�SDUW\�FRQYHUVDWLRQ��7KH�SKRWRJUDSKHUV�LQ�WKH�3DFLÀF�ZKR�VXSSOLHG�WKHVH�WHQV�RI � WKRXVDQGV�RI �SKRWRJUDSKV�VRXJKW�IDPH�DV�DJHQWV�RI �,PSHULDO�H[SDQVLRQ�and experts on new colonies and pro-tectorates, trade and investment, travel DQG�IRU�GRFXPHQWLQJ�RWKHUV�WKURXJK�YLHZV�RI �GLVWDQW�� WURSLFDO�YLOODJHV�� VD-YDJHV��QDWLYHV��DQG�FRQYHUWV��6ROLFLWHG�or not, amateur and professional pho-WRJUDSKHUV�ZHUH�VHQGLQJ�SKRWRJUDSKV�WR�HGLWRUV�FRQVFLRXV�RI �SXEOLF�LQWHUHVW�LQ�ZRUOGV�IDUDZD\��LQGLJHQRXV�SHRSOHV�DQG�QHZ�FRORQLHV�

Learning by looking For example, at Peoples of all Nations; European education and serial encyclopaedia

Max Quanchi1

Max Quanchi, Honorary Senior Research Fellow, School of Historical and Philosophical Inquiry, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia1

Abstract: Photographically illustrated serial encyclopaedia, a boom publishing phenomenon in the early 1900s, had a huge impact of readers and viewers understanding of the world. These monthly instal-ments, later bound into volumes, were prolifically illustrated and the epitome of learning-by-looking, self-education and modernity, and part of an expanding visual archive available to the European public wanting to know about distant lands and peoples, strange customs, travel and new colonies. As serial encyclopaedia and their barrage of photographs have been largely overlooked by scholars, this essay draws attention to the phenomenon for its role in visuality as well as the context of Imperial expansion, entertainment and European fascination with others.

Keywords: Photography, illustrated serial encyclopaedia, Empire, self-education, learning-by-looking

[Submitted as Research Note: 10 November 2015, Acceptance of the revised manuscript: 28 January 2016]

$�SKRWRJUDSKLFDOO\� LOOXVWUDWHG��VHULDO�encyclopaedia was the most prominent SLOODU�RI �YLVXDOLW\�RU�OHDUQLQJ�E\�ORRNLQJ��HTXDO�WR�RU�VXUSDVVLQJ�SRVWFDUGV��,QWHU-QDWLRQDO�([KLELWLRQV�DQG�SKRWRJUDSKL-FDOO\� LOOXVWUDWHG�ZHHNHQG�HGLWLRQV�RI �daily newspapers, lantern slide lectures, WUDYHORJXHV��DGYHUWLVHPHQWV�DQG� LOOXVW-UDWHG�ZHHNO\��DQG�PRQWKO\�RU�TXDUWHUO\�PDJD]LQHV��7KH�SURGLJLRXV�HGLWRU�RI �VHULDO�HQF\FORSDHGLD�� -$�+DPPHUWRQ��FDOOHG� WKLV�RQVODXJKW�RI � LPDJHV�D�JUD-SKLF�JHRJUDSK\��3KRWRJUDSKHUV�DFWLYH�LQ�WKH�3DFLÀF�,VODQGV�DW�WKH�WXUQ�RI �WKH�20th century could dream of fame and IRUWXQH�LQ�(XURSH�DFKLHYHG�E\�VHQGLQJ�WKHLU�SKRWRJUDSKV�WR�QHZVSDSHUV�DQG�

Sou

rce:

Peo

ple

of

all n

atio

ns

44

08

.

Figure 1: Tulafale or professional orator”, Photogravure.



%\� �� DV� PXFK� RI � WKH� 3DFLÀF�was already colonised and annexed as protectorates, territories, colonies RU�&URZQ�&RORQLHV��VWDUWLQJ�ZLWK�WKH�)UHQFK� LQ� WKH� 6RFLHW\� ,VODQGV� DQG�0DUTXHVDV�,VODQGV�LQ��WKHUH�ZHUH�still discoveries to made and colonies WR�EH�DQQH[HG��3KRWRJUDSK\�ZDV�D�SD-WKZD\�WR��UHVSHFW�DV�DQ�H[SHUW�RQ�WKH�,VODQGV� DQG� WR� PHPEHUVKLS� RI � WKH�FOXE� LQ� (XURSH� NQRZQ� DV� WKH� ,PSH-ULDOLVWV��WKH�H[�FRORQLVWV�DQG�ERRVWHUV�of Empire who promoted colonial H[SDQVLRQ�� %\� VHQGLQJ� SKRWRJUDSKV�ZLWK�VFULEEOHG�FDSWLRQV�RIWHQ�DFFRP-SDQLHG�E\�VKRUW�DQHFGRWDO�DUWLFOHV�DQG�SVHXGR�VFLHQWLÀF� DUWLFOHV�� DPELWLRXV�SKRWRJUDSKHUV� KRSHG� E\� EHLQJ� SXE-OLVKHG��WR�ZLQ�WKH�PXFK�GHVLUHG�ODEHOV�RI �)5*6��)5$,�RU�)56�� )HOORZ�RI �WKH� 5R\DO� *HRJUDSKLFDO� 6RFLHW\�� )HO-ORZ�RI �WKH�5R\DO�$QWKURSRORJLFDO�,Q-VWLWXWH�� )HOORZ� RI � WKH� 5R\DO� 6RFLHW\��(GLWRUV�ZHUH�VHDUFKLQJ�FRQVWDQWO\�IRU�new material; for example, in 1899, Our islands and their people as seen with camera and pencil�� HGLWHG�E\�:LOOLDP�6�%U\DQ�� FRQWDLQHG� �� SKRWRJUDSKV�DQG� VROG� �� FRSLHV� LQ� WKH�86$�LQ�WKH�WKUHH�\HDUV�DIWHU�LWV�UHOHDVH��,Q�1908, Women of all nations: a record of their characteristics, habits, manners, cus-WRPV�� DQG� LQÁXHQFH contained 772 pa-JHV� DQG� �� LOOXVWUDWLRQV�� 7KHUH� ZDV�a three-volume release in 1915, with IXUWKHU� HGLWLRQV� FRQWLQXLQJ� WKURXJK�WR��)URP��WR��Customs of the world: a popular account of manners, rites and ceremonies of men and women in all countries�DSSHDUHG�ZLWK��EODFN��ZKLWH� DQG� �� FRORXU� SKRWRJUDSKV��From 1920 to 1922, Harmsworth's Uni-versal Encyclopaedia��ZDV�SXEOLVKHG�DV�D�IRUWQLJKWO\�VHULHV�DQG�VROG�WZHOYH�PLO-OLRQ� FRSLHV� WKURXJKRXW� WKH� (QJOLVK�VSHDNLQJ� ZRUOG�� )URP� �� WR� ��Countries of the world appeared in 56 is-VXHV�ZLWK��EODFN�DQG�ZKLWH�DQG�� FRORXU� SKRWRJUDSKV�� DQG� IURP�1922 to 1926, Peoples of all nations ap-peared with 49 monthly issues, con-WDLQLQJ� ��SKRWRJUDSKV��7KLV�ZDV�LQGHHG� D� YLVXDO� RQVODXJKW� DQG� EHLQJ�FRXFKHG�LQ�HGXFDWLRQDO�ODQJXDJH��VXJ-JHVWHG�WR�(XURSHDQ�UHDGHUV�WKH\�ZHUH�OHDUQLQJ�DERXW�WKH�ZLGHU�ZRUOG�DW�WKH�VDPH� WLPH� DV� EHLQJ� HQWHUWDLQHG� DQG�E\� DVVRFLDWLRQ� WKDW� WKLV� YLVXDO� H[SH-ULHQFH�ZDV� QXUWXULQJ� WKHP� DV� D�ZHOO�informed world citizen and supporter RI �(PSLUH�

The editor of Countries of the world, 6LU� -RKQ� $OH[DQGHU� +DPPHUWRQ�� QR-

WHG� LQ� ,QVWDOPHQW� �� WKDW� UHDGHUV� DI-WHU��SDJHV�KDG�EHHQ�SURYLGHG�DW�WKHLU�ÀQJHUWLSV�ZLWK�DFFHVV� WR� WKH�HQ-WLUH�ZRUOG��+DPPHUWRQ�ZDV�DQ�HGLWRU��author and complier of many illust-UDWHG�HQF\FORSDHGLD�DQG�SUREDEO\�WKH�WKH�PRVW� VXFFHVVIXO� FUHDWRU� RI � ODUJH�VFDOH�ZRUNV�RI � UHIHUHQFH� WKDW�%ULWDLQ�KDV� NQRZQ�� +H� FODLPHG�� ©Countries KDV�PRUH�WKDQ�FRYHUHG�DOO�WKH�JURXQG�there laid out and that from within the FRQÀQHV�RI �DQ�HDV\�FKDLUª��DQG�GHFOD-red that Countries served three purpo-VHV��EHLQJ�D� ©FRPSOHWH� HQF\FORSDHGLD�RI � JUDSKLF� JHRJUDSK\ª�� DQ� ©HGXFDWLR-QDO�ZRUNª� DQG� D� ©ZRUN�RI � UHIHUHQFHª��+DPPHUWRQ��Countries of the World�,V-VXH� �� Q�S�� LQVLGH� FRYHU��+H�RYHUORRNHG�LWV�PDLQ�DXGLHQFH��VXSSRU-ters of Empire, and its role as propa-JDQGD�IRU�,PSHULDOLVP�DQG�WKH�JOREDO�expansion of Western European po-ZHUV�� +LV� GHVFULSWLRQ� VXJJHVWV� WKDW�for editors and readers, illustrated en-F\FORSDHGLD� OLNH�Countries of the World, ZHUH�QRW�D�VLQJOH�SXUSRVH�SXEOLFDWLRQ�QRU�PRWLYDWHG�E\�D� VLQJOH� LGHRORJLFDO�YLHZSRLQW��7KH\�ZHUH�DV�+DPPHUWRQ�QRWHG��SDUWO\�HGXFDWLYH�DQG�D�ZRUN�RI �UHIHUHQFH�DQG� WKDW�ÁLSSLQJ� WKH�SDJHV�RI �VHULDO�HQF\FORSDHGLD�DQG�JD]LQJ�DW�VWUDQJH�VLJKWV�ZDV�DOVR�D�PRGHUQ�SDV-WLPH�DQG�IRUP�RI �HQWHUWDLQPHQW��7KLV�ZDV�HGXFDWLRQ�DQG�OHDUQLQJ�GHÀQHG�E\�YLFDULRXV�WUDQVIHU�RI �VHOI �DQG�WKRXJKW��PRPHQWDULO\�� WR� RWKHU� ZRUOGV�� :LWK�ZHHNO\� RU�PRQWKO\� HGLWLRQV� FRYHULQJ�D�ZLGH�UDQJH�RI �WKHPHV��FRXQWULHV��QD-tions and peoples, readers were edu-cated, informed and entertained and WKHLU� H[LVWLQJ� SHUFHSWLRQV�� LQWHUHVWV�and opinions were reinforced or chal-OHQJHG��6XEVFULELQJ��VKRZLQJ�RII � WKH�ODWHVW� HGLWLRQ�� WHOOLQJ� IULHQGV� DERXW�ZRQGHUIXO� DQG� DPD]LQJ� VLWHV� DQG�VLJKWV�� DQG� KDYLQJ� D� FRPSOHWH� VHW� OH-DWKHU�ERXQG��RU�FKHDSHU�RSWLRQV��ZDV�ZLGHVSUHDG�DQG�SRSXODU��

People of all nationsA typical instalment of Peoples of all

nations�FRQWDLQHG�KDOI�SDJH�RU�IXOO�SDJH�EODFN�DQG�ZKLWH�SKRWRJUDSKV��IXOO�SDJH�FRORXU�SODWHV��DQG�VHSLD�SODWHV��$�W\SL-FDO� LQVWDOPHQW�� IRU� H[DPSOH�� FRYHULQJ�3DOHVWLQH�� 3DQDPD� DQG� 3DUDJXD\�� KDG��SKRWRJUDSKV�LQFOXGLQJ�VHSLD�SODWHV��FRORXU�DQG�EODFN�DQG�ZKLWH�VFHQHV�DQG�SRUWUDLWV�� &KDSWHUV� RQ� 6RXWK� $IULFD�and Spain typically included 32 and 53 SKRWRJUDSKV� UHVSHFWLYHO\�� 7KH� LQWUR-GXFWRU\�DUUDQJHPHQW�RI �SKRWRJUDSKV�LQ�WKH�6DPRD�LQVWDOPHQW�LQFOXGHG�HLJKW�

LQGLYLGXDO�DQG�JURXS�SRUWUDLWV��ZLWK�VH-YHUDO�GRXEOLQJ�WR�SURYLGH�D�YLHZ�RI �D�IDOH��WKH�EUDLGLQJ�RI �afa��FRFRQXW�ÀEUH�or sennit) or siapo� �EHDWHQ�EDUN� FORWK�RU�WDSD��PDNLQJ��VHH�)LJ��7ZR�SRU-WUDLWV�GRXEOHG�DV�YR\HXULVWLF�SRVHV�DQG�in three portraits, men and women ZHUH� VKRZQ� KROGLQJ� ZHDSRQV�� )RU�European audiences, canoes and two SKRWRJUDSKV�RI �GDQFLQJ�FRPSOHWHG�D�W\SLFDO�JDOOHU\��ZLGHVSUHDG�DQG�DOUHDG\�IDPLOLDU� WR� DXGLHQFHV�� RI � RWKHULQJ� D�FRXQWU\�RQ� WKH� IDU� VLGH�RI � WKH�ZRUOG��7KLV� UHSHWLWLRQ� RI � D� FRUH� FROOHFWLRQ�RI � VWDQGDUG� LPDJHV�� RU� DQ� LFRQRJUD-SKLF�LPSHUDWLYH�WR�FRQVWUXFW�D�JDOOHU\�LPPHGLDWHO\� UHFRJQL]DEOH� E\� YLHZHUV��ZDV� ZHOO�HVWDEOLVKHG� E\� WKH� WLPH� VH-ULDO�HQF\FORSDHGLD�EHFDPH�SRSXODU�DV�D�OHDUQLQJ�WRRO��4XDQFKL�� ,Q� WKH� 6DPRD� FKDSWHU�� IRO-ORZLQJ� WKH� RSHQLQJ�� ORFDWLRQ�VHWWLQJ�JDOOHU\�ZHUH� WHQ� SDJHV� RI � FRORXU� SOD-WHV�DQG�SKRWRJUDYXUH�LQ�ZKLFK�FRQWHQW�DQG� PHVVDJH� ZDV� PRUH� SURQRXQFHG�EHFDXVH� RI � WKH� XVH� RI � VSHFLDO� SDSHU��SURFHVVHV� DQG� FRORXU� �VHH�)LJ�� 7R�viewers in the 1920s, the introduc-WRU\� JDOOHU\� DQG� WKHQ� WKH� VHSLD� LQVHUW�PLJKW� KDYH� VXJJHVWHG� DQ� XQFKDQJHG�DUFKDLF� 6DPRD�� EXW� LQ� WKH� IROORZLQJ�VHW� RI � SKRWRJUDSKV�� ZHVWHUQ� VKLUWV��WURXVHUV�� OHDWKHU� EHOWV�� WUXFNV�� VWHHO�VKRYHOV��XPEUHOODV�DQG�FRWWRQ�SULQW�'ie lavalava (wrap around) were also visi-EOH�WR�UHPLQG�UHDGHUV�WKDW�6DPRD�ZDV�now in the 20th century and not a land where time stood still, frozen in the past, or excluded from the modern ZRUOG��:KHQ� JD]LQJ� DW� D� 6DPRDQ� tul-afale��RUDWRU��FRSUD�LQGXVWU\�ODERXUHUV�DQG�WKH�XVH�RI �PRWRU�WUXFNV��VHH�)LJ�� WKH� UHDGHUV� XQGHUVWDQGLQJ�PRYHG�easily from self-education to pride in Empire, humour, admiration, travel DQG�DGYHQWXUH��(XURSHDQ�UHDGHUV�PD\�KDYH�EHHQ�IDVFLQDWHG�ZLWK�WKH�ROG�ZD\V��DQFLHQW�DQG�VWUDQJH�WUDGLWLRQV�DQG�FXV-WRPV�RI �GLVWDQW�ODQGV��EXW�People of all Nations� DOVR� KDG� D� FLYLOLVLQJ� PHVVDJH��WKDW�FKDQJH�ZDV�XQGHUZD\�DQG�WKDW�WKH�FRORQLHV�ZHUH� DOEHLW� ZHOO� EHKLQG�� EXW�PDNLQJ� SURJUHVV� WRZDUGV� PRGHUQLVD-WLRQ��7KH�YLVXDO�FRQWHQW�RQ�6DPRD�DQG�RQ�DOO�FRORQLHV��FRXQWULHV�DQG�UHJLRQV�in People of all nations conformed to an editorial formula that had rapidly evolved after the halftone process re-YROXWLRQLVHG� SKRWRJUDSK\V� XVH� LQ�SULQWLQJ��(DFK�VLWH�ZDV�GHSLFWHG�XVLQJ�the same composition -- studio por-traits in traditional costume, exterior JURXS�SRUWUDLWV�WKDW�GRXEOHG�DV�VFHQLF�


YLHZV�E\�SRVLWLRQLQJ�WKH�JURXS�LQ�WKH�IRUHJURXQG� RI � D� WRZQVFDSH�� WRSRJUD-SKLFDO� IHDWXUHV�� GZHOOLQJV� RU� YLOODJHV�MX[WDSRVHG� DJDLQVW� V\PEROLF� DVSHFWV�RI � (XURSHDQ� FRORQLDOLVP� LQFOXGLQJ�URDGV�� SODQWDWLRQV�� SXEOLF� EXLOGLQJV�DQG�ZKDUYHV��,Q�People of All Nation's illustrated essays, with emphasis vary-LQJ�RQ� WKHVH� FDWHJRULHV�� UHDGHUV�PXVW�also have noticed the emphasis on par-WLDOO\� FORWKHG�ZRPHQ��$� WKLUG� RI � WKH�twenty-nine illustrations on Samoa de-picted partially clothed females and WKLV�ZDV�W\SLFDO�RI �WKH�LPDJLQJ�IRXQG�in most serial encyclopaedia of this SHULRG�5HDGHUV� XQGHUVWDQGLQJ� RI � ZRUOG�

JHRJUDSK\�DQG�SROLWLFV�ZDV�FKDOOHQJHG�E\�QXPHURXV�HUURUV�VXFK�DV�XVLQJ�RXW�GDWHG�QDPHV� �6DYDJH� ,VODQG� IRU�1LXH�DQG� /DGURQQHV� IRU� WKH� 0DULDQD� ,V-ODQGV��E\�XVLQJ� WKH� ODEHO� 6RXWK�6HDV�IRU� WKH�ZKROH�3DFLÀF��SXEOLVKLQJ�SKR-WRJUDSKV� WDNHQ� GHFDGHV� EHIRUH� EXW�presented as contemporary vision and PLVVSHOOLQJV�VXFK�DV�0DULDQQH�IRU�0D-ULDQD� ,VODQGV�� 0RKDUL� IRU�Maohi and $GL� &DNDKDQ� IRU� $GL� &DNREDX� �VHH�)LJ�� 7KH� FLWLQJ� RI � LQFRUUHFW� GDWHV�meant the formation of the Établisse-ments Français d'Océanie in 1903 was lis-ted as 1901, the joint Franco-British FRQGRPLQLXP� DJUHHPHQW� RI � �� LQ�WKH�1HZ�+HEULGHV��QRZ�9DQXDWX��ZDV�PLVWDNHQO\�OLVWHG�IRU��DQG�WKH�SX-EOLFDWLRQ� GDWH� RI � +HUPDQ� 0HOYLOOHV�EHVW�VHOOLQJ�QRYHO�Typee in 1846 was lis-WHG�DV�DERXW��9LHZHUV� RI � People of all nations pro-

EDEO\�GLG�QRW� UHDOLVH� WKH�FRQWHQW�ZDV�selective and that it excluded most of WKH� QRUWK� 3DFLÀF�� WKH� &RRN� ,VODQGV��6RORPRQ�,VODQGV��1DXUX��.LULEDWL�DQG�7XYDOX��7RNHODX��:HVW�3DSXD�DQG�1LXH��7KH� 1RUWK� 3DFLÀF�� WKHQ� XQGHU� *HU-PDQ�FRQWURO�RU�DIWHU�:RUOG�:DU�,�XQ-GHU�-DSDQHVH�FRQWURO�DV�D�0DQGDWH��ZDV�QRWLFHDEO\�PLVVLQJ�ZLWK�0LFURQHVLD�KD-YLQJ� RQO\� RQH� LQGH[� HQWU\�� FRPSDUHG�to many entries and sections for the %ULWLVK� 3DFLÀF� LQ�0HODQHVLD� DQG� 3RO\-QHVLD��)UHQFK�WHUULWRULHV�ZHUH�VLPLODUO\�PDUJLQDOLVHG��DQG�WUHDWHG�GHURJDWLYHO\�LQ�WKH�WH[W��ZLWK�1HZ�&DOHGRQLD�EHLQJ�GHVFULEHG� DV� ©WKH� PRVW� VWULNLQJ� H[-DPSOH�RI �WKH�)UHQFK�ZD\�RI �GRLQJ�WKH�ZURQJ�WKLQJ�LQ�FRORQ\�PDNLQJª��People of all nations��$�VHFWLRQ�RQ�WKH�©6RXWK�6HDVª�E\�6LU�%DVLO�7KRPS-VRQ� �� D� %ULWLVK� RIÀFLDO� LQ�WKH�3DFLÀF�ZKR�KDG�ZULWWHQ�ERRNV�RQ�7RQJD� DQG� )LML� LQ� �� RQ� 1LXH� LQ�1902, and The Fijians: A study in de-

FD\�RI �FXVWRP�LQ��7KRPSVRQ�W\-SLFDOO\�IRFXVVHG�RQ�WKH�%ULWLVK�3DFLÀF�ZLWK�WZHQW\�HLJKW�SKRWRJUDSKV��PRVWO\�DWWULEXWHG� WR� WKH�$XVWUDOLDQ�SKRWRJUD-SKHU�� 7KRPDV� -� 0F0DKRQ�� 7KHUH�was no equivalent essay on the north 3DFLÀF�� )RU� UHDGHUV� DQG� YLHZHUV� RI �7KRPSVRQV� 6RXWK� 6HDV�� WKH� JDOOHU\�FRQÀUPHG� WKH� LPDJLQJ� RI � SDVW� HUDV��ZKHQ�WKH�3DFLÀF�KDG�EHHQ�GHÀQHG�E\�D�QDUURZ�VHW�RI �P\WKV�KLJKOLJKWLQJ�LG\O-OLF� FRDVWDO� YLVWDV� �SDJHV� �� VWUDQJH� QDWLYH� FXVWRPV� �SDJHV� ��3775, 3777, 3780, 3781, 3782) and EXVWOLQJ�(XURSHDQ�HQWHUSULVH�DQG�HP-SLUH�EXLOGLQJ��SDJHV��

�� SUHVHQWLQJ� H[DFWO\� WKH� JUDSKLF�JHRJUDSK\�WKDW�HGLWRU�-$�+DPPHUWRQ�H[WROOHG�IRU�WKH�VHULHV��

Women of all nations Women of all Nations� ZDV� SXEOLV-

KHG� LQ� �� ZLWK� � WZR� UHFRJQL]HG�VFKRODUV�� $WKRO� -R\FH� DQG� 1RUWKFRWH�7KRPDV�� DV� HGLWRUV�� ERWK� FLWLQJ� WKHLU�0DVWHUV�'HJUHHV�DQG�PHPEHUVKLS�RI �WKH� 5R\DO� $QWKURSRORJLFDO� ,QVWLWXWH��7KH� RSHQLQJ� WKUHH� LPDJHV� LQ�Women of all nations�ZHUH�D�ZDWHUFRORXU�EDVHG�RQ� D� SKRWRJUDSK� RI � D� &KLQHVH� ODG\�E\� 1RUPDQ� +DUG\�� DQG� DQ� XQDWWULEX-WHG�SKRWRJUDSK�RI � WZR�)LMLDQ�ZRPHQ�

Figure 2: “Girl of princely origin”, Photogravure.

Sou

rce:

Peo

ple

of

all n

atio

ns

44

07.


ZHDYLQJ�D�SDQGDQXV�PDW��7KLV�SKRWR-JUDSK�KDG�DSSHDUHG�ÀUVW�DV�D�SRVWFDUG�VROG� E\� WKH� SRVWFDUG� SURSULHWRU�� -:�:DWHUV� RI � 6XYD�� WLWOHG� ©PDNLQJ� EDV-NHWVª�� ,W�ZDV� ODWHU� VROG�DV�D�SRVWFDUG�E\� WKH� 6RFLHW\� IRU� WKH� 3URSDJDWLRQ�of the Gospel (SPG) and re-capti-RQHG�©0DNLQJ�IDQV�DQG�PDWVª�DQG�WKH�IHPDOHV� H[SRVHG� EUHDVWV� ZHUH� UHPR-YHG�E\�DLUEUXVKLQJ��6WHSKHQVRQ�� 7KH� WKLUG� ZDV� D� SKRWRJUDSK�RI � D� EDVNHW�FDUU\LQJ�� JUDVV�VNLUWHG�%DQJDOD� ZRPDQ� IURP� WKH� 8SSHU�&RQJR�� 7KH� WH[W� RI � Women of all nations opened with a chapter on Poly-QHVLD� E\� WKH� DQWKURSRORJLVW�� $OLVRQ�+LQJVWRQ�� ZKLFK� LQFOXGHG� �� SKRWR-JUDSKV�� $� VLPLODU� OHQJWK� FKDSWHU� RQ�0HODQHVLD� IROORZHG�� ZLWK� WKLUW\�ÀYH�SKRWRJUDSKV�DQG� � IXOO�SDJH�SODWHV��$�short chapter on the Torres Strait and 1HZ� *XLQHD� E\� WKH� IDPRXV� DQWKUR-SRORJLVW�&*�6HOLJPDQ�LQFOXGHG�VHYHQ�SKRWRJUDSKV� DQG� D� IXOO� SDJH� FRORXU�ZDWHUFRORXU�E\�1RUPDQ�+DUG\��+DOI �WKH� SKRWRJUDSKV� LQ� 6HOLJPDQV� HVVD\�were portraits of partially clothed ZRPHQ��7KH�SRUWUDLW�ZDV�WKH�SULPDU\�means of instruction with a third of DOO�SKRWRJUDSKV�LQ�Women of all nations GHSLFWLQJ� WKH� IXOO\� RU� SDUWLDOO\� H[SR-VHG�XSSHU�ERGLHV�RI �IHPDOHV��$�VKRUW�FKDSWHU�RI �QLQH�SDJHV�RQ�0LFURQHVLD�LQFOXGHG� WHQ� SKRWRJUDSKV� DQG� RQH�IXOO� SDJH�SODWH�� ZLWK� QLQH� VKRZLQJ�SDUWLDOO\�FORWKHG�ZRPHQ��$OO�WKH�SKR-WRJUDSKV�RQ�0LFURQHVLD�ZHUH�DWWULEX-WHG�WR�:+�)XUQHVV��DQ�$PHULFDQ�ZKR�visited Micronesia in 1895-1901 and ��)XUQHVVV�SKRWRJUDSKV�GHPRQV-WUDWH� D� FRPPRQ� DVSHFW� RI � LPDJH�PRELOLW\�DQG�FURVV�RYHU�IURP�SRSXODU�OLWHUDWXUH�WR�VFKRODUO\�SXEOLFDWLRQ�DV�KLV�

SKRWRJUDSKV�LQ�:RPHQ�RI �DOO�QDWLRQV�appeared later in a serious anthropo-ORJLFDO� ZRUN��Man: past and present in ��Women of all nations, despite its pretentions of scholarly research and HWKQRJUDSK\�ZDV�SULPDULO\�YR\HXULVWLF�DQG�D�YLVXDO�SDUDGH�RI � IHPDOH�ERGLHV��partially clothed and posed to depict VWDWXUH��IRUP�DQG�GHPHDQRXU��FORWKLQJ�RU�DGRUQPHQW��

The Photographers�$�SUHWHQFH�DV�HGXFDWLRQDO� OHDUQLQJ�

RU� DV� D� VFLHQWLÀF� UHIHUHQFH� ZRUN� LV�REYLRXV� LQ� LOOXVWUDWHG� VHULDO� HQF\FOR-SDHGLD� ZLWK� HVVD\V� EHLQJ� FRQWULEX-WHG� E\� OHDGLQJ� VFKRODUV� RU� VHOI�VW\OHG�H[SHUWV�� 7KH� DFNQRZOHGJHPHQW� RI �SKRWRJUDSKHUV� ZDV� UDUH�� ZLWK� PRVW�SKRWRJUDSKV� QRW� EHLQJ� DWWULEXWHG� DW�DOO��DQG�VRPH�LGHQWLÀHG�RQO\�DV�EHLQJ�VXSSOLHG� E\� SRVWFDUG� FRPSDQLHV�� VWX-GLRV� RU� LPDJH� OLEUDULHV�� 7KLV� FRQWUD-dicted the editorial policy of People of all nations which had stated it had JDWKHUHG�DQ�HQWLUHO\�QHZ�FROOHFWLRQ�RI �SKRWRJUDSKV�DQG�WKDW�SKRWRJUDSKHUV�LQ�DOO�SDUWV�RI �WKH�ZRUOG�KDYH�EHHQ�DW�ZRUN� H[SUHVVO\� WR� HQULFK� RXU� SDJHV��+DPPHUWRQ��LLL��,Q�DQ�HGLWRULDO�SURPRWLQJ�LQVWDOPHQW��RI Peoples of all nations�� +DPPHUWRQ� QDPHG� RQO\�WKH� VHYHQ� DXWKRUV�� GHVFULELQJ� WKHP�DV� DQ� DXWKRULWDWLYH� EDQG� �+DPPHU-ton, Countries of the World�� ,VVXH� ��Q�S�� LQVLGH� FRYHU��1DPLQJ� WKH�SKRWRJUDSKHUV�ZDV�FOHDUO\�QRW�DQ�HGL-WRULDO�SULRULW\��+RZHYHU��WKH�SXEOLVKHG�SKRWRJUDSKV�RI �IRU�H[DPSOH��7KRPDV�0F0DKRQ��(/�0LWFKHOO��7�(GJHZRUWK�'DYLG�� %DOGZLQ� 6SHQFHU�� DQG� )-� *LO-OHQ� LQ� $XVWUDOLD�� DQG� $-� 7DWWHUVDOO� LQ�Samoa, do demonstrate the attempt

WR� DFKLHYH� IDPH� LQ� (XURSH� E\� XVLQJ�serial encyclopaedia to present the 6RXWK�3DFLÀF� WR�(XURSHDQ� DXGLHQFHV��%XW� IDPH� ZDV� PLQLPDO� DQG� PDUJLQDO�DQG�SKRWRJUDSKHUV�GRXEO\�VXIIHUHG�E\�EHLQJ�LJQRUHG��RU�LI �PHQWLRQHG��RIWHQ�LQFRUUHFWO\�� 7KH�PDQ\� WKRXVDQGV� RI �SKRWRJUDSKV� LQ� VHULDO� HQF\FORSDHGLD�are therefore mostly an anonymous DUFKLYH�� RQO\� LGHQWLÀDEOH� WRGD\� E\�ODERULRXV� FURVV�FKHFNLQJ� WKH� YLVXDO�DUFKLYH� IRU� D�SKRWRJUDSKHUV�ZRUN� LQ�private collections, postcards, illustra-WHG�QHZVSDSHUV��PDJD]LQHV� DQG� LOOXVW-UDWHG�ERRNV�

Repetition and Longevity� 0DQ\� SKRWRJUDSKV� XVHG� LQ� VHULDO�

encyclopaedia in the 1920s and ��V� KDG� EHHQ� WDNHQ� ZHOO� SULRU� WR�SXEOLFDWLRQ�� )RU� H[DPSOH�� 7KRPDV�0F0DKRQV� SKRWRJUDSKV� RI � D� GHFR-UDWHG� 6RORPRQ� ,VODQG� FDQRH� DSSHD-ULQJ�RQ�WKH�FRYHU�RI �WKH��WK�LVVXH�RI �&RXQWULHV�RI �WKH�:RUOG��DQG�DJDLQ�LQ�WKH� WH[W�� DORQJ�ZLWK� DOO� RWKHUV� LQ� WKH�FKDSWHU�RQ�WKH�©6RXWK�6HDVª��KDG�EHHQ�WDNHQ�D�GHFDGH�HDUOLHU��LQ��VHH�)LJ��$OWKRXJK�WKHUH�ZDV�RQO\�D�JDS�RI �D�GHFDGH��E\�WKH�ODWH��V�WKH�FRSUD�LQGXVWU\� LQ� WKH�6RORPRQ� ,VODQGV�KDG�much less potential and the Solomon ,VODQGV�ZDV�QR�ORQJHU�D� MHZHO�RI �WKH�3DFLÀF� DQG� SODQWHUV� SDUDGLVH� �4XDQ-FKL��,Q�DQRWKHU�H[DPSOH��in the Samoa entry in People of all Nations in 1926, a full plate showed a 30 metre 'alia��GRXEOH�KXOOHG�6DPRDQ�FDQRH�� WKDW� KDG� EHHQ� SKRWRJUDSKHG�E\�$-�7DWWHUVDOO�DIWHU� LW�ZDV�FRQVWUXF-WHG� LQ��DV�D�JLIW�IRU�WKH�*HUPDQ�.DLVHU� WR� FHOHEUDWH� *HUPDQ\V� DQQH-xation of Western Samoa at the turn RI �WKH�FHQWXU\��6DPRDQV�KDG�VWRSSHG�EXLOGLQJ�WKHVH�FDQRHV�HDUO\�LQ�WKH��WK�FHQWXU\�� $IWHU� EHLQJ� FRQVLGHUHG� WRR�ELJ� WR�VKLS� WR�*HUPDQ\� LW�ZDV�VXEVH-TXHQWO\�OHIW�WR�URW�RQ�D�6DPRDQ�EHDFK��2Q� WKH� EDVLV� RI � WKH� YLVXDO� HYLGHQFH��UHDGHUV� LQ� �� FRXOG� KDYH� MXVWLÀD-EO\� DVVXPHG� WKDW� 6DPRDQV� ZHUH� VWLOO�EXLOGLQJ� WKHVH� PDJQLÀFHQW� FDQRHV��The use of late 19th century photo-JUDSKV�WR�LOOXVWUDWH��V�SXEOLFDWLRQV�GHPRQVWUDWHV� WKH� ORQJHYLW\� RI � VRPH�SKRWRJUDSKV�DQG�WKHLU�HQGXULQJ�LQÁX-HQFH�RQ� UHDGHUV� ORQJ�DIWHU� WKH\�ZHUH�WDNHQ�

Modernity� 7KHUH�ZDV� D� VHQVH� RI � QRVWDOJLD� LQ�

WKH� GHSLFWLRQ� RI � DQFLHQW�� DOOHJHGO\�lost customs and material culture with

Figure 3: “Collecting nuts for copra-making”.

Sou

rce:

Ph

oto

grap

h by

AJ

Tatt

ersa

ll, P

eop

le o

f al

l natio

ns,

441

1.


OLQNV�WR�E\JRQH�HUDV��5HDGHUV�RI �VHULDO�HQF\FORSDHGLD� ZHUH� QRW� RQO\� ORRNLQJ�for titillation, tourist escapades or HYDQJHOLFDO� PRWLYDWLRQ� LQ� WKHVH� LPD-JHV�� (XURSHDQ� UHDGHUV� E\� SXUFKDVLQJ�RU� E\� ÁLFNLQJ� WKURXJK� FRSLHV� LQ� ZDL-WLQJ�URRPV�ZHUH�DOVR�H[SUHVVLQJ�WKHLU�GHVLUH�WR�NQRZ�DERXW�WKH�©QHZª�3DFLÀF��ZKLFK� E\� WKLV� WLPH� LQFOXGHG� EDQNLQJ��VKLSSLQJ� OLQHV�� VFKRROV�� LPSRUWV� DQG�export factories and warehouses, ext-ractive industries and colonial respon-VLELOLWLHV��DOO�FRXFKHG�LQ�WHUPV�RI �IXWXUH�FRORQLDO�SURJUHVV�DQG�SURVSHULW\��7KLV�ZDV� OHDUQLQJ�E\� ORRNLQJ� LQ� LWV� PRVW�persuasive form - educative, exotic, WURSLFDO�� YR\HXULVWLF� DQG� SUHDFKLQJ�DERXW�FRORQLDOLVP�DQG�QHZ�VWDWHKRRG��DQG�E\�WKH�DFW�RI �RZQLQJ�RU�UHDGLQJ�DQ�illustrated serial encyclopaedia, espou-VLQJ�D�VHQVH�RI �PRGHUQLW\��$V�DQ�DFW�RI �self-education and self-improvement DFKLHYHG� WKURXJK� UHDGLO\� DFFHVVLEOH�LPDJHV��(XURSHDQ�UHDGHUV�NQRZOHGJH�RI �WKH�3DFLÀF�VKRXOG�EH�PHDVXUHG�QRW�VR�PXFK�E\�ZKDW�ZDV�UHDG��DV�E\�ZKDW�ZDV�VHHQ�ZKHQ�WKH�ZHHNO\�RU�PRQWKO\�editions of serial encyclopaedia arri-YHG�LQ�WKH�SRVW�+DPPHUWRQ�� WKH� HGLWRU� RI � VHYHUDO�

illustrated serial encyclopaedias, noted WKHUH� ZDV� FRQVLGHUDEOH� GLVFLSOLQH�demanded of readers as they switched in each instalment, for example, from Samoa to Spain, South Africa, Sudan, 6ZLW]HUODQG� DQG� 6\ULD�� +H� ZRQGHUHG�LI �UHDGHUV�©HYHU�KDG�VRPH�VOLJKW�VHQVH�RI �GLVFRPIRUW�LQ�OHDSLQJ�LQ�WKH�WXUQ�RI �D�SDJH�IURP�RQH�HQG�RI � WKH�HDUWK� WR�DQRWKHU� �� D�FHUWDLQ�FRJLWDWLRQ� LV�GHVL-UDEOH�DQG�SRVVLEOH�EHWZHHQ�LWHPV�LQ�D�ZRUN� RI � WKLV� NLQGª� DQG� VXJJHVWHG� WR�UHDGHUV� WKH� ©WHFKQLFDO� DGYDQWDJH� FRQ-IHUUHG�E\�DOSKDEHWLVDWLRQª�PHDQW�ZRU-U\LQJ�LQFRQJUXLWLHV�ZRXOG�EH�REVFXUHG�RU� PHQWDOO\� VHW� DVLGH� �+DPPHUWRQ��Countries of the World�� ,VVXH� �� Q�S�� LQVLGH�FRYHU��+DPPHUWRQV�FRP-mentary raises the unresolved ques-tion - did readers see an undifferentia-WHG�JOREDO�PDVV�RI �LQGLJHQRXV�SHRSOHV��thatched houses and exotic views or GLG� WKH\� ODEHO� DQG� PHPRULVH� XQLTXH�FKDUDFWHULVWLFV� RI � HDFK� JHRJUDSKLF�UHJLRQ��WHUULWRU\��FXOWXUH��WULEH�RU�FODQ"�%\�UHSOLFDWLQJ�FRPSRVLWLRQ�DQG�VHWWLQJ��WKH�SKRWRJUDSKHUV� DQG� WKHQ� ODWHU� WKH�HGLWRUV� WKURXJK� FDSWLRQLQJ�� DGGHG� WR�WKH�FUHDWLRQ�RI �D�JOREDO�VWHUHRW\SH��)RU�example, in instalment 37 of Countries of the World�ERWK�6RXWK�$IULFDQV�DQG�WKH� 6RXWK� 6HD� ,VODQGHUV� ZHUH� VKRZQ�VLWWLQJ� LQ� JURXSV� LQ� IURQW� RI � QDWXUDO�

PDWHULDO�GZHOOLQJV� �S�� IRU�6RXWK�$IULFD�DQG�S��IRU�7RQJD��SRVLQJ�LQ� D� FRDVWDO� YLVWD� �S�� DQG� ��IRU�6RXWK�6HDV��DQG�S��IRU�6RXWK�$IULFD��RU�FDUU\LQJ�RXW�GRPHVWLF�GXWLHV�DQG� ODERXULQJ� LQ� (XURSHDQ� HQWHUSUL-VHV��S��DQG��LQ�6RXWK�$IULFD�DQG�S��LQ�WKH�6RXWK�6HDV��+DPPHUWRQV� UHTXHVW� IRU� FRJLWDWLRQ�VXJJHVWV�YLHZHUV�FRXOG�UHÁHFW�RQ�DQG�ponder difference and similarity as WKH\� OHDSW�EHWZHHQ�QDWLRQV� DQG� FRXQ-WULHV�� %XW� WKH� VLPLODULW\� RI � SKRWRJUD-phic representations, the standardisa-WLRQ�RI �FRPSRVLWLRQ�DQG�IUDPLQJ�DQG�the repetition of stereotypes, supports WKH�FODLP�E\�(GZDUG�6DLG�DQG�RWKHUV�WKDW� YLHZLQJ� SKRWRJUDSKV� IURP� WKH�

FRORQLHV�ZDV�HYLGHQFH�RI �RWKHULQJ��RU�WKH�FUHDWLRQ�RI �DQ� RWKHU�GLIIHUHQW�WR�RQHVHOI��$FURVV�WKH��SKRWRJUDSKV�in Peoples of all nations, for example, SKRWRJUDSKV�RQ�$VLD��6RXWK�$PHULFD��and Africa were similar to photo-JUDSKV�SXEOLVKHG�IURP�WKH�3DFLÀF��DQG�FRXOG�HDVLO\�SURPRWH�D�VWHUHRW\SLQJ��RU�FRQÁDWHG�XQGHUVWDQGLQJ�RI �WKH�GLVWDQW�FRORQLDO� ZRUOG�� :DV� LW�� IRU� H[DPSOH��6DPRD� VSHFLÀFDOO\� WKDW� WKH� UHDGHUV�OHDUQW� DERXW� RU� ©QDWLYHVª� JHQHUDOO\"�7KLV�XQFHUWDLQW\�VXJJHVWV�KLVWRULDQV�RI �SKRWRJUDSK\� DQG� KLVWRULDQV� JHQHUDOO\��QRWLQJ�+DPPHUWRQV�FRQFHUQV��VKRXOG�DQDO\VH�SKRWRJUDSK\�WDNLQJ�QRWH�RI �D�JOREDOLVLQJ�FRQWH[W� WKDW�SUH�HPSWHG�D�SKRWRJUDSKLF�DQG�KRPRJHQLVHG�RWKHU��

Figure 4: “Adi Cakahan; A Fijian woman of high rank”.So

urc

e: P

ho

togr

aph

by J

W W

ate

rs,

n.d

., W

om

en o

f al

l Natio

ns,

117

.


-DPHV� &OLIIRUG� DUJXHG� WKDW� ©WR� WDON�DERXW� WUDYHO� LV� WR� HQWHU� LQWR� D� WHUUDLQ�UHGROHQW�ZLWK�PDUNHUV�RI �LPSHULDOLVPª�DQG�OLVWHG�WKHVH�PDUNHUV�DV�©JHQGHUHG�UDFLDO�ERGLHV��FODVV�SULYLOHJH��DQG�VSH-FLÀF� PHDQV� RI � FRQYH\DQFH�� EHDWHQ�SDWKV�� DJHQWV�� IURQWLHUV�� DQG� GRFX-PHQWVª��LQ�*LOEHUW�DQG�-RKQVRQ��&OLIIRUG�RPLWWHG� WR�PHQWLRQ�SKR-WRJUDSKHUV�DQG�SKRWRJUDSK\��$�KXJH�DUFKLYH� RI � SXEOLVKHG� LPDJHV� LQ� SKR-WRJUDSKLFDOO\� LOOXVWUDWHG� VHULDO� HQF\F-ORSDHGLD� VXJJHVWV� WKDW� SKRWRJUDSK\�ZDV� LQGHHG� D� SUHHPLQHQW� PDUNHU� RI �LPSHULDOLVP�DQG�PRWLYDWHG�WKH�SRSX-

lar interest and visual fascination of UHDGHUV�ZLWK�(PSLUH��7KLV�SXEOLVKHG��FRQVWUXFWHG�DQG� UHSHWLWLYH�JDOOHU\�RI �SKRWRJUDSK\�DOORZHG�VHGHQWDU\�YLHZ-HUV��ZLWKRXW�OHDYLQJ�WKHLU�KRPH�RU�VXE-XUE�� WR� URDP�DFURVV�2FHDQLD� VKDULQJ�WKH� DGYHQWXUH� RI � PLVVLRQDULHV�� JROG�VHHNHUV�DQG�VFLHQWLVWV�XQGHUWDNLQJ�WKH�intrepid penetration of the tropical LQWHULRU�� WKH� ,PSHULDO� SRVVHVVLRQ� RI �new territories, and the awe and won-GHU�FDSWXUHG�E\�WUDYHOOHUV��DUPHG�ZLWK�FDPHUDV��FRQIURQWLQJ�WKH�VXEOLPH�DQG�the picturesque of distant islands and DWROOV�� 3KRWRJUDSKLFDOO\� LOOXVWUDWHG�

VHULDO� HQF\FORSDHGLD� OLNH�People of all nations offered readers thousands of SKRWRJUDSKV� RI � WKH� ZRUOG�� 7KHVH�JDOOHULHV�RI �SRUWUDLWV��VWUHHW� OLIH��SRUW�WRZQV�� H[SRUW� LQGXVWULHV�� DJULFXOWXUH��YLOODJHV��LQGLJHQRXV�FXVWRPV�DQG�ULWX-als, and rural panorama, picturesque VFHQHV� DQG� YLVWDV� JXLGHG� D� UHDGHUV�XQGHUVWDQGLQJ��OHDGLQJ�WKHP�WR�PRYH�easily from self-education to pride in (PSLUH��WR�D�GRQDWLRQ�WR�DQ�HYDQJHOL-cal movement or to capitalist oppor-WXQLW\�IRU�LQYHVWPHQW�RU�PLJUDWLRQ��RU�LQ�VRPH�FDVHV�WR�WUDYHO�WR�WKH�LVODQGV��

BibliographyBlanton C, ed, 1995, Picturing paradise: colonial

photography of Samoa 1875 to 1925, Daytona Beach Community College

Desmond J, 1999, “Picturing Hawaii: the ‘ideal’ native and the origins of tourism 1880-1915”, Posi-tions; East Asia and Cultures Critique, 7, 2,459-501

Fox F, 1926, “Samoa; a paradise of the South Seas”, People of all nations, 4390-4115,

Gilbert H and Johnston A, eds, In transit: Travel, text empire, New York: Peter Lang, 2002,

Hammerton JA, 1923, ‘From the Editor’s desk”, Countries of the World, Vol 37, frontpaper/endpaper

Hammerton JA, 1926, ed, People of all nations, (Vol 1-7), London: Amalgamated press

Joyce A and Thomas NW, eds, 1908, Women of all Nations, London: Cassell

Quanchi, Max, 2004, “Power of pictures; learning by looking at Papua in illustrated newspapers and magazines”, Australian Historical Studies, Vol 35, No 123, pp.37-53

Quanchi M, 2006, “The imaging of Samoa, in illustrated magazines and serial encyclopaedia in the early 20th century,” Journal of Pacific History, 41, 2, 207-18

Quanchi M, 2007, Photographing Papua: Repre-sentation, colonial encounters and imagining in the public domain, Newcastle on Tyne: Cambridge Scho-lars Publishing

Quanchi, M, 2007, “The Euro-American psyche and the imaging of Samoa in the early 20th Century” in Japan Focus, online journal, http://japanfocus.org/products/topdf/2317

Quanchi, Max, 2014, “Norman H. Hardy: Book Illustrator and Artist”, Journal of Pacific History, 49 (2). 214-233

Quanchi M, 2015, “Imaging the USA’s Pacific em-pire”, History of Photography, 39, 3, 201, 213-226

Said, Edward W. 1978, Orientalism 25th Anni-versary Edition. New York: Pantheon Books

Stephenson E, 1997, Fiji’s past on picture postcards, Suva: Caines Janiff

Thompson B, 1926, “South Sea Islands”, Countries of the world, 37, 3768-3789.

Corresponding author: Max Quanchi [[email protected]] has taught Pacific History in Melbourne, Brisbane, Port Moresby and Suva. His research interests are in the History of Photography and the history of Australia-Pacific relations. He was awarded a Life Membership of the Pacific History Association in 1998. His most recent book is Postcards from Oceania (2015) and he is now working on a general history of photography in the Pacific and a biography of the photographer TJ McMahon. He moved to Brisbane in 2016, and is now a research Fellow in History at the University of Queensland.

Figure 5: Cover, Countries of the world

Sou

rce

of

Cov

er:

base

d o

n a

ph

oto

grap

h by

Th

om

as

J M

cMah

on)

inst

alm

ent

37.


Typhoon Washi/Sendong and Disputations between Urban Poor and City Government in Cagayan de Oro, Philippines Luzile Satur1

Luzile Satur, Graduate Student, Southeast Asian Studies, University of Passau, Dr.-Hans-Kapfinger-Straße 14b, 94032 Passau, Germany1

Grassroots environmental movements in the Philippines actively engage in protec-ting the environment by empowerment. The Task Force Macajalar in Cagayan de Oro (CDO) has grown to more than 2,000 members since its establishment in 1991 and is the largest party chapter of the Partido Kalikasan (Green Party), is campaigning against logging and other environmental issues. It led the launching of the Save CDO Movement which is composed of Typhoon Washi survivors, church, media, civil society organisations and other environmental advocacy groups. On this account, the move-ment demonstrates the “environmental consciousness of local communities” (Ünaldi, 2013, p. 10). This paper shows how environmental and civil society movements em-power the urban poor.

Abstract: Following the concepts of environmental legitimation crisis and environmental justice, this study deals with socio-ecological conflicts resulting from erroneous norm, environmental degradation, climate change and inefficient implementation of socialised housing policies for the urban poor in Ca-gayan de Oro, Philippines. The Piso-Piso Program established housing projects which were built in areas deemed as No Build Zones. When typhoon Washi/Sendong hit the city in December 2011, the main victims were mostly from these places. Social housing welfare was evidently deficient. The city govern-ment allowed marginalised residents to settle in disaster-prone areas. In spite of that, there was no re-sistance coming from the urban poor. The resistance only occurred after the effects of the typhoon were encountered. This paper analyses the tolerance of the city government and non-resistance of the urban poor preceding the disaster. Further, it examines the policies of the government and its reaction to the demands of the urban poor following the disaster. It argues that environmental crisis can be considerably limited through environmental justice.

[Submitted as Research Note: 01 October 2015, Acceptance of the revised manuscript: 14 December 2015]

Keywords: environmental legitimation crisis, urban poor, environmental movements, Washi/Sendong

Sou

rce:

htt

ps:

//fa

rm8

.sta

ticf

lickr

.co

m/7

145

/676

23

9718

3_3

45

57

bc6

5d

_o

_d.j

pg,

htt

ps:

//w

ww

.flic

kr.c

om

/ph

oto

s/h

od

rorg

/676

23

9718

3/s

izes

/o/

Figure 2: This picture shows a No Build Zone in Cala-cala where it was occupied by residences. There was only debris from shattered houses in the aftermath of Washi. It was taken by All Hands Volunteers in January 25, 2012.



%DVHG� RQ� HQYLURQPHQWDO� OHJLWLPD-WLRQ�FULVLV� WKHRU\�� WKLV�SDSHU� WDNHV� LQ�WKH� FRUUHODWLRQ� DPRQJ� WKH� SROLWLFDO�administrative, socio-cultural, and HFRORJLFDO� V\VWHPV�� ,Q� WKH� FDVH� RI �&'2��WKH�SROLWLFDO�DGPLQLVWUDWLYH�V\V-WHP�RU�UHVRXUFH�DJHQF\�UHIHUV�WR�WKH�JRYHUQPHQW��ZKLOH� WKH�VRFLR�FXOWXUDO�V\VWHP� SHUWDLQV� WR� WKH� XUEDQ� SRRU��victims of Typhoon Washi, civil soci-HW\�DQG�WKH�UHVW�RI �WKH�FLWL]HQU\��7KH�HFRORJLFDO� V\VWHP� WKDW� VXSSRVHGO\�EHVWRZV� ´OLYLQJ� VSDFHµ� �0DUVKDOO� �*ROGVWHLQ�� SS�� covers the disaster-prone resettle-PHQW�DUHDV�(QYLURQPHQWDO� OHJLWLPDWLRQ� FULVLV�

RFFXUV� LQ� WZR� VWDJHV��7KH�ÀUVW� VWDJH��SURFHVV�$��Ⱥ�$��GHPRQVWUDWHV�WKH�

FLW\� JRYHUQPHQW� SHUIRUPHG� WKH� OHJL-WLPDWLRQ� IXQFWLRQ� E\� GLVWULEXWLQJ� VR-FLDOLVHG� KRXVLQJ� WR� WKH� XUEDQ� SRRU��0DVV� OR\DOW\�ZDV�UHFLSURFDWHG�E\�WKH�ODWWHU� WR� WKH� IRUPHU�� (QYLURQPHQ-tal crisis manifested when Washi de-YDVWDWHG� WKH� VRFLDO� KRXVLQJ� DUHDV�� ,W�pointed out the failure of the politi-cal administrative system to provide VRFLDO� ZHOIDUH� IRU� WKH� FLWL]HQ� VWDNH-KROGHUV��7KH�ODWWHU�LQ�WXUQ�GLG�QRW�RI-IHU� OR\DOW\� WR� WKH� IRUPHU� �+DEHUPDV�� 7KH� VRFLDO� KRXVLQJ� IXU-QLVKHG�E\�WKH�FLW\�JRYHUQPHQW�IDLOHG�ZKHQ� WKH� XUEDQ� SRRU� UHVLGLQJ� LQ� GL-saster-prone areas were demolished E\�:DVKL��7KH�JRYHUQPHQW·V�OHJLWLPD-WLRQ�FULVLV�LV�GHQRWHG�E\�GLVOR\DOW\�DQG�environmental justice movements

�0DUVKDOO��*ROGVWHLQ��7KH�VHFRQG�VWDJH��SURFHVV�%�Ⱥ�%��

Ⱥ�%��Ⱥ�%��HYLQFHV�KRZ�WKH�XUEDQ�SRRU�WRJHWKHU�ZLWK�FLYLO�VRFLHW\�H[HUW�SUHVVXUH� RQ� WKH� JRYHUQPHQW� WR� LP-prove policies in order to counter fu-WXUH�HQYLURQPHQWDO�FULVLV��7KH� LPSUR-YHPHQW� RI � SROLFLHV�� L�H�� GLVDVWHU� ULVN�UHGXFWLRQ�DQG�PDQDJHPHQW�� LV�ERUQH�RXW�RI �HQYLURQPHQWDO� MXVWLFH��7KH� LQ-volvement or empowerment of the XUEDQ� SRRU� WRJHWKHU� ZLWK� FLYLO� VRFL-HW\�LQ�WKH�FRQVHUYDWLRQ�RI �WKH�HFRORJ\�VKRZFDVHV� UHVSHFW� IRU� KXPDQ� ULJKWV�DQG�ULJKW�WR�SURWHFWLRQ�IURP�HQYLURQ-PHQWDO�GHWHULRUDWLRQ��3URFHGXUDO�HQYL-ronmental justice operates with these movements and principles (Schroeder HW�DO��6DIH�OLYLQJ�VSDFHV��L�H��VH-

FXUH� KRXVLQJ� SURMHFWV� ORFDWLRQV�� DUH�VXEVHTXHQWO\� SURYLGHG� IRU� WKH� XUEDQ�SRRU�� ,Q� HVVHQFH�� HQYLURQPHQWDOLVP�and environmental justice demonstra-WHG�E\�´LQFUHDVLQJ�FLWL]HQ�LQYROYHPHQW�FDQ�EH�YLHZHG�DV�D�PHDQV�IRU�UHVRXUFH�DJHQFLHV� WR� SUHYHQW�� RU� DW� OHDVW� GHOD\��D� FULVLV� RI � OHJLWLPDF\µ� �0DUVKDOO� �*ROGVWHLQ��S��7KH�SDSHU�ÀUVW�GHVFULEHV�WKH�FDXVHV�

RI �7\SKRRQ�:DVKL��,W�WKHQ�LQWHUSUHWV�3LVR�3LVR� 3URJUDP� DQG� QRUP� RI � D�´7\SKRRQ�IUHH� 0LQGDQDR�µ� ,W� GLVFXV-ses protests and empowerment of ur-EDQ�SRRU�ZLWK�FLYLO�VRFLHW\��,W�IXUWKHU�examines the reaction of the city JRYHUQPHQW�� SDUWLFXODUO\� WKH� PD\RU�RI �&'2��,W�FRQWLQXHV�ZLWK�WKH�SROLF\�RI � GLVDVWHU� ULVN� UHGXFWLRQ� DQG� KRXVH�

ELOOV�DEROLVKLQJ�PLQLQJ�DQG�ORJJLQJ�LQ�&'2��,W�HQGV�ZLWK� WKH� IRUPDWLRQ�RI �OLYHOLKRRG�SURJUDPV�IRU�WKH�VXUYLYRUV�� Tragedy of Washi'HIRUHVWDWLRQ�FRXSOHG�ZLWK� LQWHQVH�

UDLQIDOO�FXOPLQDWHG�LQ�ÁDVK�ÁRRGV�UXQ-QLQJ�WKURXJK�WKH�ULYHU�EDVLQ�RI �&'2�LQ�'HFHPEHU� ��7RWDOO\� GDPDJHG�KRXVHV� QXPEHUHG� WR� �� ZKLOH�SDUWLDOO\� GDPDJHG� KRXVHV� WDOOLHG� WR��1'550&��D��7KH�SRVW�:DVKL� VXUYH\� VKRZHG�&'2�KDG� WKH�KLJKHVW� QXPEHU� RI � WRWDOO\� GHVWUR\HG�houses in No Build Zones, which KHOG� DQ� HVWLPDWHG� QXPEHU� RI � ��IDPLOLHV��SHUVRQV��5($&+� �� SRLQWHG� RXW�� ´1R�

%XLOG�=RQHV�KDYH�EHHQ�GHFODUHG�SUH-YLRXVO\� EXW� QRW� QHFHVVDULO\� HQIRUFHG��which is why so many houses were lo-cated very near to the river systems, SDUWLFXODUO\� LQ� EXLOG� XS� XUEDQ� DUHDVµ��S�� 7KLV� REYLRXV� FULVLV� OHDGV� WR�critical questions: Why did the city JRYHUQPHQW� WROHUDWH� WKH� KDELWDWLRQ�of No Build Zones and why did the LQKDELWDQWV� QRW� SURWHVW� HYHQ� LI � WKH\�ZHUH�LQKDELWLQJ�IUDJLOH�KDELWDWLRQV"��

Tolerance and Non Public Protest7KH� 3LVR�3LVR� 3URJUDP� DQG� WKH�

norm of a “typhoon-free Mind-DQDRµ� VHUYHG� DV� EDVHV� IRU� WKH� FLW\�JRYHUQPHQW·V� FRPSODLVDQFH� DQG� WKH�QRQ�SXEOLF�SURWHVW�RI �WKH�XUEDQ�SRRU��,Q�WKH�LQLWLDO�VWDJH�SUHFHGLQJ�WKH�HQYL-URQPHQWDO� FULVLV�� WKH� JRYHUQPHQW� H[-KLELWHG�OHJLWLPDF\�E\�GHOLYHULQJ�VRFLDO�KRXVLQJ� SURMHFWV� WR� WKH� XUEDQ� SRRU��The latter in turn accepted the social VHUYLFHV�DV�LQGLFDWLRQ�RI �PDVV�OR\DOW\��7KH� 3LVR�3LVR� 3URJUDP� DOORFDWHG�

VRFLDOLVHG� KRXVLQJ� ZLWK� HDFK� GHHG�RI � VDOH� ZRUWK� RQH� SHVR� �3KS� �� ,W�LV� ZRUWKZKLOH� QRWLQJ� WKDW� EHQHÀFL-aries received deeds of sale without ODQG�WLWOHV��7KLV� LV�FRQWUDU\� WR�WKH� OR-FDO� JRYHUQPHQW·V� VWDWHG� JRDO� RI � IXU-QLVKLQJ� ´SHUPDQHQF\� DQG� FRPSOHWH�VROXWLRQµ� �2IÀFH� RI � WKH� &LW\� &RXQ-FLO�RI �&'2��S��IRU�KRXVLQJ�QHHGV�� ,W� LV�QHLWKHU� D�SHUPDQHQW�QRU�DEVROXWH�ZLWKRXW�WKH�LVVXDQFH�RI �ODQG�WLWOHV�� ,Q� RWKHU� ZRUGV�� WKH� EHQHÀFLD-ULHV�GLG�QRW�KDYH�OHJDO�SRVVHVVLRQ�RI �WKHLU�KRXVLQJ�XQLWV�&'2��DV�RQH�RI �WKH�PDMRU�FLWLHV�LQ�

0LQGDQDR��ZDV�DOZD\V�SHUFHLYHG�WR�EH�VDIH� IURP�W\SKRRQV��7KLV� LPDJH�ZDV�extremely pervasive to the point that RFFXUUHQFHV�RI � W\SKRRQV�DQG�ÁRRGV�

Figure 1: Environmental Legitimation Crisis and Environmental Justice Systems.

Sou

rce:

ad

apte

d fr

om

Mar

shal

l & G

old

stei

n (2

00

6).

Sour

ce: T

agup

a, H

., Le

gasp

i, N

. H.,

Gor

ra, V

., &

Mon

tella

no, I

. (20

14).

Xavi

er

Ecov

ille:

Bri

ck b

y Br

ick.

Cag

ayan

de

Oro

: Xav

ier

Uni

vers

ity P

ress

. p. 5

8.

Figure 3: The Xavier Ecoville Resettlement Project in Lumbia.


ZHUH� IRUJRWWHQ� LQ� KLVWRU\�� 7KH� FULWL-FDO�SRLQW�FDPH�LQ�WKH�ZDNH�RI �:DVKL�ZKHQ� WKH� ´HUURQHRXV�EHOLHI �RI � D� ¶W\-SKRRQ�IUHH� 0LQGDQDR�µ� �0RQWDOYDQ�,,��XVKHUHG�LQ�SXEOLF�DZDUH-QHVV�Protests and Empowerment7KH� OHJLWLPDWLRQ� FULVLV� RI � WKH� FLW\�

JRYHUQPHQW� PDQLIHVWHG� ZKHQ� 7\-phoon Washi destroyed the social KRXVLQJ� SURMHFWV�� 7KH� GHÀFLHQF\� RI �WKH� 3LVR�3LVR� 3URJUDP� LQGLFDWHG� WKH�JRYHUQPHQW·V� IDLOXUH� WR� GHOLYHU� D� OHJL-WLPDWLRQ� IXQFWLRQ�� 'LVOR\DOW\� RI � WKH�XUEDQ� SRRU� ZDV� VKRZQ� WKURXJK� SXE-lic demonstrations and non re-election RI �WKH�FLW\�PD\RU��7KH�SXEOLF�SURWHVWV�LQLWLDWHG� E\� VRFLDO� DQG� HQYLURQPHQWDO�JUDVVURRWV� PRYHPHQWV�� VXFK� DV� 6DYH�&'2�0RYHPHQW��%DOVD�0LQGDQDR�DQG�*DEULHOD�� HPSRZHUHG� WKH� XUEDQ� SRRU�WR�SUHVV�IRU�VHFXUH�KDELWDWLRQV�DQG�SUH-YHQWLRQ�RI �HFRORJLFDO�GHVWUXFWLRQ��$�PXOWLWXGH� RI � FLWL]HQV� JDWKHUHG� DW�

6DLQW� $XJXVWLQH�0HWURSROLWDQ� &DWKHG-ral to offer petitions in the Eucharist IRU�WKH�SHULVKHG�YLFWLPV�RI �:DVKL��7KH�DUFKELVKRS�RI �WKH�DUFKGLRFHVH�RI �&'2�and advocate of environmental justice $QWRQLR�/HGHVPD�6-�SUHVLGHG�RYHU�WKH�KRO\�PDVV��$IWHUZDUGV��D�SXEOLF�SURFHV-sion ensued from the cathedral up to the premises of the Provincial Capitol ZKHUH�WKH�IRUPDO�HVWDEOLVKPHQW�RI �WKH�6DYH�&'2�0RYHPHQW�ZDV�IXOÀOOHG�E\�VLJQDWXUHV�IURP�WKH�DVVHPEO\��7KH�PR-YHPHQW�SURSRVHG�VKRUW�DQG�ORQJ�WHUP�VFKHPHV� IRU� WKH� GLVSODFHG� IDPLOLHV�� ,W�RIIHUHG� LPPHGLDWH� DLG�HIIRUWV�� ,W� WKHQ�IRUPXODWHG�D� ORQJVWDQGLQJ�SODQ� WR�PL-WLJDWH� IXWXUH� HQYLURQPHQWDO� FDWDVWUR-SKHV�SDUWLFXODUO\�IRU�WKRVH�XUEDQ�SRRU�OLYLQJ� LQ� GLVDVWHU�SURQH� GLVWULFWV� �&RU-UDOHV�� 3URFHGXUDO� MXVWLFH� WRRN�SODFH� WKURXJK� WKH� FDOO� IRU� SXEOLF� SDU-WLFLSDWLRQ��6DYH� &'2� 0RYHPHQW� HYHQWXDOO\�

ÀOHG� D� ODZVXLW� DJDLQVW� WKH� FLW\� PD\RU�9LFHQWH�´'RQJNR\µ�(PDQR��,W�DOVR�DF-FXVHG�KLP�RI �GHVHUWLQJ�KLV�UHVSRQVLEL-OLW\�DV�FKDLU�RI �WKH�&'2�'LVDVWHU�5LVN�5HGXFWLRQ� DQG� 0DQDJHPHQW� &RXQFLO��&'550&��+H�IDLOHG�WR�RUJDQLVH�WKH�council on the advent of Washi, com-SOHWHO\� LJQRULQJ�WKH�XUJHQW�QHHG�WR�UH-VSRQG�WR�WKH�FDODPLW\��7KH�PRYHPHQW�VXFFHVVIXOO\� EURXJKW� WKH� FDVH� WR� WKH�2IÀFH�RI �WKH�3UHVLGHQW�ZKLFK�LQ�WXUQ�ordered the mayor to respond (Palace XUJHV� (PDQR� WR� DQVZHU� FRPSODLQW��0D\RU�(PDQR�GLVUHJDUGHG�WKH�FRP-

SODLQW�ÀOHG�E\�6DYH�&'2�0RYHPHQW��

+H� EODWDQWO\� UHFRPPHQGHG� ´WKDW� UH-VLGHQWV� EH� DOORZHG� WR� UHWXUQ� RQ� FRQ-GLWLRQ� WKDW� WKHUH�ZRXOG�EH�D�PRUH�HI-ÀFLHQW� HYDFXDWLRQ� V\VWHP� ZKHUHLQ� LI �D� W\SKRRQ� VWULNHV� LQ� WKH� IXWXUH�� WKH\�ZRXOG�OHDYH�WKH�DUHD�LPPHGLDWHO\µ��<X��S��7KLV�PHDQW�WKDW�KH�DOORZHG�WKH�1R�%XLOG�=RQHV�WR�EH�UHRFFXSLHG�

The Commission on Audit (2013) was instrumental in the process of SURFHGXUDO� MXVWLFH�� ,WV� GXW\� WR� DXGLW�DQG� UHSRUW� WKH� DOORFDWLRQ� RI � UHKDELOL-tation funds addressed transparency DQG�DFFRXQWDELOLW\��,WV�DXGLW�UHSRUW�H[-SRVHG� DQRPDOLHV� LQ� WKH� FLW\� JRYHUQ-PHQW�� 7KH� DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ� RI � 0D\RU�(PDQR� ZDV� OLDEOH� IRU� WKH� HPEH]]OH-ment of funds; however, the mayor GHQLHG�WKH�DOOHJDWLRQV��3��0�QD�GR-QDV\RQ� SDUD� VD� PJD� ELNWLPD� QJ� 6HQ-GRQJ�� (PDQR� UDQ� RQFH�PRUH�for mayoralty; however, the citizens GLG�QRW�OHW�KLP�ZLQ�

Disaster Risk Reduction and Green Policy of CDO7KH� 3KLOLSSLQH� 1DWLRQDO� 'LVDVWHU�

5LVN�5HGXFWLRQ� DQG�0DQDJHPHQW�$FW�ZDV� HQDFWHG� LQ� DJUHHPHQW� ZLWK� WKH�$6($1� $JUHHPHQW� RQ� 'LVDVWHU� 0D-QDJHPHQW� DQG� (PHUJHQF\� 5HVSRQVH��,WV� IXQFWLRQV� FRPSULVH� GLVDVWHU� SUH-SDUHGQHVV�� SUHYHQWLRQ�� PLWLJDWLRQ�� UH-VSRQVH� DQG� UHKDELOLWDWLRQ�� ,W� DOORFDWHV�WKH�/RFDO�'LVDVWHU�5LVN�5HGXFWLRQ�DQG�0DQDJHPHQW�)XQG��6HQDWH�DQG�+RXVH�RI �5HSUHVHQWDWLYHV�RI � WKH�3KLOLSSLQHV�� ,Q� SDUDOOHO�� WKH�&'550&�ZDV�created in 2011 under the leadership of 0D\RU�(PDQR��,W�ZDV�WKHQ�DXJPHQWHG�GXH� WR� SURFHGXUDO� MXVWLFH�� 6RFLDO� DQG�

environmental movements pressed for GLUHFW� SROLWLFDO� DFWLRQ�� &RQVHTXHQWO\��&'550&·V�EXGJHW�LQFUHDVHG�LQ��7KH� 5HSUHVHQWDWLYH� RI � WKH� 6HFRQG�

'LVWULFW� RI � &'2� 5XIXV� 5RGULJXH]�ÀOHG� +RXVH� %LOOV� �� 5RGULJXH]��D�� DQG� �� 5RGULJXH]��5RG-ULJXH]��E��7KH�ELOOV�LPSRVH�D�ORJ-JLQJ�EDQ�LQ�&'2�DQG�GHFODUH�&'2�DV�D�PLQLQJ� IUHH� ]RQH�� UHVSHFWLYHO\�� 5RG-ULJXH]� EODPHV� ORJJLQJ� DQG�PLQLQJ� DF-WLYLWLHV�DV�WKH�FDXVHV�RI �:DVKL��7KH�GL-UHFW� HIIHFW� RQ� WKH� HFRORJ\� SURPSWV� D�PRGLÀFDWLRQ� RI � SROLFLHV�� 7KH�*UHHQ�SROLF\�LV�QRZ�RQ�WKH�DJHQGD��

Rehabilitation Projects7KH� FKXUFK�� 1*2V�� ,1*2V�� XQL-

versities and international community KROG�D�WUHPHQGRXV�UROH�LQ�WKH�UHKDEL-OLWDWLRQ�SURFHVV��)RU� LQVWDQFH��;DYLHU�8QLYHUVLW\�$WHQHR� GH� &DJD\DQ� GR-QDWHG�ÀYH�KHFWDUHV�RI �ODQG�WR�VHFXUH�resettlements for 550 households in ;DYLHU�(FRYLOOH� LQ�%DUDQJD\��/XPELD��7KH�XUEDQ�SRRU�VXUYLYRUV�QRZ�SDUWL-FLSDWH�LQ�OLYHOLKRRG�WUDLQLQJ�SURJUDPV�to sustain their means of income and DXJPHQW� WKHLU� VNLOOV��;DYLHU�(FRYLOOH�0XOWL�3XUSRVH�&RRSHUDWLYH�RUJDQLVHV�seminars for entrepreneurial deve-ORSPHQW��6NLOOV�SURÀOLQJ��ZKROHVDOLQJ��PLFURÀQDQFH� FUHGLW�� IRRG� FDWHULQJ��SURSDJDWLRQ� RI � RUQDPHQWDO� SODQWV�DQG� PDQXIDFWXULQJ� RI � QHW� EDJV� DUH�RSHUDWLYH�DW�WKH�SUHVHQW�WLPH��7DJXSD�HW�DO��7KH�VLJQLÀFDQW�LPSURYH-PHQW�RI � WKH� VXUYLYRUV� VXFFHHGHG�EH-FDXVH�RI � VDIH� OLYLQJ� VSDFHV� DQG� HQYL-URQPHQWDOLVP��KRZHYHU��VXVWDLQDELOLW\�LV�QHHGHG�WR�HQVXUH�VHFXUH�OLYHOLKRRG�

Figure 4: The Ecoville Livelihood Center.

Sour

ce: T

agup

a, H

., Le

gasp

i, N

. H.,

Gor

ra, V

., &

Mon

tella

no, I

. (20

14).

Xavi

er

Ecov

ille:

Bri

ck b

y Br

ick.

Cag

ayan

de

Oro

: Xav

ier

Uni

vers

ity P

ress

. p. 3

9.


ConclusionEnvironmental justice as exemp-

OLÀHG� E\� FLWL]HQ� LQYROYHPHQW� VHUYHV�DV� D� IRUFH� WR�PLWLJDWH� HQYLURQPHQWDO�OHJLWLPDWLRQ� FULVLV�� 7KH� VWURQJHVW� W\-SKRRQ�DIWHU�:DVKL�ZDV�%RSKD�3DEOR�LQ��8QVXUSULVLQJO\��WKH�LQFLGHQFH�ZDV�PLQLPDO�FRPSDUHG�WR�:DVKL��7KH�1'550&� ��E�� GHFODUHG� RQO\�29 totally destroyed homes and 114 SDUWO\�GHVWUR\HG�KRPHV�LQ�&'2��,� HPSKDVL]H� WKDW� HQYLURQPHQWDO� OH-

JLWLPDWLRQ�FULVLV�LV�DOOHYLDWHG�QRW�RQO\�E\� HPSRZHUPHQW� DORQH� EXW� DOVR� E\�YLJLODQFH�DQG�GHWHUPLQDWLRQ��7KH�FLWL-zens learned a critical lesson from Wa-shi, which is not to let it happen ever DJDLQ�� 7\SKRRQV� DUH� EHFRPLQJ� UDP-SDQW�LQ�0LQGDQDR�EHFDXVH�RI �FOLPDWH�FKDQJH��QHYHUWKHOHVV��WKH�UHVLGHQWV�RI �&'2�DUH�TXLFN� WR� UHDFW� DQG�SUHSDUH�ZKHQHYHU�WKHUH�DUH�ZDUQLQJ�VLJQDOV��,Q�VXP��HPSRZHUPHQW��YLJLODQFH�DQG�GH-

WHUPLQDWLRQ�FDQ�EH� VXVWDLQHG�DV� ORQJ�as the society possesses socio-ecolo-JLFDO�FRQFHUQ�

ReferencesCommission on Audit. (2013). Annual Audit Re-

port on the City of Cagayan De Oro for the Year ended December 31, 2012. Regional Office No. X, Cagayan de Oro, Philippines.

Corrales, C. (2012, January 3). Save CdO Move-ment launched. MindaNews.

Habermas, J. (1973/1992). Legitimation Crisis. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Polity Press.

Marshall, B., & Goldstein, W. (2006). Managing the Environmental Legitimation Crisis. Organization & Environment Sage Publications, 19(2), 214–232.

Montalvan II, A. (2014, January 26). “Typhoon-free” Mindanao? Philippine Daily Inquirer.

National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council. (2012a, February 10). I. Final Report on the Effects and Emergency Management re Tropical Storm

“SENDONG” (Washi) II. Status of Early Recovery Pro-grams in Region X (Cagayan de Oro and Iligan Cities). Quezon City, Philippines: National Disaster Risk Re-duction and Management Council.

National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council. (2012b, December 25). SitRep No. 38 re Effects of Typhoon “PABLO” (Bopha). Quezon Ci-ty, Philippines: National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council.

Office of the City Council of Cagayan de Oro. An Ordinance Establishing The

Comprehensive Socialized Housing Program For The Underprivileged And Homeless Citizens Of Cagayan De Oro City (Piso-Piso Program), Providing Penalty For Violation Thereof And For Other Purposes. Ordi-nance No. 9888-2005 (2005).

P123M na donasyon para sa mga biktima ng Sendong sa CDO, saan napunta?. (2013, July 30). In-vestigative Documentaries. GMA News TV.

Palace urges Emano to answer complaint…’If no reply is submitted, case will still proceed “without taking into consideration his side of the story.” (2012, Febru-ary 2). Sun Star Cagayan de Oro, pp. 1, 11. Cagayan de Oro.

Reach (2012). Rapid Shelter Assessment after Tropi-cal Storm Sendong in Region 10, Philippines: Shelter Cluster Report. Geneva, Switzerland.

Rodriguez, R. An Act Imposing A Logging Ban In Cagayan De Oro City, Pub. L. No. Hb00033 (2013a, July 01).

Rodriguez, R., & Rodriguez, M. An Act Declaring the City Of Cagayan De Oro a Mining Free Zone, Pub. L. No. HB00045 (2013b July 01).

Schroeder, R., Martin, K. St., Wilson, B., & Sen, D. (2008). Third World environmental justice. Society and Natural Resources, 21(7), 547-555.

Senate and House of Representatives of the Philippi-nes. An Act Strengthening The Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction And Management System, Providing For The National Disaster Risk Reduction And Manage-ment Framework And Institutionalizing The National Disaster Risk Reduction And Management Plan, Ap-propriating Funds Therefor And For Other Purposes, Pub. L. No. Ra10121 (2010).

Tagupa, H., Legaspi, N. H., Gorra, V., & Montellano, I. (2014). Xavier Ecoville: Brick by Brick. Cagayan de Oro: Xavier University Press.

Ünaldi, S. (2013). From Grassroots to Government: A Study of Recent Green Party Building in the Philippi-nes. Pacific Geographies, (40), 5–10.

Yu, M. A. (2011, December 22). Relocating residents a problem: Emano. Sun Star Cagayan de Oro, p. 2. Cagayan de Oro.

Sour

ce: p

hoto

by

Aub

rey

Roci

n Ll

amas

. htt

p://

ww

w.m

inda

new

s.co

m/

phot

o-o

f-th

e-da

y/20

14/1

2/17

/sen

dong

-com

mem

orat

ion/

.

Figure 5: 2014 Sendong Commemoration.

Corresponding author: Luzile Satur [[email protected]] is from Mindanao, Philippines and currently doing a PhD in Southeast Asian Studies at Passau University, Germany. She was a lecturer at Xavier University-Ateneo de Cagayan and at Central Mindanao University, Musuan Bukidnon.

<Advertisement>

<available via amazon>

Waibel, M. & H. Hilbert (eds.) (2015)

TP. Hæ�Chí Minh: MEGA City.

Sách Õnh / Photo Book, 2nd updated edition

PAZIFIK FORUM, Volume 15

Fine Art Publishing House

Hanoi / Vietnam

208 pages

ISBN: 978-604-78-2038-2

F=Ï:@8CCP�<E;FIJ<;�9P�

»� �F��?@�$@E?��@KP�,E@M<IJ@KP�F=��I:?@K<:KLI<

»� ,E@M<IJ@KP�F=�*F:@8C�*:@<E:<J�8E;��LD8E@K@<J

»� �<G8IKD<EK�F=��FEJKIL:K@FE��F�

»� -@<KE8D<J<��<ID8E�,E@M<IJ@KP�-�,

»� *FLK?<IE� EJK@KLK<�F=�*G8K@8C�'C8EE@E>�* *'

»� �JJF:@8K@FE�F=�'8:@Ï:�*KL;@<J��'*�

»� *8@>FE<<I

Book series PAZIFIK FORUM of the Association of Pacific Studies Volume 15


,W�ZDV� ORYH�DW�ÀUVW�VLJKW��DQ�DQFLHQW�town surrounded in oriental mystery, serene, enchanted and most impor-WDQWO\�XQWRXFKHG�E\�WKH�DGYDQFHV�DQG�UDYDJHV�RI �WLPH�

Frozen in the past with a lazy river DQG� D� ZD\� RI � OLIH� WKDW� EURXJKW� EDFN�happy childhood memories of an in-QRFHQW�VLPSOLFLW\��KHU�SHRSOH�ODLG�EDFN��FRQWHQW� DQG� VDWLVÀHG�� 7KH� VXUURXQG-LQJ�FRXQWU\VLGH�ZLWK�WKDWFKHG�EDPERR�KXWV�� IDUP�FRWWDJHV�DQG�VORZ�HDV\�JR-LQJ�FRXQWU\�IRON�ULGLQJ�UXVW\�ELF\FOHV�,Q��,�ERXJKW�D�KRXVH�LQ�+RL�$Q�

RQ�WKDW�VORZ�ÁRZLQJ�ULYHU�DQG�VHWWOHG�EDFN�WR�ZDWFK�WKH�GD\V�RI �P\�OLIH�GULIW�SDVW� DW� D� VQDLOV� SDFH�� VDYRXULQJ� WKH�VZHHWQHVV�RI �HYHU\�OD]\�PRPHQW��&RQ-WHQW�LQ�WKH�WKRXJKW�WKDW�QRWKLQJ�FRXOG�HYHU� GLVWXUE� WKHVH� WUDQTXLO� GD\V�� WKDW�ÁRZHG� ZLWKRXW� D� FDUH� OLNH� WKDW� VORZ�PRYLQJ�ULYHU�7UDYHOOLQJ� HYHU\�ZHHN� WR�'D�1DQJ�

ZDV� D� GXOO� EXW� QHFHVVDU\� FKRUH� DQG�RQH�,�ZRXOG�SRVWSRQH�DV�RIWHQ�DV�SRV-VLEOH��NLORPHWUHV�QRUWK�WKH�ELJ�FLW\�ZDV� D� GHVHUWHG� PHWURSROLV�� D� WKURQJ�RI � XUEDQ� LQGXVWULDO� VSUDZO�� 7KH� FLW\�ORRNHG�OLNH�WKH�ZDU�ZLWK�$PHULFD�KDG�ÀQLVKHG� RQO\� \HVWHUGD\�� GXOO�� OLIHOHVV�

DQG�EHDWHQ��0\�ZLIH�DQG�,�ZRXOG�YHQ-WXUH� WKHUH� DORQJ� D� UXWWHG� LOO� NHSW� H[-FXVH�IRU�D�URDG�RYHU�D�UXVWLQJ�FUXVW\�EULGJH� WR� VHH� KHU� IDPLO\� DQG� WR� EX\�SURYLVLRQV� XQREWDLQDEOH� LQ� VOHHS\�+RL� $Q��*HWWLQJ� EDFN� KRPH� WR�+RL�$Q�ZDV�MXVW�WKDW��JHWWLQJ�+RPH�WR�RXU�VDIH�KDYHQ�6R�WKDW�ZDV�RQO\��\HDUV�DJR�Now every direction you turn is a

construction site, everywhere and eve-U\RQH�DQG�,�PHDQ�HYHU\RQH�LV�EXLOGLQJ�QHZ�JODPRURXV�KRPHV��5RDGV�OLWHUDOO\�DSSHDU� RXW� RI � QRZKHUH� RYHUQLJKW� WR�QHZHU�DQG�JUDQGHU�GHYHORSPHQWV�'D�1DQJ��ZHOO�� WKH�FLW\�KDV� VKDNHQ�

WKH� VDQGV� RI �ZDU� RII � KHU� GXVW\� EDFN�DQG�EHFRPH�DQ�LQGHVFULEDEO\�EHDXWLIXO�FLW\��*ROGHQ�EHDFKHV�DQG�FORXG�NLVVHG�PRXQWDLQV�� QHZ� ZLGH� URDGV�� EULGJHV��SDUNV�� URXQG�D�ERXWV�� VKRSSLQJ�PDOOV��theatres, entertainment centres and ÀYH�VWDU�LQWHUQDWLRQDO�UHVRUWV�DERXQG�(YHU\�VTXDUH�PHWHU�LV�EHLQJ�ERXJKW�

XS� DQG� GHYHORSHG�� KLJK�ULVH� DSDUW-PHQWV�VSULQJ�XS�RYHUQLJKW�DQG�WKH�KR-UL]RQ� LV� D� QHYHU�HQGLQJ� NDOHLGRVFRSH�RI � FKDQJH� DV� IDU� DV� WKH� H\H� FDQ� VHH��:LGH� ERXOHYDUGV� LQYLWH� UHYHOOHUV� DQG�WKH�ZHOO�KHHOHG�WR�LQKDOH�WKH�IUDJUDQFH�

RI � D� QHZ� IRXQG� VXFFHVV� DQG� ZHDOWK��7KH� QHZ� EULGJHV�� DQG� QRZ� WKHUH� DUH��RI �WKHP�VSDQQLQJ�WKH�ULYHU��FKDQJH�FRORXU�ZLWK�UDLQERZ�QHRQV�DQG�RQH�RI �WKHP� WKH�'UDJRQ� EULGJH� HYHQ� VSHZV�RXW� ÀUH� HYHU\� 6DWXUGD\� DQG� 6XQGD\�HYHQLQJ�� IRU� SXUH� HQWHUWDLQPHQW�� D�VKRZ�WKDW�EULQJV�WKH�WUDIÀF�WR�D�FRP-SOHWH�VWDQGVWLOO�DQG�GHOLJKWV�DOO�ZKR�VHH�LW��'D�1DQJ�OLJKWV�XS�OLNH�D�&KULVWPDV�WUHH��HYHU\�QLJKW�<HV� FKDQJH� KDV� FRPH�� PRGHUQL]D-

WLRQ�KDV�SHUYDGHG�EXW�+RL�$Q��GHVSLWH�LW·V�HYROXWLRQ��LV�VWLOO�D�SODFH�IRU�ORYHUV�and dreamers and every year draws more and more travellers from the far ÁXQJ�FRUQHUV�RI �WKH�JOREH�WR�PDUYHO�DW�WKLV� EHDXWLIXO� SULVWLQH� MHZHO� RI � 6RXWK�(DVW�$VLD�

Acknowledgement7KLV�HVVD\�KDV�ÀUVW�EHHQ�SXEOLVKHG�DW�WKH�IROORZLQJ�SXEOLFDWLRQ��:DLEHO��0��HG��đj�1ÚQJ��

&2$67$/�&LW\��6iFK�Õnh / Foto-EXFK��3KRWR�%RRN��VW�HGLWLRQ��%RRN�VHULHV�3$=,),.�)2580�RI �WKH�$VVRFLDWLRQ�RI �3DFLÀF�6WXGLHV��9ROXPH��)LQH�$UW�3XEOLVKLQJ�+RXVH��+DQRL��9LHWQDP��SDJHV�

Corresponding author: Steve Harrison [[email protected]] (the sleepy gecko), born in England, now resides with his wife and their three children in Hoi An, Central Vietnam. In Hoi An surrounded by an abundance of natural beauty, Steve found new inspiration that has added an invigorating energy to his creative drive. His work has appeared in numerous publications. Web: www.sleepygeckohoian.com

Essay

A city on steroidsSteve Harrison

The Dragon Bridge: an essential part of Da Nang's urban identity The landmark of the old town of Hoi An: the Japanese Bridge

Sour

ce: P

ictu

re le

ft (S

chul

z 20

15);

pict

ure

righ

t (H

arri

son

2012

).


� 7KH� )RRG� DQG� $JULFXOWXUH� 2UJD-nization of the United Nations wri-WHV� RQ� WKHLU� ZHEVLWH� ´>YHQGRUV� RU�KDZNHUV@� UHSUHVHQW� D� VLJQLÀFDQW� SDUW�RI � XUEDQ� IRRG� FRQVXPSWLRQ� IRU�PLO-lions of low-and-middle-income con-VXPHUV��LQ�XUEDQ�DUHDV�RQ�D�GDLO\�EDVLV��6WUHHW� IRRGV�PD\�EH� WKH� OHDVW� H[SHQ-VLYH�DQG�PRVW�DFFHVVLEOH�PHDQV�RI �RE-WDLQLQJ� D� QXWULWLRQDOO\� EDODQFHG�PHDO�outside the home for many low in-come people, provided that the con-VXPHU�LV�LQIRUPHG�DQG�DEOH�WR�FKRRVH�WKH� SURSHU� FRPELQDWLRQ� RI � IRRGV�µ��KWWS��ZZZ�IDR�RUJ�IFLW�IRRG�SUR-FHVVLQJ�VWUHHW�IRRGV�HQ��

This means street food is a very important part of the food supply IRU�$VLD·V� FLW\�GZHOOHUV�� ,Q�6RXWKHDVW�$VLD�RQH�FDQ�HDW�HYHU\�VLQJOH�PHDO�RI �WKH�GD\��IURP�EUHDNIDVW�WR�ODWH�QLJKW�VQDFN��EX\LQJ�LW�IURP�D�KDZNHU��7KLV�LV�D�SDUW�RI �HYHU\ERG\·V�GDLO\�OLIH�DQG�RIWHQ� D� VKHHU� QHFHVVLW\�� %XW� DVN� DQ\-ERG\��ZKR�XVHG�WR�WUDYHO�RU�OLYH�LQ�$VLD�� QDWLYH� RU� WRXULVW�� EDFNSDFNHU� RU� H[-

pat: As soon as they move away from Asia they will start to lament that they miss the variety and the ready availa-ELOLW\� RI � VWUHHW� VQDFNV� DQG� WKH\� ZLOO�GLVFXVV�LW�DV�LI �VWUHHW�VQDFNV�ZHUH�FXOL-QDU\�GHOLFDFLHV�SDU�H[FHOOHQFH��

$�QHZ�ERRN�FDOOHG�´DVLD�VWUHHW�IRRGµ�E\�+HLNH�DQG�6WHIDQ�/HLVWQHU�FROOHFWV�QRZ�PDQ\�RI �6RXWK�(DVW�$VLD·V�VWUHHW�food recipes, illustrated with colorful pictures of the Asian street life and completed with facts, information DQG� WUDYHO� QRWHV� IURP� WKH� DXWKRUV��7KH�WZR�HGLWRUV�RI �WKH�ERRN��RQH�DQ�DXWKRU�DQG�WKH�RWKHU�D�SKRWRJUDSKHU��DUH� GHGLFDWHG� WR�PDNH� WKH� VWUHHW� FXL-VLQH�RI �6RXWK�(DVW�$VLD�PRUH�NQRZQ�LQ�(XURSH��6LQFH��WKH\�KDYH�EHHQ�EXV\� UHVHDUFKLQJ� $VLDQ� FXOLQDU\� DUW�DQG�EORJJLQJ�DERXW� LW�RQ�ZZZ�DVLDVW-UHHWIRRG�FRP�� 1RZ� WKH\� SXEOLVKHG�their recipes and travel notes in their ÀUVW�FRRNERRN�²�FROOHFWLQJ��DXWKHQ-WLF� UHFLSHV�IURP�9LHWQDP��&DPERGLD��Laos, Thailand and Myanmar and il-OXVWUDWLQJ�WKHP�ZLWK�SLFWXUHV�RI �WKHLU�

Book review

Asia Street FoodBritta Schmitz

PDQ\�WULSV�WR�WKH�UHJLRQ��7KLV� LV�QRW�RQH� RI � \RXU� IDQF\�� KLJK� JORVV� FRRN-ERRNV��ZKLFK�DUH�EHDXWLIXO�WR�EURZVH�WKURXJK�EXW�QRW�YHU\�XVHIXO� LQ�DQ�DF-WXDO�NLWFKHQ��1R��WKLV�LV�RQH�RI �WKH�IHZ�FRRNERRNV��ZKLFK�ZLOO�DFWXDOO\�KDYH�D�SODFH� ULJKW�QH[W� WR�P\� VWRYH��7KH� UH-cipes are easy to understand and fol-ORZ�� 7KH� LQJUHGLHQWV� DUH� H[RWLF�� EXW�PRVW� RI � WKHP� FDQ�EH� DFWXDOO\� IRXQG�in Europe (plus the authors will pro-vide alternatives for those, which are QRW� HDVLO\� IRXQG� KHUH�� 6RPH� RI � WKH�condiments, which are used in several of the recipes and are either hard to ÀQG�LQ�(XURSH�RU�VKRXOG�EH�SUHSDUHG�IUHVKO\� �OLNH� URDVWHG� SHDQXWV� RU� EXQ�ULHX� SDVWH�� KDYH� WKHLU� RZQ� EDU�FRGH�SLFWXUH�� 7KH� UHDGHUV� FDQ� VFDQ� WKH�FRGHV�ZLWK�D�EDUFRGH�UHDGHU�RQ�WKHLU�VPDUWSKRQHV� DQG�ZLOO� EH� GLUHFWHG� WR�WKH� UHFLSHV� RQ� WKH� DXWKRUV·� LQWHUQHW�EORJ�� 7HFKQRSKREHV� ZLOO� SUREDEO\�KDWH�WKLV�IHDWXUH��EXW�,�WKRXJKW�LW�ZDV�D�QHDW�LGHD��,�MXVW�ZDQW�WR�DGG�RQH�OLWWOH�DGYLFH�WR�WKH�SXEOLVKHUV��3ULQW�WKH�45�FRGHV�LQ�D�FRORU�ZLWK�D�KLJKHU�FRQWUDVW��



men (crème caramel) at the roadside RU�%XUPHVH�VWUHHW�FRRNV�XVLQJ�DYRFD-GRV�IRU�SUHSDULQJ�D�VDODG�FDOOHG�´KWDZ�EDW� WKRNHµ��ZKLFK�WDVWHV�SUHWW\�PXFK�OLNH� JXDFDPROH� ZLWK� D� VOLJKWO\� $VLDQ�WZLVW��7RGD\��ZH�FDOO�LW�IXVLRQ�NLWFKHQ��EXW� PD\EH� LW� VWDUWHG� ZLWK� FRORQLD-OLVP�RU�HYHQ�PXFK�HDUOLHU��6WUHHW�IRRG�teaches us, that people were always RQ�WKH�PRYH��WUDYHOOLQJ��VHWWOLQJ�GRZQ�DQG�EOHQGLQJ� WKHLU� FXOWXUHV�²� OHDGLQJ�WR�GHOLFLRXV�UHVXOWV��

:LWK�WKLV�FRRNERRN�DOO�RI �XV�FDQ�EH�a part of this development, easily re-SOLFDWLQJ� WKH� UHFLSHV� IURP� WKH� $VLDQ�FRRN�VKRSV�EDFN�KRPH�LQ�RXU�NLWFKHQV��7KH�RQO\�ÁDZ�RI �WKH�ERRN�LV�WKDW�XS�WR�QRZ�LW�LV�RQO\�DYDLODEOH�LQ�*HUPDQ��%XW�PD\EH�WKHUH�LV�D�SXEOLVKLQJ�KRXVH�somewhere out there, which is inte-UHVWHG�LQ�DQ�(QJOLVK�HGLWLRQ�

EHFDXVH� PRVW� FRGH� UHDGHUV� KDYH� GLI-ÀFXOWLHV�WR�VFDQ�WKH�\HOORZ�RQHV�

7KH� ERRN� FRQWDLQV� PRVW� RI � P\�6RXWK�(DVW�$VLDQ�VQDFN�IDYRULWHV��WRIX�ZLWK�OHPRQ�JUDVV��EDQK�[HR��DPRN�DQG�pad thai - plus a lot more, which were FRPSOHWHO\� QHZ� WR� PH�� 2QH� RI � P\�QHZ�GLVFRYHULHV�ZDV� WKH� � �/XDQJ�3UD-EDQJ�6DODG�� ZKLFK� ZLOO� GHÀQLWHO\� EH-FRPH�D�VWDSOH�LQ�P\�NLWFKHQ�+RZHYHU�� WKLV� ERRN� GRHV� QRW� RQO\�

SURYLGH�XV�ZLWK�FRRNLQJ� LQVWUXFWLRQV��WKH� WUDYHO� QRWHV� DQG� EDFNJURXQG� LQ-IRUPDWLRQ� PDNH� D� YHU\� LQWHUHVWLQJ�read and they inspire the reader to WKLQN�� KRZ� WKH� FRPSOLFDWHG� KLVWRULHV�of countries, their people and their FXLVLQHV� DUH� LQWHUOLQNHG�� ,W� PDGH� PH�WKLQN��KRZ�JOREDOO\� FRQQHFWHG�ZH�DOO�EHFDPH��9LHWQDPHVH�IDUPHU�JLUOV��ZKR�DUH� VHOOLQJ� EDJXHWWHV� DQG� NHP� FDUD-

Britta Schmitz [[email protected]] studied Modern China Studies at the University of Cologne and Chinese language at Nankai University in Tianjin, China. Since 1998 she has been living and travelling in China and other parts of Asia, like Vietnam, Cambodia and the Philippines. One of her favorite pastimes while travelling is trying new food.

Bibliographic detailsLeistner, Stefan & Heike Leistner (2015) asia street food. Christian Verlag. 224 p. ISBN-13: 978-3-86244-805-0.


Excerpt from greeting of the Director of Goethe-Institut Vietnam, Dr. Almuth Meyer-Zollitsch:Hanoi, city of the rising dragon, has a history stretching back for a thousand years. All significant turning points

in Vietnam’s history have left their mark on the city. We invite you to go on fascinating excursions through Hanoi

that will show you the city from a variety of perspectives - from bird’s eye views to portraits of its inhabitants.

The picture of the city of Hanoi is multi-facetted and pulsing with vibrant energy - and on the move into the next

thousand years.

:LQQHU�RI�WKH�� %ðL�;XÍQ�3K×L��)RU�/RYH�+Ô�1êL¡�$ZDUG�:DLEHO��0��HG��+Ô�1êL��&$3,7$/�&LW\��6×FK�ÕQK��)RWREXFK��3KRWR�%RRN��)LQH�$UW�3XEOLVKLQJ�+RXVH��9LHWQDP��S�

Brendel

& Associates

Officially endorsed by: Vietnam Urban Development Agency (VUDA) at the National Ministry of Construction (MoC), Hanoi Urban Planning Institute (HUPI), Hanoi University of Architecture (HAU), Institute of Tropical Architecture (ITA-HAU), Vietnamese German University (VGU), ,QVWLWXW�GHV�0µWLHUV�GH�OD�9LOOH�GH�+DQRL��,09��+DQRL.XOWRXU�&R��/WG��$VVRFLDWLRQ�RI�3DFLILF�6WXGLHV�H�9��$36$�

<Advertisement>

Institutional Partner

Diamond Sponsor Gold Sponsors Silver Sponsors

<available via amazon>

Documents

Pacific Geographies Issue #45/February 2016