T?ip chi Khoa hpc DHQGHN: Luat hpc, T|p 34, So 2 (2018) 84-97

Tap chi Khoa hgc Dai hoc Qu6c gia HA NOi: LuSt hpc

Website: https://js.vnu.edu.vn/LS_

Nan nhan cua toi pham

Nguyen Khac Hai

Khoa Ludt. Dai hoc Quoc gia Hd Ndi. 144 Xudn Thuy, Cdu Gidy, Hd Ndi, Viet Nam

Ngay nhan 30 thang 5 nam 2018 Chinh sua ngay 19 thang 6 nam 2018; Chip nhan dang ngay 21 thang 6 nam 2018

Tom tat: Nghien cuu nay Iam ro nhiing vln dl co ban ve nan nhan cua tgi pham tren phuong dien xa hpi va phap Iy. Nghien cuu dua ra dinh nghia ve nan nhan ciia tpi pham, phan tich qua trinh nan nhan hoa va nguyen nhan cua no duoc phat trien dua tren cac hoc thuyet nhu thuyet mo hinh 16i song, thuyet each tiep can hoat dong thucmg xuyen va thuyet ca hoi. Ben canh do, bai bao nghien cuu tieu chuan quoc te va quyen ciia nan nhan nhu quyen tiep c n cong ly va doi xii cong bang, quyen boi thucmg, quyen den bu va quyen duoc ho tro. Vai tro ciia nan nhan toi pham trong he thong tu phap hinh su va trach nhiem cua Chinh phu cung la nhirng van de cot loi duac de clip trong nghien cuu nay.

Tir khoa • Nan nhan ciia toi pham, nan nhSn hgc, n^n nhSn h6a, quySn cua nan nhan ciia toi pham.

Cac he thong tu phap hinh su tmac day chi tap trung vao viec \\x ly nguai pham toi, chii yeu giai quyet mli quan he phap luat gifta nha nuac va nguai pham toi. Nan nhan ciia tpi pham chi dugc coi nhu mot phln mang tinh chat phu giup, doi khi la ngoai le cua he thong m phap hinh su. Chiln lugc dau tranh phong, chong tpi pham do do dugc dua ra dua tren nguyen ly, dac biet la dii vai nhimg tgi pham ma viec xac dinh nan nhan kha ro rang. Voi sir thay doi each m duy la dua nan nhan cua tpi pham tro thanh vln dl trgng tam, true chinh trong he thing m phap hinh su (bao gom ba chu the la nhd nu&c, ngu&i phgm tdi vd nan nhdn) se dan den nhieu thay doi trong each thiic moi xa hgi tien banh phong va chong toi pham, cung

DT: 84-24-37547512. Emailvnucrimi nology @gmai 1 .com https//doi.org/10.25073/2588-1167/vnuls,4159

nhu bao dam dugc quyen va Igi ich ciia hg mgt each tot nhat.

1. Lich sir van de

He thong tu phap hinh su neu khong ghi nhan ro vai tro ciia cac nan nhan cua t6i phgm thi nhung phan ung va quan diem ciia hg dii vai nguai pham tgi, chang ban nhu chi tai hinh su CO the can nhSc ap dung, khong the chuyen tai tai tham phan xet xir. Nhu vay nan nhan cSn phai tu giai quyit vin d l ciia minh. Dilu nay khong CO nghia rang khong c6 bSt ky quy dinh phap luat nao de nan nhan dya vao xir ly cac van de ciia minh bai cac xa hgi ciing thuang thira nhan mgt he thing cac hinli phat va sv bli thuang ma nguai pham tgi phai ganh chiu tiiy thuoc vao mirc dp thiet hai ma hp gay ra. Su trung phat thuang dugc thi hien b5ng hinh thiic

NK. Hdi / Tgp chi Khoa hoc DHQGHN- Lugl hgc, Tap 34, So 2 (2018) 84-97

boi thuang mgt so tiln nhdt dinh cho nan nhan. NIU nguai pham tgi khfing co kha nang bli thucmg thi nhiing nguoi than ciia hp hi bugc phai thay hp ganh trach nhiem nay. He thing phan ling nky nhan manh vao nguyen tSc tra no mau (lex talionis), tiic 1 mfit tra biing mSt va rang tra bSng rang. Hinh phat phai tuong xiing V01 miic do thiet hai gay ra cho nan nhan. Dac tamg ciia he thong nay la nan nhan va gia dinh hp giai quyet van de va la doi tugng thu huang cua cac khoan chi tra. Su sap dat nay da thuc su tao nen "he thong tu phap nan nhan" (victim justice system). Diln hinh co thi kl din dao luat Moses, bg luat Hammurabi va luat La Ma deu nhan manh nhung quy dinh ve trach nhiem ca nhan doi vol cac thiet hai gay ra cho nguai khac. Mpt phan Iy do dang sau sir phan iing nay li phong ngira nhimg hanh vi mang ty trong tuang lai. Khi hanh vi pham tpi khong tao ra sy giau CO hay nhung lgi ich thi chiing se khong hap dan nira va do chinh la muc dich chinh cua viec phong ngira. He thong nay duy tri trong suot thai Trung co va cuoi ciing thi no khong dugc sif dung niia do hai ly do co ban la lgi ich cua cac nha cai tri va sy bien dgng, chuyen doi ciia cau tnic xa hgi.

Ly do thir nhdt la cac nha cai tri da thky lgi ich Ion hi nhiing khoan tiln phat c6 the tang sy giau CO ciia minh cho nen ho da xac dmh lai cac hanh VI pham tgi la nhiing vi pham chong lai xa hgi va nha nuac thay vi nan nhan nhu tmac day. Nan nhan ciing tir do mat di quyen thy huang cac khoan den bit va chuyen thanh vi tri nhan chiing trong he thong tu phap. Chiiih vi the nha nu6c co the gat hai lai ich tir viec boi thuang.

Ly do thie hai lam giam vi tri cua nan nhan chinh la su biln dgng lan cua xa hgi. Trong thai ky Trung cl xa hgi chii ylu la nong thon va nong nghi6p, mgi nguai song theo cac nhom nho va lao dpng hang ngay trong cac linh vyc tao nen cuoc sing cua bg. Cupc song la mpt cu6c diu tranh don gian dl dap iing nhu ciu hang ngay. Nguoi dan phln 1cm la ty cung ty c§p va sing dya nhiiu vao su giiip da cua gia dinh. Cac gia dinh thuang sing kha each biet. Do do khi tpi phara xay ra se mang lai nhiing tin hai vl thi chat va kinh t l khong chi dli vai

ca nhan ma cho ca gia dinh. Kieu xa hpi nay co the dya vao ca nhan de giai quyet cac van de ciia minh Khi thai Trung co ket tbiic, cuoc each mang cong nghiep da tao ra nhu cau day nhanh qua trinh do thi hoa. Mgi nguai rai bo khu vuc nong thon dl din cac thanh phi Ian va lam viec trong cac nganh cong nghiep moi, Hg song trong cac khu vyc chat choi han vod nhiing nguoi xa la. Hang x6m khong con biet den nhung nguoi song ben canh. Khi khuon mat hoa quyen vao dam dong, cac moi quan he ngay cang trd nen phi ca nhan. Cac mli quan he ca nhan rang bugc mpi nguoi vai nhau da biln mat. Khi dang cau tnic xa hgi nay tiep tuc phat trien, he thong m phap nan nhan cii von da lui tan nay cang tan lui di. Tgi pham da bat dau de dpa den cac ket cau xa hpi mong manh, cai ma lien ket con nguai voi nhau, Dong thai, moi quan tam chuyen tir viec hucmg tai nan nhan thanh doi pho voi nguoi pham tpi. Dan dan he thong m phap nan nhan (victim justice system) sup do va dugc thay the boi he thong tu phap hinh su (criminal justice system) [1, tr.I-3].

Ngay nay, cac nan nhan ciia tgi pham van khdng CO gi hon la nhan chiing cho nha nuoc. Nan nhan khong con nam vai tro chu dao trong cac van de ciia hg hen quan den viec trung phat va boi thuang tii nhung nguai pham tpi. Nan nhan phai keu ggi xa hgi hanh dpng. Sy phat trien ciia CO quan thuc thi phap luat, toa an va he thong cai tao trong vai the ky qua da phan anb sy quan tam den viec bao ve nha nuac, Hau het cac bp phan cua he thong tu phap binh sy cbl don gian la quen mat cac nan nhan va Igi ich tot nhit cua hg. Thay vao do, trgng tam chuyin sang bao ve quyin ciia nguai bl buoc tgi.

2. Khai niem n?n nhan cua t6i ph^m

Khai niem "nan nhan" co thi dugc tmy tra lai tir cac xa hgi co dai. No dupc kit nii voi khai niem cua sy hy sinh. Theo nghia ban dku cua thuat ngii, m6t nan nhdn la mgt nguoi hay mgt con vat dugc bj gilt chit dl tl l l trong mgt bu6i ll ton giao dl xoa diu mgt s6 quyin li" sieu nhien hoac thin linh. Qua nhiiu thi k"

MA:. Hdi / Tap chi Khoa hoc DHQGHN: Lugl hgc. Tgp 34. Sd 2 (2018) 84-97

nay da nhan them y nghTa. Bay gio no thuang dl cap din nhirng ca nhan bi thuong tich, mat mat, hoac kho dau vi bit ky ly do gi. Mgi nguai CO thi tro thanh nan nhan cua tai nan, thien tai, benh tat, hoac cac van de xa hgi nhu chien tranh, phan biet chung tgc, san liing chinh tri, va nhirng bat cong khac. Cac nan nhan cua tgi pham la nhiing ngucri bi ton hai bai cac hanh vi bdt hgp phap [2, tr.2]. Trong doan I cua Tuyen ngon ve Cac nguyen tac cong ly co ban cho cac nan nhan cua tpi pham va lam dung quyen luc", nan nhan dugc dinh ngbia nhu sau: "Nan nhan CO nghia la nhiing nguai, timg ca nhan hay tgp the, da bi ton hai, bao gom thuong tich thi chat hoac tinh than, dau kho ve cam xiic, mat mat ve kinh te hoac sy suy yeu dang ke cac quyen ca ban ciia hg, hoac nhiing thieu sot vi pham luat hinh sy hoat dgng trong cac quoc gia thanh vien, bao gom ca nhiing bien phap trimg phat hinh sy hay lam dung quyen lyc". Mgt nguoi co the dugc coi la mdt nan nhan theo myen ngon nay, bdt ke thii pham da dugc nhan dang, bi bat, bi tmy to, bi ket an hay chua va khong kl moi quan he gia dinh giiia thu pham va nan nhan. Thuat ngir "nan nhan" cung bao gom, neu thich hop, gia dinh tryc he hoac nhung nguoi phu thupc true tiep cua nan nhan va nhimg nguai ma do can thiep de trg giiip nan nhan khi ggp kho khan hoac da de ngan chan su vi pham xay ra xa hon da phai chiu dyng sy ton hai [3].

Khi nan nhan la hau qua do vi pham luat nhan quyen hoac luat nhan dao quoc te hoac luat ti nan, dinh nghia quy dinh tai khoan 8 cua Nguyen tac co ban va Huang dan ve Quyen dupc boi thuong va boi thuang cbo cac nan nhan cua nhirng vi pham nghiem trgng luat quoc te ve quyen con nguoi va Luat Nhan dao Quoc te Cling co lien quan: Nan nhan la nhiing ca nhan hoac cgng dong bi thiet hai, bao gom ca the chat hoac chan thuang tam than, dau kho ve cam xiic, ton that kinh te hoac suy yeu dang ke quyen co ban cua hg, thong qua cac hanh dpng hoac thieu sot cau thanh vi pham tho bao ciia luSt nhan quyen quoc te, hoac cac vi pham nghiem trpng ve nhan dao qu6c tiphap lult. Trong tmong hgp thich hop va phii hgp vcri luat phap trong nuac, thuat ngii "nan nhan" ciing

bao glm gia dinh hoac ngucri than tryc tiep ciia nan nhan tryc tilp va nhiing ngucri da bi can thiep trong viec can thi?p de giiip da cac nan nhan gap kho khan hoac dl ngan ngira qua trinh nan nhan hoa.

Cach tilp can khai mem nan nhan cua tpi pham se dinh huong cho viec nghien cuu tii doi mgng, pham vi din vi tri, vai tro cua khoa hpc nghien ciiu ve nan nhan cua tgi pham - nan nhan hgc (victimology). Trong lich su phat triin ciia nan nhan hgc, de tra loi cho cau hoi "ai la nan nhan cua tpi pham" co cac each giai thich theo ba luong quan diem dinh huong phat trien nhu sau: 1) nan nhan hpc chuyen biet (thuoc tgi pham hgc); 2) nan nhan hpc pho quat (dgc lap voi tgi pham hgc); 3) nan nhan ciia sy xam pham quyin con nguoi (bao gom ca tpi pham) [4, tr.47-52].

Dai dien cua luong quan diem nan nhan hoc thuoc tgi pham hoc la Hans von Hentig (1948) vai tac pham noi tieng "The Criminal and His Victim" (Nguoi pham tpi va nan nhan ciia hp) mac du tac phim nay chi danh chuang cuoi cimg vcri muoi tam trang dl cap din cac van de nan nhan, cac ngi dung khac viet vl tpi pham hpc. Ngoai ra con co Stephen Schafer a My vao nam 1968 [5] va Koichi Miyazawa d Nhat la nhiing ngucri tiep bu6c Hans von Hentig. Dai dien ciia luong quan diem thiet ke nan nhan hgc dgc lap vdi tgi pham hgc la Mendelsohn (1947). Ong cho rang Nan nhan hpc can phai tap trung vao toan bp nan nhan noi chung, vao nbiing gi bp da trai qua va chiu dyng, Dai dien ciia luong quan diem nan nhan cua sy xam pham quyen con nguoi bao gom ca tgi pbam la Separovic (1969-1985), Neuman (1984-1989) va Elias (1985). Dpc lap vai nhau, ba nha Idioa hgc da dong gop vao vi^c dinh nghTa nan nhan hpc. Bat dau tir "nan nhan gay ra boi con ngudi" ciia Zvonimir Paul Separovic din ba tap sach ciia Elias Neuman va cudi ciing la Robert Elias, nan nhan hgc da phat trien thanh mpt mon khoa hpc nghien ciiu sy vi pham nhan quyin (bao gdm ca tdi pham). Dii tiep can nan nhan a goc dp nao thi nan nhan hgc ciing vln c6 each hilu chung la khoa hgc nghien cihi vl nhimg tin thuang

NK. Hdi / Tap chi Khoa hgc DHQGHN: Lugt hgc. Tdp 34. Sd 2 (2018) 84-97

thi chat, tinh than, thiet hai tai chinh ma cac ca nhan - nan nhan phai ganh chiu do hanh vi trai phap Iuat gay n6n.

Nan nhan la khai niem co ban cua nan nhSn hgc. Trong nan nhan hpc cd ca hai thuat ngir nan nhan va nguoi bi hai. Nhung ddi voi nan nhan hpc vdi tinh chdt la hpc thuyit chung vl nan nhan, doi mgng chiu thiet hai trong bat ky tinh hudng khdng co tinh chit tdi pham thi thuat ngii "nan nhan" hoan toan day dii. Tuy nhien, doi voi nan nhan hgc trong tgi pham hgc thi can them thuat ngii "nguai bi hai", bdi vi no phan anh khdng chi viec nan nhan hda, ma con the

hi^n each tiep can td tung hinh su ddi vdi nan nhan (vo phap ly cua nan nhan). Tren phuang di8n nan nhan hpc, nguoi bi hai dugc hieu la ngn nhan tryc tiep cua tdi pham, Khai mem nguoi bi bai trong nan nhan hgc dya tren co sd cac tieu chi khach quan, phan anh sy kien pham tdi cd thyc gay ra thiet hai. Neu nhu mpt ngudi thyc te true tiep ganh chiu thiet hai tu tgi pham, ma khong dugc cdng nhan la ngudi hi hai, thi ban chat van la ngudi bi hai. Quyet dinh mang tinh hinh thiic nay chi the hien tren phuang dien to tung chii khdng lam thay ddi thyc te ciia viec gay ra hau qua [6, tr.724-725].

Nan nhan hgc chuyen biet (thuoc tgi pham hoc)

Nan nhan hgc pho quat (dgc lap toi pham hgc)

Nan nhan cua su xam pham quyen con ngucri

Nan nhan dugc hieu la nhiing the nhan (ca nhan) tru'c tilp bi gay thiet hai. Chinh nhung the nhan la nan nhan ciia tdi pham, la ddi tuong nghien cuu chinh ciia nan nhan hgc. Nan nhan dudi khia canh nan nhan hgc tdi pham cd the la

mdt nhdm ngudi, nhung chi tdn tai d nhiing dang hen klt^ nhdt djnh, Nlu coi "mdt nhdm ngudi dudi bat ky hinh thiic lien kit nao" deu cd thi la nan nhan cua tdi pham thi cd thi her ke tdt ca, tham chi ca xa hdi. Hgp thanh n--. nhan the hien d chd thiet hai eay ra bo; loi

NK. Hdi / Tap chi Khoa hgc DHQGHN- Lugt hgc. Tap 34. So 2 (2018) 84-97

pham, tham chi hudng tdi chdng lai cdng ddng, gay thiet hai tryc tilp tdi nhiing thanh vien cua cgng ddng nay. Theo dd thi cdng ddng ngudi vdi m each la nan nhan - dd la tdng hgp nhiing nan nhan - nhirng the nhan (ca nhan).

3. Nguyen nhan ciia nan nhan hoa

Nan nhan hda la qua trinh dua mgt nguoi trd thanh nan nhan ciia tdi pham. Qua trinh nay la tdng hgp cac ylu td khach quan (ben ngoai) va chu quan (ben trong) tac ddng qua lai lan nhau tao nen tinh trang ciia nan nhan. Cac chuyen gia cd gdng giai Ihich tai sao mot so nhdm ca nhan va dia diem dac biet de bi roi vao hoan canh trd thanh nan nhan, nhung ciing cd nhCmg ly thuyet mdi da dugc phat tnen de dua ra giai thich cho viec ty le nan nhan thay ddi va cho hien mgng nan nhan lap lai.

Mgt trong nhirng ly thuyit dau tien va quan trgng nhat dugc Michael Hindelang, Michael R. Gottfredson, va James Garofalo dua ra nam 1978. Ly thuyet nay dugc biet tdi la mgt md hinh ve ldi sdng dya tren cac sd lieu tu cuoc dieu tra 8 thanh phd ciia Cue Dieu tra Dan sd Hoa Ky nam 1972. Nd cho rang kha nang mdt ca nhan cd bi nan nhan hda khdng phu thudc sau sac vao ldi sdng. Loi sdng, ngugc lai, bi anh hudng bdi vai trd trong xa hpi ciia mdi ngudi, bic vi tri ciia mdt ngudi trong xa hgi va each ngudi dd the hien vai trd dd dya tren kinh nghiem sdng.

Albert Cohen va Marcus Felson dua ra Phucmg phdp tiip can hogt ddng thu&ng ngdy vao nam 1979, cho rang viec trd thanh nan nhan phu thupc vao cac boat ddng "thudng ngay" hoac hang ngay ctia con ngudi va la ket qua cua ba yeu td: ke pham tgi cd san ddng ca, muc tiSu phu hgp va sy vang mat ciia ngudi bao ve. Trgng tam ciia ly thuyet nay la co hdi, sy gan giii/ tiep xiic, va cac ylu td tao dilu kien thuan lgi. Do dd, riii ro trd thanh nan nhan ciia tdi pham se khac nhau d tiing hoan canh va dia dilm ma mot ngudi m dat minh va tai san ciia ho vao.

Md hinh ca hdi do Lawrence E, Cohen, JR Kluegel va Kenneth Land dua ra nam 1981 kit hop cac ylu td tu phong each sdng ya cac ly thuyet boat dpng thudng ngay, cho rang nguy CO trd thanh nan nhSn tg pham phu thudc phan ldn vao ldi sdng va cac boat ddng hang ngay khien ca nhSn va tai san ciia hg tiep xiic true tiep vdi nhiing ngudi pham tgi tiem tang ma khdng cd ngudi bao ve d canh.

Ezzat Fattah, mgt nha tpi pham hgc ngudi Canada dugc xem la mgt trong nhijng nha tu tudng hang dau ve Toi pham hpc, da tich hgp cac ly thuyit v l loi sdng va co hpi dl dua ra mdt he tbdng toan dien. Bang he thdng cua dng gdm lOyeu td sau:

1. Nhirng ca hoi lien quan chat che den dgc diem, boat ddng va hanh vi ciia cac muc tieu tilm nang.

2. Cdc yiu td rui ro, dac biet la nhirng yeu td lien quan den thuc te xa hgi-nhan khau hgc nhu mdi tac, gidi tinh, khu vyc cu tni...

3. Ngu&i phgm tdi cd sdn ddng ca khdng lya ehgn nan nhan/muc tieu mdt each ngau nhien ma lua ehgn theo cac tieu chi cu the.

4. Viec ngn nhdn tiip xuc vdi ngudi pham tgi tiem nang va vdi cac tinh hudng nii ro cao.

5. Cdc hiep hdi giua ngudi pham tdi va nan nhan khien ngn nhan d gdn vdi ngudi pham tgi ve mat ddi tu, nghi nghiep hoac lien lac xa hgi khien hp cd nguy ca cao trd thanh nan nhan.

6. Nhimg khodng th&i gian nguy hiim vd nhimg nai nguy hiem nhu budi tdi, budi tdi sdm, cudi mdn va noi vui choi giai fri cdng cgng.

7. Nhirng hdnh vi nguy hiem, chdng ban khieu khich lam tang nguy co yd thanh nan nhan ctia bao lyc, sa sudt va bdt cdn lam tang nguy co hd thanh nan nhan ciia viec mdt tai san.

8. Nhung hdnh ddng cd rui ro cao tang nguy CO trd thanh nan nhan va cd thi cac hanh ddng lech lac va pham phap.

9. Nhihig hdnh vi mang tinh phdng thu/ne trdnh cd xu hudng lam giam nguy ca bi nan

NK Hdi / Tgp chi Khoa hgc DHQGHN Ludt hgc. Tap 34. Sd 2 (2018) 84-97

nhan hda. Nhimg ngudi cd bien phap phdng ngiia it bi ngn hon nhiing ngudi ua mao hilm.

10, Thiin hu&ng theo cdu truc/vdn hda: cd nghTa la nhiing ngudi khdng cd quyin lyc, kien thuc van hda va bi gat ra ngoai ll xa hdi thudng CO xu hudng trd thanh ngn nhan cua tgi pham [7, tr.332-333].

4. Quyen ciia nan nhan cua toi ph^m

Han 100 nam trude, Jeremy Bentham da ung hd rang "bdi thudng bat bupc, dugc tra bdi he thdng bdi thudng ciia tieu bang, trong trudng hgp phgm tgi ve tai san". Tnrdc dd, Bp lugt Hammurabi (khoang 1775 BC) quy dinh rdng "Neu mpt ngudi dan dng da cudp tai san... ngudi dan ong do se phai chet. Neu ke cudp khdng hi bdt, nhiing ngudi da bi cudp se chinh thiic myen bd nhirng gi dng da mlt va thanh phi... se la bdi thudng. NIU ngn nhan bi mlt, thanh phd hay thi trudng se phai tra mdt khoan tiln cho gia dinh ciia hg".

Bao dam quyen cua nan nhan cua tpi pham (sau day ggi la quyen cua nan nhan) trude tien can cd co sd phap ly la nhiing ghi nhan nhung quyin nay trong phap luat qudc tl cung nhu lugt phap qudc ^a. Trong gdn mdt thi ky qua lugt phap qudc te da cd budc ghi nhgn vugt bgc trong viec ghi nhgn, cdng nhan cac quyen ca nhan la nan nhan ciia tpi phgm. Nhirng thanh tuu nay trong phap luat qudc te nay the hien nd luc ciia cpng ddng qudc te trong bao ve nhan quyen tir goc dp la nan nhan cita tpi pham. Nhiem vu ciia cac qudc gia la cung cap bi?n phap khac phuc phap Iy cho cac vi pham nhan quyen.

Lugt Nhan quyen qudc te va luat nhSn dao qudc tl da thilt lap mdt sd nhiem vu liSn quan den nan nhan ciia cac vi pham nhan quyin. Nhirng nhiem vy nay bao gdm: a) NghTa vu cung cap cho ngn nhan quyen tilp can cdng ly cong bang va cd hieu qua bat ke ai cd the la ngudi chiu trach nhiem cudi cimg ve vi pham; b) Ngbia vu phai no lyc cim chiia cho ngn nhan; c) Trach nhiem cung cdp hoac tgo dilu ki?n bdi thudng cho ngn nhan.

Trach nhiem cua qudc gia trong viec cung cdp mdt bien phap phap ly trong nudc cho ngn nhan cua cac vi pham nhan quy8n va cac vi phgm luat nhan dao qudc te dugc cam ket tren lanh thd cua minh dugc thiet ISp tdt trong lugt phap qudc te. Su tdn tai ciia nhiem vu dd la can cii trong mdt sd cdng udc qudc t8 va khu vyc. Lien quan den cac quy dinh v8 quyen con ngudi, Cdng udc qudc te ve cac quyen dan sy va chinh tri nam 1966 tai Khoan 3, Dieu 2 ghi nhgn trach nhiem cua cac qudc gia thanh vien nhu sau:

a) Ddm bdo rang bdt cic ngu&i ndo bi xdm phgm cdc quyen tu do nhu duac cdng nhgn trong Cdng u&c ndy, thi deu duac hu&ng bdo hd phdp ly mdt cdch cd hieu qud, cho dii su xdm phgm ndy Id do hdnh vi cda nhimg ngu&i thira hdnh cdng vu gdy ra:

b) Ddm bdo rdng khiiu ngi ve vi$c vi phgm cua bdt ky ngu&i ndo phdi duac gidi quyet b&i ca quan tu phdp, hdnh chinh, lap phdp cd thdm quyen hodc nhiing nhd chirc trdch cd thdm quyen khde do hi thdng phdp ludt cua qudc gia quy dinh vd phdt triin ca che gidi quyit tu phdp thich hap;

c) Ddm bdo rdng nhd chirc trdch cd thdm quyen se thuc thi nhirng biin phdp khac phuc dd duac di ra.

Gdn day nhat la trong Quy che Rom vl Tda an hinh su qudc te ghi nhan quyen dupc boi thudng va tham gia quy che nay cua ngn nhan cua tdi pham da danh dau mdt budc tiln ldn ciia nhan loai ve trpng tam cua nan nhan trong he thdng m phap hinh sy. Chien lupc Chdng Khiing bd Toan cau cua Lien Hgp qudc tryc tiep giai quyet van de nan nhan ciia cdc hanh ddng khimg bd, Nd Het ke cac bipn phap nhdm giai quyet cac dieu kien ddn din su lan rgng ciia chii nghia khiing bd, bao gdm cac bi?n phap dl chdng lai viec "phi nhan tinh hda nhiing nan nhan cua khung bd dudi mgi hinh thiic va bilu bien"._ Chien lugc khuyen khich vi6c tao ra cac h? thdng hd trg qudc gia nhdm "thiic ddy nhu cdu ciia nan nhan khimg bo va gia dinh hg va tao dieu kien cho viec binh thudng hoa cude sdng cua hg" [8].

N-K Hdi / Tap chi Khoa hoc DHQGHN- Lugt hoc. Tdp 34. So 2 (2018) 84-97

Nhiiu myen bd qudc te khang dinh lai nhiem vu cua cac qudc gia nham cung cap mdt bien phap khac phuc cho cac nan nhan vi pham nhan quyen va vi pham phap luat nhan dao qudc tl [9], Nam 1985 mgt myen bd toan dien ve nhiem vu nay dupc tim thdy trong Tuyen ngdn vl Cac nguyen tac cdng ly co ban cho cac nan nhan ciia tdi pham va lam dung quyen lyc ciia Lien Hop qudc [10]. Tuyen ngdn la cdng cu toan dien nhdt ve cdng ly cho cac nan nhan. Nd cung cdp hudng dan ve cac bien phap can dugc thuc hien d cap qudc gia, khu vyc va qudc te de cai thien kha nang tilp can cdng ly va ddi xu cdng bang, bli dap, bdi thudng, bao ve va hd trg cho ngn nhan cua tdi pham va nan nhan ciia lam dyng quyen luc. Khi thdng qua Tuyen ngdn, Dai hgi ddng LHQ myen bd rdng "nhan thiic dupc rang hang trieu ngudi tren toan the gidi bi tdn bai do tdi pham va lam dung quyen lyc, va cac quyen cua nhiing nan nhan nay chua dugc cdng nhgn mgt each thoa dang". Dai hdi ddng keu ggi cac nudc thanh vien thyc hien cac budc can thiet de cac dieu khoan ciia Tuyen bd cd hieu lyc. Mudi quyen ca ban cua nan nhan cua tgi phgm trong Tuyen bd nay cd the dugc khai quat lgi nhu sau [11, tr.8]:

1. Quyen dupc ddi xir vdi tinh thuang va nhan pham ciia hp can dugc tdn trgng,

2. Quyen dugc nhan thdng tin,

3. Quyen dugc cung cap thdng tin cho chinh quyen; theo dd cho phep quan diem cua nan nhan dupc the hien va can nhac trong qua trinh td tung hinh sy,

4. Quyen dugc hd trg thich hop trong sudt qua trinh phap ly,

5. Quyen dugc bao ve sy rieng m va an toan than the,

6. Quyen dugc tham gia vao bdt ky cuoc giai quyit tranh chdp chinh thiic nao (m phap phuc hdi khdng dugc dk cap trong Tuyen bd ciia Lien hop qudc nam 1985),

7. Quyen dugc trg giup xa hdi,

8. Quyen dugc bdi thudng bdi ngudi pham tdi,

9. Quyen dugc nha nudc din bii,

10. Quyin dugc Nha nudc thiet lap cac quan he hgp tac giiia cac co quan nha nudc, cac td cbii-c phi chinh phu va xa hdi dan sy de thuc day cac quyen ciia nan nhan.

Trong nghi quyit 2005/20 vao nam 2005, Hpi ddng Kinh tl va Xa hpi da thdng qua Hudng dan Tu phap trong cdc Vdn dl lien quan den Ngn nhan Tre em va Nhan chiing cua Tpi pham.

Cling trong nam 2005, Uy ban Nhan quyin da thdng qua cac Nguyen tdc ca ban va Hudng ddn ve Quyen dugc khac phuc va bdi thudng cua cac nan nhan do cac vi pham thd bao Luat Nhan quyen qudc te va nhiing vi pham nghiem trpng Luat Nhan dao qudc te [12]. Ngoai ra, vao thang 4 nam 2005, Uy ban Nhan quyen da luu y Bg Nguyen tdc sua ddi vl Bao vg va Thuc ddy Nhan quyen thdng qua Hanh ddng Chdng Khimg bd, Bd nguyen tac nay bao gdm quyen dugc biet, quyen tiep can cdng ly, quyen khde phuc va bao dam khdng tai dien.

Cdng udc chdng tdi pham cd td chiic xuyen qudc gia va Cdng udc chdng tham nhung ciing chiia dyng hang loat cac quy dinh lien quan den bao ve va hd trg ngn nhan, bao gdm ca nhirng hgp tac qudc te trong bao ve va hd trg cac nan nhan [13].

Ngn nhan cua tdi phgm phai dupc ddi xir vdi long trac an va tdn trgng nhan pham cua hg, Hg cd quyen tiep can vdi cac co che cdng ly va de khac phuc kip thdi, nhu dugc quy dinh trong luat phap qudc gia, ve nhiing thiet hai ma hg da phai chiu. Cac ca che ta phap va hanh chinh can dugc thiet lap va tang cudng khi can thiet de giiip cac nan nhan cd the khac phuc thdng qua cac thu tuc chinh thiic hoac khdng chinh thitc nhanh chdng, cdng bdng, khdng ton kem va de tiep can. O nhieu qudc gia, kinh nghiem cho thay mdt each hieu qua dl giai quyit cac nhu cau ciia nan nhan la thanh lap cac chuang trinh hd tea xa hdi, tam ly, cam xiic va tai chinh va giiip nan nhan trong tu phap hinh sy va cac td chiic xa hdi. Ngoai cac quy dinh cho phep nan nhan dua ra cac myen bd dan sy chdng lai cac thu pham, mpt sd qudc gia da ban hanh lugt qudc gia cdng nhgn quyen cua ngudi bi thiet hai ddi vdi bdi thudng va tham gia td tung hinh sy.

NK Hdt/Tap chi Khoa hgc DHQGHN. Ludt hoc. Tap 34, S6 2 (2018) 84-97

Nhiing cdng nhan quyin nay xudt phat tir quan dilm cho rang chinh phii cd hach nhiem trong viec bao dam an ninh cho cdng dan cua minh cho nen cd qudc gia cdn ban hanh Luat co ban cho Nan nhan cua tgi phgm dl ghi nhan trach nhiem cua chinh phu va quyen ciia cac nan nhan, ciing nhu nhiing su hd trp cdn thilt [14, tr.375-376]. Nhiing kha nang nang cao nhan thiic ve sy dau khd, mat mat ciia ngn nhan. Cho phep nan nhan tham gia td tyng hinh su va thiia nhan quyen ciia ngn nhan dugc thdng bao ve dien tien trong vu an phuc vu tai can bang mdt he tbdng binh sy ma nlu khdng se cd anh hudng Idn den ngudi pham tpi. O miic do thyc te, quyen cua ngn nhan dugc thdng bao ve cac quyen cua hp va ve cac thu tuc ma hg cd the hudng lgi cd le la quan trpng nhat mdi quan ngai. Nhung ngudi tiep xiic vdi nan nhan trong cdng an, cdng an, cdng nhan xa hdi, lugt su bao chiia, cdng td vien va tham phan - phai dugc yeu cau bao cao ngan nan nhan ve quyen cua hg va hudng hg den noi hg cd the nhan dugc sy giup dd khi hp can.

Tgi Viet Nam cac quyen con ngudi, quyen cdng dan ve chinh tri, dan sy, kinh te, van hda, xa hdi dugc cdng nhan, tdn trgng, bao ve, bao dam theo Hien phap va pbap luat. Day la myen ho mdi nhdt dugc ghi nhan tai Dilu 14 Hiln phap Viet Nam nam 2013, Quyin cua nan nhan bi tpi pham xam hai ciing la mdt nhdm quyen trong sd cac quyen the hien trong ban Hien phap nay. Ro rang rang bao ve va hd trp nan nhan cua tdi phgm la trach nhiem ciia qudc gia, Trong tu phap hinh sy hien dai, phuang phap tiep can lay ngn nhan lam tmng tam ngay cang hd nen phd biln va quan trgng. Nan nhan cua tgi pham cd the hi thiet hai dudi nhieu hinh thiic khac nhau nhu thiet hgi ve tinh mang, sice khoe thi chdt ciing nhu chdn thuang tam ly, danh dy, nhan phdm, tai san va nhiing thiet hai lau diii ddi vdi chdt lugng cua cude sdng. Nan nhan ciia tdi pham cd the la ca nhan, phap nhan, tl chiic, nha nudc va viec bao ve quyen cua nan nhan dugc thyc hien bdi cac thiet che khac nhau cua nha nudc va xa hdi. Tuy nhien trong nghien ciiu nay chi tap tmng de cap den cac ngn nhan la ca nhan va vai trd cua he thdng ta phap

hinh su uong viec bao dam cac quyen cua cac ca nhan la nan nhan ciia tgi pbam.

Nhiing quyen ca ban cita nan nhan cita tdi pham trong td tung hinh sy cd the khai quat lai nhusau[15, tr.377]:

• Quyen dugc bao ve hgp ly khdi ngudi pham tdi.

• Quyen dugc thdng bao hgp ly, cbinh xac va kip thdi ve bat ky thii tuc td tung nao ciia tda an, hogc bat ky thu tuc tam tha nao, lien quan den tgi pham hoac bat ky su giai thoat hay trdn thoat nao ciia ngudi pham tdi.

• Quyen khdng dugc logi trir khdi bat ky thii tuc td tung nao cua tda an, trie khi tda an cd bang chiing ro rang va thuyet phuc de xac dinh rang Idi khai ciia ngn nhan se bi thay ddi ve can ban nlu ngn nhan nghe cac chung ngdn khac tai thu tye td tung do.

• Quyen dugc nghe mpt each hgp ly bat ky thii tuc td tung cdng khai nao cua tda an lien quan den viec giai phdng, thinh cau, hoac ket an, hoac bat ky thii tuc tgm tha nao ddi vdi ngudi pham tgi,

• Quyen trao ddi hgp ly vdi Iuat su cho vu an ciia minh,

• Quyen dupc bdi thudng ddy dii va kip thdi theo quy dinh cua phap lugt.

• Quyen td tung khdng bi tri hoan mpt each bat hgp ly.

• Quyin dugc ddi xir cdng bdng va tdn trgng phdm gia va sy rieng m.

5. Vai trd cua nan nhan ciia toi pham trong he thong tu phap hinh su-

Trude thdi ky khai sang, luat hinh sy dugc coi nhu cdng cy de dan ap nhan dan, phuc vu cho giai cdp thong tn. Nhu vay dl bao ve chinh minh khdi sy dan ap bdi luat hinh su thi cdn phai gidi han quyin luc trong viec yimg phgt cua nha nudc. Lugt hinh sy va td tung hinh sy can phat trien theo hudng tdn trgng quyin con ngudi, bao gdm trong dd quyin cua nan nhan ciia tdi phgm va quyin cua ngudi pham tdi. Thu

NK Hdi / Tgp chi Khoa hgc DHQGHN: Ludt hoc. Tgp 34. So 2 (2018) 84-97

tuc giai quyet mdt vu an hinh su can dgt trong mdi quan tam cua xa hgi va ciia nan nhan cua tdi pham.

Cac nha ngn nhan hpc (nhirng ngudi nghien ciiu ve ngn nhan cua tdi pham) ludn cd gang gin giii va cung cd cac quyen va lgi ich ciia nan nhan, tham chi cho rang cin phai cd hinh phgt nang hon nua danh cho nhiing ngudi pham tdi. Vdi y mdng nhu vgy hg da ep he thdng m phap hinh sy cd nhimg phan iing manh me ban nhan danh nan nhan. Cach tiep can hgp ly cho van de bao ve quyen ciia nan nhan la nang cao vai trd cua hg trong he thdng tu phap hinh su chii khdng phai ludn tim each xu ly ngudi pham tdi nang them.Theo do miic dp mot xa hdi, mdt nha nudc quan tam den ngn nhan the hien bang viec dat hg d dau trong he thdng ta phap hinh su. Viec tim ra nhimg ban che vai trd ciia nan nhan trong he thing tu phap va khde phuc nd chinh la mau chdt dl giai quyit vdn dl.

Ngudi bi hgi khdng cd du cac quyen thdng tin chinh dang. Hg chi dupc nhgn ban sao hd so vu an tir Tda an neu cd ly do chinh dang, va mong mudn dugc biet sy that khdng nam trong do. Ngudi bi hai chi la cdng cu, khdng ban. Sy hgp tac ciia hp vdi cac co quan m phap hinh sy bi coi nhu viec hien nhien bdi cac tham phan va cdng td vien. Hp la cac cdng cy de phuc hdi trat ty xa hdi. He thdng nay ludn ndi vl cdng ly cho tdt ca mpi ngudi, song khdng bao gid nhac den cdng ly cho ngudi bi hgi,

Thiet lap mpt he thdng mang tuih de cao quyen Ipi ciia cac nan nhan thay vi chi nham muc dich thilt lap Uat tu cdng cdng. Khi nhiing ngudi bi hgi ddng y tham gia vao qua trinh khdi td thi do cung la vi cac ly do mang tinh ca nhan. Viec tham gia cua hg khdng nham muc dich khdi phuc ygt ty cdng cdng, Khi mdt he thdng dugc xay dyng nhdm hudng tdi quyen Igi cua cac nan nhan thi cilng chinh he thdng dd, mdt each ty dgng, se giiip khdi phyc trat ty cdng cpng.

Ve CO ban he tbdng hien nay dang sir dung va lam dung nhirag ngudi hi bai trong khi khdng dem lai cbo hg nhiing quyen lgi cu the.

Khi nhirng ngudi bi hai mudn tham gia vao mgt vu kien thi ban than hg biet dupc rdng:

- Hp mudn dugc sdp xIp chd ngdi ngay tgi phdng xii an chii khdng phai d day ghe danh cho khan gia.

- Hg mudn dupc quyen tiep can cac tai lieu cd lien quan. ThSm chi hp se cam thay bi xuc phgm va xi nhyc neu viec ti8p cSn nay cua hg phu tbugc vao viec cd hay khdng sy thira nhan lgi ich vl mat tai chinh tir cac chuyen gia luat hinh su. Day chinh xac la mdt sai lam trong quan niem ciia tda an cac nudc ddi vdi nhu cau cua nan nhan. Chinh sy hieu sai nay cang lam tram trpng ban nhiing thuang tdn tnrdc dd ciia ngn nhan.

- Hg mong mudn cac lgi ich ciia minh trong cac vu khdi td hinh sy dugc thira nhan.

He thdng tu phap hinh sy truyen thdng dang hien hiiu trong xa hdi ngay nay dugc van hanh khdng vi quyen lgi ciia ngudi bi hai ma la vi muc dich trat ty cdng cgng. Trong he thdng nay chu yeu luat su va tham phan len tieng cdn cac nan nhan thi khdng. Vai trd ciia hp hoan toan dupc thay thi bdi cac luat su. Dilu nay lam ddy len cau hdi: "Ai mdi la chu thi cua he thdng tu phap hinh sy?". Luat hinh sy thi ludn de cap tdi hai tir "nan nhan" trong cac cau khau hieu cua minh. Tat ca nhihig ngdn tu hoa my nay deu khdng the che day dupc mgt sy that tran trui rang he thdng tu phap hinh sy hien nay khdng dugc xay dyng de danh cho ngn nhan ma nd la tai san cua cac tham phan va cac lugt su. Trai dai qua cac thi ky, he thdng nay dugc phat triin vdi m each la mdt he thdng kiem soat theo chieu dpc dugc xa hdi sir dung de tran ap nhiing n ^ d i phgm tpi. Lieu he thdng nay cd thay ddi neu nhu nhung ngudi bi hgi sin sang len tiing ddi hdi quyin lgi danh cho ho? Phap luat cd the da liet ke rat nhieu quyin lgi danh cho ngudi bi hai, nhung lgi hi gidi hgn bdi cac ylu to nhu an ninh cdng cdng, lgi ich cua he thdng m phap va cac nhan td thiet yeu khac se dupc xem xet ddu tiSn, sau dd mdi tinh din quyin lgi ciia ngudi bj hgi. Nhiing nha lgp phap chi dang xoa diu ap lyc din tii nhiing ddi hdi ve sy thay ddi ciia ngudi bi hai bang viec dua ra nhirng y mdng khdng thyc sy cd gia tn. He thdng tu phap hinh sy hien nay cd vd van nhiing co hdi khdng phai dk thay ddi

NK. Hdi / Tap chi Khoa hgc DHQGHN- Lugt hoc. Tdp 34. SS 2 (2018) 84-97

ma la danh cho nhung tmh thi bdt kha khang. Cac chuj en gia frong ITnh vyc ngn nhan hpc hiln nhi8n chang he hdi Idng vdi dilu nay.

He thdng m phap hinh sy hien nay dang mdt can bang, ngudi pham tdi thi cd tdt ca cac quyen trong khi cac nan nhan chang dugc trao cho bat cii quyin lgi gi! Hay trao quyin cho hp! Ban than ITnh vyc tu phap hinh sy dang phai dieu chinh rat nhieu van de, thgm chi khdng cdn khoang trdng de danh cho cac mdi quan tam khac. Phgm vi linh vyc tu phap hinh sy bao gom vdn dl vl quyin Igi cua Nha nudc, vdn 6.k ve nhan quyin ddi vdi ngudi phgm tpi. NIU bay gid can nhdc din ngudi bi hgi, cd the thdy khong dl de xIp them hg vao. Tgi sao? Phgm vi nhan quyen ciia ngudi phgm tdi dugc cung cd bdi lugt phap, hpc thuyit phap ly va tap quan. Day la mdt thanh tyu quy gia cua xa hdi n8n dugc coi h-gng. Khdng dl dl tudc di quyin ciia ngudi pham tdi nham tgo mdt chd diing cho ngudi hi hai trong he thdng. Mat kh^c, Nha nudc cung khdng he cd y dinh tir bd vi tri cua minh.

Ngudi bi hai va ngudi bao chiia cho bp cimg nhtrng ngudi hd trg dupc khuyen nen hieu tmdc rang cdng ly trong t\i phap hinh su tmyen thong khdng phai cdng ly cho ngudi bi hgi. Dd la cdng ly theo chieu dgc nham dat dugc quyen kiem soat xa hdi dua tren viec dan ap ngudi phgm tdi. Ngudi bi hai ddng vai trd phuc vu la nhan chiing. Cdng td vien va tham phan diing hg cho cdng cupc gianh quyen kiem soat xa hgi. Ngudi hi hgi ty nguyen nhan vai trd dd. Hg ty n^yen nhan lam nhan chiing. Nhung sau dd, neu Nha nudc sit dung ngudi bi hgi thi Nha nudc phai cd nghia vu bao ve ngudi bi hgi khdi mpi tdn that cd the xay ra. Nha nudc cd nghTa vu phai quan tam den ngudi hi hai, Hg np ngudi bi hai sy bao ve va su quan tam. Dieu nay xuat phat tu cac nghTa vu dgo dire chung dl phdng hanh tmdng hpp tai trd thanh nan nhan neu cd the. Muc dich trong tdm cua bu&c tiin nhdm cdi thien chd dung cua ngu&i bi hgi trong hogt dgng td tung hinh su Id de phdng trdnh tinh hudng tdi tr& thdnh ngn nhdn. Dimg tiip tgc lam hgi ho khi cdng viic cua bgn ddng ra la bdo ve hoi

Quy trinh nay cd mdt lgi thi dd la khdng mdt luat su nao mudn Iam hai ngn nhan. Chi don gian la trong mdi trudng lam viSc chuyen nghiep, trong pham vi ngdn ngii chuyen nganh va trong Idi suy nghT ciia rieng minh, luat su khdng hieu dugc dieu gi da gay ra tdn hai den nan nhan. Hp dugc dgy rang nhiing cam xiic nay can phai bi bd lgi ben ngoai pham vi phien tda. Tu phap hinh sy khdng phai mdt trd choi, do la mgt quy trinh nghiem tiic va yeu cau tinh trach nhiem cao. Hg phai lam ngo tnrdc nhung tdn that ma nan nhan phai chiu dyng de dam bao sy chuyen nghiep, do vay cac td chirc hd trg va giiip da ngudi bi hai can cho hg bill dilu do. Nan nhan can mdt ddi tai biet hgp tac va thau hieu tii cac chuyen gia trong linh vyc tu phap hinh sy neu hp mong mudn nhan dugc sy bao ve can thilt - nlu cd - tir mdt he thdng td tung theo chieu dgc nhu vay.

To tung theo chieu dgc Pham VI phan chia trong td tung hinh sy

Ranh gidi

Cac quySn cua Nha ni (Cong to vien)

Cac quyen ciia ngucri bi buoc tgi (Cac quyen trong to tung)

Nha nudc

Ngudi pham

tpi

Tu phap hinh su theo chilu dpc khdng phai la bien phap bao dam cdng ly duy nhdt. H8 tbdng bao ve cdng ly theo chieu ngang da thi bien kha pang thyc hien cac muc tieu bao dam cdng ly rdt tdt, vdi dieu kien nhiimg ngudi tham gia biet tdn trgng va thyc hien nghTa vu cua minh. Trong he thdng bao ve cdng ly theo chilu ngang dudi hinh thiic nhu hda giai, hgp gia dinh, cac budi gap mat ta vdn chiia benh hci> bdi thudng, mdt uy ban tmng gian va hda :•:•• dupc lap ra. Xda bd cac quy tdc phan 1-c.

NK Hdi / Tgp chi Khoa hgc DHQGHN- Lugt hgc. Tdp 34. So 2 (2018) 84-97

nhiing ngudi tham gia va dam bao sy rieng tu cho mdi ngudi tham gia la cac xu hudng chii dao trong viec quan ly cac td chuc nay. Trong ITnh vuc Nan nhan bgc, each ddi phd vdi tinh hudng tai trd thanh nan nhan la thdng qua he thdng tu phap hinh sy theo chieu dgc de chuan bi tien de cho cac phuang thiic bao ve cdng Iy theo chieu ngang hien dai ma trong dd, Nha nudc khdng cdn nam vai trd chii dao trong viec cung cap mpi thii Cung gidng nhu trong cac phuong thiic quan ly hien dai, muc tieu tdi da bda lgi nhuan khdng bi bd qua. Cac hinh tbiic khdi phuc cdng ly ghi nhgn cd tdn tgi sy quan tam cua du luan ddi vdi bien phap tu phap hinh sy tap trung vao viec khdi phuc thiet hai va binh dang hda cac chu the [16, tr.62-67],

6. Mdt so kit luSn

Nghien ciiu nan nhan cua tdi pham la mdt ndi dung Idn trong tdi pham bgc ciing nhu trong ITnh vyc tu phap hinh su ma phgm vi nghien ciiu trong mdt b^i viet khdng die bao quat hit va chi tiet dugc, Tuy nhien tir viec khai quat nhiing ndi dung dugc phan tich tren cd the dua den mpt so ket luan mang tinh khai quat va nen tang cho cac nha hoach dinh cbinh sach va phap lugt, cung nhu cac co quan tu phap hinh sy can nhac trong qua trinh xay dyng cung nhu ap dyng phap luat, Ngoai ra viec cung iing cac dich vy trg giiip nan nhan cua tdi pham ciing can phai dugc dao tao va lya cbgn dap iing nhiing tieu cbi nhat dinh sao cho phii hgp vdi nhdm ddi mgng bi tdn thuang nay.

Mot la: quyen cua ngn nhan ciia tdi phgm can dugc ghi nhan rd net trong phap luat cua qudc gia ma truoc bet la hien phap va phap luat trong ITnh vuc tu phap hinh sy. Dieu nay the hien viec nan nhan ciia tdi pham cd quyen dugc thdng bao kip th&i va hap ly Uong suit giai doan giai quyet vu an cilng nhu qua trinh thi hanh an cua ngudi pham tdi gay thiet hgi cho minh. Giai quyet nhiing xam hai ciia nan nhan kip thdi va hgp ly can can nhac den su an toan, Ipi ich ciia hg, tranh sy tri hoan bat hgp ly cd the gay ra nhiing bat lgi cho hg. Nhung thdng

bao vl quyin nay bao gdm (nhung khdng gidi ban) d nhiing ngi dung sau: ket qua di8u tta, ban an, tgm tba cd dilu kien, ap dyng hay buy bd bien phap ngan chan, hinh phat ap dung ddi vdi ngudi pham tdi, giam an, tha tii tnrdc thdi ban... Nhiing quyen dugc thdng bao va cd y kiln nay se khdng bi hgn che trii phi de bao dam an ninh qudc gia hogc anh nd anh hudng dang ke den Ipi ich cua cdng ddng, hay can trd ldn cho qua trinh td tung va giai quyet vu an hinh sy.

Hal la. nan nhan cd quyen dupc bdi thudng va khdi phuc d miic cao nhdt cho nhiing thiet hgi ve vat chat va tinh than ma tdi phgm gay ra. Nhiing bdi thudng va khdi phuc nay khdng dugc ttai vdi lgi ich chung cua cdng ddng xa hpi va qudc gia. Tuy nhien can luu y la nhiing quyen cua ngn nhan phai dugc xem xet dau tien chii khdng phai d vi tri thii yeu so vdi an ninh cdng cdng va Igi ich ciia he thdng tu phap birth su.

Ba Id: khi nan nhan tham gia vao he thdng m phap hinh sy, mgt dieu het sue can quan t&m dd la sy can nhac giiia cai "duac " va "mdt" cua hg. Trong khi xa hdi thdng qua he thdng tu phap hinh sy cd gdng thuc thi cdng ly, phuc hdi lai d miic cao nhdt nhihig quyen va Ipi ich ma nan nhan bi thiet hai do tdi pham xam hgi thi ciing ddng thai nan ciing ddi mat vdi nhimg thiet hgi hay nguy ca gay ra nhiing thiet hgi khac nhu: hanh vi de dpa xam hai bdi chinh ngudi pham tdi hay nhung mdi quan he cua hg, mdt thdi gian va cdng siic, bi lg thdng tin ca nhan, chiu sire ep cua chinh xa hdi (ddi vdi nhung nan nhan cua tpi phgm tinh due). Khi can nhdc dilu nay mdt each thdu ddo thi nha lam luat se cd co sd thilt kl su tham gia ciia nan nhan vao he thdng ta phap hinh sy thdng qua he thdng cac quy dinh ve quyin va nghia vu ciia nan nhan mgt each hgp Iy dl bao dam tdt nhdt nhimg nhu cdu chinh dang cua nan nhan. Them vao dd, mdt he thdngm phap hinh sy cdn thilt ke de ngn nhan cd the cd sy lya chpn tham gia hoac hi chdi tham gia, nlu tham gia thi miic do tham gia ra sao va bp cdn biit trude minh se dugc gi va cd the se bi thiet hai ra sao. Dilu nay cd nghTa rdng nan nhan nen cd sy lya ehgn va

A'^ Hdi / Tgp chi Khoa hgc DHQGHN- Ludt hgc. Tap 34. So 2 (2018) 84-97

CO the tu chdi mdt sd quyin td tung ciia miidi. Xa hdi mudn lam dilu tdt cho ngn nhan cua tgi phgm thdng qua he thdng m phap hinh sy nhung khdng phai liic nao ciing dgt dugc dilu nay ma cd khi cdn cd tac dung ngugc lgi. Do dd viec giam sat va daiUi gia lien tuc vl nhu cdu ma nan nhan mong mudn de thay dugc hieu qua la can thiet.

Bdn Id: til gdc dp dap ung nhu cau ciia nan nhan cua tdi pham thi quyin cua bg chinh la nhiing mong mudn cua chinh hg vl bdi thudng va khoi phuc nhiing thi^t hgi do tdi pham gay ra. Chinh vi vay su bdy td cua ngnnhdn md ta vl nhung thiet hai vl the chat, tinh than, cam xiic, tai chinh ciing nhu nhirng thiet hai khac do hanh vi pham tdi gay ra la ca sd de can nhac loai va mirc hinh phgt, ap dung an treo cho ngudi pham tdi, can nhdc giam thai ban chap hanh hinh phat hay tha bi trade thdi hgn cho ngudi chdp hanh an phgt. Ngoai ra, cac ca quan bao ve phap luat va tda an cung cd them can cii de giai quyit vu an dua tten rihu cau cua ngn nhan thdng qua sy bay td cua hg ve mong mudn thda thuan vdi ngudi phgm tdi hay khdng, ve mong mudn giai quyet su viec den miic do nao, mudn tham gia vao qua trinh td tung ra sao. Sy bay td quan diem ciia ngn nhan trong td tung hinh sy cd the dugc the hien dudi dang cac bao cao tac ddng cua nan nhan,

Ndm la: boat ddng trg giup, hd trg phap ly, tiep can cdng ly ddi vdi cac nan nhan ciia tdi pham - nhdm ngudi bi tdn thuang - can phai dugc xa hdi hda va chuyen nghiep hda. Viec ttg giup, hd ttg can dugc dao tao va cd cac ky nang can thilt, dac biet la ddi vdi nhirng ngudi hd ttg cho sy van hanh cua he thdng ttr phap hinh sy, chang hgn nhu ngudi bao chiia. Theo tinh chat bi xam hai thi ngoai nhiing dac diem chung, cac nan nhan cua tpi pham cdn cd nhung dac dilm rieng dugc xac dinh bdi cac loai tgi phgm. Su khac nhau giiia nhimg nhdm nan nhan (chang han nan nhan cua tdi phgm khung bd, tdi pham mua ban ngudi, tdi pham tinh dye, tdi phgm vu luc . ) cho thdy sy cdn thilt phai thilt lap nhimg tieu chuan vl ky nang cho nhdm ttg giiip di kem vdi cac thilt cbl ve td chiic ya cac chuang trinh hd trg cdp dia phuang, qudc gia,

khu vyc va qudc te theo cac nhdm ngn nhan da dupc phan logi cdn than. Thilu di nhihig dieu nay se lam cho he tbdng bao dam quyen cua nan nhan hoat ddng kem hieu qua, thgm chi ttong mdt sd trudng hgp lai cd tac dung trai ngugc vdi myc dich ttg giiip, hd ttg nan nhan.

Sdu Id: van de an ninh phi tmyen thdng dudi gdc do ngn nhan ciia tdi phgm can phai dugc tiep can va nhan thuc de md dudng cho mdt sy bao dam an ninh, an toan ciia con ngudi trong xa hdi hien dgi ngay nay trude nhung thach thiic mdi. Sy kit hgp giiia hai khai niem nan nhan bgc va an mnh con ngudi da tao nen mdt mdi quan he bien chiing. An ninh con ngudi khdng dugc bao dam se thiic day qua trinh nan nhan hda va ngugc lai. Nan nhan hda hien nay la khdng chi d cap do qudc te, khu vyc hay qudc gia ma cdn d ttong gia dinb hay cac td chirc nhu trudng hpc, benh vien, nba tu [17, tr,2-4]... Theo tmyen thdng nhirng noi dugc coi la an toan nhu trudng hpc, benh vien da khdng cdn nhu trude day niia thdng qua hang loat cac vu viec bien nhieu hpc sinh, nhan vien y te ttd thanh nan nhan cua tdi pham tinh due, tdi phgm khung bd, tdi phgm bao lyc. Sy thay ddi nay khien chiing ta phai dua vao danh sach cac mau ngn nhan mdi de xay dyng va ciing cd cac myc tieu bao ve ciing nhu cac phuong thiic mdi trong phdng va chdng tgi pham.

Bdy Id: viec cdng nhan va lam sang td vl quyen cua nan nhan ciia tdi pham la ca mdt chang dudng dai ma cdng ly thi gidi da dgt dugc nhiing thanh qua quan trgng. Mdt xu thi van minh dang diln tien dd la viec can bdng vl quyen cua nan nhan cua tdi pham va quyin ciia ngudi bi kit tdi ttong mdt he thdng tu phap "khdng chi thuoc ve ngu&i phgm tdi md cdn cua ngu&i bl tdi phgm xdm hgi" [18, tt.329-332]. Viec loai bd nan nhan ra khdi td ttmg hinh sy da la van de cua qua khir rdi, Chi kbi he thong ta phap dat dugc kha nang gin giir cdng bdng giua ngn nhan cua tdi pham va ngudi pham tdi thi dd mdi la he thdng m phap thyc sy. Day chinh la thach thiic ma nan nhan hgc phai doi mat.

Tdm Id:^ ddi vdi bat ky qudc gia nao. -dyng hethdng phap luat va thyc thi pbiV vdi sy ket hgp cua cac co quan nha r\y r

NK. Hdi / Tap chi Khoa hoc DHQGHN: Lugl hoc. Tgp 34. So 2 (2018) 84-97

thilt chi xa hdi khac ma ttong dd cac nhu cau va quyin ciia nan nhan cua tdi pham dugc quan tam thich dang thi trade bet can dao tgo ngudn nhan lyc cd kiln thiic nen tang va chuyen sau vl ngn nhan cua tdi pham. Ndi dung dao tgo nay da dugc mdt sd qudc gia trien khai ttong cac chuang trinh dao tao nhu mdt ndi dung thudc tdi phgm hpc, tham chi phat trien dgc lap chuang trinh dao tao thgc sy vl ngn nhan hgc vdi bdn nhdm ttgng tam: 1) Nhiing nghien ciiu nin tang ve nan nhan hpc (nhap mdn, gidi thieu phuang phap nghien cuu, trang bi kien thuc lugt hinh sy, td tung hinh sy, Iuat dan sy cho cac nha ngn nhan hpc); 2) Nan nhan hda - cac tinh hudng, cac nguyen nhan va cac giai phap; 3) Quyen va dia vi phap ly cua ngn nhan; va 4) Trg giiip va Iuat su cho ngn nhan [19, tt.303].

Tai lifu tham khao

[1] Victiramoiogy (Sixth Edition) (2012), Villiam G.Doeraer and Steven P.Lab Anderson, Publishing (Elsevier) USA.

[2] Andrew Karmen (2013). Crime Victims - An Introduction to Victimology, Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, USA.

[3] Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power (UN Genera! Assembly resolution 40/34 of 29 November 1985, Annex A),

[4] Gerd Ferdinand Kirchhoff, What is Victimology?. Monograph SenesNo.l. Seibundo Publishing. Japan. 2005

[5] Stephen Schafer: The Victim and His Criminal. New York: Random House. 1968.

[6] HacTHaaKpHMHHOJionifl, riofl. pea-lUecxaKOBfl.A. CaHKrU, 2007.

[7] [Frank Schmalleger and Rebecca Volk (2005). Canadian Criminology Today: Theories and Applications (Second Edition). Pearson Pretice Hall. Toronto

[8] Handbook on Criminal Justice Responses to Terrorism. United Nations. New York. 2009.

[9] Universal Declaration of Human Rights, article 8; Declaration on the Protection of All Persons

from Bemg Subjected to Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (UN General Assembly resolution 3452 (XXX), annex), article 11

[10] Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power (UN General Assembly resolution 40/34 of 29 November 1985).

[II] Raising the Global Standards for Victims: The proposed Convention on Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power Seibundo Publishing. John P J. Dusich and Kieran G. Mundy edited, Tokyo, Japan. 2009.

[12] Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of Intemational Human Rights Law and Serious Violations of Intemational Humanitarian Law (UN General Assembly resolution 60/147 of 16 December 2005).

[13] United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, articles 24 and 25; United Nations Convention against Corruption, article 32.

[14] Establishing Victimology, Festschrift for ProfDr.Gerd Ferdinand Kirchhoff. 30* Anniversary of Dubrovnik Victimology Course, Peter Schafer, Elinar Weitekamp

[15] Villiam G.Doemer and Steven P.Lab (2012), Victimmology (Sixth Edition), Anderson Publishing (Elsevier) USA.

[16] Gerd Ferdinand Kirchhoff. What is Victimology?. Monograph Series No.l Seibundo Publishing Co ,Ltd. Japan. 2005,

[17] Victimology and Human Security: New Horizons Selection of papers presented at the 13"' International Syposium on Victmiology, 2009, Mito, Japan. Morosawa, Hidemichi Dusich, John J.P, Kirchhoff, Gerd Ferdmand, Wolf Legal Publishers, The Netheriands.

[18] Marquart, J. W. (2005). Editorial introduction: Bringing victims m, but how far'? Criminology & Public Policy, 4.

[19] The Study of Victimology -Basic considerations for the study of theoretical victimology Gerd Ferdinand Kirchhoff and Hidemichi Morosawa, (Victimization in a muhi-disciplinaiy key Recent advances in victimology). Wolf Legal Publishers. The Netherlands. 2009.

N.K. Hdi / Tap chi Khoa hgc DHQGHN:Lugt hgc. Tap 34 SS 2 (2018) 84-97 91

Victim of Crime

Nguyen Khac Hai

VNU School of Law. 144 Xuan Thuy, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam

Abstract: The research clarifies basic issues related to victim of crime as a social and legal phenomenon. This study defines victim of cnme, analyses victimization and its causes based on the theories as lifestyle model, routine activity approach and opportunity. Besides, the article studies the intemational standards and the rights of victims like access to justice and fair tteatment, restitution, compensation, and assistance. The role of victim of crime in the criminal justice system and government's responsibility are also the core issues discussed in the research.

Keywords: Victimof crime, victimology, victimization, rights of victim of crime.