South Sudan Conflict South Sudan Conflict 2013-142013-14

Sudan: Colonial Country Sudan: Colonial Country from British to Egypt from British to Egypt and Independenceand Independence

Capital: KhartoumSudan: Two main Divisions:1: Muslim (Arab)2: Christens 3: Other Tribes

Sudan: Brief Sudan: Brief Information Information

Republic of Sudan gained independence in 1955 from British.

Sudan have 600 ethnics groups and 400 languages.

Sudan Population was 37,894,000 (37-millions)  in 2005.

Sudan consist on mainly based to religious groups 1: North Muslims 2: South Christens

Sudan economy mainly consist on:1: Agriculture 2: Oil (1978) South Sudan (currently).

Sudan: First Conflict (LIC) Sudan: First Conflict (LIC) 1955-19721955-1972

Sudan 1958 - General Abboud leads military coup against the civilian government elected earlier in the year.

1962 - Civil war begins in the south, led by the Anya Nya movement and later Anya Nya I, II.

By 1969, Anya Nya (means autonomy) controlled most of southern Sudan.

1964 - The "October Revolution" overthrows Abbud and an Islamist-led government is established.

1969 - Jaafar Numeiri leads the "May Revolution" military coup.

1971 - Sudanese Communist Party leaders executed after short-lived coup against Numeiry.

1972-Sudanees measure of autonomy for southern Sudan in a peace agreement signed in Addis Ababa.

Sudan: Second Sudan: Second (HIC)1978(83)-2005(HIC)1978(83)-2005Discovery of Oil in Sudan1983 - Fighting breaks out again between north and south Sudan.

1984- High intensity Conflict killed thousdans.

2005-Ceases fired occurred on basis of a power-sharing government involving rebels in Khartoum and a south Sudanese referendum on independence in six years' time.

2005- August - South Sudanese leader John Garang is killed in a plane crash.

Fights break in South and North Sudan killed hundreds.

2009- Leaders of North and South reach deal on terms of referendum on independence due in South by 2011

Sudanese Army1: President Omar Bashir2: Muslims Arabs3: External Supporters

Sudan: Civil War major Sudan: Civil War major playersplayers

Govt of Sudan

SPLMSudan Peoples Liberation Movement

Sudan Peoples Liberation Movement (South Sudan)1: John Garang (killed)2: Salva Kiir Mayardiit3: Ethnic Tribes4: Christen Arabs4: External Supporters

Sudan: Waste of civil Sudan: Waste of civil war war

The war ended with the 1972 Addis Ababa Agreement between SSLM and GOS.

1972 - Under the Addis Ababa peace agreement between the government and the Anya Nya, the south becomes a self-governing region.

Conflict costs 1.5 million peoples life and 195,000  Refugees.

Major Legal and Health institutes became destroyed or lost there worth.

Sudan Purchased more than 1 million weapons each year. According to UN-16000 thousands Children joined Army and

rebels. Community: Lost confidence and more divide among each other. Society: Became more divisions and violence is become part

of society. Increased of poverty and decreased of tolerance, harmony,

trust.

Sudan: Root causes of Sudan: Root causes of ConflictConflict

Sudan Conflicts: 1955-2005

1: Colonial partition.2: Inequality. 3: Inappropriate power division3: Religious ideologies.4: External involvements.

1: Lacked of Good Governance.2: Lacked of Rule of Law.3: No involvement decision making.4:Lack of functional Institutes.5: Imposed of new laws (WCP-1983)6: Discrimination7:Poverty . (Specific areas).8: Insecurity Increased.

Through Iceberg Model

Events

Patterns & Structures

Mental Model1: Insecurity 2: More Divisions3: Civil Unrest4: Lack of Devlop5: Civil War

1: Oppression2: Justice

Sudan: Failure of national Sudan: Failure of national Institutions and Regional Institutions and Regional Institute and International Peace Institute and International Peace makermakerSudan Govt-Civil

War-19621: Sudan National Assembly2: Political Parties3: National Peace Movements

Regional Institutions 1968-20141: African Union2: Arab League 3: Neighbor Countries

1: Jaafar Numeiri (President)1st Peace Agreement 1972-83

International Peace Keepers

1: UN2: Organization of Islamic Countries(Role of International Community)3: US 4: Russia5: China

Peace Building at local level

1: Local Peace Movements2: Mid level Peace Actors3: Gross Root level

Sudan: End of Civil Sudan: End of Civil war war

Sudan GovernmentSudan Peoples Liberation Movement

Peace Solution at locally1: Agreed Referendum 20052:Accepted by Both Sides 20113: South Sudan achieved 9th July 2011

South Sudan: Conflict-11-14•Independence from Sudan in 2011Population: approx. 10.8m –Capital: Juba •Major ethnic groups: Dinka (approx 15%), Nuer (approx 10%)

•One of the world's most underdeveloped with little existing infrastructure, but third-largest oil reserves in Sub-Saharan Africa.

•Conflict between nomadic tribes in Sudan is common, with fights over scarce resources, including grazing land, cattle and drinking water.

South Sudan: Refugees and IDP Issues

Republic South Sudan: Republic South Sudan: Common InformationCommon Information

President: Salya Kiir 2011-2014( Ex Leader of Sudan Peoples Liberation Movement)Tribe: Dinka

Voice President: Dr Riek Machar 2011-2013(Ex member: Sudan Peoples Liberation Movement )(Current: South Sudan Liberation Movement)Tribe: Nuer

South Sudan: Ethnic South Sudan: Ethnic tribestribes

South Sudan : Conflict with Sudan

South Sudan: Border Conflict on Oil fields.Conflict causes: Killed thousands peoples. 2011 June - Governments of north and south Sudan sign accord to demilitarize the disputed Abyei region and let in an Ethiopian peacekeeping force.2012 April - After weeks of border fighting, South Sudan troops temporarily occupy the oil field and border town of Heglig before being repulsed.2013- Sudan and South Sudan resolved border issued.

South Sudan: Internal South Sudan: Internal Conflict 2013-14Conflict 2013-14

2013 July - President Kiir dismisses entire cabinet and Vice-President Riek Machar in a power struggle within the governing Sudan People's Liberation Movement.

2013 December - Fighting erupts between government troops and rebel factions, who temporarily seize control of several regional towns. Thousands are killed and many more flee.

President Kiir alleged that his former vice-president had instigated a failed coup. The accusation sparked clashes between rival army factions in which hundreds of people died

2014 January - A ceasefire is signed but broken several times over subsequent weeks, and further talks in February fail to end the violence that displaces more than a million people by April.

2014 April - UN says pro-Machar forces sack the oil town of Bentiu, killing hundreds of civilians

South Sudan: Some South Sudan: Some pictures pictures

South Sudan: Conflict as South Sudan: Conflict as opportunityopportunityBut: Lesson not learnt by But: Lesson not learnt by South SudanSouth Sudan

Conflict as opportunity1: Reason of Conflict2: Causes of Conflict3: Oppression 4: Dynamic of Conflict5: Conflict Transformation5: Future avoid of Conflict6: Mutual Policy to resolve any conflict.

Causes of Republic South Sudan Conflict

1: 64 Tribes with different dialects.2: Christen is also majority religion.3:Most of South believed Tribal Identity.4: Lack and poor infrastructure.5: Lack of Good Governance.6: Pending issues of Past (Equity, Equality).7: Language issues- Lack of Security 8: Nepotism 9: Dominance of Tribes (Dinka-Nuer).10: Corruption- lack fair opportunities 11: Discrimination – lack of Development 12:Power struggle among Government actors.13:After huge suffering still wining war with violence.

Multitrack conflict resolution

Topleaders

MiddleLevel leadersEmbedded

partiesGrassroots Track III

InternationalNGOs, churches,Academics,Private business

Track II

UN, internationaland regional OrganizationsGovernments International financialinstitutions

Track I

Track I: Negotiation, peace – keeping, arbitration, peace support, mediation withmuscle. Exchange and threat power dominate.Track II: Good offices, conciliation, pure mediation, problem – solving. Integrative and exchange power dominate.Track III: Peace constituencies within the conflict, building social cohesion, commonground. Integrative and exchange power dominate

South Sudan: Actors and approaches to peace building in future.

Top leaders

Middle – levelleaders

Grass – roots leadersLocal peacecommissions

Problem – solving

High levelnegotiations

Society

Win-WinEngage in dialogue

Find root causes and solution of conflict

South Sudan: Conflict Model and solution

Conflict causes + Solutions

Oppression with Force

Dialogue and listen. Solution and Resolution

ThanksQuestion and Answer

Peace is always Beautiful:

References:

http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14069082https://soundcloud.com/bbc-world-service/newshour-fears-grow-for-thehttp://blog.ncladvocacy.org/2009/10/strategic-partnering_mlt/http://www.cmi.no/sudan/doc/?id=1305http://southsudan.net/theroot.htmlhttp://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article50382http://www.unhcr.org/pages/4e43cb466.htmlhttps://www.transcend.org/tms/2011/02/conflict-and-violence-in-africa-causes-sources-and-types/http://www.ossrea.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=264http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article49383http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/studentshttp://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2013/12/real-reasons-behind-south-sudan-crisis-2013122784119779562.html