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Moving towards net zero energy buildings in the European Union
Nils Larsson
Executive Director, iiSBE, the International Initiative for a Sustainable Built Environment
21 January 2015!
■ An international non-profit organization whose members are mainly academics and researchers;
■ Focus on guiding the international construction industry towards sustainable building practices;
■ 425+ members;
■ International iiSBE is managed from Ottawa; ■ Local chapters exist in Austria, Czech Republic, Israel, Italy, Korea,
Malta, Portugal, Spain, Taiwan and Izmir (Turkey); ■ Main activities: SB conference series, SB Challenge, IDP, Zero
Net Energy working group.
■ Luis Bragança (Portugal) is President, Nils Larsson is XD. ■ see www.iisbe.org, www.sbconferences.org and
http://iisbecanada.ca
iiSBE at a glance!
This presentation will provide an overview of policies and measures taken in Europe to improve the energy efficiency of buildings, and then to assess future directions, towards net zero energy buildings and cost optimality.
Purpose!
■ European initiatives are being made on a wide front, including policy development, government support, research, legislation, regulations, financial support, evaluation, certification, monitoring, communication, training and education.
■ One of the interesting features of European initiatives is the clear recognition of the need to follow different approaches in different regions.
Approach!
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§ Directives specify certain end results that must be achieved in every Member State.
§ National authorities have to adapt their laws to meet these goals, but are free to decide how to do so.
§ Each directive specifies the date by which the national laws must be adapted - giving national authorities the room for manoeuvre within the deadlines necessary to take account of differing national situations.
§ EU Directives serve to bring different national laws into line with each other, and are particularly common in matters affecting the operation of the single market.
EU Directives
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§ The Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (Directive 2002/91/EC,EPBD), first published in 2002, required all EU countries to enhance their building regulations and to introduce energy certification schemes for buildings.
§ All countries were also required to have inspections of boilers and air-conditioners.
EPBD, the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive
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§ To support EU countries in this task, the Concerted Action (CA) EPBD was launched by the European Commission to promote dialogue and exchange of best practice between them;
§ The key aim was to enhance the sharing of information and experience from national adoption and implementation;
§ The original Concerted Action EPBD came to a close in June 2007, but, with an implementation deadline of 2009 for Certification and Inspections, a second phase running until 2010 was launched immediately after the end of the first Concerted Action.
EPBD, the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive
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§ This is binding legislation which aims to ensure that the European Union will meets its ambitious climate and energy targets by 2020;
§ The objectives are to show commitment to a low-carbon economy and to promote “green” growth and jobs;
§ The targets, known as the "20-20-20" targets, set three key objectives for 2020: § A 20% reduction in EU greenhouse gas emissions from 1990
levels
§ Raising the share of EU energy consumption produced from renewable resources to 20% (note that this is being raised)
§ A 20% improvement in the EU's energy efficiency.
The Climate and Energy Package
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§ Reform of the EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS): The EU ETS is the key tool for cutting industrial greenhouse gas emissions most cost-effectively.
§ National targets for non-EU ETS emissions such as housing, agriculture, waste and transport (excluding aviation). Around 60% of the EU's total emissions come from these sectors.
§ National renewable energy targets: Under the Renewable Energy Directive, Member States have taken on binding national targets for raising the share of renewable energy in their energy consumption by 2020.
§ Carbon capture and storage: a legal framework for the environmentally safe use of carbon capture and storage technologies.
The Climate and Energy Package: Four related measures
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§ Moving towards nearly-zero energy status for new and retrofitted buildings by 2020;
§ The target date is 2018 in the case of Public buildings, since the public sector should lead by example;
§ Application of a cost-optimal methodology for setting minimum requirements for both building envelopes and technical systems;
§ Cost-optimal level is specified in Art. 2.14 of the EPBD recast as “the energy performance level which leads to the lowest cost during the estimated economic lifecycle”.
§ Member States will have to justify to the Commission any gap between current requirements and cost optimal requirements that exceed 15%.
The Recast EPBD in 2010 (Directive 2010/31/EU) Main measures include:
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§ A nearly zero-energy building is defined in Article 2 of the EPBD recast as “a building that has a very high energy performance. The nearly zero or very low amount of energy required should be covered to a very significant extent by energy from renewable sources, including energy from renewable sources produced on-site or nearby”.
§ It should be noted that this definition does not state whether it is applicable to the operating phase or also embodied energy during construction phase, but it has been interpreted as being for operational phase only.
The Recast EPBD in 2010 (Directive 2010/31/EU) Definition of nearly-zero buildings
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§ The EED was brought into force on 4 December 2012, and EU states must implement it by 05 June 2014;
§ The EED introduces binding measures for energy efficiency on the public sector and industry and covers the entire energy chain from generation and transmission to end use;
§ Renovation of buildings is a key issue;
§ The EED requires EU member states to establish a long-term strategies for investment in the renovation of residential and commercial buildings with the aim of improving their energy efficiency;
§ Public bodies will be required lead by example in ensuring that 3% of the total floor areas of heated or cooled buildings that are owned by national governments are renovated each year to meet the minimum energy performance requirements.
The Energy Efficiency Directive (EED, 2012/27/EU)
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§ Each member state will be required to set up an energy efficiency obligation scheme to ensure that certain energy distributors and retail energy sales companies achieve a cumulative end-use energy savings target by the end of 2020 (or take other policy measures to achieve energy savings).
§ Each member state is required to promote energy audits;
§ All large enterprises will be subject to independent and cost effective energy audits to be reported at least every four years;
§ Small and medium sized enterprises and enterprises implementing an energy or environmental management system will be exempt;
§ By 2015, member states will be required to carry out and notify to the European Commission a comprehensive assessment of the potential for high efficiency co-generation and efficient district heating and cooling.
The Energy Efficiency Directive Energy suppliers, regulatory authorities, energy audits
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§ The EU framework on climate and energy for 2030 is committed to reducing, by 2030, EU domestic greenhouse gas emissions by 40% when compared with the 1990 level and 25% reduction in energy consumption;!
§ This target will ensure that EU is on the cost-effective track towards meeting its objective of cutting emissions by at least 80% by 2050;!
§ The Commission also proposes an objective of increasing the share of renewable energy to at least 27% of the EU's energy consumption by 2030;!
§ Training of professionals will be an important part of the measures required to reach these targets.!
New targets for 2030 and 2050
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European experience at the macro level
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EEA Trends 2013
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EEA Trends 2013
Renewable Energy technologies historic and expected contributions
Millions of tonnes of oil equivalent
Solid biomass (heat)
Offshore wind
Onshore wind
Hydro
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Renewables in Europe as a percent of all power generation
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Performance certification
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UK Energy Performance Certificate for non-residential buildings in England & Wales as of 2013!
Source: Implementing the Energy Performance of EPBD, 2013
An Energy Performance Certificate (EPC), or asset rating, models the theoretical, as designed, energy efficiency of a particular building, based on the performance potential of the building itself (the fabric) and its services (such as heating, ventilation and lighting), compared to a benchmark.
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UK Energy Performance Certificate for residential buildings in England & Wales as of 2013!
Source: Implementing the Energy Performance of EPBD, 2013
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Display Energy Certificate - UK!
Source: Carbon Trust and www.communities.gov.uk
A Display Energy Certificate (DEC), or operational rating, records the actual CO2 emissions from a building over the course of a year, and benchmarks them against buildings of similar use.
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Certification regulations and compliance
Source: Implementing the Energy Performance of EPBD, 2013
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Near Zero, Zero, Net zero and Net positive buildings
■ A net-zero energy building is defined in the recast EPBD as … a building that has a very high energy performance… The nearly zero or very low amount of energy required should be covered to a very significant extent by energy from renewable sources, including energy from renewable sources produced on site or nearby;
■ The recast EPBD also states that Member States shall draw up national plans for increasing the number of nearly-zero energy buildings.
■ From a total of 19 countries that provided information in March 2013, six have their nZEB application fixed in a legal document and another six have the application ready but not yet legally fixed.
nZEB!
Source: Implementing the Energy Performance of EPBD, 2013
■ A recent review indicates that there is a large degree of variation in how the definition is implemented. Examples of the energy aspects to be covered include:
■ Cooling in 18 MS (member states) for non-residential buildings and in 17 for residential buildings..
■ Ventilation in all 19 MS for non-residential buildings, while in 17 MS for residential. The other 2 MS use a simplified calculation procedure that does not distinguish between natural and mechanical ventilation, with or without heat recovery…
■ Energy for lifts and exterior lights is calculated in 1 MS for non-residential buildings…
nZEB! Source: Implementing the Energy Performance of EPBD, 2013
■ All but 2 MS will use primary energy as the main indicator, These 2 countries will use either CO2 emissions as the sole indicator or base their energy requirements on measured energy that will not be multiplied by a primary energy factor.
■ Concerning the type of EP requirements… 10 MS will use fixed values, 6 MS will use fixed values with allowances for certain usages or integration of cooling systems in buildings, 5 will use mirror baseline buildings and 3 will use a combination of the two types.
■ Note that most definitions relate to operating and not life-cycle energy or emissions;
■ This ignores the very high levels of embodied energy and emissions that may result from high-performance designs and advanced systems;
■ The only thing that really matters is life-cycle GHG emissions.
nZEB! Source: Implementing the Energy Performance of EPBD, 2013
Implementation timeline for nZEB!
Source: Implementing the Energy Performance of EPBD, 2013
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Cost optimality
■ An issue of increasing importance is the question of cost optimality;
■ It is technically possible to design and build a few high-performance project, including nZEB, but is it financially feasible and realistic to suggest that this should be done on a large scale?
■ The recast EPBD states that… MS shall calculate cost-optimal levels of minimum (primary) energy performance requirements using the new comparative methodology framework and compare the results of this calculation with the minimum energy performance requirements in force.
■ The cost-optimal level is… the energy performance level which leads to the lowest cost during the estimated economic life-cycle.
(but note that in this definition, life-cycle is taken to be the operational life cycle).
Cost optimality! Source: Implementing the Energy Performance of EPBD, 2013
■ The methodology requires MS to: ■ Define reference buildings that are characteristic and representative of
their functionality and climate conditions. The reference buildings must be representative of residential and non-residential buildings, both new and existing…
■ Assess the final and primary energy need of the reference buildings as well as that of the reference buildings with their defined energy efficiency measures applied;
■ Calculate the costs (i.e. the NPV) of the energy efficiency measures during the expected economic life cycle applied to the reference buildings, taking into account investment costs, maintenance and operating costs as well as earnings from the energy produced;
■ Either a component or whole-building approach can be used;
■ Due to the diversity of the building stock, 184 reference building models were established for the Netherlands.
Cost optimality! Source: Implementing the Energy Performance of EPBD, 2013
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Source: Implementing the Energy Performance of EPBD, 2013
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Source: Cost optimality and nZEB target in building renovation of Portugese residential buildings; Manuela Almeida, Marco Ferreira Ana Rodrigues and Luis Bragança, 06 March, 2014
■ With regard to net zero buildings, the European approach is very logical in including cost optimality as part of the equation;
■ But it is interesting that most work in Europe, as in North America, covers only the operating part of the life cycle, whereas a total life-cycle approach, including the construction phase and embodied energy associated with it, would seem most logical;
■ This is, of course more difficult to deal with, but since performance is to a certain extent a trade-off between more embodied energy and emissions in return for lower operating energy and emissions, it would seem to be a worthwhile goal;
Conclusions!
Logical next steps would also include consideration of multi-building and inter-system synergies that can be gained in small urban zones.
Conclusions!
■ Despite problems, Europe is leading the way in the widespread implementation of building energy efficiency;
■ Advances are being made on a wide front, including policy development, research, legislation, regulations, financial support, evaluation, certification, monitoring, communication, training and education;
■ It is worthwhile to emulate these approaches, although the technical resources and mature government systems of Europe give them a head start.
Conclusions!
