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25, Thyagraj Nagar Market, Near Thyagraj Stadium, New Delhi - 110003Phone: +91-11-24617837 l Mobile: 9312700599 Email: [email protected]
www.thepoultrypunch.comMONT
HLY
November 30, 2019 Volume 36 No. 1 130 Pages Including Cover
Month, November 2019, RNI No.: 42917/84
Edited, Printed, Published & Owned by: B.S. Rana, 25 Thyagraj Nagar Market, New Delhi-110003and Printed at A.M. Offseters - 1810/1, Giani Bazar, Kotla Mubarakpur, New Delh-110003 2 November, 2019
Rs. 60/-
25, Thyagraj Nagar Market, Near Thyagraj Stadium, New Delhi - 110003Phone: +91-11-24617837 l Mobile: 9312700599 Email: [email protected]
www.thepoultrypunch.comMONT
HLY
November 30, 2019 Volume 36 No. 1 130 Pages Including Cover
Month, November 2019, RNI No.: 42917/84
Edited, Printed, Published & Owned by: B.S. Rana, 25 Thyagraj Nagar Market, New Delhi-110003and Printed at A.M. Offseters - 1810/1, Giani Bazar, Kotla Mubarakpur, New Delh-110003 2 November, 2019
Rs. 60/-
3 November, 2019 4 November, 2019
3 November, 2019 4 November, 2019
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POULTRY PUNCH may not necessarily subscribe to the views expressed in the advertisements and articles published herein - Editor
Vesper celebrates 42nd......................................................................................... 16
Biochem Pharma forays ........................................................................................ 18
BIOCHEM PHARMA ................................................................................................ 20
IMSA conducts ........................................................................................................ 22
Lumis enzymes Peru .............................................................................................. 26
Lumis enzymes South America ............................................................................ 28
Poultry industry requests ...................................................................................... 30
Joe Louie Christo Strengthens ............................................................................. 32
Rossari Animal ....................................................................................................... 34
PROSPECTS OF BACKYARD ................................................................................ 40
Rodent Control ....................................................................................................... 50
BENEFITS OF CHELATED ..................................................................................... 56
GOOD BROODING MANAGEMENT ....................................................................... 68
Importance of calcium ........................................................................................... 72
POULTRY COCCIDIOSIS ........................................................................................ 74
SPECIFIC PATHOGEN ............................................................................................ 78
SOME IMPORTANT ZOONOTIC ............................................................................. 88
NUTRITIONAL VALUE ............................................................................................ 94
KADAKNATH POULTRY ....................................................................................... 100
Importance of Synbiotic ....................................................................................... 104
COMPARATIVE STUDY ........................................................................................ 108
“Best practices to ameliorate .............................................................................. 114
Improve your feed conditioning .......................................................................... 126
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* * * *
B. S. RANA
Editor & Publisher
Yogesh Kumar
Associate Editor
Ms Shalini
Magazine Planning
* * * *
EDITORIAL BOARD
Dr. S.V.S.Verma Izatnagar
Dr. D. Narahari Chennai
Dr. R. N. Sreenivas Gowda Bangalore
Dr. K.L. Sapra Punjab
Dr. D. Sapcota Assam
Dr. M. M. Chaudhari Aurangabad
Dr. B G Mane Palampur (HP)
Dr. A. A. Khan (Srinagar) J & K
Dr. M. M. Chawak Pune
Dr. Niranjan Kalita Assam
Dr. Jyoti Palod Pantnagar
Dr. Vivek Bharadwaj
Dr. Amandeep Singh Bareilly, UP
* * * *
VAISHALI Administration
PANKAJ RANA Sales Manager
Vol.XXXVI No. 1 November 30, 2019
25, THYAGRAJ NAGAR MARKET, NEW DELHI-110 003, INDIATEL. OFF: 011-24694539, RES: 011-24617837E-mail : ppunch@ rediffmail.com, [email protected] : www.thepoultrypunch.com
POULTRYPUNCHMONTHLY
News in this issue
Articla in this issue
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Now get POULTRY PUNCH MAGAZINE at your finger tips. The mobile application has been developed and you can download it from PLAY STORE in your mobile simply by typing THE POULTRY PUNCH and then install it in your mobile. Now when you click on the The Poultry Punch icon, you can go through the entire soft copy of the magazine in one go.This way you can keep yourself updated on the latest know-how on poultry. The news and articles displayed are very informative.
ThanksB.S. RANA
25, Thyag Raj Nagar Market, New Delhi – 110003 - INDIAPhone: 011 24694539, 24617837 Mobile: +919312700599
Email: ppunch@rediffmail .com / [email protected] - www.thepoultrypunch.com
Attention Readers
EDITORIALPOULTRY CARE IN WINTER SEASON
All warm blooded animals face the wrath of the changing climates and it becomes extremely essential to manage the surrounding environment. So poultry too falls under the same category and demands maintenance of adequate temperature at the farm. Winter brings in various respiratory tract infections and most of them are known to cause high rate of mortality. The winter season calls for very precise adjustment of the temperature control system at the farm. These days most of the high end poultry farms have environmental controlled system, which takes care of the entire atmospheric conditions at the farm.
The vertical transfer of disease causing vectors, are rampant during the winter season, as the birds tend to huddle close to get the warmth. Every farm should employ a veterinarian to keep a close vigil on the farm. This will help recognize the onset of the disease before hand and ward off the probable mortality. The water supply inside the farm should be of adequate temperature, so that the bird may feel the ease of drinking water.
Apart from this, ventilation is another important aspect because the close environment maintained inside the farm due to lower temperature outside, will result in accumulation of gases in the farm. This gets more severe with the wet litter which results in emission of ammonia. Now ammonia accumulation inside the farm adversely affects the entire hygienic condition of the bird resulting in various diseases. Once again if the farm manager had opted for the environmentally controlled house, these problems could have been averted.
Even the nutrition should be designed with proper additives especially for winter and this can be done by consultation with nutritionists. This precise nutrition programme will help achieve the desired FCR, growth potential and general health of the bird. In India when we already of extremes of weather conditions, it becomes mandatory to ensure the comfortable atmospheric condition for all animals reared by humans.
-Editor
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NEWS
VESPER CELEBRATES 42ND FOUNDATION DAY AT BANGALORE
Bengaluru
Dr. Suresh Sharma (born on 24th July, 1948) a Veterinarian graduated from the Bengaluru Veterinary College in 1972 is the elder
son of Mr. P.N. Sharma an army officer from the Farm’s Corps of the RVC., who’s last posting was in Bengaluru, thereafter they settled there and started a Dairy Farm with 200 HF cows, in Village Singapura, Vidyaranyapura, Bengaluru.
Father and son managed the Dairy Farm for several years, then Dr. Suresh Sharma joined M/s Sarabhai, in the sales and marketing of veterinary products division where he sharpened his marketing skills and public relations, later decided to start VESPER PHARMACEUTICALS.
He has great insight, knowledge and logical approach to medicine, drug molecules and treatment practices. His sense of wit kept him apart and he has earned healthy respect from all in the poultry industry. He was proudly called as Toxol-Man by Dr. B.V. Rao, Chairman of Venkateshwara Hatcheries.
Dr. Suresh Sharma at very young age took a daring step as a veterinarian to set up “Vesper Pharmaceuticals” on 25th October, 1978. The growth of “VESPER” has been phenomenal and since 1978 it has grown nationally and internationally. Continuous improvement, proactive practice, innovative products catering to variety of needs with no compromise in quality, are the key ingredients for “Vesper Group’s” success.
On 25th Oct 2019, Vesper Group celebrated
its 42nd foundation day at Head Quarter Village Singapura - Bengaluru, which was attended by Vesper Group Managing Director Dr. Suresh Sharma, Madam Ruby Sharma (CEO), Madam Vijaya Sharma and other family members apart from office staff at Head Quarter office.
The celebration was a fun filled function with special cake cutting ceremony and launching of a new product, RC–Ves from Vesper Labs - Bengaluru.
Dr. Suresh Sharma is also a good cine actor and he has acted in many Kannada films and TV serials which are successful and popular in Karnataka. He received many awards for his acting skills.
Dr. Suresh Sharma is a veterinarian with visionary outlook, the watchword is Vision. Vision that catalyzes research creates products and cares for its poultry pharma industry.
In recognition of Dr. Suresh Sharma’s achievement and contribution to the veterinary profession, he was awarded “THE BEST VETERINARIAN”, awarded by Veterinary Association in the year 1991 for creating challenging products like Toxol, Immolyte, CMI Plus, Respiron, Thermocare, Protosol, and Zymolact for poultry industry.
Vesper Group’s products like Masticare, Gynaecare, Toxol Inj., Oxy-ves La, Scabisol Injection, Thermovet Injection. Pyrovet Injection etc., for cattle industry are all innovative products and in good demand.
Vesper Group also produces performance enhancing and health care products for Pets
and aqua (shrimps and fisheries). Today the Group has following Companies
under its umbrella:VESPER PHARMACEUTICALS (1978)- Poultry
Health Products Division, Aqua Products Division, Pet Products Division, Animal Health Products Division
Herbal Farma (1991) - Herbal Products for Poultry & Livestock
Orchid Spa Pvt. Ltd. (1993) - Antibiotics and De-wormers for poultry and Livestock.
Vesper Labs (2002) - Poultry Feed Supplements, Liquid orals, Toxin Binders, Growth promoters etc.
Spa Farma(2009) - Innovative feed supplements, Antibacterials for poultry and livestock.
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NEWS
� Mumbai
Biochem Pharma besides its pharmaceutical involvement has now opted for portfolio addition and has forayed into agriculture sector.
It signed MOU with Korean Company (CGS Co. LTD.) on 9th October 2019 at Hotel Grand Hayat-Mumbai, for launch of its patented products in India.
This giant step will open up business probabilities in the agriculture sector and add to the revenues and further consolidation of Biochem Pharma.
BIOCHEM PHARMA FORAYS INTO AGRICULTURE SECTOR
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NEWS
� Taipei, Taiwan
The annual Asia Agri-Tech Expo & Forum (AAT) is concurrently
held with Aquaculture Taiwan and Livestock Taiwan Expo & Forum. The 3rd edition took place at the Taipei Nangang Exhibition Center, Hall 1 from 31st Oct to 2nd Nov, 2019. There were almost 350 exhibitors hailing from more than 25 countries and attracted approximately 22,000 visitors from 40 countries.
BIOCHEM PHARMA PARTICIPATES IN TAIPEI ASIA
AGRI-TECH EXPO & FORUM
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NEWS
� Palampur:
A three day international symposium and conference of Indian Meat Science Association (IMSA) on “Advances in Production, Processing
and Quality Assurance of Muscle Foods for Improved Health and Nutritional Security” began at CSK H.P. Agriculture University on November 6-8,2019.
Chief Guest Dr Ram Lal Markanda, Minister of Agriculture, Tribal Development and Information Technology, Himachal Pradesh while inaugurating the conference, said that as envisaged by the Government, livestock
sector can play an important role in doubling the income of farmers. He said that processing of muscle foods from livestock, poultry and fish sector plays an important role in the economics, social and nutritional well being of people which is an important component in rural development and poverty alleviation. In India, the processing sector has been recognized as a potential arena for income and employment generation to over 48 million farmers and processors. These sectors also provide quality animal protein to the people and ensuring nutritional security.
With a value of export of fisheries, meat and poultry to a tune of about Rs. 60,000 crore, the processing of muscle foods from livestock, poultry and fish sector was playing a major role in stimulating and strengthening the economic growth of the nation.
Dr. Markanda drew the attention of scientists towards hygienic processing, value addition, effective utilization of by-products, modern preservation techniques, impact of climate change, quality and safety of muscle food. He asked them to develop strategies
IMSA CONDUCTS INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM AND CONFERENCE AT CSK HP
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NEWS
for multi-sectoral approaches for enhancing state of art technologies and innovations for processing of muscle food from livestock, poultry and fish. The Chief Guest also released some publications.
Dr Mandeep Sharma, Dean, Dr G.C.Negi College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, detailed about the major achievements of his college. He hoped that the conference outcomes will help future course of action in research, training and technology development in the muscle food processing sector.
Dr. S.K. Mendiratta,
President, IMSA, spoke on the activities of his association and the importance of the conference. He said that India was exporting meat to more than 70 countries.
Drs. Dinesh Krofa and B.G.Mane, organizing secretaries and Dr Devesh Thakur, Technical Secretary of the conference told that around hundred delegates from all over the country and some delegates from Nepal and Bangladesh were taking part in the conference.
University statutory officers, scientists and students also attended the inaugural ceremony of the conference.
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NEWS
LUMIS ENZYMESEXHIBITED IN LATIN AMERICAN POULTRY CONGRESS, PERU LUMIS ENZYMES
EXHIBITED IN LATIN AMERICAN POULTRY CONGRESS, PERU
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LUMIS ENZYMESEXHIBITED IN LATIN AMERICAN POULTRY CONGRESS, PERU
LUMIS ENZYMESEXHIBITED IN LATIN AMERICAN POULTRY CONGRESS, PERU
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EGG TRADERS STAGE PROTEST AT GORAKHPUR DM OFFICE
NEWS
LUMIS ENZYMESTECHNICAL SEMINAR IN SOUTH AMERICA
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NEWS
� New Delhi:
In the wake of chicken leg import, the Indian poultry sector requested the Indian Prime Minister to abstain from the reported move to reduce import duty on imported chicken legs from the current 100 per cent to 30 per
cent as it would adversely hit millions of poultry farmers as well as maize and soyabean farmers in the country.
The contribution of poultry products to the Indian GDP is estimated to be over Rs 1,00,000 crore per annum and India is the second largest producer of eggs in the world with production of 88 billion eggs per year and third largest in broilers and is the only country having a consistent growth in the agriculture and allied sector at 7-8 per cent per annum for the last three decades, it said.
“This sector generates direct employment to over 2 million small and marginal farmers in the rural villages and indirectly to over 5 million rural households,” said a statement issued by G Ranjith Reddy, President, Telangana Poultry Breeders Association (TPBA).
“Prime Minister of India is motivating the farmers to move towards non-crop activities such as poultry and other livestock products for better income to reduce pressure on land and
irrigation and in effort to double the farmers income. According to the media sources, under pressure from the US,
Government of India is being forced to reduce the duties on import of chicken legs from the prevailing rate of 100 per cent to 30 per cent along with Bourbon Whiskey and Harley Davidson Motorbikes,” Reddy, who is also an MP and CMD of SR Hatcheries Pvt Ltd, said.
He said this reduction in customs duty will not only destroy indian poultry industry but also the soyabean and maize growers as well as the poultry is the main consumer for maize and soya meal.
“....Maize and soya meal prices will crash and we cannot compete in international market for these crops due to lower price as a result of huge farm subsidies given in the US/ Brazil for maize and soyabean. This will badly affect the farming community defeating the objective of doubling farmers’ income,” he said.
In India, maize and soyabean are grown approximately 79 and 112 Lakh hectares respectively in kharif and this will cause huge unrest among farmers as there is no alternative crop for them, Reddy said.
WHO recommends consumption of eggs and chicken for addressing protein malnutrition and partial blindness prevailing widely amongst rural poor in India. India’s per capita consumption is only 68 eggs and 3.5 kgs chicken a year way below the National Institute of Nutrition recommendation of 180 Eggs and 11 kg chicken.
POULTRY INDUSTRY REQUESTS GOVERNMENT AGAINST
REDUCTION OF IMPORT DUTY ON CHICKEN LEGS
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NEWS
AVIAGEN INDIA HATCHERY OPERATIONS WITH SKILL AND KNOWLEDGE
JOE LOUIE CHRISTO STRENGTHENS
New Hatchery Operations Manager Joe Louie Christo
Nov 14, 2019 – Udumalpet, India. - Aviagen India® has named Joe Louie Christo as its new Hatchery Operations Manager. Based at Aviagen’s Elayamuthur campus, Joe will be responsible for all Aviagen hatcheries in
Tamil Nadu and Haryana, while also working closely with associate hatcheries at Central India Poultry Breeders and Hy-Line India.
Joe gained extensive experience with Ross® birds through his work over the past decade with Agrited Nigeria and Suguna Foods. In addition to a profound knowledge of hatchery operations, he brings an in-depth understanding of hatchery engineering and project management.
These qualities will benefit the company during its current phase of growth and development owing to the increasing popularity of the broiler breeder known locally as the “308 AP,” according to Aviagen India Business Manager Marc Scott. “Joe’s engineering background will add tremendous value as we complete the final stages of planning our new hatchery near Dindigul, which will feature the latest in hatchery automation, biosecurity and sophistication. We welcome Joe to the team and offer him our full support for success in his new role.”
When asked about his new role, Joe commented, “It’s great to become part of such a dynamic and growing company with many opportunities to make a difference. I look forward to contributing to the success of our customers by helping produce chicks with the highest standards of quality, biosecurity, health and welfare.”
About AviagenAviagen® is a global poultry breeding company that develops pedigree
lines for the production of commercial broiler chickens under the Arbor Acres®, Indian River®, and Ross® brand names. The Rowan Range® and Specialty Males® are specialty breeding stock from Aviagen that offer greater flexibility for customers to meet specific or niche market requirements. The company is based in Huntsville, Alabama, USA with a number of wholly-owned operations across the United Kingdom, Europe, Turkey, Latin America, India, Australia, New Zealand, and the U.S.A., and joint ventures in Asia. Aviagen employs more than 4,600 people and has a distribution network serving customers in more than 100 countries.
For further information, please visit www.aviagen.com.
When asked about his new role, Joe commented, “It’s great to become part of such a dynamic and growing company with many opportunities to make a difference. I look forward to contributing to the success of our customers by helping produce chicks with the highest standards of quality, biosecurity, health and welfare.”
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ARTICLE
Mumbai
Rossari Animal Health participated in following domestic & international trade expose conducted in 2019l VIV Asia - Bangkok, 13th -15th March 2019l POULTRY ENTREPRENEURSHIP SEMINAR &
EXPO - Kashmir, 29/06/2019l INTERNATIONAL POULTRY DAIRY LIVESTOCK
EXPO 2019 - Karnal, 9th-10th-11th Augustl DANANG LIVESTOCK EXPO ‘19- Danang
(Vietnam), 5th-6th-7th September 2019l BIHAR POULTRY & AQUA EXPO 2019- Patna,
25th-26th-27th September 2019l INDIA POULTRY EXPO- Gorakhpur, 18th-19th-
20th Oct 2019
ROSSARI ANIMAL HEALTH TRADE EVENT PARTICIPATION &
CUSTOMER ENGAGEMENT ACTIVITIES
BIHAR POULTRY & AQUA EXPO 2019- Patna, 25th-26th-27th September 2019
RAJAHMUNDRY TECHNICAL SEMINAR - 28th August 2019
POULTRY ENTREPRENEURSHIP SEMINAR & EXPO - Kashmir, 29th June 2019
Rossari Biotech Limited & Avitech Agro BD, Goa 20th Oct
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ARTICLE
Rossari’s stall at the mentioned events had been visited by several Indian as well as international eminent customers. The events provided an excellent opportunity to interact with various stakeholders of Poultry industry (Poultry farmers/breeders/integrators/consultants/channel partners) & discuss the Rossari Animal Health product solutions of Poultry Business for different farming situations & requirements. Rossari is determined, to establish its strong foot hold at Animal Health Industry in future with its quality products, customer services & participation in industry gatherings in form of such trade events.
Rossari also conducts small farmer meetings (SFM) and technical seminars across the
DANANG LIVESTOCK EXPO ‘19- Danang (Vietnam), 5th-6th-7th September 2019
DHAKA SEMINAR - Bangladesh, 26th September 2019
INDIA POULTRY EXPO - Gorakhpur, 18th to 20th Oct 2019
VIV Asia - Bangkok, 13th -15th March 2019
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ARTICLE
country with the purpose of educating poultry farmers and our stakeholders on various relevant topics as per the need of the day. These are interactive, knowledge sharing sessions and the speakers include veterinarians who are abreast with the recent developments in poultry industry. Numerous SFMs and Technical Seminars were conducted at various international and local platforms.
SFMs at Satara, Belgaum & Rasipuram
Mega Technical Seminars at Rajahmundry, Pattaya (Nutrico Seminar), Dhaka and Goa.
Brief Company Profile – Rossari Biotech Limited
Rossari Biotech Limited is one of the leading manufacturers of specialty Enzymes & Chemicals in India having businesses in the Human Pharmaceuticals, Animal Health and Nutrition, Textiles, Paper and Construction Chemicals. Founded way back in June 1997 with a humble beginning, Rossari is now a leading player in the Textile and Construction Chemicals businesses in India, rapidly growing at 25% annual CAGR
CLFMA - 22nd & 23rd August 2019
NUTRICO SEMINAR- Pattaya (Thailand) 12th-15th Sept 2019
Small Farmer Meeting - Rasipuram, 17th August 2019
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ARTICLE
POULTRY FARMING IN INDIAS. K. Joshi1*, J. Udgata1 and S. Sathapathy2
1Krishi Vigyan Kendra, OUAT, Jharsuguda - 7682022Department of Anatomy and Histology, C.V.Sc. and A.H., OUAT, Bhubaneswar – 751003
Introduction
Rural population living in India constitutes 72.22 per cent of the total population, which is predominantly occupied by the poor, marginal
farmers and landless labourers. Livestock and poultry sector provides the baseline of employment and earning to these people to raise their standard of living and thereby has a major contribution to India’s economy. Poultry as an important supplementary source of cash income is reared by about 89 percent of rural livestock householders. Poultry farming is widely possible in different agro-climatic environments, as fowls have marked physiological adaptability. It requires small space, less capital investment, also in poultry farming there is quick return and well distributed turn-over throughout the year, which makes it remunerative in rural as well as urban areas. Traditional backyard poultry production in India is practiced since time immemorial which was the primary source of animal protein and supplementary income for the down trodden rural poor and only source of poultry egg and meat for city dwellers before poultry industrialization. Importance of backyard poultry production has been globally recognized to overcome the worsening problems of poverty, hunger and malnutrition in developing countries. Poultry is one of the fastest growing segments of the agricultural sector in India today. While the production of agricultural crops has been rising at a rate of 1.5—2% per annum, that of eggs and broilers has been rising at a rate of 8—10% per annum. National annual consumption is 37 billion eggs and one billion broilers.
Backyard poultry production forms the basis for transforming the rural poultry sector from subsistence to a more economically productive base. Also, increased backyard poultry production would result in a positive impact on household food security both in terms of increased dietary intake as well as income
generation. Hence, increasing meat and egg production from backyard poultry has been a major concern of Government of India for many years and supported by various programmes to improve backyard poultry production. This has resulted in release of some important backyard poultry varieties viz., Debendra, Giriraja, Gramapriya, Krishna-J, Swarnadhara, Vanaraja etc.
Utility of Backyard Poultry FarmingBackyard poultry, a traditional system of
poultry keeping is a part of livestock rearing practiced by rural folks since time immemorial. It is a type of organic farming with no harmful residue in egg and meat. It is an eco-friendly approach. Further, these are very active in pest control, provide manure and required for special festivals and traditional ceremonies. Backyard poultry is advantageous as it provides supplementary income in shortest possible time with very minimum capital investment, simple in operation and ensures availability of egg and meat even in remote rural areas. As the local birds are used mostly, they got better adaptability and protect themselves from predators and diseases. Backyard poultry, due to its least demanding nature in terms of infrastructure has been widely accepted by the rural poor. Backyard poultry in India is characterized by small flock size consisting of 5-10 predominantly non-descript birds maintained in extensive system under zero or low input venture. It is characterized by indigenous night shelter, scavenging system with little supplementary feeding and natural hatching of chicks due to this the system auto-regenerates. Mainly local birds are reared although there are specific or specialized
PROSPECTS OF BACKYARD
Backyard poultry, a traditional system of poultry keeping is a part of livestock rearing practiced by rural folks since time immemorial. It is a type of organic farming with no harmful residue in egg and meat. It is an eco-friendly approach. Further, these are very active in pest control, provide manure and required for special festivals and traditional ceremonies. Backyard poultry is advantageous as it provides supplementary income in shortest possible time with very minimum capital investment, simple in operation and ensures availability of egg and meat even in remote rural areas.
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indigenous breeds in some areas. These breeds represent a rich source of disease resistant germplasm. The native chicken varieties adopted in free- range backyard conditions for centuries contribute about 11% of total egg production in India. In most of the cases, eggs produced are for home consumption or for limited trade within the village.
Backyard poultry production plays a vital role in rapid growth of economy. It provides livelihood security and availability of food to the family. Unemployed youth and women can also earn an income through poultry farming. Besides income generation, Rural backyard poultry provides the demand of nutrition supplementation in the form of valuable animal protein through meat and eggs to the rural families. It has also been noticed that the demand for rural backyard poultry is quite high in tribal areas.
Challenges in rural poultry farming in tribal areas
The native chicken varieties adopted in the free range backyard conditions in tribal areas have low productivity and their contribution to the total egg output is almost static for the last few decades. Therefore, the consumption of eggs in the tribal areas is far below the national average across the country. Increasing the genetic potential of the local chicken varieties greatly helps in increasing the availability of poultry products in tribal areas. The chicken varieties being used in the intensive poultry farming cannot survive in free-range, where the disease challenge is high, climatic variations are harsh and adverse and vary greatly from place to place and season to season. Adapting the intensive poultry farming in small scale in tribal areas may not be economically viable due to limitations in management, high input cost and non-availability of inputs in rural/ tribal areas. However, due to non-availability of poultry products, the prices are up to double in tribal areas compared to those prevailing in the other part of the country. Therefore, it is necessary to popularize suitable chicken varieties, which can thrive in backyard free-range conditions without expensive inputs like commercial feed, supplement and medicine etc. Predator menace, harsh and diversified climatic conditions, diseases, consumer preferences, lack of commercial feed etc. are some of the major issues, which need attention while popularizing birds suitable for free range backyard farming.
Adapting rural poultry farming in backyards of household can ensure the the availability of eggs and meat in rural and under developed areas; which will heil in alleviating the incidence of protein deficiency particularly in tribal areas.
Management Backyard germplasm can scavenge well for its
feed in the fields (Table 2). During the process of scavenging on grass fields these birds will have an access to insects, white ants, green grass, grass seeds, waste grains etc, thereby the supplemental feed requirement is lesser than those reared under intensive poultry farming. Feed supplementation in the form of scratch usually given in the morning/evening to develop habit to reach owner’s place for laying eggs and for night shelter. Depending on the availability of free range area and also the intensity of vegetative growth, the requirement of supplemental feed varies between 25 and 50 g/bird/day. These birds can also perform well on whole grain feeding under scavenging conditions.
Free-range Poultry Farming Free range system is best adapted to
small- scale farmers who raise chicken for sale. Free-range extensive poultry farming (Fig. 1.2) is commonly practiced in Africa and Latin America. This low-cost free range system increases the commercial value of poultry. Under free-range conditions, the birds are not confined and can scavenge for food over a wide area. They are often kept in movable houses surrounded by fence. Their position is changed on a regular basis, so that the birds have access to a more or less constant supply of fresh green vegetation, with some insects, worms and other natural food. This is similar to systems in North America called Range Poultry or Pasture Poultry. Here, rudimentary shelters may be provided which may or may not be used by birds. The birds may perch outside, usually in trees and nest in the bush. As such, there is no practice of feeding not even handful of grains. The flock contains birds of different species and varying ages. The growth rate and egg production is very less. Usually, non-descript fowls are reared in this system. Extensive range poultry production requires more land and is usually part of a diversified operation with cattle, sheep, goat, pig, rabbit etc. Soil fertility is a major motivation and producers are able
to take advantage of the poultry manure to improve their pastures for ruminants.
Both backyard and free range systems are extensive system of rearing the poultry with many similarities between them which are as follows: • These are as such not an occupation but
a supplementary household activity to farmers.
• In both the conditions, the high yielding exotic varieties fail to give better results. So, the non-descript or crossbred fowls are used.
• Both systems of rearing are usually found in rural areas unlike commercial poultry which is more in peri-urban and urban areas.
Varieties Developed For Backyard Poultry Farming in India
In rural areas of India, chicken reared are mostly desi type with low egg and meat production and there is need of introduction of improved dual purpose bird having capacity to lay more eggs and gain higher body weight than the local or desi birds. Realizing the importance of backyard rural poultry farming (RPF) in India, several research organizations developed different backyard chicken varieties.
(A) Varieties developed by CARIFive important varieties of backyard poultry are developed by Central Avian Research Institute (CARI) which are detailed below:
(i) CARl Debendra This is a medium-sized dual-purpose bird
suitable for backyard rural poultry production system (Fig. 1). It was developed by crossing coloured synthetic broiler line as male line and Rhode Island Red (RIR) as female line at Central Avian Research Institute (CARI), Izatnagar – 243 122 (UP). The bird achieves moderate body weight of 1200 g at eight weeks of age with economic feed conversion ratio of 2.6. The meat has lower carcass and abdominal fat than broiler meat, which makes it a consumer’s delight. It is a suitable bird for rural poultry because of its better survivability and moderate egg production ability. From 100 Debendra birds under semi-scavenging system, 20000 brown-shelled eggs can be obtained per year with a net return of Rs. 25,000.
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Fig. 1: CARI Debendra
(ii) CARI NirbheekIt is a cross of Indian native breed Aseel with
CARI Red developed for free range as well as backyard poultry production (Fig. 2). These are very active birds, large in size, aggressive in nature with high stamina and majestic gait. They are able to save themselves from predators due to their fighting characters and activeness. They are also adopted to all climatic zones of the country for backyard production.
Fig. 2: CARI Nirbheek(iii) CARI Upcari
CARI Upcari has been developed utilizing Indian native chicken with Frizzle plumage (Fig. 3). These are multicoloured birds with single comb and medium body size. Presence of Frizzle plumage helps in fast dissipation of heat due to which birds are better adopted specially in tropical climate in arid zones under backyard production.
Fig. 3: CARI Upcari(iv) CARI Hitcari
This variety has been developed utilizing Indian native chicken with naked neck plumage, which are adapted to tropical climate especially for hot and humid coastal regions of the country. These multicoloured birds have single as well as pea comb and birds are larger in built (Fig. 4).
Fig. 4: CARI Hitcari(v) CARI Shyama
It is a cross of Kadaknath breed of Indian native chicken with CARI Red. Birds have plumage of various colours dominated by black
(Fig. 5). The skin, beak, shank, toes and soles are dark gray in colour. The peculiarity of this bird is that most of the internal organs (muscles and tissues) show the characteristics black pigmentation. The black colour of muscles and tissues is due to deposition of melanin pigment, which causes increase in protein and decrease of fat and muscle fibre.
Fig. 5: CARI Shyama(B) Giriraja and Swarnadhara
Giriraja and Swarnadhara varieties were developed by Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fishery Sciences University, Bangalore. The hybrid coloured chicken variety named Giriraja (Fig. 6) was developed for backyard rearing by College of Veterinary Science, Bangalore. The birds have a high egg production potential along with better growth compared to local varieties and are suited for mixed and backyard farming. Giriraja female lays about 130-150 eggs a year. Each egg weighs about 52-55 g. The eggs have a good hatchability (80-85 per cent) and enable the farmers to raise their own stock. Day-old chick weighs about 42-45g. The eggshell is brown in colour and thicker than that of other commercial eggs and does not break easily. The eggs are priced at a premium rate of Rs. 3 to 4 in the local market. For backyard rearing, a flock of five hens and one cock can be ideally grown. No special care is required to grow them. They can be raised as free roaming birds and can be fed with locally available materials. Being good scavengers, they feed on a variety of insects and green foliage. They can also be fed on farm and kitchen waste. The birds are resistant to many diseases except Ranikhet disease.
Swarnadhara chickens have a high egg production potential along with better growth compared to other local varieties and are suited for mixed and backyard farming. The bird can be reared for its eggs and meat. It attains maturity from the 22-23rd week after hatching. Hens attain a body weight of about 3 kg and cocks about 4 kg. “Swarnadhara hens lay about 180-190 eggs in a year. When compared to Giriraja, this breed yields 15-20 eggs more in a year. Swarnadhara breed (Fig. 7) is smaller in size
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when compared to Giriraja with a lighter body weight, which makes them easier to escape attacks from predators such as jungle cats and foxes. Each egg weighs about 55-60 g with good hatchability (80-85 per cent) and enable the farmers to raise their own stock. A day-old chick weighs about 35-40 g. The eggshell is brown in colour and thicker than that of other commercial eggs and does not break easily. The eggs can be stored for 8-10 days at room temperature during summer and during winter for about 15 days. The eggs are priced between Rs.3 and 5 in the local market. The birds are only layers and not brooders. The eggs have to be hatched by local brooder hens. For backyard rearing, a flock of five hens and one cock can be ideally grown. The birds are sturdy and have a high longevity. No special care is required to grow them. They can be raised as free roaming birds and can be fed with locally available materials. Being good scavengers, they feed on a variety of insects and green foliage. They can also be fed on farm and kitchen wastes. The birds are resistant to major diseases except New Castle disease. A pair of Swarnadhara chicken fetches an income of about Rs.920 a year through the sale of its eggs and meat. One-day-old chicks and eggs of this breed are priced at Rs. 9 and Rs. 5, respectively.
Fig 6. Giriraja
Fig 7. Swarnadhara
(C) VanarajaVanaraja is a choice bird for backyard farming
in rural and tribal areas developed by the Project Directorate on Poultry (PDP), Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh). It is a multi-coloured dual purpose bird with attractive plumage (Fig. 8). The male parent is a coloured cornish strain
and the female parent is a synthetic multi-coloured meat strain. The male parent has been developed for moderate juvenile body weight, long shanks and good immuno-competence. The female parent has been developed for high egg production, better egg size, high hatchability and immune competence. The plumage pattern and colour of Vanaraja bird is very attractive and closely resembles that of the desi fowl. It has better immune status against common poultry diseases and is adaptable to the backyard rearing. The general resistance to common poultry diseases and the ability to withstand adverse climatic conditions makes Vanaraja perform well in rural areas. Due to their relatively light weight and long shanks, these birds are capable to protect themselves from predators which are otherwise a major problem observed in birds reared in backyard. Further, the genetic potential of Desi hens can be improved by crossing them with Vanaraja males and the upgraded progeny of such a cross performs better than Desi bird for body weight and egg production. Vanaraja males attain moderate body weight at 8 weeks of age under regular feeding system and the pullets produce around 160-180 eggs in a laying cycle with minimum supplementation of locally available feed ingredients and other managemental inputs.
Day old Vanaraja chicks need brooding up to 4-6 weeks of age. They should be protected against Ranikhet disease through proper vaccination programme. During brooding period, they can be fed with layer starter diet. After brooding, these chicks need initial acclimatization to backyard environment before they are let free. Once they get adapted to the backyard farming conditions, they can perform better by scavenging for feed in the backyards. Additional feed need to be offered to the birds depending upon the extent of vegetation in the backyard and open area available for scavenging.
Fig 8. VanarajaAdvantages of backyard poultry farming • Provides additional income and
employment to the rural households (women).
• It integrates well with other agricultural operations, so extra or in additional land is not required.
• Aids in enhancing the soil fertility in backyards (15 chickens produce 1- 1.2 kg of manure/ day).
• Produce of rural poultry farming fetches high price compared to those produce from intensive poultry farming.
• Waste material (insects, ants, fallen grains, green grass, kitchen waste, vegetable waste etc.) can be efficiently converted in to egg and chicken meat for human consumption.
• Alleviates protein malnutrition in vulnerable groups viz. expectant women, feeding mothers and children.
• Eggs and meat from birds reared under free range conditions have low cholesterol concentration compared to those produced under intensive poultry farming.
Constraints faced in Traditional Backyard poultry farming• Lack of technical knowledge.• Lack of suitable germplasm.• Decrease in availability of natural
resources of feed.• Inadequate Veterinary support.
Popularization of Backyard Poultry Farming in Rural India
Backyard poultry farming plays an important role in providing income and protein to local rural people with minimal resource input. Although several organizations such as NGO’s, KVK’s, SAU’s has initiated to popularize the traditional Backyard poultry farming, it needs a lot more to be done to overcome its constraints so that backyard farming can be undertaken by each and every family of villages for their upliftment as far as possible.
ConclusionThe eggs and meat of birds reared in the
backyard farming fetches higher premium due to high consumer acceptability even in the urban sectors where plenty of eggs and poultry meat from commercial units are available. Besides stable supply of high-quality animal food, backyard poultry production promotes income opportunities particularly for the weaker sections in the tribal areas. The backyard farming will certainly improve the economic status of a majority of rural/tribal families from
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lower socio-economic groups in the rural/tribal areas. Backyard farming fulfill a wide range of functions e.g. the provision of meat and eggs, food for special festivals, chicken for traditional ceremonies, pest control and petty cash, utilizing minimum inputs, minimum human attention, and causing less environmental pollution.
References• Ghosh, M. K., Ahmed, F. A., Buragohain,
R., Pathak , P. K. and Bhattacharya, M. 2005. Growth performance of Vanaraja birds in high altitude areas of Arunachal Pradesh under Backyard system of management. XXII Annual conference and National Symposium, Indian Poultry Science Association, Project Directorate on Poultry, Hyderabad, from 2-4 February 2005. pp 198.
• GOI. 2005. Mid Term Appraisal of the Tenth Five Year Plan (2002—2007) Planning Commission, Government of India.
• GOI. 2006. Report of the Working Group on Animal Husbandry and Dairying for the Eleventh Five Year Plan (2007—2012). Planning Commission, Government of India.
• GOI. 2008. National Livestock Policy 2008. Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries. Ministry of Agriculture. Government of India.
• Khandait, V.N., Gawande, S.H., Lohakare, A.C. and Dhenge, S.A., 2011. Adoption level and constraints in Backyard Poultry Rearing Practices at Bhandra District of Maharashtra (India). Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 2(1): 110-113.
• Kumaresan, A., Bujarbaruah, K. M., Pathak, K. A., Chettri, B., Ahmed, S.
K. and Haunshi, S. 2008. Analysis of a village chicken production system and performance of improved dual purpose chickens under a subtropical hill agro- ecosystem in India. Tropical Animal Health Production, 40 : 395-402.
• Mehta, R., Nambiar, R.G., Delgado, C., Subramanyam, S. 2003. Livestock industrialization project : phase II—Policy, technical, and environmental determinants and implications of the scaling-up of broiler and egg production in India. IFPRI-FAO project on Livestock Industrialization, Trade and Social-Health Environment impacts in Developing Countries.
• Nath, B. G., Pathak, P. K. and Mohanty, A. K. 2012. Constraints Analysis of Poultry Production at Dzongu Area of North Sikkim in India. Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science, 2 (4) : 397-401.
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Preventive actions against rodent infestations are rarely as vigorous and dedicated as the problem demands. This may be because poultry growers
are not aware of the severity of an infestation (due in part to the nocturnal behavior of mice and rats). In addition, a rodent control program must be thorough and must be constantly maintained. Effective rodent control in and around the poultry house involves a four-step process (Loven, 2010): 1. Sanitation 2.Rodent-proof construction 3.Population reduction 4.Evaluation.
The adaptability and agility of rodents make getting rid of them particularly difficult and damage comes in many forms: • Damage to buildings - Mice and rats will
damage wood and electrical wiring, which can be a fire hazard.
• Destruction of insulation - Many facilities show serious deterioration within five years, resulting in increased energy costs, re-insulation costs and poorer feed conversions by animals.
• Feed consumed- 100 rats will consume over one tonne of feed in one year.
• Feed contaminated- A rat can contaminate 10 times the amount of feed it eats with its droppings, urine and hair. A rat produces 25,000 droppings per year, a mouse 17,000.
• Biosecurity- Rodents are recognised as carriers of approximately 45 diseases, including salmonellosis, pasteurellosis,
leptospirosis, swine dysentery, trichinosis, toxoplasmosis and rabies (Donald et al., 2002).
While there are several different types of rodents that can cause problems on farms, the two most common are House mice (Musmusculus) and Norway or Brown rats (Rattusnorvegicus). House mice can vary in color from gray to brown, ranging from 5 ½ to 7 inches long, and weigh up to ½ ounce. Their droppings tend to be small and look like black grains of rice. House mice can live from 5 to 12 months and can start breeding at around 50 days of age. Additionally, they have a gestational period of 19-21 days, and they can begin breeding 14-24 hours after giving birth. This ability to breed at a young age, coupled with a short gestational period can result in mice having from 5 to 10 litters in a year. With an average litter size of six young, a single mother can produce as many as 60 offspring in a year. Norway rats have thicker fur that can range from red to brown-gray with lighter fur on the sides. They are 12 to 18 inches long and weigh around 10 to 16 ounces.Rat droppings are bigger (3/4 of an inch), rounded and bean sized. Rats can breed as young as 3 to 4 months of age and can continue to breed until they are 18 months of age. The gestation period is 21-25 days and the young are weaned three weeks after they are born. After weaning, the females can breed again one day later. Rats
ON POULTRY FARMS Vineetha P.G., Rekha Mohan and Jeny George
Author’s correspondence:1. Vineetha P.G., Assistant professor, Dept. Poultry Science (CASPS) KVASU,
Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala.-6806512. Rekha Mohan., MVSc Scholar, Dept. Poultry Science (CASPS)
KVASU, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala.-680651
3. JenyGeorge.,MVSc Scholar,Dept. Poultry Science (CASPS) KVASU, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala.-680651
Author: Dr.Vineetha P GAssistant professor
Dept.Poultry Science (CASPS)KVASU,Mannuthy
Thrissur,Kerala-680651
RODENT CONTROL
While there are several different types of rodents that can cause problems on farms, the two most common are House mice (Musmusculus) and Norway or Brown rats (Rattusnorvegicus). House mice can vary in color from gray to brown, ranging from 5 ½ to 7 inches long, and weigh up to ½ ounce. Their droppings tend to be small and look like black grains of rice. House mice can live from 5 to 12 months and can start breeding at around 50 days of age. Additionally, they have a gestational period of 19-21 days, and they can begin breeding 14-24 hours after giving birth
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can have 4 to 6 litters each year and average nine young per litter. Therefore, under ideal conditions, up to 50 young may be weaned each year.
To control mice and rats, we have to understand their habits and biology first. Mice and rats are similar in their habits and biology, although there are some differences between the two:• Both are highly reproductive and extremely
capable of surviving in all kinds of conditions.
• On farms, mice and rats will be near a food source such as barns, granaries, livestock buildings and silos.
• Rats and mice can climb and jump. Rats can jump vertically as high as 91 cm and horizontally as far as 122 cm.
• Mice and rats can climb brick and other rough walls, and travel along utility wires.
• Rats can cross (sneak in) through openings as small as 1 cm and mice can squeeze through openings of 0.6 cm, or less, in diameter.
• Both mice and rats are active at night, particularly right after dusk. They have a home range of approximately 100 feet and often live in colonies, with several rats sharing the same feed and water source (Berry, 2003).
• Rats are smart and tend to avoid new objects. Therefore, it may take a few days for traps and baits to work.
A farmer /supervisor needs to be on the lookout for signs of rodent activity. Identify signs of rodent activity by looking carefully around the coop and other areas where birds spend time. A regular cleaning routine will help you detect signs of rodents more easily.The best time to check for problems is to look for rodents at night using a flashlight. Looking for rodents at night will also help determine the degree of infestation, and identify effective areas to place traps.
Some common signs to look for are: • Rodent droppings;• Gnawing or chewing marks on feeders or
buildings; • Holes around the coops;• Strong ammonia smells; and • Accumulation of leaves, paper, or other
things that can be considered as nesting material.
Estimating the rodent populationThe presence of rats and mice is not always
obvious. However, one rule of thumb for the estimation of rat populations is as follows:• Rat sign but no rats seen – 1 to 100.• Occasional rat sightings at night – 100 to
500.• Seen every night and occasionally by day –
500 to 1000.• Many by night and day – up to 5000.
Controlling rodent problem - The cost of controlling rodents is small compared to the losses incurred through rodent infestation. In order to survive, rodents need food, water and shelter. Use the following ideas to help eliminate these three things and minimize rodent intrusion:
• Clean up all spilled feed (make sure feeders are adjusted properly to prevent feed waste and spills), dead birds and broken eggs.
• Store feed in aluminum cans with lids so that rodents can’t access them. Place all bagged food and equipment on a platform about 60 centimetres off the ground and 60 centimetres from any wall.
• Keep grass short (rodents don’t like to cross open areas without cover). Maintain at least a 3-foot space around the perimeter of the poultry house that is free of brush, trash, weeds, and so forth. This will allow to check outside of the building for potential pathways, burrows, and rodent activity.
• Use rodent-proof materials that are hard for rodents to gnaw through such as concrete, galvanized steel, brick and wire mesh.
• Make sure load-out and walk-in doors close and seal properly.
• Check that corrugated metal siding is sealed, and make sure corner seams are tight. Properly seal openings surrounding feed augers, water lines, and electrical conduits that enter the house from outside.
• Elimination of nesting places -Clean up your farm and remove all debris that can provide shelter for rodents.
• If the storage area cannot be rodent proofed, move the material at least every week to prevent rodents from establishing themselves in it.
• Use nipple waterers to make it difficult for rodents to get water.
• Baiting and/or trapping programmes can be adopted.
• Monitoring of rodent populations and practising control measures.
It is important to remember that traps and the bait stations need to be sized for the targeted rodent. If starting a control program
Trapping - Traps are another option and should be located on rodent pathways. Snap traps, multiple capture traps, electronic mouse traps and glue boards are among the types of traps available. Each works differently and has its own pros and cons, depending on where it is going to be used. Snap traps and glue boards are relatively low cost and are typically used when dealing with small numbers of mice or in combination with baiting. These traps are easy to find at hardware stores and at most grocery stores. The glue traps are disposable while snap traps can be reused multiple times. Snap traps and glue boards should not be set where pets, children, or free-range poultry can come in contact with them
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ARTICLEfor the first time, start baiting before destroying likely nesting areas as part of a cleanup. Destroying nesting areas before baiting and/or trapping will only result in most of the rodents moving elsewhere and not being caught by the programs. If the baiting program doesn’t appear to be working and the population hasn’t changed it may be worthwhile to use a 10 days on, 10 days off baiting program. Rodents are very intelligent and may stop eating bait. If possible, co-locate water with the bait for the rodents to drink. Quite often, they will drink and eat during the same period. If water is not readily available they are likely to leave the bait station to look for water. Baits should be added to once a week or more often if necessary to keep them fresh. Baits should be 1 to 2 metres (3 to 6 feet) apart for mice and 7 to 10 metres (23 to 33 feet) for rats. Remove all uneaten baits and properly dispose of them after the poisoning program. In determining how to control rodents, we also need to consider children, pets, and or wildlife that might come in contact with traps or bait. Take care not to spill the bait where the poultry can have access to it.
Trapping - Traps are another option and should be located on rodent pathways. Snap traps, multiple capture traps, electronic mouse traps and glue boards are among the types of traps available. Each works differently and has its own pros and cons, depending on where it is going to be used. Snap traps and glue boards are relatively low cost and are typically used when dealing with small numbers of mice or in combination with baiting. These traps are easy to find at hardware stores and at most grocery stores. The glue traps are disposable while snap traps can be reused multiple times. Snap traps and glue boards should not be set where pets, children, or free-range poultry can come in contact with them. For larger infestations, multiple- capture trapscan be used to catch large numbers of live mice. Another method used to capture large infestations is Electronic Mouse Traps. These traps are available for both rats and mice. They emit a high voltage shock that kills the rodent instantly and requires no bait. They can kill up to 50 mice using a single set of batteries.
The only disadvantage of trapping is that continuous use of trapping leads to trap shyness (avoidance of traps). However, changing the placement and type of trap, along with the bait type, may be helpful to overcome this problem. Traps should be placed close to the wall, behind objects, or in dark corners where rodents may hide. The number of traps to be placed inside the shed depends on the size of the shed. Bait may need to be placed close to the trigger of
the trap to increase the chances of success. Check the traps daily and collect any dead rats/mice and reset the traps.Always record details of the location of traps and the number of rodents caught in the traps. Revise the location of traps to increase trap numbers where they are most effective.
Rodenticides - A wide variety of rodenticides (poison baits) are available. Selecting the right one can be confusing but is a very important task. In most situations, ready-to-use commercial baits are the preferred choice over mix-your-own baits. However, an understanding of the basics is still necessary to know how to use a particular product most effectively and to avoid bait aversion. Rodenticides may be formulated as bar baits, pellets, pastes, concentrates, or tracking powders.
Acute toxicity rodenticides are also called single-dose rodenticides and will kill rodents after one feeding if an adequate amount
is consumed. The use of a zinc phosphide compound is helpful when there is a high population of rats. It should be used at a strength of 1 or 2 percent, by mixing one or two parts of the compound with 99 or 98 parts of a feed grain, such as broken rice. A small quantity of vegetable oil must be well mixed through the grain before mixing in the zinc phosphide. About 100 g of bait should be placed at each point along the inside walls of the poultry house. Strychnine is also available in the market but it should be considered for short-term use only as rats and other rodents do not usually accept it. Other acute toxicity rodenticides include red squill (a powder made from the plant Urgineamaritima), alpha-naphthylthiourea and
sodium fluoracetate.Delayed toxicity rodenticides, also known as
multiple-dose compounds, have a cumulative effect and will kill rodents after several feedings. Bait has to be available continuously, and other feed sources must be removed. The rate of rodent kill depends on the type of rodenticide and the dose consumed. Some products kill within 1 hour, and others require 4 to 7 days after ingestion. Warfarin (a product containing hydroxycoumarins) is a delayed toxicity rodenticide and is known as a first generation anticoagulant. It is a slow acting poison that reduces the amount of vitamin K in rats. Vitamin K is necessary for blood coagulation. This delayed action poison can be safer than acute toxicity poisons.
Tracking powders are toxic dusts that contain high concentrations of either acute action or delayed action toxicants. These are mostly useful in those conditions where rats avoid traps or refuse to eat the grain bait. Tracking powders can be used in steel or cardboard trays or in protected bait stations. In each bait or tray put the recommended amount of powder and place them along wall 8-10 m apart. When rodents travel through these powder-containing trays they will pick up the powder in their fur and feet, where it is later ingested during grooming. The powder in the tray or bait station should be checked every two weeks and the stations kept in operation throughout the year for effective rodent control.
These rodents can spread disease and cause structural damage to the facilities, resulting in economic losses. Preventative measures, along with traps and rodenticides, can lessen the likelihood of rodents becoming a problem. If rodents are in and around your poultry operation, use a safe and aggressive rodenticide and trapping program to eliminate them. When developing a rodent control program, make sure that it does not harm children and non-targeted animals.
References 1. Berry, J. 2003. Rodent control in the poultry house. Publ. No. ANSI-8207. Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service. Oklahoma State University.2. Donald, J., M. Eckman, and G. Simpson. 2002. How to control rats, mice, and darkling beetles. Poultry Engineering, Economics, and Management Newsletter. No. 20. November. Auburn University. 3. Loven, J. 2010. Controlling rodents in commercial poultry facilities. Publ No. ADM-3-W. Purdue Cooperative Extension Service. West Lafayette, IN.
These rodents can spread disease and cause structural damage to the facilities, resulting in economic losses. Preventative measures, along with traps and rodenticides, can lessen the likelihood of rodents becoming a problem
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The Cu-Met was produced by reacting dl-Met and Cu sulfate and The Cu-SP was produced by reacting soybean digest and Cu sulfate. what we can see here is that antibiotic is reducing the total bacterial count and other bacteria no matter its harmful or beneficial. But Cu in higher dose(100ppm) increasing the lactobacillus level & decrease the Ecoli level and numerically reducing the clostridium as well. The total microbiota is also significantly increased which implies that Cu is modulating the microbiota in gut rather than reducing it and shifting it towards a favorable population which is beneficial for the gut.
COPPER IN POULTRY DIET
Dr. Koushik DeRegional Technical Manager-SCA
Copper (Cu) has been widely used at pharmacological levels (e.g., 125 ppm) as growth promoter in poultry. However, the mechanism by
which high levels of Cu promote growth remains to be determined. It is commonly recognized that Cu exerts anti-microbial effect in the gut but there is not much direct and consistent data showing that Cu alters the population of bacterial species in birds. And copper can maintain proper body functions and obtain the optimal growth performance of poultry (Banks et al. 2004). Also, copper is a cofactor for various enzymes such as cytochrome oxidase, lysyl oxidase and Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase (Davis & Mertz, 1987). Basing on the central role in various vital proteins, deficiency and toxicity, Leeson (2009) reported that copper deficiency could cause severe health problems including growth depression, disability of bones, poor feathering and anemia. Copper additive in the diet, proved that it has a beneficial effect on weight gain, feed conversion ratio and modification of the bacterial microflora in the alimentary tract (Ruiz et al. 2000; Nys, 2001). Moreover, Copper is also regarded as a growth promoter in the poultry aspect of breeding (Kim et al. 2011), taking into account that the use of antibiotic as growth promoters is prohibited by the European Union. However, an overdose of copper (100-250 mg/kg) can restrict the growth of chicks (Nys, 2001). Therefore, the optimal
level of dietary copper should be determined.
Mode of Action of CuDietary Cu is absorbed in the illeal region and
then transported to liver which acts as a major store and from there to other extra hepatic tissue via ceruloplasmin. After that liver will recycle Cu to the gut through its bile secretion which will either make it reabsorbed and exhibit some gut health benefits or excreted if it’s in excess which may raise some economic concern.
Ceruloplasmin is the major copper carrying protein in blood and play major role in iron metabolism. It transport >95% of total serum Cu which again has some systemic effect.
Copper requirements in broiler chickens According to NRC (1994) the requirement
of Cu for broiler is 5-8 mg/kg and 3–10 mg/kg according to FEDNA (2008). European Union (EU), dietary copper is supplied for poultry up to a maximum of 25 mg/kg (EFSA, 2012).Other areas of the world, including USA and Brazil, the poultry industry adds 125 ppm to 250 ppm Cu in the diets as growth promoters (Pesti and Bakalli, 1996). In SCA the typical usage is around 50-80 ppm Cu in diet.
BENEFITS OF CHELATED
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Advantage of Higher Cu inclusion in dietThere is some suggested mechanism of actions by which Cu helps in
performances. Copper has a direct growth promoting effect by increasing the expression of Ghrelin and feed intake related genes (Biol Trace Elem Res, 2012, 150:154-157). Higher level of copper improves gut health by decreasing the intestinal crypt depth and lymphocytes (Poult Sci, 2006, 85: 999-1007) and it also increase the intestinal lipase activity particularly in the young animals (J Anim Sci. 1996, 74:1888-1896.).
Disadvantage of Higher Cu inclusion in diet
Poultry feeds as inorganic mineral salts (copper sulfate pentahydrate), are mostly excreted in the feces and are a cause of environmental concerns.
High doses of Cu may also easily chelate phytate (Cheryan, 1980) and make it non-accessible for hydrolysis by phytase or absorption in the intestine (Pang and Applegate, 2006) and it can affect the availability of other trace minerals such as zinc, Iron, P etc.
In Upper GIT and stomach where pH is very low (around 2.5) most of
the molecules are opened up and start interacting with other particles and form complexes with either phosphorus or other trace minerals and when this complex reaches ileum, the major site of absorption, because of this antagonism molecules won’t be available for absorption which leads to reduced bioavailability. But a true chelated mineral (BIS Chelated) like HMTBa chelated minerals are protected from this antagonism and increase the bioavailability.
Mechanism of toxicity of Cu against bacteriaCu can produce free radicals, resulting in induction of oxidative stress
(i.e., reactive oxygen species; ROS). The produced ROS can irreversibly damage bacteria (e.g., their membrane, DNA, and mitochondria), resulting
in bacterial death.
Role of Cu in modulating Gut microbiotaThe Cu-Met was produced by reacting dl-Met and Cu sulfate and The
Cu-SP was produced by reacting soybean digest and Cu sulfate. what
T4 vs T1, T6 vs T1: greater levels of Cu in both lumen and macrophage of intestine anti-microbial effect.
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we can see here is that antibiotic is reducing the total bacterial count and other bacteria no matter its harmful or beneficial. But Cu in higher dose(100ppm) increasing the lactobacillus level & decrease the Ecoli level and numerically reducing the clostridium as well. The total microbiota is also significantly increased which implies that Cu is modulating the microbiota in gut rather than reducing it and shifting it towards a favorable population which is beneficial for the gut.
Chelated Cu improved cecal microbiotaClostridium clusterXIVa includes many known butyrate-producing
bacteria. Butyrate is a preferred energy source for colonic epithelial cells and reported to improve growth performance, intestinal digestive and absorptive capacity. Clostridium clusterXIVa been reported to down-regulate bacteria virulence and gut inflammation. Lactobacilli has been associated with beneficial effects for the host, such as: (1) promotion of gut maturation, (2) gut integrity, (3) antagonisms against pathogens, and (4) immune modulation. Lactobacilli prevent hydroxy radical production and inhibit Escherichia coli and Enterococcus growth in system mimicking colon fermentation. Lactic acid bacteria has antimicrobial activity against
food borne and human pathogens by producing various inhibitory components such as organic acids, hydrogen peroxides, bacteriocins. Chelated Cu @30ppm produce significantly higher amount of Clostridium clusterXIVa and Lactobacill and lower amount of harmful bacteria like E.coliwhich indicates improved cecal microbiota.
Chelated Cu Local effect in Gutl Increased Gut Breaking Strength: chelated Cu significantly increased
intestinal breaking strength in cocci challenged birds.l Increased Villus Height & height/width ratio: Higher villi height is important as it will give more site of absorption for nutrients and we need a lower width as higher width indicates inflammation. So higher height/width ratio indicates chelated Cu improves gut integrity.l Decreased Crypt depth & Crypt depth /villus height ratio: Chelaed
Cu lowers crypt depth and as a result it requires lower energy and nutrients to maintain the gut barrier function.
l Decreased Muscular layer thickness: Reduction in thickness indicates that ChelatedCu improves gut morphology and likely reduced energy and nutrient needs to maintain gut barrier function.
This is summary of two big trials with 2 (mineral sources) x3 (levels) factorial design.
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Studies comparing different doses of Chelated Cu and CuSO4 :This is summary of two big trials with 2 (mineral sources) x3 (levels) factorial design.
Chelated Cu improved BWG and FCR in broiler birds (Average of two trials):
When results are fitted it in a linear regression there is significant p value <0.05 which predicted 32 g increased bwt than CuSO4. Similarly, in FCR also which predicted 3.2 points better FCR in chelated Cu than CuSO4.
Chelated Cu improveslocal cell-mediated immune response:
The birds were given intradermal injection of an antigen at the chicken paw and after 24 hrs measurement of the inter digital thickness of the membrane was taken. And if there is better cell mediated immunity the birds will react in a way to this antigen which measures in increased thickness compare to less immune birds. Here we can see that HMTBa chelated Cu @30ppm have significantly increased interdigital thickness compare to CuSO4 indicating that these bird are better immuned.
Chelated Cu reduced the incidence of moderate and severe woody breast in broilers of 42 d of age
Woody Breast Condition is characterized by tougher row of fillets. When we feel, it will feel like wooden. It can significantly reduce the quality of cooked meat product like less cohesive force and more tough which will even affect the further processing meat products. Using HMTBa
chelated Cu @ 30ppm significantly reduces the incidence of this condition and improves the quality of cooked meat products.
Role of HMTBa Chelated Cu in improved footpad lesions and wound healing:
Healing process include inflammation phase when they got inflamed and have the lesions and to recover they need to provide blood supply to the tissue which is called Angiogenesis. And the cells are migrated to the lesion part to replace the damaged area where they proliferate and the collagen and fibrous tissue need to remodel to heal the lesion part. And we from Novus has identified few genes which play important role in each part of this process. And we found that HMTBa chelated minerals like Cu downregulate the genes for inflammationand also upregulate the genes for angiogenesis to provide more blood supply to the lesion area and also
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upregulate genes for Migration and Collagen deposition. As a result, it improves foot pad lesions and fasten the wound healing process.
Better Liver status Better Bone strengthSummary and Conclusions:
Copper can play a strategic role in poultry health and growth. It can serve to reduce disease challenges and boost immune function. However, there are differences among sources of supplemental copper for both the
bird and the environment. Feed manufactures should take care to use copper and other mineral sources that will maximise animal health while minimising the mineral output in waste.Chelated HMTBa Cu nutrition offers opportunities to improve performance (feed conversion) and increase profitability. The use of 30 ppm HMTBa Cu optimizes FCR. One thing to remember the effect of Cu like growth promoter is independent of the effect of AGP and thus HMTBa Cu can help in improving FCR irrespective of the AGP programme.
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GOOD BROODING MANAGEMENTKEY TO VILLI GROWTH
The first week of a chick’s life is a critical time for the
development of the intestinal tract as the gut tissues and gut immune system undergo rapid growth and maturation. A key feature of this development is the growth of the villi which line the surface of the small intestine and increase the surface area of the gut to maximise nutrient absorption. The villi have the greatest growth potential during brooding; this growth requires optimal brooding conditions along with good access to feed and clean water. After brooding, the rate of growth of the villi decreases and any potential growth of the villi that is lost as a result of sub-optimal brooding will not be recovered and the villi will remain deficient for the life of the bird.
Focusing on the early management of the chick is essential for the long term health of the chick and optimal gut health throughout the life of the bird. There are a number of ways to promote gut health in the chick and they are outlined here:
l Ensuring optimal brooding conditions along with good house management and adequate biosecurity.
l Using probiotics in the first week of life can help establish a good community of bacteria in the chick’s gut. These bacteria stimulate villi growth and immune system development to improve the robustness of the bird’s gut. These can be supplied to the chicks as soon as they reach the farm in the water
(e.g. a Lactobacillus or
enterococcus based product) or in the feed (e.g. a Bacillus based product).
l Using organic acids (e.g. propionic acid blends at a pH of around 5.5-6.5) through the life of the bird can help with digestion, stimulate gut tissues and promote beneficial bacteria.
l Water sanitation is critical as water can be a source of pathogens which can impact gut health and performance. A robust water sanitation protocol is essential for gut health.
Water Quality1. Ensure adequate cleaning
between flocks:l Remove biofilm (e.g. 25-50 ppm
Hydrogen peroxide in water line for 24-72 hours then flush.)
l Remove scale (target a pH of 5 with weak acid, e.g., Citric acid - leave in line for 24 hours then flush.)
2. Prior to bird arrival:l Use bleach solution in standing
water.l Flush just before birds arrive.
3. Through life of flock:l Sanitize (e.g., Chlorine [2-4 ppm]
or Chlorine dioxide [0.8 ppm].)l Acidify water (pH5.5-7.)l Perform waterline biofilm removal
at regular intervals through life of flock (biofilms can form in 6 weeks.)
l Routinely check ORP (oxygen reduction potential) at the drinker furthest from the water tank
to check efficacy of sanitation; it should be >650 mv.)
Failure of the villi to develop correctly can lead to malabsorption of nutrients which can lead to bacterial overgrowth and dysbacteriosis (an imbalance in the gut microbiota), which in turn can lead to secondary infections in the gut and negatively impact flock performance. If the gut does not develop correctly during brooding the result will be a less efficient gut in the older bird and the full genetic potential of the bird will not be reached.
Dr. Richard Bailey is the Poultry Health Scientist for Aviagen. Richard is based in Edinburgh, Scotland and has been working within the Aviagen Research and
Development team since 2010. In this role he is involved in a range of poultry health research initiatives with a major focus on gut health, immunity and physiology. He obtained his undergraduate degree from the Royal Veterinary College in London and his MSc in Animal Breeding and Genetics from the University of Edinburgh. He completed a PhD at the Institute of Food Research in Norwich which focused on dysbacteriosis and the gut microbiota of broilers. In addition to research, Richard also visits customers around the globe to give technical advice and training in the area of gut health.
Poultry Notes
by Dr. Richard Bailey
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IMPORTANCE OF CALCIUM AND PHOSPHORUS IN POULTRY
Vipin1, Kundan Kumar2, Promod Kumar Soni21Ph.D. Scholar, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute
2ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute
Introduction
Calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) are closely associated with metabolism, particularly in bone formation. The major portion of dietary calcium
is used for bone formation in growing chicks and for eggshell formation in mature hens. The phosphorus in plant-based feedstuffs is poorly available because much of it is present in phytic acid and is no released by digestive enzymes. The availability of phosphorus can be increased by dietary phytase of microbial origin. Efficient utilization of calcium and phosphorus depends on the presence of an adequate amount of vitamin D in the diet. An excess of calcium induces a phosphorus deficiency. Likewise, an excess of phosphorus induces a calcium deficiency.
Calcium and Phosphorus DeficiencyDeficiencies of calcium and phosphorus in
the diet of growing broiler chicks cause rickets. Differentiating rickets from a calcium deficiency from rickets due to vitamin D deficiency or tibial dyschondroplasia requires histopathological examination. Tibiae from chicks fed a calcium-deficient diet for 2 weeks show widening of the proliferating prehypertrophic zone of epiphyseal cartilage and irregular contours in the boundary between the zones of proliferating and hypertrophic cartilage..
A phosphorus deficiency results in similar histopathology but with a marked lengthening of the columns of degenerating hypertrophied epiphyseal cartilage and metaphyseal primary spongiosa. In severe cases of rickets, chicks display a spraddle-legged posture, folding fractures, and bowing or rotation of the tibiotarsus. In a study of field rickets in broilers, calcium deficiency typically causes accumulation of proliferating chondrocytes, whereas a phosphorus deficiency causes accumulation of hypertrophic chondrocytes in the metaphyseal zone. Fluoride appears to interact with dietary P to induce rickets. Blood calcium levels are defended relatively well by the vitamin D-PTH endocrine system but calcium deficiency progressively alters electro- and echocardiographic parameters in broilers, suggesting decreased cardiac function. Severely phosphorus-deficient chicks have increased respiratory rates, polycythemia, ascites, and decreased CO2 and O2 levels, presumable due to poor rib strength and in folding, which interfere with respiratory movements of the rib cage. In laying hens, calcium deficiency results in reduced egg production and thin-shelled eggs as well as calcium mobilization from bones, first by complete removal of the
medullary bone, followed by gradual removal of the cortical bone. Finally, bones become so thin that spontaneous fractures may occur, especially in vertebrae, tibia, and femur. This condition may be associated with a syndrome commonly termed “cage layer fatigue.” Although a marginal calcium deficiency has often been found to be a triggering agent in cage layer fatigue, the syndrome is not due to a simple deficiency of calcium but also involves other etiologic factors.
Excess Calcium or PhosphorusExcess calcium causes a phosphorus
deficiency and the development of Rickets in broilers. In leghorn pullets, excess calcium causes urolithiasis, nephrosis, and visceral urate deposition. An excess of calcium interferes with the digestibility of, other minerals in addition to phosphorus, including magnesium, manganese, and zinc; this may result in secondary deficiencies. High dietary levels of these minerals decrease the toxicity of calcium. Excess phosphorus causes a thinning of the egg shell independent of calcium status.
Table- Requirement of Calcium and Phosphorus for Poultry Feeds (IS 2007)
CharacteristicBroiler Feed Layer Feed
Prestrater Starter Finisher Chick Grower Layer I* Layer II**
Calcium(Ca),percent by mass, min.
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 3.0 3.5
Total phosphorus (P), percent by mass, min.
0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.65 0.65 0.65
Available Phosphorus (P), percent by mass min.
0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.40 0.40 0.40
*Phase I- 21 week to 45 weeks of age of Bird**Phase II- 46 weeks to 72 weeks of age of Bird
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POULTRY COCCIDIOSISDevi Gopinath, Rinku Sharma, Gauri Jairath, Birbal Singh, Uma Shankar Pati and Gorakh Mal
ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute Regional Station, Palampur, Kangra Distt. (H. P.) 176061
Poultry coccidiosis is an economically important universal parasitic protozoal disease of poultry. Coccidia are
intracellular parasites of the intestinal epithelial cells. They parasitize a single host for their sexual and asexual stages. Their lifecycle is simple with faeco-oral mode of transmission. Infected birds shed the oocysts through faeces, and they become infective after sporulation under favourable temperature and humidity. There are 8 species of poultry coccidia infecting various regions of the digestive tract. Eimeria spp. is the predominant spp. infesting domestic fowl. Degree of pathogenicity varies from one another. Eimeria tenella and E. necatrix are most pathogenic parasitizing caecum and small intestines respectively. The susceptibility to coccidiosis depends to some extent on the immunity of the host. Caecal coccidiosis is more of acute infection and small intestinal coccidiosis is chronic in nature. Repeated exposure to infection, helps in preventing infection. Young stock is highly susceptible in comparison with the older stock.
Other pathogenic Eimeria are E. acervulina, E. brunetti, E. maxima, E. mitis, E. praecox, E. hagani and E. mivati.
Clinical signsDull depressed flock, reduced feed and
water intake, ruffled feathers, varying degree of diarrhoea, reduced productivity, weightloss and high mortality rate.
DiagnosisClinical signs, faecal sample examination for
oocysts. Etiological agent can be confirmed by the area of intestine affected. Necropsy of the fresh carcass is warranted for typical intestinal lesions, characteristic of coccidiosis.
TreatmentAnticoccidial drugs include both
coccidiostats and coccidiocidals. Major drugs used are amprolium, ionophores (monensin,
lasalocid, maduramycin etc.), folic acid antagonists (sulphonamides), quinolones, halofuginone hydrobromide, nicarbazine, nitrobenzamides etc. They are added to feed or water. Antibiotics, supplements such as Vit K and A promotes recovery.
Prevention and controlAvoid contact of the flock with infected
droppings. This could be achieved by rearing poultry in wire mesh cages. Vaccination with live sporulated oocyst vaccines and live attenuated vaccines are also adopted.
ConclusionMixed infections are very common and the
drug effective against one species may not be effective against the other and leads to chances of treatment failure. Poultry coccidiosis is a constant problem to farmers inspite of the use of chemical coccidiostats as feed additives. Continuous and irrational use of coccidiostats as feed additives has lead to the development of resistance to chemical coccidiostats and responsible for multi drug resistant strains of coccidia. Now a days drug resistant strains of Eimeria have been identified. Vaccines against one strain of coccidian will not be effective against other strains of coccidia. Under these conditions, the need of the hour is the development of an alternative for chemical coccidiostat so that the side effects of chemical coccidiostat can be reduced. Development of new chemical coccidiostat/coccidiocide is a time consuming procedure. So rather than going for another chemical coccidiostat, it is better to identify the antcoccidial potential of herbs which can be easily incorporated in to poultry feed. Herbal anticoccidial preparation has the advantage that it will not leave any residues in eggs or meat. And it will not promote the development of drug resistance in the coccidia.
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Introduction
Specified pathogen free (SPF) technology is the science of developing and maintaining a species of animals free of infection by specified pathogenic
micro-organisms. A specified pathogen is any micro-organism for which infection of poultry can produce a recognized disease condition. Specified pathogen free can only be applied to poultry which return negative results in accepted surveillance tests for the-presence of one or more specific pathogens. Testing must be repeated at regular, defined intervals for the SPF status of a flock to remain current. The most SPF flocks will have a limited resident gut microbial flora e.g. Streptococcus, Coliforms, Bacterioides, Clostridia spp., even after several SPF generations in isolators with wire floors. An SPF flock comprises a group of birds which share a common environment whether pen, building or isolator.
Classes of SPF flocksClass A: Vertically transmitted agents
must be shown to be absent using the most rigorous testing possible, as should be laterally transmitted agents. Nucleus breeding SPF flocks( which supply stock for production of SPF flocks) as well as SPF eggs and chickens used for testing of vaccines, production of seed viruses and monospecific antisera should be class A. Consideration should be given to maintaining Class A SPF flocks with in isolators.
Class B: Vertically transmitted agents must be excluded, but the presence of certain laterally transmitted agents is acceptable for SPF flocks which supply eggs for vaccine production. The most common example in practice would be MDV. However, vaccine manufactures should be aware of any breakdown which may occur and take measures to safe guard their product as well as performing microbiological surveillance prior to release of vaccines.
For each batch of SPF eggs supplied from a SPF flock, certification should be issued by the producer denoting the agents from which a flock has been proved free.
The SPF should have the following facilities:
Isolators for SPF poultry flocksStainless steel, fiber glass isolator cabinets
are used to house SPF flocks for increasing the microbiological security of a flock by reducing direct contact between poultry and the operator, and spreading the risk of total loss through sub-division of the flocks. The design should also have to facilitate the waste-disposal, lighting, nest box and watering systems.
PersonnelIdeally only the caretaker enters the house
throughout the whole life cycle. To reduce the necessity of entering for repair and maintenance, all standard maintenance work is done during the service period when the house is empty. Important technical equipment is serviced routinely or will be replaced as a safety measure in the downtime of the house.
The caretaker enters the house through double barriers: the first barrier requires a change from street clothes and shoes into farm owned clothes and boots, the second barrier before entering the SPF-house requires a complete change to house specific clothes after a shower with hair wash. The house specific clothes remain within the house during the complete production cycle, which requires a washer and dryer for each house.
Feed and waterTo minimize the risk for all SPF flocks, the
feed is produced in a state of the art feed mill, using an effective heat treatment system. In this feed mill, finished feed is exclusively produced for the SPF-flocks.
Only selected raw materials from proven sources are used. Currently the feed consists of corn, wheat, soybean meal, vegetable fat plus vitamin and mineral premixes. The decontamination treatment consists of heat (85°C for 6 minutes minimum) and the addition of an acid mix after cooling.
Fat and vitamins are added after the heat treatment and need to be decontaminated separately. Fat is kept in the storage tanks at a
SPECIFIC PATHOGENFREE POULTRY FLOCK
S.Chitradevi*, K.Sukumar, A.Raja, P.Suresh and G.Kalaiselvi* Corresponding Author: Assistant Professor, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Veterinary College
and Research Institute, Namakkal-637 002.
The caretaker enters the house through
double barriers: the first barrier requires
a change from street clothes and shoes into
farm owned clothes and boots, the second
barrier before entering the SPF-house requires
a complete change to house specific
clothes after a shower with hair wash. The
house specific clothes remain within the house during the
complete production cycle, which requires a
washer and dryer for each house.
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constant temperature of 70°C and is therefore clean when added to the feed. The vitamin premix is delivered in 25 kg bags which are irradiated with 15 kgy minimum dose prior to being transported to the mill. The bags are emptied into a container in the HEPA-filtered section of the feed mill through sterile stainless steel tubes. Fat and vitamins are added to the feed in the second mixer located in the overpressure ventilated area of the mill. This mixer serves as dryer and cooler as well as final mixer for the mash feed. The process air for drying and cooling and also the air to overpressure ventilate the cooling and finished feed storage bins is HEPA-filtered.
An important part of the feed supply concept is clean delivery. A dedicated tanker type vehicle is used to deliver the feed into a storage building close to the production sites and the delivery vehicles have been thoroughly cleaned and disinfected during the weekend. Regular tests are performed internally and by an independent laboratory.
Gamma irradiation is also currently the most reliable method of decontamination of feed but very costly. Fumigation with methylbromide, ethylene oxide can also be used. Application of ethylene oxide to feed is performed with in a large pressure chamber under vacuum over treatment period of 18-24 hours. Water can also be acidified using 0.01N HCl, pH 2 is regularly practiced conferring effective sterilization and also reducing build-up of scale and slime in water lines.
Manure handling and removalAll SPF flocks are kept in family cages with
manure belts. The manure is removed once or twice a week, using specially designed screw augers. These augers have a double shut-off system to ensure that there is no backflow of material into the house and that no rodents or other potential disease carriers can enter the house. This auger system can only handle wet manure which, from a management point of view, is sub-optimal.
Material transferAll material needed during a life cycle is
brought into the house before final disinfection prior to the placement of day-old chicks. Other material, dead animals and eggs must pass a disinfection chamber with an effective fumigation procedure in place. All outgoing material is fumigated and the emptied chamber is fumigated again before the chamber can be opened again from the clean side.
Air All air delivered to a SPF-chicken house must
therefore be filtered before entering the house.
They currently use a system with three filter steps. The last step is a HEPA–filter which filters out 99.95 % of all particles in the air. Supply air is drawn from outside by fans and filtered in several stages, beginning with 5 µm pre-filter of approximately 90% efficiency and progressing through to a final high efficiency particulate air filter which excludes 0.3 µm diameter particles with at least 99.99% efficiency.
To insure that all air passes through the filtration system, the technical equipment must be designed to avoid false air entering the house. This is possible by using a filtered air, positive pressure (FAPP) system. The FAPP system also has active ventilation elements on the exhaust side to avoid wind pressure into the house and to keep off insects. All filters are exchanged before a new flock is placed and are checked for leaks with a particle counter.
The operating efficiency of HEPA filters should be monitored weekly through recordings of different manometers readings across each filter, and be re-challenged with DOP (dioctylpthallate) each 6-12 months by competent technical personnel.
Pest Control All SPF– houses are equipped with rodent
traps along the walls at a distance of only 3 m from each other. As soon as a house is depopulated, a very intensive pest control program must be carried out inside the house.
Grading, disinfection and final inspectionThe final step before shipping SPF–Eggs to the
customer is grading and disinfection. Although the eggs are fumigated during the transfer from the chicken house to the grading facility, the eggs may have been re-contaminated during handling and transport and are therefore disinfected again. The grading process consists of a visual inspection where soiled eggs and eggs with obvious shell defects are removed before the eggs pass through a crack detector unit and a weighing system.
Eggs with shell defects, undersized and oversized grades are directed to separate packing lines and sold to an egg breaker. Saleable SPF-eggs are sorted into three weight classes and packed into cardboard boxes. This process gives SPF eggs customers a more uniform egg
Agent Test to be used Vertical transmission
Rapid / slow spread
Avian adenovirus group 1 AGP, EIA Yes Slow
Avian encephalomyelitis virus AGP, EIA Yes Rapid
Avian infectious bronchitis virus HI, EIA Rapid
Avian infectious laryngeotracheitis virus
VN, EIA Slow
Avian leucosis virus EIA for virus, VN for antibody Yes Slow
Avian nephritis virus IS No Slow
Avian orthoreovirus IS, EIA Yes Slow
Avian reticuloendotheliosis virus
AGP, IS, VIA Yes Slow
Chicken anaemia virus IS, EIA, VN Yes Slow
Egg drop syndrome virus HI, EIA Yes Slow
Infectious bursal disease virus Serotype-1AGP, EIA, VN. Serotype -2 VN
No Rapid
Influenza virus A AGP, EIA, HI No Rapid
Marek’s disease virus AGP No Rapid
Newcastle disease virus HI, EIA No Rapid
Turkey rhinotrachetis virus EIA No Slow
Mycoplasm synoviae Agg and HI confirm positive test. EIA, HI
Yes Slow
Mycoplasma Gallisepticum Agg and HI confirm positive test. EIA, HI
Yes Rapid
Salmonella pullorum Agg Yes Slow
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Damage caused by insects
size and supports automatic processes in egg handling during the vaccine production. The first disinfection is by fumigation, the final disinfection before packing the eggs by spraying. For both processes, formaldehyde free products are used.
Quality control to confirm the SPF statusBesides the visible inspection of egg quality,
the SPF status of each flock has to be guaranteed at all times during production to ensure the requirements of the European Pharmacopoeia. At present, the list of agents consists of different diseases, of which absence of antibodies or antigens has to be demonstrated by validated, approved testing protocols. During the rearing period 5% of the birds have to be tested twice, during the production period 5% on a monthly basis (or 1.25% weekly).
A designated SPF flock is derived from chickens shown to be free from vertically-transmissible agents listed in below mentioned table. This is achieved by testing of 2 generations prior to the designated SPF flock.
AGP-Agar Gel Precipitation, EIA-Enzyme Immune Assays, IS – Immunostaining, Agg- Agglutination, HI – Haemagglutination Inhibition
Initial Testing Requirements for Subsequent Generations Derived from a Designated SPF Flock
Where a replacement flock is derived exclusively from a fully established SPF flock the new generation is tested prior to being designated as SPF. In addition to the tests for Salmonella and monitoring of the general health and performance of the flock, further specific testing from the age of 8 weeks is required. Tests are performed on two 5 per cent samples of the flock (minimum 10, maximum 200 birds) taken with an interval of at least 4 weeks between the ages of 12-16 weeks and 16-20 weeks.
All samples are collected and tested individually. Blood samples for antibody tests and suitable samples for testing for leucosis antigen are collected. Only when all tests have confirmed the absence of infection may the new generation be designated as SPF.
Routine Testing of Designated SPF FlocksGeneral examination and necropsy.
Clinical examination is carried out at least once per week throughout the life of the flock in order to verify that the birds are free from fowl-pox virus and signs of any other infection. In the event of mortality exceeding 0.1 per cent
per week, necropsy is performed on all available carcasses to verify that there is no sign of infection. Where appropriate histopathological and /or microbiological / virological studies are performed to confirm diagnosis.
Specific examination for tuberculosis lesions is carried out and histological samples from any suspected lesions are specifically stained to verify freedom from Mycobacterium avium. Caecal contents of all available carcasses are examined microbiologically for the presence of Salmonella spp. using the techniques described below. Where appropriate, caecal samples from up to 5 birds may be pooled.
Tests to be Conducted at the End of the Laying Period
Following the last egg collection, final testing to confirm the absence of vertically-transmissible agents is performed. After the last egg collection, a minimum of 5 per cent of the flock (minimum 10, maximum 200) is retained for at least 4 weeks. Blood samples are collected from every bird in the group during the 4-week period with at least 1.25 per cent of the birds (25 per cent of the sample) being bled not earlier than 4 weeks after the final egg collection. Serum samples are tested for vertically-transmissible agents using the methods indicated. Where sampling is performed cent of the sample) are tested each week during this period. Alternatively, within 4 weeks of the final egg collection blood and/or other suitable sample materials are collected from at least 5 per cent of the flock and tested for the presence of vertically-transmissible agents using validated nucleic acid amplification techniques
Action to be Taken in the Event of Detection of a Specified Agent
If evidence is found of contamination of the flock by an agent listed as slowly spreading, all materials derived from the flock during the 4-week period immediately preceding the date on which the positive sample was collected are considered unsatisfactory. Similarly, if evidence is found of contamination of the flock by an agent listed as rapidly spreading, all materials derived from the flock during the 2-week period immediately preceding the date on which the positive sample was collected are considered unsatisfactory. Any product manufactured with such materials, and for which the use of SPF materials is required, is considered unsatisfactory and must be discarded; any quality control tests conducted using the
materials are invalid.Producers must notify users of all eggs of the
evidence of contamination as soon as possible following the outbreak. Any flock in which an outbreak of any specified agent is confirmed may not be redesignated as an SPF flock. Any progeny derived from that flock during or after the 4-week period prior to the last negative sample being collected may not be designated as SPF.
Advantages of SPF Eggs• Usage of SPF Eggs in the production of
vaccine assures abscence of extraneous agents in poultry and human vaccines.
• SPF eggs are predominantly preferred over an ordinary fertile egg for virus growth because of absence of specific antibodies in SPF egg yolks. This characteristic of SPF eggs, in-turn allows to attain considerably higher titre levels of virus than that of ordinary eggs.
• The international standards of quality demand usage of only SPF eggs for the production of poultry and human vaccines. WHO, EGG and USDA standards for production of vaccine call for the use of SPF eggs.
• SPF eggs totally avoid the hazardous risk of embryo – transmitted and laterally transmitted viral agents as contaminants in virological and immunological research work.
• SPF eggs ensure reproducibility of research results in the field of virology and immunology
• Use of SPF eggs provides international acceptance to the research work of Virologists, Biotechnologists, Immunologists, Cellbiologists and Oncologists.
REFERENCES :1. Kenji Furuta, Hitoshi Ohashi, Jitsuo Odana &
Shizuo SA TO• Performance of 3 successive generations of specified-pathogenfree chickens maintained as a closed flock,Laboratory Animals (1980) 14, 107-112.
2. EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 5.1 5.2.2. SPF chicken flocks for vaccines, 04/2005:50202
3. Kock. M, Seemann G. and Cuxhaven, Fertile eggs – a valuable product for vaccine production, Lohman information Vol. 43 (2), Oct. 2008, Page 37.
4. Luginbuhl, R.E, The commercial production of specific pathogen free eggs and chickens: The evolution of an industry. Avian Diseases 44: 632 – 637, 2000.
ARTICLE
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ARTICLE
SOME IMPORTANT ZOONOTIC DISEASES
Choodamani Chandrakar, Sudhir Kumar Jaiswal*, Monika and Upendra WasistCollege of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry, Anjora, Durg, (C.G.) 491001
*Division of poultry science, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, U.P, India, 243122
Zoonoses are infectious or parasitic diseases transmitted from animals to humans, either directly (through contact with the animal
organism) or indirectly (through contact with farces or secretions). As veterinarians with multi-species training, whenwe hear the word “zoonosis”, we automatically think about dogs with rabies, calves with ringworm, and puppies with round worms but what about poultry? What are the zoonotic diseases of poultry? The recent cases of H7N9avian influenza moving from poultry into people makes us think about chickens and public health, also, the increasing popularity of urban chickens or backyard poultry means that many clinics and laboratories may be presented with sick birds and need to advise client’s onpotential human diseases that could be transmitted frompoultry or their products.
In general, there are two main ways that humans can get diseases from poultry. Oneis being around the live birds and the other is food borne, through exposure to, or consuming meat or egg products from the infected birds. The occurrence of zoonoses depends on a number of factors, among which are: the duration of exposure, virulence of the pathogen and its survival, route ofinfection and transmission, vectors, etc. Human health problems resulting from contact with birds areassociated with bacterial, viral, fungal, and allergenic agents. The most vulnerable occupational groupsassociated with birds are veterinarians from poultry farms, farms owners, and breeders of ornamental birds.Workers in zoological gardens and shops stockingexotic birds could be also exposed. Additionally, the operating staff of fairs and exhibitions where birds areon display,
employees of the poultry meat processing industry, and people not related to poultry but having casual contact with free-living birds.
Bacterial diseasesChlamydophilosis
One of the most threatening zoonotic diseases transmitted by birds to humans is chlamydophilosis (also knownas chlamydiosis, ornithosis, psittacosis or parrot fever), caused by the intracellular bacterium Chlamydophilapsittaci. Psittacine species are highly sensitive to this pathogen. Faeces and respiratory secretions of birds are the main source of infection. Parrots and pigeons are the biggest source of human infection. Among the symptoms of the respiratory tract are purulent outflow from the nostrils and rales. There is also diarrhoea, often with blood and consequently the birds rapidly lose body weight.Human infection occurs mainly by inhalation. Human symptoms come from mild respiratory signs tosevere pneumonia, with localization in several organs leading to diarrhea, conjunctivitis, arthritis and genitalorgan infection. The first people susceptible to be infected appear to be, as expected, veterinarians and birds breeders.
SalmonellosisSalmonellosis occurs in all species of birds
of every age. The infection may occur through vertical transmission or indirect contact, when sick birds pass it to healthy birds. Infected birds become carriers after colonization of their gastrointestinal tract and shed the microorganisms into the environment. The
POULTRY BIRDS AND SIMPLE STRATEGY TO PREVENT THEMOF
One of the most threatening zoonotic diseases transmitted by birds to humans is chlamydophilosis (also knownas chlamydiosis, ornithosis, psittacosis or parrot fever), caused by the intracellular bacterium Chlamydophilapsittaci. Psittacine species are highly sensitive to this pathogen. Faeces and respiratory secretions of birds are the main source of infection. Parrots and pigeons are the biggest source of human infection. Among the symptoms of the respiratory tract are purulent outflow from the nostrils and rales
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ARTICLEmost important reservoir in this category is S. Enteritidis. Generally the serovars in this category cause of mass infections and poisoning inhumans. Food, mainly poultry meat and eggs, plays the most important role in the epidemiology of salmonellosis in humans. The infection proceed smainly in the form of gastrointestinal catarrh (gastroenterocolitis), accompanied by symptoms such as increased body temperature, chills, and myalgia depending on the virulence of the bacteria, they can also produce enterotoxins.Campylobacteriosis
Campylobacter spp. and in particular Campylobacter jejuni are responsible for food-borne diseases in manycountries, responsible in humans for debilitating symptoms such as gastroenteritis (diarrhea, vomiting), headaches, and depression, leading sometimes to death. These bacteria are not important in avian pathology; however, they area source of serious food poisoning in humans. The bacteria are also isolated from free-living birds, pigeons, and wild birds. It is believed that 80% of broiler flocks are infected with C. jejuni. Therefore, it is important to maintain the ideal state of bio assurance.The ubiquity of the bacteria in the environment makes eradication and prevention of infection at the farm level nearly impossible. During processing, one infected carcass can easily contaminate the entire production line and thus, much of the control measures in place focus on this stage of production.
OthersThere are numerous other potential
zoonotic bacteria also identified in pet birds, including multiple gram negative bacteria such as Pasteurellaspp, Klebsiellaspp, Yersinia spp, Listeria spp. Pseudomonas spp,. Indeed, Escherichia coli O157:H7 strains transmitted from wild passerines (European starlingsmostly) to cattle and then introduced into the food chain has been reported in several studies. Lack of hygiene and the absence of quarantine (especially concerning imported birds), and dirty food and water sources seem to be the most probable origin of infection withthese zoonotic pathogens. Besides, the potential transmission from wild birds to open-air aviaries hosted pet birds (via fecal drops) should be considered. However, reports of transmission of these bacteria from pet birds to humans still lack in the literature.
Viral diseasesAvian influenza
Avian influenza A viruses are isolated fromdomestic, wild, and ornamental birds. The
most sensitivity to infection occurs in turkeys, chickens, and other poultry birds. It is believed that wild birds are the natural reservoir of the virus. Birds are infected horizontally (through direct contact with sick birds or infected asymptomatic birds) or indirectly through environmental contamination. It should be emphasized that avian influenza is a disease of birds, not humans. It may appear among the human population as a result of poor hygiene or prolonged contact with infected birds, their secretions or excretions. Symptoms of avian influenza in people are similar to the symptoms observed during ordinary seasonal influenza. However, it pursues a much more severe course than classic influenza. In recent time, the H5N and1H7N9 avian influenza virus strain has gained pandemic importance.
ArbovirusesWest Nile Fever is an emergent vector-borne
zoonosis in which birds, e.g. house sparrows, play a key role as main and amplifying reservoir hosts. The virus responsible for this disease is a flavivirus (Flaviviridae) known under the name of the West Nile Fever Virus (WNV) which was isolated from numerous passeriform species, including canaries, as well as psittacines. Most of the time Birds are sub-clinically affected, but can, however, develop a clinical form of the disease with ocular and neurologic symptoms. Usutu virus(USUV) is another mosquito-borne flavivirus of African origin. This avian virus is transmitted by arthropod vectors (mainly mosquitoes of the Culexpipiens complex).It is well known that free-living birds, including migratory species, have the potential to disperse certain pathogenic microorganisms.
OthersProventricular dilation disease (PDD) is
a disease in petbirds and, since it could be frequently lethal, PDD is considered as a major threat to aviculture. This syndrome is associated with inflammation of the nervous system and gastrointestinal dysfunction as well as neurologic changes like seizures. Recently, the cause of this disease has been attributed to a novel bornavirus, the Avian Borna Virus (ABV). However, there is no evidence of ABV cross species transmission and the zoonotic potential of this family of viruses remains unclear. Newcastle disease, caused by avian paramyxovirus (APMV) has also been described in pet birds.Transmission to humans is also possible, with conjunctivitis but the most important consequence would be spreading the infection among poultry breeding by the intermediary of humans, wild birds (especially
Campylobacter spp. and in particular Campylobacter jejuni are responsible for
food-borne diseases in manycountries, responsible
in humans for debilitating symptoms such as
gastroenteritis (diarrhea, vomiting), headaches,
and depression, leading sometimes to death. These bacteria are not important
in avian pathology; however, they area source
of serious food poisoning in humans. The bacteria are
also isolated from free-living birds, pigeons, and
wild birds. It is believed that 80% of broiler flocks
are infected with C. jejuni. Therefore, it is important
to maintain the ideal state of bio assurance.The ubiquity of the bacteria in
the environment makes eradication and prevention
of infection at the farm level nearly impossible. During processing, one
infected carcass can easily contaminate the
entire production line and thus, much of the control
measures in place focus on this stage of production.
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pigeons) or may be insect mechanical vectors like the house fly (Muscadomestica).
Parasitic/fungal diseasesCryptococcosis
Pigeons are known to be reservoirs of pathogenic yeasts, like Cryptococcus neoformans, which is described to cause opportunistic infections in humans. However less is known on the role that pet birds might play in such zoonotic transmission. Several studies have demonstrated the presence of C. neoformans in parrots, little pet birds like canaries, budgerigars or love birds and cockatiels. As discussed above, pet birds, housed in outdoor aviaries could be a potential health hazard forhumans as C. neoformans reservoirs since they could be incontact with wild pigeon droppings.
OthersDespite a relatively poor documentation
on pet bird parasitic diseases, giardiosis, aspergillosis and cryptosporidiosis.have been
reported in these avian populations, both in chronic and in acute infections. Favorizing conditions could be high-density populations, stress, and adaptation to a new environment or prolonged periodsin confined housing. Transmission to human soften results from feces manipulation or lack of hygiene.
Guidelines to prevent transmission of zoonotic agents from birds to humans
The transmission of zoonotic pathogens from birds to humans could be easily prevented by applying some elementary hygiene principles. A few recommendationscould be delivered to the owner by the bird seller:l Food borne infection can be easily prevented by proper cooking of poultry meat.l Clean clothing and shoes after any contact with other birds (bird club meeting, bird fair, livepoultry).
l Wash hands before and after handling birds(including cage cleanings).l Check cages, food and water every day to be sure they are clean (including perches, feeding cups, etc.…).l When giving fruits or vegetables to birds, discard the rotten remainings.l Wash cages once a week.l Preserve food in clean and sealed containers.l Clean and disinfect every aviary item before use.
Usually, bird breeders are correctly aware of these precautions; the risk is, however, higher in the case of family pets bought for the first time in a decorative purpose or as present for children, especially when either parentsor children have not been informed about the cited above elementary advice.
INCREASING POPULARITY
OF URBAN CHICKENS OR
BACKYARDPOULTRY MEANS THAT
MANY CLINICS AND LABORATORIES
MAY BEPRESENTED WITH SICK BIRDS
AND NEED TO ADVISE CLIENTS ONPOTENTIAL
HUMAN DISEASES THAT COULD BE TRANSMITTED
FROMPOULTRY OR THEIR PRODUCTS.
ARTICLE
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ARTICLE
The main purpose of the avian egg is for propagation and survival of the species; hatching eggs from guinea fowl, geese,turkeys, ostriches, and emus mainly serve this
purpose. However, humans often use bird eggs, other than those from chickens, as an important component of their diet providing an excellent source of high-quality protein, essential fatty acids,vitamins, and minerals
Poultry products have an important role in daily human consumption. Poultry products includes mainly meat and eggs.The use of eggs as food have been seen through different time periods, historical notes and records, and today is considered a significant segment of the daily diet.In modem times eggs have been an important commodity in international trade.Egg industry worldwide is mostly based on the production of chicken eggs. But with population growth, in some countries, increasing emphasis is placed on the production of eggs from other birds like duck, quail, turkey, goose,even emuand ostrich. In fact, eggs are the food that is widely used around the world, making it the egg industry significant segment of the global food industry.
Eggs are a rich source of protein that is of a high biological value. Theprotein quality of the egg is often the standard for measuring the quality ofall other food proteins. Eggs are one of the few foods considered to be a complete protein, because they contain all required essential amino acids,important source of essentialunsaturated fatty acids (Linoleic), oleic acid a monounsaturatedfatty acid, also rich in minerals like iron, phosphorus, trace minerals and fat soluble vitamins like A, D,E, and K and many of the water soluble B vitamins. The egg is a potentsource of vitamin D but it is low in calcium (with the exception of theshell) and devoid of vitamin C.Eggs provide a unique, well-balanced source of nutrients for persons ofall ages. Hard-cooked eggyolk are served as the major supplementary source of iron for young babies. Indian Council of Medical Research recommends 180 eggs per day or ½ egg a day to maintain a healthy, balanced diet.
Eggs contribute significantly to the body’s nutrient needs during rapid growth, and are therefore an excellent food for young children and teenagers. The high digestibility and concentrated nutrient content of eggs makes them a valuable food source for those recovering from illness. Most bland diets and the first tight or soft diets
NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF POULTRY EGG: AN OVERVIEW
Vinayananda C O1, Sudheer. K2 and Rongsensusang1Department of Livestock Products Technology, Veterinary College Bidar,
21Department of Livestock Products Technology, College of Veterinary Science,Tirupati3KVK, Mokokchung, Nagaland
Nutritional Value of Poultry Egg (Value per 100 g of Egg )Nutrient Unit Quail Duck Goose Turkey Chicken Ostrich Emu
Average Weight g 9 70 144 79 56 1400 550ProximateWater g 74.35 70.83 70.43 72.5 76.15 75.1 71.8Energy kcal 158 185 185 171 143 151 174Protein g 13.05 12.81 13.87 13.68 12.56 12.2 12.9Total lipid (fat) g 11.09 13.77 13.27 11.88 9.51 11.7 13.8Ash g 1.1 1.14 1.08 0.79 1.06 1.4 1.3Carbohydrate g 0.41 1.45 1.35 1.15 0.72 0.7 0.7Minerals (mg)Calcium, Ca mg 64 64 60 99 56 64.7 63.9Iron, Fe mg 3.65 3.85 3.64 4.1 1.75 2.51 2.43Magnesium, Mg mg 13 17 16 13 12 13.92 12.5Phosphorus, P mg 226 220 208 170 198 196.71 198.12Potassium, K mg 132 222 210 142 138 122.5 120.7
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STCETORP
REJUV
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S E T A L U S M I T
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Anti oxidant improves immunity
Prevents excessive fat deposition inliver
Treats chemicals & other toxinseffectively
Rejuvenates degenerated liver cells quicklyPrevents fatty liver syndrome
Corrects mycotoxin effect
Induces secretion of hepatic enzymes
Helps for easy metabolisation of fat
Stimulates liver cells for faster & better metabolic functions
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ARTICLE
during convalescence from surgery or other illness usually include eggs. Eggs are valuable and readily acceptable in diets for file elderly who may have lower caloric needs but have greater difficulty digesting and absorbing nutrients. Adequate nutrient intake in the elderly is critical for health since age-related changes occur in the gastrointestinal tract, and diet can profoundly influence the immune system. Eggs are easily digested and absorbed to provide several essential nutrients. Availability, modest cost, ease of preparation, popular taste appeal, and low caloric value give eggs a deserved place in geriatric diets. Eggs are good for any meal or as snacks. They provide good nutrition, are satisfying, and have a comparatively low-calorie content, important for persons with weight problems.
Eggs are rich in essential amino acids which are mainly considered as ‘building blocks for the body’ because they help to form protein and repair body tissues and cells, help fight infections (immunogenic), keep body fluids in balance, produce hormones, enzymes and antibodies. Similarly, vitamins and minerals present in eggs play major role in maintaining the heathy body conditions like, Vitamin A helps in maintaining the healthy skin and eye tissue and assists in night vision, Vitamin strengthens bones and teeth and may help to protect against certain cancers and auto-immune diseases, Vitamin D is critical for bone health and immune function. Eggs are one of the only foods that naturally contain vitamin D. Vitamin E acts as an antioxidant that plays a role in maintaining good health and preventing disease, Vitamin B12 aids in protection against heart disease, Folate assists in production and maintenance of new cells and helps to prevent a type of anemia, protect against serious birth defects if taken prior to pregnancy and during the first three months of pregnancy and Choline, essential for normal functioning of all cells, but particularly important during pregnancy to support healthy brain development of the fetus. Similarly, minerals like Selenium works with Vitamin E to act as an antioxidant to help prevent the breakdown of body tissues and Iron carries oxygen to the cells, helps prevent anemia and the iron in eggs is easily absorbed by the body. Lutein and Zeaxanthin antioxidants that are believed to reduce the risk of developing cataracts and slow the progression of age-related macular degeneration, a disease that develops with age. Therefore, the nutritive value of eggs from different species are given in table.Reference:l ANGEL, C.R. (1993) Nutrient profiles of ostrich
and emu eggs as indicators of nutritional status of the hen and chick. Proceedings of the Meeting of the Australian Ostrich Association Inc. (Vic), 23 July 1993 Proceedings No 21 7, Postgraduate Committee in Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, pp. 138-140.
l DU PREEZ, J.J. (1991) Ostrich nutrition and management. In: Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition in Australia (Ed Farrell, D.J.), University of New England, Armidale, Australia, p. 279
Sodium, Na mg 141 146 138 151 142Zinc, Zn mg 1.47 1.41 1.33 1.58 1.29 1.34 0.98Copper, Cu mg 0.062 0.062 0.062 0.062 0.072 0.54 0.43Manganese, Mn mg 0.038 0.038 0.038 0.038 0.028 0.16 0.21Selenium, Se µg 32 36.4 36.9 34.3 30.7 32.4 32VitaminsThiamin mg 0.13 0.156 0.147 0.11 0.04 0.15 0.15Riboflavin mg 0.79 0.404 0.382 0.47 0.457 0.24 0.24Niacin mg 0.15 0.2 0.189 0.024 0.075Pantothenic acid mg 1.761 1.862 1.759 1.889 1.533 0.75 0.75Vitamin B-6 mg 0.15 0.25 0.236 0.131 0.17Folate, total µg 66 80 76 71 47 48 48Choline, total mg 263.4 263.4 263.4 293.8Vitamin B-12 µg 1.58 5.4 5.1 1.69 0.89Vitamin A, RAE µg 156 194 187 166 160 5.79 5.79Retinol µg 155 192 185 166 160Carotene, beta µg 11 14 13 0Cryptoxanthin, beta µg 10 12 12 9Vitamin A, IU IU 543 674 650 554 540 383 383Lutein + zeaxanthin µg 369 459 442 - 503Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) mg 1.08 1.34 1.29 - 1.05 0.04 0.04Vitamin D (D2 + D3) µg 1.4 1.7 1.7 - 2 - -Vitamin D IU 55 69 66 - 82 - -Vitamin K (phylloquinone) µg 0.3 0.4 0.4 - 0.3 - -LipidsFatty acids, total saturated g 3.557 3.681 3.595 3.632 3.126 - 31*Fatty acids, total monounsaturated
g 4.324 6.525 5.747 4.571 3.658 - 58*
Fatty acids, total polyunsaturated
g 1.324 1.223 1.672 1.658 1.911 - 10*
Cholesterol(mg/gm) mg 844 884 852 933 372 10.3 15.7Amino AcidsTryptophan g 0.209 0.26 0.282 0.219 0.167 - -Threonine g 0.641 0.736 0.797 0.672 0.556 1.013 -Isoleucine g 0.816 0.598 0.647 0.855 0.671 0.672 -Leucine g 1.146 1.097 1.188 1.201 1.086 1.336 -Lysine g 0.881 0.951 1.03 0.924 0.912 0.947 -Methionine g 0.421 0.576 0.624 0.442 0.38 0.395 -Cystine g 0.311 0.285 0.309 0.326 0.272 - -Phenylalanine g 0.737 0.84 0.91 0.773 0.68 0.6 -Tyrosine g 0.543 0.613 0.664 0.569 0.499 0.547 -Valine g 0.94 0.885 0.958 0.985 0.858 0.811 -Arginine g 0.835 0.765 0.828 0.876 0.82 0.527 -Histidine g 0.315 0.32 0.346 0.33 0.309 0.284 -Alanine g 0.762 0.631 0.683 0.799 0.735 0.316 -Aspartic acid g 1.294 0.777 0.841 1.357 1.329 - -Glutamic acid g 1.662 1.789 1.937 1.742 1.673 - -Glycine g 0.434 0.422 0.457 0.455 0.432 - -Proline g 0.518 0.48 0.52 0.543 0.512 - -Serine g 0.992 0.963 1.043 1.04 0.971 0.832 -(Source:USDA Food Composition Databases, 2018; Angel (1993); ‘Du Preez (1991))
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KADAKNATH POULTRYAnupam Soni1, Sharad Mishra2, Rupal Pathak3,
Ashutosh Dubey4, Ayush Yadav4 and Upasana Verma11. M.V.Sc Scholar, Livestock Production and Management Department, CGKV Anjora, Durg (C.G.).
2. Professor and Head, Livestock Production and Management Department, CGKV Anjora, Durg (C.G.).3. Assistant Professor, Livestock Production and Management Department, CGKV Anjora, Durg (C.G.).
4. Ph.D. Scholar, Livestock Production and Management Department, CGKV Anjora, Durg (C.G.).
INTRODUCTION
Poultry keeping has a symbolic importance within the context of many economical, social, mystical and cultural activities throughout the
world. The Kadaknath is also known as “Kalamanshi” meaning the fowl having black flesh. The Peculiarity of Kadaknath breed is that most of the internal organs show intense black coloration which is due to the deposition of melanin pigment in the connective tissues of organs and in the dermis. Such condition called as “Fibromelanosis”. Native place of Kadaknath in area of Jhauba and Dhar districts of M.P. they reared mainly by the tribal communities of Bhil and Bhilala The eggs are light brown in colour. The varieties of Kadaknath are jet-black, penciled and golden are more common. The bird is very popular among the adivasis mainly due to its adaptability to the local environment, disease resistance, meat quality, texture and flavor. The day-old chicks are identified by characteristic colour pattern i.e. brownish to black with irregular dark stripes over the back. The adult Kadaknath plumage varies from silver or gold spangled to bluish black without any spanging. The beak, skin, toes, shanks and soles of feet are slate-like. The comb, wattles and tongue are purple colour. The meat is repulsive to look at but delicious. The weight of cock is about 1.7 kg and that of hen is 1.3 kg. The hens are medium layer.
HABITATThey are being mostly reared by the tribal
/ adivasis living in Jhabua and Dhar districts of M.P. and in Dungarpur and Udaipur districts of Rajasthan. The excellent features of Kadaknath is perching habits. It perches on bushes, lentils, tree tops and branches. It helps plenty of space saving and space utility. Kadaknath is also act a weed control.
CHARACTERISTICSAverage adult weight 1700 gm. males and
1300gm. females. The flesh of kadaknath though black as well as repulsive to look at is considered a delicacy. The meat and eggs are also be a rich source of protein (25.47 per cent in flesh) and iron, the blood and meat are considered to have medicinal property and is being used in the treatment of certain chronic diseases in human beings by the tribal. The meat of Kadaknath has been reported to have aphrodisiac importance. The meat of this bird has level of anti oxidants and two times more carnosine as compared to normal chicken.
DISEASE RESISTANCEThe Kadaknath appreciable resistance to
diseases than any other exotic breeds of fowl in its natural habitat in free range. Lymphomatosis is still unreported in this breed.
MEDICINAL IMPORTANCE AND FOOD VALUEThe bird had medicinal properties as claimed
by the tribal. These birds in addition to its claim as aphrodisiac possess a distinctive taste and have special medicinal value in haemopoietic and nervous disorders.
S.No. Properties Kadaknath Ordinary table bird
i. Protein content 25 % 18 - 20 %
ii. Fat content 0.73 to 1.03 13 - 25 %
iii. Linoleic acid 24 % 21 0/
iv. Cholesterol 184.75 mg / 100g 218.12 mg/
Blood cholesterol has its role as predisposing agent in human cardio-vascular disorder.
Thus it is of immense interest to choose foods which are richer in adequate proteins, low in cholesterol and their fat possesses higher degree of instauration in terms of linoleic acid, which possibly postpone the hazards of athero sclerosis.
CONCLUSIONThe meat quality of Kadaknath bird is superior
to broilers in delicacy as well as nutritional potentialities. But excessive presence of melanin pigments in the skin meat and bones reduces its acceptability among consumers. The eye appeal plays vital role in the marketing of the products. Hence, the reduced popularity of the Kadaknath as table bird. A bird is under release which shall have all good qualities of Kadaknath breed (Mumbai Desi Dual Purpose) except black colour of meat. In addition the annual egg production is 200 eggs as against 60 eggs of Kadaknath.
References:1. Kawalkar vidyadhar, Bhambal S A: Clinical
and Biochemical studies of black meat chicken. The 5thInternational Symposium on clinical Nutrition (4-7 Feb, 1996).
2. Hutt, F B (1848): Genetics of fowl 1st ed. MacGraw Hill Book Company Inc. New York pp. 148.
3. Rao, G V, Kubchandra and Ramchandran, P K (1980): Inheritance of fibromelonotic pigmentation in Kadaknath breed of native fowls in crosses with New Hampshire or White Leghorn breeds. Proceedings of European Poultry Conference of the World Poultry Science Association, Hamburg.
4. Singh, D P and Singh, H P: Black Flesh chicken Kadaknath, Poultry Punch 4: 45-51 (1980).
IS GOD GIFTED
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IMPORTANCE OF SYNBIOTIC APPLICATION IN HATCHERY ON DAY 1
Dr. Sanjay Gapat-Sr. Product Manager, Alivira Animal Health Limited, Thane-Mumbai
During the perinatal period, newly hatched chicks undergo processing, vaccination and transportation, which introduces a gap in access to feed and water. This
gap, referred to as the hatching window, reduces the potential for microflora inoculation and as such, prevents proper microbiome, gastrointestinal system and innate immunity development. Current research shows that the functioning of the liver, fatty tissue, kidney, and pancreas can be affected by disorders of the intestinal microflora. Consequently, the industrial production of chickens with a poor microbial profile leads to enteric microbial infestation and infectious disease outbreaks, which became even more prevalent after the withdrawal of antibiotic growth promoters.
Under natural conditions, chicks hatch in very close proximity to the mother hen, which allow them to eat and drink as soon as they are hatched. Microflora from the mother hen also colonises the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of these young chicks. Early feeding and microflora colonisation have very positive effects on bird’s performance and the maturation of the bird’s immune system.
When birds hatch, their GIT is anatomically but not functionally complete. For the function to fully mature, young birds need early access to feed and water as soon as they hatch, as happens under natural conditions. It is noteworthy that the GIT has about 65- 70% of the birds’ immune system. This means that in addition to the digestive and absorptive functions, the GIT is also considered the major immune organ in birds. Birds are hatched with incomplete immune systems that take about three weeks to fully develop.
Poultry production under modern husbandry practice does not allow newly hatched chicks to come into contact with mother hens. This lack of contact slows the development of GIT microflora and the immune system. Another point worth mentioning is that in addition to the time chicks spend in the hatcher, which couldtake up to one-and-a-half days, chicks might take up to two or three days until they reach the production farm. The delay in feeding and drinking delays the maturation of their digestive and immune system. Besides the lack of the GIT microflora establishment, this opens the door to pathogen colonisation in the gut, making the chicks susceptible to disease and preventing them from achieving their genetic potential.
Synbiotic (like Chick-Pro: Probiotic,Prebiotic& Yeast) application has a very important role in the quick development and establishment of GIT microflora and its role in re-establishing microflora after the therapeutic use of antibiotics. Not only this, but synbiotic application also helps greatly in the rapid maturation of the immune system, which helps birds respond better to vaccines and also defend themselves against infections. Probiotics strengthen the immune system quickly, thus enabling newly hatched chicks to fight infection.
Applying synbiotic in hatcheries on day one is very important for lifetime performance. Synbiotic application at hatchery level improves Body weight gain, Feed efficiency, Carcass traits-weight &yield, Meat quality, Vaccine performance, Gut Health , Immunity and also reduces early chick mortality . The increase in enzyme activity at early stage related to the delivery of additional portions of the enzyme by probiotic bacteria living in the intestine, which causes an improvement in nutrient digestibility and an increase in body weight.
Synbiotic application at hatchery on day one also significantly increases the yolk sac resorption rate in newly hatched chicks. yolk sac is the major source of immunoglobulins contributing to the passive immunity in newly hatched chicks, faster yolk sac resorption results in the greater transfer of maternal antibodies into the chicks’ blood stream. Also, the yolk sac is essential for the initiation of early growth.
Similar in the case of short-chain fatty acids production, after application of synbiotic there is an remarkable improvement in concentration of SCFA in the ceca of broiler chickens, expressed by a higher molar percentage of butyrate, propionate and valerate, especially in older birds (21 and 35 days post-hatching) which ensures the sound gut .Continued application at the farm level is equally important because of frequent changes in the GIT microbial profile due to feed changes, infection or stress.
References1. The application of probiotics in the hatchery
by Wael Abdelrahman, International Hatchery Practice, Volume 29 Number 1
2. Prebiotics and Synbiotics– in ovo delivery for improved lifespan condition in chicken by Siwek et al. BMC Veterinary Research (2018) 14:402
Applying synbiotic in hatcheries on day one is very important for lifetime performance. Synbiotic application at hatchery level improves Body weight gain, Feed efficiency, Carcass traits-weight &yield, Meat quality, Vaccine performance, Gut Health , Immunity and also reduces early chick mortality
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COMPARATIVE STUDY OF VARIOUS ENZYME SOLUTIONS
Amit Kumar Das, Partha Pratim Das, Venket M Shelke and Saravanan SankaranKemin Industries South Asia Pvt. Ltd.
INTRODUCTION
Efficient feed utilization is key to profitability in commercial broiler chicken farming. Modern day broiler birds are very efficient in converting feed into meat. Despite this improved genetic potential of feed conversion, not all the nutrients are digested by birds’ digestive system and gets wasted in the form of non-starch polysaccharides (NSP’s), undigested proteins and lipids. To reduce this nutrient loss, enzymes are widely used in the feed to improve nutrient utilization and optimize feed cost. There are several enzyme solutions available in the market, which majorly focuses on digesting various NSP’s and proteins, thereby, more nutrients are available for absorption by birds’ digestive system. Nutrikem™ XL Pro is a Kemin’s solution, having a unique combination of xylanase, xylanase potentiating factor (XPF) and NSPases, multi-protease (acid, neutral and alkaline protease), slow releasing amylase (SRA), lipase and lysophospholipids. Nutrikem™ XL Pro aids in better digestion and utilization of NSP’s, proteins, fats and starch of diet and ensure increased absorption of nutrients.
A mass commercial broiler trial was conducted to compare the efficacy of Nutrikem™ XL Pro over the combination of commonly available individual enzymes in market, viz. xylanase and protease on broiler performance parameters. Nutrikem™ XL Pro contains lysophospholipids (Lysoforte® dry) and similar Lysoforte® was added to the individual enzyme group for effective comparison.
TRIAL DESIGNThe broiler trial was done for a period of
36 days at a customer place in South India. A total of 43,342 (Cobb-430) day-old chicks were randomly divided into two treatment groups (Table-1). Each group comprised of
five commercial broiler houses having deep litter system of rearing. The birds were fed with corn-soya based diet and both the groups were reformulated with a reduction of 0.8% crude protein (CP) and 80 Kcal energy in the formulation. Crumble feed was fed ad libitum in pre-starter, starter and finisher diets as per breed nutrient specifications in accordance with industry standard practices. The management practices and vaccination procedures were followed as per breed specifications for both the groups.
During the trial, performance parameters like mortality percentage and body weight were monitored and recorded weekly. At the end of trial, body weight, livability percentage, feed conversion ratio (FCR), European efficiency factor (EEF) were measured and economic benefits were calculated and compared.
Table – 1: Trial design of experimental groupsGROUPS DOSAGE
Individual EnzymesProtease at 500g/MT + Xylanase at 500g/MT of feed
Nutrikem™ XL Pro 500g/MT feed
RESULTS
Figure-1: Livability percentage of treatment groups at the end of trial.
2. AVERAGE BODY WEIGHT
Figure-2: Average body weight (kg) of treatment groups at the end of trial.
3. FEED CONVERSION RATIO (FCR)
Figure-3: Feed conversion ratio of treatment groups at the end of trial.
4. EUROPEAN EFFICIENCY FACTOR (EEF)
Figure-4: European Efficiency Factor of treatment groups at the end of trial.
ON NUTRIENT UTILIZATION WITH FEED COST OPTIMIZATION IN BROILERS
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ARTICLE5. ECONOMIC BENEFITS
PARAMETERSINDIVIDUAL ENZYMES
NUTRIKEM™ XL PRO
Number of birds 22,215 21,127
Final body weight (kg) 2.13 2.18
Total live weight harvested (kg) 42,691 41,874
Total Income (INR) 29,88,336 29,31,200
Net Income (INR) 2,30,981 2,52,643Production cost /kg live weight (INR) 64.59 63.97Extra Income over Individual Enzymes (INR) - 21,662Extra Income for one-million broiler birds (INR) - 10,25,340
Table-2: Economic benefits of the experimental groups
Nutrikem™ XL Pro showed 1% higher livability than individual enzyme group (Figure-1). Though there was non-significance(P≥0.05)in body weight and FCR between the groups, Nutrikem™ XL Pro recorded 50g higher body
weight than individual enzymes (Figure-2 & 3).Nutrikem™ XL Pro had 17-points better EEF over individual enzymes group (Figure-4).It was observed that Nutrikem™ XL Pro had shown least cost of production at 0.62 per kg live
weight than the individual enzymes (Table-2).
DISCUSSIONSupplementation of Nutrikem™ XL Pro
demonstrated superior performance over individual enzymes in commercial broilers. The performance benefit in Nutrikem™ XL Pro can be attributed to its unique combination of individual enzymes and their synergy of activity helps in better digestion, absorption and bioavailability of essential nutrients.
CONCLUSIONAlthough there was non-significance (P≥0.05)
in body weight and FCR between the groups, Nutrikem™ XL Pro outperformed individual enzymes in terms of economic benefit. Lower inclusion cost of Nutrikem™ XL Pro showed an extra income of 10,25,340 for one-million broiler birds with least cost of production over individual enzymes. Thus, it is evident from the study that supplementation of Nutrikem™ XL Pro can effectively improve broiler performance and economics.
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THE PERFORMANCE OF BROILER IN EXTREME WINTER SEASON”
Dr. Shaitan Singh Rathore MVSc, Poultry Science, IVRI, Izatnagar, U.P GM Technical, Sampoorna Feeds (P)
Ltd, Phagwara (PB)
“BEST PRACTICES TO AMELIORATEIntroduction
The environment can be defined as the combination of external conditions which have an impact on animals and humans. Perhaps the most important physiological response of broiler to the environment is the constant maintenance of a homoeothermic state during exposure to extreme ambient temp. Environmental stress causes adverse effects on performance of poultry.
There are different types of stressors, namely:• Climatic stress (Heat stress and Cold stress)• Managemental stress (excess light, wet litter and
poor ventilation)• Nutritional stress (excess salt and low nutrients)• Physiological stress(rapid growth)• Physical stress (catching, injection, immobilization
and transportation)• Social stress (overcrowding, poor body weight)• Psychological stress (fear and harsh caretakers)
Among all these types of stressors, environmental stress adversely affects the production performance of commercial poultry. Birds like mammals are homoeothermic which means they can maintain a relatively constant deep body temperature 41.7oC (107oF). The thermoregulatory mechanism in birds is effective only upon the ambient temp within certain limits (18-30oC). Beyond this bird cannot adjust well.
Management of broiler during winter seasonDuring winter when temp goes down below 55o
F, various problems like reduction in water intake and growth rate etc. Therefore, the management of broiler during winter is an important concern for poultry farmer. Following points should be considered to get better results during winter season:
1. Orientation of broiler farm2. Proper brooding management3. Lighting and Temperature4. Ventilation5. Litter management6. Feed management7. Water management
1. Orientation of broiler farmBroiler farm should be designed in such a way
to provide all the comfort required by birds during winter. Orientation of a farm with respect to wind and sun consequently influence temp, and light on different external surfaces. In winter the arc of the sun’s visible path is shortened, an East west alignment of a rectangular farm provides a maximum gain of solar energy in winter.
THUMB RULE: The long axis of the houses should be parallel to the shadow of a vertically erected pole during the hottest summer.
2. Proper brooding management
Start by making sure that you have the optimal brooding environment. During this stage the immune system is still developing and the young chick is still developing the ability to regulate its own body temp. In order to accomplish this we must stimulate early feed intake. Crop scores can be done 24 hours after placement to see how efficient you are in this regard. The goal is to obtain a score as close to 100% as possible. If you are far from it you might want to look into feed, water and light distribution. Maximum use should be made of this accelerated growth period. When growing optimally your chick can achieve 4.5-5 times its day
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ARTICLEold weight in 7 days. During this period, feed conversion will be at its most economical for the entire growth period. Strong and healthy chicks will take you that much further, but if the chicks fall behind early on, there might not be time to catch up.Preparation prior to receiving chicks:• Cleaning and disinfection of poultry house.• Spreading litter material.• Make a circle of about 7 feet diameter with
brooder guard which can hold about 500 to 650 chicks.
• Brooding should be done in south side of the farm
• Make ceiling curtain (5feet height) with double layered curtain in side wall as shown in picture.
• News papers, heat source, feeder and drinker arrangements inside the brooding area.
• Check the brooder for proper temperature of 90 to 950 F.
• Arrange heat/temp source like bulb, gas/diesel brooder or bhookari etc
Essential operations to be carried out after receiving chicks• After arrival of chicks, moist the beak and
leave the chicks under heating source.• Maintain a brooder temperature of 90 to
950F for the first week and then reduce 50F every week until it reaches the room temp.
• Watch the behavior of chicks in order to find out whether temp provided is correct or less or more.
• Remove the old newspaper after 2 days and destroy it by burning. If necessary, spread another set of newspaper. Keep the tyre feeder one for 250chicks.
3. Lighting and TemperatureA rule of thumb is: during the first week, if the house feels comfortable for you, then it’s too cold for the chicks. Normally you can heat the house up to 33°C ambient air temp with placement. If the chicks come from a parent flock of younger than 30 weeks you can increase the set point with 1°C for the first two weeks.
During the winter temp can fall rapidly, especially in the late afternoon and early mornings. One should take care that the bulbs or heaters are responding to these temp fluctuations. One way to monitor this is by placing temp loggers in the houses. Placing multiple loggers at different locations in the house will give a better picture of how the heat distributes through the house and the uniformity of the temp. Thermometers and loggers should be placed at bird height. Remember that the chick’s behavior is the most
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important indicator and must be monitored regularly by checking whether they are huddling, panting or migrating. Happy chicks will be distributed evenly throughout the house. Identify cold spots in the house and think of ways to eliminate it. Open shed roof should be properly covered as like seen in photo.
4. Ventilation
During winter season it is necessary to keep the house draft free but with plenty of ventilation. Birds release a lot of moisture in their breath and droppings which adversely affects their health, if there is restricted ventilation it causes ammonia build up in the air which causes respiratory problems. So, they need plenty of fresh air circulating around the house. For the purpose proper curtain management is very useful key to manage proper ventilation. One must make sure that the incoming air doesn’t fall directly onto the chicks. Open-sided house curtains opening should be top to bottom. With a fully EC shed one must remember to set the inlets to direct the air into the peak of the roof to ensure optimum mixing with the warm air. There should also be arrangement of exhaust fans to remove impure air.
If we are doing any mistake during brooding phase regarding ventilation it may be reflected in later stage in form of Ascites.5. Litter Management
Prior to chick being placed in house, the surface of floor should be covered with a
bedding material called litter. It gives comfort to the birds. A good quality litter serves as an insulator in maintaining uniform temperature, also absorbs moisture and promotes drying. It dilutes faecal material thus reducing contact
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between birds and manure. It also insulates the chicks from the cooling effects of the ground and provides protection cushion between bird and floor. Around 2.5-3 inches of litter is needed in houses during winter. If litter condition poor then before racking, treat it with mixture of new litter+Lime powder+Super Phasphate in ratio of 10:2:0.2. It will reduce the emission of ammonia gas and easily dry.
6. Feed Management
The variation in feed consumption is smaller for each ºF change in temp when the weather is cold than when it is hot. Low temp causes more feed intake and higher oxygen
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demand. Therefore, when the weather gets colder, it is essential to give the chicken plenty of feed as they require extra energy for maintaining body temperature. When bird eat more feed, along with energy, other nutrients are also consumed more which are actually not needed and they become a waste. To avoid this wastage during winter energy rich sources like oil/fat should be added to the diet or level of other nutrients may be reduced keeping the energy at same level.
7. Water ManagementDuring winter birds take less water so far maintenance
of water in the body, it is necessary to give continuous supply of fresh water which can be taken by the bird. In ice falling areas, blockage of pipe is a big problem due to freezing of water during winter season. When temp goes below 0°C routine inspection of pipe line should be done to avoid blockage of water.
Conclusion
If we trying to fulfill above practices to ameliorate the performance of broiler in extreme Winter Season than we can get excellent results (Optimum EEF) and can increase profitability.
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Reference
1. Book: Modern Livestock & Poultry Production. 8th edition2. Book: Poultry Diseases a guide for farmers & poultry professionals by
J.L. Vegad3. Pictures have been taken by Dr. Shaitan Singh during practical field
experience.4. Dr. Tufail Banday and Dr.Madeha Untoo., 2012. (Division of Livestock
Production & Management, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry, Shere Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology).
5. Http://extension.psu.edu/juniata/news/2014/broiler-house-ventilation-in-the-winter-months
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The first step in the process of conditioning is heat treatment of the meal by the addition of steam in a steam mixer. Steam treatment is necessary to
optimize the pelleting process in power consumption and pellet quality. Van Aarsen offers a Long Term Vessel to improve the process of feed conditioning. By placing a Long Term Vessel (LTV) after the Steam Mixer, long termconditioning can be realized. It significantly improves the process of feed conditioning which results in an optimized nutritional quality of the feed, better digestibility, and therefore better growth and health of animals.
For new and existing feed millsNext to the Long Term Vessel , Van Aarsen
also offers a Long Term Conditioner. The Long TermConditioner, combines the Steam Mixer and Long Term Vessel in one machine. The Steam Mixer is integrated in such a way that it requires less space and results in a lower configuration. Ideal when you are looking for a solution to improve your conditioning process in your existing feed mill.
Hygienize your feed with the Long Term Vessel or Long Term Conditioner
The Long Term Vessel (LTV) and Long Term Conditioner (LTC) are hygienizers. This means that they will destroy pathogenic germs such as salmonella bacteria. This process takes place when the temperature of the meal is higher than 85°C and a retention time lasts 4 minutes or longer. Especially important for poultry (layer) feed. Eggshells can be a contaminating
source of salmonella.
Save up to 20% on energy consumptionBy injecting dry steam, starch gelatinization
is induced within a short period of time.Upon heating in the presence of water, starch granules swell and burst. This process is calledgelatinization.After gelatinization the starch has become amorphous and becomes viscous, which has an impact on binding and deformability properties of the feed mixture and ultimately contributes to obtaining an increased pellet hardness and durability. The longer the conditioning process, the better the starch gelatinization.
Due to a longer retention time in the LTV or LTC, higher moisture levels are possible and therefore more steam can be injected; higher temperature results in reduced electric energy requirement of the pellet mill.
More informationVan Aarsen is developer, manufacturer
and supplier of state of the art machines and complete feed mill solutions for the production of compound feed and premixes worldwide. Van Aarsen takes its vital role in the ‘agro-feed’ chain seriously. Its innovative machines and complete solutions for animal feed manufacturers have been designed and built to boost production and reduce operational costs by minimising energy consumption and maximising feed safety and ease of operation.
More information on Van Aarsen conditioners is available here:
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or via e-mail at [email protected] view or download images, please click on
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For more information, please contact Maril van Kempen: [email protected]
IMPROVE YOUR FEED CONDITIONING PROCESS AND OPTIMIZE THE NUTRITIONAL
VALUE OF YOUR FEED WITH VAN AARSEN LONG TERM CONDITIONERS
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Day 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Ahmedabad 404 408 412 412 421 424 427 432 432 436 432 436 438 440 442 442 442 446 446 446 446 448 448 450 454
Ajmer 375 377 381 386 390 393 400 400 401 402 402 402 392 392 392 392 393 392 393 397 398 401 408 421 -
Banglore (CC) 385 387 390 395 400 405 410 413 415 418 418 418 418 420 420 420 410 412 415 415 415 417 419 423 426
Chennai (CC) 400 400 405 420 430 430 430 430 430 430 430 430 430 430 430 430 430 430 430 430 420 420 420 430 440
Chittoor 393 393 398 413 423 423 423 423 423 423 423 423 423 423 423 423 423 423 423 423 413 413 413 423 433
cochin 390 390 390 405 415 415 420 420 425 425 425 425 425 425 415 415 420 420 415 415 415 425 425 430 430
Delhi (CC) 400 400 400 400 400 404 406 408 408 410 414 414 414 414 414 414 414 414 414 414 414 416 419 425 435
E.Godavari 380 380 373 375 380 385 390 395 398 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 385 385 388 391 396 401 406 413
Hyderabad 370 373 377 380 383 386 389 391 393 393 393 395 397 399 401 380 382 384 384 384 386 388 392 397 402
Miraj - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Mumbai (CC) 425 425 425 430 435 438 441 446 446 448 448 448 450 452 454 454 435 437 439 439 439 441 441 447 452
Mysore 392 394 397 403 409 414 416 419 421 424 424 424 424 426 426 426 410 415 419 419 419 422 425 429 432
Nagapur 360 373 375 385 390 395 400 400 400 405 405 405 395 395 390 390 388 390 395 395 - - - - -
Namakkal 400 402 407 410 410 410 410 415 415 415 415 415 390 392 392 387 370 373 376 376 376 381 388 395 399
Pune 410 410 413 417 425 430 434 440 442 448 450 450 450 450 450 450 440 440 442 442 442 445 445 453 458
Punjab 373 373 375 378 381 385 389 390 391 396 396 394 - - - - - - - - - - - - 400
Vijayawada 380 380 373 375 380 385 390 395 398 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 385 385 388 391 396 401 406 413
Vizag 380 380 380 380 385 385 385 390 393 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 405 405 405 410
W.Godavari 380 380 373 375 380 385 390 395 398 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 385 385 388 391 396 401 406 413
Warangal 373 373 376 380 383 386 389 392 394 396 396 396 398 400 402 404 383 385 387 387 387 389 391 395 400
Source : www.e2necc.
MONTHLY EGG RATESSEPTEMBER-OCTOBER 2019
ALLANA 19ANSHUMAN INDUSTRIES 79A.P POULTRY EQUIPMENT 117ABT CORPORATION 73 ABTL 85 ALLTECH 29ASPIRE VET 33AVIAGEN 05AZRA’S POULTRY EQUIPMENTS 83BERG & SCHMIDT 41BLUE STAR 93BV BIOCORP 3RD COVERCEVA POCHEM 43CHAKRA GROUP 66-67CHEMBOND 55CREDENCE 27 DHUMAL 53DSM 59ELANCO 51EVONIK 61EW NUTRITION 128FARMAKON 63FRANCIS 115GARINNO 75GOLDEN GROUP 92GLOBION 25GUYBRO 65HESTER 113HUVEPHARMA 8I.B GROUP 21INDIAN HERBS 119INDO BIO CARE 86INTERFACE PHARMA 2, 3, 4INTERHEAT 6, 7INTRON 23JAPFA 111JANAKI GROUP 125KARAMSAR POULTRY EQUIPMENTS 70
KARAMSAR POULTRY APPLIANCES 99KAYPEEYES BIOTECH 95KEMIN BACK COVERKNOWLEDGE DAY 121LUBING 102LUMIS 12MSD 87NATURAL REMEDIES 37NEOSPARK 105NOVUS 35NOREL 57OMEGA 96OPTIMA 81PERICOLI 13POLARIS 80POULTRY INDIA 89PROVET PHARMA 106PROVIMI 77RIOTH 69RND AUTOMATION 107 SAI KRISHNA 123SAIFE VETMED 49SHANTHI FEEDS 101SHIVAM INCUBATORS 103SRINIVASA FARMS 39SUPREME 76THE HIMALAYA 71VAN AARSEN 31VESPER GROUP 45VET NEEDS 97VETSFARMA 15VENTRI 1ST COVERVETINA 17, 48VICTAM 47VOLSCHENDORF 109ZEUS 91ZOETIS 10ZYDUS 14
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POULTRY PUNCH
November, 2019
3 November, 2019 4 November, 2019
25, Thyagraj Nagar Market, Near Thyagraj Stadium, New Delhi - 110003Phone: +91-11-24617837 l Mobile: 9312700599 Email: [email protected]
www.thepoultrypunch.comMONT
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November 30, 2019 Volume 36 No. 1 130 Pages Including Cover
Month, November 2019, RNI No.: 42917/84
Edited, Printed, Published & Owned by: B.S. Rana, 25 Thyagraj Nagar Market, New Delhi-110003and Printed at A.M. Offseters - 1810/1, Giani Bazar, Kotla Mubarakpur, New Delh-110003 2 November, 2019
Rs. 60/-
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