MERANAO CONYO IN FACEBOOK:

SYNTACTIC ANDENCODED PROSODY

ANALYSES

A PaperPresented To

The Department of EnglishCollege of Arts and Social Science

Mindanao State University- Iligan Institute of TechnologyIligan City

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements2nd Semester, A.Y. 2014-2015

Submitted toProf. Honeylet Dumoran

By

Sitty Nor_Aisah M. PumbayaJasmerah P. Amod

ABSTRACT

Code – switching is “the juxtaposition within the same speech exchange of passages of speech,

belonging to two different grammatical systems or subsystems.” (Gumperz, 1982) In Bullock

and Toribio’s studies (2009), they defined code-switching as the ability to alternate naturally

between two or more languages by bilinguals or multilinguals. With all the early studies of code-

switching and its evolution an emergence of a type of code-switching known as Deficiency-

driven Code-switching has been identified by Bautista, (2004), she discussed that this type of

switching happens when a speaker lacks sufficient knowledge and full competence in English

and have to insert a phrase or word from his native language in order to express an idea. This

type is categorized as Engalog or Konyo.

There are three (3) goals that the researchers aim to find out at the end of this paper (1) to the

draw the line between meranao conyo and code-switching, (2) identify whether these MCUs are

varieties or a type of code-switching or another type of switching as a whole and (3) to analyze

MCU in two levels; grammatical and syntactic analysis and to be able to encode the prosodic

features of the gathered data subjected to a set of criteria to identify which utterance is

considered MCU using a corpus of 129 facebook statuses and comments of Meranao users in

facebook, (2) by categorizing the common features found in the MCU and (3) Analyzing these

features on a linguistic approach.

The criteria used are as follows; I. Statement should contain two or more languages, one is

meranao, II. Meranao utterance is employed in a communicative discourse or system along other

languages, III. There is an emergence of grammatical morphemes as affixes to express linguistic

functions such as plurality and tense; and IV. Manifestations of encoded prosody of any

linguistic cue terms of paralinguistic signals e.i phonetic spelling, caps locking and the use of

punctuation marks.

I. INTRODUCTION

The study of language and its evolution in particular, has changed significantly over the

past decades in the advent of cognitive science and linguistics. The world is consisting of

millions and millions of people with different races, religion, culture and beliefs. But the

most explicit difference that each person possessed is the difference in the language that they

use in their day to day activities. In fact, there are a total of 6,909 living language in the

world base on their mutual intelligibility. But despite this language population, there is one

language that is used globally in order for people, with different nationality, to communicate

and understand each other. This is the English Language which is defined by Schineider,

(2003) “as the world’s leading language, the main vehicle of international communication,

and in that role it is an essential, indeed indispensable tool for international economy,

diplomacy, sciences, the media, and also individual interactions across language boundaries.”

The English language is one of the most widely used languages all over the world. This

language has become so prominent and powerful that even the non-English native speaker

such as Japanese, Filipinos, Koreans, Russians and other felt the need to learn and master the

English Language. Thus, the increasing population of non-English native speaker would not

only absorb the natural characteristic of the language itself but they would also,

unconsciously, shape the language itself in a different way.

The Philippines, found in the south-east part of Asia, is where you can find the most fluent non-

English native speakers of the language. In fact, Filipinos are considered as the only Asians who

could speak “good English”. Although Filipino is the mother tongue in the Philippines and there

are more or less 170 different Philippine Languages including sebuano, meranao, waray, and

Ilocano etc spoken by Filipinos all over Philippines. This results from the different tribal people

found in the Philippines most especially in Mindanao. Thus, due to the number of languages

spoken by the Filipinos plus the English language, which is also widely-used in schools,

universities and offices as a medium of instruction, would possibly result to what we now call

“New Englishes,” these are mix of the English language and one or more different language,

have become a new trend in discourse found not just only in verbal discourse but in the internet

discourse as well. And “space is fundamental in any form of power of communal life” (Foucault

2000)

Meranao language is one of the Philippine languages spoken by one of the tribal people, the

meranaos, found in Lanao del Sur and Lanao del Norte. Due to the English globalization, which

includes the usage of English as medium of instruction in different sectors in the country, an

Emerging phenomenon wherein the Meranao language is mixed with the other languages e.i

Filipino and/or English which most often than not it is confused with code-switching. Thus, this

study focuses on dichotomizing the Meranao Conyo Utterances (MCU) from the early studies of

Code-switching. Moreover, the researchers aim to identify the prosodic pattern of the MCU

through the encoded paralinguistic signals specifically using the Facebook posts and comments

gathered by the researchers

Keywords: Computer-Mediated Communication, Code-Switching, Paralinguistic Signals,

Utterances

I.1 Computer- mediated Communication (CMC)

Communication now has became virtual, there are various context which people started to adopt

to foster discourse, one of which is the computer- mediated communication (CMC). According

to Wood and Smith (2005) it is a new field of for the study of human behaviors as they are

maintained or altered by the exchange of information through machines like computers. CMC

are any communication online which includes; emails, chatting, social networks posts, comments

and forums. (Crystal, 2004). Trevino and Webster (1992) asserted that CMC differs from other

types of communication mediums due to feedback capabilities and speed. Nevertheless, Rice and

Love (1987) maintained that CMC was impersonal compared to face-to-face (FtF) interactions.

These are communications made possible by the existence of internet and the machine,

computer.

I.2 Code-Switching

The occurrence of code-switching has been rampant for decades which opened the floodgates to

studies about it. Generally, code- switching describes any switch among languages in the course

of a conversation, whether at the level of words, sentences or blocks of speech, such as what

often occurs among bilinguals who speak the same languages. (Edwards, 2010) Moreover,

Myers Scotton in 1983 described code-switching, as one particular phenomenon of bilingual

speech refers to instances of alternating between two languages or varieties of the same language

in the same conversation. Since then, it became a practice of moving back and forth between two

languages in spoken or written form of communication.

Poplack, in her study cited three types of occurrences of code-switching; (1) tag-switching, is

when there is an inclusion of tag which does not affect the grammatical structure of a language,

one great example is the attachment of (e.g. you know, I mean, right, etc) for example, “I look

like Lilica, you know, I never stop!” (2) Inter-sentential switching; the switching occurs at the

phrase or sentence level, between sentences. For example, “Sometimes I’ll start a sentence in

Spanish and finish in Spanish.” (3) intra-sentential switching; the most complicated type which

is explained by the high probability of violation of syntactic rules, as well as the requirement of a

great knowledge of both grammars and how they onto each other. For instance, “...I don’t know

my place in this world….”

1.3 Paralinguistic Signals

Non-verbal communication is acknowledged as an essential component of language.

Paralinguistic cues are important of part of utterances, may reflect various features of a speaker.

It is a very useful tool in expressing and detecting the vividness of the interpretation of a

particular utterance, it aids in adding emphasis and focus. Aspects such as tone, hand gestures,

intonation of speech, pause, and facial expressions plays an important role in the communication

channels. Simple changes on these non-verbal cues greatly affect the interpretation of a certain

statement.

I.4 Utterances

Communication has had many channels in various forms; amidst this communication are

utterances that we employ to be understood by people. “Utterance” as defined by Adam Kendon

(2004), is any action or complex of actions treated by participants of international situations, in

order to give information. It could be inferred that utterance is a unit of a discourse move that

could be in a form of constructed speech or bodily actions.

II. CORPUS COLLECTION

This study focuses on CMC so, the researchers decided to collect data from facebook because it

is where large population of Meranao speakers interact with other people and facebook provides

a wide range of avenue for people to freely share thoughts. The scope of this study is limited to

the status updates and comments of random Muslim speakers in Facebook. The researchers have

gathered a total of 129 status updates and comments randomly chosen from various facebook

users. These statuses and comments are gathered according to the criteria considered by the

researchers, (1) Statement should contain two or more languages, one should be meranao, (2)

Meranao utterance is used in a communicative discourse or system along other languages, (3)

there is a presence of grammatical morphemes as affixes to express linguistic functions such as

plurality and tense; and (4) manifestations of encoded prosody of linguistic cues in terms of

paralinguistic signals such as phonetic spelling, caps locking and the use of punctuation marks.

The researchers derived these set of criteria from the most observed features of language

switching and/or alternations from the early studies. (1) Most insertions at the word or phrase

level were English nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs inserted into Tagalog clausal or phrasal

constructions, whereas Tagalog adverbial particle enclitics were often inserted as lone items into

English phrases or sentences, (2) some function words, such as linkers and conjuctions, converge

in the two languages; and (3) the two languages show similarities of clausal constructions

(Bautista 1980, 1989 and 1999).

III. PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA

The analysis on the gathered data is in two folds; (1) the syntactic structure; that focuses on the

arrangement of the individual words and how these arrangements elicit a particular function of

words , how does this affects the message of the speaker and lastly how does it changes or

intensifies the semantics of the statement. (2) the prosodic patterns observed in the MCU, since

the most prevalent and obvious features of language switching and/or alternation is the presence

non-verbal communication as part of a statement such as hand gestures, rhythm or the tone of

statement and even the emotions behind the statement. However, the researchers did not use

recorded audio data to analyze and settled to analyze written prosodies that focus on

paralinguistic cues like emoticons, letter and punctuation mark repetitions and etc.

IV. ANALYSIS A: SYNTACTIC STRUCTURE OF MARANAO CONYO

UTTERANCES

The first layer of analysis revolves around the very structure and elements of the gathered

MCUs. Linguistic approaches more often than not assumes that any language consists of

elements that language users employ to express, represent, intensify, emphasize or mean

something which means that the function of the language is contingent on how the language user

will form or shape the language itself. This linguistic feature includes orthographic variations in

which informal spellings are vividly used; there are also usage of tags, phrases, morphemes and

etc attached to MCUs to express functions that the speaker considers as necessary in the

discourse. Linguistic function is defined as a “Functional grammar that analyzes grammatical

structure, as do formal and structural grammar, but it also analyzes the entire communicative

situation: the purposes of the speech event, its participants, and its discourse context. “ (Nichols

1984: 97)

A. Emphasis

Emphasis denotes a special weight or forcefulness given to a particular word and/or

statement in a discourse analysis; which means that there is a special attention or

prominence given to a syllable or words. The emphasis in every MCU can be in a form of

tags that are attached at the end of every utterance. These tags can be in interrogative or

declarative forms, depends on how the users actually utilize the said tags. The presence of

emphasis explicitly elicits appeal to emotions and intensifications of statements.

a. Linguistic tags

Interrogative

Example:

TRANSLATIONS:“If I am thinking of you, you should be thinking of me too!

Teamwork ah?”

TRANSLATIONS:

“My indio suitor be like, “You’re not going to “magparamdam ” Wait until I get dead ow? Even if it’s everyday!”

Declarative

TRANSLATIONS:

“Time flies so very fast. Yesterday, he said I’m so lovable the next thing I know is not anymore?!”

TRANSLATIONS:“Are you jealous?”“No.”“Really? You’re jealous nah.”“I said no.”“High five!”“You make high five with that girl you made floodlikes nga”

TRANSLATIONS:

“Yaya was upset because someone called her ugly kun. So I comforted her and said ‘Yaya, you’re not so ugly, he’s just so honest.”

B. Expressions

a. Expression of emotions and /or feeling:

One function of language is to be able to express a feeling or something in a

communicative discourse is it face to face or in a computer mediated communication.

Moreover, there is a prevalence use of English phases to express (1) how one wanted to

sound friendly in a computer mediated communication, (2) how one is feeling in his/her

current situation. As stated, “although linguists often imply that the linguistic forms

themselves express concepts, this must be taken as a shorthand way of saying that

speakers use linguistic forms to accomplish acts of expressing, referring, meaning, etc.

(Brown and Yule 1983:27)

So phrases

- So phrases are used to denote current situation, feeling and emotion towards something. It aids in expressing circumstances.

Examples:

TRANSLATIONS:“I’m so ashamed to the people who tweet I’m 17 year old where in fact they’re a 1996 creatures. ’96 kids are already a lady last year.”

TRANSLATIONS:

“Going to school is so tiring! Harhar. I’m so tired.”

Make phrases

Examples:TRANSLATIONS:

“Should my future husband make ask if he could practice polygamy, hug him so tight and whisper, Poly-INJURIES, you want?”

TRANSLATIONS:

“If you truly care for somebody, make prayers for them. If you truly dislike somebody, make prayers for them. Prayer is universal. It heals everything.”

As in Phrases

Example:

b. Expression of function:

b.1 Affixation of grammatical morphemes

Morphemes are minimal structural shapes that affects the semantics of the word by (1)

the meaning contributed by a morpheme may vary depending on other morphemes in the

word, and (2) the whole message may be more, less than, or simply different from the

sum of the meanings of all the morphemes in the message itself. Therefore, morphology

as a whole is an established system of variations in the shapes of words rather than

simply strings of meaningful pieces. There are two types of morphemes; (1) free

morphemes are independent morphemes those that can stand alone and does not need

attachments with other words, (2) bound morphemes are those that must be attached to

some other morphemes in order to be employed in a discourse. There are presences of

bound morphemes specifically grammatical morphemes such as “ed, d, er, est, s, ing” are

attached in meranao words in order to express some linguistic functions such as:

TRANSLATIONS:“Please don’t make boast your GAP clothes to me because your GAP is like a BNY Jeans in Europe.”

TRANSLATIONS:“Ow to da Em to da Gee, I’ve finished doing laundry at 12am. Doing laundry is exhausting. As in its tiring. Hahahaha (Kris Aquino Style)

I. Nominal Pluralization

There is a semantic effect of adding an affix to express the linguistic function of

plurality of root words. Morphologically, plural (PL) is formed in 3 ways; (1) by

adding “s” at the end of the root word, (2) changing the whole word that

corresponds to its plurality and (3) adding a whole new word to the root word.

However, in MCU the researchers only observed the manner of adding “s” at the

end a meranao word to express plurality.

Illustrative example:

(a) Noun + s = [Noun]s

Bag + s = bags

Examples:TRANSLATIONS:

“I swear there should be a fixed amount of how many times relatives get to kiss you. Your uncle wants 5 per cheek, aunt wants 31.”

TRANSLATIONS:

“When you bump into your relatives and they can tell you’re alone yet they still ask, ‘who are you with?’”

II. Tense

- “In most verbs, prefixes, infixes and suffixes and root morpheme reduplication are used

to change the voice and tense of the verb.” (Thompson, 2003)

- Grammatical morpheme such as “ed” and “d” are used to easily express past form of the

verb; meaning the action is already done. These grammatical morphemes are used in

MCU to state that the meranao verb has already took place by simply affixing “ed” or “d”

at the end of the meranao word instead of adding a word that denotes past tense or

instead of using a whole different word that correspond to the past tense of the particular

meranao word.

Illustrative example:

(a) Verb + ed/d = [Verb]edWalk + ed = walked

Examples:

TRANSLATIONS:“What to do? I’m still sitting like we’re not late. My bro haven’t taken a bath yet. Lol #maranaoconyo”

III. Gerund

A gerund is a verb in its ing (present participle) form that functions as a noun that names an

activity rather than a person or thing. Any action verb can be made into a gerund. Like nouns,

gerunds can be the subject, object or complement of a sentence. Gerund as a noun but in verb

form was observed in the data gathered by the researchers. But, like verbs, a gerund can also

have an object itself. In this case, the whole expression (gerund + object) can be the subject,

object or complement of the sentence. The use of gerund –ing to complement a meranao verb

was also observed in the analysis, in the example below –ing was attached to express

progressiveness of the verb in a statement.

Illustrative example:

Verb+ ing (Present Participle)

Add ing to most verbs. Ex. play > playing, cry > crying, bark > barking For verbs that end in e, remove the e and add ing. Ex: slide > sliding, ride > riding.

Examples:

TRANSLATIONS:“So many pa-fall nowadays. I’m a victim myself. Haha”

TRANSLATIONS“That Spartan girl who feel like she’s beautiful, she’s underestimating other creatures who’s uglier. You guys are rude.”

c.1 Portmanteau

Portmanteau is the common linguistic for grammatical morphemes that express more than one

meaning. Also called blend in linguistics, is a combination of taking parts (but not all) of two (or

more) words or their sounds (morphemes) and their meanings into a single new word .These are

the words that are formed by compressing two word elements in one word. It is when you

combine the first element of one word with the final element of the second word, sometimes

includes elements which are common for both of the words from both the languages.

Example:

TRANSLATIONS

“My professor is always doing his art, he always have glue on his pants.” #FewWillGetThis

TRANSLATIONS:

“When you see a caption full of hashtags on Instagram, just say HASHTAGfirullah.

Note: Both words have a common sound element, Hash-tag and As-tag-firullah , where the

blend come into place. Tag served as the blending point, blending point or situations like this

makes it easy for conyo speakers to combine words and employ portmanteau.

III.2 ANALYSIS: ENCODED PROSODIC PATTERN

One of the unique characteristic of a Conyo language is the Prosody. Prosody was

defined by Mannell (2007) as “…the study of those aspects of speech that … apply to a level

above that of the individual phoneme and very often to sequence of word”. Furthermore Mannell

(2007) characterized prosody by “vocal pitch, loudness, rhythm”. The authors aim to identify an

Encoded Prosodic Pattern which would be an alternative in Prosody. The Related study that the

authors used is Restitution in Computer-Mediated Communication: Encoding Paralinguistic

Signals in Facebook posts by Balgoa and Embradura (2014). This study is sufficient in

determining the patterns for the Encoded Prosodic Pattern since Paralinguistic and Prosody are

generally interconnected with one another based on Mannell (2007) furthermore argued that

“Prosody overlaps with emotion in speech… the same acoustic features that are used to express

Prosody (intensity, vocal pitch, rhythm etc.) are also affected by emotion in the voice… the main

correlates of paralinguistic and non-linguistic phenomena, particularly emotion”. The researchers

provided a general label of the Function of Prosody in Meranao Conyo as “Accentuation”. This

function aims to give and emphasize “Accent” to any encoded Meranao Conyo statements. The

data gathered have been analyzed and during analysis, patterns were observed.

A. Onomatopoeic Encoded Pattern refers to the use of the vocal sounds by means of an

encoded discourse. These vocal sounds to express natural vocal utterances usually used in

actual face to face conversation. Onomatopoeic Encoded Pattern aims to provide a

written form of the vocal utterances that an individual makes in a face to face

conversation. Furthermore, these vocal utterances varies from language depending on the

user thus a shift of voice intonation is observed in this pattern.

Example:

To inject sounds through encoded discourse, we have noticed that the utterance “pwe” represents

to the actual spitting that a person does when he/she is disgusted. On the other hand, the OEP

“psh” is used here to indicate that an individual is pissed. Thus, this pattern is used by an

individual to indicate his/her emotion whether he/she is disgusted or pissed.

B. Punctuation Markserves as “marker” used to indicate when a particular person should

pause or emphasize onto a certain statement or phrase. These “markers” are used to

express one’s statement in a declarative, imperative, interrogative manner.This category

endeavors the usage of punctuation mark usually to indicate the intensity of the written

language preceding the punctuation mark.

b.1) Punctuation Mark Repetition occurs when a particular punctuation mark is used more

than once. This occurs when these markers are used multiple times to expresses a particular

level of intensity of the written Language. Hence, the more Punctuation marks used, the

higher the level of intensity that the written language expresses. This follows one of the given

characteristic of Prosody given by Mannell (2007) which is the intensity of the voice.

Through the repetition of Punctuation Mark, users are able to openly express the

intensification of their statement through encoded means.

Example:

C. Accent Stylization falls from the category of Non-conventional spelling category

classified by Elizondo (2011). This refers to words that are spelled in accordance with

informal regional speech, for example, “wanna/want to”, “gonna/going to” and “dat/that”

(Crystal, 2008). This category necessarily aims to give an “accent” to statements. Under

this category, vocal pitch is more emphasized by the users.

Example:

We have noticed that the subject used “ORAYYYYYT” for the word “alright”,

“Eymsoberisarreh” for “I am so very sorry” and “Ow to da EM to da Gee” for “O to the M to the

G” or “OMG”. The primary function of this category is to inject accent to written discourse.

Thus, the intonation curve, which is a type of Prosody in Conyo Language, is observed in Accent

Stylization.

c.1) Voice Simulation, a sub-category of Accent Stylization, is pattern used by an individual

to allow the reader to have a grasp of how the statement should be read by indicating a

particular person’s pronunciation. This type can be explicitly seen in an encoded type of

discourse. Voice simulation aims to show the proper vocal intonation of a particular encoded

discourse.

Example:

From the example given, the encoder enclosed “Kris Aquino Style” to parenthesis to

clearly indicate that the phrase which appeared before the parenthesis is to be

pronounced the same as Kris Aquino’s manner in speaking.

D. Letter Repetition endeavors to lengthen a particular word to signify elongation which is

another type of prosody. This is represented by the numerous repetitive use of the last

letter to of a particular word for the purpose of emphasis and elongation.

Example:

I. CONCLUSION

The Researchers aims to reiterate the following objectives of this paper: (1) To

distinguish Meranao Conyo from Code Switching (2) To categorize Meranao Conyo Utterances

(3) To Analyze Encoded Prosody. These objectives are significant in terms of analyzing the

nature of Meranao Conyo in a computer-mediated communication using linguistic approaches.

In the First part of this paper, Code-switching is defined by Scotton (1983). The

researchers analyze the gathered data and distinguished it from criteria of code-switching

identified by Poplock in her study of Syntactic Structure and Social Function of Code-Switching.

The criteria provided by Poplock are the ff.: (1) Tag Switching (2) Inter-sentential switching (3)

Intra-sentential switching. The gathered data was analyzed by the researchers and found that the

criteria provided were not present from the collected materials from the meranao facebook users.

Hence, the result of this analysis clearly presented that the collected data does not fall under the

category of code-switching.

The second part of the analysis by the researchers is to categorize

MeranaoConyoUtterances according to the observable syntactic patterns. Moreover, similarities

of the syntactic patterns of the MCU and the syntactic structure of the conyo in the Metro

(Aguilar & Sultan, 2014) was observed. Syntactic analysis of the MCU resulted into four pattern

categorization. Two of the category for the syntactic pattern of the MCU which is the (1)

Linguistic Tags and (2) English Phrases are found to be similar with the category identified by

(Aguilar & Sultan, 2014) in their study Conyo in the Metro.

Prosody which is one of the significant characteristics of a Conyo Utterances was also

identified by the Researchers through analyzing the Encoded Prosody Patterns prevalent in the

gathered data which falls under the MCU. The Encoded Prosody Pattern aims to emphasize the

“accent manipulation” of the users to inject accent to the statements. There are four identified

category for the Encoded Prosody which are the ff.: (1) Onomatopoeic Encoded Pattern provides

an avenue to shift the prosody of the statement to the onomatopoeic expression (2) Punctuation

Mark indicates the intensity of the written language preceding the punctuation mark (3) Accent

Stylization to emphasized the vocal pitch of the statement (4) Letter Repetition aims to elongate

the tone of the statement.

With the achieved objectives, the researcher successfully identified MeranaoConyo

Utterances as an emergence of the Colegiala English. Together with the other variety of the

Conyo language such as the SebuanoConyo (Aguilar & Sultan, 2014) MeranaoConyoUtternaces

which is prevalent in Facebook is an evidence of the shaping and developing of the language

itself not only in the actual face to face conversation but in computer mediated communication as

well.

As a recommendation for future studies, it is highly possible that there would be

emerging categories of the syntactic patterns of MeranaoConyo Utterances and the conyo

Language in general. Moreover, a probable instances of sub-categories of this syntactic

categories would emerge. On the other hand, the probability of more prosodic patterns is possible

as well and, thus, would lead to another category of Encoded Prosodic Pattern. Lastly, future

studies could discover the dichotomy of MCU from another variety of Conyo Language.

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