LECTURE NOTES (1) IN SURVEYING (3) - CIV 221 - Higher

LECTURE NOTES (1)

IN SURVEYING (3) - CIV 221

Presented by

Dr. Abdelwahab Amer

NRC - Civil Engineering Dept.

Higher Technological Institute

INTRODUCTION TO SURVEYING AND MAPPING

CHAPTER (1)

1-1- Definition Of Surveying

Surveying is defined as the art of measuring slope, horizontal and

vertical distances between objects; of measuring angles between lines;

of determining the directions of lines and establishing point locations

by predetermined angular and linear measurements. Also, it is the

science of setting-out projects. In other words, it is the art of making

measurements of the relative positions of natural and man-made

features on the earth's surface and the presentation of this information

either graphically by Maps or numerically by computer.

Assistant Prof. Dr. Abdelwahab Aamer 2/8/2020

The surveying can be classified according to different points of view,

like: the earth's shape; the used instruments; and the usage.

1-2- Classification Of Surveying

1- 2-1 According To Earth's Shape

1- PLANE SURVEYING:

That type of surveying in which

the mean surface of the earth is

considered a plane up to length

of 10 km or area of 50 km2.


1- 2-1 According To Earth's Shape (Cont.)

2- GEODETIC SURVEYING

That type of surveying in

which the mean surface of the

earth is considered a sphere up

to length between 10 - 20 km

area between 50 -300 km2.


1- 2-1 According To Earth's Shape (Cont.)

3- High GEODETIC SURVEYING

That type of surveying in which the

mean surface of the earth is

considered a sphere up to length

more than 20 km or up to area more

than 300 km2. That type of

surveying in which the mean

surface of the earth is considered an

ellipsoid.


1- 2-2 According To The Used Instruments

1- Land Surveying:

That type of surveying, the observations captured from the earth's

surface.

Tape Level

Theodlite

Total Station


1- 2-2 According To The Used Instruments (Cont.)

2-Photogrammetric Surveying:

That type of surveying, the observations captured by photographs. It

divided to two main categories: terrestrial Photogrammetry and aerial

Photogrammetry.


1- 2-2 According To The Used Instruments (Cont.)

3-Satellite Surveying:

That type of surveying, the observations captured from the satellite

2/8/2020 Assistant Prof. Dr. Abdelwahab Aamer

1- 2-3 According To The Usage


1- ENGINEERING SURVEYING

2- GEOLOGICAL SURVEYING

3- NAVIGATIONAL SURVEYING

4- ASTRONOMICAL SURVEYING

5- ETC.

The Surveying is very important science, especially in any engineering

projects. The surveying serves the project, as follow:

1-3- The Role of Surveying In Any Engineering Project


1- Before construction stage

Cadastral survey of all features and details (roads, buildings, sewage

man holes, electric posts, ….etc.).

Topographic surveying of the land.

Producing the required map for design.

2- During construction stage

Setting out points required for execution from design.

Monitoring and controlling the position and levels of each executed

item with the design.

Making the quantity surveying during execution stage.

Monitoring structural deformation, if its required.

1-3- The Role of Surveying In Any Engineering Project (Cont.)


3- After construction stage

Making the as built survey for the whole project.

Making the final quantity surveying after construction.

Monitoring structural deformation, if it is required.

1-4- Maps


1- 4-1 Map Contents:

1- Main data: Map name.

Area for drawing.

Data table contains: project name – project place – surveyor name – date –

map number or code – etc.

North direction or direction of Y axis.

Scale.

Datum in geodetic surveying.

2- Secondary data: Legend.

Key Map.

Drawing grids over the drawing area.


1- 4-2Types of Maps:

The maps can be classified according to different points of view, like:

the scale; the production; and the use.

1- Small Scale Map:

From 1:50000 or smaller

2- Medium Scale Map:

From 1:5000 to 1:25000

3- Large Scale Map:

From 1:500 to 1:2500

1- 4-2-1Types of Maps According To Scale:


1- 4-2-2Types of Maps According To Production:

1- Line map (hard copy map).

2- Digital map (soft copy map).

1- 4-2-3Types of Maps According To use:

1- Cadastral map.

2- Topographic map.

3- Geological map.

4- Astronomic map.

5- Hydrographical map.

6- Navigational map.

7- Tourism map.

8- Etc.

1-5 Definition of Angles:




1-6 Types of North:

1-6-1 Magnetic North:

The magnetic north is the direction of a magnetic needle when

suspended freely.

Prismatic compass Prismatic compass


1-6-2 True North:

The true north is the direction of the tangent to the meridian at the

point toward the North Pole.

1- In Egypt, It is the direction of the shadow at noon

2- Field procedure of determining the north direction using linear

measurement.


1- Held a rod vertically before noon.

2- Draw at land a circle, its radius is the rod shadow.

3- Draw the shadow direction at land.

4- Wait till the shadow touch the circle after noon.

5- Draw the shadow direction at land.

6- Draw a line between the two shadows lines that divide the shadow

angle to two equals' angles.

7- The north direction will be the divide line.

1-6-2 True North (cont.):

1-6-3 Local (assumed) North:

The local (assumed) north is the direction of Y axis.


1-7 Magnetic declination:

The magnetic declination is the angle between the magnetic north

and the true north.

magnetic declination


1-8 Bearings:

The direction of any line with respect to a given north direction may

be defined by the bearing. Bearing are called true (astronomic)

bearings (azimuth), magnetic bearings, or assumed bearings,

depending on whether the north direction is true, magnetic, or

assumed.

1-9 Forward and back bearings:

180 BAAB


1-10 Horizontal Angle Measurements:


Procedure of Horizontal angle measurements:

1-10 Horizontal Angle Measurements (cont.):

1. Centering, leveling

2. Sighting left side Reading R1 (FL)

3. Sighting right side Reading R2 (FL)

4. Sighting right side Reading R2 (FR)

5. Sighting left side Reading R1 (FR)

6. get mean of left side R1m

7. get mean of right side R1m

8. angle = R2m - R1m


Example of Horizontal angle measurements:


1-11 Vertical Angle Measurements:

Example of Vertical angle measurements:

Occupied

Station

Target

Point

Face Left

(FL)

Face Right

(FR)

90-FL FR-270 V

A B 89o 20' 15" 270o 39' 55" 00o 39' 45" 00o 39' 55" 00o 39' 50"

Index error = (360-(FL+FR))/ 2

Documents

LECTURE NOTES (1) IN SURVEYING (3) - CIV 221 - Higher