SPECIMINA NoVA UNTIERSITATTS QUINQl]EEccLÉsIENsIs xvIII 2004

TT!oR GRÜLL:

KORE ON THE TEMPLE MOUNT?"

The third.century chüch father' Hippolytus, in one of his homiletic ftagmentsconmenting on Matthew 24:15-22, which has been Feserved in Striac tsanstation,stated thát '.vespasian did not erect a statue of a deity in tlle Temple' but the legionwhich was placed by Trajanus Quintus' a Roman generál, stood up lin that place] astatue of a deity ca[ed Kore".r However, the Copric, Anharaic ed Anabic versionsof the same text claim that the "abomination thar causes desolation,'-menrionedbot! in old and New Tesrament pÍophecies,_is no other than ,'íhe eíkó|| of t|Écaesar which was set up in front of the altar in JeÍusalem.'.r

Who was Trajanus Quintus?

It has bee[ widely accepted in the scholarly liteÍature that Trajanus Quintus can beidentified as Trajan\ distinguished general, Lusius Quietus,a who was bom in a

. This pape ws wittetr at rn. AbÍighr Lasdnrte of A(haeology in J€rusald!' whft l pusued nyrcsmhes durinB a úE mmths p6iod b€tw4n 2002 Decfube. ed 2m3 FebfuaÍy 4 a f.uow of tü€Ardrcw w' MeltoÍ FMdalion., Et DÚiel dilit: ,,Dihidiun hebdonún^ fubi| inpiaB in fuua|i Et vespasiüvs bn e|dil ü1o!"in lenplo. yd iltd lPsio quan collo.fun T.aia.rc Q"infus' 9n hTbilis Rorunow, erdií ibi idnlun qbd',.aful (Ú??.' Donysius bs saÍtiÍ: Ih Apoca!'pnd' Acfus d EpiJll.,4s cal',l'.as' Effil' by t sedlacek.Rome| K. de Lui8i. Lipsiae EamowiE' 1910' = csco sdiprores sÉ serics 2. tor. 1o1. p' 13' 1519'. Db|,E i!R]Pl, Dm' 9:27; bDll]'b Ir'M Dm. l1:3t|.n', Ir'uDü' 12:11j @ p6dr'IBo qq epvoamq lMec1:54; Mm 13:14; Matltl 24: 15' Accúding to tne Bibücal t.adition ú€ 6Bt 'abmination' ws astanE of &a stood up by Antieh tv EPiphees m the Teftple nout' tlrc 9/@ oft€n Éfe^ a statu€ ofá pagu d€ity ü a.ieir' itse]f in dE old Tst.ment' e'g. t (ings l1:5Ji tr Kinsg 23:13' thelbminaiions in rhe HoÚe oft!€ I'd m notion€d: tr chrcí. 15:8; Jd. 7:3G31; 32:3435. s4 JonmLut: cult md s&ri6ce ü Dmiel' The Tmid ed the AbÚnination of Desolation' in: J'' colins ed P'FlJn| Íeds.): The Book oÍ Duiet' IJidm: Brnl, 20ol ' (soppleMtm to vetüs Testanentum 83') vol tr671-688. cflE aulhols finaL statenent is th the 'abomimtion of.iesolarion' wó a oam saúific.FpLdcing úe fuaz' which I do no| detr üth'l' The ftagnmt of tlippoltlu comrary nN bffi p6eNed i! Coptic, Amtmic tud ABbicümslations ó ve!. sÉ Eippobds tleúeÉ exgetische und nomíeiische schÍiften, ed' ed transl' byEms Ácn€lis, tlipzig: Eifuicns, 1897. = Gcs 'Pp,l,'4 Bd. I' Teil 2' pp. 19?.198' The coplicv6ifu Éds: Dc! Grcüel der vevüsfimg., sagte d' j51 di€ ámv des KloÚp' @lche vor de! AltÜ irJfusalea ge*€lll WÍde'' - The Amhmic vesion is 8 folÚws: .'Die schmrch der vemüsfibg'. ds istdas Bild des Kaises, ds ü aulgBbeüthatimll€iüg1lre wie die BÚdeslade-.''' Al weu s lh€ AÉbictext' Pttich gys in G.mm tÍmslation: ''D4 zeichm dd eÉuÍchú veMiisfung' j51 das Bild ds(.is6. dN e J@aled au&teüte'''a David Rokeú identiEed hin virh Qujntus Mmiu Tuibo vho suppBsed lhe rcvolt of the E$atifuJews' se: The wÍ of Kitos: Towüds lhe cleificatim of a Pnioblogical HistÚical lr'oblaD' J.ni,uHierovl,hilav 23 (|,2)' 79-84- sp' 83: id.: D1!!P ', olll)D'' nIj,n tNot€s on ile wÚ of Qitol'].calhedrd 4 (1917)'74 Ii Heh'l; id.: o1]l. rD 'Ét] dlrili .l7]b lJ€wish Rebelüons in l.t!e Tifte of TÉja'115-11?' c'E.] (IJs@s in Jewish Éistory 8.) '€rosalem: z]mm sh&d cent€r' 19?8. (in Eeb-)

2n

TIBoR GRÚLL: KoRE oN TIIE TEMPLE MoUNT?

Maüetmim royal fmily' later becúe nÉ praeÍectus equhÚm et pincepsMaurorLn' bvt w|de| Domilián he was d;smissed &om the seNice and d;sgÍaced'.In the begifiing of the Dacian waÍs Trajan took him back' aÍd in exchange of hjsgrace Quietus distinglished himser with .slaying gleat many of Daciání. in thebe un Dacicún pnnun.o In the second Dacim war'.he perfomed fár great€r and

exploits".' He was fighting against the Parthians in 115 rvhen herecovered Nisibis, besieged and captuÍed Edessa, whi€h he sacked aÍd bumed."After pacifying Mesopotamia he was sent by the EmperoÍ to Judaea to suppress therevolt of th€ Jews' as a lé gatus Augusti pro praetore' and procurato| 'Iud,eae at ú\e

Itr the literary tradition his name underwent various modifications. TheMishnal sota 9: 14 calls him Qitos/Qitus. The last chapteÍ of the sedeÍ olam Rabba'which comprises the Jewish history afteÍ Alexander ihe cÍeal contains the sameform: ''FÍom tlle war of Ashverus to the war of vespasian: eighty years] ftoÍn thewar of vespasian to the we of Qitos/Qitus (or!'P )v o]'J)].): ÍIÍty.two years; andftom the war of Qitos/Qitus to the waÍ of Bar Kosiba: sixteen years''.'. According tothe twenn-century s}riac cfuonicleÍs GÍegorius Bar Hebraeus (Abu-l-FaÍag) al]dMichael sriacus' his name was Lysias, but in dle syriac tÍadition Lysinias(Lysin€s) and Lysinus (l,osiÍus) aho appear as distoÍted venions of Quietus'

The cult of Kor€ in samaria

Let us tum back at this point !o the Kore, Ínentioned io lhe s}Íiac venion ofHippobtus' text. Gedaliah Alon comments on th€ passage that llpagan temPles w€ntup ti'e. after the destÍuction of the Temple] in the Holy city-in this case a sfuine tolhe goddess Kore (= Persephone)' who is peúaps identical with Artemií.... Thus,the authol implicitly claims that the oíiginal ánd conect Íeading of Hippol}'tusl text

' Dio ó8'18'4j PlRz 4]9 on tn. bsis of lt€m. oi xW smuel Kmms h* ']Íeady sügg*t.d thatTdjú dBigned LÜsiÜs 6 his srccssü by giviry hin the l)me TnjaÜs Quinfus (ks gouvmeÜamains en Pal€stitre nEl 80 (1925)' 113.132' 6!. 118). - Í! the llte f@lties theE Vs a lon3l6ti!3md ratns mfruitful debate b€rwem two Dülcl' $holm' w. den BM md A. o Rms aboÚ rne triejn ofLúius Qui€fus' se M'.nos,re Ns' 1 (1948), 327-337; 3 (1950) ' 1.58-165: 263167: 336143 '

]Dioó8'32'5-

" Dio 68.30'3' s4 also F'A llpperbajan,s Parrhidnwa|'|^dol oxfold Univ€sity Pr6s, céoffi€ycumb*lege' 1948. 1t'.ÍpaJsm.' 'ÍQuiefu] nn'{y advmced so fÚ in bÉvery md good fortÚe dÚing this !E*nt W ti.e. the P'rthimW] dEt h€ w6 Üo ed mong ÚE .x.prelos, b€cme 6mül' md úm gov€mü of Pal€sti!e..' Dio68-32'5; cí Thmist o/' xv! ed. schen]d-DoMey' p. 294'19; Eusébils' J'It' E..l' 4.2.5 = Gcs N-r'BÚd 6' 1' '' 303' 5-1q g abo Pucci 1978: 64''U Ed. Ndbaüer. p. 66- The nme Alv@ prcbably rcfd tT th. opdari@s Úf Quircílius vms aJterdea& oí Edod the Gre,! sore núelipts co aiÚ the nde Tifus iístead of Qliefus' but this isneBligibl€ liom oü point of üew' sÉ sma[wood 19ó2: 502; luai 1978: 66-ó7. n.18.'' Bt.Í'úffis IlisÍond Dyns.z@' easl. by G'L B'uí (1783), L09 1Lo' chfuhi4k dé Mi.hzl lés'riéh patria.he Júobik d,AnÍ@h (1ló6-119),.d. e| nad. pÚ '. B. ch.bot. PÚis: Emest l$oq,189. ctl \.L 4., ione I p. 172.'. Alon t980: 419' n' 24 (wiü Éf*nce to clemont-c'a|rMu)'

228

SPECIMINA NOVA XVIII

is the KoÍe. Mary smallwood, however' has stated that '.probably both passag€s [i.e.Kore and Kaisar] refer to the same dedication' with Cáesar corrupted into 'Kore' inone''' cons€quendy the authentic veÍsion of HippolÍus' text is the coptictÍaÍslation.'' Marina Pucci does not ascribe much impoltmce to this question, andaccepts smallwood.s assumption on the contamination of the t\'o textual veÍsions.l4

In ouÍ opinion. mentioning of Kore wou1d not be necessarjly attributed to theconiamiÍation of two textual versions. on the contrary. we have good reaso[ toassume that the images of Kore and Kaisar we.e different srarues placed on theTemple MotDt by Lusius Quiefus' oÍ even on the ba5is of the prjncipte of lécl'odrffrtiiof. Kore mighL be rhe original name menrioned b) Hippot',rus.

Hippo\tus-though not contemporary to rlrc events-was weu aware of rhecult of Kore' as it appearc ftom his Rq''a''o.'' on tlle otheÍ hfitd' the cult of Kore iswell attested to in samária_sebaste from ihe He enistic period onward by liteÍa.ryevidences' inscdptions' stafues (see betow)' coins,'" and ÍeÍnains of a third.centrrÍytemple building." JonIl W. Crov{oot has stated tllar this was the "Drincipal cult', ofSamaria-Sebaste.r" Kore appears ro be menrioned on a graffim wiich reads Maythe learned master Martialis and his Íriends be rennbef€d by the Kore,,' on astone altaÍ found in the north end of the stadium we re^ü ,Calpumianus' son ofaaianus. hi|h prie'| lo lhe knr Korc'' ||he posiÍion of the altar suggesrs. ar |east rá

'] . ü is very pnbable lhÚ (,.. in tIE otlE. Pssac. is a comÉm ol cdsJal''. claims snalw@d (19ó2:506). she later ad\ced 1o this statemmt úal ..This may in frct have nothing to do with tne eYols ofTÉje's Éiga; blt lhe tlrtr Nsociati@ of Quietul .me Mth o @u!ge agaiÍst Jesish reügioussentimmt üurs€s to his Mpo!üünty md cmtributes the idea úat ne w.s Íesponsibl€ fo. suppEssing analio.arist risins.. Gmalwood 1981: 423). fu r.eaÍdl the iBas€ of the ca€sd, snauwood rels tlEtHippoly'fus misinteaÉted tbe Eadition accÚfding to which a stafue wd 6e.ted b Eadrie oÍ tn. sile of{re Tenple ií 135 (Ee Eiercn. confu' in Isa.2:9 = PL,xÍvAg úd com' in Md|rh' 24||5 = PL)o(\,.I'lM)- |'! 3m' lhe aul!ü Efuses tÚ admit ay histolicity of rhe* ev€nts eorded by Hippolytu

'5 on the cut of Kúq see li}ppolifus: ReIxbno úniuh hae|esiun' 5.1'12 Egyptims]i 5'14'4lchaldam]i 5'20'5 lsethimies], erl' P' wendl'rd (kipág: Efuich, 1916) = c'cs )ci(W II,pp' ''.'

!P. 8t'18j 1099j 12127: on the st.tu€s dedicat.d to KoE. s.e !o.ph'Tius: í€pl üYolpafuv É?' ed. J.B|dq. Á: vie de PoPhyre le philosophe néallalüicien' |]iüJdhein: Geolg ol'as' 19ó4' 81-9* - TheMe of Eiplol''tus is fo. t!€ mos pÚ! shrcud€d in foe. Mos! prcbably he ws á bishop of Rome' butüimtal wit€s' ó Pe! a G.lóius. Dlgce his s* at BosEa' AEbú'16 'The Korc is ÉPÉsmted on tso of the cily coins' An isse in üe Eign of comodus dated 190/1beús a fi8m of the goddss' o! lss pobúly Denete!' stjndirg wit! a tolch in on. hed Úd e fu ofcom in ü€ otheE motnd issué, in the Eign of seprinius seYms, ÉpBents the rape of Prcseaine by{a{ies in a fou.'hoNd cheiol lrese EpresdÚions prcv€ lhat ar thát tine the cult of tn. 'od.tesiplay€d m eninenlrcle in tle leligion of the city''' coÍ'l@t-Kenyon-sü&€ni]. 1957| ó; ct YaakovMd6Úd: ciry.coi8 oÍ EreEJsrael md lhz De.lpolis in thz 4"fu' Penil. Jerusal€f,: Thé búel

'] This grclt lenple ws built in the later impüiál pdiod. aboY€ m ottd, sma[d temple (probablyti.dic.ted to smpivllis). The olrly actral rcfffice to Korc on lhe site is oÍ a rcugh insription on a!ha[ hexaEoml ald foud neú úe suÍface, a d€dicajion to ihe Lady íí'r'u] (tre. Good evidence'hovevtr' rhát lhe Kole wN weshipped berc ií lhe late dars wben tne g€at búple md t!€ colomdenrd the temenos ffie sundjna. se cmMool-Kenyon'sú€nik 1942: 62-67; öül also Magne$ 2oo1.'. ''Besid€s the cu! of the enp€u and IupliEÍ capitolinüs'', cÍo*{@t-Kenyon.sÜ1cnik 1942: 48;c.owf@t-Kenyon-sukeai]. 195?: 6; b ako Eetri se'Íig: Note su le culte.le DéméÉr en Pal€stin€-Syna 13 (1932), 355-360.

229

TIBoR GRULL: KoRE oN TIlÉ TEMPLE MoUNT?

cÍa.Ji{oot' that the whol€ stadium was consecÍated to the KoÍe' but he dates it onpaleogÍaphical reasons to the second half of the third century)' There is atso anarble ftagment with an inscription that reáds: ,o ne god / of a l the fuIer I gteatKore / the in1,incible,,.|' This latter insc.iDtion wás found in a cistem with a bíokenstatue of Kore' both of which are dateJ by the excavatoÍs to the second cenfuryC.E.,0 Tl'Íee more altars of KoÍe weÍe found in the arena of the stadirrm ofsamaria.sebaste; two aJe uninsc.ibed aÍId the úird beaÍs an iuegible iÍscription.The excavatoÍs noled lhat all of tÍe naÍnes mentioned in these inscriptions áIetsanslit€Íations of Latin. Íeflec1ing the fact that at l€ast part of the population wascomposed of Roman military veterans'.. Epiphanius' bishop of salaÍnis in c}píus(315-403), who was bom io Palestine and educated in Eg'pt' coÍnects the cutt ofKore to shechem Neapoüs whele ,'tte locat people peÍformed sacrifices iÍ thename of Ko.€, állegedly on account of JephthaI's daughter who was offered to Godin sacrifice tct Jud. 11:39] and this idolatry and vaiÍ doctrine has hamed tioseÍeceived b} il'.' The'.local people'' would nol meÜ otheír úan samaritaÍs.z

LÚiüs Quietus' troops

ÁccoÍding ro Hippol}'tus the ''abomination ihat causes desolation'' was placed byLusius Quietus, viz. a military unit ünder his command' oD the Temple Mounr. Butwhich Eoops were commanded by Lusius Quietus in Judaea? Ás it is we[ known'after gaiÍiry the victoÍy in the fiÍsl Jewish war, Rome placed only on€ legion' lheI€g. x FÍetensis iÍ the co^untry' quarrering them in Jerusalem' probably within theTemple Mount compound.. vetemns weÍe planted in Emmauq and therc weÍe otherauxiliary unirs ''scaíered around in vaÍious pLaces m úe counlry'' a\ F]aviusJosepbus says.a These auxiliar} baÍalions were mair'ly made up of men bomcaesaíea and samaria-seba5te'. we are also aware that a second legion wastÍansfeÍÍed to Judaea PÍobably immediately afteÍ the Roman withdrawal ftom

|, Áccording to silva ljkc ''the foÜ insnptions hrli@ing Korc ltjte 1957: nos. 9' 12' 14, md 48]'poút to tüe Blhfr extensive hship of rnis gpdd.s in seb6te' with lh@ shoúd !rcbably a]so beswiated Íos' 11ad 47 -pedúps' to rc6eext6! a! ofú€ Enmti in the pldleEd r@r' (ibid.)' TlEÉd núble &lgment wid! "'.fu fi.,J,, ingiptim is stmd at pEgnt in tIE Rek€fel* M!se@, inv-'no' 32-8.a' It B E^t mmdoned bv JoIu H' ctot'fmc smeia Excavltiús: the sbdim. Pal.J'eE,p|orafu)n FWd arcnerb staÍewnt L933.62,13' 8p' 11.. wiih a rathÚ naive coímc ''the

coífe$i@ evideítly of a monodEist vho m still failhful in pncti@ to the old cull'. s* alsocrcl oot-Ken'on-súefut l9a2' !a: Flulsel la?5: t l-|l'':oMaEres 2001:160-161.7! cYowtoot-K@yoÓ-súcnik 1942:,t8: co*'foor.Kdyon-sukoik 1957:7; Magness 2001: 161''Plu nbI 78'23-ó = ocs )oo<\.tr' €d' H' Ko!, kipzig t933, 473' lin€s 22'24 ' Eúglish t.ansbii@: n'.Pa,ana| oÍ si EpiPhznius, Bíshop of sa]Mis ' setecled PasilBds. Trmsl' by Pbilip R' Amidon. Ne*Yük oxiord: oxfold Univffiity P@ss, 1990. ]51 352- Á snolt d€sipti@ oí Nepols 3*: Alon 1980:l 144. The aulhtr hs stated tnat Flaüa NeaPolis w6 mtiÉly a 6ea1ion of the Rotl]m' ad ''it is highlyÜ ikely llat theE v@ my Íews tneÉ'''B s.e Ei]aÍM?a: The co plete Guide tT th. Téhp]e MrBl Ercdafibni Jfualem| shonm, 2002-67-69.n Iü- Bell'7 -a.L Í25z]t Eníl scbjnd: The H^|arr ol the Jdish PeTple i4 the Agé of.r.J6 c/'nsr Rev' ed ed' by o vem'F. Mile ud M' Black' EdinbuÍgh 19?3. vol.l- ]62 365| Alon 1980: L 83'

230

SPECIMINA NOVA X\17

Mesopotamia in 117 c'E', and the province was raised to consulaÍ Íant ftom rhetime of Lusius Qúetus onwards.- But which was this second legion and' wher€ wasit plac€d? It is a vexing question in the scholarly literafure since a century. Almostone hundred years ago R. xnox Mtslderry pointed out that the l.eg. YI FeÍrataarrived in Judaea with^Lusius Quiefus in the year 117 c.E', and was garÍisoned inGalilee, at Caparcotna.'' However, as a milestone discovered in 1978 indicates, theI.€g.'.u Tíaiana war (also]) |ocaled al caparcoEu in Judaea some lime beto.e l20c'E.,. Benjarnin |raac recen } argued lbaL üe iwo mi|es|ones foÚd six m es awayftom capalcotna ,'do not help in establishing the identity of üe Unit sationed there'',they show, however, that by 120 C.E. ̂ Caparcotna had become the headquarter of anewiy established Galilean commaÍd..' CapaÍcotna had a mixed population of Jewsand Samaritans.""

The detáchments of the Judaean legions as well as auxiliary units were basedelsewhere in the province, as we quoled above fiom Flavius Josephus." A RomanmilitaÍy unit was also stationed at sepphoris in this time' and a Roman militaÍyfoÍtess (castrun' qatzrin) was located on the hiu ábove Tiberias. A smal1 foÍtifiedenclosure was discovered on Mt. Hazon, and a Roman camp was located at Telsha]eÍn, about 12 kÍns. south of Beth sheán. Here at least one vexi11atio from rhe vIFenau wu s lldüoned dufing the reign of Hadriff'., fhe rabbnic tradihons.suggeslthe the Roman mfitary presence continued in the region unril late anriquiry."

b Ávi.Yman 1973:2o9-2t3' Ee spPosd lh€ scmd legion to be the vI Fmata placed .t calecolrta.,' Ihe s{o tf,sionary cmp in P^kslire- cbsnal 2uÚüL,2 (1903). 11o l13; ee álso id': TheLJgioN of tne Euphmcs &ú{É' cbsncal quafl.r|, 3 (1909), 44-53. esp. 52. í'6: capeotl3 ismentiüEd as castrun oÍ lhe legio w Fmta (cIL m 681.l-6816: w. Resay' 7R'' 6 (191ó), t29-3 t: B't'vic&' lRJ 48 0958), 75-76 = AE 1920. 78)' - Eusebiu cals tb€ place simply s .l.Eio., s@o'dfusti.l ed' Klost€mm p. |4' 2\ 2a' 26 e! passin' FaÍ a mfiite.stjmp of \'t Femra disovdeda.t lhe sit€, se o' schummher' r.ll él LtLÍeset|in I o90D' l75' fie' 2,6I'. Mo. 1986j 579; bam: RoÚe coloÍis in Júaea: The Foúdúion of Aelia ca'itolila in: Isec 1998:o0' n 'a Mú TfeEnce ro üre ep|8Dphi.J evldr!é\' LJrc' L €Elo ü TralÚa injudJeJ. b: Lüc |qasr93.203.,! Is@: Judaea in úe Eeiy Yes' ií: Isac 1998: 186. However, the legifuey base hó not y€t beenid$tified tiwügh elcavation, sevÜal €cüt di*ovenes alfum their locafion nÚ t'ciÉcapmoh4 mA zeía]: Thé Roma Road caeseea Gine ed üe LGation of cap€Eotmi' P'0 122 (1990), 21-3]:T. Tsuk The Aqueduct to ltgio md the Locatim of lh. cmp of the \1th Rond rJgim' T./ Áv'v. |5 . | ó í |088 8a| . q2-97 {ü !h no eüden* Íor pú *e dá inr l'' Tbe Dffie oÍ the villáge is derived mm KeíÚ .oD Jy n e .l Lf,ijün' sbjcb úolding b Lte lewis|som* ws i.labit€d by Jews alld smeitans: n' oi|iin 1:5. 7:7, t' Gittin 1:4, ed. zmkmedel p' 323;md r cittin ':9 p- 3]1i ! Denái 5:3 p' 56' t' Bebomr 7:], p. 541.,' An fusdiptiod ser Úp by a venuation of rle 1'I Fmta hd bed fomd at Elsthmpoüs (Beth cMi!):A.E 1933' 158 mdated; eotnÍ in cBea: AE t928' 137 under HadriÜ.". see zev sdiai] The Romm Amy in lhe G'lile, ií: ke I' IJvine (ed'): The Galile. in Íak Ajthuit,.New Yúk-'fusalm: The Jewisn heological seÍina} of Amrica' 1992' 103 115' esp.105-106.'' Aheon opp€nn€imer: Ronm Rul€ and the citis of ú€ G ilee in Talúudic uteEfu€' in: IJe I'ÍÉyim |ed'.): The Ga|itee in l,lg,4''íq'T. New Yolk-Jmsalen: Ilrc Jevisn ftsbgica] s€ninary ofÁm.!ic'' 1992. 1t5-125' €sp' 12l 125. - zeev safrai in his s€minal .Íiclc cited above seesses the..Eciplcity.. betw*n the RÚmm my dd lhe l@al popül ims Tf P2lestine' s* al$: z' safrai: TheElatiols Bctwed the Rolm Amy ed the Jews Tf EÍetz hÍa€l afta the D6Eüctio! of úe s€.mdÍeÍ+|e, m: Rofua Fn^lier sfudies ' Th. PÍT1ediaBs oÍ lhe sdeúh Intr"aliona! cohBre$ h.ld dt TelAiv ]967. ed' s' Alplebaud' Tel Aúv: T€l Aviv Univmity' |97|- z24-23o- - Fo. the titeraryalt€sláti@ oi the mititary in calilee' se e.g' y'sebi' 4:2 (35a), y'B€s' 1:6 (60.], the cmtext is nid f@!th

23r

TIBOR GRULL: KORE ON TIIE TEMPLE MOIJNT?

we do not kmw much about the auxiliáry foíces in this period. As Applebaumpointed out, in üght of the lileÍaíy sowces aÍld archaeological discoveries ftomvarious sites, they were based in permanent forts all over tne country." Theseevidences' howeveÍ' accoíding to Menahem MoÍ' are absolutely not convincing:'The Románs refiained from eÍcamping units in permarcnt bases and fortstfuoughout the pmvince. The army was stationed uÍtil 1l7 c.E. in the two mainuÍban centÍes of the Fovince ti.e. caesaÍea and ]eÍusalem]' aM later a tiird one wasadded at I-egio [i.e. caParcoha]. The auxiliary foÍces were mobile units which weresent out ft'om tle militáry centÍes' according to the requiements of their várious

A detacbment of the I-eg. m Ctrenaicab dedicated an inscription to Sarapis inJeÍusalem' iÍ honouÍ of TÍajan's victory over the Parúians'', The stone wassecondarily build in one of the southem gates of the town. According to theinscriptional evidence saiapis might be lhe centÍal figure of the ofÉcial cult of theItr Cltenaica"r3 Although the iffcription does not mention Quietus' name, Marysma V,ood argued tllat lthis detachment] ''may have been bÍought in by Quiefus''.

centuy' An edli* cmt€xt is asuÍled fm a úft expücit story about úe eiv'l of toopg to the vilag€ ofl.vi b. sisi, y.Tm' 3:8 (ó6d)'-ApplebM 1976:3i; id.: The S*@d tewish Revot (A.D. 1l1 ll5). PtQ 160 (lgM), 35 -41." Mor 1986:581-582.,' PÚci 1978:64; bMq Jud&a i! tne Edly YÜs of Hadlies Retn' in: B@ 1998: 183' í'9; theingiptim on the Eiumphal eh í€d Dm E@pos (Drn Excavali@ ReporE ry. 57-ff' fud w48G482) snows tlat Ilgio m c'Maica sw€d in the Pathim wa (Keppie 1973: 862). snallwood mie: ''it

is not }rlom whm the deta.bm{t fron that legiotr Wl to Palestjne' ad lüft is nothing agáinst Á!ol.sstrppositim Ú'át it wm l,|€n ttm by Qüi€h!. (sm'lv.od 1962: 509. n'3o' ald this detebmmt hódedi.ated th€ ic.Iiptiú to sÍalis which is üot lEltising shile rhis ]egim h4 spala lmg tire itrF8'p| (Abe|: Hisbne de la Palenire depuis la .o.quék dAlefu,dre jÁqÚ.d l,ifuÁiok dfube' PÚis:Libmine lEof&e' 1952- tr 63)' Í! Egárding lhe IÍppo1'tus6uBn4t F..M' Áb€l sPeaks oíly abour theimag€ of üe caesd *{ich hd be.í e@t€d by Qüiel!{ NeveíI.le$' he nlplicidy st.es úat tn. üigin't€xt of Eippol'fis posibly cmtained the íme KoÉ: ']J coltr lvesi@ oi Hippol}'tB] a coíswé ldnots gMs erev ct m6üp ((sap) qú aúonsat !Á com'tion de $lP etr l.lb''' (Ábel, ,p' .Í' tr &.n.3).]' ctr, E 13587 = ll,s 4393; smalwood 1981: 427; Pu.ci 1978: 66. Th. text Ú@{oü Túim s adnmenPuÍ''.6, con9qu6tly its lehin8 a qb is Febdary 116 c'E. Thi5 dedicatim M tentativelycomeEd wiÉr Hiplol'tus' Éf*fuce by GÚag ií lauly-wissowa3 Realúzyklopádi. s'v. Z6l'4Ql'./!s (1884)' fud defDitely by Ápplebaum 1950' - Itt€ cult of zsq !é}d{ 'dp@rÍ! i! .bo aneiled inJeMalm by e eicolic brcr medaillon, see sEÓ )o(.II, no'1018' ed IJah Di segni: E{ oÉoq inPal6tinid InscÍiptions' sc1 13 (1994), 103' üo'28' - Á col(m dedicatql 1o zens smpis !y aMawtalial {lso jn miltaly cont€xt w6 Ec€ndy found in lltwa! (Jordfu), s€ J.P. ol€sm, N,Í-B'R*v*. ed B.'. Fisnd: New Dedicalory lnrcnptions lfun Ema'm (ÁrcieÚ E!wm), Jord{' zP't,Ío (2002)' no'5. t17-119']l At úe bsis of lhe t.gio m cF€mic4 Bostra (Anbia) lheÉ wdc tbE d€dicltioN foüd lo lhe Génús@cto Hamo,i, ú loi HW''o' úd l tenple s6 *et€d lo /da Ear@'6' 9e MaÜic€ sartrc:BoÉd' in: lBÜiPnoB gr.ql.s 4 ldnres de ]d s'Íi.' Íoru X]II' /d.'.!l. /- PEis: übnüie o.imtalistePaul G4thnd' 1982. nDs. 9010, 9011, 9107; Do6iniqÚ soÜrdel: I.és c!,es dL Houran d l,époque/or@.E. onstifute Eagaise dehéologÉ de B€}m!th' tone Lm') Pdis: P4ul Geuthnfr, 1952. 8}93.B.sid.s zeus Emmm' lhe cult of Isis. Mmüius md Milbtr Muftd in the EgioÍ ton tle .dieü

élrmge4.'. - An dtjÍ dedicat€d to l,vi Á@n' by . {ietachmml of kg. m c'maica ha b€en Ecmrlyfood i! Eawea (Jüde)' g: J'P' olesm,I4B' Rev6' md B'J' lishm New D€dicator' úldipti@frm Ilumyma (Ancimt lüwdl)' Jo.dd' zPE 14o (2002)' no4' l12-116'

232

SPECIMINA NOVA XVIII

So then, which tsoops lvere comrnanded by Lusius Quietus in Judaea? Hecertainly had with him the Ma''r', the MooÍish tÍoops eÍ isted fiom his homeland.r,An inscripüon of an

"qu?' nMerorkn Mauro|un lÍom Neapo]is (sechem) is

BeneÍa y betieved !o belong to úe severan p€nod.a howeveÍ Applebaum does nolexclude the possibility that it belongs to TíajaÍ's time..' Gedalian Abn describedanother nilitary inscription which tumed up in 1930 during building opentions inthe ArmeÍúan quaÍteÍ of the old city' .tvhich mentions a temple eÍected within themilitary camp of an AnicaÍI contingent' that was devoíed ro Genio AÍticae.1z Besidethese numeri he might have cofunánded drc II Traiana (and PÍhaps a detachnent ofVI FeÍIata), at least one vexillation of the IIl Clrenaica, and possibly other tsoops aswe , bur we háve no literary or inscriptionál píoof for this supposition'

In sum' we are aware that parts of x FÍetensis, and possibly other tsoops a5well. weÍe enlisted ín sámaria' The n TÍajaÍE (and probably a detachment of the vIFenata) was garrisoned h the Jewish.sámarita1 viuage caparcoha. A vexi[ationof the m C'TeÍIaica dedicated all inscription to sarapis in the ''holy city''. Beside thisa Moorish auxiliáry unit' in a likelihood Quietus' compatriots, was stationed atS€cheín-Neapolis' the centeÍ of the cult of Kore. on the basis of this evidence wecan venture to claim that any of ihe aforementioned military units might have beenunder commaÍd of Lusius Qüiefus' md night have ere€ted a statue on the TempleMount in honour of a goddess whose cult was familiar both to Roman and SamaritansoldieÍs at that time.ar

Ko.e on th€ Temple Mount....ánd iís consequences

But what could be the motivation behind this action? FiÍst of a11, for the Ronans theTemple of Jerusalem meant the symbol of their victory oveÍ the Jews and theil God.Among the snoking ruins of the bumt and destsoyed Temple in 70 C.8., as FlaviusJosephus says' 'The Romans ... caEied Úlen $andards into úe temple court and'settlng them up opposite the eastem gate' there sácrificed to them, and with .ousingacctamations hailed Titus a5 imperatoÍ'..{ As Marina Pucci correctly pointed out'setting up nilitaly standards oÍ placing eilher a statue of a goddess or the ErnpeÍor

y Lwium zuie|un 'ubldns s4nb6 Mauns' 4uo3 Egébdl. q.ia süspe.fus inpüio ftEral' enmn Ís'

rüdrimus]. sll,{1'ddr 5.8.q ^lt1t@a\'QDM 12||946)' 93 94 = AE 1948' 148; N4 sP€idel',4N1R'y tr3 p.214.

{ Alon 1980: tÍ.417; rcfding to RBi 1931,19l 194 vhich is, úfortunatelx Wng' The in*liptim isnot foÚd in üe Amée EPiglalnie.. ft€ fusion oí RoíÚ ed lmal deiti€s vhich sFbol'€d the uity of culfuEs of the Rom Empirc,cm be obsNed on th€ Bdtish fmntie tÚo' se: John Eelgelüd: Romm Amy R€Úgim' Ál./Rw 2.16'2.(1978)' 1470'1505- €sp. 1499' - Eric B ey divid€d iío foü caregüis lhe cults of t!€ Roma amy: (1). omcial Íeligion..; (2) 'appÚed cúts. (apPrved ií tne c6e of parÍicular uits, Pm'ft€d tÚ Wship thedeiti€s of theü üigilal recruitiíg grcundo; (3) ''accePt.ble ltral cülts" (cult of lii pa'niü (4) "deities ofpalticular placeí' (cúr of qeaius ptovircia.). s4 Eijc BiÍley: t!€ Reügion of tlE Rotln Amy:1895-1977. /r!Rw 2'16'2. o978)' 150Gl541' üth nLlmus exmples' The c l of Korc of smeiab.longs to tüe *cond or rnird caregory.{ 'os' B.lt 6.6.t. Í31ó] hdsl by l.ius E' Fetltm. oú the cult of t!€ Roiln nükrY srandards s*:John Eelseland, rp. .ir 1473-1478.

233

TIBOR GRULL: KORE ON TI{E TEMPLE MOUNT?

himser was an explicit profmisation of the Temple,as arld the gentile commandeÍsand tien souiers were very weU aware of this-

Neverth€less' üose .roops which might have erected a statue to the Kore onthe Temple Mount in l17 c.E. weÍe most pÍobably samaÍitan auxiliaries. TheSamaritans fostered deeply rooted hate against the Jewish Temple of Jerusalem. Thishostility is Íeflected by the nickname used iÍl the Book of Asatr [a sámaritánchronicle whose subject is paÍalel to the Pentateuchal narra1ive' süpposedlycoÍnposed during the second ha]f of the tenth centuÍyl (5a): 'yl M*.í .'house ofplague'', pÍoduc€d by a slight change of letteÍs of n{dj, 'holy tenple''.* In 1tlebegiming of the fiÍst century c.E.' undeÍ coponius lhe fiÍst pruefec||L' ]udaeae,samá.itzns tíied to desacíalize the Temple. Flavius Josephus Íaorted this action:.'w}eí the festival of Unleaven€d BÍead, which we call PassoveÍ' was going on' thepriests were áccustomed to thmw open the gates of úe TemPle afteÍ midnight. Thistime' when the gates were fiÍst opened, some samaíitans, who had s€credy enteredJerusateÍ! begán to scattel hrman bones itr drc Porticoes and throughout theTeÍnple. As a lesult, the priests' although they had not pÍeviorrsly obseÍved suchcustom' excluded everyone fiom the TeÍnple' iÍ addition to takjlg other measuÍesfor the greater protection of tÍe Temple'..',

we ventuÍe to suppose' albeit very tentatively' that the act of desacÍalisationwith the statue of Kore might have been all the more important for t]le Samaritans,becanse he pül||tos lel Qj',J was pÍobably connected wilb the Jewish attenpt torebuild the Temple. From some midÍashic texts (whose date and historical value' ofcouise' is higbly qüestionable) we can dÍaw a caÍefiÍ supposition tllat Tfajan-perhaps in the last years of his rcign---permítted the Jews to restoÍe their mostimporfánt religious center. shimon Applebaum has a]ready suggested that twoÍabbinic references can be linked jn rcgaÍd to this event. The midrash Genesis Rabba64:8 íeports that io the days of R. Yehoshua ben ltanania' when the govemmentdecreed the rebuilding of the Tenple, baÍ.ks ír.apez'n) were set up by LÍlianus andPappus (two wea.Itiy Jewish merchants Fobably from A]exandÍiE whose names inúe Babylonian sources are sbemaya and Ahiyaf3 a.u the way fiom A.kko !o Judaea'to íinance pilgÍims coming fiom outside Judaea to Jerusalem' The two Jewishheroes. Lu[ianus and Pappus' who captured Laodicea' and cance[ed the amuálfestival of Trajan (Megilat T'anil 20:r)' aÍe fuÍlher referred to by R. Akiba' .Jvhoca s the them "Hemes in Israel like Joab" (sifra 26:9).

According to the rnidrashic text the Samaritans were drc ones who convincedthe Empercr Hadrim to abándon the plan. 'The cuthear's wenl and rcported to him

* Á colpeion to sffiita sMies' s-l ' Tenale al ]erugln (wíri€n by AbÉhe Tal) p. 232." Jo!. Áir. xvEI.2.2. B9.30] TmgL by t,ú H- F.ld6m. coloniÚ coDstruc1ed m additional 8ate i!th€ Tenple M{Mt sclosre w.I" úe sÉa[ed 'KipmÜ cÍate''' dabling incEaed slpefuisiÚn oí &osémtedng the TmPle conpomd (Ant. xulr [29'30]: m'Mid' 1:3)' Áccüdine to Aryeh KdhÍ ''it naywell have bm inteúded to conprsfu lhe Jews for lh€ dsam1ion of thei! holy pl@'' see Jo€pnu onJeüsh-sMit2n Relati@s úde. Rmú Rlle (BcE 63-cE 70), in: AlM D cmm md fucy Dav€y\eds.): Enars ih Hoaaur aI G D Sirn in?r. N.^ Smaritan Srudi^ oI th? Sockta .l Ltud6 S@rk'i^a.(sMia Judlica no.5.) sydn.y:Mddelbam - Unive4ity of sydney, |995' 2\7 ?36'.ÉP.2u.* se smuel kaÜss: Iá Gte de E'noucca' REl 30 (1895)' 2M'2t9' 6p' 209-214.

234

SPECIMINA NOVA X\Itr

'L€t it b€ hown to the king that if úis Íebelious city is Íebuilt and the walls arefinished' they will not pay E]ónl€ (nindah)' |Ínposr (belo) oÍ bn (haldk), @zr^4:l3)'.. The sánaritans convinced Hadrian to discontinue his Plans foÍ Íebuídingthe Temple by using a biblical veÍse fiom lh€ book of ETa. Though G€daliah A]onhas questioned the historicity of this souÍce' nevertheless he added: ''The Íealqüestion we should consideÍ is whether or not the tsadition about samaritanmalevolence is based on historical reality. ceÍtainly il is possible. The sanctity ofMounl Gerizim veÍsus Mount Moriat had always been rne chief bone of contentionbetween Jews aÍd sámÁritans. It would have been natural for the hostility of thelatter.o be ámused by any plan to Íebuild tie Jerusalem TemPle''Í

According to Applebaum, the image of Koíe and/oí the EÍpeÍoÍ erecred onthe Temple Mount escalated the waÍ. 'A Jewish move was on foot lo penetÍate toJeÍusalem in order to re-establish tb€ crrlt, and a rcafErmation of the pagan chaÍácterof Ihe city was a political count€rmove caÍÍied out by Lusius Quietus. This would fitin with the activity of Lu[ianus and Pappus in fiÍancing ánd oÍgánizing Jewish (...)inliltsation into Jerusalem. as well as with Atiba's comP'aíison of lhe two Inen wilhJoab' who captured J€rusalem on behar of David'''"" But this remains only ahvDothesis.

- Alú l98o: [ 439. . lhis st'teíÚt h$ bm Éjet€d by Mm&hm Mm The smditdx ald the B&.Kokltbú Revolt' in: Alan D' c6w (eÁ'): The sMnbB. Tnbingm: MohÍ, 1989. 21-22. - Mo. hóÚed tvo Min a4Únenls against Alon: (1) atlr dsEEtion of th€ smdihn t€mple m the Mt' ceizimby John H'rces in 128 B.c.E. the smditlB did lot n'ke my att.mpt to rcbüild theiÍ terple' and ..lherivalr' which th€y had felt tow.rds the J€rusalem Temple, diminished ed prcbabty disappear€daltoEetha in time'i (2) tne Jewish sag6 duiÍg this pfliod tave a very psitire attitude tow'ld ócsmÚit.$ and c@sid€Ed thm s part of lsrul' th.* two argm€ntl, howvd, e íot.@vircing ataI' hmce tte 6st cmes adrcly &m . Jiiunb, dd dÉ sond is a g€ne!.l'3tion of two nbbinicoPinioc (trmly R. Akib's 'nd R sireon sm of Geliels) vithout conFóting them to tte otltü'erc$slv hostjle Ébbiíic shtenmll about the sami.'tr-l0 ÁlDleiam l95o| 28-29.

235

TBoR GRÜLL: KoRE oN THE TEMPLE MoUNT?

ALON 1980

APPLEBAIJM 1950

APPLEBAUM 1976

BIBLIOGRAPTry

cedaliah Alon: Tle.Iews in Their Ldnd ín the TdlnudicAge (70-640 c.E.). Transl. by ceíshon Levi' vol'I.tr'JerusaleÍrl Magnes' 1980.s. Applebaüm: Nores on the Jewish Revolt und€rTrajan..I7S 2 (1950), 26-30.Shimon Applebaum: Protegornena to the Study of theSecond Jewjsh Revoh (A.D. 132-135). (BARsupplenentary series 7.) odord: Bíitishfu chaeologicál Reports' 1976.Michael Avi-Yonah: wlen Judea became a Consularkov)!.e? IEI23 (1973), zO9-213.

AVI.YONAH 1973

CROWFOOT-KENYON- John W. Crowfoot, Kathleen M. Kenyon,SUKENIK 1942 md Eleazar L. sukenik: TáP Buildiní\ ol sawria.

London: Palestine ExDloration Fund. 1942.cRowFooT-KENYoN- John w' cro${oot. Kathle€n M. Kenvon' and EleazarSUKENIK 1957

FLUSSER 1975

ISAAC 1998

KEPPIE 1973

IÁKE 1957

MAGNESS 2OOI

MOR 1986

L.snke k: The o bjects Íron sannria.IáÍ|do|l|Palestine Exploration Fund, 1957.David Flusser: The Gfeat Goddess of saÍnaria. IEJ 25(1975), r3-2O.Benjamin Isáac: The Near East ünder Ronah Rüle.(Mnemosyne Suppl. 177.) Leiden: Bri[, 1998.Lawrence J.F. Keppie: The Legionary Garrison ofJudaea under Hadrian. aatomus 32 (1973), 859-801.silva Láke: cÍeco.Roman Inscriptions' in:cÍo['foot-Kenyon-sukenik 1.9 51 : 3 5' 42.Jodi Magness: The Cults of Isis and Kore at Sanaria-sebaste in the He[enistic and RoÍnan Periods. IíThR94:2 (2ú|)' Í57-I.7.|.M. Moí: The Roman Army in Eretz kúel in the YearsA.D. 70-Í32, in: P. Fre€man and D' Kemedy (e&.):The Defence of the Rorun and BJzantíne East:Proceedinqs oÍ a Co oquiun Held at the Unii]ersitJ oÍshefield in April l98ó. (BAR Intemational series'Oxford 1986), vol. tr. 575-602.MaÍina Pucci: Movimento iÍsuÍrezionale in Giudea(1r7-r18 D.C.) SCI4 0978), 63-76.E. Mary Sma wood: Palesrine c. A.D. I l5-l 18.Atrroria 11 (1962),500 510.E. Mary Sma[wood: The Jews under Roman Rule.FÍon Ponae} b Diocletiaá (st'rdies in Judáism in LateAntiquity 20.) Leideft BÍill 1981.

PUCCI 1978

SMALLWOOD 1962

SMALLWOOD 1981

236