Kepler Among Slovenians (on 410th anniversary of Kepler’s Mysterum dedicated to Radgona born baron Herberstein)

Abstract:

Kepler’s connections with Slovene lands is described. Between 1594-1600 Kepler’s close

friend in Graz was Sigmund Friderik Herberstein, an aristocrat of Carniolan origin. Kepler

dedicated Mysterium to him in September 1595. Tübingen printer Georg Gruppenbach

published Kepler’s Mysterium just a few months after he had finished Trubar’s translation of

Luther’s House Postil.

Kepler’s lived at Slovenian Prekmurje for more than a month in autumn 1598. Herberstein

officers employed at his castle Hrastovec east of Maribor pursued his well being in Prekmurje

where Kepler was one of the first Protestants. The claim about lasting long-range Kepler’s

influence in Slovenian lands was put at the limelight. Several Kepler’s and related books were

available in Auersperg Ljubljanian library at the mid-17th century. Some were sold at Mayr’s

first Ljubljanian bookstore after 1678. Surprisingly many Kepler’s books were kept at

Ljubljanian Jesuit school library although some of his works were even on Papal index of

prohibited publications.

Key words:

Kepler, Reformation, Petanjci at Prekmurje, Hrastovec (Guttenhaag), Graz, Ljubljana, Jesuits,

History of Astronomy.

Introduction

Styrian Land mathematician Kepler considerably influenced the development of science in

Slovenian part of Styria and Prekmurje. Who were his friends and collaborators from the land

inhabited with Slovenes?

Teacher Kepler

Graz Stiftsschule worked between June 1, 1574 and 1602 as the most important Land Estate

school in Habsburg monarchy. Kepler taught there between April 11, 1594 and September 28,

1597. He kept his teaching post until 1600, although he had almost no students left.1

According to reformed school order of 1594 he taught mathematics and physics at the last

fourth public class (quarta classis, quae publica dicta).2

The Jesuits arrived to Graz in 1573 and founded their university in 1586.3 In 1589 and 1590

Henricus Sittarus taught mathematics there together with Grienberger, who continued his

lectures during the next year. In 1600 and 1601 the Jesuit Nagy taught mathematics in Graz.

Between 1603 and 1612 Jordanus from Gorica continued with mathematical lessons. In

1594/95 the Jesuits had 600 students in Graz, but Kepler’s audience was far less numerous. In

1599 37 Jesuit scholars, 11 brothers, and 23 Fathers worked in Graz.4 The classes of those

times were not divided according to the time used for lectures, but according to the

knowledge of students. The lower class was additionally divided into three parts.

PICTURE 1

Among Kepler’s best friends was Clavius’ student Guldin, who taught mathematics at Graz

university in 1618 and 1619. Between 1637-1643 the Jesuits of Graz gave him a special post

of book writer, the similar as Athanasius Kircher had at Rome. In 1622 Guldin was among the

first to publish the fundamentals of combination calculus. Guldin influenced the development

of new astronomy which later brought the fame to Jesuit Bošković. In Graz Guldin cooperated

with the famous Slovenian scientists, the rector Kobencl and Kobav. The Jesuit from Gorica,

Giordano, taught mathematics in Graz before Guldin, acting also as the confessor of the

archduke Karl. In 1625 the first Slovenian historian Baučer studied theology under the rector

Kobencl in Graz.

Despite their Jewish origin, Guldin’s parents were Protestants. In 1597 Guldin accepted

Catholic faith and soon afterwards became a Jesuit. In 1609 he began his studies with the

Professor Clavius of Rome. Guldin began his teachings in Rome, but in 1618 he entered upon

a chair for mathematics at Graz. Between 1623 and 1637 he taught at Vienna University. He

was one of the few Jesuits who dared to defend Galileo against the critics of the Jesuit

astronomer Scheiner5 even after Galileo’s condemnation in 1633. Guldin even tried to support

the Protestant Kepler against religious intolerance at nearby Linz, where Kepler worked

between 1612 and 1626. Kepler and Guldin mostly corresponded about religious questions

which interested both. They had opposite viewpoints in astronomy and tried to avoid them in

their letters.

Between 1635 and 1641 Guldin published his masterpiece about the Center of Gravity; the

Ljubljanian Jesuits bought the item in 1707, immediately after the foundation of their higher

studies. In his second book of 1640 Guldin developed the theorem describing the volume of

rotated bodies based on Pappus work published in Alexandria at the end of the 3rd century.

Guldin was able to connect the modern scientific discoveries with the old Hellenic spirit.

Kepler’s Dedication to Herberstein

Kepler matriculated at Tübingen University tree years after Primož Trubar had died at nearby

Derendigen. On April 11/21, 1594 Kepler arrived to Graz although he did not finish his

Tübingen studies jet. He was supposed to get his doctor’s degree during summer of 1594.

After January 7/17, 1584 a new Gregorian Calendar of 1582 was used in Graz. The Italian

professor of medicine, Lilio, was responsible for its final form.6 The Protestants in Tübingen

still preferred the old Julian Calendar.

On April 19, 1594 and August 1, 1594 Kepler wrote to Styrian Land Estates without

mentioning Herberstein’s name.7 Kepler replaced deceased Land mathematician and professor

Stadius in Graz. In 1573 Stadius became the Master of Arts in Wittenberg, and in 1576 he

arrived to Graz as the mathematician of the Land Estates. In 1578 he visited Paris, and lived

in Italy until 1581. After his return to Graz he taught law and basic mathematics at Land

States school in Graz again. Between 1578 and 1593 he published several calendars, and

Kepler did the same later. On September 1, 1594 Kepler published Calendarium und

prognosticum auf das Jahr 1595 with some predictions about Styrian Land Governor

Herberstein included. Later Kepler wrote five other publications of that kind with three of

them still available today.8

Kepler had ran of the mathematical students because they had very hard times trying to follow

his lines of thought. Kepler had to compensate the loss with some Latin literature lectures.9

He developed a special sort of the Protestant faith. Because of his extravagant individualism

the Linz priest-in-chief, Daniel Hitzer, excommunicated him on August 20, 1612 in Stuttgart,

also with an official letter dated on September 25, 1612.10

In 1577 Maestlin published his research of comets and later wrote Epitome Astronomiae

(1588). But only in his appendix to Kepler’s Mysterium he exposed himself finally as a

Copernican, especially at the second edition of 1621.11 Tycho interrupted a decade of angry

silence in relations to his rival astronomer Maestlin, and mailed to him a critic of Kepler’s

Mysterium. At the same time he send less straightforward letter to Kepler. Tycho Brahe was

obliviously unsatisfied with Maestlin’s critics of Brahe’s system published as the introduction

of Rheticus’ Narratio prima at Mysterium (1596). Maestlin had edited Rheticus’ work as a

part of the third edition of Copernicus he wanted to publish with Sebastian Henricipetrina’s of

Basle in 1612. Probably because of Sebastian’s death the book never appeared and the third

edition was eventually printed at Leyden in 1617. The Copernicus’ reprint became very

problematic in the meanwhile because Pope started to put Copernican works on index of

forbidden books in 1616. The consequences were certainly much worse for Kepler in

Emperor’s Habsburg lands compared with Maestlin, who lived among Protestants. In 1619

Kepler’s Empitome astronomia Copernicana was forbidden.

Kepler’s Mysterium never became very popular. Readers added just a few manuscript notes to

the preserved exemplars, because the work was far from easy reading.12 On September 4,

1597 Galileo wrote to Kepler and highly praised him as Copernican, but he strongly

disapproved the mystics of Kepler’s Mysterium.

Kepler’s Graz Protestant friend, Sigmund Friderik Herberstein, became Styrian Land

Governor in 1594, soon after Kepler’s arrival.13 He forwarded Emperors’ orders and presided

the meetings of the Land Council. He was also a courtier and secret counsellor of the

Archduke Ferdinand II, who inherited several troublesome strategic points in wars against

Turks even after good luck at the battle of Sisak on June 22, 1593 and heroic death of Herbert

VIII Auersperg. Herberstein also carried the title of the “court servant in charge for cutting off

the pieces of meat”. In his September 1595 dedication Kepler made fun of that old fashion

title. Herberstein was among the very first readers of Kepler’s Mysterium together with other

Kepler’s patrons, Styrian nobles, Galileo, Ursus, Linneaus, Tycho Brahe, Maestlin, Professors

and students of the Tübingen University.14 Georg Gruppenbach printed Mysterium just few

months after he finished with Trubar’s posthumous translation of House Postil edited by his

son Felicijan Trubar and Andrej Savinec.15 Trubar’s work might well be one of the first

Kepler’s contacts with Slovene language.

Herberstein was born in Schachenturn at today’s Gornja Radgona’s Prešernova street No 1

soon after the first edition of Copernicus. He was the oldest son of Georg Sigmund and his

first wife, Margareth von Poetsach, married in 1546. Sigmund Friderik’s younger brothers

were Janž (Hans) Friderik, Volbenk Viljem, founder of the younger Austrian branch Jakob

Franc, and Jurij Krištof. In 1536 Georg Sigmund was in Turin, and next year he fought

against Turks at Szeged (Siget) as the Governor (Feldhauptman) of Styrian Land Estates. on

December 7, 1537 the Emperor Ferdinand I named him the counselor. After Margareth’s

death Georg Sigmund married Katherine von Windishgraetz.

Sigmund Friderik married Maria Magdalena Baroness Wells. As a widow, Maria emigrated to

Protestant Nürnberg together with her children in 1629. But her descendants were not devoted

Protestants at all: her son Georg Sigmund Herberstein became a Dominican, the second son

Mihael Herberstein found his death at the battle against Turks, and the grandson Johan

Friderik Herberstein became the Jesuit rector at Judenburg and later at Graz.

In 1452, the grand grandfather of Sigmund Friderik, Emperor’s vassal Lenart Herberstein,

accompanied the Emperor Friderik III to his coronation at Rome, and helped him to cross the

Tibera bridge. Lenart was a son of Ursula von Taufenbach and Andrej the Fortunate. Andrej

was a founder of the Austrian family branch. After Andrej’s death Lenart inherited Governor

honor at Postojna and Kras in 1442. Lenart also got his fathers fortress Mahrenfels (Lupoglav)

in today Croatian Istria which was still at his hands in 1487. In 1482 he was fighting on

Emperor’s side at the battle of Hohleneck, and he was rewarded wit the castle Hrastovec

(Guttenhaag) between Maribor and Lenart. The manor was in Herberstein’s possession until

the end of the Second World War with interruption during 19the century, but eventually hosts

the Psychiatric hospital today.

Lenart’s wife was Barbara von Lueg, a sister of Erazem Predjamski. The oldest Lenart’s son

was Jurij III Herberstein, a grandfather of Sigmund Friderik. Jurij III married Margarethe von

Kottal. Lenart’s third son and Sigmund Friderik Herberstein grandfather Jurij III’s younger

brother was the famous diplomat Žiga Herberstein, who “discovered” Russia to Europe. Jurij

III’s son, Gunter, followed his uncle Žiga footsteps as an Emperor Karl V’s deputy at

Moscow and at Polish King Sigmund’s Danzig (Gdansk). Gunter eventually met his death at

the battle of Tokaj. The son of Barbara’s niece, the Jesuit Rafael Kobencl, became rector at

Graz. At that hard times of European religious wars leading Protestants Herbersteins were

therefore in close relationship with Catholic leaders, Kobencls, who also gave several

generations of excellent diplomats.

Besides Hrastovec Sigmund Friderik Herberstein owned Neuberg and Lankowitz. Lankowitz

near Köflach and Voitsberg 20 km west of Graz gave the name to his branch of Herberstein

family. His bothers descendant and heir, count general Johan Ferdinand I Herberstein was the

father of Johan Ferdinand II Herberstein.16 The general robbed the Frankopan’s castles after

the downfall of Zrinski-Frankopan conspiracy and added to his own possessions Frankopan’s

Nova Arce am Dobram, today Novigrad on river Dobra west of Karlovac. He managed a good

library, now at Graz University, and became a knight of the Maltese order. The Lankowitz

branch died out in masculine line with Johan Karl Joseph Herberstein who served as an

infantry officer.

Kepler’s Mysterium

Kepler wrote Mysterium between July 1595 and January 1596, consulting his former teacher

Maestlin for every while. In February 1596 Kepler used his holidays for the Mysterium

printing at Tübingen. At his spare time he was courting twenty years old Protestant Barbara

Müller from Graz. The young bride was already widowed twice and had a daughter from her

first husband. In September 1596 Kepler returned to Graz, and married on April 27, 1597.17

As the first professional astronomer he published a convincing geometrical explanation of

Copernicus’ theory in Mysterium, the only Kepler’s book whose second edition he

accomplished during his life time. He wrote the footnotes one after another during the week at

the end-June 1621, and dated a dedication to Emperor on June 10/30, 1621. The new Emperor

was nobody else but –Ferdinand II, who treated Kepler so cruel a quarter of century earlier.

Kepler’s friend, Sigmund Friderik Herberstein, died just a short time before the second edition

was put in the limelight.

On August 11/21, 1621 Kepler described his work to a friend Mathias Bernegger.18 The

printer of the Mysterium second edition, Tampach, began to publish Kepler’s works in 1617.

Kepler’s Mysterium discussed the regular geometric bodies19 as Clavius did in 1607. Such a

paragraph was missed in the original Euclid’s work. Ljubljanian Jesuits bounded Kepler’s

Mysterium into joint book with Commandino’s version of Euclid to make it more complete.

Such combined book is not kept at other libraries as far we know. A decade and a half earlier

likewise Clauvius’ version of fifteen Euclid’s books was bound with »16th book« treating

regular bodies.

In his work Kepler cited Calvius almost hundred times and borrowed from him his

polyhedron model for Solar system. Kepler clearly exposed the symmetry as the physical

characteristic was for the fist time. The artist knew the problem long ago, but Kepler

researched it with scientific methods.

PICTURE 2

PICTURE 3

Kepler published several geometric pictures in his Mysterium. He connected the planet orbits

with five regular bodies known at his time. He put cube between Saturn and Jupiter, and

tetrahedron between Jupiter and Mars. Even in Harmonices Mundi (1619) Kepler still used

the regular bodies for delimitation of the orbits of planets, although he already knew that the

model could not be completely accurate.20

The idea was probably linked with Kepler’s research of the crystal symmetry at his Prague

snowflakes observations published as the new year present to his friend.21 He probably

connected crystal shapes with metallic compounds themselves and therefore continued

alchemist ties between planets and metals especially clear in the name of Mercury. He tabled

the distances between planets according to Copernicus and compared them with

computations. He found several discrepancies but ordered the second edition anyway.

Maestlin in appendix to Mysterium discussed about the dimensions of orbits and heavenly

spheres. »Professor of mathematics at the Academy of Tübingen«, Maestlin, described

Copernicus and Reinhold’s Copernican Prussian tables.22 The Jesuits of Ljubljana wrote their

exlibris on the title page of their Reinhold’s tables in 1756, two years after they wrote it into

Copernicus’ second edition. Maestlin discussed the characteristic of Venus, theory of Sun and

Moon. and he published the calculations of Moon diameter.23 Besides his theory of Moon he

described the planets.

In second edition of Mysterium Kepler also reprinted an extract of his Astronomia Nova with

a discussion of the Joshua’s stopping the Sun until he finished slaughtering the enemies at the

battle. The Sun seemed movable because it is apparently smaller than the Earth. Kepler used

the same argument even more convincingly in his theory of ellipses where he connected the

stopping of the Sun with the stopping of the Earth at the other focus of ellipse. In his

introduction to the purposed third edition of Copernicus, Maestlin’s Copernican Pythagorean

doctrine of movable Earth straightforwardly opposed to the Bible.24

After eighty-eight pages of Mysterium Kepler republished Rheticus’ abstract of Copernicus’

De libris revolutionum erudissimi viri, et mathematici excellentiss, reverendi D. Doctoris

Nicolai Copernici Torunnaei Canonici Vuarmaciensis, Narratio prima ad clariss. Virum D.

Io. Schonerum, per M. Georgium Ioachimum Rheticum, una cum encomio Borussia scripta

alcinous. Georgius Vogelinus Medicus Lectori anno 1621. The abstract did not get his own

pagination but eventually continued the Mysterium at pages 89-149. Kepler devoted it to his

teacher Maestlin, the Professor of astronomy at Heidelberg and after 1582 in Tübingen.

The Ljubljanian Jesuits wrote their exlibris at the Mysterium’s title page in 1757. Three years

later they wrote their exlibris into Copernicus (1566), which also contained Rheticus’ abstract.

Rheticus signed his work on October 7, 1539 and published it at Danzig (Gdansk) in

following months. He listed several data about Copernicus,25 and compared his measurements

of the precession with the Ptolemaic and other data. He claimed Copernicus’ advantages over

Ptolemy.26

Kepler at Prekmurje

The religious tolerance completely disappeared in few decades of Kepler’s boyhood. Nobody

recalled any more that in spring 1522, one year before his death, Viennese Bishop Jurij

Sladkonja allowed the sermons of the new Protestant ideas at the Viennese church of Saint

Stephen for the first time.27 Sladkonja was born in Ljubljana and became a personal friend of

Slovene astronomer Andrej Perlah.

Ferdinand II had quite a different opinion. After finishing his studies at Ingolstadt on

December 16, 1597 he ruled exceptionally sharp under the influence of his Jesuit confessor

Villerius. Villerius was a rector of Graz university in 1596 and 1597. Between 1598-1618 he

was Ferdinand II’s confessor in Graz and one more year at Vienna, until Ferdinand became

the Emperor. Venetian soldiers captured Villerius during the war of 1616,28 causing a great

scandal because they felt Graz Jesuit disliked them.

Ferdinand II took the power from his mother Maria, the widow of the Archduke Karl. Karl

ruled in Inner Austria after the death of the Emperor Ferdinand I. On August 8 and August 30,

1598 Ferdinand II issued the warrant for the arrest and exile of Felicijan Trubar and his

Ljubljanian collaborators.29 On September 23, 1598 he ordered Protestant pastors and teachers

to live Graz in six days. The expulsion seemed impossibly cruel to the most of his wood be

victims. On September 28, 1598 their time had run out at Sundown, and they also had to ride

away off Styria and other inner Austrian lands in few days under the death penalty. Between 4

and 5 a.m. Ferdinand gave the foretold order to his chancellor Wolfgang Jöchlinger who had

to communicate it immediately to Governor Herberstein. Herberstein had no chance to refuse

such quick demands although as a Protestant he was not willing at all. Kepler and some forty

other teachers and pastors departed Graz and Radgona riding towards the Zrinjski property at

Varaždin. The sharp violence was somewhat hidden under the last salary given to all exiled

before their farewell. They did not reach Varaždin but stopped at the nearby property of

Count Nádasdy at Petanjci in Emperor Rudolf II’s Hungarian Prekmurje, just few kilometers

east of Radgona. They used the church at nearby Tišina, which was left in Protestant hands

for a long time and became Catholic again only in 1673.30 Kepler and his fellow travelers

were the first Protestant in those lands. Because the newcomers did not understand the

Slovenian language of the local people, they had considerable troubles in buying the food and

preferred to order it from Radgona.

Kepler himself was in particularly good relations with the Bavarian Catholic chancellor Hans

Georg Herwart von Hohenburg and with Graz Jesuits. Kepler’s function of Land

mathematician was even independent of political circumstances connected with faith.

Therefore he was able to return to Graz after somewhat more than a month of exile, but his

fellow banished Protestants were forced to stay in Hungary. During the later centuries the

upper level of the castle at Petanjci felt into ruins and sunk into swamp together with vaulted

cellars. There is nothing visible left for a present observer except the grassy hill.

On November 8, 1598 Kepler reported about his Prekmurje visit to his former teacher

Maestlin of Tübingen, and added some comments of the matters of faith at Graz. On

November 15, 1598 and again on December 24, 1598 Colmanus Zehentmair wrote friendly

humorous letters form Hrastovec to Kepler at Graz. He was the secretary of Land Governor

Sigmund Friderik Herberstein and his brother Janž (Hans) Friderik Herberstein, the founder of

the Hrastovec family branch. Colmanus mentioned Kepler’s Prekmurje odyssey and

expressed his opinion that it was not necessary at all. He thought that Styrian Land Estates

would pay Kepler’s Prekmurje expenses because of his politically neutral position of land

mathematician.31 Kepler’s (1595) dedication mentioned Sigmund Friderik as the owner of

Hrastovec, but other sources state that the owner 1588 was (also) his brother Janž (Hans)

Friderik.32 The ownership could have been divided among them. In 1600 Janž (Hans) Friderik

made the Protestant cemetery at Betnava. He married a Countess Uršula Thurn, the daughter

of Count Volf of Križ, who inherited manor Dragomelj north of Podgorica near Ljubljana in

1573. Janž and Uršula’s children, Volf Sigmund, Janez Jakob Gunter, and Rozina Saloma

Herberstein married Wolf baroness Nardegkh, sold Dragomelj to Lambergs on February 2,

1620.

In 1599 Kepler unsuccessfully asked Maestlin for the job in Tübingen. In despair, he went to

Prague to see the Emperor’s mathematician Tycho Brahe. On the new year day of 1600 he left

Graz with the baron Hoffman, and arrived to Prague on February 4, 1600. After some

problems with Tycho Kepler returned to Graz. On June 1, 1600 he unsuccessfully tried to get

Ferdinand II’s support in Graz with the tractate about Sun’s eclipse predicted for July 10,

1600. He observed it through the camera obscura at the square in Graz.

The new rulers turned a deaf ear to the astronomy, the queen of science. On August 2, 1600

the Archduke Ferdinand II issued the list of Kepler and other Protestants whom he wanted to

get rid of. Kepler left Graz on August 9, 1600 with a salary of 200 thalers which was granted

to him by a daily order of Land Estates issued on February 27, 1600. Kepler’s friends,

Governor Sigmund Friderik Herberstein and Hans Sigmund Wagen, made the payment was

made possible. On September 30, 1600 Kepler, his wife, and stepdaughter arrived to Prague

where emperor Rudolf still patronized knowledge like island in a ocean of wilderness. Kepler

wife’s relatives Müllers safely accepted Catholic faith and staid at home.33

PICTURE 4

PICTURE 5

Kepler at Ljubljanian Prince Auersperg’s Library

As far we know, Auerspergs had comparatively small number of Kepler and his collaborators’

books. They had Clavius’ defense of Gregorian calendar reform against the critics of Kepler’s

teacher Maestlin (1588) which Count Volk Engelbert Auersperg bought at the mid-17th

century. In 1655 Auersperg librarian, ex-Jesuit Ludvik Schönleben, wrote ekslibris in it:

»S.R.J. comitis ab Auersperg Sup. Carnia Capitaei Catal: Infedr: An. 1655«. The book is

today kept at the History of Science Collections of the University of Oklahoma Library

Bizzell.

Volk also bought Grienberger, Euclid, Kobav, Guldin, and the Protestant Origanus’ books. In

1602, 1605, and 1621 Kepler frequently corresponded with Origanus about Tycho’s system.34

Auersperg library Origanus’ Prussian ephemerides were counted in two different manners:

primary according to the tables of Tycho Brahe and next with the Prussian Reinhold’s version

of Copernicus. The first Origanus’ book treated three decades from 1595 to 1624, and the

second predicted events for the next thirty years between 1625 and 1654. At a long beginning

treatise of his ephemerides Amsterdam and Prussian professor of mathematics, Origanus,

supported Copernicus’ hypotheses about the movable Earth.35 He collaborated with Clavius

on Gregorian reform of Calendar although Clavius did not accept Copernicus’ ideas. Besides

Origanus Kepler also collaborated with the Strasbourg astronomer Konrad Dasypodius.36

Kobav from Cerknica was one of the most gifted Guldin’s students in Graz. After his youth in

domestic Cerknica he entered the Franciscan order. He soon changed his mind and

matriculated at Ljubljanian Jesuit school finishing his lower classes in 1608. Kobav entered

the Jesuit order in comparatively distant Brno where conflicts between Protestants and

Catholics were already sharpening. After novice years he returned to Ljubljana and as a

Master taught grammar, humanistic, rhetoric, and, most of all, mathematics.37 Between 1614

and 1624 he studied philosophy and taught mathematics in Graz, during last three years under

the rector Kobencl. In 1627 he anonymously published a biography of the blessed Janez, the

founder of the nursing order at the banks of Danube; the work was a kind of final work at the

end of Kobav’s studies. In 1643, a short time before Guldin’s death, he published polemical

astronomical work where he carefully avoided to mention Galileo. Kobav discussed Clavius’

relation to Copernicus.38 The tolerant relation towards the movable Earth was possible at

Clavius’ era, but wasn’t safe any more after Galileo’s process in Kobav’s time. Auerspergs

and Jesuits of Ljubljana certainly bought Kobav’s work. It was the single mathematical

writing of Carniolan author preserved from the former Ljubljanian Jesuit library. A year after

Galileo’s death Kobav defended the principles of the Roman abbot Dionysio Exiguo (527).

Kobav cited the astronomers Jesuit Decker of Graz, Clavius, Kepler, Copernicus,39 and

otherwise unknown Dionysios of Ptuj (Pettavius).40 Decker was the 8th rector at Olmouc

University between May 17, 1607 and June 4, 1612 before he arrived to Graz.

Kobav finished his work with a tabled comparison between the phases of the Moon and dates

of Church holidays according to Julian and Gregorian calendar on nearly hundred pages.41 He

also published several other astronomical tables.42

Volk’s brother and the sole heir, Prince Janez Vajkard Auersperg, knew Kepler’s work first-

hand as he was the protegee and prime minister of Ferdinand II’s soon Ferdinand III. He was

the last to complete his brother’s library with new works, but just is brother’s manuscript

library catalogue of 1668 is available up to now.

Kepler for sale in Ljubljana

In 1678 the Ljubljanian bookseller Mayr offered Kepler’s summary of Tycho’s measurements

of the Planet positions.43 He certainly did not try to sell Kepler’s or even Galileo’s

Copernicus’ books which were not allowed in Catholic lands. Mayr’s catalogue contained

Ernest’s summary of Aristarchus’ heliocentric ideas. Besides Kepler’s Rudolphine tables he

also offered their corrigendum at the first astronomical book written with woman’s hand. The

author Maria Kunic showed to Ljubljanian the abilities of the female mathematician.44 Her

father was the doctor of arts and medicine Henryk Kunic. Their native Silesia was a part of

the Habsburg monarchy between 1526 and 1740. In 1609 Henryk published a book about

colic, and in 1625 about medicines.

Maria studied languages and corresponded with the astronomer Hevelius from Gdansk. In her

nine-tenth year the famous German mathematician Elias von Love visited her town. After her

father’s death she married him, certainly also because of his nice promising family name.

Table 1: Kepler and his collaborators on sale at Mayr’s in Ljubljana

Author Book Title and its age in 1678 Page of Mayr’s catalogue

Brahe (Tycho) Historia coelestis complectens Observanes Astronomicas (6) 69 Cunitiae Mariae Urania propitae, sive Tabulae Astronomicae mirè faciles (19) 72

Keppleri Tychonis Hyperaspistes (63)45 79

Schikardi Astroscopium (55) 89

Schikardi Berneggeri Epistolae 89

Severini Rotundi in plano, seu Circuli absoluta Mensura (34) 90

(Kepler) Tabulae Rudolphinae (11) 91

S. Vincento Quadraturae Circuli, Tomus II (31) 92

Mayr offered new posthumous edition of Brahe’s measurements dedicated to the Emperor

Ferdinand III, who also deceased before Mayr’s sale. Two examples of that comparatively

rare 33 cm format print are now available at the Paris observatory library.46 In 1609 Kepler

used Tycho’s observations under the comparable title Astronomia nova, seu Physica

Coelestis.

Maria did not want to make a horoscope for the Polish king Jan Casimir, which would

certainly be a good job for her predecessor Kepler. During the Thirty Years War disaster the

fire destroyed her property except the manuscript of the book Urania where she bettered

Rudolphine tables two decades after Kepler’s death. After the war she moved to the village

Ołobok and later to the property of the Princes Piast in Brzeg.

Mayr listed Schickard’s letters to Kepler’s friend Bernegger, professor of history and rhetoric

at the University of Strassburg. Mayr also offered other Bernegger’s letters containing

different observations and questions borrowed from Tacit. In 1612 Bernegger published the

Latin translation of Galileo’s work about circle. In the same year and again seven years later

he published the tables of sinus, tangents, and secants.47 In 1623 Schickard published

instructions for telescope images projections according to Uranometria of Johannes Bayer

(1603). He published the very first star maps following the natural arrangement of the stars at

the sky.

Schickard began as a Protestant pastor, later became researcher of Hebrew language,

cartographer, printer, engineer, professor of mathematics and astronomy at University of

Tübingen. He made the first mechanical calculator for addition, subtraction, and ephemerides

calculation for his friend Kepler. Schickard multiplied and divided with the help of tables. On

February 25, 1624 he told Kepler that the fire destroyed the calculator.48

Tycho’s student, Christian Severin, was especially interesting author from Mayr’s selling list.

Severin named himself Longberg or Longomontanus in connection of his birth place in Dane

Jutland. His poor family without a father went through the hard times during his studies. In

1588 he arrived to Copenhagen. Next year Tycho Brahe hired him at Uraniborg where he

stayed for eight years. In 1597 he left the observatory and Denmark in Tycho’s company. He

continued his studies at German universities and visited Tycho at Prague between January and

August 1600. Even before Kepler he researched Tycho’s observations of the planet Mars,

completed Tycho’s theory of Moon, accepted Tycho’s wrong ideas about the refraction of

light and about the evil comet predictions. He made fun of Kepler’s Mysterium. He certainly

found several nonsense statement in Kepler’s work, but he was simply unable to predict the

future fame of the best mathematical physicist of his era – Kepler himself.

In 1607 Severin became a professor at Copenhagen and stayed there until his death. On

demand of the King Christian IV he directed the erection of the astronomic tower but did not

live long enough to see it finished.

Severin published the books about squaring the circle in 1638 and 1644, and Mayr offered to

Ljubljanians two years later reprint of the second one. Severin claimed his circle-squaring

success, although Pell tried to prove his error in 1646. Pell published the logarithmic tables of

the numbers up to 100,000 and used them to solve the cubic equitation.49

Severin was certainly not the only »inventor« of circle-squaring at his time. His younger

contemporary, Belgian Jesuit Saint-Vincent, tried the same problem with apparent success.

Mayr’s offer suggests a considerable number of circle-squaring researchers in Carniola of his

time. I.D. Florjančič discussed the problem again in 1740, and Giuseppe Tartini after him.

Just few decades later in 1775 the Academy of Paris decided not to judge those ingenious

inventions any further.

Saint-Vincent studied with Clavius at Rome few years after Rafael Kobencl, who was for

thirteen years his older. Between 1626-1632 Saint-Vincent served at Emperor Ferdinand II’s

Prague court,50 where he met Kepler during his last visit in 1628. At that time Saint-Vincent

described his circle-squaring on more than 1250 pages, but his proof did not please Bohemian

German Grienberger who replaced Clavius at Collegium Romanum. As Jesuit censor of

mathematical books, Grienberger dissuaded from publication. In between Saint-Vincent flied

to Vienna to spare his bare existence from the attacks of Swedish Protestants. He left his

heavy manuscript at Prague in a hurry, eventually becoming the Professor of mathematics at

the University of Louvaine in Belgium. At the end of the war he was able to get his

manuscript back and finally published it at nearby Antwerpen a decade after Grienberger’s

death. At the title page he used one of the best allegories of all the history of mathematics. He

showed Archimedes proving the equitation of the circle area. In the background he put Euclid

and Neptune with a motto “Even Further” over the Hercules’ pillars. The pillars of ancient

sea-men were also seen as a kind of limit for the ancient researchers of circle-squaring.

In 1651 Huygens as Grienberger before him found the integration error at Saint-Vincent’s

proof of the circle-squaring. The mistake ruined Saint-Vincent’s reputation but he was read

widely anyway, even by Leibniz or Wren. Saint-Vincent described the summation of the

unlimited geometrical rows and applied them to the trisection of angles. He used geometry to

discover amazing properties of logarithms which later became the beginnings of the rows-

based logarithm calculations.51 He connected the natural logarithms and hyperbola, which we

still use as the definition of the logarithm.

Kepler Among the Ljubljanian Jesuits

Ljubljanian Jesuits had Tycho’s complete works.52 They also bought Kepler’s Mysterium

bound with two years older Commandino’s translation of Euclid. Euclid and Kepler were

mentioned at the white vellum book’s spine of A4 format. Rheticus’ name was not written

although his summary of Copernicus’ work was added to Kepler’s Mysterium.53

Commandino’s edition of Euclid was the most important of his time because it followed the

Greek original more accurate than others. Besides his own footnotes Commandino also added

the opinions of antic writers. Therefore all later translators took him as the example to follow.

Before his death he was translating Euclid to Italian.

Kepler’s Mysterium was bound with Commandino’s Euclid with no exlibris of his own. On

September 19, 1595 Kepler wrote the seven points dedication to his first edition. At the end

he mentioned the Emperor Karl and Pythagoras.54 Kepler dedicated the work to Styrian Land

Estates (prelates, barons, and knights) and in particular to baron Sigmund Friderik

Herberstein.

PICTURE 6

Kepler used Neper’s logarithms of sinus to calculate his table of logarithms of whole numbers

published in Rudolfine tables.55 Three years later he added the table of logarithms of cosine

with a 10 seconds step to the tables of planets, and completed Tycho’s atlas of stars. Kepler

dedicated the work to Emperor Rudolf II.

Kepler’s tables of planets positions replaced Reinhold’s Prussian tables which were also at

Ljubljanian Jesuit’s library. Kepler’s work numbered 568 pages and therefore printer needed

no less than nine months to finish his job. Kepler applied logarithms for the calculations of

the positions of planets which was the very first important use of logarithms. Therefore

Kepler draw the muse “Logarithmica” on the title picture at the roof of the pavilion. She

symbolized the entrance of the new calculation method for the scientific problems solving,

and her neighbor muse looked through Kepler’s telescope. Kepler claimed that Porta’s work

of 1610 was the real invention or at least the right idea of the telescope composition.56

Mayr offered to Ljubljanians the table of logarithms in Rudolfine tables eight decades after

Kepler’s visit at Prekmurje. In 1631 the medicine doctor Bartsch modernized and published a

new edition of his father-in-law Kepler’s logarithmic tables. They were reprinted for the last

time in Strassburg in 1700. Carniolan priest, I.D. Florjančič, used Rudolfine tables during his

preparation for the eclipse observation on July 25, 1748.57 Astronomers and sailors used

Rudolfine tables and Kepler’s logarithms with them for more than a century.58

PICTURE 7

Conclusion

Because of his heavy shortsightedness Kepler was not the best observer of the sky. But his

mathematical abilities certainly made him the king of astronomers. During the stormy times at

the eve of the Thirty Years War he personally visited today Slovene lands and tightly

cooperated with our people. Kepler’s personal ties enabled our ancestors to read about his

ideas soon after their first publications.

Acknowledgements

The student of Maribor University, Vice dean for student affairs Andrej Simon Lunežnik,

gave me very useful comments on geography of Styria.

Index of Persons

Herbert VIII Auersperg (* June 15, 1528 Vienna; † September 22, 1575 Budačko).

Janez Vajkard Auersperg (Johann Weikhard, * March 11, 1615 castle Žužemberk; †

November 13, 1677 Ljubljana).

Volk Engelbert Auersperg (Volfgang, Wolf, * October 22, 1610; † April 28, 1673).

Jakob Bartsch (Bartcschi, * 1600 Lauban in Silesia, today Luban in Poland; † 1633 Lauban).

Martin Baučer (Bauzer, Bautscher, * 1586 Sela; SJ; † 1668 Gorica).

Mathias Bernegger (* 1582 Austria; † 1640).

Federico Commandino (* 1509 Urbino; † 1575).

Conrad Dasypodius (* 1532; † 1600).

Joannes Decker (Deckerus, Deckers, Deker, * December 25, 1560 Hazenbrouck; SJ; †

January 10, 1619 Graz).

Ferdinand I (* 1503; Archduke1521; Emperor 1556; † 1564).

Ferdinand II (* July 9, 1578 Graz; Emperor 1619; † February 15, 1637).

Ferdinand III (* July 13, 1608 Graz; Emperor February 15, 1637; † April 2, 1657 Vienna).

Giovanni Angelo Giordano (* Gorica; SJ; † November 25, 1623 Graz).

Georg Gruppenbach († 1610).

Paul Guldin (Habakkuk, * June 12, 1577 St.Gallen in Switzerland; SJ 1597; † November 3,

1643).

Sebastian Henricpetrina (Petri, Petrina, * 1547; † 1627).

Andrej the Fortunate Herberstein († 1442).

Barbara pl. Lueg, 1465 married Herberstein (Predjamska).

Georg Sigmund Herberstein (* July 18, 1518; † February 8, 1578).

Georg Sigmund Herberstein ( * 1594; † 1663).

Gunter Herberstein (* 1504; † 1535 Tokaj).

Jakob Franc Herberstein (* 1554?; † 1629).

Janž (Hans) Friderik Herberstein (* 1551; † 1615).

Johan Ferdinand I Herberstein (* 1640; † 1675).

Johan Ferdinand II Herberstein (* 1663; † 1721 Graz).

Johan Friderik Herberstein (* 1605; † 1673).

Johan Karl Joseph Herberstein (* 1746; † 1814 Vienna).

Jurij III Herberstein (Georg, * 1469; † 1528).

Jurij Krištof Herberstein (* 1556; † 1613).

Lenart Herberstein (Leonhard, Lienhart, † 1511).

Margarethe von Kottal married Herberstein († 1518).

Maria Magdalena Baroness Wells married Herberstein († 1642).

Mihael Herberstein († 1605).

Sigmund Friderik Herberstein (Sigismund, * after 1546 Schachenturn (Šahenturn); † 1620 or

1621).

Volbenk Viljem Herberstein (* 1554; † 1619).

Žiga Herberstein (Sigismund, * August 23, 1486 Vipava; † March 28, 1566 Vienna).

Herwart von Hohenburg (* 1553; † 1622).

Angelus Jordanus (* 1571 Gorica; SJ July 12, 1590 Graz; † November 25, 1623 Gorica).

Karel II Styrian (Archduke 1564; † 1590).

Andrej Kobav (* November 7, 1591 Cerknica; SJ October 22, 1610 Brno in Moravia; †

February 12, 1654 Trst).

Barbara Müller, thirdly married Kepler (* 1573; † 1611).

Johannes Kepler (* 1571 Weil der Stadt; † 1630 Regensburg).

Janez Rafael Kobencl (Joannes Raphael Cobenzl, * 1571; SJ 1587; † 1627 Vienna).

Henryk Kunic (Cunitz, flourished 1599-1625).

Alojz Lilio (* 1520, † 1576).

Michael Maestlin (* 1550 Goeppingen; † 1631 Tübingen).

Ioannes Nagy (* November 27, 1571 Fogarios in Transylvania; SJ October 31, 1588 Krakow;

† August 9, 1615 Trnava).

David Origanus (Tost, * 1558; † 1628).

John Pell (* 1611 Sussex; † 1685 London).

Rheticus (Rhäticus, Retik, Georg Joachim von Lauchen, * 1514 Feldkirch; † 1576 Košice

(Cassovia)).

Christopher Scheiner (* 1577 Wald near Mindelheim; SJ 1595 Landsberg; † 1650 Vienna or

Neisse in Silesia).

Wilhelm Schickard (* 1592 Herrenberg; † 1635).

Johann Schöner (Schoner, * 1477; † 1547), Rheticus’ first astronomy teacher at Nürnberg.

Christian Severin (Christen Sørensen, Longberg, Longomontanus, * October 4, 1562

Longberg, Jutland; † October 8, 1647 Copenhagen).

Georg Stadius (* 1550; † April 1593 Graz).

Bartholomeus Villerius (* 1542 Bastogne (Bastenaken) in Belgium; SJ January 5, 1558 Köln;

† April 21, 1626 Graz).

Grégoir de Saint-Vincent (* 1584 Brugge; SJ 1607; † 1667 Genf).

Christopher Wren (* 1632; † 1723).

SUMMARY

Kepler’s connections with Slovene lands were known for a long time although just several

studies researched that highly important subject. We began our research with Kepler’s work

in Graz 1594-1600 to describe his relations with a noble of Carniolan descent, Sigmund

Friderik Herberstein, to whom Kepler dedicated his Mysterium in 1596. Herberstein was

Protestant, Keplers personal friend, and one of the first readers of Kepler’s masterpiece. But

even he was not able to save Kapler from persecutions in 1698. We researched all aspects of

Kepler’s visit to Slovenian Prekmurje for more than a month in autumn 1598. Special concern

was put on Kepler’s friend, Herberstein’s personal secretary, who mailed Kepler several

letters from Hrastovec shortly after Kepler’s return from Prekmurje.

Kepler’s influence at Slovenian lands lasted for many generations. That was one of the

reasons why many Kepler’s and Kepler related books were available in Auersperg Ljubljanian

library from the middle 17th century. Others Kepler’s works were sold at Mayr’s first

Ljubljanian bookstore after 1678. Surprisingly many Kepler’s books were kept at Ljubljanian

Jesuit school library although some of his books were even on Papal index. Therefore

Kepler’s achievements were not accepted among Slovenes and especially Styrians as foreign

discoveries, but Kepler was remembered as the leading personality of our own Styrian and

also inner Austrian lands.

Stanislav Južnič

KEPLER MED SLOVENCI

POVZETEK

Opisujemo Keplerjeve povezave s slovenskimi deželami. Najprej ovrednotimo Keplerjevo

delovanje v Gradcu (1594-1600), njegovo posvetilo plemiču kranjskega rodu Sigmundu

Frideriku Herbersteinu (1595) in obisk v Prekmurju jeseni 1598. Kepler je svojo prvo knjigo

tiskal v Tübingenu pri istem mojstru, ki je izdajal tudi Trubarjva dela. Kot posledico

Keplerjevih velikih vplivov na naše kraje popisujemo številna Keplerjeva in z njim povezana

dela v Turjaški knežji knjižnici v Ljubljani sredi 17. stoletja in v prvi ponudbi ljubljanske

Mayrjeve knjigarne leta 1678. Številna Keplerjeva dela so hranili ljubljanski jezuiti v 18.

stoletju.

SLIKOVNO GRADIVO:

PICTURE 1 (KeplerPortret1597): Kepler in 1597, a year before he lived more than a month

in Prekmurje.

PICTURE 2 (Kepler1596LikiDrugVdrugem): Plato’s regular polyhedrons and two newly

discovered as Kepler put them into another in Mysterium (1596).

PICTURE 3 (Kepler1596Pl2_36PtolemajevSistem): Kepler’s plate II on page 37 of

Mysterium (1596) with a drawing of Ptolemaic system.

PICTURE 4 (KeplerPismo8_12_1598MaestlinuOpetanjcih): Kepler’s letter from Graz

mailed on December 8, 1598 to Maestlin of Tübingen with a report of his cavalry to Petanjci

in 40th line (Stuttgart, Würtenberg Land Library, Cod. Math. Fol. 14a, leaves 78-86).

PICTURE 5 (KeplerTisinaPetanjciZracnihari1999_117): The photography from air of the

church in Tišina and the former castle place (Kastelišče) in Petanjci where Kepler lived in

September and October 1598 (Hari, ibid., p. 117).

PICTURE 6 (KeplerTabulaRudolphinaPortretPodZlatniki): Kepler’s self-portrait at the

bottom of his picture in Rudolfine tables, where just some of Emperor’s golden coins fell on

Kepler’s table heavily burdened with books and writings.

PICTURE 7 (KeplerParkPlosca_Denkmal_Stadpark_2): The monument dedicated to

Kepler’s discoveries at Graz City Park (Photo: Dr. Bruno Besser 2005).

****Slovenian Translation ****

Kepler med Slovenci

Povzetek

Opisujemo Keplerjeve povezave s slovenskimi deželami. Najprej ovrednotimo Keplerjevo

delovanje v Gradcu (1594-1600), njegovo posvetilo plemiču kranjskega rodu Sigmundu

Frideriku Herbersteinu (1596) in Keplerjev obisk v Prekmurju jeseni 1598. Kot posledico

Keplerjevih velikih vplivov na naše kraje popisujemo številna Keplerjeva z njim povezana

dela v Turjaški knežji knjižnici v Ljubljani sredi 17. stoletja in v prvi ponudbi ljubljanske

Mayrjeve knjigarne leta 1678. Številna Keplerjeva dela so hranili ljubljanski jezuiti v 18.

stoletju.

Ključne besede: Kepler, reformacija, Petanjci v Prekmurju, Hrastovec, Gradec, Ljubljana,

jezuiti, zgodovina astronomije..

Abstract

Kepler among Slovenians

Kepler’s connections with Slovene lands is described. We began with Kepler’s work in Graz

1594-1600 to describe his relations with a noble of Carniolan descent, Sigmund Friderik

Herberstein, to whom Kepler dedicated his Mysterium in 1596. Other main point is Kepler

visit to Slovenian Prekmurje for more than a month in autumn 1598. As a consequence of

Kepler’s influence in Slovenian lands we claim that many Kepler’s and Kepler related books

were available in Aursperg Ljubljanian library from the middle 17th century. Others were sold

at Mayr’s first Ljubljanian bookstore after 1678. Surprisingly many Kepler’s books were kept

at Ljubljanian Jesuit school library although some of his books were even on Papal index.

Key words: Kepler, Petanjci at Prekmurje, Hrastovec (Guttenhaag), Graz, Ljubljana, Jesuits,

History of Astronomy.

Uvod

Kepler je kot štajerski deželni matematik pustil globoko sled v razvoju znanosti na današnjem

slovenskem Štajerskem. Kako globoko? Kolikšen je bil njegov vpliv v Ljubljani?

Kepler učitelj

Najpomembnejša stanovska šola (Stiftsschule) v habsburških dednih deželah je delovala v

Gradcu od 1. 6. 1574 do leta 1602. Kepler je v njej poučeval od 11. 4. 1594 do 28. 9. 1597, do

leta 1600 pa je s poukom nadaljeval tako rekoč brez študentov.59 Po reformiranem šolskem

redu iz leta 1594 so v zadnjem četrtem javnem razredu (quarta classis, quae publica dicta) v

Gradcu poučevali matematiko in fiziko.60

SLIKA (AstronomijaKeplerPlosca_Inschrift_Paradeishof_1): Keplerjeva spominska plošča

na stavbi Paradeishof številka 1 v Gradcu, kjer je poučeval (Foto: dr. Bruno Besser, 2005).

Jezuiti so prišli v Gradec leta 1573 in leta 1586 ustanovili univerzo.61 Matematiko je leta 1589

in 1590 poučeval Henricus Sittarus skupaj z Grienbergerjem, ki je s poukom nadaljeval še

naslednje leto. Leta 1600 in 1601 je v Gradcu matematiko predaval Nagy. Med letoma 1603

in 1612 je v Gradcu matematiko predaval Goričan Jordanus. Leta 1594/95 so jezuiti v Gradcu

imeli 600 učencev, medtem ko jih je imel Kepler veliko manj. Leta 1599 je na graškem

jezuitskem kolegiju delovalo 37 sholastikov, 11 bratov in 23 patrov.62 Tedanji razredi se niso

delili po časovnem obsegu predavanj, temveč po obvladani snovi. Najnižji razred je bil tako

dodatno razdeljen na tri desetine.

SLIKA (KeplerPortret1597): Keplerjev portret iz leta 1597, leto dni preden je za dober mesec

dni obiskal Prekmurje.

Med Keplerjevimi najboljšimi prijatelji v naših deželah je bil Claviusov učenec Guldin, ki je

predaval matematiko na graški univerzi leta 1618 in 1619, pozneje pa so ga med letoma 1637-

1643 jezuiti v Gradcu posebej zadolžili za pisanje knjig, podobno kot Athanasiusa Kircherja v

Rimu. Leta 1622 je med prvimi objavil temelje kombinatorike. Z Guldinom so jezuiti začeli

posegati v razvoj nove astronomske vede, v kateri jih je poldrugo stoletje pozneje najbolj

proslavil Bošković. Guldin je v Gradcu sodeloval s slovitima kranjskima znanstvenikoma,

svojim rektorjem Kobenclom in Kobavom. V Gradcu je matematiko pred Guldinom poučeval

goriški jezuit Giordano, ki je bil tudi spovednik graškega nadvojvode Karla. Leta 1625 je prvi

slovenski zgodovinar Baučer študiral bogoslovje pod rektorjem Kobenclom v Gradcu.

Kljub židovskim koreninam so bili Guldinovi starši zlatarji protestantske vere. Guldin je leta

1597 prestopil h katolikom in kmalu za tem postal jezuit. Leta 1609 je začel študirati pri

Claviusu v Rimu. Sprva je poučeval v Rimu, leta 1618 pa je v Gradcu prevzel katedro za

matematiko. Od leta 1623 do 1637 je poučeval na dunajski univerzi, nato pa se je vrnil v

Gradec. Bil je eden redkih jezuitov, ki so branili Galileja pred kritikami jezuitskega astronoma

Scheinerja63 še po Galilejevi obsodbi leta 1633. Pred versko nestrpnostjo je Guldin skušal

zaščititi celo protestanta Keplerja, profesorja matematičnih ved v sosednjem Linzu, kjer je

Kepler delal med letoma 1612 in 1626. Dopisovala sta si predvsem o veri, ki je oba še posebej

zanimala. V astronomiji sta imela številna nasprotna stališča in sta se jim v pismih raje

previdno izogibala.

Med letoma 1635 in 1641 je Guldin objavljal knjigo o težišču; ljubljanski jezuiti so jo nabavili

leta 1707, takoj po začetku pouka na ljubljanskih višjih študijih filozofije. V drugi knjigi je

leta 1640 izpeljal teorem o prostornini vrtenin na osnovi Pappusovih del, objavljenih v

Aleksandriji konec tretjega stoletja. Tako je tedanja matematična dognanja povezal z duhom

starih Grkov.

Keplerjevo posvetilo Herbersteinu

11/21. 4. 1594 je Kepler prišel v Gradec, čeravno še ni končal študija v Tübingenu, kar bi

moral storiti poleti 1594. V Gradcu je bil od 7/17. 1. 1584 v veljavi novi gregorijanski koledar

iz leta 1582, ki ga je v končno obliko spravil italijanski profesor matematike in medicine

Lilio.64 Protestanti v Tübingenu so še vedno vztrajali pri starem Julijanskem koledarju.

Kepler je pisal štajerskim deželnim stanovom 19. 4. 1594 in 1. 8. 1594 ne da bi posebej

omenil Herbersteina.65 V Gradcu je nadomestil umrlega deželnega matematika in profesorja

matematike Stadiusa. Stadius je postal leta 1573 magister filozofije v Wittenbergu, leta 1576

pa je prispel v Gradec kot matematik deželnih stanov. Leta 1578 je obiskal Pariz, med letoma

1578 in 1581 pa Italijo. Po vrnitvi je v Gradcu ponovno učil pravo in osnove matematike na

stanovski šoli. Med letoma 1578 in 1593 je izdal več koledarjev. Podobno je pozneje Kepler

že 1. 9. 1594 objavil Calendarium und prognosticum auf das Jahr 1595, nato pa še 5 drugih

koledarjev s horoskopi od katerih so trije ohranjeni;66 v njih je prerokoval tudi glavarju

Herbersteinu.

Keplerju je zaradi prezapletenih predavanj zmanjkalo študentov matematike in je moral

poučevati celo latinsko literaturo.67 Bil je samosvoj protestant in ga je strogi Daniel Hitzer,

glavni župnik v Linzu, dne 20. 8. 1612 v Stuttgartu in z uradnim pismom 25. 9. 1612 celo

izobčil.68

Keplerjev prijatelj Herberstein je bil oproda zadolžen za »sekanje mesa na dvoru«. Septembra

1595 se je Kepler v posvetilu Misteriju rahlo norčeval s puščico na ta Herbrsteinov sicer

donosni, vendar močno srednjeveški in zastareli naslov. Herberstein je bil med prvimi bralci

Keplerjevega Misterija skupaj z Maestlinom, profesorji in študenti univerze Tübingenu,

štajerskimi plemiči, Keplerjevimi patroni, Galilejem, Ursusom, Linneauson in Tycho

Brahejem.69 Maestlin je leta 1577 izdal delo o kometih in Epitome Astronomiae leta 1588,

vendar se je šele v dodatkih h Keplerjevemu Misteriju povsem izpostavil kot kopernikanec, še

posebno v drugi izdaji leta 1621.70 Tycho je prekinil desetletje brez stikov z nasprotnikom

Maestlinom in mu pisno pokritiziral Keplerjev Misterij, medtem ko je Keplerju poslal manj

ostro pismo. Zadela ga je namreč tudi Maestlinova kritika Brahejevega sistema v predgovoru

Rheticusovemu Narratio prima leta 1596. Maestlin je urejeval Rheticusovo delo v okviru

priprav za tretjo izdajo Kopernika pri Sebastijanu Henricipetrini v Baslu leta 1612, ki pa se ni

posrečila bržkone zaradi Sebastijanove smrti; nova izdaja Kopernika je pozneje izšla v

Leydenu leta 1617. Ponatis je medtem postal zelo problematičen, saj so leta 1616 začeli

kopernikanska dela postavljati na indeks. To je bilo seveda veliko hujše za Keplerja na

cesarskem ozemlju, kot za Maestlina, ki je živel med protestanti. Leta 1619 so prepovedali

Keplerjevo Empitome astronomia Copernicana. Keplerjev Misterij ni postal močno

priljubljen in v ohranjenih izvodih ni zelo veliko rokopisnih opomb, saj je bilo delo zelo

težavno za branje.71 Galileo je pisal Keplerju 4. 9. 1597 in se navduševal nad Keplerjevim

kopernikanstvom, ne pa tudi nad mistiko njegovega Misterija.

Protestant Sigmund Friderik Herberstein je bil rojen na Šahenturnu v današnji Gornji Radgoni

na Prešernovi cesti 1 kmalu po prvi izdaji Kopernika. Bil je najstarejši sin Georga Sigmunda

iz njegove prve poroke sklenjene leta 1546 z Margaretho von Poetsach. Mlajši bratje

Sigmunda Friderika so bili Janž (Hans) Friderik, Volbenk Viljem, utemeljitelj mlajše

avstrijske veje Jakob Franc in Jurij Krištof. Georg Sigmund je bil leta 1536 v Torinu,

naslednje leto pa se je vojskoval proti Turkom pri Szgedu (Siget) kot glavar (Feldhauptman)

štajerskih deželnih stanov. Bojni uspehi so mu dne 7. 12. 1537 prinesli visok položaj

cesarskega svetnika pri Ferdinandu I. Po Margarethini smrti se je Georg Sigmund poročil s

Katherine von Windishgraetz.

Sigmund Friderik je bil poročen z Marijo Magdaleno baronico Wells, ki je kot vdova leta

1629 odšla v protestantski Nürnberg skupaj z otroci. Sin Georg Sigmund Herberstein je postal

dominikanec, drugi sin Mihael Herberstein je padel v boju proti Turkom, vnuk Johan Friderik

Herberstein pa je postal jezuitski rektor v Judenburgu in nato v Gradcu. General grof Johan

Ferdinand I. Herberstein je bil oče Johana Ferdinanda II. Herbersteina.72 Med zatiranjem

Zrinjsko-Frankopanske zarote si je prilastil še Frankopanov Novigrad na Dobri zahodno od

Karlovca (Nova Arce am Dobram). Ob veliki knjižnici je bil tudi vitez Malteškega reda.

Sigmund Friderikova veja je izumrla po moški liniji z Johanom Karlom Josephom

Herbersteinom, ki je služil kot oficir pri pehoti.

Praded Sigmunda Friderika, cesarjev vazal Lenart Herberstein, je spremljal Friderika III. na

kronanje v Rim leta 1452 in mu oslabelemu pomagal po mostu čez Tibero. Lenart je bil sin

Ursule pl. Taufenbach in začetnika avstrijske veje Andreja Srečnega. Po Andrejevi smrti je

ko-FrakopanskeLenart leta 1442 podedoval glavarsko čast v Postojni in na Krasu ter utrdbo

Mahrenfels (Lupoglav) v današnji hrvaški Istri, kjer je gospodaril še leta 1487. Leta 1482 je

ob cesarju v boju pri Hohlenecku za družino pridobil Hrastovec (Guttenhaag) med

Mariborom in Lenartom, kjer je danes psihiatrična bolnišnica.

Lenartova žena je bila Barbara pl. Lueg, sestra Erazma Predjamskega. Najstarejši Lenartov

sin je bil ded Sigmunda Friderika, Jurij III. Herberstein. Jurij III. je bil poročen z Margarethe

von Kottal. Sin Barbarine nečakinje, jezuit Rafael Kobencl, je bil rektor v Gradcu. Tako so

bili vodilni štajerski protestanti Herbersteini v tesnem sorodstvu s katoliki Kobencli v

prevratnem času evropskih verskih vojn. Lenartov tretji sin in mlajši brat starega očeta

Sigmunda Friderika Herbersteina je bil eden naših najslavnejših diplomatov, Žiga Herberstein

iz Vipave. Sin Jurija III., Gunter, je šel po stopinjah strica Žige kot poslanec cesarja Karla V.

v Moskvi in pri kralju Sigmundu na Poljskem in v Danzigu (Gdansku); žal je padel v bitki pri

Tokaju.

Sigmund Friderik Herberstein je imel poleg Hrastovca v lasti še Neuberg in Lankowitz v

Köflachu v Voitsbergu na nemškem Štajerskem 20 km zahodno od Gradca, po katerem se je

imenovala njegova veja Herbersteinov.

Keplerjev Misterij

Kepler je pisal Misterij od julija 1595 do januarja 1596 in se je sproti posvetoval z

Maestlinom. Februarja 1596 je šel Kepler na dopust za izdajo Misterija v Tübingenu in

pripravljal poroko z dvajsetletno protestantko Barbaro Müller iz Gradca, dvakratno vdovo s

hčerko. Septembra 1596 se je Kepler vrnil v Gradec, 27. 4. 1597 pa se je poročil.73 V

Misteriju je kot poklicni astronom prvi objavil prepričljivo geometrijsko razlago Kopernikove

teorije, ki je šele st tem delom dobila pravi zamah; dotlej jo je podpirala le kakšna deseterica

astronomov.

Misterij je edina knjiga katere ponatis je Kepler oskrbel še za časa svojega življenja. Opombe

je drugo za drugo je zapisal v tednu dni ob koncu meseca junija 1621, novi predgovor

posvečen cesarju pa je datiral 10/30. 6. 1621. Novi cesar kajpada ni bil nihče drugi kot –

Ferdinand I., ki je četrt stoletja prej Keplerja tako grobo preganjal. 11/21. 8. 1621 je o delu

poročal prijatelju Mathiasu Berneggerju.74 Drugo izdajo Misterija je oskrbel Tampach, ki je

tiskal Keplerjeva dela od leta 1617. V Misteriju je Kepler obravnaval pravilna geometrijska

telesa75 podobno kot Clavius leta 1607. Prevladovalo je mnenje, da prav to poglavje manjka v

prvotnem Evklidovem antičnem delu. Tako so Keplerjev Misterij bržkone kar ljubljanski

jezuiti privezali ob Commandinovo priredbo Evklidove knjige, saj podobnega priveza doslej

nismo našli v drugih knjižnicah. Podobno so poldrugo desetletje prej Clauviusovo priredbo

petnajstih Evklidovih knjig vezali skupaj s »šestnajsto knjigo« o pravilnih telesih, ki jih

Evklid ni obravnaval.

Kepler je v svojih delih skoraj stokrat citiral Calviusa in po njem povzel svoj model poliedrov

v zgradbi vesolja. V Keplerjevih delih je simetrija prvič postala fizikalna lastnost. Umetniki

so problem že dolgo poznali, vendar ga je Kepler prvi načrtno raziskal.

SLIKA (Kepler1596LikiDrugVdrugem): Keplerjeva predstavitev pravilnih Platonovih in po

Keplerju odkritih likov, ki jih je postavil drugega v drugega v Misteriju leta 1596.

SLIKA (Kepler1596Pl2_36PtolemajevSistem): Keplerjeva plošča II na stani 37 Misterija

(1596) s prikazom Ptolemajevaga sistema.

SLIKA (Kepler1596MysteriumNaslovnica): Naslovnica Keplerjevih Mysterium

Cosmographicum iz leta 1596, ki ga je Georg Gruppenbach izdal leto dni po Trubarjevem

prevodu Hišne Postile.

Kepler je v besedilo Misterija vstavil več geometrijskih slik. Orbite planetov je povezal s

petimi tedaj znanimi pravilnimi liki. Kocko je postavil med Saturnom in Jupitrom tetraeder pa

med Jupiter in Mars. Še v Harmonices Mundi (1619) je Kepler uporabljal pravilne like za

razmejitev orbit posameznih planetov, čeravno je medtem že ugotovil da model ne more biti

povsem točen.76

Ideja je bila lahko povezana s Keplerjevimi razmišljanji o simetriji kristalov objavljeni v

praških opazovanjih prvih snežink na novo leto 1611. Kristalne oblike je morda povezoval s

kovinskimi spojinami samimi in tako nadaljeval alkimijsko povezovanje med planetov in

kovin, ki se kaže še posebno pri imenu Merkurja. Tabeliral je razdalje med planeti po

Koperniku in jih primerjal z računi; ugotavljal je tudi neskladja, ki pa ga niso ovirala pri

ponatisu dela. Maestlin je v dodatku k Misteriju razpravljal o dimenzijah orbes in nebesnih

sfer. »Profesor matematike na akademiji v Tübingenu« Maestlin je poleg Kopernikovih opisal

še Reinholdove kopernikanske pruske preglednice,77 v katere so ljubljanski jezuiti vpisali svoj

ekslibris leta 1756, dve leti po Kopernikovem delu. Maestlin je posebej navedel lastnosti

Venere, teorijo Sonca in Lune ter izračunal velikost Lune;78 ob teoriji Lune je razpravljal tudi

o planetih.

V drugi izdaji Misterija je Kepler ponatisnil izvleček iz svoje Astronomia Nova z razpravo o

Joshuajevi ustavitvi Sonca med bojem na gori. Sonce naj bi se zdelo ljudem gibljivo ker je

navidez manjše od Zemlje. Kepler je argument uporabil v teoriji elips še bolj prepričljivo ko

je ustavljanje Sonca povezoval z ustavitvijo Zemlje v drugem gorišču elipse. Maestlin je v

predgovoru k nameravani tretji izdaji Kopernika bolj neposredno postavil Kopernikovo

pitagorejsko doktrino v nasprotje s svetimi spisi glede gibanja Zemlje.79

Po oseminosemdesetih straneh A4 formata je Misteriju sledil Rheticov povzetek Kopernika

naslovljen: De libris revolutionum erudissimi viri, et mathematici excellentiss, reverendi D.

Doctoris Nicolai Copernici Torunnaei Canonici Vuarmaciensis, Narratio prima ad clariss.

Virum D. Io. Schonerum, per M. Georgium Ioachimum Rheticum, una cum encomio Borussia

scripta alcinous. Georgius Vogelinus Medicus Lectori anno 1621. Dodatek ni imel lastne

paginacije, ki se je nadaljevala na straneh 89-149. Posvečen je bil Keplerjevemu učitelju

Maestlinu, profesorju astronomije v Heidelbergu in od leta 1582 v Tübingenu.

Leta 1757 so ljubljanski jezuiti vpisali svoj lastniški znak na naslovnico druge izdaje

Keplerjevih Misterijev. Tri leta prej so vpisali podoben lastniški znak v Kopernikovo (1566)

delo, ki je prav tako vsebovalo Rheticusov povzetek. Rheticus ga je podpisal 7. 10. 1539 in

objavil pozimi v Danzigu (Gdansk). Naštel je nekaj podatkov o Koperniku80 in primerjal

njegove meritve precesije z meritvami Ptolemaja ter drugih starejših raziskovalcev. Ugotavljal

je Kopernikove prednosti pred Ptolemajem.81

Kepler med Prekmurci

Med Keplerjevo mladostjo so za vekomaj prešli so bili časi strpnosti, ko je prijatelj astronoma

Perlaha, dunajski škof Jurij Sladkonja, v letu pred svojo smrtjo spomladi 1522 dovolil v

dunajski cerkvi sv. Štefana pridigati zagovornikom novih reformacijskih pojmovanj.82 Novi

veter je napovedal nadvojvoda Ferdinand II., ko je prevzel oblast od svoje matere Marije,

vdove nadvojvode Karla. Karl je zavladal v Notranji Avstriji po smrti cesarja Ferdinanda I.

Ferdinand II. je po koncu študijev v Ingolstadtu (16. 12. 1597) nastopil izjemno ostro pod

vplivom svojega spovednika Villeriusa. Villerius je bil rektor graške univerze leta 1596 in

1597, med vojno leta 1616 pa so ga zajeli Benečani. Ferdinanda II. je spovedoval med letoma

1598-1618 v Gradcu in nato še leto dni na Dunaju,83 dokler ni postal cesar.

Dne 23. 9. 1598 je Ferdinand zapovedal vsem protestantskim pastorjem in učiteljem naj

zapustijo Gradec v šestih dneh. Ukrep se je vsem prizadetim sprva zdel nemogoče oster. Dne

28. 9. 1598 jim je ukazal, naj zapustijo Gradec do sončnega zahoda, štajersko in druge dežele

notranje Avstrije pa v nekaj dneh pod grožnjo smrtne kazni. Kanclerju Wolfgangu

Jöchlingerju sporočil ukaz med 4. in 5. uro zjutraj, ta pa ga je moral nemudoma osebno

predstaviti glavarju Herbersteinu, ki se ni mogel braniti pred tako hitrim ukrepanjem. Kepler

se je s približno 40 drugimi učitelji in pastorji iz Gradca in Radgone napotil proti posesti

Zrinjskih v Varaždinu. Nasilje so ublažili tako, da so jim za popotnico dali zadnjo plačo,

pregnanci pa so se ustavili že v gradu na bližnjem posestvu grofa Nádasdyja v Petanjcih na

cesarskem Ogrskem Prekmurskem, le nekaj kilometrov vzhodno od Radgone. Uporabljali so

cerkev v bližnji Tišini, ki je ostala dlje časa v protestantski rokah in je bila rekatolizirana šele

leta 1673.84 Bili so prvi protestanti v teh krajih. Ker niso poznali slovenskega jezika

domačinov, so od njih težko nabavljali hrano, ki so jo zato dovažali kar iz Radgone. Sam

Kepler se je zaradi dobrih odnosov z bavarskim katoliškim kanclerjem Hansom Georgom

Herwartom von Hohenburgom in graškimi jezuiti lahko že čez dober mesec vrnil v Gradec,

medtem ko so ostali še naprej bivali na Ogrskem. Keplerju je še posebej pomagala njegova

služba deželnega matematika, ki ni bila odvisna od političnih okoliščin povezanih z vero.

Graščina v Petanjcih se je pozneje porušila, obokane grajske kleti pa so v stoletjih potonile v

močvirju. Kepler je o svojem obisku Prekmurja poročal nekdanjemu učitelju Maestlinu v

Tübingen 8. 11. 1598 ob razlagi verskih razmer v Gradcu. 15. 11. 1598 in še 24. 12. 1598 je

Colmanus Zehentmair, tajnik deželnega glavarja Sigmunda Friderika Herbersteina in

njegovega brata Janža (Hansa) Friderika Herbersteina utemeljitelja hrastoviške veje, pisal

prijateljska in šaljiva pisma iz Hrastovca Keplerju v Gradec. Omenjal je Keplerjevo

prekmursko odisejado, ki naj niti ne bi bila nujna. Menil je, da bodo štajerski stanovi povrnili

Keplerju stroške poti, saj je imel tudi politično povsem nevtralno funkcijo deželnega

matematika.85 Kljub Keplerjevemu posvetilu septembra 1595, ki kot lastnika Hrastovca

omenja Sigmunda Friderika, naj bi bil lastnik graščine že leta 1588 (tudi) Janž (Hans)

Friderik.86 Janž (Hans) Friderik je leta 1600 uredil protestantsko pokopališče pri Betnavi. Bil

je poročen z grofico Uršulo Thurn, hčerjo grofa Volfa s Križa, ki je dedovala Dragomelj

severno od Podgorice pri Ljubljani leta 1573. Njuni otroci Volf Sigmund, Janez Jakob Gunter

in Rozina Saloma poročena Wolf baronica Nardegkh pa so Dragomelj prodali Lambergom 2.

2. 1620.

Leta 1599 je Kepler brez uspeha prosil Maestlina za službo v Tübingenu. Odpotoval je k v

Prago k cesarskemu matematiku Tychu Braheju v spremstvu barona Hoffmana dne 1. 1. 1600;

v Prago sta prispela 4. 2. 1600. Po rahlem nesoglasju s Tychom se je Kepler vrnil v Gradec,

kjer se je 1. 6. 1600 zaman skušal prikupiti Ferdinandu II. s traktatom o Sončevem mrku

napovedanem za 10. 7. 1600, ki ga je opazoval v kameri obskuri na trgu v Gradcu. 2. 8. 1600

je nadvojvoda Ferdinand II. izdal popis protestantov namenjenih za izgon s Keplerjevim

imenom med drugimi. Kepler je Gradec zapustil 9. 8. 1600 s pridobljeno plačo 200 talerjev, ki

sta mu jo z dnevnim poveljem stanov 27. 2. 1600 zagotovila prijatelja glavar Sigmund

Friderik Herberstein in Hans Sigmund Wagen. Dne 30. 9. 1600 je Kepler z ženo in pastorko

prispel v Prago, ženini sorodniki Müllerju pa so raje sprejeli katoliško vero.87

SLIKA (KeplerPismo8_12_1598MaestlinuOpetanjcih): Keplerjevo pismo iz Gradca 8. 12.

1598 učitelju Maestlinu v Tübingen s poročilom o bivanju v Petanjcih v 40. vrstici (Stuttgart,

Würtenberška deželna knjižnica, Cod. Math. Fol. 14a, listi 78-86).

SLIKA (KeplerTisinaPetanjciZracnihari1999_117): Zračni posnetek cerkve v Tišini ter

Kastelišča v Petanjcih; tam se je v močvirje pogreznila graščina kjer je Kepler bival

septembra in oktobra 1598 (Hari, 1999, 117).

Kepler pri ljubljanskih Turjačanih

Turjačani so imeli razmeroma malo knjig iz Keplerjevega kroga. Claviusovo obrambo

gregorijanske reforme koledarja pred kritikami Keplerjevega učitelja Maestlina iz leta 1588 je

deželni glavar, Turjačan Volk Engelbert, kupil sredi naslednjega stoletja. Leta 1655 je

knjižničar Schönleben vpisal ekslibris v Claviusove nove koledarje iz Turjaške knjižnice:

»S.R.J. comitis ab Auersperg Sup. Carnia Capitaei Catal: Infedr: An. 1655«.

SLIKA 7: (TurjaskiClaviusMaestlin1588Okahoma): Naslovnica Claviusove (1588) kritike

Keplerjevega učitelja Maestlina iz nekdanje ljubljanske Turjaške knjižnice z Volkovim

lastniškim zaznamkom. Danes je knjiga last knjižnice Bizzell univerze v Oklahomi (z

dovoljenjem knjižničarja dr. Kerry Magruderja)

Volk je nabavil tudi Grienbergerjevega Evklida, Kobava, Guldinova dela in protestanta

Origanusa, s katerim se je Kepler pogosto dopisoval o Tychojevem sistemu leta 1602, 1605 in

1621.88 Origanusove pruske efemeride so bile preračunane dvakrat. Najprej po tabelah Tycha

Braheja, nato pa še po pruskih (prutenskih) Reinholdovih priredbah Kopernikovih dognanj.

Prva knjiga je veljale za tri desetletja od 1595 do 1624, druga pa za naslednja tri od 1625 do

1654. Na začetku svojih efemerid je amsterdamski in brandenburški profesor matematike

Origanus v dolgi razpravi podprl kopernikansko domnevo o gibanju Zemlje. Sodeloval je še s

Claviusom pri gregorijanski reformi koledarja, čeprav Clavius ni sprejel Kopernikovih idej.

Kepler je sodeloval tudi z astronomom Konradom Dasypodiusom iz Strasbourga.89

Cerkničan Kobav je bil eden najbolj nadarjenih Guldinovih študentov v Gradcu. Po mladosti

v domači Cerknici se je najprej zapisal frančiškanom. Kmalu si je premislil in vstopil v

Ljubljanske jezuitske šole; nižje razrede je končal leta 1608. V jezuitski red je vstopil v

daljnem Brnu, kjer so se nasprotja med protestanti in katoliki že močno zaostrovala. Po

noviciatu se je vrnil v domače logove; kot magister je v Ljubljani poučeval v nižjih študijih

gramatiko, humanistiko, retoriko in, seveda, predvsem matematiko.90 Med letoma 1614 in

1624 je v Gradcu študiral filozofijo in poučeval matematiko, zadnja tri leta pod Kobenclovim

rektorstvom. Leta 1627 je anonimno objavil biografijo blaženega Janeza, ustanovitelja

bolnišničnega reda v ob Donavi; delo je bilo neke vrste diploma ob koncu Kobavovih

študijev. Malo pred Guldinovo smrtjo je leta 1643 objavil polemično astronomsko delo, v

katerem Galileja iz previdnosti ni omenil. Posebej je razpravljal o Claviusovem odnosu do

Kopernika.91 Strpen odnos do gibanja Zemlje, ki je bil možen v Claviusovem času, ni bil več

varen po Galilejevem procesu v Kobavovi dobi. Kobavovo astronomsko delo so seveda

nabavili tako Turjačani kot jezuiti v Ljubljani. Kobavova knjiga je bila je edino matematično

kranjskega avtorja, ki se je ohranilo iz nekdanje jezuitske knjižnice. Kobav je leto dni po

Galilejevi smrti branil načela rimskega opata Dionizija Exigua iz leta 527. Citiral je

astronoma Deckerja iz Gradca, Keplerja in Kopernika.92 Decker je bil osmi rektor jezuitske

unverze v Olmoucu med 17. 5. 1607 and 4. 6. 1612 preden je prišel v Gradec.

Kobav je zaključil s pregledno primerjavo Luninih men in datumov cerkvenih praznikov po

julijanskem in gregorijanskem koledarju na skoraj sto straneh.93 Objavil je več drugih

astronomskih preglednic.94

Kepler naprodaj v Ljubljani

Pri Mayru je bilo mogoče kupiti Keplerjev povzetek Tychovih meritev leg planetov. Seveda

ni ponujal Keplerjevih ali celo Galilejevih kopernikanskih knjig, ki v katoliških deželah niso

bile dovoljene. Prodajal pa je Ernestov povzetek heliocentričnega Aristarhovega nauka. Poleg

Keplerjevih Rudolfinskih preglednic je ponujal njihove popravke v prvi knjigi o astronomiji,

ki jo je napisala ženska. To je bila Marija Kunic, v kateri so Ljubljančani že zelo zgodaj

spoznali uspešno matematičarko. Rodila se je v družini doktorja filozofije in medicine

Henryka Kunica v Šleziji, ki je bila med letoma 1526 in 1740 del habsburške monarhije.

Henryk je leta 1609 objavil knjigo o koliki, leta 1625 pa o zdravilih.

Marija je študirala jezike in si dopisovala z astronomom Heveliusom iz Gdanska. Ko je bila

stara devetnajst let, je njeno mesto obiskal sloviti nemški matematik Elias von Love. Po

očetovi smrti se je z njim poročila, gotovo predvsem zaradi njegovega simpatičnega priimka.

Preglednica 1: Kepler in njegovi sodelavci naprodaj pri Mayru v Ljubljani

Avtor Naslov knjige in njena starost leta 1678 Stran Mayrjeve ponudbe

Brahe (Tycho) Historia coelestis complectens Observanes Astronomicas (6) 69 Cunitiae Mariae Urania propitae, sive Tabulae Astronomicae mirè faciles (19) 72

Keppleri Tychonis Hyperaspistes (63) 79

Schikardi Astroscopium (55) 89

Schikardi Berneggeri Epistolae 89

Severini Rotundi in plano, seu Circuli absoluta Mensura (34) 90

(Kepler) Tabulae Rudolphinae (11) 91

S. Vincento Quadraturae Circuli, Tomus II (31) 92

Mayr je ponujal Ljubljančanom novo posmrtno izdajo Brahejevih opazovanj posvečeno prav

tako že pokojnemu cesarju Ferdinandu III. Dva izvoda te razmeroma redke izdaje velikega

formata dolžine 33 cm sta danes dosegljiva le v knjižnici Pariškega observatorija. Kepler je

leta 1609 uporabil Tychove meritve za knjigo s podobnim naslovom Astronomia nova, seu

Physica Coelestis.

Marija ni hotela izdelati horoskopa za poljskega kralja Jana Casimirja, kar bi njen vzornik

Kepler gotovo storil. V vojni vihri je požar uničil njeno imetje razen rokopisa knjige Urania, v

kateri je dve desetletji po Keplerjevi smrti popravila Rudolfinske preglednice. Ko se je

tridesetletna vojna nekoliko vnesla, se je preselila v vas Ołobok in pozneje na posest princev

Piastov v Brzegu.

Mayr je popisal Schickardova pisma Keplerjevemu prijatelju Berneggerju, profesorju

zgodovine in govorništva na univerzi v Strassburgu. Ponujal je še druga Berneggerjeva pisma

z različnimi opazovanji in vprašanji iz Tacita. Bernegger je leta 1612 objavil latinski prevod

Galilejevega dela o krogu. Istega leta ter ponovno sedem let pozneje je objavil preglednici

sinusov, tangensov in sekansov.95 Leta 1623 je dal natisniti navodila za projiciranje z

zvezdoskopom pod vplivom Uranometrije Johannesa Bayerja (1603). Schickard je prvi

sestavljal zvezdne atlase z naravno razporeditvijo na nebu.

Schickard je bil sprva luteranski pridigar, pozneje pa raziskovalec hebrejščine, kartograf,

tiskar, inženir, profesor matematike in astronomije na univerzi v Tübingenu. Za prijatelja

Keplerja je sestavil najstarejše mehansko računalo za seštevanje in odštevanje pri računanju

efemerid. Množil in delil je s pomočjo preglednic. 25. 2. 1624 je pisal Keplerju, da je bila

naprava uničena med požarom.96

Tychov učenec Christian Severin je bil posebno znamenit med avtorji, ki so jih Ljubljančani

kupovali pri Mayru. Po svojem rojstnem kraju na danskem Jutlandu se je imenoval Longberg

ali Longomontanus. V revni družini brez očeta se je težko prebijal skozi študij. Leta 1588 je

prišel v Kopenhagen. Naslednje leto ga je Tycho Brahe zaposlil v Uraniborgu, kjer je ostal

osem let. Leta 1597 je skupaj s Tychom zapustil observatorij in Dansko. Študiral je na

nemških univerzah in med januarjem in avgustom 1600 obiskal Tycha v Pragi. Pred

Keplerjem je raziskoval Tychova opazovanja planeta Marsa, dopolnil Tychovo teorijo Lune

ter sprejel Tychove napačne nazore o lomu svetlobe in o zlih sporočilih kometov. Norčeval se

je iz Keplerjevega Kozmografskega Misterija; pri Keplerju je seveda našel marsikatero boso,

saj ni vedel, da se bo prav Kepler izkazal za najpomembnejšega matematičnega fizika svoje

dobe.

Leta 1607 je Severin postal profesor v Kopenhagenu in tam ostal do smrti. Po naročilu kralja

Christiana IV. je vodil postavitev astronomskega stolpa, vendar ni dočakal dograditve.

Severin je objavil knjigi o kvadraturi kroga leta 1638 in 1644. Dve leti poznejši ponatis zadnje

je Mayr ponujal v Ljubljani. Severin je vztrajal, da se mu je posrečila kvadratura kroga,

čeprav ga je Pell leta 1646 prepričeval v nasprotno. Pell je izdal logaritmovnik celih števil do

100.000. Kubične enačbe je reševal z uporabo trigonometrijskih in logaritmičnih preglednic.97

Severin seveda ni bil edini »izumitelj« kvadrature kroga v svojem času. Z enakim problemom

se je vbadal njegov mlajši sodobnik, belgijski jezuit Saint-Vincent. Glede na Mayrovo

ponudbo med Kranjci očitno ni manjkalo iskalcev kvadrature kroga. O njej sta pisala I. D.

Florjančič leta 1740 in za njim Giuseppe Tartini desetletja preden se je pariška akademija

dokončno odrekla presojanju postopkov za kvadriranje kroga leta 1775.

Saint-Vincent je študiral pri Claviusu v Rimu nekoliko pozneje za trinajst let starejšim

Rafaelom Kobenclom. Med letoma 1626-1632 je služil na cesarskem dvoru v Pragi,98 kjer je

spoznal Keplerja ob njegovem zadnjem obisku leta 1628. V tistem času je Saint-Vincent

opisal izračunavanje kvadrature kroga na več kot 1250 straneh. Delo ni bilo všeč češkemu

Nemcu Grienbergerju, Claviusovemu nasledniku na rimskem kolegiju. Zato je kot jezuitski

cenzor matematičnih knjig odsvetoval objavo. Medtem je moral Saint-Vincent pred napadi

švedskih protestantov pobegniti na Dunaj in zajetni rokopis pustiti v Pragi. Postal je profesor

matematike na univerzi mesta Louvaine v Belgiji. Ob koncu vojne se mu je posrečilo dobiti

rokopis in ga natisniti v bližnjem Antwerpnu desetletje po Grienbergerjevi smrti. Za

naslovnico je uporabil najbolj domiselno prispodobo v zgodovini matematike. Kazala je

Arhimeda pri risanju dokaza enačbe za ploščino kroga. V ozadje je postavil Evklida in

Neptuna ob geslu “še naprej” mimo Heraklejevih stebrov. Stebra naj bi ob nekdanjih

mornarjih omejevala tudi starejše raziskovalce kvadrature kroga.

Podobno kot Grienberger je tudi Huygens leta 1651 našel napako pri integriranju v Saint-

Vincentovem dokazu kvadrature kroga. Pomota je pokvarila Saint-Vincentov ugled, vendar so

ga veliko brali, med drugimi Leibniz in Wren. Saint-Vincent je opisal seštevanje neskončne

geometrijske vrste, ki jih je uporabil za trisekcijo kotov. Z geometrijskimi prijemi je odkril

imenitne lastnosti logaritmov, ki so bile začetek kasnejšega računanja logaritmov z vrstami.99

Zapisal je zvezo med naravnimi logaritmi in hiperbolo, s katero še danes definiramo

logaritem.

Kepler pri ljubljanskih jezuitih

Ljubljanski jezuiti so nabavili Keplerjev Misterij privezan v dve leti starejšo Commandinovo

priredbo Evklida. Na hrbtu platnic A4 formata iz belega usnja sta bila zapisana Evklid in

Kepler. Rheticus ni bil omenjen, čeprav je bil njegov povzetek Kopernikovega dela dodan

Keplerjevemu Misteriju.

Commandinov prevod Evklida je bil najpomembnejši v svojem času saj je natančneje od

drugih sledil grškemu originalu. Ob lastnih opombah je dodal še mnenja antičnih piscev. Zato

so se vsi poznejši prevodi zgledovali po njem. Pred smrtjo je prevajal Evklida še v

italijanščino.

H Commandinovemu Evklidu je bila privezan Keplerjev Misterij brez lastnega ekslibrisa.

Kepler je posvetilo prvi izdaji 19. 9. 1595 napisal v sedmih točkah; na koncu je omenil

vladarja Karla in Pitagoro.100 Delo je posvetil deželnim stanovom (prelatom, baronom in

vitezom) ter baronu Sigmundu Frideriku Herbersteinu, ki je takoj po Keplerjevem prihodu

leta 1594 postal štajerski deželni glavar.101 Prenašal je cesarske ukaze, predsedoval sestankom

deželnega sveta, bil pa je še dvorjan in tajni svetnik nadvojvode Ferdinanda II. Nadvojvoda je

podedoval številne težave v bojih priti Turkom iz leta 1595, neposredno po srečno izbojevani

bitki pri Sisku 22. 6. 1593 in junaški smrti Herberta VIII. Turjaškega.

SLIKA (KeplerTabulaRudolphinaPortretPodZlatniki): Keplerjev avtoportret na dnu skice iz

Rudolfinskih tablic, kjer le posamezni cesarski zlatniki kapljajo na njegovo z delom

preobloženo mizo.

Kepler je z uporabo Neperjevih logaritmov sinusov sestavil preglednice logaritmov celih

števil in jih objavil v Rudolfinskih tabelah leta 1627. Tri leta pozneje je k tabelam planetov in

dopolnjenemu Tychovemu zemljevidu zvezd dodal preglednico logaritmov kosinusov s

korakom 10 sekund. Knjigo je posvetil Tychoju in cesarju Rudolfu II.

Keplerjeve preglednice položajev planetov so nadomestile Reinholdove pruske tabele, ki so

jih prav tako imeli ljubljanski jezuiti. Keplerjevo delo je imelo 568 strani, zato so ga tiskali

kar devet mesecev. Kepler je začel uporabljati logaritme v astronomiji pri preračunavanju leg

planetov. To je bila sploh prva pomembna uporaba logaritmov v zgodovini. Zato je na

naslovni risbi levo na vrhu kupole narisal muzo »Logaritmiko«, ki je ponazarjala vstop nove

računske metode za reševanje znanstvenih problemov; sosednja muza pa je gledala skozi

Keplerjev teleskop. Kepler je izum teleskopa ali pa vsaj idejo zanj leta 1610 pripisoval kar

Portoju.102

Mayr je ponujal Ljubljančanom preglednico logaritmov v Rudolfinski zbirki osem desetletij

po odhodu štajerskega deželnega matematika Keplerja iz dežel poseljenih s Slovenci. Doktor

medicine Bartsch je leta 1631 predelal in ponovno izdal preglednico logaritmov svojega tasta

Keplerja. Zadnjič so jih ponatisnili leta 1700 v Strassburgu. Z Rudolfinskimi preglednicami je

I. D. Florjančič pripravljal opazovanje sončnega mrka 25. 7. 1748.103 Rudolfinske tabele in z

njimi Keplerjeve logaritme so astronomi in mornarji uporabljali več kot sto let,104 vse do

Vegovega časa.

SLIKA (KeplerParkPlosca_Denkmal_Stadpark_2): Spomenik Keplerjevim odkritjem v

graškem mestnem parku (Foto: dr. Bruno Besser 2005).

Zaključek

Zaradi kratkovidnosti Kepler ni bil med najvidnejšimi opazovalci nebesnih pojavov, gotovo

pa je s svojimi matematičnimi prijemi kraljeval med astronomi. V burnem času na predvečer

tridesetletne vojne je naše kraje osebno obiskal in tesno sodeloval z našimi ljudmi, ki so tako

brali njegove ideje zelo hitro po prvih objavah.

Kazalo oseb

Jakob Bartsch (Bartcschi, * 1600 Lauban v Šleziji, danes Luban na Poljskem; † 1633

Lauban).

Martin Baučer (Bauzer, Bautscher, * 1586 Sela; SJ; † 1668 Gorica).

Mathias Bernegger (* 1582 Avstrija; † 1640).

Federico Commandino (* 1509 Urbino; † 1575).

Conrad Dasypodius (* 1532; † 1600).

Joannes Decker (Deckerus, Deckers, Deker, * 25. 12. 1560 Hazenbrouck v Francoski

Flandriji; SJ; † 10. 1. 1619 Gradec).

Ferdinand I. (* 1503; nadvojvoda 1521; cesar 1556; † 1564).

Ferdinand II. (* 9. 7. 1578 Gradec; cesar 1619; † 15. 2. 1637).

Ferdinand III. (* 13. 7. 1608 Gradec; cesar 15. 2. 1637; † 2. 4. 1657 Dunaj)

Friderik III. (cesar 1452-1493).

Giovanni Angelo Giordano (* Gorica; SJ; † 25. 11. 1623 Gradec).

Georg Gruppenbach († 1610).

Paul Guldin (Habakkuk, * 12. 6. 1577 St. Gallen v Švici; SJ 1597; † 3. 11. 1643).

Sebastijan Henricpetrina (Petri, Petrina, * 1547; † 1627).

Andrej Srečni Herberstein († 1442).

Jurij III. Herberstein (Georg, * 1469; † 1528).

Georg Sigmund Herberstein (* 18. 7. 1518; † 8. 2. 1578).

Georg Sigmund Herberstein ( * 1594; † 1663).

Gunter Herberstein (* 1504; † 1535 Tokaj).

Jakob Franc Herberstein (* 1554?; † 1629).

Janž (Hans) Friderik Herberstein (* 1551; † 1615).

Johan Ferdinand I. Herberstein (* 1640; † 1675).

Johan Ferdinand II. Herberstein (* 1663; † 1721 Gradec).

Johan Friderik Herberstein (* 1605; † 1673).

Johan Karl Joseph Herberstein (* 1746; † 1814 Dunaj).

Jurij Krištof Herberstein (* 1556; † 1613).

Lenart Herberstein (Leonhard, Lienhart, † 1511).

Margarethe von Kottal pročena Herberstein († 1518).

Marija Magdalena baronico Wells poročena Herberstein († 1642).

Mihael Herberstein († 1605).

Sigmund Friderik Herberstein (Sigismund, * po 1546 Schachenturn (Šahenturn); † 1620 ali

1621).

Volbenk Viljem Herberstein (* 1554; † 1619).

Žiga Herberstein (Sigismund, * 23. 8. 1486 Vipava; † 28. 3. 1566 Dunaj).

Herwart von Hohenburg (* 1553; † 1622).

Angelus Jordanus (* 1571 Gorica; SJ 12. 7. 1590 Gradec; † 25. 11. 1623 Gorica).

Karel II. Štajerski (nadvojvoda 1564; † 1590).

Andrej Kobav (* 7. 11. 1591 Cerknica; SJ 22. 10. 1610 Brno na Moravskem; † 12. 2. 1654

Trst (Lukács, 1978, 644)).

Barbara Müller, tretjič poročena Kepler (* 1573; † 1611).

Johannes Kepler (* 1571 Weil der Stadt; † 1630 Regensburg).

Janez Rafael Kobencl (Joannes Raphael Cobenzl, * 1571; SJ 1587; † 1627 Dunaj (Lukács,

1978, 1: 707; SBL, 1: 83).

Henryk Kunic (Cunitz, deloval 1599-1625).

Alojz Lilio (* 1520, † 1576).

Michael Maestlin (* 1550 Goeppingen; † 1631 Tübingen).

Ioannes Nagy (* 27. 11. 1571 Fogarios v Transilvaniji; SJ 31. 10. 1588 Krakov; † 9. 8. 1615

Trnava).

David Origanus (Tost, * 1558; † 1628).

John Pell (* 1611 Sussex; † 1685 London).

Rheticus (Rhäticus, Retik, Georg Joachim von Lauchen, * 1514 Feldkirch; † 1576 Košice

(Cassovia)).

Christopher Scheiner (* 1577 Wald pri Mindelheimu v Švabiji; SJ 1595 Landsberg; † 1650

Dunaj ali Neisse v Šleziji).

Wilhelm Schickard (* 1592 Herrenberg; † 1635).

Johann Schöner (Schoner, * 1477; † 1547), prvi Rheticusov učitelj astronomije v Nürnbergu.

Christian Severin (Christen Sørensen, Longberg, Longomontanus, * 4. 10. 1562 Longberg,

Jutland; † 8. 10. 1647 Kopenhagen).

Georg Stadius (* 1550; † april 1593 Gradec).

Herbert VIII. Turjaški (Auersperg, * 15. 6. 1528 Dunaj; † 22. 9. 1575 Budačko).

Bartholomeus Villerius (* 1542 Bastogne (Bastenaken) v Belgiji; SJ 5. 1. 1558 Köln; † 21. 4.

1626 Gradec).

Grégoir de Saint-Vincent (* 1584 Brugge; SJ 1607; † 1667 Genf).

Christopher Wren (* 1632; † 1723).

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Ljubljani, Celovcu in Gradcu. Šolska kronika. 9(33) (2000) No. 1, pp. 10, 24. 3 Belii, ibid., p. 32. 4 Anton Bukovič, Družba Jezusova na slovenskem Styria. Maribor: Manuscript. Jesuit Archive at St. Jacob’s at

Ljubljana, 1959, p.7. 5 Riccardo G. Villoslada, Storia del Collegio Romano dal suo inizio (1551) alla soppressione della Compagnia di

Gesù (1773). Rome: Aedes Universitatis Gregorianae, 1954, p. 198. 6 Belii, ibid., p. 30. 7 Johannes Kepler, Opera Omnia (ed. Ch. Frisch), Frankoforti, 1858, 8: p. 479. 8 Belii, ibid., pp. 30, 33, 43. 9 Johann Kepler, Le secret du monde. Pariz: Société d'édition »Les belles lettres«, 1984, p. 248. 10 Johannes Hemleben, Johannes Kepler in Selbstzeunissen und Bilddokumenten. Hamburg: Rowohlt, 1971, p.

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(Prevod v Kepler, 1945. 13:). 86 SBL, 1: 302. 87 Hari, 1999, 16; Belii, 1971, 75, 77, 81; Belii, 1982, 196-199. 88 Kepler, 1858, 7: 447-450, 8: 747. 89 Kepler, 1858, 8: 709. 90 SBL, 1: 475. 91 Kobav, 1643, 48, 213. 92 Kobav, 1643, 25, 342, 372. 93 Kobav, 1643, 389-480. 94 Kobav, 1643, 350-354. 95 Cantor, 1900, 2: 690-691, 709; Belii, 1971, 244. 96 Polunov, 1982, 85. 97 Cantor, 1908, 4: 435; Hofmann, 1974, 154-155. 98 Cantor, 1900, 2: 713. 99 Cantor, 1901, 3: 57. 100 Kepler, 1621, 4. 101 SBL, 1925-1932, 1: 302; Kepler , 1984, 12-16. 102 Kepler, 1993, 10.

103 SBL, 1925-1932, 1: 182; Grmek, 1963, 296. 104 Belii, 1971, 216, 222-223, 226-227, 269, 276.