The Annual Meeting of 4 Leading Scientific Societies

July 9 -13, 2011Chase Park Plaza - St. Louis, Missouri

Healing the PlanetHealing the PlanetHealing the PlanetHealing the PlanetHealing the PlanetHealing the Planet

Society for Economic BotanyPresident - Mary EubanksDuke University Durham, North Carolina Program Director - Rainer BussmannMissouri Botanical GardenSt. Louis, MO 63166

Local Representative - Bruce Ponman Missouri Botanical Garden St. Louis, MO 63166Bruce.Ponman@mobot.org

American Fern Society

President - Michael WindhamDuke UniversityDurham, NC 27708(919) 660-7293mdw26@duke.edu

Program Director - Kathleen M. Pryer Duke UniversityDurham, NC 27708(919) 660-7380 pryer@duke.edu

Local Representative and Field Trip Coordinator George A. Yatskievych Missouri Botanical GardenSt. Louis, MO 63166(314) 577-9522 george.yatskievych@mobot.org

American Society of Plant TaxonomistsPresident - Richard G. Olmsteadolmstead@u.washington.edu

Program Director - Patrick HerendeenChicago Botanic GardenGlencoe, IL 60022(847) 835-6956pherendeen@chicagobotanic.org

Local Representative - Peter C. Hoch Missouri Botanical Garden St. Louis, MO 63166 (314) 577-5175 peter.hoch@mobot.org

Botanical Society of AmericaPresident - Judy SkogGeorge Mason University Manassas, VA 20110(703) 993-1026jskog@gmu.edu Program Director - David SpoonerUniversity of WisconsinMadison, WI 53706(608) 890-0309david.spooner@ars.usda.gov

Local Representative - Allison J. Miller St. Louis University St. Louis, MO 63103 (314) 977-7653 amille75@slu.edu

Conference Director Johanne Stogran125 Connemara DriveGranville, OH 43023(740) 927-8501johanne@botany.org

July 9 – 13, 2011 The Chase Park PlazaSt. Louis, Missouri

Conference Organizers

1

Table of Contents

Botany 2011 Special Addresses•PlenaryAddress................................................................2•AddressoftheBSAPresident-Elect...........................2•AnnalsofBotanyLecture..............................................3•KaplanMemorialLecture.............................................3•RegionalBotanySpecialLecture.................................4•EnhancingScientistDiversityinPlantBiologyLuncheon............................................................................4

Symposia and Colloquia•CharlesHeiserSpecialSession.....................................5•Onagraceaeasamodelexperimentalsystem......13•HistoryofBotany:TheMissouriConnection....16•Incorporatingmicrobesintoplantcommunityecology..............................................................................19

•Healingtheplanet:Conservationoftheworld`stropicalforests.................................................................22

•Thefruitfuloutcomeofgraduatestudent-designedcurricula:researchmodules,publishingopportunities,andoutreachinspiredbytheNSF’sGraduateSTEMFellowsinK-12Education(GK-12)Program............................................................................23

•Healingtheplanet:medicinalplantsandthelegacyofRichardE.Schultes.....................................26

•Innovationsinorganismalbotany-atributetothepioneeringstudiesofDonaldA.Eggert.................28

•Plantreproductivestrategiesunderenvironmentalstress...................................................................................31

•AdvancesinPlantSystematicsandPopulationGenomics:ApplicationsofNextGenerationTechniques.......................................................................34

•Strategiesforhealingourcoastlines:DeepwaterHorizonoilspillintheGulfofMexico,erosionandurbandegradation:progressfortheNorthAmericanfuturemarinemacro-plants.......................................36

•GrabthatResearchBatonandTeach:BesseyAwardWinners............................................................................38

•EducationSharingourEthnobotanyCurriculum:theOpenScienceApproach......................................40

•70YearsAfterSchultes:EconomicBotany FromTheAndesToTheAmazon...................44

Developmental And Structural SectionOralPapers.....................................................................50Posters...............................................................................59

Ecological SectionOralPapers..........................................................................62Posters...................................................................................73

Economic BotanyOralPapers..........................................................................84Posters...................................................................................96

Genetics SectionOralPapers........................................................................108Posters.................................................................................114

Historical SectionOralPapers........................................................................115Posters.................................................................................117

Mycological SectionPosters.................................................................................118

Paleobotanical SectionOralPapers........................................................................119Posters.................................................................................134

Phycological SectionPosters.................................................................................137

Physiological SectionOralPapers........................................................................138Posters.................................................................................142OralPapers........................................................................146

Phytochemical SectionOralPapers........................................................................150Posters.................................................................................153

Pteridological Section ................................................156Posters.................................................................................156

Systematics Section/ASPTOralPapers........................................................................157Posters.................................................................................201

Teaching SectionOralPapers........................................................................225Posters.................................................................................229

Tropical Biology SectionOralPapers........................................................................234Posters.................................................................................236

BiogeographyOralPapers........................................................................236Posters.................................................................................240

Conservation BiologyOralPapers........................................................................245Posters.................................................................................252

EcophysiologyOralPapers........................................................................256Posters.................................................................................261

Evolutionary Developmental Biology (Evo-Devo)OralPapers........................................................................263Posters.................................................................................268

Genomics / ProteomicsPosters.................................................................................271

Molecular BiologyPosters.................................................................................272

Molecular Ecology And EvolutionOralPapers........................................................................274Posters.................................................................................278

Pollination BiologyOralPapers........................................................................281Posters.................................................................................286

Population Genetics ...................................................289OralPapers........................................................................289Posters.................................................................................295

Stress TolerancePosters.................................................................................299

Symbioses: Plant, Animal, And Microbe Interactions ...OralPapers........................................................................300Posters.................................................................................303

Workshops ...................................................................305Author Index ( By Abstract Number) ........................308

2

Plenary Address

1 RAVEN, PETER

Saving Plants, Saving Ourselves

The accumulation of information aboutplants since the time I was a university stu-

dent in the 1950s has been incredible, but therate at which we are destroying them, their ge-netic diversity, and their habitats is astonishing.Atanintensityofwhichwehadnocomprehension50years ago, we are destroying habitats, drastically andrapidlyaltering theglobal climate, andconsumingallresourcesmuchmorerapidlythantheycanbereplen-ished.Inthefaceofthiscrisis,wemustmakeseriouschoicesaboutwhatwecanaccomplishandselectourgoals carefully. Our future food supplies,medicines,climate stability, protection of topsoil, and the pro-vision of cleanwater, as well as the rich beauty theybring intoour lives everyday, areworthfighting for.Ignorance of the scientificmethod and false assump-tionshavemadetheUnitedStatestheonlycountryintheworldwhereasubstantialnumberofpeoplerejectsci-entificconclusionsaboutevolution,whichwaswellac-ceptedandconsideredevidentwellbeforeCharlesDar-winproposedhistheoryaboutamechanismtoaccountforit.Wearealsotheonlynationonearthwithapo-liticalconstituencythatrejectsscientificfindingsaboutclimatechangeandhumanbeings’roleinitfornoap-parentreasonotherthanassertionandwishfulthinking.Inchoosinggoalsforourselves,ourcommunities,ournation,andtheworld,wemustestablishprioritiesandpursuethemactively.TherearethreepeoplenowlivingforeveryonewhowaspresentwhenIwasborn,andweareaddingnet200,000peopleperdayasourpopulationclimbsfromjustunder7billiontoananticipated9.5bil-lionoverthecourseofthenext40years.Webotanistsmustuseourknowledgeandourtrainingtoeducateourfellowcitizens,especiallychildren,andmaintainaworldfilledwithopportunity,diversity,andbeauty.

MissouriBotanicalGarden,P.O.Box299,St.Louis,MO,63110,USA

Address of the BSA President-Elect

2 WELLER, STEPHEN

Broadening Horizons in the Botanical Society of America

The Botanical Society of America is well knownfor the strong organismal focus of its members,

butourinterestsareexpandingandweimpactdiverseareasofresearch.Ananalysisof thepaperspublishedintheAmerican Journal of Botany indicatesthatecol-ogy, reproductive biology, systematics, populationbiology, and anatomy andmorphology are well rep-resented.ButtheinfluenceofBSAmembersgoeswellbeyondthepaperspublishedintheAmerican Journal of Botany.Weimpactaverybroadspectrumofresearchranging from genomic approaches addressing causesfor thedominanceof floweringplants, to factorsun-derlying profound ecosystem changes resulting fromspecies invasions. Symposia at our nationalmeetingsaddress questions in genomics, community ecology,andglobalchange.Wehavediverseresearchinterests,andwe influencemanydisciplines inscience.For theBSAtomaintainitsinfluentialposition,wemustworkhardtoreachouttoawiderspectrumofourcountryandensurethebroadestrepresentationpossibleintheBotanicalSocietyofAmerica.Demographictrendsin-dicatethatminoritygroupswillincreasedramaticallyintheUnitedStatesinthenearfuture.Atpresent,minor-ityrepresentationintheBotanicalSocietyisextremelylow.Ifwewishbotanicalresearchtoremainavitalpartofthescientificcommunityofthefuture,wemustdoall we can to encourage greater participation of un-derrepresented groups.Without this encouragement,theworkwevaluewillberelegatedtoanincreasinglysmallerpartoftheworkforceandwewillmissthepo-tentialcontributionsofsomeofthebrightestmindsofthefuture.BSAprogramssuchasPlantingScienceen-gagemiddleschoolstudentsfromdiversecommunities,andourPLANTSprogramencouragesundergraduateminority representation at meetings.These efforts tobroadenparticipationinthesocietyarecriticaltomain-tainingthestrengthofscienceinourcountry.Weneedtotakestepsatourhomeinstitutionsaswelltoengagethebroadestpossiblediversityofstudentsinbotanicaleducationandresearch.

University of California Irvine, Department of Ecology and Evolu-tionaryBiology,321SteinhausHall,Irvine,CA,92697,USA

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Annals of Botany Lecture

3 SOLTIS, PAMELA

Angiosperm Phylogeny: The Role of Polyploidy in Diversification and Genome Evolution

Angiospermphylogenyischaracterizedbyaseriesofrapidradiationsthat interrupt longerperiods

ofstasis.Attemptstoidentifytheintrinsicphenotypiccharacteristic(s)orecologicalattributesresponsiblefortheseshiftsindiversificationratehavebeenunsuccess-ful.More recently, genomic data forArabidopsis andothermodelorganismshaverevealedsurprisinglevelsofancientpolyploidywithintheangiosperms.Further-more,asgenomicandtranscriptomicdataaccumulatefor additional species representingpreviouslyunsam-pledbranchesoftheangiospermtree,newinstancesofgenomeduplicationareevident,manyofwhichmarksignificant clades. In addition to ancient polyploidywithinangiosperms,genomeduplicationscanbetracedtoboththemostrecentcommonancestorofallangio-spermsandofallseedplants.Isitpossiblethatrepeatedgenome duplications served as catalysts for repeatedradiations? Given the ubiquity of ancient polyploidythroughoutthehistoryoftheangiosperms,itissurpris-ingthatmostangiospermgenomesbehaveessentiallyasdiploids,leadingtoquestionsofwhichprocessesarein-volvedinthediploidizationofpolyploidgenomes.Per-hapscluestothediploidizationprocessmaybegleanedfrom studies of recently formed polyploids, such asTragopogon mirus andT. miscellus(Asteraceae),bothofwhichformedintheearlypartofthe20thcentury.Thegenomesofthesetetraploids,aswellasthoseofwheat,cotton,Brassica napus,andothers,revealdynamicin-teractions between the parental contributions, withshiftsingeneexpression,changesinkaryotype,andlossofchromosomalandgenicmaterialfromoneparentalgenomeortheother.Themicroevolutionaryprocessesobserved in Tragopogon and other recent polyploidsmayprovidethemechanismstoexplaintheessentiallydiploid genomes of most angiosperms. Furthermore,genomeduplicationmayhave triggered radiationsbygenerating novel genomic combinations and therebynovelphenotypes.Giventhewidespreadroleofpoly-ploidyasaspeciationmechanisminrecentangiospermhistory,itisperhapspossiblethatpolyploidyhasplayedalongandfundamentalroleinshapingangiospermge-nomesandinangiospermevolution.

UniversityofFlorida,FloridaMuseumofNaturalHistory,Gaines-ville,FL,32611,USA

Kaplan Memorial Lecture

4 QUATRANO, RALPH

Mechanisms of cellular polarity: a comparative approach from mosses to seed plant

Dr.Ralph S.Quatranowill give the 2011KaplanMemorial Lecture in Comparative Develop-

ment. He received his undergraduate degree fromColgate University (1962) and his Ph.D. in BiologyfromYaleUniversity(1968).DuringhiscareerhehasheldprofessorshipsatOregonStateUniversity,wherehe was the founding directorof the Center for GeneResearch and at the University of North Carolina atChapel Hill. Ralph arrived at WashingtonUniver-sity in1998wherehe is immediatepastDeanofArtsand Sciences andDean of the School of EngineeringandAppliedScience.HeisalsochairoftheExecutiveCounciloftheDivisionofBiologyandBiomedicalSci-encesandinitiatedthejointresearchprograminPlantScienceswithMonsanto.RalphwastheEditorofThe Plant Cell (1998-2003), and served on the Board ofReviewing Editors for Science (1991-98). He servedasPresidentofASPB(1982-93)andisaFellowoftheAAAS,theSt.LouisAcademyofScienceandtheASPB.Dr.Quatrano’sresearchinterestsarefocusedonthecel-lularandmolecularmechanismscontrollingthedevel-opmentofplantembryos;fromtheestablishmentofpo-larityinthezygoteandearlyembryo,tothehormonalcontrolofgeneexpressionduringembryomaturation.Hewasaleadingnvestigatorandcorrespondingauthorof an international consortium thats equenced, char-acterizedandpublishedthegenomeofPhyscomitrella patensandhasbeenapioneerinestablishingitasanex-perimentalsystem.Hehaspublishedover159researchpapersonplantsasdiverseasFucus andArabidopsis.Ralphwilldiscusshisseminalcontributionstoourun-derstandingofplantdevelopment,specifically,thecriti-calrolesofthecytoskeleton,cellwallandhormonesinestablishingandmaintainingcellpolarityacrossdiffer-entplantgroups.

WashingtonUniversity,St.Louis,MO,63110.,USA

Special Addresses

4

Regional Botany Special Lecture

5 ALBRECHT, MATTHEW

Conservation of Imperiled Midwest Plants

AsafoundingmemberoftheCenterforPlantCon-servation network, theMissouri BotanicalGar-

den(MBG)appliesanintegratedstrategytosupporttheconservationoftheMidwesternflora.Tocarry-outthisstrategy,IwilldiscusshowMBGpartnerswithgovern-mentalagencies,universities,andnon-profitorganiza-tionsacrossseveralstatesonresearchandrecoverytasksforimperiledplantspecies.Researcheffortsthatfocusonpopulationdemographyandgeneticsinformman-agementstrategiesonhowtoreversedecliningpopula-tiontrendsandprioritizeconservationefforts.Recoveryeffortsfocusonmaintaininggeneticallyappropriateexsitucollections-primarilythroughseed-banking-anddeveloping ecologically relevant dormancy-breakingandgerminationprotocols.Inturn,exsitucollectionsandprotocolsformthefoundationofpopulationrein-troductions, an increasinglyutilizedconservation toolthatcanreducetheextinctionriskofrarespeciesinthewild.Finally, Iwilldiscusshowglobalclimatechangeposesuniquechallengesandopportunitiesforspecies-levelconservationstrategieswiththeMidwesternflora.

MissouriBotanicalGarden,P.O.Box299,St.Louis,MO,63166,USA

Enhancing Scientist Diversity in Plant Biology Luncheon 6 CLUTTER, MARY

2050 Challenges

Theiconicyear2050islessthan40yearsfromnow.Theworldthenwillhavechangedatleastasmuch

asithasfrom40yearsago.Overthattimeamyriadofchallengeswillconfrontus.Themostimportantques-tioninanageofincreasingdependenceonscienceandtechnology advances iswhowill be thepractitioners?Whowillproduceandmaintaintheadvancesessentialforprogress?Amongthechallengesare feeding9bil-lionpeople,demographicrealities,educationalreform,mergingdisciplines,STEMeducation, funding forre-search,aswellasclimatechange,biodiversity,biotech-nology(GMvsorganicissues),globalization,andotherpolitical issues. In addressing these challenges, clearlythemost importantat this juncture inourcountry isSTEMeducation.Thatwillbethefocusofthispresen-tation.SomeoftheotherchallengeswhichimpingeonSTEMmaycomeupduringdiscussion.The2050chal-lengesmaybeviewedbymanyasactionitemsforthefuture.Myadmonitionis:wecannotwait"thefutureisnow."

AmericanInstituteofBiologicalSciences,1900CampusCommonsDrive,Suite200,Reston,VA,20191,USA

5

Symposia and Colloquia

Charles Heiser Special Contributed Paper Session

Sponsored by Society for Economic Botany.

7 ANDERSON, GREGORY*1, PICKERSGILL, BARBARA2 and KEPHART, SUSAN3

Charles Bixler Heiser, Jr.: A Productive and Inspirational Scientist

CharlesBixlerHeiser,Jr.learnedtoloveIndianaandplantstudyduringearlyexperiencesonhisgrand-

parent’sfarminsouthernIndiana.Thatinterestbecamefocusedonplantevolution,systematics,and“economicbotany"undertheinspirationofEdgarAndersonandRobert Woodson at Washington University and theMissouriBotanicalGarden.TheintriguingsunflowersandhybridspresentinthevacantlotsofSt.LouislaterbecamethefocusofhisdoctoralresearchatUCBerke-ley where he was influenced by Lincoln Constance,HerbertMason,LedyardStebbinsandacohortofout-standingstudentcolleagues.AfterfinishingaPh.D.injustthreeyears,hereturnedtohishomestatetobeginwhatbecamea lifelongprofessorshipat IndianaUni-versity.His120+papersandsixbooksnotonlyrecordanimpressivecareerbuttheirinfluenceisreflectedinnumerousawards,includingmembershipintheNAS.Allconstituteevidenceoftheimportanceofhiswork.Beyondthatwrittenrecord,however,arethemorethan60formalstudents(30PhDs)hementored,andaverylargenumberofothers,eachinspiredtostudyandap-preciatethediversityofwildandcultivatedplantsbyhisscientificpublications,interpretivewriting,andspeak-ing forwider audiences.ExamplesofHeiser’s impactarethefocusofthisintroduction,thatispartoverview,andpartpersonalreflections.1UniversityOfConnecticut,DepartmentOfEcology&Evolution-aryBiology,75N.EaglevilleRoad,Unit43,Storrs,CT,06269-3043,USA2University of Reading, School of Biological Sciences,Whi-teknights, Reading, RG6 2AS,UnitedKingdom3WILLAMETTEUNIVERSITY,DepartmentOfBiology,SALEM,OR,97301,USA

8 ESHBAUGH, W. HARDY

A Current View on the Taxonomy of Capsicum L. (Solanaceae)

My research on the genus Capsicum began in1964 soon after I arrived at IndianUniversity

andcameundertheinfluenceofCharlesB.Heiser,Jr.Ithascontinuedforwhatisnowapproaching50years.CapsicumwasanendemicgenustotheAmericasinpre-Colombiantimes.However,oncediscovereditspread

to theOldWorldandtookonan importance that inmanywaysexceededitssignificanceintheNewWorld.Chili peppers transformed the diet of the world andcontinuetodoso.PeopleintheOldWorld,especiallyinAfricaandAsia,donotbelievethathotredpeppershaveahistoryofnomorethan500yearsinthatpartoftheworld.Themystiqueofchilipeppers,Capsicum,andev-erythingaboutthemhasevolvedintoanabundanceofbooks,products,festivals,recipes,andrestaurants.Cap-sicum isamongtheearliestNewWorlddomesticates.The archaeological record indicates that chili peppershavealonghistoryinseverallocationsinLatinAmer-ica.Evidencefromagenus-specificstarchmorphotypeindicatesthatdomesticatedC. annuumdatesbacktoatleast6000BPatseverallocationsinthewesternhemi-sphere.LinnaeusnamedseveralspeciesofCapsicuminthe18thcentury.In19thcenturythesizeofgenusCap-sicum increasedexponentiallywiththenamingofmorethan150taxa.Variousexperimentalstudiesinthesec-ondhalfofthe20thcenturyrefinedourunderstandingofspecieslimitswiththerecognitionofnomorethan24species.Now,withnewdiscoveriesinthe21stcen-tury,werecognizeat least36specieswithasmanyasfivenewspeciesstill tobenamedanddescribedfromPeru,Brazil,andBolivia.RecentstudiesshowthatthewildspeciesofCapsicumcanbedividedintotwodis-tinctevolutionarylinesbasedonchromosomenumbersofx=12and13.

MiamiUniversity,Botany,700EastHighStreet,Oxford,OH,45056,USA

9 FILIPOWICZ, NATALIA*1, SCHAEFER, HANNO2 and RENNER, SUSANNE1

How many species of Luffa (Cucurbitaceae) are there? Relationships in a small genus of worldwide distribution.

AmongtheeconomicplantsthatinterestedCharlesHeiserwasLuffa,apantropicalgroupofannual

trailingvineswithasuspected5-6species(HeiserandSchilling1988;Heiseretal.1988).Luffa aegyptiaca(incl.L. cylindrica) andL. acutangula arewidely cultivatedcropsintropicalAsia,andthefruitfibersofthefirstareusedassponge.AsdiscussedbyHeiser,speciescircum-scriptions have been controversial, partly because ofnaturalizedescapesfromcultivation.Wehavestudiedspecies circumscriptions and relationships based oncombinednuclear andplastidDNAsequences for50accessionsrepresentingtheentiregeographicrangeofloofahs. Study of morphological traits is ongoing. InagreementwithHeiser’sfindings,L. quinquefidafromMexicotoNicaraguaisdistinctfromSouthAmericanL. operculataandL. sepium.Theneotropicalspeciesforma clade derived from a paraphyletic Indian/African/Australiangroup.SistertoallotherloofahsisL. acutan-gula,fromIndiaandYemen;followedby L. aegyptiaca

6

fromIndia,Indochina,andtropicalAustralia;L. echina-tafromIndiatoEgypt;andL. graveolensfromnorthernIndia,Nepal,Bangladesh, andBurma.TheAustralianmaterialheretoattributedtothelatterspeciesrepresentsanewspecies.Luffathuscompriseseightspecies,andafamily-widephylogenysuggeststhatTrichosanthes,anAsiangenusof100species,isthesistercladeof Luffa.Thelowgeneticvariabilityamongaccessionsfromvast-lydistantgeographicregionssuggestsayoungageofthespecies,butthestemageofthegenusmaybe35(41-31)millionyearsold(Schaeferetal.2009).1UniversityofMunich(LMU),DepartmentofBiology,SystematicBotanyandMycology,MenzingerStr.67,Munich,80638,Germany2HarvardUniversity,DepartmentofOrganismicandEvolutionaryBiology,22DivinityAvenue,Cambridge,MA,02138,USA

10 MARTINE, CHRISTOPHER

Designation of Solanum section Kakadu (Solanaceae) from Australia

SolanumsectionKakadu,asproposedhere,includestwo "spiny solanum" (Subgenus Leptostemonum)

speciesnativetoTheNorthernTerritory,Australia:S. asymmetriphyllumandtherecently-describedS. sejunc-tum.Speciesinthissectionaredioecious,clonal,woodyshrubsto2minheight;withstemarmaturescatteredormissing; andwith calyx lobesnearly enclosing theberriesatmaturity.LikeallotherknowndioeciousSo-lanumtaxa,thisbreedingsystemisachievedinsectionKakadu throughtheproductionofinaperturatepolleninmorphologicallybisexualflowers.Large-scale shiftsinclimatemayhaveplayedaroleinthegeographicandphylogeneticisolationofsectionKakadu,acladeoftwospeciesthathasprovendifficulttoplaceintaxonomictreatments.

SUNY Plattsburgh, Biological Sciences, 101 Broad Street, Platts-burgh,NY,12901,USA

11 MOODY, MICHAEL*1 and RIESEBERG, LOREN2

Sorting through the chaff, nDNA gene trees for phylogenetic inference and hybrid identification of annual sunflowers (Helianthus sect. Helianthus)

Theannualsunflowers(HelianthusSect.Helianthus)present a formidable challenge for phylogenetic

inferencebecauseof ancienthybrid speciation, recentintrogression, and suspected issues with deep coales-cence. We analyzed sequence data from 11 nDNAgenes for multiple genotypes of most species of thesectionto(1)reconstructthephylogenyofthisgroup,(2)explore theutilityofnDNAgene trees fordetect-inghybridspeciationandintrogression;and(3)testanewempiricalmethodofhybrididentificationbasedonthephylogeneticcongruenceofnDNAgenetreesfrom

tightlylinkedgenes.Weuncoveredconsiderabletopo-logical heterogeneity among gene treeswith orwith-outthreepreviouslyidentifiedhybrid speciesincludedin the analyses, aswell as a general lackof reciprocalmonophylyofspecies.Nonetheless,partitionedBayes-iananalysesprovidedstrongsupportforthereciprocalmonophylyofall speciesexceptH. annuus (0.89PP),themostwidespreadandabundantannualsunflower.Previoushypothesesofrelationshipsamongtaxaweregenerally strongly supported (1.0 PP), except amongtaxatypicallyassociatedwithH. annuus,apparentlyduetotheparaphylyofthelatter.WhilethenDNAgenetreeanalysesprovidedausefulmeans fordetectingrecenthybridization, identification of ancient hybridizationwasproblematicforthetwomostancienthybridspe-cies,evenwhenlinkagewasconsidered.1UniversityofWesternAustralia,PlantBiology,35StirlingHighway,Crawley,WA,6009,Australia2UniversityOfBritishColumbia,De-partmentOfBotany,6270UniversityBlvd,Vancouver,BC,V6T1Z4,Canada

12 KEPHART, SUSAN*1, PATZER, JAIME1, ARCHIBALD, JENNY2 and SULTANY, MOLLY3

Demystifying species divergence in Camassia (Agavaceae): Integrating phenology, pollination, and floral trait manipulation

Decipheringvariabilityliesatthecoreofbothclas-sic and novel approaches that inform species

delimitation,phylogenetic inference,andevolutionarydivergence in natural populations. Mosaic genomesand complexmorphological patterns pose challengesfor classification, particularly in dynamic, yet distinctlineages influenced by hybridization and introgres-sion.SpeciescomplexesintheNorthAmericangenus,Camassia (Agavaceae) provide a unique opportunityto study populations in varying stages of divergenceand reproductive isolation.Camassia is an importantspring-floweringperennialinwetprairiesandoaksa-vannas.Thesixspeciesand10subspeciesincluderareandcommontaxathatexhibitecologicaldifferentiationand span a broad geographic range,with the highestdiversity centered in Oregon. We extend prior mo-lecular, phenological, and morphometric analyses byinvestigatingvariationinfloweringtimeandfloraltraitdivergenceforsisterandnon-sisterspeciespairsofC. angusta, C. quamash, C. howellii, C. leichtlinii, andC. scilloides.Fortwospecies,wefurthertesttheresponseofpollinatorsinnaturalpopulationstoartificialflowersmanipulated for keydiagnostic traits, includingfloralsymmetry.Previousresearchsuggeststhatthesespeciescomprisedistinctphylogeneticlineages,yetspecificandsubspecificdelimitationhavebeenproblematichistori-callyduetomosaicpatternsoftraitdifferentiationthatvarygeographically. Thus,wecomparesympatricpopu-

7

lationswitha longhistoryofdivergence,andvariableintergradation,withputativelymorerecentprogenitor-derivative pairs. Habitat isolation is evident betweenseveraltaxaandphenologicaldivergenceisstronginallspecies pairs, with significant differences in sympatryversusallopatryforwesternC. quamash and C. leichtli-nii. Asymmetricpost-matingbarrierstohybridizationin these species imply that morphological complex-ityisgreatestinsympatricsiteswherecrossabilityandecologicaloverlaparehigh.Ourultimategoalincludesacomprehensiveclassificationthatwill improvetaxo-nomickeysfortheseecologicallyandculturallyimpor-tantmonocots.Thepairedanalysesof in-situ popula-tions framed in a phylogenetic contextwill also lendinsightintotheprocessesunderlyingthediverseoriginsofcomplexphenotypicpatternsandreproductiveisola-tioninplants.1WILLAMETTEUNIVERSITY,DepartmentOfBiology,SALEM,OR,97301,USA2UniversityOfKansas,RLMcGregorHerbarium&BridwellBotanicalResearchLab,2045ConstantAve,Lawrence,KS,66047-3729,USA3Lewis&ClarkCollege,GraduateSchoolofEdu-cation,0615S.W.PalatineHillRoad,Salem,OR,97219

13 COATE, JEREMY1, LUCIANO, AMELIA2, SERALATHAN, VASU3, MINCHEW, KEVIN4, OWENS, THOMAS5 and DOYLE, JEFF*6

Anatomical,morphological and physiological changes correlated with recent natural allopolyploidy in Glycine subgenus Glycine

Polyploidyis a dominant force in plant evolution,andpolyploidsareoftenmoresuccessfulthantheir

diploidprogenitors.Photosynthesisplaysafundamen-talroleinplantfitnessandpreviousstudieshaveshownthat polyploidy has pronounced effects on photosyn-thesis-related phenotypes.Most of these studies havefocusedonsyntheticorrecentlyformedautopolyploids,andlittleisknownabouttheintegratedeffectsofnaturalallopolyploidy, which involves hybridity and genomedoubling,andoften incorporatingmultiplegenotypesthrough recurrentorigins and lineage recombination.Glycine dolichocarpa is a natural allotetraploid withmultiple, biparental origins.We quantified and com-paredanatomical,biochemicalandphysiologicalphe-notypes relating to photosynthesis inG. dolichocarpa(designated"T2"),anditsdiploidprogenitors,G. tomen-tella("D3")andG. syndetika("D4"),undercontrolled,growth chamber conditions. To assess the effects ofdirection of cross on these phenotypes, we includedthreeT2accessionshavingD3-likeplastids(T2D3)andtwoT2accessionshavingD4-likeplastids(T2D4).Inor-dertocapturetherangeofvariationwithinthediploidspecies,wecharacterizedfouraccessionsofeach.Allo-polyploidywasassociatedwithchangesintheanatomy,biochemistryandphysiologyofphotosynthesis inT2.

Guard cell size, chloroplast number per palisade cell,chloroplast number per unit leaf area, palisade cellsperunitleafarea,chlorophylla,chlorophylla+b,xan-thophyllcontentperunitleafarea,andphotosyntheticcapacitypercelldifferedsignificantlyinT2comparedtoatleastoneofitsdiploidprogenitors.Palisadecellvol-ume,chloroplastnumber,chloroplastvolumeperunitleafarea,andphotosyntheticcapacityperunitleafareadifferedsignificantlybetweenT2D3 andT2D4.Addition-ally,thereisconsiderablevariationwithinT2thatcouldbeduetomultipleorigins.T2ischaracterizedbytrans-gressive photosynthesis-related phenotypes (includingan approximately two-fold increase inphotosyntheticcapacitypercell),aswellasbysignificantintra-speciesvariationinseveralphotosynthesis-relatedphenotypesthatcorrelatewithdirectionofcross.1Cornell University, Plant Biology, 412 Mann Library, CornellUniversity, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA2Yale University, DepartmentofPharmacology,333CedarStreet,SHMB-208,NewHaven,CT,06520-80663CornellUniversity,DepartmentofPlantBiology,412Mann Library Building, SHM B-208, Ithaca, NY, 14853, UnitedStates4BethelUniversity,Department ofBiology, 325CherryAv-enue,McKenzie,TN,38201,USA5CornellUniversity,DepartmentofPlantBiology,412MannLibraryBuilding,SHMB-208,Ithaca,NY,14853,USA6CornellUniveristy,412MannLibraryBuilding,ITHACA,NY,14853-4301,USA

14 SOLTIS, DOUGLAS*1, BUGGS, RICHARD2, CHAMALA, SRIKAR3, CHESTER, MICHAEL3, SYMONDS, V. VAUGHAN4, TATE, JENNIFER4, MAVRODIEV, EVGENY3, SCHNABLE, PATRICK5, BARBAZUK, W. BRAD3 and SOLTIS, PAMELA1

Tragopogon - A model for recent and recurring allopolyploidy

Elucidating the causes and consequences of poly-ploidy (genome doubling) is central to under-

standingtheoriginanddiversificationofmosteukary-oticlineages.However,muchofwhatweknowabouttheseprocessesisderivedfromthestudyofcropsandsynthetic polyploids. Tragopogon provides a uniqueopportunity to investigate the genetic and genomicchangesthatoccurinnaturalpopulationsacrossarangeofages.Thissinglegenuscontainsdiploids,naturalal-lopolyploids (T.mirus, T. miscellus) that have formedrepeatedlyandareonly60-80yearsold,syntheticF1s,syntheticallopolyploids,aswellasolderEurasianpoly-ploids(0.5toseveralmya).Todatewehavefocusedontheconsequencesofpolyploidyinrecentnaturalallo-polyploids.Usinggenomicapproaches,wehaveshownthatrepeatedpatternsofhomeologlossexceedchangesingeneexpression.Nochangesarefixedinpopulations-wehavecaughtthesegenelossandexpressionchangesintheact.Wehavefoundextensivechromosomalvaria-tion(translocations;reciprocalmonosomy/trisomy;re-ciprocalnullisomy/tetrasomy) in natural populations.

Charles Heiser Special Contributed Paper Session

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Analyses of synthetic polyploids (S1- S3 generations)indicatethatthesechangesdonotappearimmediatelybut accumulate gradually post-polyploidization. Wehavedevelopedextensivegenomicresourcesincludingdeeptranscriptomesequencedata,6Xdraftgenomese-quenceforaparentaldiploid(T. dubius)sharedbyT. mirus andT. miscellus,andaredevelopinglinkageandphysicalmaps.Wehavedocumentedtheparentageofanolder(0.8-2.8mya)allotetraploid(T. castellanus =T. crocifoliusXT. lamottei)andnowproposetodevelopthis system for comparisonwith the recently formednaturalallopolyploids.1UniversityofFlorida,FloridaMuseumofNaturalHistory,Gaines-ville,FL,32611,USA2QueenMaryUniversityofLondon,Biology,MileEndRoad,London,E14NS,UK3UniversityofFlorida,Biology,Gainesville,FL,32611,USA4MasseyUniversity,InstituteofMolecu-larBiosciences,PalmerstonNorth,NewZealand5IowaStateUniver-sity,CenterforPlantGenomics,Ames,IA,50011,USA

15 ROSS, NANCI*1 and SALICK, JAN2

On the roof of the world: climate change, biogeography & alpine plant diversity, Hengduan Mountains, China

ThehighestplantdiversityandrichnessintheeasternHimalayasisfoundinAlpineenvironments.Fur-

thermore,locallyusefulplants(e.g.,Tibetanmedicines)aremostabundant inAlpinemeadows.Thus,climatechangethatthreatensalpineplantsimpactsbothHima-layanbiologicalandculturaldiversity.Weassessedspe-ciesdiversityandcompositionacrossprecipitationandbiogeographicgradientswithintheHengduanMoun-tains,NWYunnanProvince,China.OurdataindicatethatprecipitationdriveschangesinspeciescompositionfromSWtoNE.Twosites,lessthan10kmdistantthatordinatetogetherwithprecipitation,aredividedbytheMekong(Lansang)rivergorge.Interestingly,significantindicatorspeciesdistinguishingthesitesareoftenfromsharedgenerasuggestingamechanismforthehighbetadiversityacrosstheregion.1DrakeUniversity,BiologyDepartment,OlinHallRoom208,134427thStreet,DesMoines,IA,50311,USA2MissouriBotanicalGar-den,POBox299,St.Louis,MO,63166-0299,USA

16 THEISS, KATHRYN*1 and HOLSINGER, KENT2

The impacts of harvest on a rare Malagasy orchid

Humansprimarilyharvestplantsforfood,shelterandmedicine.However,someplantsarevalued

solely for their beauty.We have focused on the har-vestof theextremelyrareMalagasyorchid,Erasanthe henrici,whoseonlyknownuseisinhorticulture.Thisspeciesisrestrictedtoisolated,highlyfragmentedforestpatchesandsuffersfromlowfruitset.Insomepopula-

tions,fruitsetisalmostnon-existent.Inaddition,somepopulationsaredepletedbycollectionofplantsforre-sale in the horticultural trade.We built demographicmodelsforsixpopulationsbasedonfieldobservationsfrom2007-2010andprojectedthepopulationsizesus-ingthesemodels25,50and100yearsintothefuture.We then simulated varying levels of harvest (1, 3, or5plantsperyear)intwoways:(1)choosingtheplantstobeharvestedatrandomand(2)restrictingthehar-vest to reproductive individuals.Populationsdeclinedunderbothharvestscenariosatanylevelofharvest,butthedeclinesweremostpronouncedwhenharvestwasrestricted to reproductive plants. Since reproductiveplantsaremorelikelytobeharvested,annualharvestofevenasingleplantismorethananyofthesepopulationscansustain.1UniversityofConnecticut,Ecology&EvolutionaryBiology,75N.EaglevilleRoad,U-3043,Storrs,CT,06269-3043,USA2UniversityOfConnecticut,DepartmentOfEcology&EvolutionaryBiology,75N.EaglevilleRoad,U-3043,STORRS,CT,06269-3043,USA

17 PUSADEE, TONAPHA*1, SCHAAL, BARBARA1, RERKASEM, BENJAVAN2 and JAMJOD, SANSANEE2

Population structure of Oryza sativa primary gene pool in Thailand

Thailandliespartlyinthecenterofdiversityanddo-mesticationofAsianrice(Oryzasativa).Rice’sgene

poolconsistsofwildrice(O. rufipogonGriff.),cultivatedrice(O. sativa L.)andaweedyform(O. sativafspon-tanea).AllthreecomponentswerestudiedinThailandtounderstandevolutionaryprocessesthataffectthericegenepool.Ourresultsindicatethatwildriceretainshighlevelsofgeneticvariationbothwithinandamongpopu-lationsandthatvariationisstructuredpredominantlybylife-historytraitse.g.,perennialandannualtypes.Inaddition,highlevelsofvariationisdetectedamongcul-tivatedvarietieswithsignificantdifferentiationbetweencultivars,indicatingthatThaicultivatedricehasabroadgeneticbasewithonly20%reductionofgeneticdiver-sityfromitswildancestor.Theweedyricepopulationsrevealvaryinglevelsofgeneticvariationwithinpopula-tions,fromnearlyashighaswildricetonearzero,toequivalent ofmodern varieties of cultivated rice.Theweedyricepopulationsarestructuredbytheirgeneticsimilarity and differentiation into 2 groups based ontheir associated cultivated rice varieties, whether thevarieties are amodern, high yield or traditional.Thespreadof invasiveweedyriceinThailandistheresultofhybridizationandgeneflowbetweennativewildriceand localcultivatedrice in theareasofco-occurrencein the rice landscape.The predominance of traits as-sociatedwithoutcrossingintheweedyrice,especiallyanextrudedstigma,enablesbackcrossingtocroprice.Thisbackcrossingincombinationwithselectionpres-sureduetoricefieldmanagementhasmadeweedyricegeneticallysimilartocultivatedrice,bythewellknown

9

processofcropmimicry.Thediversityanalysisof thericegenepoolinThailandhasestablishedthatthisisadynamicgeneticsystem.Geneflowisongoingamongits three main components, first between cultivatedandwildricewhichresultsinweedyrice,whichinturncrosseswithbothcultivatedandwildrice.1WashingtonUniversity,DepartmentOfBiology,CAMPUSBOX1137,1BrookingsDrive,St.Louis,MO,63130-4899,USA2ChiangMai University, Plant Science and Natural Resources, 239 HuayKaewRd,ChangPuek,Muang,ChiangMai,50200,Thailand

18 MILLER, ALLISON*1, ROMERO HERNANDEZ, CAROLINA2 and HUNT, KEN3

Relating genetic and phenological variation in pecans (Carya illinoinensis) growing in a common garden

Crop genetic resources are critical for sustainableagricultureandfoodsecurity.Pecan(Carya illinoi-

nensis),anativeNorthAmericanspecies,isprizedforitsoil-rich,nutritiousnuts.Breedingcollectionshous-ingpecancultivarsandnativeaccessionsinacommongardenpresent a valuableopportunity to characterizegeneticvariationinthespecies,andtoexaminegeneticandenvironmentalinfluencesonphenologicaltraits.Inthisstudy,weuseneutralmoleculargeneticdatato:1)characterizegeneticvariationinalivingcollectionofpe-cantreesderivedfromgeographicallydistinctareas;and2)testthehypothesisthatgeneticdistanceiscorrelatedwithphenologicaldifferenceamongtrees inthecom-mongarden.ThisworkwasbasedontreeshousedattheUniversity ofMissouriHorticulture andAgroforestryResearchCenter,whichmaintainsalivingcollectionof160pecans(twocloneseachof80namedaccessions).Theaccessions include25cultivars thatresulted fromhumanselection(13resultingfromcontrolledcrosses,12representingimprovedseedlings),and55accessionsderivedfromnativetrees.EightmicrosatellitelociwereusedtoestimategeneticvariationintheHARCpecancollection.Asecond,independentdatasetwasproducedusingamplified fragment lengthpolymorphism(aflp)data generated with five selective primer pairs. Phe-nologicaldata including the timingofbudbreak, leafflush,andnutmaturitywerecollectedoversevenyears.Manteltestswereusedtoexaminecorrelationsbetweengenetic distance and phenological difference in thecommongarden.Moleculargeneticdatademonstratecomparable levels of genetic variation in artificiallyselectedtreesandnativetrees,andareconsistentwithpredictionsofmultiplegeographicoriginsofartificiallyselectedpecantrees.Preliminaryanalysesindicatethatassociationsbetweengeneticdistanceandphenologicaldifference are trait-specific.These data are consistentwithpreviousworkconductedinpecan,whichfoundthatsomephenological traitsare influencedprimarily

bylocalenvironmentalconditions,whileothersappeartobeundergeneticcontrol.1Saint Louis University, Department Of Biology, 3507 LacledeAvenue, St. Louis, MO, 63103, USA2PhD Student-Saint LouisUniversity,Biology,2118AClevelandPl.,SaintLouis,MO,63110,USA3UniversityofMissouri,CenterforAgroforestry,Horticultureand Agroforestry Research Center, 203 Anheuser-BuschNaturalResourcesBuilding,Columbia,MO,65211,USA

19 EMSHWILLER, EVE*1, EPPERSON, BRYAN2, THEIM, TERRA3, TAY, DAVID4 and MEDINA, TULIO5

Geographic Distribution of Genetic Diversity of Clonally Propagated Crops: Oxalis tuberosa as an example

Inbothex-situandin-situconservationframeworks,vegetatively-propagated (clonal) crops differ from

seed-propagated crops in their conservation needs.Understanding of how crop diversity is distributedgeographicallyiscriticalforconservationofthatdiver-sity,anditcanbeimprovedbyincorporatingGIStech-niques,spatialstatisticsandnewmethodsdevelopedinlandscapegenetics.WestudiedtheAndeantubercrop"oca,"Oxalis tuberosa,asamodelfortheevolutionofclonally-propagatedcropsunderhumaninfluence,spe-cificallyhowtheexchangeofplantingmaterialamongfarmersdeterminesthedistributionofclonalgenotypesintraditionalAndeanagriculture.Weconductedspatialstatisticalanalysesofocatostudyhowhuman-mediateddispersalaffectsthegeneticstructureofclonalcroppop-ulations,andwhatfactorsinfluencetheamountofex-changeamongareas.Cultivatedocawassampledfromcarefully-distributedlocalitiesthroughoutthePeruvianAndes,andsamplesweresubsequentlycultivatedinahighland experiment station of INIA (Instituto Na-cionalde InnovaciónAgraria) formorphological andmolecularanalyses.SpatialstatisticalanalysesofAFLPdataof954ocaindividualsfrom38localitiesweredoneforbothindividualAFLPallelesandclonalgenotypes,thelatterdeterminedbybothAFLPandmorphologi-caldata.Importantly,ourresultsfoundthatmanyocaclonalgenotypeshaveveryrestrictedgeographicdistri-butions;mostwerefoundinonlyfourorfewercommu-nities.Onlyafewclonalgenotypeswerefoundinwidelyscattered,discontinuousareas,whereasmostwerere-strictedtoaparticularareainPeru.Ourinitialspatialautocorrelation analyses (Moran’s I and join-count)yieldedmanyverystrongbutunusualpatternsacrossbothspatialscalesandgenotypes.WomblinganalysesofclonesandofAFLPallelesalsoshowstrongpatternsassociatedwithmajortopographicbarriersandlinguis-ticboundaries.Thesefindingshaveimportantconser-vationimplications,notonlybecausetheclonesaresonarrowlydistributed,butalsobecausetheyindicatethat

Charles Heiser Special Contributed Paper Session

10

other factorsbesidesgeographicdistancehaveshapedthedistributionofgenotypes.1UniversityOfWisconsin-Madison,BotanyDept,321BirgeHall,430LincolnDrive,Madison,WI,53706-1313,USA2MichiganStateUniversity,126NATURALRESOURCEBUILDING,EastLansing,MI,48824-1222,USA3UniversityofWisconsin-Madison,BotanyDepartment, 430LIncolnDr,Madison,WI, 53706,USA4CentroInternacionaldeLaPapa,Av.LaMolina1895,LaMolina,,Apartado1558,Lima12,,Lima,Peru5InstitutoNacionaldeInnovaciónAgrar-ia,RecursosGeneticos,Av.LaMolina#1981,LaMolina,,ApartadoPostal2791,,Lima,Peru

20 SPOONER, DAVID*1, GHISLAIN, MARC2, DEL ROSARIO HERRERA, MARIA2, MONTENEGRO, JUAN DANIEL2, CLAUSEN, ANDREA3 and JANSKY, SHELLEY1

A reassessment of Solanum maglia in the origin of Chilean landraces of cultivated potato (Solanum tuberosum Chilotanum Group)

Landrace potato cultivars of Solanum tuberosumoccur in twobroad geographic regions; the high

AndesfromwesternVenezuelasouthtonorthernAr-gentina(S. tuberosumAndigenumGroup),andlowlandsouthcentralChile(S. tuberosumChilotanumGroup).Chilotanumisadaptedtolongdays,hasa241bpplas-tidDNAdeletion(sharedwithsomeaccessionsofthewildpotatospeciesS. berthaultii,butlackinginthewildpotatospeciesS. maglia)anddiffersmorphologicallybyminor characters that are not always Group-specific.Themodern"Irish"potatoclearlyoriginatedfromChi-lotanumgermplasm.Ourresearchinvestigatestheori-ginofChilotanum,withonehypothesisproposinganorigin from Andigenum, perhaps after hybridizationwith S. berthaultii; and a competing hypothesis sug-gestinganoriginfromthewildpotatospeciesS. maglia,distributedinsouthernChileandadjacentwesternAr-gentina.MoleculardatasupportboththeAndeanandChileanpotatoesasmembersofthesameclade,distinctfromS. berthaultii.TheS. magliahypothesiswasbasedonmorphologicalanalysesofstarchgrainsofextantandextinct(13,000yearsbeforepresent)S. maglia,andonextantdistributionaldataofS. magliaandChilotanum.OurnewstarchgrainanalysesofextinctandextantS. magliausingamuchwidercollectionofaccessionsofboth cultivar groups of S. tuberosum show extensiveoverlap.Inaddition,wecouldfindnoevidenceofsym-patricdistributionsofextantS. magliaandChilotanum.Therefore,starchgrainsanddistributionaldatadonotsupport this hypothesis. However, microsatellite datagroupallaccessionsofS. maglia(ArgentineanandChil-ean)exclusivelywithChilotanum.Theseresultscouldbeinterpretedinvariousways,butallexplanationshaveproblems.OneexplanationisthatS. magliaiseitheraprogenitor orproduct ofChilotanum,but theplastid

deletionofChilotanumcannotbeeasilyexplained.An-other explanation is that Chilotanumwas formed byhybridizationbetweenS. berthaultiiandS. magliabutthisconflictswithpriorcladisticanalyses.1USDAAgriculturalResearchService,Horticulture,Univ.Wiscon-sin,1575LindenDrive,Madison,WI,53706,USA2InternationalPo-tatoCenter(CIP),P.O.Box1558,Lima12,Peru3InstitutoNacionaldeTecnologíaAgropecuaria(INTA)

21 KIETLINSKI, KIEL* and PRATT, DONALD

Relationships between the weedy Amaranthus hybridus and the grain amaranths

SNP and microsatellite markers were utilized toinvestigate the relationship between the grain

amaranths andputativeweedyprogenitor species (A. hybridusandA. quitensis).Atotalof56amaranthpopu-lationsfromfivespecieswereselectedfromtheUSDAsGRIN database based upon geographic distributions,acrossNorthandSouthAmerica,andcompletepass-portdata.The258testedindividualsyieldedfivecom-pletemicrosatelliteloci(49alleles)and73completeSNPloci(146alleles).Dataanalysisindicatesthatthepopula-tionssegregateintothreedistinctgroupings,basedongeography (U.S.,Mexico/CentralAmerica, andSouthAmerica)ratherthantraditionaltaxonomicspecies(A. caudatus, A. cruentus, A. hypochondriacus, A. hybridusandA. quitensis).Wedetectedmultiplepossible longdistancedispersalevents.

StephenF.AustinStateUniversity,Box13003SFAStation,Nacogdo-ches,TX,75962,USA

22 CLARKE, ANDREW C.*1, HOLLAND, BARBARA R.2, MCLENACHAN, PATRICIA A.3, NAKATANI, MAKOTO4, MATTHEWS, PETER J.5, GREEN, ROGER C.6 and PENNY, DAVID3

Evidence for prehistoric human contact between Polynesia and South America: DNA analysis of the sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas)

Theoriginsof thesweetpotato(Ipomoea batatas),a crop species fundamental tomany agricultural

systems inpre-EuropeanPolynesia,hasbeenof long-standingscientificinterest.Thesweetpotato,probablyalongwiththebottlegourd,isthoughttohavearrivedin the Pacific from South America. Various lines ofbotanical, archaeological, linguistic and genetic evi-denceareconsistentwiththistransferbeingeffectedbyPolynesian voyagers who collected the sweet potatofromSouthAmericabetweenAD1000and1200.Thestrongest evidence for contact is thePolynesianword

11

kumara,whichappearstobederivedfromtheEcuador-iancumar.Despitegrowingacceptanceofthishuman-mediatedtransfer,thereremainanumberofunresolvedquestionsaboutthesweetpotatoinOceania,including:1)thepointontheSouthAmericancoastwherePoly-nesiansmadelandfall,2)thenumberofPolynesianlin-eagesintroducedintothePacific,3)thedispersalroutesofsweetpotatowithinPolynesia,and4)theinfluenceofSpanish(camote)andPortuguese(batata)introduc-tionsofsweetpotatointhewesternPacific.Toaddressthese questionswe have used the amplified fragmentlengthpolymorphism(AFLP)fingerprintingtechniquetogenotype270uniqueaccessionsofsweetpotatofromAsia, Island Melanesia, Polynesia and the Americas.AFLP data have been used to construct phylogenetictrees,andtoimprovephylogeneticresolutionwehavedeveloped a new method to optimise AFLP scoringparameters. A putative kumara lineage, representinga prehistoric, Polynesian-mediated introduction fromSouthAmerica, has been identified. Sweet potato ac-cessions fromAsia toWestern Polynesiawere foundtobegeneticallydiverse,andtherelationshipsbetweenthem are complex.The phylogenetic positions of theNew Zealand Maori varieties raises questions abouttheirpresumedcloserelationshipswithother lineagesinEasternPolynesia.Together,thesefindingssuggestamuchmorecomplexpictureofsweetpotatodispersalinOceaniathaniscurrentlyrecognised.1UniversityofOtago,DepartmentofAnatomyandStructuralBi-ology, PO Box 913, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand2University ofTasmania,SchoolofMathematicsandPhysics,PrivateBag37,Ho-bart,TAS,7001,Australia3MasseyUniversity,InstituteofMolecularBioSciences,PrivateBag11222,PalmerstonNorth,4442,NewZea-land4NationalInstituteofCropScience,DepartmentofFieldCropScience, 2-1-18 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8518, Japan-5NationalMuseumofEthnology,DepartmentofSocialResearch,SenriExpoPark,SuitaCity,Osaka,565-8511,Japan6UniversityofAuckland,DepartmentofAnthropology,PrivateBag92019,VictoriaStreetWest,Auckland,1142,NewZealand

23 BLACKMAN, BENJAMIN*1, KANE, NOLAN2, LUTON, HAROLD3, RASMUSSEN, DAVID1, BYE, ROBERT4, LENTZ, DAVID5 and RIESEBERG, LOREN6

Sunflower domestication alleles support single domestication center in eastern North America

Phylogenetic analyses of geneswith demonstratedinvolvementinevolutionarytransitionscanbean

important means of resolving conflicting hypothesesaboutevolutionaryhistoryorprocess.Insunflower,twogeneshavepreviouslybeen shown tobeunder selec-tionduringitsearlydomestication.Wehaveidentifieda third candidate early domestication gene and con-ductedhaplotypeanalysesofallthreegenestoaddress

a recent, controversial hypothesis about the origin ofcultivated sunflower. While the scientific consensushadlongbeenthatsunflowerwasdomesticatedonceineasternNorthAmerica,thediscoveryofpre-Columbi-ansunflowerremainsatarchaeologicalsitesinMexicoledtotheproposalofaseconddomesticationcenterinsouthernMexico. Notably, the identification of theseremainsassunflowerwas initiallysupportedbut latercontestedbyDr.CharlesHeiser,andhefrequentlychal-lengedthisandotherevidencecitedassupportforthemultipledomesticationcenterhypothesisinhispubli-cationsoverthe lastdecade.Previousmolecularstud-ieswithneutralmarkerswereconsistentwithHeiser’sfavored single origin view.However, only twoMexi-can indigenous cultivarswere included in these stud-ies,andtheirprovenanceandgeneticpurityhasbeenquestioned. Therefore, we sequenced regions of thethreecandidatedomesticationgenescontainingSNPsdiagnosticfordomesticationfromlarge,newlycollectedsamplesofMexicansunflowerlandracesandMexicanwildpopulationsfromabroadgeographicrange.Ourevidencefrommultiplelocisupportsasingledomesti-cationeventforextantcultivatedsunflowerineasternNorthAmerica.1DukeUniversity,Biology,Durham,NC,27708,USA2UniversityofBritishColumbia,Botany,Vancouver,BC,V6R2A5,Canada3Indi-anaUniversity,Biology,Bloomington,IN,47405,USA4UniversidadNacionalAutónomadeMéxico,JardínBotánicoExterior,InstitutodeBiología,DF04510,Mexico5UniversityOfCincinnati,BiologicalSciences,POBox210006,Cincinnati,OH,45221,USA6UniversityOfBritishColumbia,DepartmentOfBotany,6270UniversityBlvd,Vancouver,BC,V6T1Z4,Canada

24 EUBANKS, MARY

New Light on the Origin of Maize

Howtheearofmaizewithhundredsofnakedker-nelsborneinpairsonasolidrachiscoveredby

husksderivedfromtheshatteringteosintespikeof7-9grainsencasedinhardseedcoatshasperplexedbotanistsformanyyears.Therearecurrentlytwoprominenthy-pothesestoexplaintheoriginofmaize.Oneclaimsthatteosinte(Zea maysspp.parviglumis)fromtheRioBalsasregionofGuerrero,Mexicoistheprogenitorofmaize.Theotheroneclaimsthatmaizederivedfromhumanselection and cultivation of natural recombinants be-tween diploid perennial teosinte (Zea diploperennis)andTripsacum.Thispaperwillreviewthetwohypoth-esesinlightofnewevidencefromthesequencingofthemaizegenomeandfromrecentarchaeologicalinvesti-gationsintheRioBalsas.

UniversityofTexasBrackenridgeFieldLaboratory,2709LakeAustinBlvd.,Austin,Texas,78703,USA

Charles Heiser Special Contributed Paper Session

12

25 WAGNER, GAIL E.

Sumpweed (Asteraceae, Iva annua) through Space and Time

Recoveryofcharredanddesiccatedsumpweedker-nels and cypselae from over 350 archaeological

sitesallowmetore-examinetheuseanddomesticationofthisNorthAmericanplant.Sumpweed(Iva annua)was associated with humans for over 7,000 years ineasternNorthAmerica.Itwasgrownasadomesticatedcrop,Iva annuavar.macrocarpa,foratleast4,500years,aperiodoftimeperhapslongerthanforanyotherna-tive domesticated plant other than sunflower. Its usebyMiddleArchaic times (cal. 5970-4945B.C.) led toan increase in cypsela size and possibly LateArchaicdomesticationbycal.3640-2880B.C..BytheterminalLate Archaic or approximately 1000 B.C. its use waswidespread from western North Dakota and centralOklahomatoeasternKentuckyandsouth-centralNewYork, and from northern Louisiana to southeasternIowa. Sumpweed reached its peak dietary popularityduringtheLateWoodland(A.D.300-1200)andearly-middle Mississippian/Middle Ceramic periods (A.D.700-1400). At times its use extended well beyond itspresentrangeofdistribution,westwardandnorthwardintothePlains,andnortheastwardintoMichiganandsouthernOntario.Domesticatedsumpweedlingeredinseveralareas--thePlains,north-centralNorthCarolina,Alabama, and Louisiana -- up into protohistoric andContacttimes,butinmostareascroppingofsumpweedwasdiscontinuedbyA.D.1400.

UniversityofSouthCarolina,Anthropology,1512PendeltonSt.,Co-lumbia,SC,29208,USA

26 DUONG, VI and TAYLOR, DAVID*

Our Daily Soup: Variability in Vietnamese Plant Utilization in Canh

A fundamentalmeasureofwhatdomesticated/cul-tivated plants are important to a people comes

viaanalysisoftheelementalfoodsinthedailydiet.Thestandarddailysoup"canh"fromVietnamissuchafood,employingmany plants. Canh is virtually universallyeaten,andvariesbyregion.Wehaveselectedcanhinordertomakecomparisonsamongtheplantproductsused"natively"inVietnamversusthosebyexpatriatesintheUS.ThisfirststepinthestudyprovidesabaselineviastudyofplantsincanhfromthecityofTrucVunh.Althoughintervieweesallliveandworkinthesamecityandhavesimilareducationalbackgroundsandemploy-ment,generationaldifferencesandregionoffamilyori-ginappeartoberesponsibleforvariationintheplantsemployedincanh.Understandingthedegreeofingre-dientvariabilityandthefactorsaffectingthisvariationin southernVietnam is importantwhen determininghowfoodplantutilizationhasbeenmaintained(ornot)withinthesubstantialSouthVietnamesecommunityin

Portland,Oregon.Theresultsofthisstudywillbecom-paredwithothersevaluatingthecommitmenttofunda-mental foodsamongdifferent immigrantpopulations(e.g.,PuertoRicanfoodsinPuertoRicoversusthoseinmarketsinHartford,CT).

UniversityofPortland,DepartmentofBiology,SwindellsHall108,MSC163,5000N.WillametteBlvd.,Portland,OR,97203,USA

27 RAGONE, DIANE*1, JONES, ANDREW MAXWELL2 and MURCH, SUSAN3

Nutritional Diversity in Traditional Cultivars of Breadfruit (Artocarpus, Moraceae)

Breadfruit (Artocarpus,Moraceae), a high-yieldingtropicalstaplefoodcrop,hasbeenidentifiedunder

the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resourcesfor Food and Agriculture for its potential to impactfoodsecurity.TheBreadfruit Instituteat theNationalTropical Botanical Garden houses the largest bread-fruit collection in theworld including 300 accessionsof breadfruit originating from 34 Pacific islands, theSeychelles, thePhilippines and Indonesia.The collec-tionincludesArtocarpusaltilis,hybridsofA. altilis×A. mariannensis TrÃcul, breadfruit’sputativeancestralspeciesbreadnut(Artocarpus camansiBlanco),anddug-dug(Artocarpus mariannensisTrÃcul).Cultivarsweredeveloped through millennia of traditional breedingfordiverse agricultural andnutritional characteristics.Theobjectiveof thecurrent researchwas tocomparethenutritionaldiversityof94accessionsofbreadfruitalongwithtworelatedspecies,Artocarpus camansiandArtocarpus mariannensis, in freshfruitandflourwiththeoverallgoalofselectinghighlynutritiouscultivarssuitableforinternationaldistributionforfoodsecurity.Overall, thesedatahave identified individualcultivarsthatwouldprovide20%-25%oftherecommendeddai-lyadultrequirementforprotein,approximately23.5%calcium,97.4%copper, 19.2% iron, 48.1%potassium,115.8%magnesium, 33.6%manganese, 0.6% sodium,53.5%phosphorous,and21.0%zincoftherecommend-eddailyintakeofafemalebetween19-30yearsold,andenoughpro-vitaminAcarotenoidstofulfillover60%oftheminimumdailyvitaminArequirementofadultsifeatenastheprimarystaplefood.Thesedata,alongwithagriculturalfielddata,providethefoundationforintro-ductionofbreadfruitasahighlysustainableandnutri-tiouscropforfoodsecuritythroughoutthewettropics.1NationalTropicalBotanicalGarden,3530PapalinaRoad,Kalaheo,HI,96741,USA2UniversityofBritishColumbia,Biology,3333Uni-versityWay,Kelowna,BC,V1V1V7,Canada3UniversityofBritishColumbia, Chemistry, 3333 UniversityWay, Kelowna, BC, V1V1V7,Canada

13

Onagraceae as a model experimental system

Sponsored by Systematics Section / ASPT and American Society of Plant Taxonomists.

28 WAGNER, WARREN*1 and HOCH, PETER2

A new classification in Onagraceae

The plant family Onagraceae has emerged as anoutstandingmodel system for evolutionary stud-

ies,dueinlargeparttotheeffortsofPeterRavenandassociates.This symposiumwill celebrate that legacy,summarizeatleastsomeofwhatwehavelearned,anddemonstrate promising new evolutionary approachesfor the future.Thefamilyhashadespecially intensiveanalysesofevolutionofbreedingandpollinationsys-tems, and permanent translocation heterozygosity,whichhaveoccupiednumerousworkersforoveracen-turyofgeneticandcytogeneticanalyses.RecentbroadmolecularphylogeneticanalysesofOnagraceaesupportthe need for changes in the family classification.Weproposearevisedclassificationof22genera,subdividedintotwosubfamilies,subfam.Ludwigioideae(onlyLud-wigia)andsubfam.Onagroideae(theothergenera),andthelatterintosixtribes,twowithonlyonegenuseach,threewithtwogeneraeach,andone(tribeOnagreae)with 13 genera. The most dramatic changes mainlyinvolvethetribeOnagreae,fromwhichwehavesegre-gatedGongylocarpusasitsowntribe,sistertothetribesEpilobieaeandOnagreae,andwithinwhichweproposechanges in thedelimitationofCamissonia andOeno-thera. Camissoniaascurrentlydefinedisbroadlypara-phyletic;ournewclassificationrecognizesninegenericlineages(Camissonia, Camissoniopsis, Chylismia, Chyl-ismiella, Eremothera, Eulobus,Neoholmgrenia,Taraxia, and Tetrapteron)thatinpartformagradeatthebaseofOenothera.Eachoftheselineagesiswell-supportedbymorphologicalandmoleculardata.Incontrast,bothmolecularandmorphologicaldatasuggesttheneedtobroadenthedelimitationofOenothera to includeCa-lylophus, Gaura,andStenosiphon.ThisredefinedOeno-thera,stronglysupportedbymoleculardata,ismarkedby at least twomorphological synapomorphies: pres-enceofanindusiumonthestyle,andalobedorpeltatestigma.AlthoughthefamilyhasitscenterofdiversityintheNewWorld,especiallywesternNorthAmerica,fourofthegenera(Chamerion, Circaea, Epilobium, andLud-wigia)havecolonizedanddiversifiedintheOldWorld,especiallyinEurope,Asia,Africa,andAustralasia.1Smithsonian Institution, Botany, MRC-166 National MuseumOfNaturalHistory,POBox37012,WASHINGTON,DC,20013-7012,USA2MissouriBotanicalGarden,P.O.Box299,St.Louis,MO,63166-0299,USA

29 SYTSMA, KENNETH*1, HAHN, WILLIAM2, WILLIAMS, CODY3 and KAROL, KENNETH4

Clarkia: a Californian chronicle of clades, clocks, chromosomes, and characters

ThelargelyCaliforniangenusClarkia(Onagraceae),althoughnot the focus ofPeterRaven’s first sci-

entificpaperasateenager,playedapivotalroleinhisearlyimportantscientificdiscoveriesofplantspeciationandchromosomalevolution.Clarkiahassincebecomeamodel genus for studying evolutionary phenomenaincludingdeterminantsofspecies’rangesizes,traitplas-ticity,fitnessandadaptation,pollinationbiology,breed-ing systems, floral development, population genetics,aneuploidyandpolyploidy,rapidspeciation,andgeneduplicationandgenesilencing.Despiteitsscientificim-portance,amolecularphylogeneticframeworkfortheentiregenusislackingandthustheabilitytofullyappre-ciatetheseimportantevolutionaryeventshasbeenhin-dered.WepresenthereanuclearandcpDNAbasedsetofrelationshipsfor39ofthe42speciesof Clarkiarep-resentingallrecognizedsectionsandsubsectionsinthegenus.Asmallcladeofthreespecies(sects.EucharidiumandClarkia)representsthesistertoallothermembersofClarkia.AlthoughthesetreesarelargelysimilartothelatestphylogenetictreeofClarkiabasedonduplicatedgenesofnuclearpgi (butwithmorelimitedtaxonsam-pling),thereexistssomestrongdiscordanceofspeciesrelationshipsbetweentheseresultscomparedtothoseofpgi.UnderBayesianframeworks,geographicaldiver-sificationinspaceandtime,chromosomenumberandgenomesizeevolution,andfloralcharacterstatetransi-tionswereanalyzed.BEASTanalysisofamoreinclu-sivecladeofOnagraceae,permittinguseoffossilcali-brations,placesthecrownradiationofClarkiaaround10mya in the late Miocene. Rates of diversificationwithin the genus are considerably greater within thelast2-3my.Diploidn=8,9sectionsandtheirpolyploidderivatives formamonophyleticgroupwhile then=7sectionsandtheirderivativesformaparaphyleticgrade.Thebestsupportedhypothesisofgenomeevolutionisonewithtwoindependentincreases insizerelativetotheplesiomorphiccondition.1UniversityofWisconsin-Madison,DepartmentofBotany,430Lin-colnDr.,Madison,WI,53706,USA2GeorgeWashingtonUniversity,37TH&O STREETS,WASHINGTON,DC, 20057,USA34TheNew York Botanical Garden, 200 Street & Southern Boulevard,Bronx,NY,10458,USA

Onagraceae as a model experimental system

14

30 RAGUSO, ROBERT A.

Evening perfumes: insights from scents and non-scents in the Onagraceae

The scientific andcommonnamesof theEveningPrimroses (Oenothera) call attention to the fra-

grant,nightbloominghabitoftheseremarkableplants.EarlystudiesbyGregoryandStockhousedocumentedtheeffectivenessof largehawkmothsaspollinatorsoftheoutcrossingspeciesofOenothera,andcircumstan-tialevidencesuggestedthatodorsplayimportantrolesinguidingsuchmoths toflowers. In this talk, I sum-marizeadecadeofcollaborative studiesaimedatun-derstanding(1)howfloralscentguideshawkmothstoOenotheraandsimilarnight-bloomingflowers,(2)howscentvaries amongrelated taxa thatdiffer inbreedingsystemorpollinator spectrum, and (3)howphyloge-netichistoryshapesthechemicalcompositionofsuchfloral scents,withinandamong lineagesofOenotheraand other Onagraceae. Scent elicits flower-searchingbehaviorbyhawkmothsfromadistanceand,togetherwithvisualcues,guidesfloralapproachandproboscisextension. Most outcrossing Oenothera species emitblendsofnitrogenousvolatilecompounds (aldoximesthatareprecursorstomustardoils)withasharp,rub-bery scent, aswell as sweet terpenoid alcohols (gera-niol, linalool) and aromatic esters (methyl benzoate)common to hawkmoth-pollinatedflowersworldwide,whereas autogamous or day-blooming species in thesamelineages(e.g.sect.Calylophus)tendtolacktheseodors.Finally,somescentcompoundswerefoundtoberestrictedtospecificclades(e.g.methylnicotinateinsect.Lavauxia,1,8-cineole in sects.Anogra+Kleinia) irre-spectiveofflowersize,pollinatorspectrumorbreedingsystem. Similar findings in comparable plant lineages(e.g.Mirabilis,Nicotiana)suggestthatsuchcompoundsmayservedifferentrolesinfloraldefenseormaysimplyindicateselectivelyneutralsynapomorphies.

CornellUniversity,NeurobiologyandBehavior,W355MuddHall,215TowerRoad,Ithaca,NY,14853,USA

31 KRAKOS, KYRA

The role of specialization in the reproductive traits of Oenothera

Reproductivetraitssuchaspollinationandbreedingsystemhavebeenimportantinangiospermdiver-

sification.Pollinationandbreedingsystemsareevolu-tionarilylabile;theyeasilyshiftbetweendifferentstates.Itisuncleariftheseshiftsarecorrelatedwithperiodsoflineageaccumulation.Todetermineiftheseshiftsresultinincreasedlineageaccumulationratesinangiospermsweasked:Doshiftsinplantreproductivetraitstowardsspecialization drive species diversification in Oeno-thera?Potentially,ashiftinareproductivetraittowardsspecializationisafirststepinreproductiveisolationand

subsequentspeciationofaplantspecies;howeverpre-viousstudies,whichlookedonlyatshiftsinpollinationsystem,haveconflictingresults.Thesedifferentrepro-ductivetraitsmayshiftinaconcertedfashion,thereforeamorethoroughapproachthatwouldsimultaneouslyaddress shifts in pollination and breeding system isneeded.Inaddition,previousphylogeneticstudieshavenot incorporated rigorous ecological data that accu-rately quantifiespollination system.Therefore, in thisstudy, using 54 species of Oenothera, we: 1. Definedpollination systems and floral reward traits to reflectreproductivespecializationinOenothera,2.Developedaphylogeneticcontexttoidentifytheplacementanddi-rectionalityoftheshiftsinbreedingsystem,pollinationsystem,andfloralrewardtraitsand3.WedeterminedifOenotheracladeswithmorereproductivetraitshiftshavehigherratesof lineageaccumulation thancladeswithfewerreproductivetraitshifts.Ourresultsresolvephylogenetic placement of several Oenothera species,reveal thepatternsof specialization in thepollinationsystems,andclarifytheroleofreproductivetraitshiftsinthediversificationofthisimportantgenus.

WashingtonUniversity,Biology,OneBrookingsDrBox1137, StLouis,MO,63130,USA

32 GREINER, STEPHAN*1, RAUWOLF, UWE2, GOLCZYK, HIERONIM3, MEURER, JOERG4 and HERRMANN, REINHOLD G.2

Oenothera - Genomics tools in a model for plant evolution

ThegenusOenotherahasanoutstandingscientifichistory.More than hundred years of genetic re-

searchhavemadeOenotherathepresumablybeststud-iedplantgenusofitssize.Agooddealofinformationabout taxonomy,morphology, cytogenetics, and clas-sicalgenetics,aswellasarichsourceofexperimentalstrainsisavailable.Oenotherageneticsdisplaysauniquecombination of non-Mendelian genetic features, likepermanenttranslocationheterozygosityandbiparentaltransmissionofplastids.Itallowstheexchangeofplas-tidsbetweenspecies,whichoftenresults inplastome-genomeincompatibility(PGI)-ahybridizationbarrieraccording to theDobzhansky-Mullermodel. In turn,PGIprovidesmolecularaccesstospeciationforcesact-ingonphotosynthesis.Furthermore,particularaspectsofepigenetics,genomeevolution,andpopulationbiol-ogycanbeaddressedusingOenotheraasmodelsystem.So far studies inOenotherahavebeenmainly limitedtoclassicalgeneticsandcytology,whilemolecularap-proacheshavebeenlargelymissing.Toovercomethislimitation,wehaveestablishedabroadspectrumofbio-chemical,molecular genetic and cytogeneticmethodsaswellastissuecultureandtransformationapproachesforthegenus.WeconstructedanESTlibrary,initiatedacomparablesequencingofthemitochondriagenome,sequenced the five basic plastome types, and providefirst candidate loci causing PGI. Moreover, the first

15

geneticmapofbivalentformingOenotheraspecieshasbeen generated assigningmore than 1,700 dominantandco-dominantmolecularmarkerstosevencouplinggroups. Remarkably, homologous recombinationwasalmostcompletelysuppressedinF2segregantsand,ifitoccurredatall,wasrestrictedtothetelomericregionsofthechromosomes.Unusualmeioticbehaviourofchro-mosomesmayberesponsibleforthemassiverepressionofhomologousrecombination.Ourdataquestionthelong-standing assumption that HR is primarily re-pressedduetoreciprocaltranslocationofchromosomearms in ring-forming Oenothera species. Our resultsshowthatOenotheraprovidesanidealmodelforexam-ininghypothesesregardingtheevolutionaryadvantagesofsex,aswellasofspeciation.1MaxPlanckInstituteofMolecularPlantPhysiology,Department3,AmMühlenberg1,Potsdam-Golm,14476,Germany2BotanischesInstitut der LMUMuenchen,DepartmentBiologie I,MenzingerStrasse67,Munich,80638,Germany3JohnPaulIICatholicUniversi-tyofLublin-InstituteofBiotechnolog,DepartmentofMolecularBi-ology,Al.Krasnicka102,Lublin,20-718,Poland4LMUMuenchen,Department I,Chair of Botany,Grosshaderner Str. 2-4,Munich,82152,Germany

33 JOHNSON, MARC

From micro- to macroevolution: the contribution of Onagraceae to a modern synthesis of evolutionary ecology

SpeciesinthegenusOenothera (Ongaraceae),oreve-ningprimroses,wereamongtheearliestmodelsfor

thestudyofgenetics,evolutionbiologyandsystematics.HereIdescribehowtheresourcesprovidedbyacenturyofresearchonthissystemhaveallowedustoaddressmodernquestionsinevolutionaryecology.Atthemi-croevolutionaryscale,weareexaminingwhetherthereisadynamicfeedbackbetweentheecologyandevolutionofplant-herbivore interactions.Ourfieldexperimentsshowthatthenativeplant,commoneveningprimrose(Oenothera biennis), contains heritable genetic varia-tionformosttraits,andthatherbivoresimposenaturalselectiononmanyofthesetraits.Usingtheoryandanexperimental evolutionapproach in thefield,wefindthatnaturalselectiononlife-historytraitscausesrapidgeneticandphenotypicevolutionwithinplantpopula-tionsoverjustthreegenerations.Inturn,thisevolutionfeedsbacktoinfluencetheabundanceanddiversityofherbivorepopulationsthatspecializeonO.biennis.Wehavealso scaledup to themacroevolutionary scale tounderstandhowrepeatedlossesofmeioticrecombina-tion and segregation (i.e.functional asexuality) acrosstheOnagreaecladehaveinfluencedtheevolutionandecology of evening primroses and their interactionswithmutualists(pollinators) and parasites (herbivoresandpathogens).Wefindthattherehavebeennumer-oustransitionsbetweensexualandfunctionallyasexualreproduction,and the repeated loss of recombinationandsegregationisassociatedwithincreasedspeciation

rates,andsurprisingly,recombinationandsegregationcan be regained once lost. Transitions to functionalasexuality are also associatedwithnumerous ecologi-calandevolutionaryconsequences,comparedtosexuallineages.Forexample,functionallyasexuallineagesoc-curathigherlatitudes,investlessresourcesinflowerstoattractpollinators,exhibitdecreasedresistancetogen-eralistherbivores and exhibit slower ratesof adaptivemolecularevolutioningenescriticalindefensesagainstpathogens.Theseresults illustratehowOenothera canserveasamodeltoansweringbiologicalproblemsatthenexusofecologyandevolution.

UniversityofToronto,Mississauga,Biology,MississaugaON,ON,L5L1C6,CANADA

34 RAVEN, PETER

My Life with the Evening Primroses

MystudiesofOnagraceaebeganin1956undertheinfluenceofHarlanLewis,andtheyeventually

ledmeallover theworldand throughall thesubdis-ciplines of botany, joyous excursions that have intro-duced me to many wonderful colleagues and taughtmemuchaboutplantevolution.Thefamily,aspartoftheorderMyrtales,probablyoriginatedinWestGond-wanaland,orinthepartofthatcontinentalmassthatbecameSouthAmerica,andithasspreadovernearlyallhabitats suitable forplantssubsequently.Outburstsofspeciationoccurred inAndeanSouthAmerica(Fuch-sia), New Zealand (Epilobium), and especially in thewesternUnitedStates(tribeOnagreae).Anatomy,em-bryology,vegetativeandfloralmorphology,palynology,cytology,allozymes,nucleicacids,reproductivebiology,andmanyotherlinesofevidencehavehelpedusclarifyrelationshipswithinthe familyover thepast55years.Ihavehadaremarkableandfulfillingjourneythathasfilledmylifewithjoy,interest,andfriendsthroughouttheworld.

MissouriBotanicalGarden,2345TOWERGROVE,St.Louis,MO,63110,USA

Onagraceae as a model experimental system

16

History of Botany: The Missouri Connection

Sponsored by Historical Section.

35 GRANT, MARISSA*1 and KASS, LEE B2

History of Botany: The Missouri Connection

TheHistorical Section of the Botanical Society ofAmerica wishes to continue its sponsorship of

Symposiaand/orSpecialLecturestohighlighttheim-portanceofBotanyintheAmericas.In2007,theBSAHistoricalSectionsponsoredaSymposiumon"AHis-torical Perspective on Chicago Area Botany" and in2010 theHistorical Section alongwith the EconomicBotany and Developmental Sections sponsored "His-tory of Botany in the Rhode IslandArea."This year,along with the Developmental and Structural, Eco-nomic, Paleobotanical, Southeastern and SystematicsSections,oursymposiumwillhighlightbotanistswhoinsomewayhaveaMissouriconnectionandrevealhoweachhascontributedtothedevelopmentofthefieldofbotany.ThissymposiumwillbeinconjunctionwiththeannualmeetingofBotany2011,inSt.Louis,MO.OurhalfdayTuesdaymorningsymposiumwillfeaturere-searchers,historiansandstudentsofBotanicalScience:NualaCaomhanach,MichaelLong,DeborahQ.Lewis,LynnG.Clark,KimKleinman,DennisandJanSteven-son,EdwardCoeandLeeB.Kass.Speakerswilllookatthegrowingappreciationofpast generationsofbota-nists including Thomas Nuttall, George Engelmann,AlbertHitchcock,EdgarAnderson,WilliamJ.Robbins,LewisJ.StadlerandBarbaraMcClintock.Weanticipateand encourage discussion and socializing during thebreak and the question/answer period following thepresentations.Following the symposiumtherewillbean afternoon field trip toMissouri Botanical Gardenwhereabehindthescenestourwillbegivenofbookandherbariumcollections.ParticipantsalsowillviewbooksandspecimensbelongingtoMissouribotanistsfeaturedinthemorningsymposium.Spaceislimited;interestedparticipantsareencouragedtopreregister.1LakeLandCollege,Mattoon,IL,61938,USA2CornellUniversity,PlantBiology,412MannLibrary,Ithaca,NY,14853,USA

36 CAOMHANACH, NUALA

Thomas Nuttall and 19th Century Botany: The St. Louis Connection

ThomasNuttall’sbrillianceasanaturalistandasoneof the most adventurous explorer’s of the nine-

teenthcenturyearnedhimthetitleofFatherofWesternBotany. His passion for the natural world serendipi-touslyledthisnativeEnglishmantomastertheknownAmericanfloraunderthetutelageofBenjaminBartoninPhiladelphia.In1809BartonsentNuttallwestward

to collectbotanical specimens,makingNuttall oneofthefirstprofessionallytrainednaturaliststoexplorethewesternfrontieroftheUnitedStates.UponarrivalinSt.Louis,Nuttallwould spend sixmonths exploring theenvironsofthecitydiscoveringmanyspeciesofplantsnewtoscienceandrousinghiseageranticipation ofthecomingexpeditionwiththeAstorians.TheresultofthisexpeditionontheMissouriRiverresultedinThe Genera of North American Plants, and a Catalogue of the Spe-cies, to the year 1817 (1818),aremarkabletwo-volumework,writteninEnglish,suchashadneverbeforebeenproduced in America in the botanical field. Nuttall’sreputation as afieldnaturalist led to an appointmentas Curator of the Botanical Garden and Lecturer atHarvardUniversityin1822.ThomasNuttallformsanintegralconnectiontoSt.Louisasaprecursorinthees-tablishmentofSt.Louisasabotanicalcentreduringthenineteenthcentury.

37 LONG, MICHAEL

George Engelmann's Fortunate Connections

The19th-centuryphysicianandbotanistGeorgeEn-glemannforgedmanyimportantbondswithplant

collectors,businessmen,andfellowscientiststhrough-outEuropeandAmerica.Oneearlyconnectionatuni-versitywithLouisAgassizcontributedtoEngelmann’sdecision to emigrate fromGermany to theAmericanwestern frontier,wherehehoped tobecome, ingoodHumboldtianfashion,atravelingnaturalist.Thedeci-sionenhanced thequalityof science in theAmericanWest.WhenEngelmannfinallysettledinSt.Louis,hequicklybecametheleaderofitsnascentscientificcom-munity.HisconnectionwithAsaGraybegananotherlifelong friendship; together theydevelopedawesternplantcollectingbusinesswhichhelpedthemgatheranddescribe many new species. Further friendships withprominentSt.LouisbusinessmenCharlesP.ChouteauandHenry Shaw led to the formationof two impor-tant scientific institutions--theAcademyofScienceofSt.LouisandtheMissouriBotanicalGarden--bothofwhichEngelmannhelpedtofoundandguide.

Inlaterlife,asyoungerscientistsinSt.Louisrosetoprominence,Engelmannplayedonemoreimportant

scientificrole.Duringthe1870sheworkedwith localgrape growers and entomologists, as well as Frenchresearchers, to counter the invasionof thephylloxeraplantlousethencripplingEuropeanvineyards.Hisex-pert knowledge of native species ofAmerican grape-vineshelped save theFrenchwine industry. It is onefinalexampleofhowEngelmann’sconnections,formedoveralifetimedevotedtoscience,provedfortunatefortheworld.

WebsterUniversity,SchoolofCommunications,470E.LockwoodAve.,St.Louis,MO,63119,USA

17

38 LEWIS, DEBORAH Q.*1 and CLARK, LYNN2

Albert Hitchcock Presents - Adventures in Field Work, Types, and Grasses

AlbertSpearHitchcock(1865-1935) lefthismarkonseveralinstitutionsaswellasontheinterna-

tionalbotanicalcommunity.HishighereducationandcareertookhimtowhatarenowIowaStateUniversity,UniversityofIowa,theMissouriBotanicalGardenandWashingtonUniversity,KansasStateUniversity,theUSDepartmentofAgriculture,andtheSmithsonianInsti-tution.AstudentofCharlesBesseyatIowaState,Hitch-cockreceivedhisbachelor’sdegreein1884.In1889-91,during his tenure at the Missouri Botanical Garden,he studiedunderWilliamTrelease,was an instructorinbotanyatWashingtonUniversity,andwascuratorof theherbarium.Hisfirstopportunity forfieldworkabroad,athree-monthstudyoftheplantsoftheWestIndies,camein1890.Hitchcockinventednovelwaystoaccomplishfieldworkinroadlessareasandruggedter-rain,includingamodifiedwheelbarrowtoholdhiscol-lectingandcampinggear.Hepushedthiscontraptionmorethan240milesin24daysofcollectinginFlorida.Duringhiscareerhecollectedmorethan25,000num-bers,mostlygrasses,withduplicatesdistributedwidely.AsthedebateragedbetweenEuropeanbotanistswhofavoredtheViennaCodeofNomenclatureandNorthAmericans who supported the American Code, heservedaschairmanof theBotanicalSocietyofAmer-ica’s Committee on Botanical Nomenclature. In thisrole,hewastheleadauthorofandvigorouslypromotedthe"Type-basisCode,"whichreflectedhisviewsontheimportanceofestablishingnamesinreferencetotypespecimens. Although this proposed Code went con-siderablybeyondasimplecompromiseposition,itwaslargelyadoptedinwhateventuallybecametheInterna-tionalCode.Hitchcock’s body ofwork, includinghislongcollaborationwithAgnesChaseafter1907,standsasthemonumentalachievementinagrostologyofthe20thcentury.Hemadecollectingexpeditionstomanycountriesaroundtheworld,visitedthemajorherbariatostudytypesandotherspecimens,andpublishedmorethan200revisionaryandfloristicstudiesofgrasses.1IowaStateUniversity,DepartmentofEcology,EvolutionandOr-ganismal Biology, 340 Bessey,Ames, IA, 50011-1020,USA2IowaStateUniversity,DepartmentofEcology,EvolutionandOrganismalBiology,253Bessey,Ames,IA,50011-1020,USA

39 KLEINMAN, KIM

Edgar Anderson, The Missouri Botanical Garden and the Rise of Biosystematics

Edgar Anderson--along with W.H. Camp of theNew York Botanical Garden and the Bay Area

groupwhichincludedE.B.Babcock,LincolnConstance,andG.LedyardStebbins--helped forgebiosystematicsinthe1930sand1940s.Applyinggeneticstoecological,evolutionary,andtaxonomicproblems,thisgenerationofworkersdeepenedtheirpracticalandtheoreticalun-derstandingofplants.AndersoncametotheMissouriBotanicalGardenfromHarvard’sBusseyInstitutionin1922as"GeneticisttotheGarden."Withakeeninterestinnaturalhistory,hegladlyacceptedthesuggestionofhisMBGcolleaguesandstudentstotakeaseriousinter-estintaxonomy,workingonIris andTradescantiaandexploringtheOzarksaswelltheintersectionofgeneticsandsystematics.Anderson’scontributiontotheriseofbiosystematicsis rooted inhisprofessionalconnectiontotheMissouriBotanicalGardenandhisfieldworkinMissouri.

WebsterUniversity,AcademicAdvisingCenter,470EastLockwoodAve.,St.Louis,MO,63119,USA

40 STEVENSON, DENNIS* and STEVENSON, JAN

William J. Robbins: The Missouri Years

William Jacob Robbins (1890-1978) was a dis-tinguished botanist researcher and leader in

American science aswell as developing awide rangeofcollaborativeandinstitutionaltieswithinternationalscientificcommunities.HereceivedhisA.B.(1910)atLehighUniversityandPh.D.(1915)inplantphysiologyat Cornell University. After serving briefly inWorldWar I as amedical bacteriologist at Yale University,heservedasProfessorofBotanyandChairmanoftheDepartment of Botany of the University ofMissouri(1919-1937).During his eighteen years there, he alsoservedasDeanoftheGraduateSchool(1930-1937)andasActingPresident (1933-1934).Although trained asaplantphysiologist,Robbinswaseclectic inhis inter-ests.DuringtheMissouriyearshewrotetwotextbooks,Botany;aTextbookforCollegeandUniversityStudents(withH.W.Rickett)andPrinciplesofPlantGrowth;anElementaryBotany.He,also,encouragedthestudyofgeneticsinpartthroughhissupportoftheappointmentofBarbaraMcClintock,thus,settingthestageforexcel-lenceinthisareathatstillexiststodayattheUniversityofMissouri.HisadministrativeexperienceandsuccessinthatendeavorattheUniversityofMissouripavedthewayforhiscontinuingleadershipinscienceatlargeandhisresearchabilitiesledtohismembershipintheNa-tionalAcademyofSciences.

TheNYBotanicalGarden,2900SouthernBlvd,Bronx,NY,10458-5126,USA

History of Botany: The Missouri Connection

18

41 COE JR, EDWARD

Lewis J. Stadler: The Nature of the Gene, and a Clue to DNA

LewisJohnStadlerwasbornandraisedinSt.Louis,Missouri.Agiantoftheoreticalgenetics,hewasa

brilliantexperimenterintothenatureofgenes.Hisre-markableprescienceabout thechemicalnatureof thegeneticmaterialwasfulfilledashiscareerclosed,whenWatsonandCrickaccuratelydescribedDNA.Surpris-ingly,no special futurewas evident early:byhisownreporthewas57thinhishighschoolclassof69.EveningraduateschooldayshefailedtoimpressfacultyduringabriefstayatCornellin1919.HecompletedthePhDattheUniversityofMissouriin1922andspenthiscareerontheUniversityfaculty,appointedjointlyfrom1930onwithUSDA,until1954.Hisearlyresearchwasonhybridizationandselectionofpurelinesincrops,andon natural variability and diversity. By 1924 he wasstudying(1)variabilityofcrossing-overand(2)sponta-neousandinducedmutation,whichpresagedhiscareercontributions. Soon he demonstrated x-ray inducedmutation(1928),coincidentwithstudiesbyMulleronDrosophila. A classic 1929 study showed that muta-tionratedecreaseswith increasedploidy.McClintockusedmaterials and advice received from him duringherpostdoctoralvisit(1931).Hisintellectualleadershipby 1936 drew together vigorous, interacting, creativescientists who treasured lunchtime exchanges. Withtypicalelegantdesignheapplied differentultra-violetwave-lengthsasapossiblecluetothechemicalnatureof the substancewhichabsorbs the radiationproduc-inggeneticeffects”(1939)andcorrectlypredictedthatDNAwas the geneticmaterial. Intensive research onspontaneouschangesinoneselectedlocusfurtherdrewuponhisanalyticalskills,superblydisplayedinhisvale-dictory paper, The Gene” (1955). He was elected totheNationalAcademyofSciencesandheldnumerousotherhonorsandresponsibilities.Hiscorrespondenceshowssignificanthumanitarianactions.RhoadesnotesinaMemoirforNASthat Stadlerhadarich,warmper-sonality,fullofunderstandingandsympathyforpointsofviewdifferentfromhisown."

UNIVOFMISSOURI,202CURTISHALL,Columbia,MO,65211-7020,USA

42 KASS, LEE B

Barbara McClintock at the University of Missouri (1936-1942): The Road to Transposition

BarbaraMcClintockwas appointedAssistantPro-fessorofBotanyat theUniversityofMissouri in

1936.Ayearearlier,LewisJ.StadlerhadidentifiedMc-Clintockasthebestcytologistintheworldfortheap-pointment in his genetics research institute. Stadler’sRockefeller Foundation grant initially paid Mc-

Clintock’ssalary,buttherenewalwascontingentupontheuniversityassumingfinancialresponsibilityforherappointment,whichtheydid.McClintocktaughtmanycoursesatMissouri;developingtheirfirstcourseinCy-togenetics.Shewasmajoradvisorordirectedresearchfor seven graduate students and offered guidance tomany visiting researchers. She presented seminars atneighboringuniversitiesandregularlyattendedannualmeetingsoftheGeneticsSocietyofAmerica.Therein1936and1937,shereportedonringchromosomes,astudyshehadinitiatedasaNationalResearchCouncilFellow (1931-1933) with Stadler. She soon publishedacompleteaccountofthatworkandtheresearchthatgrew from the initial study.Continuing these investi-gationsduringthenextthreeyearsatMissouri(1939-1941), shewrote three papers elucidating themecha-nisms for the breakage-fusion-bridge cycles inmaize,which led to her Nobel-award-winning discovery oftransposableelements.UponlearningthatStadler’sge-neticsresearchgroupmightbeterminatedifStadlerlefttheUniversityandthattheremightbeanopeningforherattheDepartmentofGenetics,CarnegieInstitutionofWashington,ColdSpringHarbor(CSH),NewYork,McClintockrequestedaleaveofabsenceandspentthesummerof1941atCSH.Thereshewasofferedavis-itinginvestigatorappointmentforthedurationofherleave.WhenMissourilearnedthatshewassubsequentlyofferedapermanentstaffpositionatCSH,theyimme-diatelycounterofferedwithalargeraisetosupplementherpreviously recommendedpromotionwith tenure.CSHofferedafull-timeresearchinvestigatorappoint-ment,with no interference and complete freedom topursueresearchwithoutteachingresponsibilities,com-mitteework,graduatestudentadvisingorpublicationdeadlines.McClintockresignedfromMissouri inAu-gust1942.

CornellUniversity, Plant Biology, 412Mann Library, Ithaca,NY,14853,USA

19

Incorporating microbes into plant community ecology

Sponsored by Mycological Section.

43 BEVER , JAMES DAVID

Conceptual frameworks for understanding soil microbial impacts on plant communities

Resourcepartitioninghasplayedaprominentroleinthethinkingaboutplantcommunitystructure.

Yetthisandothercommonlyheldframeworksinplantecology have an aboveground bias that neglects soilorganisms.However, recent work has illustrated thatthe presence and compositionof soilmicrobial com-munitiescanhave large impactsonplantcommunitydiversity and composition.Therefore, a completeun-derstandingofplantcommunitystructureanddynam-icsrequiresintegrationofamicrobialperspectivewithframeworksforplant-plantinteractions.Ioutlinethreewaysinwhichmicrobescanimpactplantcommunitydynamics and coexistence.Thefirst twomechanismsact throughmicrobialmodification of plant resourcecompetition, either through microbial mediation ofplantresourcepartitioning(expansionorcontraction),orthroughresourcesharingviacommonmycorrhizalnetworks. The third mechanism, plant-soil commu-nityfeedbacks,doesnotdependuponcompetitionforresourcesforplantspeciescoexistence.Rather,thedy-namicsofsoilmicrobes(changesindensityandcom-position)canreinforceorworkagainstthefitnessofthemost abundantplant species. I describe and illustratethese mechanisms of microbial mediation of plant-plantinteractions,anddiscusstheirimplicationsforthedynamicsandmanagementofplantcommunities.

IndianaUniversity,DepartmentofBiology,Bloomington,Indiana,47401,USA

44 STEIDINGER, BRIAN*1, DALLING, JIM2 and TURNER, BEN1

Resource partitioning of soil organic phosphorus: Investigations from a tropical montane forest

The partitioning of soil nutrients into chemicallyuniqueresourceshasbeendemonstratedwithni-

trogen,butnotphosphorus(P).SoilPexistsinseveraldifferentorganicforms,includingmonoesters(glucose-phosphate),inositols(phyticacid),anddiesters(DNA,RNA).As soils age, theproportionof the total soilPpool in inorganic/organicmonoester formsdecreases,whiletheproportionininositol/diesterformsincreases.Concomitantly, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) plantsareassociatedwithyoungsoils,whileectomycorrhizal(EM)andnonmycorrhizal(NM)plantsareassociated

with older soils.Therefore, I hypothesized AM, EM,andNMtreesexploitdifferentformsofsoilPandthatplantspeciesturnoveracrosssoilagegradientsismedi-atedbypreferenceforthesedifferentforms.IcollectedseedlingsofAM(Mollinedia darensis, Podocarpus olieo-folius),EM(Oreomunnia mexicana),andNM(Roupala montana) fromP-limiting soils at theFortunaForestReserve,inWesternPanama.Seedlingsweregrownina hydroponic growthmedium containing exclusivelyinorganic,monoester,diester,orinositol-P.Theplantswereharvestedat4monthsandusedtocalculaterelativegrowthrate(RGR)andfoliarandwhole-plantPcon-tent.TreatmentdifferencesinmeanRGRwithinspecieswereanalyzedusingANOVAandleastsignificantdif-ference(p<0.05) inSAS. Inter-speciescomparisonsofgrowthbetweentheorganicPgroupstotheinorganicgroupswereconductedtoevaluate thesignificanceofthe species*treatment interaction.Growth in themy-corrhizalspecieswashigh in inorganic-Pandorganicmonoester-Pandlowinorganicinositolanddiester-Ptreatments.TheNMspecies(Proteaceae)exhibitsignifi-cantlygreatergrowthoninositolphosphate(p=0.0004)andnearly-significantlygreatergrowthondiesterphos-phate(p=0.058)thanthemycorrhizalspecies.IfoundnosignificantdifferencesbetweenAMandEMspecies’growthresponseondifferenttreatments.ThisindicatesthatpartitioningofsoilPmayoccurbetweenmycorrhi-zalandNMplants,butnotbetweenAMandEMplants.Measurementsofthefoliarandwhole-plantP-contentarecurrentlyinprogress.1SmithsonianTropicalResearchInstitute,Mrc0580-12,Unit9100Box 0948/Dpo Aa 34002-9998, Panama City, Panama, Pana-ma2University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Plant Biology, 265MorrillHall,505SouthGoodwinAvenue,Urbana,IL,61801,USA

45 HORTON, TOM

Structure and function of mycorrhizal networks: A complex foundation for plant communities

In1988Newmanoutlinedtheecologicalsignificanceofmycorrhizal linkages inplant communities.Our

understandingofthestructureandfunctionofmycor-rhizalnetworkshasdeveloped furtherwith theappli-cationof isotopic tracersandmethods for identifyingindividuals and speciesof fungi. Fungal communitiesare species rich, andwearebeginning to learnaboutthefunctionalrolesofthosespecies.Idefineacommonmycorrhizalnetworkasacontinuousthallus(myceliumofanindividual)linkingtwoormoreplantindividualsof the sameordifferent species.The sumofmultiplecommonmycorrhizalnetworkscanbethoughtofasacomplexmycorrhizalnetwork,andwiththiscomplex-ity comes all the variations in structure and functionthateachspeciesoffungusbrings.Thesizeofafungalindividualvariesby species,but typically ranges frommeterstotensofmeters.Largergeneticindividualsarelikelymadeupofmultipleramets,butevenifanindi-

Incorporating microbes into plant community ecology

20

vidual is continuous, the scale of directin fluence onplantsinacommonnetworkislikelycentimeterstoafewmeters.Non-selffusionsbetweenthalliarerejectedin Basidiomycota and Ascomycota (variously form-ing ecto-, ericoid, arbutoid,monotropoid and orchidmycorrhizae) through the vegetative incompatibilitysystem.SpeciesinGlomeromycota(formingarbuscularmycorrhizae)developgeneticallymixedthalli.Thefungiinacomplexmycorrhizalnetworkareaguildoforgan-ismscompetingforresources.Thefungihaveenzymaticcapacitiesforaccessingformsofnutrientsunavailabletoplantssuchasorganicnitrogenandrecalcitrantformsofphosphorus.Competitionforsoilnutrientsislikelyafunctionofroot-to-rootcompetitionforplantavailableforms andmycelial competition for plant unavailableforms.WehavegoodevidencethatC,N,andPmovethroughnetworks,butweareinneedofstudieseluci-datingwhichspeciesaremovingtheminthesecomplexsystems,howtheyinteractwithhostspecies,andwhatmoleculesaretransferredtothehosts.

SUNY-EnvironmentalScienceandForestry,EnvironmentalBiology,241IllickHall,Syracuse,NY,13210,USA

46 MANGAN, SCOTT A.* and SCHNITZER, STEFAN A.

Plant-soil feedbacks and relative tree species abundance in a tropical forest in Panama

Negativeinteractionsbetweenplantsandtheirsoilbiotahavebeenhypothesizedtobeimportantin

maintainingplantdiversityanddeterminingplantrela-tiveabundanceinbothgrasslandandforestecosystems.Negativeplant-soilfeedbacks(NPSF)occurwhenspe-cies-specificsoilenemiesaccumulateunderestablishedplants,andinturn,reducetherecruitmentofconspecif-icoffspringrelativetoheterospecificoffspring,therebypreventinganyonespeciesfromdominatingtheplantcommunity.Inapreviousstudy,weshowedthatvaria-tioninstrengthsofnegativefeedbackcausedbysomeaspect of the soil biota is important in determiningrelative abundanceof tropical trees inPanama.Here,we present results from a fully reciprocal biocide ex-perimentdesignedtotestwhetheranimportantgroupof soil-borne enemies (oomycetes) are the primarysoil-borneenemiesdrivingNPSFattheseedlingstage.Wehypothesizedthatifoomycetesaresufficientlyspe-cies-specificwiththeirhostsanddriveNPSF,thenthestrengthofNPSFshouldlessenwiththeapplicationofanoomycete-specificbiocide.Contrarytoourhypoth-esis,theadditionofthebiocidesignificantlyincreasedthestrengthofcommunity-wideNPSFrelativetoun-manipulatedsoilcommunities(P=0.010).Specifically,the strength ofNPSFper species increased in all fivespeciesexamined,andsignificantlysointhreeofthosespecies.TheunequaleffectofbiocideonNPSFsamongspeciesledtothebreakdownintherelationshipbetweenthestrengthoffeedbackandrelativeabundance.Inun-

manipulatedsoils,treespeciesexhibitingstrongernega-tivefeedbackswerelesscommonasadultsthanthosespeciesexhibitingweakernegativefeedbacksorpositivefeedbacks(R2=0.82,P=0.034).However,norelation-shipbetweenthestrengthoffeedbackandabundancewas detected in biocide-treated soils (R2= 0.19, P =0.458).Ourmultipleplant-speciesapproachcontradictssingle-speciesstudiesandsuggests thatoomycetesarenotdirectdriversofNPSFs.Instead,oomycetesappeartobegeneralistsandmaycompetewithotherspecies-specificorganismsimportanttothisprocess.

UniversityofWisconsin-Milwaukee,DepartmentofBiologicalSci-ences,P.O.Box413,Milwaukee,WI,53201,USA

47 WALKER, JOHN F*1 and JUMPPONEN, ARI2

Seasonal Dynamics of Mycorrhizal Fungus Communities

Communities of rhizosphere-associated fungi arediverse and variable temporally and spatially.

Fungithatformectomycorrhizalsymbiosesareparticu-larlydiverseacrosssmallspatialscales,withcommuni-tiestypicallycomprisedoffewabundantcoretaxaandnumerousrarespecies.Elucidatingthedegreetowhichintra-annual temporalvariation in thesecommunitiesaffectsdiversityandfunctionalitywouldallowimpor-tantinferencesaboutpartitioningoffungalsymbiontsacrosstheseason,transitionsbetweenfunctionalguildsof fungi,andhostplantplasticityat thesoil interface.Wepresent results fromthreerecent studies focusingon temporal dynamics of root-associated fungi.First,acomparisonamongectomycorrhizalassociatesofredoak seedlings in a temperate eastern forest retrievedfrommid-summerandearlyfallsuggestedthatrichnessofcertainectomycorrhizalfungusgroupschangesovertheseason.Second,aninvestigationoffungaldiversityonrootsofQuercusspp.innon-forestedruralandur-bansitesintheFlintHillsregion(KS,USA)indicateda transition fromputative root-associated antagonistsand saprobes that were abundant early in the grow-ing season to common ectomycorrhizal fungi later.Changesintherichnessofectomycorrhizalgroupswereagainobserved, although the specificpatternwasnotconsistentwiththepreviousstudy.Third,aninvestiga-tionofchangesinfungalcommunitiesassociatedwitha dominant C4 prairie grass (Andropogon gerardii)forming arbuscular mycorrhizal symbioses indicatedasimilartransitionfrompathogenic/saprobicfungiinthespringtodominancebymycorrhizalassociateslaterinthegrowingseason.Driversfortheseshiftsinfungalcommunitiesandtheirfunctionalconsequencesremainunclear.However,rootturnoverinthespringmaybeaprimaryfactorcombinedsecondarilywithdifferencesin environmental tolerances andniche preferences ofthefungi.Determiningwhethertheobservedseasonalshifts in broad functional groups are universal andwhetherpatternsofseasonalpartitioninginmycorrhi-

21

zalgroupsarebiome-orecosystem-specificarevaluablefutureresearchdirections.1AppalachianStateUniversity,Biology,572RiversSt,Boone,NC,28608,USA2KansasStateUniversity,DivisionofBiology,116AckertHall,Manhattan,KS,66506,USA

48 MCCORMICK, MELISSA*1, SZLAVECZ, KATALIN2 and WHIGHAM, DENNIS1

Alteration of microbial communities by non-native earthworms

Non-nativespeciescandramaticallyaltertheavail-abilityofnutrientsandthemicrobialcommunity,

including alteration ofmycorrhizal networks that areessentialforefficientresourceacquisitionbymostplantspecies.Weusedfieldmanipulationstodeterminetheeffectsofnon-nativeearthwormsonmycorrhizalfungiandtreeseedlinggrowth.Wemanipulatedearthwormdensityand leaf litter inplots intowhich seedlingsoftwoarbuscular (AM;Liriodendron tulipiferaandAcer rubrum) and two ectomycorrhizal (ECM; Quercus rubra and Fagus grandifolia) trees were planted.Wemeasured enzyme activity, microbial abundance andcompositionintheplotsaswellasseedlinggrowthandmycorrhizal colonization. In a second experimentweseparately manipulated hyphal disruption, soil mix-ing,andsoilfertility,inadditiontoaddingnon-nativeearthworms,todeterminehowdifferentearthwormac-tivitiesaffectedmycorrhizalfungi.Inbothexperimentsweusedtaxon-specificquantitativePCRtomeasuretheabundanceofbacteria,fungi,AMandECMinthesoil.Wecombinedtheseanalyseswithassessmentofenzymeactivity to separatedirect and indirect effects ofnon-native earthworms on seedling growth and survival.ECMandAMfungiwere lessabundant inplotswithmoreearthwormsandresultsofthesecondexperimentsuggested that earthworms primarily affectedmycor-rhizae through soilmixing. Bothmycorrhizal groupswerealsomoreabundantinmaturecomparedtosuc-cessional forests.ECMseedlingswere smaller inhighdensityearthwormplots,whilethereversewastrueforAMseedlingsbuteffectsdependedonforest land-usehistory.Earthwormbiomasswasconsistentlyhigherinplotswithtulippoplarlitterthanthosewithbeechlitter,suggestingearthworminvasionmayhavechangedfeed-backsbetweentheplantandmicrobialcommunities.Intheseexperimentswefoundthatearthworm-drivenal-terationsinthemicrobialcommunity,especiallyeffectson the mycorrhizal community, directly affected theplantcommunity,whileplanteffectsonthemicrobialcommunitywerealsomediatedbyearthworms.1Smithsonian Institution, Smithsonian Environmental ResearchCenter,647ConteesWharfRd.,Edgewater,MD,21037,USA2TheJohnsHopkinsUniversity,Dept.ofEarthandPlanetarySciences,3400N.CharlesSt.,Baltimore,MD,21216,USA

49 WILSON, GAIL W. T.*, HICKMAN, KAREN R. and WILLIAMSON, MELINDA M,

Invasive species alter arbuscular mycorrhizal densities: implications for restoration

Soil organisms play important roles in regulatingecosystem-level processes and the association of

arbuscularmycorrhizal (AM) fungiwith a plant spe-ciescanbeacentralforceshapingplantspecies’ecol-ogy.Theseplant-fungalassociationshavebeenreportedtobothconstrainandfacilitatetheabilityofaninvasivespeciestosuccessfullyexpanditsrange.Understandinghowmycorrhizalassociationsareaffectedbyplantinva-sionsmaybeacriticalaspectof theconservationandrestorationofnativeecosystems.WeassessedAMin-tra-andextra-radicalhyphaldensitiesoftwoexpandingplantspeciesoftheCentralGreatPlains,Bothriochloa spp. (OldWorldBluestems) and Juniperus virginiana(Eastern redcedar). Restoration following eradicationof these specieswas also examined.OldWorldBlue-stemsareagroupofwarm-seasonperennialgrassesofEurasianoriginthatareagreatthreattonativeprairiesofthesouthernandcentralGreatPlains.Thesespeciesarefunctionallysimilartonativewarm-seasongrassesof thesegrasslands, andbothBothriochloa andnativewarm-seasongrassesareobligatemycotrophs.Easternredcedararenativetothetallgrassprairie,butarerap-idlyencroachingintonativegrasslands inresponsetoglobal landusechange.Examinationofsoilmicrobialcommunities beneath bothOldWorld Bluestem andEasternredcedarindicatedAMinter-andintra-radicalcolonizationincreasedsubstantially,comparedtoadja-centnativeprairie.Weexaminedplant-soilfeedbacksofOldWorldBluestembyassessingbiomassproductionand AM colonization of native warm-season grassesplantedintosoilcollectedbeneathOldWorldBluestem.OurresultsindicatedthemajordriverinplantgrowthsuppressionfollowinginvasionbyOldWorldBluestemwasthealterationinsoilmicrobialcommunities.PlantgrowthwastightlycorrelatedwithAMrootcoloniza-tiondemonstratingmycorrhizaeplayanimportantroleintheinvasionofthesesystemsbyOldWorldBluestemandindicatingthenativeAMfungalcommunitymaybeafundamentalconsiderationforthesuccessfulres-torationofnativeplantcommunitiesintoinvadedsites.

OklahomaStateUniversity,NaturalResourceEcology&Mngt,Still-water,Ok,74078,USA

Incorporating microbes into plant community ecology

22

Healing the planet: Conservation of the world`s tropical forests

Sponsored by William L. Brown Center.

50 ASNER, GREG P.

Monitoring Tropical Forests for Conservation: Science to Policy Breakthrough

Fordecades,monitoringoftropicalforestsbysatel-liteshasrevealedthegrimpictureofdeforestation

thatthreatensthemostbiodiverseregionsofourplanet.Inrecentyears,remotesensingscienceandtechnologyhaveevolvedbeyonddeforestationmonitoring,provid-ing new opportunities to further understand humanimpacts in tropical regions, and to remotely exploresomeofthemostuniqueremainingforestsinthetrop-ics.Atthesametime,newsocialandeconomicoppor-tunitieshaveemergedtohelpslowtherateoftropicalforest losses.Towork, thesenewprograms rely on avastly improvedmonitoring capability.We have justentered a new era in tropical forestmonitoring, cre-atedbyremotesensingscientiststomeetthedemandforexpandingscientificknowledgeandforimprovingforestconservationandmanagement.Thetechnologymustbemadeavailabletonon-expertsiftransparencyandtrustare tobecreatedamongstakeholders.Withemerging partnerships between science institutions,internationalorganizationsandnationalgovernments,thehopeofcurbingforestlossesandprotectingremain-ingbiodiversityhasneverbeenstronger.

GregAsner,DepartmentofGlobalEcology,CarnegieInstitutionforScience,260PanamaSt.,Stanford,CA,94305,USA

51 HUBBELL, STEPHEN P.

Understanding tree species' rarity in tropical forests and its implications for conservation

Tropical lowland wet forests contain an extraor-dinarydiversityof treespecies,butmostof these

speciesareraretoexceedinglyrare,occurringatadultdensitiesofonlyafewadulttreespersquarekilometer.Theglobalnetworkoflarge,permanenttropicalforestplotscontainsover4.5million treesofapproximately8,500treespecies,representingabout10%oftheknowntreespecies in thetropics.However,halfof these treespeciescollectivelymakeuplessthan1%oftheindivid-uals.Whatispoorlyknownistheextenttowhichlocallyrarespeciesarealsogloballyrare.Thispaperconsiderstheimplicationsofrarityfortheconservationoftropicalforesttreediversity.

University of California, Los Angeles, Ecology and EvolutionaryBiology,621CharlesE.YoungDr.,South,LosAngeles,CA,90095-1606,USA

52 PIMM, STUART L.

Conserving Tropical Forest: Where Things Stand

Conventional wisdom holds that tropical forestsholdthegreatmajorityofplantspecies,thathu-

man activities are shrinking these forests rapidly,andthatdeforestation is the singlemost importantdriverof terrestrial extinctions. These three assertions re-quire careful documentation. I will provide statisticalestimates of thenumbers of floweringplantsmissingfromthetaxonomicrecord.Overall,about15%morespecies remain to be discovered.They will be foundin biodiversity hotspots — areas where exception-allyhighlevelsofhabitatdestructioncollidewithhighlevels of endemism. These facts predict that about30% of all plant species are in danger of extinction.To be effective, conservation efforts must greatly re-ducethepresentrateofdeforestationanddosoinkeyareas.SomerecenteffortsthroughREDDhavestartedtoreducedeforestation.However,giventhealreadyex-tensivelossesofforests inkeyareas,conservationwillneedtorestorepresentlydegradedareas.Iwillprovideexamplesofhowthismaybedoneeffectively.

DukeUniversity,NicholasSchooloftheEnvironment,Box90328,DukeUniversity,Durham,NC,27708,USA

53 LAURANCE, WILLIAM

Paradise in Peril: Emerging Threats to Tropical Forests

I willhighlightnewandemerging threats to tropicalforests,theworld’smostbiologicallydiverseecosys-

tems.Thedriversoftropicalforestdestructionandkeyperils to biodiversity have changed over the past twodecades. Industrialdriversof forest conversion—suchaslogging,large-scalesoyandcattlefarming,oil-palmplantations,andoilandgasdevelopment—haveesca-latedinimportanceinrecentdecades,buoyedbyrapidglobalization,economicgrowth,andrisingstandardsoflivingindevelopingnations.Biofuelsarelikelytogrowrapidlyasadriveroffutureforestdestruction.Climatechange is increasingly emerging as a potentially seri-ous driver of change in the tropics, and some fauna,suchasamphibians,arebeingdecimatedbyemergingpathogens.Ingeneral,old-growthforestsarevanishingrapidlyandbeingreplacedby fragmented, secondary,andloggedforests.Thesevariousenvironmentalinsultsoftenoperateinconcert,magnifyingtheirimpactsandposinganevengreaterthreattotropicalforestsandtheirbiodiversity.

JamesCookUniversity,SchoolofMarineandTropicalBiology,POBox6811,Cairns,Queensland,4870,Australia

23

54 LOVEJOY, THOMAS E.

A Wild Solution to Climate Change

Halfof theexcessCO2 in theatmospherecomesfromdestructionanddegradationofecosystems

overthepastthreecenturies.Animportantamountcanbe removed by ecosystem restoration providing ben-efitsforecosystemsaswellasreducingtheconcomitantamountofclimatechange.Theidealwouldbetomaxi-mizetheamountofbiodiversityconservationbenefit--e.g.,restorationinbiodiversityhotspotsliketheAtlanticforestregionofBrazil.

TheHeinzCenter,90017thStreet,NW,Suite700,Washington,DC,20006,USA

55 BAWA, KAMAL

Saving Tropical Forests: Usable Knowledge , Institutions and Participatory Governance

Despitetremendousadvancesinsustainabilitysci-ence,andimprovedpoliciesandconcertedcon-

servationactiontosavebiodiversity,ratesofdeforesta-tion in the tropicsremainhigh.Curtailing therateofbiodiversity losswouldrequireprogressonmanydif-ferentfronts.I focusontheroleofusableknowledge,means to generate such knowledge, and the ways towidenparticipationofcivilsocietyinusingthisknowl-edge to reduce environmental degradation. I cite ex-amplesfromSouthAsiatoelaboratemyarguments.NootherregionoftheworldisperhapsmorechallengingthanSouthAsia inourefforts tosimultaneouslycon-servebiodiversityandimprovehumancondition.Thuslessonsdrawnfromtheregionhavewideapplicabilitytootherpartsofthetropics.

UniversityofMassachusetts,Boston,Biology,100MorrisseyBlvd.,Boston,MA,02125,USA

The fruitful outcome of graduate student-designed curricula: research modules, publishing opportunities, and outreach inspired by the NSF’s Graduate STEM Fellows in K-12 Education (GK-12) Program

Sponsored by Teaching Section and BSA Educa-tion Committee.

56 MEYER, RACHEL*1 and LOIZIDES, LAUREN2

One hundred researchable questions sprouting in NYC parks

Manygraduatestudentsinthebiologicalscienceswillhaveseveralteachingopportunitiesoverthe

courseof theirprograms.Involvinggraduatestudentsin designing teaching modules is beneficial (thoughsometimes unrealized) to their research, publications,and professional experiences. The City University ofNewYorkNSFGK-12Program isdesigned tomaxi-mizebenefitstograduatestudentsaswellaspartneringinstitutions.Through the program, graduate studentswork under the guidance of teachers to develop andteachelementaryandsecondary-levelcurriculainspiredby one’s own scientific research experiences. Work-ing collaboratively, the graduate student and teachershare their expertise and apply novel approaches toscience education. This is a unique opportunity forgraduatestudentstohoneskillsinteachingandcom-munication,andtodeveloppublications,uniquelocaleducational programs, and future research projects.Here, we present a curriculum that was developedandpilot tested inhigh school science classes aspartof the GK-12 program.The curriculum theme is ongeneratingresearchablequestions,collectingdata,andcommunicatingresultsbymeansofnaturejournalingand documentary-making. Originally part of an En-vironmental Science class, this inquiry-basedmodulecanbeappliedtoanyclasswithinthenaturalsciences.The curriculum is now being packaged to become aCollege Now course, which will be implemented byother teachers across New York City in after-schoolprograms.Further,thecurriculumisbeingusedforsci-enceeducationresearch:wehavecollecteddataonhowithas transformedstudent inquiryskillsandattitudestowardscienceandnature.Inthispresentation,wewillsharestrategiestomaximizetheapplications(i.e.neweducationalprogramsandpublications)aswellas thebenefitspertinenttoprofessionaldevelopmentthatcanstemfromnewcurricula.1TheCityUniversityofNewYorkGraduateCenter,Biology,365FifthAvenue,NewYork,NY,10016,UnitedStates2BaruchCollegeCampusHighSchool,55East25thStreet,NewYork,NY,10010,UnitedStates

24

57 STEELE, PAMELA

From the rainforest to the classroom: connecting students with field research

Introducingmiddle school-aged children to currentscientific investigations can help them make con-

nectionsbetween real-world issues andconcepts theyarelearningintheclassroom.ThroughtheNSFGK-12programattheEnvironmentalScienceInstituteatTheUniversityofTexasatAustin,sixthandseventh-gradestudentsatFulmoreMiddleSchoolinAustinandParkCrestMiddleSchoolinPflugerville,TXlearnedaboutwater quality issues, the importance of biodiversity,phytoremediation,andinvasivespecies.Usingscientificstudies from biology, environmental science, aquaticscience,geology,andbotany,theprimaryfocusoftheprogramwastoenlightenstudentsabouttheimpactsofenvironmentalchangeonTexashabitatsandresidents.Expanding science lessons beyond Texas ecosystems,through a website called the Jungle Journal designedspecifically for this program, students interactedwithabotanicalresearcherwhileshetraveledtoBoliviaandPeruonaplant-collectingtrip.Onthiswebsite,thebot-anistposteddailyjournalentriesandtripphotos.Stu-dentsviewedthepostingsandaskedquestions.Inthispresentation, specificsof those lessonsalongwith funstudentstorieswillbeshared.Thesestudent-researcherinteractions increasedthegraduatestudent’sabilitytocommunicatedifficultscienceconceptstogradeschoolstudents,stimulatedstudentinterestinscientificstud-ies, and inspired new lesson ideas formiddle schoolteachers.

UniversityofMissouri-Columbia,BiologicalSciences,1201RollinsSt.-BondLSC311,Columbia,MO,65211,USA

58 GONZALEZ, FAVIO1 and PABON-MORA, NATALIA*2

Evo evo on a budget: An effort to update the plant developmental biology curriculum for public universities in Colombia

Plantdevelopmentinanevolutionarybiologyper-spective(evo-devo)requirestheintegrationofphy-

logenetics,comparativemorphologyandanatomy,andasubstantialmolecularbiologybackground.Builtuponsuchbackground,evo-devothenformulatesquestionsabout the relationship between gene expression andfunctionwithspecificphenotypes.Asmanyothersci-entificdisciplines,evo-devohasundergonea romantic”phasefollowedbyan empiric”phasebeforereachinganacademicallymaturestatus.Leadinginternationalinsti-tutionsinthefieldhavesuccessfullyintegratedalldisci-plines,andforthemostparthaveachievedsuchstatus.However,researchhasbeenfocusedonmodelorgan-ismssuchasArabidopsis,riceandcorn.Ontheother

hand,universitiesinmanydevelopingcountriesstrivetotrainandrecruitlocalscientistsinseveralofthebasicfields,able toundertake integrativeapproachesaimedat research on non-model organisms. These organ-isms,usually tropical, growunder complexecologicalrequirements,beingthusdifficultorimpossibletogrowingreenhouses.InthistalkwewillpresentongoingcasestudiescarriedoutintheNationalUniversityofColom-bia,oneoftheleadingpublicinstitutionsinthecountry.Wehaveselectedsomeneotropicalplanttaxafortheseprojects,on thebasisof several criteria: 1) theoccur-renceofatypicalfloralorfruitcharactersinmembersofAristolochiacaeae, Chlorantaceae, Papaveraceae, Pro-teaceae,andSolanaceae;2)theextremelydiversemor-phologicaltraitsonleaves,flowersandfruits,ase.g.ingeneraofOrchidaceae,BerberidacaeaeandPiperaceae;and3)themorphologicalstasisofflowersinneotropi-calCoriariaceae,GunneraceaeandWinteraceae.Theseprojectsattempttoprovideastrongerbackgroundre-gardingphylogeneticrelationships,andcharacterevo-lutionasthebasisformoreacademicallymaturephasesof evo-devo. We will highlight the major challengesstandardizing a state-of-the-art evo-devo program inColombia.Lastly,wewilldiscusswhichmolecularbiol-ogytoolsshouldbeimplementedtoassessgeneexpres-sionandfunctioninnon-modelspeciesandhowarewebeginningtoincorporatetheminourongoingprojects.1UniversidadNacionalDeColombia,InstitutoDeCienciasNatu-rales,CiudadUniversitariaUniversidadNacional, Bogota, 1,Co-lombia2GraduateCenter,CityUniversityofNewYork,365FifithAvenue,NewYork,NY,10016,USA

59 STROZAK, VICTOR S.

Authentic Research Modules: a strategy to integrate GK-12 Fellows' research into science classes in New York City high schools and the CUNY College Now Program

Authentic ResearchModules in Science (ARMs)are the primary strategy that CUNY’s GK-12

Program uses to integrate fellows’ research into sci-encecoursesinNewYorkCityhighschools.EachARMincorporates someaspectof the fellow’s research andhas specific components that focus on basic literacyand computational skills.ARMs curriculumdevelop-ment,includingpilottesting,offersfellowsacommoncore training experience that embodies best practicesinlearningtheory,instructionaldesign,andevaluation.It is themajor trainingmechanism bywhich fellowsbecome skilled at effectively communicating complexscientific ideas to a lay audience. Collaborating withhighschoolteacherstodesignandimplementresearchactivitiesincreasesthefellows’competenciesincommu-nication,teamwork,curriculumdesignandinstruction.ThegoaloftheARMistogivehighschoolstudentsanopportunitytothinklikescientistsandhaveagenuineresearch experience. Urban environments in general

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andNewYorkCityinparticularofferarich,untappedresourceforstudentresearchprojects.Byinvestigatingtheir own backyard and developing research projectsonsomeaspectoftheurbanenvironment,studentsbe-comeengagedindoingscienceforthefirsttime.Theylearn specific research skills aswell asgeneral scienceprocess skills.They also gain content knowledge andimproveoverallscienceliteracy.Thispresentationwilldescribespecificresearchcoursesthathavebeendevel-opedandhowtheyhavebecomecoursesintheCUNYCollegeNowProgram.

TheGraduateCenter,CUNY,CenterforAdvancedStudyinEduca-tion,room3300.12,365FifthAvenue,NewYork,NY,10016,USA

60 AHMED, SELENA

Bringing Classroom Research to Publication and Beyond

This paper explores strategies to disseminate re-searchresultsforbotheducatorsandstudentsasa

keycomponentofinquiry-basedcurriculainK-12andundergraduate classrooms.Written, oral, communityoutreach,andmulti-mediadisseminationstrategieswillbe presented. These strategies include publication ineducation journals, professional development work-shops, community-basedactivities, storyboardvideos,and interactive websites. Drawing on experiences ofteachingethnobotany inquiry-basedcurricula infield,classroom,andlaboratorysettings,thispaperdiscussesthe challenges and opportunities of guiding studentsthrough theprocessofdisseminatingresearchresults.It furtherexamineshoweducatorscanreflecton theirinquiry-based curricula and package their lessons asself-sustainingmodules,courses,andschool-widepro-grams.Thisdisseminationmodelseekstodevelopsci-entificcommunicationskills,advanceknowledge,andpromoteactivisminscienceeducationwhileaddressingthebroaderimpactcriteriaofmanygrant-givingorga-nizations.

TuftsUniversity,Boston,MA,02111,USA

61 DOUGLAS, JASON

Engaging students through environmental justice research

Young people aremore often than not very wellaware of social, political, and environmental is-

suesintheirneighborhoodandtheworld,butwhatcanawarenessachieveifthereisonlyalimitedunderstand-ingoftheissues?Whenenvironmentalissuesseemtooenormous and all encompassing to have a workablesolution,itcanleadtopeoplefeelingfurtherremovedfromnature--particularlyintheurbancontext.Envi-ronmental issues at the scale of globalwarminghavebeenassociatedwithasenseofremovalwhenconsid-ering cause and effect, and often a sense of incapac-

ityregardingtheabilitytotakeactiononsuchmatters(Devine-Wrightetal.,2004).Adecontextualizedstyleof learning can result in a senseof removal from theissuesthatarebeingconsidered(Berman,1997).Howcaneducators,researchersandpractitionershelptoin-stillasenseofresponsibilityinyouthandsocietywhenthey areup against society’s increasing removal fromnature?Drawingonmyworkwithyoungadultsinanafter-schoolenvironmentalresearchprogram,thispa-per explores young people’s material and conceptualremakingofnatureandsocietyastheyparticipateinaresearchprogramconcerningenvironmental issues inNewYorkCity, e.g. airpollutionandaccess togreenspace. Further, it examines theory and practice con-cerningexperience, communityengagement,mentor-ship, anddemocracyaspathwaystothedevelopmentofefficacyandenvironmentalstewardship.

TheGraduateSchoolandUniversityCenter--CityUniversityofNewYorkEnvironmentalPsychology,3655thAvenue,NewYork,NY,10016,USA

The fruitful outcome of graduate student-designed curricula:

26

Healing the planet: medicinal plants and the legacy of Richard E. Schultes

Sponsored by Society for Economic Botany and Economic Botany Section.

62 BUSSMANN, RAINER

"I know every tree, every single tree one can see" - The life and legacyof Richard E. Schultes

IfanybodycouldbenamedasthefatherofEthno-botany,itwouldbeRichardE.Schultes(1915-2001).

Noresearcherhaseverdonemorefieldresearch,moreto promote the discipline, and has encouragedmorestudents tobecomeethnobotanists,withalmosteverysenior scientist in thefield acknowledging some con-nection to Schultes. Well known scholars like MikeBalick, Robert Bye, Wade Davis, Doel Soejarto andAndrewWeilwereallSchultesians,butSchultesalsoin-spiredgenerationsofnon-academicsandalwaysfreelysharedhistimeandadvice.Schultespublishedalmosttwodozenbooksandalmost500papers,collectedover30000herbariumnumbers,oftenwithdozensofcop-ies, conducted continuous fieldwork in the Amazonforover14years,andcreatedwhatcanonlybecalledthegoldenageofEconomicBotany.HowdidSchultes,growing up in a poor second generation immigrantfamily,cometosuchfame?Whowasthisman,fluentintenlanguages,whospenthisentirecareerlinkedtooratHarvard,andbecamethefocalpointofgenerationsofusefulplantresearchersandplantusers,andcreatedthisbyanyaccountmagicalworksettingthatgaveunrivaledopportunitiestostudents,staffandvisitors?Andhowcouldithappen,thatthe legacyofawidelydecoratedscholar got quickly forgotten at his home institution,andhisincredibleplantmaterialandartifactcollectionislefttoaccumulatedustinaHarvardattic?

MissouriBotanicalGarden,WilliamLBrownCenterForPlantGe-neticResources,POBox299,St.Louis,MO,63166-0299,USA

63 BYE, ROBERT

Passage through Mexico - the influence of RES on Mexican economic botany

RichardEvansSchultesdedicatedhislifetostudy-ing the interrelationships between plants and

peopleaswellassharinghisenthusiasmwithmembersof academic and public circles. His botanical forma-tionwas grounded in theHarvardUniversity’s tradi-tion of taxonomy and "useful" plants. After complet-ingoriginalfieldworkonpeyoteinOklahoma(USA),hisinterdisciplinaryvisionshiftedtoMexico.Atthesesouthernlatitudes,hediscoveredmoremembersofthismind-altering ethnobotanical complex and pioneered

interdisciplinary studies on mushrooms and ololiu-qui.AftercompletinghisdoctoralthesisontheusefulplantsofnortheasternOaxacain1941,hemovedontonorthwesternSouthAmericanwherehisfocusresidedfortheremainderofhislifeandwherehebuilthisinter-nationaleminence.NortheasternOaxacawastheareawithwhichRESbecamebestacquainted.Hisintroduc-tiontotheareabytheGermanB.P.RekoallowedhimtosurveytheeconomicplantsofthemountainsoftheSierraMadreofOaxaca;later,hepresentedthearea,thepeopleandthesacredmushroomstoethnomycologistssuchasRogerHeimandGordonWasson.Hisbroadinterest as "the last Victorian explorer" followed thepaths by European botanists of the previous century.Otherplantscaughthisattentionandhebegantopub-lishaseries(Plantae Mexicanae)dedicatedtoexpand-ing the taxonomic, floristic and economic botany ofthisregion.Inthelate1950s,hefinishedwritingaboutMexicanplants, in particularwith articles on orchidsandtheOaxacanspice,Quararibea funebris.AlthoughnorthwesternSouthAmericadominatedhisfieldwork,hemaintainedcontactwiththesecondcenterofNewWorldsacrednarcoticsthroughcollaborationwithre-searchersconductingfieldandlaboratoryinvestigationinMexico.EventhoughthepublicdoesnotassociateRESwithMexicanethnobotany,theintellectualfoun-dationandtheimplementationofMexico’scontempo-raryprogramsinsacredplants,medicinalplants,inter-pretationofplantsfoundhistoricalsources,andmaizeconservationarestronglyinfluencedbyRES’sMexicanpassage.

UniversidadNacionalAutónomadeMéxico, JardínBotánicodelInstitutodeBiología,,Mexico,DF,04510,MEXICO

64 SOEJARTO, DR. DJAJA D.

Medicinal Plants and the Legacy of Richard Evans Schultes

The lateProfessorRichardEvans Schultes is a re-nownedandaccomplishedethnobnotanist.He is

alsoanaccomplishedplanttaxonomistandbioprospec-tor,whofocusedonnarcoticandhallucinogenicplants.IwasinitiatedintoabioprospectingcareerbyProfessorSchultes early inmy graduate years at Harvard.ThehighlightofmycareerasabioprospectorwaswhenIreceivedin1986acontractwiththeUSNationalCan-cer Institute, onbehalf of theUniversityof Illinois atChicago,toexploreSoutheastAsianplantdiversitytocollectplantsforanticancerandanti-HIVscreening,aspartoftherevivaloftheNCI’snewplantscreeningpro-gram.Thiscontractwasrenewedevery5yearsthrough2004.Amajorcontributionthatresultedfromthisex-plorationprogramwasthediscoverybytheNCIoftheanti-HIV compounds, the calanolides, isolated fromspeciesofCalophyllumcollectedinSarawak,Malaysia.CalanolideswerelicensedtoanIllinois-basedpharma-ceutical company for development as a drug to treatAIDS.Thediscoveryofthecalanolidesalsoledtoanim-

27

portantturningpoint inthebiodiversityconservationandbioprospectinglawsofthegovernmentofSarawak,withtheestablishmentoftheSarawakBiodiversityCen-tre(SBC)in1998.WhilethisNCIcontractwasstillon-going,amultidisciplinaryteamofbotanists,ethnobota-nists,naturalproductchemists,biochemist,economists,biotechnologists, and attorneys, undermy leadership,wasawardedanICBGGranttostudythebiodiversityofVietnamandLaos.Thegoalsofthisprogramaretodiscovernewbioactivecompoundsaspotentialcandi-datesfordevelopmentintopharmaceuticalsfortherapyagainst cancer, AIDS, malaria, and tuberculosis and,at the same time, topromote the conservationof thebiodiversityofVietnamandLaos,aswellastoadvancecommunityeconomicstandingsinthestudyareas.OurICBGprojectisstillon-goingtothisdate.IthasbeenagreatprivilegeandhonortobeastudentofProfessorSchultesandtoinheritandtopushonhislegacyinthestudyofmedicinalplants.

College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago,DepartmentofMedicinalChemistryandPharmacognosy,833S.WoodSt.,Chicago,IL,60612,USA

65 ZARUCCHI, JAMES

Richard Evans Schultes in the Northwest Amazon

Richard Evans Schultes, a native Bostonian andleadingethnobotanistofthe20thcentury,conduct-

edthevastmajorityofhisfieldstudiesamongthenativepeopleintheNorthwestAmazonofeasternColombia.IntheComisaríadelVaupés,SchultesfirstsurveyedtheRãoApaporis,amajortributaryoftheAmazonbasinandsouthernboundaryoftheVaupés,fornativerub-bertreesaspartofthealliedwareffort;helatercollectedmany thousandsof samplesover severaldecades thatrecord the high level of plant diversity found in thatregionaswellasdocumentedtheuseofnumerousspe-ciesbytheindigenouspopulation.Manyhundredsofspeciesnewtosciencewereobtainedanddescribedbyeither Schultes or his botanical colleagues. VaupesiaR.E.Schultes(Euphorbiaceae)wasdescribedasanewgenus of rubber producing tree. Resia H. E. Moore(Gesneriaceae),SchultesianthusHunziker(Solanaceae),andSchultesiophytumHarling(Cyclanthaceae)aregen-eranamed inhonorof this legendaryplant collector,conservationist,andprofessorofethnobotany.

MissouriBotanicalGarden,Research,POBox299,St.Louis,MO,63166-0299,USA

66 BALICK, MICHAEL

Reflections on Richard Evans Schultes, the Society for Economic Botany and the trajectory of ethnobotanical research

ThelifeandworkofRichardEvansSchultes—teach-er,mentorandfriend—resultedinamostextraor-

dinary legacy that impactedanentireacademicdisci-plineaswellas the tropical rainforestwherehespentsomuchofhistime.Hislifeandtimeshavebeenbril-liantlychronicledbyWadeDavisinthebiography"OneRiver:ExplorationandDiscoveriesintheAmazonRainForest"(Simon&Schuster,1997).Atthis,thetenthan-niversaryofhispassingin2001,wecelebrate,withthissymposium,his lifeandacademiccontributions.Pro-fessorSchultes,ashisstudentsalwayscalledhimwithsuchgreatreverence,wasafounderofTheSocietyforEconomicBotanyin1959andeditedourjournalfor18years, from1962-1979.Hismultidisciplinaryscientificresearchprogrambeganin1936withthatwell-knowntriptoOklahomaandlastedfarbeyondhisretirementfromHarvardin1985.ProfessorSchultes’mentorshipofdozensofPh.D.studentsduringhiscareeratHar-vard,combinedwithhisteaching,lecturingandinspi-rationoftensofthousandsofstudentsthroughouthislong anddistinguished career, didmuch to influencethetrajectoryofethnobotanyandeconomicbotany.Hisvaluesaredeeply infusedinthe livesandprofessionalactivitiesofhisnumerousstudents,andIwillelaborateonthis,usingexamplesfrommyownwork.

NewYorkBotanicalGarden,200thStandSouthernBlvd.,Bronx,NY,10458,USA

67 SCHULTES, NEIL P.

The Leaf falls near the Tree: my Father and my Career in Plant Biology

I findmyselfintheuniquepositionofbeingnotonlyoneofRichardEvansSchultesmanystudents(asan

undergraduateinhisPlants and Human Affairscourse)butalsoarecipientofhalfhisgenome.IsitthenatureofaSchultesorthenurtureintheSchulteshouseholdthatledtomycareerchoiceasaplantbiologist?OnemightthinkthatasmyfatherandIsharesimilarfates-attend-ingundergraduateandgraduateschoolatHarvardandchoosing plant science as a career - that theremighthavebeenaheftydoseofgenerationalgrooming.Sur-prisingly,thiswasnotthecase.Whatmyfatherofferedme,aswellastomanyothers,wereopportunitiesandexperiences.Theseundoubtedlyhelpedmedecideuponmycareer.TodayIworkatTheConnecticutAgricul-turalExperimentStationinNewHavenCTasaplantmolecular biologist. There, colleagues and I work aspartofalargeeffortintheplantcommunitytoidentifyandunderstandhowmaizegenesgiverisetoC4photo-synthesis.DespitethegapbetweenfieldbotanyandlabresearchitneverceasestoamazemehowoftenIreach

Healing the planet: medicinal plants and the legacy of Richard E. Schultes

28

backandretrieveinformationalgemsfromhiscoursetouseinmyownseminarsandteaching.Trulyhislegacyextends beyond the nature of Economic Botany andintothenurturingofthenextgenerationofplantbiol-ogystudents.

TheConnecticutAgriculturalExperimentStation,Biochemistry&Genetics,123HuntingtonSt.,NewHaven,CT,06511,USA

Innovations in organismal botany - a tribute to the pioneering studies of Donald A. Eggert

Sponsored by Paleobotanical Section.

68 TAYLOR, THOMAS*1 and ROTHWELL, GAR2

Innovations in organismal botany - a tribute to the pioneering studies of Donald A. Eggert

DonaldA.Eggert’sgroundbreakingstudiesofPa-leozoicvascularplantsrepresentnotonlyamajor

shiftinhowfossilplantscanbestudiedandanalyzed,butalsoinhowsuchoriginalapproachescanbeusedtointegrateconceptsaboutthebiologyoflivingandfossilspecies.OfthemanyresearchareasinitiatedbyEggert,several have fundamentally changed our ideas aboutthestructure,development,andphylogeneticpositionofcertainfossilplants,andhowtheseprocessesandpat-ternsarereflectedincloselyrelatedextanttaxa.Eggert’sresearchhasleftanindeliblemarkonmultipleareasofbiologyandhisdetailedstudiesserveasbothasourceof inspiration andmeasureof extraordinary scientificquality.Thissymposiumwillhighlightfiveofthema-jor research areas explored by Eggert to demonstratenotonlythebreadthofhisinterests,butalsohis levelofscientificaccomplishment.Eachofthespeakerswilldemonstrate thestateof thedisciplinebeforeEggert’sinvolvement, the accomplishments that Eggertmade,andthequestionsandchallengesthatremain.1University Of Kansas, DepartmentOf Ecology And Evolution-aryBiology,1200SunnysideAvenue,HaworthHall,Lawrence,KS,66045-7600,USA2OregonStateUniversity,DepartmentofBotanyandPlantPathology,Corvallis,OR,97331,USA

69 TOMESCU, ALEXANDRU

Recognition, reconstruction, and characterization of ancestral filicalean ferns

Inthelate50’sandearly60’s,whenDonEggertturnedhisattentiontothefossilrecordofferns,filicaleanfern

diversityincludedonlyextantfamiliesandrarehintsofputative leptosporangia in Carboniferous fossils. TheCoenopteridales,anextinctpteridophyticgroupcom-prisingsmall,monostelicplants,wereregardedaspo-tential intermediates between the basal trimerophytesandlivingferns.Thefourfamiliesofcoenopteridferns(Stauropteridaceae, Zygopteridaceae, Botryopterida-ceae, Anachoropteridaceae) were based on detachedvegetative segments, with little knowledge of fertileparts, and many suspected that this classification, aswellastheorderasawhole,wereartificialconstructs.Whiletherewasgrowingagreementthatcoenopterids

29

may,infact,representseveraldistinctlineages,Eggertwasthefirsttoproduceplantreconstructionsthathigh-lightedtheneedforreconsiderationofcoenopteridclas-sificationandinitiatedthedisintegrationoftheorder.Moreimportant,hisreconstructionswhichreconciledcoenopteridvegetativepartswithnewlydiscoveredfer-tilestructures,showedthatsomecoenopteridswereinfactfilicaleanfernsbelongingtotwonewfamilies:theTedeleaceae,basedonthezygopteridAnkyropteris,andtheSermayaceae,basedonanachoropteridplants.Con-tinuedworkonthecoenopteridplexusintheveinpio-neeredbyEggertledtoreconstructionofseveralothertaxaandultimatelygeneratedanovelunderstandingofDevonian-Carboniferous fern diversity and relation-ships.DisintegrationoftheCoenopteridalesresultedintheestablishmentoftwoneworders,theStauropterida-lesandZygopteridales,aswellastherecognitionofsixextinctfilicaleanfamilieswhichformwhatcametobecalledthe’firstfilicaleanradiation’:theoldBotryopteri-daceaeandAnachoropteridaceae,Eggert’sTedeleaceaeandSermayaceae,andthePsalixochlaenaceaeandKa-planopteridaceae.These add considerably tofilicaleantaxonomic diversity and contribute awealth ofmor-phologies featuringcombinationsofcharactersabsentin livingfilicales.Perhapsmost important,disintegra-tion of the Coenopteridales and the novel combina-tionsofcharactersofextinctfilicaleanshaveallowedforreevaluation of euphyllophyte phylogenies, leading toexcitingnewperspectivesthatchallengethedogmaonrelationshipswithinthegroup.

Humboldt StateUniversity,Department of Biological Sciences, 1HarpstStreet,Arcata,CA,95521,USA

70 TOMLINSON, P. BARRY.

Carboniferous arborescents in relation to the architecture of modern trees

DonEggert’sinterpretationofCarboniferouslepi-dendroids was innovative because, faced with

the reconstruction of such tall trees from scatteredfragments, he produced a result that emphasized de-velopmental dynamics, encapsulated in the conceptsof epidogenesis and apoxogenesis, with an ultimatesuggestionofdeterminategrowth.Thisanticipated inan essentially pioneering fashion the later concept of"treearchitecture"basedonthestudyofmoderntrees,inwhich"deterministic"and"opportunistic"processescombinetoproduceatree’scanopywithinaforestenvi-ronment.Giventhis,wecanaskthequestion-didearlytreeformsdemonstratetheprocessof"reiteration"?;i.e.,thepartialortotalrepetitionofatree’sarchitecture,aswhen subject to somedisturbancewithin abiologicalenvironment. Simply put, how did a lepidodendroidtreerespondtobranchbreakage,bearinginmindthatitsbranchesdevelopedbystemapicaldichotomy.Thepaleobotanicalliteraturesayslittleaboutthis,somaybeearlytreesdidnotreiterate.Ifso,howdidlatertreesgainthisability?Apossibleexplanationisbecausetheyde-

velopedaxillarybranching,whichseemscorrelatedwiththedevelopmentof themegaphyll (providing the leafaxil)andthepresenceofsecondarygrowthfromabifa-cialvascularcambium(whichpermitsthedevelopmentoftheattachmentofabranchtotheparentaxis).Wewillexplorethisideawithreferencetounusualexam-plesinmoderntreeswhichinturnraisesthequestionofwhytheleafaxilisalmostalwaysthesiteofbranchinginmoderntrees,butinhighlydiverse,butlittlestudiedways.

NationalTropicalBotanicalGarden,TheKampong,4013DouglasRd,Miami,FL,33133,USA

71 TAYLOR, EDITH* and RYBERG, PATRICIA

Donald A. Eggert's contributions to the study of fossil phloem structure and evolution

Phloemtissueisrarelypreservedinthefossilrecord,even in deposits of permineralized or petrified

plants. Although several authors had noted the pres-enceofphloemanddescribedthecellularpreservationearlier,DonaldEggertwasthefirsttododetailedandmodernstudiesonthistissueandtodescribeprimaryversus secondary phloem. Eggert, alongwith his stu-dents,publishedonlythreepapersonthesubject,oneeachon lycopsid, sphenophyte, andcalamitephloem,butheinspiredotherresearcherstotakeacloserlookatphloeminfossilplants,especiallyinseedplants,andshowedthatitispossibletoinferphysiologybasedonthe anatomyof the cells and tissue.Hiswork on therootphloemofthecalamite,Astromyelon(withMarionL.Wilson),remainsoneofthefewknownexamplesofsecondary phloem produced by a vascular cambiuminapteridophyteandassuch,raises interestingques-tionsabout thegrowthanddevelopmentof theseex-tinctplants.FollowingEggert’sworkinthemidtolate1970s,otherresearchershavedetailedphloeminfossilplants, beginning with Middle Devonian progymno-spermsandextendingtoCretaceousconifersandben-nettitaleans. In the secondaryphloem, it appears thatthebasiccelltypesandcellulararrangementsfoundinextant seed plantswere established early.Thebifacialcambiumand secondaryphloemconstructedof sievecells,phloemparenchyma,andfibersfirstappearintheaneurophytalean progymnosperms. In the Paleozoicpteridosperms,thesamecelltypesoccur,andsomeex-amplesexhibitrepeatingtangentialrowsofalternatingcelltypes,asseeninsomemodernconifers.Overall,sec-ondaryphloeminseedplantsappearstobearemark-ablyconservative tissue throughtime,perhapsrelatedto the exactingphysiological requirements of phloemloading,unloading,andtransport.

UniversityOfKansas,DepartmentOfEcology&EvolutionaryBiol-ogy,1200SunnysideAve.,Lawrence,KS,66045,USA

Innovations in organismal botany

30

72 ZAVADA, MICHAEL

The contributions of the fossil record to understanding the evolution of morphological and functional innovations in the seed plant microgametophyte

Thelatterhalfofthe20thcenturywitnessedtheriseofscientiststhatbeganshiftingtheintellectualcenter

ofpaleobotanyfromprimarilyataxonomicinventoryofthefossilrecordthatprovideddataonthepolarityandevolutionofvariousplantcharacteristicsandtaxa,toadisciplinethatincreasinglybecameconcernedwiththepaleobiologyoffossiltaxa.DonEggertwasoneoftheearlyscientiststhatbegantotransitiontothenewpara-digm.Hiscontributionsnotonlyexplorednewmeth-ods,butnewquestionsthatinspiredcontemporariestonotonlydrawoncomparativemorphologicaldata,butexploreandextractdatafromdisciplinesthatweretra-ditionallythoughttoberestrictedtothestudyofextantplants,e.g.,development.Inthispresentationtheinno-vationsofDonEggertscontributionstopaleobiologicalquestionsisreviewed.Asurveyoftheimportantevo-lutionarychangesintheseedplantmicrogametophytearediscussed, i.e., thespore/pollentransitionanditsbearingonourunderstandingofsubsequentchangesinpolarityandapertureformationandfunction,function-alsignificanceofthespore/pollenwall,morphologicalchangesofthemicrogametophyterelatedtoreproduc-tivebiology,pollinationbiologyandultimately to theevolutionofhigherseedplants.

East Tennessee State University, Biological Sciences, Box 70703,JohnsonCity,TN,37614-1710,USA

73 ROTHWELL, GAR

Rooting the Paleozoic's largest trees; morphology, development, and homologies of Stigmaria

ThemorphogenusStigmaria Brongniartisprobablythemostubiquitousandextensivelystudiedofall

latePaleozoicwetlandplantfossils.Stigmariahaslongbeenregardedasthewell-understoodrootingsystemofarborescentlycopsids;yet,inthe1960sDonEggertem-barkedonadetailedreexaminationandreevaluationofthestructure,development,homologies,andbiologicalaffinitiesofthismagnificentfossil.Eggert’sstudiesandthesubsequentstudiestheyspawnedhavefundamen-tallyalteredperceptionsofthefirstgiantforesttrees,ofthehomologiesfororgansofthequillwortIsoetes,andof the evolutionofpolar auxin regulation for thede-velopmentofplantrootingsystems.ThispresentationemphasizestheuniqueinsightsEggertbroughttothisresearch agenda, the numerous advancements in un-derstandingofCarboniferouswetlandvegetation thattheysimulated,andrecentstudiesthathavebroughtto-getherplantmolecularbiologyandplantpaleontologytodevelopamuchdeeperunderstandingoflandplantevolutionandphlogeny.

OhioUniversity,DepartmentofEnvironmentalandPlantBiology,Athens,OH,45701,USA

31

Plant reproductive strategies under environmental stress

Sponsored by Ecological Section and Genetics Section.

74 SESHADRI, ARATHI*1 and MOLANO-FLORES, BRENDA2

Plant reproductive strategies under environmental stress

Withincreasingevidenceforwiderangingchang-esinclimaticconditions,evolutionaryrespons-

esofplant sexual reproductioncanhavewide spreadimplicationsonpopulationchangesandfoodproduc-tion.Weaimtobringtogetherresearchersaddressingdifferent aspects of plant reproductive strategies andthusprovideasynthesisofcurrentresearch.Ithasbe-comeincreasinglyevidentthatglobalclimatechangeisboundtohave large impactsonmanybiologicalpro-cesses.Changes inphenotypic traitsofdifferentplantspecies strongly suggest that natural populations arerespondingtothesealteredenvironmentalconditions.Thesexualphaseofplantreproduction,aparticularlyvulnerable developmental process, under active selec-tionofferstheuniquepotentialtounderstandtheroleofenvironmental stress in theadaptiveprocesses thatmodulateplantreproduction.Whilesexualstrategiesinfloweringplantsarediverseandamajorityofplantsarehermaphrodites,theextentandmanifestationofrepro-ductive functions differs based on sexuality, breedingsystems and lifehistories.Understanding the impactsofclimatechangeontheevolutionarypotentialofplantpopulationsistheneedofthehourespeciallygiventhefactthatasuccessfulfoodproductionfromagriculturalcropsdependsonsuccessfulfunctioningofplantrepro-duction.Inthissymposium,weaimtobringtogetherdiverseresearcherstopresenttheircurrentresearchandshareideasonconsequencesofenvironmentalstressonplantreproductivestrategies.1Colorado State University, Biology, 1878 Biology, Fort Collins,Colorado,80523,USA2ILLINOISNATURALHISTORYSURVEY,CENTERFORWILDLIFEAndPLANTECOLOGY,1816SouthOakStreet,CHAMPAIGN,IL,61820-6970,USA

75 SESHADRI, ARATHI* and MUDD, SAMUEL J

A comparison of reproductive responses in plants growing under varying levels of temperature and water availability

Unprecedentedclimatic changesover the lastde-cadehaveresulted inplantspeciesexperiencing

largevariationsinatmosphericCO2levels,averagetem-peraturesandprecipitationpatterns.Thesevariablesaredescribedasenvironmentalstressesandplantsexperi-

encingsuchstressfulconditionsexhibitalteredvegeta-tiveandreproductivetraitseitherasplasticresponsesorgeneticchangesorboth.Knowledgeofstress-mediatedresponses,roleofselectionintheprevailingconditionsand possible epigenetic changes can provide impor-tantinsightsintoplantevolutionarypotential.Increaseinselfingisseen inplantsadaptingtochangingenvi-ronments with the predominant mechanism being avariationinfloraltraitsfacilitatingautonomousselfing.Inbreedingdepression,anassociatedcostofincreasedselfingcanvarywithstressandthenatureofinteractionbetweenstressandinbreedingdepressionisnotentirelyresolved.Focusingonplasticityintheexpressionofflo-ral traits facilitatingselfing,weaimtounderstandthemodulationof reproductive strategies andpatternsofinheritanceundervaryinglevelsoftemperatureandwa-ter-availability.UsinggreenhousepopulationsofCollin-sia heterophylla,ahermaphroditicannual,wecomparedflowersize,herkogamyandautonomousselfingsuccessin experimental plants.While the onset of floweringandpeakfloweringdurationaredifferentunder tem-peratureandwaterstress,natureofvariationinflowersizeissimilarforbothvariables.Onlytemperaturestressresultedinasignificantreductioninherkogamybutau-tonomousselfingwashigherinbothtemperatureanddrought stressed plants indicating that the floral traitknowntobecorrelatedwithautonomousselfingsuc-cess varieswith thekindof stress. In conclusion,ourresultsindicatethatacclimationtotemperatureandwa-terstresselicitsdifferentialresponsesinplants.Furtheranalyseswillexploretheinteractionbetweenstresstypesandlevels.Implicationsofourfindingsinrelationtoad-aptationbyincreasedselfingandinbreedingdepressionunderstresswillbediscussed.

ColoradoStateUniversity,Biology,1878Biology,FortCollins,Colo-rado,80523,USA

76 MAZER, SUSAN*1, DUDLEY, LEAH1, HOVE, ALISA1, EMMS, SIMON2 and VERHOEVEN, AMY2

The evolution of mating system, life history, and physiology in Clarkia: does selection for drought-avoidance drive the evolution of selfing?

Plantmatingsystemsarehighlyevolutionarilylabile;in thewildflowergenus Clarkia, forexample, the

shiftbetweenoutcrossingandself-fertilizationhasoc-curred>12timesamong<40taxa.Inadditiontoex-hibiting lowerpollen:ovuleratiosandsmallerflowers,regularly selfing Clarkia taxa flower earlier and havefaster floral development rates than their outcrossingcounterparts.Themostcommonexplanations for theevolutionofselfingfocusonits directadvantages.Forexample,selectionmayfavorselfingwherepollinatorsarescarceorunreliable;whereplantswithlarge,attrac-tiveflowers are at riskofdessicationorherbivory;or

32

where short growing seasons require rapid reproduc-tion (whichis promoted by selfing). But selfing couldalsoevolveasa"by-product"ofselectiononcorrelatedtraits, even if there is no direct advantage to selfing.Currently,we’re investigating genetic correlations be-tweenfloweringdate and traits that influencematingsystem(e.g.,thedegreeofherkogamyanddichogamy).Ifthesecorrelationsaresufficientlystrong(e.g.,ifearlyflowering is associated with rapidly developing flow-erswithlowherkogamyanddichogamy),thenselfingmayevolve in Clarkianot (only)becauseof itsdirectadvantages,butasacorrelatedresponsetoselectionfa-voringearlierflowering(e.g.,wherethegrowingseasonis short). If this is generally the case, then adaptationof annual spring wildflowers to earlier or unpredict-ablesummerdroughtcouldinvolvearapidincreaseinselfing rates (and inbreeding depression), potentiallyreducing their adaptivepotential.We’re also examin-ingwhethertheshorterlifespanofselfingClarkiaisre-flectedintheirphysiologicalperformance.Selfingtaxaappeartoachievetheirearlierfloweringthroughfasterphotosyntheticrates,but thiscomeswithhigherratesof evapotranspiration.Consequently, the evolution ofselfingmayassumeboth physiological as well as genetic risks,andthereforeberestrictedtocertainhabitatsorenvironmentalconditions.1UniversityofCalifornia,SantaBarbara,Ecology,Evolution&Ma-rineBiology,UniversityofCalifornia,SantaBarbara,LifeSciencesBuilding,SantaBarbara,CA,93106,USA2UniversityofSt.Thomas,BiologyDepartment,SaintPaul,Minnesota,55105,USA

77 CARUSO, CHRISTINA*1, CASE, ANDREA2 and BAILEY, MAIA3

Why do Lobelia females like it hot? Potential effects of environmental stress on the expression of male sterility

In many gynodioecious species, high temperatureand/or lowprecipitationare correlatedwithhigher

ratiosoffemaletohermaphroditeplantswithinpopula-tions.Ifsexisdeterminedbybothnuclearandcytoplas-micgenes,thentheseenvironmentalstressorscanaffectthe relative fitness of the sexes via twomechanisms.First,stressmayincreaseseedproductionoffemalesrel-ativetohermaphrodites(reproductivecompensation).Second,stressmayreducetherelativepollenorseedfit-nessofhermaphroditesthatcarrymoremalefertilityre-storeralleles(costofrestoration).Althoughmodelssug-gestthatthecostofmalefertilityrestorationisthekeydeterminantofvariationinpopulationsexratios,muchmoreisknownabouttheeffectofenvironmentalstress-orsoncompensationthanoncost. Lobelia siphiliticaisanexcellentsystemforstudyingtheeffectsofenviron-mentalstressorsonpopulationsexratios for tworea-sons.First,femalesaremorecommoninsiteswithhigh-erannualmeantemperatures.ThiscorrelationsuggeststhattemperatureaffectstherelativefitnessoffemaleandhermaphroditeL.siphilitica.Second,L.siphiliticaisone

ofthefewgynodioeciousspecieswherethereisevidenceforacostofrestoringmalefertility.HermaphroditeL.siphiliticathatcarrymorenuclearmalefertilityrestoreralleleshavelowerpollenviability.Thisreductioninpol-lenfitnessshouldlimitthespreadofrestorerallelesandthusincreasethefrequencyofL.siphiliticafemales.Wedevelopthehypothesisthatannualmeantempera-tureandfemalefrequencyarecorrelatedinL.siphiliticabecauseofgenotype-by-environmenteffectsonthecostofrestoration.WepredictthatrestoreralleleswillhavealargernegativeeffectonpollenviabilitywhenL.siphi-liticaisgrowingathighertemperatures.SuchgenotypebyenvironmentinteractionscouldresultinL.siphiliticapopulationsbecomingmorefemale-biasedinresponseto increasingglobal temperatures.Moregenerally,wesuggestthatunderstandingtheecologyandgeneticsofthecostofmalefertilityrestorationiskeyforpredict-ingtheeffectsofenvironmentalstressonreproductivestrategiesofgynodioeciousspecies.1UniversityOfGuelph,DepartmentOf Integrative Biology,NewScienceComplex,50StoneRoadEast,GUELPH,ON,N1G2W1,Canada2Kent StateUniversity, Box 5190, 256CunninghamHall,Kent,OH,44242-0001,USA3ProvidenceCollege,DepartmentofBiology,1CunninghamSquare,Providence,RI,02918,USA

78 SIMONS, ANDREW

Life-history evolution under changing environments

Environmentalchangecanleadtoextinctionofpre-viously well-adapted organisms. Adaptive track-

ingandphenotypicplasticityarewellstudiedmodesofresponse tochangingenvironments.Theevolutionofriskaverse,"bet-hedging"strategiesisoftenoverlooked,butmayalsobeanimportantmodeofresponse.Inareviewofempiricalevidenceforbethedging,Ifindthatthe taxonomicdistribution in over 100 studies of bethedgingsuggests theirubiquity,yet theempiricalevi-dencetendstobeweak.Ireportontwoempiricaltestsofbethedgingfrommylab.First,inafive-yearstudyofLobelia inflata (Campanulaceae),wefindthemag-nitudeoffluctuatingselectionactingonthetimingofseedgerminationtobesufficienttoexplainthedegreeofbet-hedgingdiversificationbehaviorcharacteristicofindividualsofthisspecies.Second,weborrowafungalmodel organism (Neurospora crassa) to test Cohen’sclassic 1966model of seeddormancy as bet hedging.Weallowascosporedormancyfractiontoevolveunderfiveselectionregimesthatdifferinthefrequencyof’bad’years.Dormancyfractionevolvedinproportiontothefrequencyofbadyears,aresultconsistentwithCohen’spredictions.Differentialsurvivalthroughenvironmen-talchangemaythusbemitigatedbytheevolutionofbethedging,andfurtherknowledgeoftheprevalenceofbethedginginnatureisneeded.

CarletonUniversity,DepartmentofBiology,Nesbitt209,1125Colo-nelByDrive,Ottawa,ON,K1S5B6,Canada

33

79 SHERRY, REBECCA

Response of flowering phenology and duration of reproduction to warming and soil moisture in a tallgrass prairie

Warmingtypicallyadvancesspringfloweringandbeenreportedtodelaylatersummerflowering.

Herephenologicalreponsesof12speciesina1yearstepwarminganddoubleprecipitationexperimentwereex-aminedtheyearfollowingthetreatmentyear.Changesinphenologyduetothepreviousyear’swarmingwereintheoppositedirectiontothoseobservedduringthetreatment year. Six species responded to warming in2004,delayingflowering6.2daysandfruiting7.9days.Unlike2003,nospeciesadvancedfloweringphenologyin2004.Delaysresultedfromasoilmoisturedeficitinformerlywarmedplots that lasted3monthsormoreafter warming ended. Increased precipitation alteredphenologyinonespeciesbutdidnotaffectdurationofreproductivephases.While10of11responsivespeciesenteredbudphaseearlierunderwarmingthanincon-trolsin2003,inonly2speciesshowedaphenologicaldelayatthebeginningofthebudphasein2004.Warm-ingtendedtoshortenfloweringandfruitingstagesandtotaldurationinspringannuals.Together,theseresultssuggestthatclimateanomaliescaninfluenceplantre-productivephenologyinthefollowingyear;hereduetoalaginsoilmoisturerecharge.

University ofOklahoma,Botany&Microbiology, 770VanVleetOval,Rm.136,Norman,OK,73019,UnitedStatesofAmerica

80 CULLEY, THERESA

Differential expression of chasmogamy and cleistogamy in light-limited environments

As sedentary organisms, plants must respondquicklyandadapt tochangingenvironments in

order to survive.Oneof thebest knownexamplesofsuch adaptation is the chasmogamous/cleistogamousbreedingsysteminwhichbothopen,showychasmoga-mous(CH)flowersandclosed,self-pollinatedcleistoga-mous(CL)flowersareproducedonthesameindividu-al.Thisoccurslargelyinresponsetochangingresourcelevels that vary either temporally or spatially. For ex-ample,manyspeciesofViolabegintoflowerintheearlyspring in response towarming soil temperature and/orincreasingdaylength.CHflowersareproducedfirstbeforetreeleaf-outwhenlightlevelsarehighandinsectpollinatorsaremostfrequent;CLflowerssubsequentlyappear only after the forest canopy formswhen lightlevels andpollinator activitydramaticallydecline.Be-causeofthisdependenceoffloweringonenvironmen-talvariation,changesinavailabilityofaresourcesuchaslightcanshiftrelativewindowsofCHandCLflowerproduction, thereby indirectly impacting the matingsystem(i.e. relativeratesofoutcrossingandoutcross-

ing).Thismayleadtochangesinthegeneticcomposi-tionandstructureofpopulationsovertime,potentiallyimpacting the evolutionary ability of populations tocontinuetoadapttoenvironmentalchanges.Giventheabilityofglobalclimatechangetopromoteshiftsinearlyfloweringoftemperateforestherbsaswellimpactsoninsectactivity,itislikelythatdifferentialexpressionandreproductiveoutputofCHandCLwillbechangedaswell.Thispresentationwillemphasizetheimportanceofconsideringnotonlyshiftsinfloweringinresponsetoglobalclimatechangeandenvironmentalstress,butalsothefiner-scaleeffectssuchactionsmayhaveonthematingsystemandpopulationgeneticstructureofplantspeciesaroundtheworld.

UniversityOfCincinnati,DepartmentOfBiologicalSciences,614RieveschlHall,Cincinnati,OH,45221-0006,USA

81 MOLANO-FLORES, BRENDA

Abiotic factors contributing to the breakdown of self-incompatibility

Self-incompatibility encourages outcrossing bypreventing self-fertilization. In a self-incompat-

ible plant, if pollen from the same plant or a similargenotype reaches the stigma, pollen tube germina-tion (sporophytic) or growth (gametophytic) will bestopped along the pistil and fertilization of the ovulewillnotoccur.Nearlyhalfofallfloweringplantsutilizeself-incompatibility as a strategy to force outcrossing.However,manynaturalpopulationsshowvariationinthestrengthoftheexpressionofself-incompatibilityastheresultofenvironmentalconditionsorphysiologicalchanges.Inaddition,self-incompatibilitycanbeover-comebyabioticfactors.Themaingoalofthispresenta-tionistoprovideareviewoftheabioticfactorsthatcanbreakdownself-incompatibilityandthetechniquesthatcanbeemployedtoartificiallyinduceself-compatibility.Particularemphasiswillbeplacedontheuseofcarbondioxide and temperature. Several case studies will bepresentedfromagriculturalandnativesystemstodem-onstrate thephysical location, chemical reactions andgeneticvariationassociatedwiththebreakdownofself-incompatibility.Inaddition,acasewillbemadeforwhysomeoftheseabioticfactors(temperatureandcarbondioxide) canno longerbe ignored innaturalpopula-tions of species with self-incompatibility. As carbondioxidelevelsandtemperaturesincreaseduetoglobalwarming,couldweseeanincreaseintheswitchfromself-incompatibilitytoself-compatibilityamongnaturalpopulations?Howwill this change affect outcrossingrate,inbreedingdepressionandreproductiveassurance?Couldthisleadtochangesinplantspeciescompositionofcommunities?Althoughinthelaboratoryanabioticfactorcanbeusedtobreakdownself-incompatibility,intheirnaturalhabitatplantsareexposedsimultaneouslytomultipleabioticfactorsmakingtheinteractiveeffectofthesefactorsevenmorecomplex.

UniversityofIllinois,IllinoisNaturalHistorySurvey,1816S.OakSt.,Champaign,IL,61820,USA

Plant reproductive strategies under environmental stress

34

Advances in Plant Systematics and Population Genomics: Applications of Next Generation Techniques

Sponsored by Ecological Section and Genetics Section.

82 UDALL, JOSHUA*1, BAJGAIN, PRABIN1 and RICHARDSON, BRYCE2

Natural sequence diversity of Artemesia tridentata in the western United States

Artemisia tridentata (big sagebrush) is one of themost widely distributed and ecologically impor-

tantshrubspeciesinwesternNorthernAmerica.Thisspeciesservesasacriticalhabitatandfoodresourceformanyanimalsandinvertebrates.Habitatlossduetodis-turbances, usuallywildfire, followed by establishmentofinvasiveplantspeciesisaseriousthreattobigsage-brush ecosystem sustainability. Taxonomic relation-shipswithinthisspeciesremaininquestion.Basedonmorphological,ploidyandchemicaltests,bigsagebrushisdividedintothreewidespreadsubspecies.However,previous studieshave shown thathybridizationcouldbecommonanddistinguishingsubspeciesbasedonthecharactersmentionedabovecanbeproblematic.Using454sequencing,werecentlygeneratedthefirstsetESTsforthisspecies.Partialgenesequences(~360bp)from48genesweretargetedforre-sequencingfromindividu-alsacrosstherangeofbigsagebrush(~350individuals,11 western states). Amplicons were generated usingFluidigmAccessArrayandtheyweresequencedusing454.Basedonthesesequences,wepresentinsightintotheunderlyingphylogeographicandpopulationgeneticstructureofbigsagebrush.1BrighamYoungUniversity,PlantandAnimalScienceDept,292WidstoeBuilding,Provo,UT,84602,USA2USDAForestService,RockyMountainResearchStation,735North500East,Provo,Utah,84606,USA

83 SCHLUETER, JESSICA*1, SAFARI, SAJEDEH1, BEINE, JAIME1, WHALEY, ADAM1, BURKEY, KENT2 and CARTER, THOMAS2

Determining molecular responses to environmental change in soybeans

Astheglobalclimatechanges,plantswillbechal-lengedby environmental stresses that aremore

extremeandmorefrequent.Theaverageyieldlossdueto environmental stresses is currently estimated tobemorethan50%formajorcropspeciesandisthemajorlimitationtoworldfoodproduction.Thediscoveryofresistancetoenvironmentalstresseshasbeenhamperedbythecomplexityofthesetraitsaswellasthedifficultyinmeasurement of the plant responses. Recent stud-

ieshaveidentifiedasmallfamilyofsoybeangenotypesfromabreedingprograminFiskeby,Sweden,thatareresistantorpartiallyresistanttoatmosphericozonepol-lutionaswellasotherenvironmentalstressconditions.Ozonepollution isoftenperceivedas anurban issue,buttheproblemisactuallyregionalandincludesmanyagricultural areas. Ozone has been shown to reducegrowthandyieldinmanycropsandsoybeanisknowntobeanozonesensitivespeciesUtilizingIlluminaRNA-seqwe have surveyed both resistant, Fiskeby III, andsusceptible,Mandarin (Ottawa), varieties under bothcontrol(low)andhighozoneconditions.1UniversityofNorthCarolinaatCharlotte,BioinformaticsandGe-nomics,Bioinformatics261,9201UniversityCityBlvd,Charlotte,NC,28223,USA2UnitedStatesDepartmentofAgriculture,Agri-culturalResearchSerivce,3127LigonSt,Raleigh,NC,27607,USA

84 BARKER, MICHAEL S.

Old problems, new solutions, and some obstacles for next-generation plant evolutionary biology

Next-generation sequencing has created unprec-edented opportunities for the study of plant

evolution. Relatively rapid and inexpensive access togenome-scale data has created new opportunities forstudying the evolutionary history of plants.Althoughnext-generation technologies have presented new so-lutionstooldproblems,thereareanumberofnewob-stacles,especiallylimitationsofcurrentnext-generationsequencingandbioinformaticanalysesofexistingdata.Iwillpresentrecentbionformaticadvancesintheanaly-sisofgeneduplications,polyploidy,andhybridizationandcomparehowwellcompetingtechnologiesperformunderthesealgorithms.Inparticular,Iwillprovideanoverview of the pros and cons of two predominantnext-generationsequencingtechnologies,454andIllu-mina,aswellasafirstlookatthe"post-light"sequencingtechnologyfromIonTorrent.Finally,Iwilloutlinethesignificant challenges associated with next-generationplantevolutionarybiologyandidentifypotentialdirec-tionsforovercomingtheseremainingobstacles.

UniversityofArizona,Ecology&EvolutionaryBiology,P.O.Box210088,Tucson,AZ,85721,USA

85 KANE , NOLAN C*, GRASSA, CHRIS, ANDREW, ROSE, RENAUT, SEBASTIEN and RIESEBERG, LOREN

Genetic underpinnings of divergence and adaptation in Helianthus

Numeroustaxaremainmorphologicallydistinctinthefaceofhybridizationwithotherspecies.Itis

oftenassumedthatgeneflowfromotherspeciesonlyaf-fectsasmallproportionofthegenome,butrecentworksuggeststhatreproductivebarriersmaybequiteporous,

35

allowingsomegeneflowovermuchofthegenome.Wehave used high resolution genomic scans to estimatelocus-specific and genome-wide effective migrationratesand levelsofdifferentiationformultiplepairsofsunflowertaxathatvaryindivergencetime,strengthofreproductiveisolationanddegreeofgenographicsepa-ration.Weshowthatgenomicregionsofdifferentationare small,onlyexceedingahandfulofgenes ina fewareasoflowrecombination.Whilethesescanscaniden-tifypossible"speciationgenes"understrongdivergentselection, these lociappear toaffectgeneflowatonlyverylocalizedregionsofthegenome.

UniversityOfBritishColumbia,DepartmentOfBotany,6270Uni-versityBlvd,Vancouver,BC,V6T1Z4,Canada

86 EGAN, ASHLEY N*1, SCHLUETER, JESSICA2 and DOYLE, JEFF3

Comparative genomics of phaseoloid legumes: what 454 transcriptomics can tell us about phylogeny

Thelegumefamily(Leguminosae;Fabaceae)isoneofthemostdiverseplantfamiliesonearth,having

~18,000species.Thephaseoloidgroupcontainsmanyeconomically important species suchas thecultivatedsoybean (Glycine max; a polyploid) and Kudzu (Pu-eraria montana;ahighly invasivespecies intheU.S.).Polyploidy(wholegenomeduplication)hasplayedanimportant role in thediversificationof legumes, bothanciently and in the more recent evolutionary past.Polyploidyeventsareeasilyinferredfromdoubled(ormultiplicative) base chromosome numbers of speciesrelativetorelatedevolutionary lineages.However,an-cientpolyploidymaygounnoticedduetoreductioninchromosomenumber(diploidization),makingancientpolyploidy cryptic. To assess the prevalence of poly-ploidy inphaseoloid legumeevolution,we sequencedthe transcriptomesofseveralspeciesusingRoche454pyrosequencing.Weexaminedsignaturesofpolyploidybycreatingadistributionofsynonymoussubstitutionsacrossduplicatedgenepairswithineachgenome.Us-ingthesoybeangenomeandcDNAdatabaseasaref-erence, we compare ancient signatures of polyploidyacrossspeciestoobtainarobustestimateofthetimeofancient polyploidization within legumes. We discusstheprosandconsofusingnext-gensequencingforKsestimationandcompareoutcomeswithotherestimatesofpolyploidyinthesoybeangenomeusingExpressedSequenceTags(ESTs).Inaddition,wepresentaphy-logenomichypothesisofphaseoloidrelationshipsusingorthologousgenesculledfromtranscriptomedata.1EastCarolinaUniversity,Biology,HowellScienceComplexN303a,Mailstop 551, Greenville, NC, 27858, USA2University of NorthCarolina-Charlotte,BioinformaticsandGenomics,9201Univer-sityCityBlvd,BioinformaticsBuilding261,Charlotte,NC,28223,USA3CornellUniveristy,412MannLibraryBuilding,ITHACA,NY,14853-4301,USA

87 CRONN, RICHARD*1, KNAUS, BRIAN1, LISTON, AARON2, MAUGHAN, JEFF3, PARKS, MATTHEW4, SYRING, JOHN5 and UDALL, JOSHUA6

Simplifying the complex: Targeted sequencing strategies for population, phylogenetic, and genomic studies in plants

The recent and dramatic advances offered bymodernDNA sequencers annually re-define the

amountofsequencedatathatcanbegatheredforcom-parativegeneticanalysis.Evenwiththeachievementsinsequencingtodate,plantgenomespresentformidableobstaclesthatcanmakeitdifficulttoexecutelarge-scalepopulationandevolutionarygeneticstudies.Manyfac-tors-widegenomesizevariation(from~100Mbptowellover100Gbp),extensivevariationinthecontribu-tionoforganellarDNAtototalDNA,polyploidy,andgene number/redundancy - contribute to these chal-lenges,andtheydemandpowerfulandcustomizablege-nomereductionstrategiestoachievethedesiredgoals.

In this talk, we summarize the many available ge-nomereductionstrategiesthatcanbeusedtotarget

partial-to-completeorganellegenomes,andknownandanonymousnuclear targets.Thesemethods fallunderfourgeneralcategories;PCR-basedenrichment,hybrid-ization-based enrichment, restriction enzyme-basedenrichment,andphysicalenrichmentof sub-genomicpartitions.CentraltoallmethodsismultiplexDNAse-quencing,aprocessthatenablessimultaneoussequenc-ingofmultiple target pools.Weprovide examples ofhowthesestrategieshavebeensuccessfullyusedinthreespecificapplications:(1)enrichingandsequencingpar-tial-to-completechloroplastgenomesforphylogeneticanalysis; (2) enrichingand sequencingnuclear loci toidentifypopulation-andtaxon-specificpolymorphism;and (3) enriching transcriptomes for gene discovery,polymorphism identification, and gene expressionanalysis.Whilethebenefitsoftargetedsequencingaregreatest inplantswith largegenomes,mostcompara-tiveprojectscanbenefitfromtheimprovedthroughputofferedbytargetedmultiplexDNAsequencing,particu-larlyastheamountofdataproducedfromasinglein-strumentfarexceeds100billionbasesperrun.1USDA Forest Service, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR,97330, USA2Oregon State University, Department Of Botany &PlantPathology,2082CordleyHall,Corvallis,OR,97331-2902,US-A3BrighamYoungUniversity,PlantandWildlifeScienceDept,285WidstoeBuilding,Provo,UT,846024OregonStateUniversity,De-partmentofBotany&PlantPathology,CordleyHall,Corvallis,OR,97331-2092,USA5LinfieldCollege,900SEBakerSt,McMinnville,OR,97128,USA6BrighamYoungUniversity,PlantandWildlifeSci-enceDept,292WidstoeBuilding,Provo,UT,84602,USA

Advances in Plant Systematics and Population Genomics

36

Strategies for healing our coast lines: Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, erosion and urban degradation: progress for the North American future marine macro-plants

Sponsored by Physiological Section.

88 THORHAUG, ANITRA*1 and COONS, JANICE2

Healing the Biodiversity of Dominant Plants of the Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, and the Greater Caribbean Coastlines after Industrial pollutants and Development Degradation.

During many centuries, man’s activities haveclaimedlargequantitiesofbiodiversityofAtlan-

ticandGulfofMexicoestuaries:dredgeandfill,salinitydiversion, sewerage effluents, and industrial outflows.About13%ofthesea’ssurfaceareacontainssitesofthehighestglobalbiodiversity:heestuariesandnearshore.This is one of the least understoodbotanically in thearrayofglobalecosystemresources,andisfullofcom-plexitywhiledifficult toaccess.Theeco-physiologyofmarine macro-plants and their restoration principlesarejustbeginningtobeelucidated.Agreatdealoftheintense oceanic productivity is immediately next toshorewheretheterrestrialnutrientsfromriverinesys-tems plus shallow waters allows light penetration torelativelytheshallowbottomscreatingenormouspro-ductivity.Attheintersectionbetweenthesetwomassiveecosystems,theMississippiDeltaandtheupperreachesof the Western Hemisphere’s largest inland sea, theGulfofMexico.Heretheestuaryofoneoftheworld’slargestrivers,drainingtoxinsfrom38statesreachesthelowenergyendoftheGulfofMexico.Wewilldiscuss:1.)Examplesofsuccessfulrestorationofthedominantcoastal plant species under difficult situations withcontaminationstillpresentisoccurring;2.)Knowledgeof physiological responses of coastal macro-plants tooil,and todispersedoilandotherongoingpollutantsmustbegatheredandanalyzed;and3.)Pastexamplesofcoastalvegetativeecosystemscomingincontactwithlarge-scaleoilspillsespeciallyintheGulfofMexicoandCaribbean(Ixtoc,Yum,Panama).1YaleUniversity,SchoolofForestryandEnvironmentalSciences,359ProspectSt.,NewHaven,Ct.,06901,USA2EasternIllinoisUniver-stiy,BiologicalSciences,600LincolnAve,Charleston,IL,61920,USA

89 ZEDLER, JOY*1 and DOHERTY, JAMES2

Major restoration efforts are healing biodiversity in Californian coastal marshes

Despite the historical loss of 90% of California’scoastal marsh area, and despite recent chal-

lenges (includingextremeflooding, sea storms, anda"homeland security fence" at theUS-Mexico border),stakeholdersaresustainingTijuanaEstuaryandmuchof its plant and animal diversity. Despite budgetaryconstraints,TheStateCoastalConservancyandothershavefundedrestorationplanningandimplementation;anon-governmentalorganization(SouthwestWetlandsInterpretiveAssociation)hasengagedlocalcitizens;andeducation and research coordinators at the NationalEstuarineResearchReservehelpedK-12anduniversitystudents studyand learnaboutbiodiversity conserva-tion.During30yearsofvegetationmonitoring,TijuanaEstuary’s400-hasaltmarshlostitshistoricaldiversityin1984,whenthemouthclosedandan8-monthdroughteliminatedstreamflow.Soilsbecamedryandextremelyhypersaline, and two short-lived species (Salicornia bigelovii, Suaeda esteroa)weregreatly reduced indis-tribution--butnotextirpated.Oncetidalinfluencewasrestored, all but the short-lived species regained theirhistoricaldistributions.In1997afieldexperimentbegantolinkchangesindiversitytoecosystemservices.Rep-licateplotsonanexcavatedmarshplainwereplantedwith0,1,3,and6nativespecies.After2growingsea-sons,indicatorsofthesaltmarsh’sabilitytosupportbio-diversity(biomass,height,canopylayering,resistancetoinvasion)werepositivelycorrelatedwiththenumberofspeciesplanted.By2009,however,thoseservicesweremostlyprovidedbySalicornia virginica, Jaumea carnosa andFrankenia salina.Nevertheless,additionalresearchdemonstratedthateachoftheeightmarsh-plainhalo-phytesmakesauniquecontributiontosaltmarshfunc-tioning.Allarelikelynecessaryforresilienceinthefaceofmajor disturbances (e.g., rapidly rising sea level orcatastrophicflooding).Episodesofsedimentationtendtopromotedominanceattheexpenseofdiversity,butarmedwithsuchknowledge,managerscanrestoreandmaintainbiodiversityinCaliforniansaltmarshes.1UniversityOfWisconsin,Botany,430LincolnDrive,Madison,WI,53706,USA2UniverstiyofWisconsin,DepartmentofBotany,312BirgeHall,430LincolnDrive,Madsion,WI,53706-1381,USA

37

90 TEAS, HOWARD1, THORHAUG, ANITRA2 and COONS, JANICE*3

Healing Mangrove Biodiversity: oil spills, dispersants and mangrove restoration

Oneofthehighestmarineshorelinebiodiversitiesandproductivities,andalsoasourceofveryhigh

sequesteredcarbonintheworld’smarineandestuarinetropicsandsubtropics is frommangroves,agroupofhigherplantsfromavarietyofevolutionarypathwaysadapted to high salt tolerance, some of which growdirectlyintheintertidalmarinezone,othersofwhichgrowupland inareasof salt intrusionandspray.Theproblemofmangrovetolerancetoavarietyofanthro-pogenic substances has been studied intensively. Oilanddispersedoilparticularlyhasbeentestedonseed-lingsandadultsresultinginthefactthataseriesofdis-persantscanalleviatemassivemortalityofmangrovesifplacedontofreshoilsheenpriortopetroleumenteringamangrove forest. If the oil sheen reaches theman-grovesonlowtidalcycle,thenpermeatestotheroots,themortalityisfarhigher.ThePanamaspillandIxtocintheGreaterCaribbeanSeaareexamplesofthisinthefieldasareotherspillresultsalso indicatingmortalitywhen sediments are permeated by oil. Restoration ofmangroveshasbeencarriedoutextensivelyintheGulfofMéxico andCaribbean includingSouthFloridabyTeasandothers.Therestorationonavarietyofimpact-edsitesincludingoiledsedimentshasalsobeencarriedout.Thedispersedoilanddispersantalonedata fromour testing ofmangroves vs. dispersed oil, as well asGreaterCaribbeanBasinspillsandtheirrestorationinavarietyofanthropogenicsituationswillbediscussed.1UniversityofMiami,DepartmentofBiology ,CoralGables,Fl ,33133,USA2YaleUniversity,SchoolofForestryandEnvironmentalSciences,359ProspectSt.,NewHaven,Ct.,06901,USA3EasternIllinoisUniverstiy,BiologicalSciences,600LincolnAve,Charleston,IL,61920,USA

91 THORHAUG, ANITRA

The Subtropical/Tropical USA Seagrasses in Gulf of Mexico and South Atlantic USA Coastal Areas: Healing the biodiversity by Restoration Under a Variety of Pollution sources including Oil, and Dispersed Oil

There are 95,142 ha of seagrass in Texas, plus1,092,651 ha in Florida, 4,511 ha in Louisiana,

298hainMississippi,andlessthan200hainAlabamawithadditionallargepopulationsontheUSAAtlanticSeacoast from north Carolina toMaine on soft bot-toms.This isestimated tobe far less than50%of thepre-WorldWarIIseagrassextentsothatalargelossofbiodiversityhasoccurred.Additionally,theCaribbeanandGulfofMexicoisoneofthemostintensepetroleumextractionandtransportsitesintheworld,withalarge

percentageoftheUS,MexicanandVenezuelanoildrill-ingtransitingtheareaalongwithadditionaloiltrans-portfromtheMiddleEastandoilthroughthePanamaCanal.Whenseagrassesarerestoredbiodiversityofitsecosystemhasbeenseenbyavarietyofinvestigatorstoreassembleepiphytes,invertebrates,andvertebratesingeneral.TheGulfofMexicobasin’sandFloridaprojectstohealthebiodiversityofdamagedseagrasscommuni-ties,numberinthethousandsofrestoredseagrasshect-aresandareamongintheearliestglobaleffortsofsea-grass restoration.Adiscussionof healingbiodiversitypost-seagrass-restorationinthefaceofongoingvariouspollutantswillbepresentedfocusingonThalassia tes-tudinum, Halodule wrightii, and Ruppia maritimainaparticularreviewofinvestigationsofrestorationeffortsonthe2010oilspillspecies.AseconddiscussionoftheinvestigationsofresponsesofdominantseagrassspeciesThalassia testudinumandHalodule wrightiitovariousoilsanddispersedoilsinlaboratoryandfieldwilloccur,aswellasadiscussionofseagrassecosystemresponsestoaseriesoflarge-scalespillsintheGreaterCaribbeanBasin.Thehealingofbiodiversityof seagrasses in theface of industrial, infrastructure building and diver-sionofwater(MississippiandFlorida),theurbanandagriculturalrunnoff,andpointsourcepollutantsfrommining,powerplantsandsewerageisremarkableandwillbeexamined.

YaleUniversity,SchoolofForestryandEnvironmentalSciences,359ProspectSt.,NewHaven,Ct.,06901,USA

92 SHAFER, DEBORAH

Using seeds to increase and heal biodiversity in Large-scale submerged aquatic vegetation restoration in the Cheseapeke Bay

In 2003, the Chesapeake Bay Program developeda strategy to accelerate the large-scale restoration

of seagrasses and other submerged aquatic vegeta-tion(SAV)withinChesapeakeBay,oneoftheworld’slargest estuaries.Oneof their goals involvedplantingmore than1,000acresofSAVinorder torestorationpopulationstohistoriclevels.Seedingwasdeterminedtobeoneofthemostcost-effectivemeansofplantingandrestoringlarge,self-maintaining,geneticallydiverseSAVbeds.However,protocolsfortheharvest,process-ing,storage,andsubsequentdispersalofseedsofmostSAVspecieswerelargelynon-existent.Aninteragencyresearchprogramwas launched in 2003 inMarylandandVirginiatodeveloptools,techniques,andprotocolsforusingseedsinlarge-scaleSAVrestoration.WenowhaveprotocolsavailableformultipleSAVspecies,span-ningthesalinitygradientfrompolyhalinetooligohalinewaters.Costsofplantingareonadownwardtrendasourknowledgeandexperienceincrease.TheprocessofdevelopingtheseprotocolsforusingseedsinSAVres-torationshouldbewidelyapplicableinotherregions.

U.S.ArmyCorpsofEngineers.,EngineerResearchandDevelop-ment,3909Halls'FerryRoad,Vicksburg,MS,39108,USA

Strategies for healing our coast lines

38

Grab that Research Baton and Teach: Bessey Award Winners

Sponsored by Teaching Section.

93 HAZELWOOD, DONNA*1 and BAKER, STOKES2

Scholarship and education pioneers Charles Edwin Bessey, the Bessey Teaching Award and the first awardee, Samuel N Postelthwait

BorninMinton,Ohio,1May1845,CharlesEdwinBessey entered Michigan Agricultural College

(MAC) in July 1886.Heoriginally planned to returntoOhioasacivilengineerorsurveyor,andhadtobepersuadedtospecializeinbotany.Aftercollege,hisfirstpositionwasasassistantshipatMACthatplacedhiminchargeof thegreenhouses,he taughtat IowaStateCollegeofAgricultureatAmes, IA,workedwithAsaGrayatHarvard,laterobtainedaMaster’sDegreefromMAC,andwasawardedaPh.D.fromtheUniversityofIowa.HetaughtatandservedasDeanoftheUniversityofNebraskaAgriculturalCollegeandaschancelloroftheUniversityofNebraskaLincoln.Alongthewayhewasinvitedtosharehisviewsonproblemsinagricultur-aleducationandtoprovidesolutions.Afterlecturingforayearhewaswellonhiswayasapowerfigureinbotanyandeducation.Amonghismanyhonors,hewasachar-termemberoftheBSAandservedasthePresidentin1895.HewaselectedtotheAmericanAssociationfortheAdvancement of Science (AAAS) and became itsPresident in 1911. He revolutionized the teaching ofbotany, andwrote influential textbooks.TheCharlesEdwin Bessey Teaching Award, given by the BSA,honors teachers who exhibit outstanding scholarshipandcommitmenttoteaching.Thefirstaward,in1989,wastoSamuelNoelPostethwait,whoopenedthedoortomultimediapresentationswith the "AudioTutorialMethod."TheTeachingSectionoftheBSAisreactivat-ingthePostelthwaitawardhonoringbothremarkablescientistsandeducators.1DAKOTA STATE UNIV, COLL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES,ScienceCenter,820N.WashingtonAve,MADISON,SD,57042,USA2University ofDetroitMercy, BiologyDepartment, 4001W.McNicholsRd.,Detroit,MI,48221

94 BROWN, BEVERLY

Innovation in Education: What would Bessey do?

CharlesE.Besseywasanexceptionalbotanistandteacher.Duringhislifeheconductedresearchon

wide-rangingbotanicaltopics.Hedidsowhileadvocat-ingfordirectstudentengagementwithbotanicalspeci-mens in classes andpractical application of botanicalknowledge.Hetookstepstobridgegapsbetweenstu-dentsandbotanybywritingthefirstbotanicaltextbookintheUnitedStatesandimplementingtheuseofteach-inglaboratoriesatuniversities.ThisisaproudheritagethattheBotanicalSocietyofAmerica(BSA)continuestobuildon.ThePlantingScienceprojecthasintroducedthousands of students to scientist mentors who helpteachers immerse students in research experiences intheir classrooms andon-line. Just asBesseyprovidedtextsforstudents,theBSAisalsoprovidingresourcestoteachersandstudentstosupporttheirexplorationofbo-tanicalquestions.Theestablishmentandgrowthofouron-lineteachingresourcedatabasemakesaccurateandengagingbotanicalinformationfreelyavailabletoteach-ersateverylevel.Finally,theBSA,primarilythroughtheEducationCommitteeandTeachingSection,workstoincorporateresearchonbestpracticesforteachingintoevery member’s consciousness. These innovations inscienceeducationguaranteethatBessey’sworklivesonandproudlyprosperswithintheBSAandbeyond.

NazarethCollegeOfRochester,Biology,4245EastAvenue,ROCH-ESTER,NY,14618,USA

95 WANDERSEE, JAMES

How can botanic gardens help us prevent plant blindness?

Gettingaperson’sattentionisnoteasythesedays.Ourresearchstudieshavepreviouslyshownthat

thegeneralpublic,especiallyinfirst-worldnationsandinlargecities,oftenexhibitswhatwehavetermedplant blindness--the failure of people consciously to notice,understand,andvaluetheplantsaroundthem.By2007,theworld’surbanpopulationexceededthenumberofpeoplelivinginruralareasforthefirsttimeinhistory.Plantblindnessisindeedontheincrease,inspiteofthefactthat,astheRBG-Kewremindsus,all life depends on plants. Enigmatically, ifwe cannot turn theurbanpublic’sattentiontoplants,howcanourcarefullycraft-edbotanyeducationeffortspossiblybe successful? Incontrasttotheratherreservedapproachesthatbotanicgardens employ to draw visitors, Hollywood studiosusetheatermarqueesworldwidetoattractattentiontotheir latestmovies.Marquee is thenamegiven to thelargesignoverhangingatheaterentranceannouncingthecurrentattraction,withboldandcolorfultextsur-

39

roundedbybright,flashinglights.AtBotany 2001,are-portbyourresearchgroupintroducedanddefinedthetermmarquee plantas:1.Aplantspeciesthatstronglyattractsthepublic’sattentionandinvitesitsdirectob-servation;2.Aplantspeciesthat,duringsomeorallofitslifecycle,iscapableofdrawingacrowdatabotanicgarden;3.Aplantspeciesthatmayserveasaportaltoincreasingpublicunderstandingofplants.Since then,wehaveexpandedourresearch-basedcharacterizationandknowledgeofmarqueeplants,andhavedocument-edthelinkagesbetweenattractingpeople’sattentiontoplantsandexpandingtheurbanpublic’sunderstandingofplants.

LouisianaStateUniversity,EducationalTheory,Policy,andPractice,GraduateStudiesinBiologyEducation,223PeabodyHall,BatonRouge,LA,70803,USA

96 SUNDBERG, MARSHALL

Research Methods in Pedagogy

Both qualitative andquantitative assessment strat-egies have their place in designing and testing

pedagogicaltoolsandtechniquesforimprovingstudentlearning. Qualitative strategies include focus groups,journals, interviews,conceptmapping, textbookanno-tation,andavarietyofshortin-classactivitiessuchasminutepapersandmuddiestpointwritings.Quantita-tive strategies includepre-andpost-tests, surveys,anduseofclickers.Examplesofsuccessfulimplementationofmanyofthesestrategieswillbeprovidedforstudentactivelecturecourses,inquiry-basedlaboratorycoursesandintegratedlecture/laboratorycourses.

EmporiaStateUniversity,DepartmentOfBiologicalSciences,1200COMMERCIAL,EMPORIA,KS,66801,USA

97 ARMSTRONG, JOSEPH

Evaluating learning in the laboratory classroom: portfolios instead of lab reports and quizzes

Quizzesandreportshavelongbeenthebaneoflab-oratoryteaching.Andyethowelsedoweevaluate

learning?Inlabswithdiverseactivitiesandmanyobser-vationsaportfoliocanbetterreflectthematerialcoveredandbyshowing interrelationsofmaterialsandobser-vationsstudentscanbetterreflectlearningaswell.Labquizzesoftenproducemiserable results,deflatinganddiscouragingtobothstudentandinstructor.Theport-foliocametotherescue.Thedigitalformatofportfoliosallowstext,data,illustrations,images,stillandvideo,tobemeaningfullyinterrelatedandjuxtaposed.Asimplegrocerylistoffruitsandvegetablesshowslittlelearning.Groupingfruitsandvegetablesintotaxonomicand/ortype categories showsunderstanding of basic lessons.Ratherthanshorttermmemorization,studentslearnbyworkingwithimagesanddiversematerialstoassemble

ameaningfulportfolio,apracticethatgeneratesbetterlong-termlearning.Studentsrequireguidanceandin-structionsotheyunderstandwhatshowslearningandtheevaluationrubricthatwillbeappliedisbasedonthis.The portfolio process has several advantages. First, itusesdigitaltechnologiesandstudentsenduprecordingmoreofwhattheydothanviastandardreports.Second,the portfolios provide tangible evidence ofwhat theycoveredandlearned,i.e.,theyhaveabettereducationalproductattheend,onethattheykeepforfutureuse.Therealizationthat theyaredoingthis for themselves, fortheirfutureuse,producessomequiteimpressiveefforts.Third,overallstudentsspendmoretimeworkingwithlaboratorymaterials,anddemonstrategoodretentionofmaterialscovered,goodrecognitionofspecimens,andadecentabilitytoapplytheknowledgewhenneeded.

IllinoisStateUniversity,SchoolofBiologicalSciences,CampusBox4120,Normal,IL,61790-4120,USA

98 MARTINE, CHRISTOPHER

Three ways to conduct research at an undergraduate institution, including one way to never publish again

A generationago, the singulargoalof science fac-ulty atmany undergraduate institutionswas toexcelintheclassroomwhilebalancingthedemandsofteachingthreetofivecoursespersemester.Recenthiresatmanyundergraduateinstitutionsareencounteringanewparadigm,however.Thatis,oneinwhichteachingloads are the same but the expectations for scholarlyproductivityarequitedifferent.Thenewmodelrequiresexcellence in theclassroomandahigh levelof schol-arlyproductivity-oftenwithapremiumplaceduponincluding undergraduates in one’s research program.For junior faculty especially, meeting these teacher-scholarexpectationsisadauntingtask.Threeexamplesofresearchprogramsatundergraduateinstitutionsarepresentedasdisparatemodels.Eachillustratesadiffer-entsetofoutcomesforboththefacultymemberandthestudentsinvolved.

SUNY Plattsburgh, Biological Sciences, 101 Broad Street, Platts-burgh,NY,12901,USA

99 HANGARTER, ROGER

The Un-still Life of Plants

Asagroup,plantsareamongtheslowestformsoflife. With their barely perceptible movements,

plantsmeritlittlenoticeformosthumans.Withindus-trializedagriculture,increasingurbanization,theavail-ability of realistic-looking artificial plants that do notrequirehumaninteraction,andaworldthatismovingatanever-increasingpace,wearebecomingfurtherre-movedfromtherhythmsofplants.Asaconsequence,theappreciationof the importanceofplants is reced-ing in our collective consciousness to the point that,formanypeopleplantsareregardedaslittlemorethanornamental objects. In this presentation, time-lapsetechnologywillbeusedtodemonstratetheremarkable

Grab that Research Baton and Teach: Bessey Award Winners

40

dynamicsofplant life.Wewill seehowkeenlyawareplants are of their environment throughout their lifeastheynavigatethespacearoundthemandrespondtothevariousstimulitheyencounter.Thesenseofintrigueandmysteryrevealedbytime-lapseimagingenhancesourownawarenessofplantlifeand,hopefully,providesadeeperappreciationofourrelationshiptoplantsandourenvironment.

IndianaUniversity,Biology,915E3rdSt.,Bloomington,IN,47405

Education Sharing our Ethnobotany Curriculum: the Open Science Approach

Sponsored by Society for Economic Botany.

100 BARFIELD, KERI* and HARRISON, PATRICIA

Sharing Our Ethnobotany Curriculum: The Open Science Approach

TheOpenScienceNetwork(OSN)isaNationalSci-ence Foundation funded project, coordinated by

theBotanicalResearchInstituteofTexas.OSNhasbeenleadingaworldwidecollaborationofethnobiologyedu-catorsthroughthecontinualexchangeandenrichmentof educational techniques,materials, and experiences.ThisNetwork champions open educational resourcesandusesthelatestwebtechnologiestoencourageshar-ing,generation,andmanagementofeducationaltoolsandcurriculumforthetraditionalandnon-traditionalclassroom. Ethnobiological teaching resources havebeenmadeopenlyavailablebyresearchersandeduca-torsbasedattheUniversityofHawaiiatManoa,Frost-burg State University, University of South Carolina,UniversityofArkansasforMedicalSciences,andUni-versityofKentamongothers.

BotanicalResearchInstituteofTexas,1700UniversityDrive,FortWorth,TX,76107,USA

101 DEPASS, ANTHONY

Technologyin Biology Education: Shifting Paradigms for Content Access and Dissemination

Thequest forfindingmoreeffectiveways to teachand learn has meant for most,the incorporation

ofthenewesttechnologiesintotheclassroom.Thein-creasinglyrapidpaceoftechnologicaladvancementhastransformedthevolumeandqualityofinformationthatisaccessibletofacultyandstudentsinandoutsideoftheclassroom,andthathasredefinedthelearningenviron-ment.Besidesimpactingteaching,technologyhashadamajorimpactonthegrowthofteachableinformation,inpartduetothefasterpaceofscientificdiscovery,andhasraisedissuesastowhatshouldbetaught.Thevastlyinclusiveencyclopedicapproachhasbeenthebasisforateachingmodelthathasdominatedscienceeducationformorethanacenturyhasgrownmore impractical.TherecentNSFsupportedreportonVision andChange in Undergraduate Biology Education: A call to Action,arguesforafocusoncoreconceptsandcompetenciesasamodel thatwill serve tobettereducate futurescien-tistsandaninformedcitizenry.Itsimplementationwillimpact content in thedeterminationof thecorecon-ceptsthataretobetaughttothedesiredlevelofcritical

41

understanding.Theroleoftechnology,notforitsownsake,buttobringinquiry-basedpedagogytothelearnerwillbeofsignificantconsideration.However,thisbringsusbackto thequestionofaccess.Recentpublicationshave indicatedthataccessmaybedefinedbythewaytechnologyisused,andthatsuchusevarysignificantlybetweensegmentsofourpopulation.Theparadigmfortheincorporationoftechnologyinlearning,especiallyattheuniversitylevel,maypotentiallyservetodeependisparitiesandwidengapsinachievementasmeasuredbyoutcomesthatareintimatelytiedtothesenewerap-proaches.

LongIslandUniversity,Biology,1UniversityPlaza,Brooklyn,NY,11201,USA

102 LEWIS, WALTER

How an Ethnobotanical/Medicinal Course Evolved Forty Years ago at Washington University

Whatwillbedescribedinthissymposiumishowanewcourse sobroadlydefined couldbe in-

cludedasaseriouscontributiontotheDepartmentofBiologycurriculum.It tooksomedoing,startingwitha shortbetweensemestermini-course,andeventuallyending up as an upper level undergraduate/graduatecoursewith the largest student enrollment in the de-partment. Iwillalsodescribehowthecoursewasen-hancedeach semesterbyprofessors from theSchoolsofMedicineandDentistry,byfivetutorialsheldweeklyforthoserequiringextratutoringparticularlyinbotany,chemistry,andmedicalterminology,andanextraunitfor those who wished to attend an informal weeklyseminar.Allthiswasenhancedbyourfirsttextbook,MedicalBotany,PlantAffectingMan’sHealthin1977andalargereditionin2003.Fieldworkincludedoneorseveralday-longtripstosurroundingparksandsemi-wildernessareasandfora lucky15overEasterrecessatripdeepintotheAmazonbasinofPerufortendayswhere,forexample,eachstudentcompletedanindivid-uallyselectedproject.Astimepermitsotheraspectswillalsobediscussedduringthesymposium.

WashingtonUniversity In St. Louis, DEPTOF BIOLOGY-BOX1137,OneBrookingsDrive,St.Louis,MO,63130,USA

103 MCCLATCHEY , WILL C

Bitter Pills: Lessons Learned While Developing Medical Ethnobotany

Anadvancedundergraduatecourseinmedicalbot-anywastaughtfor12yearsusingacombination

ofpharmacognosyandplantdiversitycontent.Studentswereexpected tohave strongbackgrounds inbiologyandchemistrywithspecifictraininginplantsystematicsandorganicchemistry.AspartofanNSFcurriculumdevelopmentprojectin2007,thecoursewasredesigned

tofocusonethnobotanyandtoincorporatemodernin-structionalmethodsandassessments.In2008and2009thecoursewastaughtusingaproblem-basedlearning(PBL)methodologythat includednestediterativefor-mativeassessments.Thismethodwasselectedbecausethiscourseisprimarilytakenbypre-medicalstudentswhogoontoattendtheUniversityofHawai`iMedi-calSchoolwhichusesPBLas thefocusof its trainingsystem.Studentsworkedas individualsandingroupswith different combinations explored in order to de-veloppracticalscientificworkskillsbeyondknowledgeofmedicalethnobotany.Studentsreportedmixedper-spectivesaboutthemodifiedcourseformat.Forsomethechangewasverystressfulwithtoomuchworkbeingexpectedearlyinthecycle.Othersflourishedwithinthemodified environment and appreciated the opportu-nitytolearnhowtoworkwithinthePBLenvironmentbeforegettingintomedicalschool.Studentgrades(out-comes)forthecourseweresimilartothoseearnedinprioryears,butbecausetheassessmentsweresodiffer-entitwasnotpossibletoprovideadirectcomparison.New teachingmethodsarevaluable forengaging stu-dentsandencouragingthemtoworkwithinformationinwaysthattheywillencounteritwithintherealworld.Thisprocessneedstohappenasearlyaspossiblewithintheeducationalsystem.Itappearsthatstudentswhoen-counterthislatermayhaveadifficulttimeadjustingtoanewreality,butitislikelythatthesamephenomenonwouldhavehappenedwhentheymovedfromacademiaintotherealworld.

BotanicalResearchInstituteofTexas,Research,1700N.UniversityAvenue,FortWorth,TX,76107,USA

104 VOUGIOUKALOU , SOFIA ANTHI

Online resources for open innovation in ethnobotany: towards a more engaged science

Open innovation is a concept that assumes thatorganisations can and should collaborate with

externalideasandexpertiseaswellasinternalideastoadvanceresearchanddevelopmentandcreatenewop-portunities.Importingthisideaintohighereducation,itbecomesclearthattheuseofonlineresourcesascol-laborativeplatformscanleadtoenrichedteachingandlearning environments, innovative intra- and inter-university jointworkingand increasepotential accesstomorediversesourcesoffunding.Notallknowledgeresideswithinuniversities,andonlineresourcesenabletwo-wayengagementwhichcanimproveboththerel-evanceandtheimpactofuniversityknowledgeandex-pertise.Explodingthenotionofthe"ivorytower",morepermeableboundariesbetweenahighereducationin-stitutionand itsenvironmentenablenewinnovationstobeco-developedandknowledgetobeconstructivelyre-contextualised,thuscreatingmutuallybeneficialre-lationshipsbetweentheuniversityandexternalparties.Inanerawhereacademicresearchhastodemonstrate

Education Sharing our Ethnobotany Curriculum

42

itspublicvalueandsocioeconomicimpact,universitiesdonotneedtorelyentirelyontheirownresourcesandproduceoutputsforaninternalaudience.Instead,mak-inguseofthewidedistributionofknowledgeonlineandoffline, studentsandstaffcanuse information from-andproduceoutputsfor-othereducationalinstitutionsandbusinesses aswell as public, voluntary and com-munitysectororganisations.Inthisway,ethnobotanycantranscendthemarginsofsocialandnaturalsciencesanddemonstrate its relevanceandvalue inprovidingsolutionstocontemporaryissuesofsocialandenviron-mentalimportance.Thechallengesandcomplexitiesin-volvedinworkingacrossinstitutionalanddisciplinaryboundarieswillbeaddressedusingexamplesofopenin-novationinteaching,researchandknowledgeexchangepartnershipswithexternalorganisationsintwohighereducationinstitutionsintheUK.

105 BROSI, SUNSHINE

Curriculum Peer-Review and Inter-Institutional Collaboration Assisted by the Open Science Network in Ethnobiology

Undergraduate degree programs in EthnobotanyarelimitedintheUnitedStatestotheUniversity

ofHawaii,Manoa, and Frostburg StateUniversity inMaryland. However, courses in Ethnobiology can befoundwithinmultipledepartmentsatvariousinterna-tional institutions.With a few exceptions, ethnobota-nistsareoftengeographically isolatedfromcolleaguesandpotentially stunted in collaborationopportunitieswhen compared to other sub-disciplineswithin plantbiology.TheOpen ScienceNetwork in Ethnobiology(OSN)connectsethnobotanyeducatorsinordertoin-crease inter-institutional collaboration and provideopportunitiesforcurriculumdevelopment,evaluation,and advancement. Resources which are organized atOSN’swebsiteallowsinstructorstoconnectconceptsinethnobiologyacrossvariesgeographicboundariesandareas of expertise. For example, courses at FrostburgState University have been enhanced by incorpora-tionofonlinelearningmodulesfromtheUniversityofHawaii. Lectureswith specific learning objectives canincorporateexamplesfromthroughouttheworldandincorporate knowledge from diverse colleagues withvariousbackgrounds.Additionallycollaborationoffac-ultywithinthenetworkincludessharingofsyllabi,spe-cificassignments,gradingrubrics,andothercurricularactivities.Forexample,studentsincoursesatFrostburgState University and Hollins University in Roanoke,Virginia completed annotated bibliographies on vari-ous different species to create amore comprehensivedatabaseforplantsinAppalachianregion.StudentsatFrostburgStateUniversityhavealsodevelopedonlinelearningmodules specific toplants andpeopleof theAppalachianregionincludingAmericanginseng,native

plantdyes,makingpaperand ink fromexoticweeds,and Appalachian dulcimer production. Regional dis-tinctionsandglobalconnectionswillemergeasstudentsandfacultyfromacrosstheglobedevelopsimilarlearn-ingmodules.Inaddition,theOSNfosterscollaborationwhich results in peer-review of materials for coursesandinstructionalapproaches.Thiscollaborationassistsindeterminingcore skillswhichethnobiologistsneedtounderstandandpeer-reviewofvariousmethodsofteachingtheseskills tostudents.Theseresourceshavebeen instrumental in developing an open-philosophyinwhicheducatorsreadilysharematerials inordertoadvancethediscipline.

FrostburgStateUniversity,Biology,101BraddockRoad,Frostburg,MD,21532,USA

106 HUISH , RYAN DAVID

Developing curriculum for improving ethnobiology education and field research through collaborative resource pooling

Ethnobiology today isa synergeticcombinationofsciencesthatisdrawingtheinterestofanincreas-

ing number of students. Field research in ethnobiol-ogy isan invaluableway to teachandexperience thismultifacetedsciencefirsthand.However,theintensive,interdisciplinary, and intercultural nature of field re-searchpresentsvariousuniquechallengesandgenerallyrequiressignificanttrainingandpreparationthatbeginsmonths before in classroom and laboratory settings.Developmentof rigorous curriculumaddressing suchspecificsastheacquisitionofinternationalresearchandspecimencollectionpermits,institutionalreviewboardproposalsuniquetoethnobiologicalconcepts,intellec-tualpropertyrights,reciprocityandsoforth,allwithincomplexculturalcontextsisvitalforsuccessfulresearch,butdifficulttodevelopandmaintain.TheOpenScienceNetworkisapowerfulplatformfacilitatingeducationalresource pooling. In conjunction, the use of onlineprofessionalnetworkingsoftware, suchasZotero,hasprovenusefulinovercomingthedifficultiesofcreatingresourcelibrariesspecifictotopicsandprojectsacrossdisciplines and between universities. Such an onlineforum for resources is easy to searchandexport intolesson plans, ismore frequently updated than a text-book,andisadirect,interactiveresourceforstudents.Theopenforumandinclusionofcolleagueandstudentfeedbackfurtherpromotesthecontinuedaccuracyandutility of resources. Examples from course work andfieldexperiencewillfurtheraddresschallengesfacedbyeducatorsandhighlighthowcollaborationsincurricu-lumdevelopmentwillbetterpreparestudentstomakefuturecontributionstothisevolvingdiscipline.

Hollins University, Biology, 7916Williamson Rd., Roanoke, VA,24020,USA

43

107 PRETTYPAINT-SMALL, VALERIE

Research Agendas on Native American Reservations: Who Should be in the Drivers Seat and Why Its Important

Tribal colleges continue to lead their respectivecommunities into the 21st centurybydeveloping

ascienceandtechnologycurriculumthatincorporatescultural values and their respective native languages.DespiteeffortstoassimilateNativeAmericansintonon-Indiansociety,mosttribeswithintheUShave,andcon-tinuetoasserttheirrightsofsovereigntyoverculturalresourcesandindigenousknowledge.However,theun-fortunatehistoryofresearchscientistsconductingstud-ieswithoutbenefittothecommunityhavespurredtribalcollegestoleadthewayinsecuringintellectualrightstosaidknowledge.Giventhefinancialbenefitstouniversi-tiesbywayof federal fundingtoconductresearchonindigenousissues,university-ledresearchhasoftenledtoself-servingorindividualistictopicsthatprovidenoreal-worldbenefittothecommunitywithinwhichtheystudy.Furthermore,manyfederallyfundedresearchfel-lowshipsandinternshipsrequiretribalcollegestudentstoleavetheirrespectivereservations,ratherthanwork-ingwithtribalcollegesandtheirrespectivecommuni-tiestohelpsolvereal-worldcontemporarynativeissues.Universitiescanhelptoprovideresourcesthatareoftenlackingattribalcollegesduetobudgetshortfallsandahistoryofunderfundingnativestudents.Thesestudies,howevermustbedrivenbytheneedsofthecommuni-tieswithinwhichtheyserveandtribalcollegesshouldbeattheforefronttocontroltheresearchprocess,ratherthanuniversitiesandnon-Indianstudentsforcingtheirownresearchagendas.

ColoradoStateUniversity,WeedSciences,PlantSciencesBuilding,FortCollins,CO,80523,USA

108 CAIN, SHAWNA* and CAIN, ROGER

The Cherokee Native & Art Plant Society

TheCherokeeNative&ArtPlantSociety(CNAPS)is a self-organized, tribal community not-for-

profit organization. Incorporated in 2008, CNAPSwas set into motion by Cherokee National Trea-sures for the purpose of teaching and learning tra-ditional arts and ecological practices that dependupon one another. The mission of CNAPS is "ToSupport and Promote Cherokee Elders, Traditions,Artistic Expressions and NaturalEnvironments."CNAPSfocusesupontheCherokeelenswhereChero-keeNationalTreasureEldersareviewedasexperts inthe field of Traditional Ecological Knowledge, oftenawareofthesubtlenuancesrequiredtosuccessfullycar-ryonCherokeeecologicaltraditionstofuturegenera-tions.CherokeeNationalTreasuresplayanintegralroleas"traditionkeepers"andindividualsdistinguishedby

CherokeeNationasartistswhodemonstratetraditionalskillsandknowledgeintertwinedwiththenaturalenvi-ronment,especially thosewhocontinue tokeepthesetraditionsalive. As a grass-roots organization,CNAPSworkswith tribal entities, public/private schools, uni-versities,collegesandtribalcommunityorganizationstoensurethattraditionalecologicalknowledgeandSouth-easternartisticexpressionsarecontinuedinmeaningful-contextsthatpromoteconservationofnaturalresources.SomecurrentCNAPSprojectsincludeteachingabouttraditionalhuntingandgatheringofculturallysignifi-cantplants,naturaldyes,basketry,pottery,stompdance,traditionalfoodpreparation,oraltraditionsandherbalremedies.Throughanintergenerationalapproachthatencouragesmentoringandsmallgroup-buildingproj-ects, CNAPS strives to create lasting connections be-tweenCherokeepeople, theirnatural landscapes, andtheirculturaltraditions.

TheCherokeeNative&ArtPlantSociety,308N.MuskogeeAvenue,Tahlequah,OK,74464,USA

109 HALL, KAREN C.

Digital Storytelling for Students: Critical connections to traditional knowledge

Storytelling is apowerfulmediumusedbyhumanculturesthroughouttimeandacrosstheglobe,pro-

viding meaning, interpretation, and education. Withtheadventoflessexpensiveandmorewidelyavailableequipment, softwareandwebsites, studentsnowhaveameansof capturingor creating storiesof theirownthroughdigitalmedia.Thispresentationwilldiscusstheimportanceofdigitalstorytellingasameansofconnect-ing students to traditional knowledge, including howandwhythesestoriesareusefulexercisesforall.

ClemsonUniversity,SchoolofAgriculture,ForestryandtheEnvi-ronment,261LehotskyHall,Clemson,SC,29634,USA

Education Sharing our Ethnobotany Curriculum

44

70 Years After Schultes: Economic Botany from the Andes to the Amazon

Sponsored by Society for Economic Botany.

110 CAMARA LERET, RODRIGO*1, PANIAGUA Z, NAREL Y.2 and MACÍA, MANUEL J.1

Quantitative ethnobotany of palms with indigenous, afroamerican and mestizo inhabitants of the Amazon, Andean & Choco forests of northwestern South America

A protocol forgatheringinformationonethnobo-tanical and socio-economic variables of palms

andhumancommunitiesindifferenttropicalrainforestisdiscussed.Usingthisprotocolwepresentourstudyinquantitativeethnobotanyofpalmswithdifferenthu-man groups: indigenous, afroamerican, and mestizocommunities that inhabit the Amazon, Andean andChocoforestsofColombia,Ecuador,PeruandBolivia.By gathering adata set unrivaled inprevious studies,withover2700informantsin32localitiesfromthefourcountries, several ecoregions andhuman groups, thisanalysiswillenableabetterunderstandingofhowtra-ditionalknowledgeandmanagementsystemsofpalmshaveevolved,howtheyhavebeenadaptedtochanges,andwhatpossible factorsdeterminetheuseandcon-servationofaspeciesandinturnoftheforestsinwhichthey grow. Although the protocol was designed fornorthwestern SouthAmerica, the purpose is to stan-dardizeaprotocoltobeusedattheglobalscale,allowingforcomparingpatternsofpalmusebetweendifferentcountries,ecoregions,habitats,humangroupsandusecategories.1Universidad Autónoma deMadrid, Departamento de Biología,CampusdeCantoblanco,CalleDarwin,2,Madrid,Madrid,28049,Spain2HerbarioNacionaldeBolivia,LaPaz,Bolivia

111 PANIAGUA Z, NAREL Y.*1, CAMARA LERET, RODRIGO2, BUSSMANN, RAINER3 and MACIA, MANUEL2

Differences in traditional use of palms reflect the life history of users - the case of indigenous and campesino communities in Beni, Bolivia

Thelifehistoryofthelocalpopulationisoftenreflect-edintheusagepatternsofresourcesintheirsur-

roundingenvironment.Westudiedtwohumangroupslivinginthesameecosystem,withthesamespeciesofpalmspresent.TheindigenousChacoboreachedtheir

presentsettlementareaabout60yearsago,whenAmer-icanmissionariesestablishedahomelandforthetribe.The campesino communities settled around 40 yearsagoat theendof the local rubber(Hevea brasiliensis)boom.Ourstudyshowedthat thecampesinosmostlyrubbertappersortheirchildrenknowandusealargernumberofpalmspeciesforamorediverserangeofap-plications.Thisknowledgeisaresultoftheirextensivevoyagesduringrubbercollection,whichgavethemtheopportunitytolearnaboutandexperimentwithalargenumberofspecies.Thisknowledgehasbeentransferredintotheirpresentdaylives,andisusedtofindnewin-comesourcesfromproductsderivedfrompalms.TheChacoboincontrastusepalmsmostlyforsubsistence,foralownumberofuses.1HerbarioNacionaldeBolivia,LaPaz,Bolivia2UniversidadAutóno-madeMadrid,CampusdeCantoblanco,DepartamentodeBiología,ÁreadeBotánica,CalleDarwin,2,Madrid,28049,Spain3MissouriBotanicalGarden,WilliamLBrownCenter,POBox299,St.Louis,MO,63166-0299,USA

112 BALSLEV, HENRIK

Palm harvest impact in the western Amazon, Andes and Pacific lowlands

Palmsarethemostusefulgroupofplantsintropi-calAmericanforestsandinthisprojectwestudy

theeffectofextractionandtradeofpalmsonforestinthewesternAmazon,AndesandPacificlowlands.Wedeterminethesizeoftheresourcebymakingpalmcom-munity studies in the different forest formations anddeterminethenumberofspeciesandindividualsofallpalmspecies.Thegeneticstructureofusefulpalmspe-ciesisstudiedtodeterminehowmuchharvestingofthespeciescontributestogeneticerosionofitspopulations,andwhetherextractioncanbemadewithoutharm.Wedetermine howmuch palms are used for subsistencepurposes by carrying out quantitative, ethnobotani-calresearchindifferentforesttypesandwealsostudytrade patterns for palm products from local marketstomarkets that involveexport toothercountriesandcontinents.Westudydifferentwaysinwhichpalmsaremanagedandweproposesustainablemethodstolocalfarmers,governments,NGOsandotherinterestedpar-ties.Finallywestudynationallevelmechanismthatgov-erns extraction, trade and commercializationof palmproducts, to identify positive and negative policies inrelationtoresilienceofecosystemsandusethistopro-posesustainablepoliciestothegovernments.Theresultsaredisseminatedinavarietyofways,dependingonneedandstakeholders,frompopularleafletsandvideosforfarmers,reportsforpolicymakerstoscientificpublica-tionfortheresearchcommunity.Theteambehindtheproposalrepresents10universitiesandresearchinstitu-tionsinEuropeandnorthwesternSouthAmerica.

AarhusUniversity,Bioscience,NyMunkegade114,Aarhus,8000,Denmark

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113 MACÍA, MANUEL J.*1, CAMARA LERET, RODRIGO2, PANIAGUA Z, NAREL Y.3, BALSLEV, HENRIK4 and PARDO-DE-SANTAYANA, MANUEL5

Palm Uses in Tropical Rainforests of North-western South America

A thoroughreviewconcerningpalmusesintropicalrainforestsofnorth-westernSouthAmericawas

carriedouttounderstandpatternsofpalmusethrough-out ecoregions (Amazonia, Andes, Choco), countries(Colombia,Ecuador,Peru,Bolivia),andamongthedif-ferenthumangroups(indigenous,mestizos,afroameri-cans, colonos) that occur there. A total of 194 usefulpalmspecies,2395differentusesand6141use-reportswere recorded from255references.Theaverage (SD)numberofdifferentusesperspecieswas12.3(18.7)al-thoughgreatvariabilitywasobservedbetweendifferentspecies. Ethnobotanical informationwas recorded for54indigenousgroups,whichrepresent49%ofthetotalindigenousgroupslivinginthestudyarea.TheAma-zonwastheecoregionwiththehighestpalmuse:134useful species (90%of thosepotentiallypresent),82%oftotaldifferentuses,84%oftotaluse-reports,anav-erage(SD)of14.7(20.0)usesperspecies,and81%oftotalbibliographicreferencesfound.Fewer,butsimilaruseswererecordedfortheAndesandChoco.Ecuadorwas the most intensively studied country. The mainusesofpalmsinnorth-westernSouthAmericawereinthecategoriesHuman Food (70%),Utensils and Tools(66%),Construction (63%)andCultural Uses(56%).In-digenouspeopleknewmorepalmusesthanmestizos,afroamericansandcolonos.Theuseofpalmswasnotrandomandthemainuseswerethesamethroughoutthestudiedecoregionsandcountries.Palmssatisfybasicsubsistenceneedsandhavegreatimportanceintradi-tionalculturesofruralindigenousandpeasantpopula-tionsinourstudyarea.ArecaceaeisprobablythemostimportantplantfamilyintheNeotropics,inrelationtousediversityandabundance.1UniversidadAutonoma deMadrid, Biology, BotanyUnit, CalleDarwin2,Madrid,28049,Spain2UniversidadAutónomadeMadrid,DepartamentodeBiología,CampusdeCantoblanco,CalleDarwin,2,Madrid,Madrid,28049,Spain3HerbarioNacionaldeBolivia,LaPaz,Bolivia4AarhusUniversity,DepartmentofBiologicalScience,Ecoinformatics&BiodiversityResearchGroup,Denmark5Univer-sidadAutonomadeMadrid,Biology,BotanyUnit,CalleDarwin2,Madrid,28049

114 BUSSMANN, RAINER*1 and PANIAGUA Z, NAREL Y.2

Traditional knowledge in a changing world - new insights from the Chacobo in Bolivia

The Chacobo are a Panoan speaking tribe ofabout 500 members in Beni, Bolivia. Originally

nomadic, the Chacobo were relocated in their cur-rent main settlement in the 1960s, after Americanmissionaries convinced the Bolivian governmentto set up a homeland for the tribe, and migrationceased. The first large ethnobotanical study on thetribe was conducted by Brian Boom in the 1980s.Duringthelastdecade,thestatusofindigenousgroupsin Bolivia hasmarkedly improved, and the Chacobonowhave legal title toa territoryofabout450,000ha.Our presentwork represents the start of a follow upethnobotanicalinventoryofthetribe.Thedepartureofpermanentmissionaries,accesstomarkets,withanallweatherroadconstructedinthelastfewyears,aswella sa larger territory, seem to already have markedlychangedplantuse,knowledgepatternsandlifestyleofthepopulation.AllchildrennowlearnChacoboastheirfirstlanguageinschool,theuseofimportantplantspe-ciescentersmoreonincomegeneration,andthemoresedentarylifestyleofthetribeisagainreplacedbymigra-tionpatterns,basedonseasonalavailabilityofresources.1Missouri BotanicalGarden,WilliamLBrownCenter ForPlantGeneticResources,POBox299,St.Louis,MO,63166-0299,USA-2HerbarioNacionaldeBolivia,LaPaz,Bolivia

115 FADIMAN, MARIA

Pambil:Use, conservation and socioeconomics of the palm Iriartea deltoidea, (Arecaceae) in the Mache-Chindul Ecological Reserve, Ecuador

The palm, pambil, Iriartea deltoidea, (Arecaceae)provides material for shelter, construction, and

food.Thisstudyexamineshowlocalsusethepalm,andhowthatrelatestotheirconservationincentiveforthepalm,andtheforestinwhichitgrows.ThestudyareaisintheMache-ChindulEcologicalReserve,aprotectedareaofthehumidtropicalrainforest inEcuador.Thisisanareaofinterestforconservationistsanddevelop-mentgroupsasitisoneofthehotspotsofbiodiversitywithonly5%remainingofthiskindofforestinEcua-dor.Threedifferentethnicgroups live inandaroundthis area:Mestizo andAfro-Ecuadorian colonists andthe indigenous group of Chachi.This paper looks athowthesedifferentgroupsutilizethepalmforthatch,buildingandfoodandhowtheimportanceofplantuserelates to rainforest conservation. Particular attention

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is focusedondeforestation,economic incentives,easeofcollection,socioeconomicassociations,andculturaldifferences incollectionandmanagement.Uncutfor-estprovidesthebesthabitatforthepalm,thusthereisagrowingawarenessofhowdeforestationaffects thisresource. Althoughmany leave the palm standing intheirfields, it iscommonknowledgethat thesepalmsareweaker,andthis lessusefulthanthosegrowinginprimaryforest.Thiscasestudyexplorestheconceptthatusingforestspeciescanactasaninternalincentiveforecosystemconservation.

FloridaAtlanticUniversity,Geosciences,777GladesRd,BocaRaton,FL,33431,USA

116 WILLIAMS, SOPHIE

Cultivation of harvested species as a conservation strategy

Theharvesting of plants from thewild is amajorcomponentofthelivelihoodsandsubsistencefor

many people throughout the world. However, over-exploitation threatens many harvested plant popula-tions. One option to combat over-exploitation is thecultivationofaspecies,effectiveonlyifthecultivationsubstitutes for wild harvesting.Xate (Chamaedorea ernesti-augustii)isharvestedillegallyinBelizebyGua-temalansandexported to theUSandEurope foruseinthefloricultural industry.Theindustry isestimatedtobeworthapproximatelyUS$4millionin2000andthelevelsofharvestarethoughttobeunsustainable.InGuatemala, community initiatives have begun to es-tablishxateplantations.In2004atrainingprogrammecoordinatedbyBelizeBotanicGardentaughtBelizeanfarmers xate cultivation techniques. The aim of thisresearchwas toassess the impactof the trainingpro-grammeupontherelationshipbetweenBelizeanfarm-ersandthexatepalm.Usingquestionnairesurveysandsemi-structuredinterviewsweevaluatedtheknowledgefarmersinrelationtoxate,investigatewhetherthetrain-ingmadepeoplemorelikelytocultivatexate(account-ing for socio-economic predictors), and qualitativelyassessedthebarrierstoxatecultivation.Trainedfarmershadahigherknowledgeofxatecultivationthanfarm-ersnottrained(t=9.85,p=<0.01,df=79).Trainingwasanimportantpredictorofxatecultivation.Olderpeoplewhoaretrainedandownforestarethemost likelytobe cultivatingxate.Theprimarybarrier to cultivationwasaccesstoseedstoestablishplantations.Thelackofmarkettosellxatewhenharvestedalsodeterredpeoplefrom growing xate.Training can influence knowledgeandbehaviourofparticipants.However,therearebar-riersotherthanknowledgethatrestrictxatecultivation.Todevelopcultivationasaconservationstrategythesebarriersneedtobeaddressed.Thenextstageinthere-searchistoidentifytheconditionsunderwhichcultiva-tionofxatewouldreducepressureonthewildharvested

populationsusingabio-economicmodellingapproach.

RoyalBotanicGardens,KewandBangorUniversity,SchoolofEn-vironment, Natural Resources andGeography,Thoday Building,DeinolRoad,Bangor,Gwynedd,LL572UW,UK

117 FILIPOWICZ, NATALIA*1 and RENNER, SUSANNE2

Brunfelsia (Solanaceae): A single entry from South America into the Antilles followed by repeated radiations, and pollinator shifts involving butterflies, moths, and hummingbirds.

Among the hallucinogenic plants that most fas-cinated Richard Schultes, and later his student

TimothyPlowman,wasBrunfelsia grandiflora.Brunfel-siacomprisesc.50speciesofshrubsandtreeletsintheAntillesandSouthAmerica,andthegroup’smedicinalimportancewasalreadyknownin1534(herbalofOttoBrunfels).Plowman’srevisionofBrunfelsiadistinguish-esthreesectionsthatdifferinflowerandfruitmorphol-ogy: sectionBrunfelsia (23 species) from theAntilles,Franciscea (ca. 18 spp.) in northwest SouthAmerica,andGuaianensesintheAmazonbasin(6spp.).Brunfel-siaspecieshavegamopetalouswhiteorpurpleflowersofvarioussizes,sometimeswithabundantnectar,noctur-nalscent,orcolour-changingpetals,andthecentreofendemismaretheGreaterAntilleswith23species.Weinferredpollinationmodechangesandgeographicrela-tionshipsusingcombinedplastidandnuclearDNAse-quencesfor65accessionsrepresenting38species.Treeswererootedon8representativesofthePetunieae.Brun-felsiaismonophyletic,andthedeepestsplitisbetweenanAntilleancladeandaSouthAmericanclade (eachwith100%bootstrapsupport).SectionGuaianenses ispolyphyletic.TheCaribbeancladeisancestrallymoth-pollinated,withoneshifttohummingbirdpollination,while the South American clade is mostly butterfly-pollinatedwithonepossibleshifttomoths. BrunfelsiaenteredtheAntillesfromSouthAmericaonce,andthesinglePanamanianspeciesisrelatedtotheSouthAmer-ican,nottheAntilleanclade.Cubaharboursacladeof11speciesthatissistertoaJamaicancladeof6species,andeachislandwascolonizedonlyonce,whilePuertoRico(5species)wascolonizedtwice.ThetypespeciesofBrunfelsia, B. americanafromHispaniolaandtheLesserAntilles,ispolyphyletic,andsincethenameisbasedonaPlumierplatewehaveyet to resolve itsapplication.Anotherproblemspecies is thepolyphyletic,horticul-turally important South American B. uniflora. UsingaveragenucleotidesubstitutionratestocalibrategeneticdistancesyieldsacrownageofBrunfelsiaof13-21Myr.1UniversityofMunich(LMU),DepartmentofBiology,SystematicBotanyandMycology,MenzingerStr.67,Munich,80638,Germany-2SystematicBotanyandMycology,DepartmentofBiology,Univer-sityofMunich(LMU),Munich,80638,Germany

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118 ISLAM, MELISSA*1 and RANKER, TOM2

The Evolutionary History of the Cultivated Cocas (Erythroxylum)

Thetropical,floweringshrubsinthegenusErythrox-ylumP.Brown(230species)arecommonlyknown

ascocaandoccurthroughoutthetropics.Twospecieseachwithtwovarietiesareexploitedfortheirproduc-tionofthesecondarymetabolite,cocaine.Moststudiesofcocaaredevotedtounderstandingtheeconomicandmedicalimpactofthelegalandillegalusesofcocaine.Until now, the evolutionary relationships among thecultivated species and their closest wild relatives re-maineduntestedinamodernphylogeneticframework.Basedontheirmorphologicalsimilarity,thecultivatedspecies were hypothesized to bemore closely relatedtoeachotherthantoanyotherErythroxylumspecies.BothspeciesbelongtosectionArcherythroxylum,whichshould include their closest relatives.This section in-cludesapproximately60 species from theNeotropics.Twonuclearloci(nrITSandidhb)andonechloroplastlocus (rpL32F), along withmorphological characters,wassampledfromapproximately70speciestoinfertheevolutionaryrelationshipsamongthecultivatedspeciesandtodeterminetheirclosestwildrelatives.The idhblocuswassampledfromonly35species.Basedonthephylogeneticanalyses,thetwocultivatedspecies,E. coca Lam.andE. novogranatense (Morris)Hieron,andtheirvarieties form separatewell-supported clades and aresupported asdistinct species.Although the two culti-vatedspeciesarecloselyrelated,theirmonophylyisnotsupported.Their closest wild relatives are Archeryth-roxylumspecieswithdeciduousleaves.1DenverBotanicGardens,Research&Conservation,Denver,CO,80206,USA2UniversityofHawaiiatManoa,DepartmentofBotany,3190MaileWay,Room101,Honolulu,HI,96822,USA

119 BENNETT, BRADLEY C.

Hunting, Hallucinogens and Health: The use of canine ethnoveterinary medicines by the Shuar and Quichua of Amazonian Ecuador

Archaeological records for the presence of do-mesticated dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) in the

Americasdateonlyto9,000yearsbeforepresent.TheirrelativelyrecentarrivalfromEuropeandAsiabelietheirimportancetonativeculturesintheAmericas.TheSh-uarbelievethatdogsaregiftsfromNunkui, theearthmother.DogsmaybenursedbyaShuarwomanalongwithherownchildren.InmanyAmericanindigenouscultures,dogsservemorethantheroleofahouseholdpet-theyarecrucialforhuntingandwarfaresuccess.For this reasonnativepeoples in theAmericasdevel-

oped an ethnoveterinary pharmacopoeia to treat ill-nessesintheircaninecompanionsandtoimprovetheiranimal’sabilitytotrackgameanimals.ThesepracticesarenotrestrictedtoNewWorldcultures.Forexample,Macronesian peoples employ Zingiber officinale andDendrobiumspp.,amongothers,toimprovethehunt-ingabilityofdogs.Here,Idescribecanineethnoveteri-naryplantsusedbytwoculturesfromAmazonianEcua-dor,ShuarandlowlandQuichua.Bothpeoplespracticehorticultureandsupplementtheirdietsthroughhunt-ingandfishing.ThesenativeEcuadorianculturesusesevenspeciesspecificallytotreatdogsincludingAnthur-ium eminensandAnthurium graciletokillbotflylarvae,Caladium bicolor andFicus insipida asanthelmentics,and Casearia commersoniana to curemange. Fifteenspeciesareusedtoimprovethehuntingabilityofdogs.ThesespeciesincludeFittonia albivenis, Alternanthera bettzichiana, Tabernaemontana sananho, and Cala-dium schomburkii.Ofevenmoreinterest,bothculturesgivesacredpsychoactiveplants to theirhuntingdogs:Brugmansia spp.,Osteophloeum platyspermum, Virola duckei, and Ilex guayusa. Thelatterisapotentstimu-lant,duetothemethylxanthinealkaloidcaffeine.Theformerspeciesareemployedasshamanichallucinogensdue to theirdimethyltryptamineor tropanealkaloids.Theeffectsofhallucinogensonhuntingdogshasnotbeen studied. Shamans, under the influence of hallu-cinogens,experienceenhancedauditoryandolfactoryperception.Thesamemechanismsmayactincaninesbutadefinitiveanswerwillrequirecontrolledstudies.

Florida International University, Biological Sciences, Miami, FL,33199,USA

120 LAW, WAYNE*9, MACKENZIE, RICHARD2, JENKINSON, THOMAS3, PERRY, BRIAN4, DESJARDIN, DENNIS5, LORENCE, DAVID6, EPERIAM , EMOS8, LENGSI, REILO8, SANNEY, JACOB9, CIANCHINI, CARLOS9 and BALICK, MICHAEL10

Increased local demand for sakau (Piper methysticum) in Micronesia, and the impact on biodiversity

As the demand for sakau (Piper methysticum)in-creasesontheislandofPohnpei,FederatedStates

ofMicronesia,thesupplyofrootsofthiscultivatedplantnowcomesfromplantsgrownonPohnpeiaswellasthenearby islandofKosrae (where it is locallyknownassukah).Aspeciesessentialtothelocalculture,itiscon-sumedonaregularbasisbymanyPohnpeians,andnolongerreservedonly forhighranking individualsandceremonies. Pohnpeian farmers clear cut areas of thepristineuplandforest along streams to accessnutrientrichsoilstogrowsakau.OntheneighboringislandofKosraewheresakau isgrownforexport,clearingsaredoneonasmallerscaleandonlyinlowlandsecondary

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forestsalongstreams.Ourstudyhasanalyzedtheim-pactofthesetwocultivationmethodsontheecosystemby recording the changes in vegetation, andhowde-forestation further alters the fleshy fungi communityand streambiodiversity and its function.Relevéplotstomeasure plant and fungi species diversitywere setupwithin,above,andbelowsakauplantationsandinforested areas at similar elevations. Stream reaches intheseplotswereestablished tocreateapaireddesign.Sakau plantationsaresignificantlyshiftingplantspeciescompositionandallowinvasivespecies intothestudyareas.Thishadledtodifferencesindiversityoffleshyfungi,andaltersstreambiodiversity,whichweattributetoanincreaseinalgalbiomassthataffectsotherorgan-isms resident in the streams. As some of the speciesidentifiedduringthisprojectaretaxanewtoscience,wehavedevelopedspecificconservationrecommendationstoprotecttheuniquebiodiversityoftheseislands,andthesearebeing implementedaspartofa region-wideprogram to preserve terrestrial and marine habitats.Furtherworkonthismultidisciplinaryandhighlycol-laborativeprogramwill includediscussionwithsakau farmerstoencouragecultivationinamannerlessim-pactfultothesefragileislandecosystems.1KosraeConservationandSafetyOrganization,P.O.Box1007,Kos-rae, FM, 96944, Federated States ofMicro2USDAForest Service,PacificSouthwestResearchStation,InstituteofPacificIslandsFor-estry,60NoweloStreet,Hilo,HI,96720,USA3SanFranciscoStateUniversity, Department of Biology, 1600 Holloway Avenue, SanFrancisco,CA,94132,USA4UniversityofHawaii,Hilo,DepartmentofBiology,200W.KawiliSt,Hilo,HI,96720,USA5SanFranciscoStateUniversity,DepartmentofBiology,1600HollowayAvenue,SanFrancisco,c,94132,USA6NationalTropicalBotanicalGarden,3530PapalinaRoad,Kauai,Hawaii,96741,USA7ConservationSocietyofPohnpei,P.O.Box2461,Pohnpei,FM,96941,FederatedStatesofMi-cro8ConservationSocietyofPohnpei,P.O.Box2461,Pohnpei,FM,96941,FederatedStatesofMicro9KosraeConservationandSafetyOrganization,P.O.Box1007,Kosrae,FM,96944,FederatedStatesofMicro10NewYorkBotanicalGarden,200thStAndSouthernBlvd.,Bronx,NY,10458,USA

121 VANDEBROEK, INA*1 and BALICK, MICHAEL2

Ethnobotany and Medical Education

Background:Ethnobotanyisausefultoolformedi-cal education, particularly of value in informing

and traininghealth careproviders inbecomingmoreculturallysensitivetotheknowledge,beliefsandprac-ticesofpatientsfromdiversecultures.Theuseofeth-nobotanical information in the clinical encounter ispivotal in establishing a relationship of trust betweenphysicians and theirminority and often underservedpatients, and to promote an environment where theuseofherbalremediesbypatientsismorereadilydis-closed.Non-disclosuremaybepotentiallyharmful,asunforeseendrug-herbinteractionsarepossibleifherbalremedies are taken concomitantly with prescribedmedications.Methodology:Aseriesofinformationses-

sions,practicalexercisesandguidedvisitsweredesignedtotrainhealthcareprovidersandstudentsfrommedicalinstitutionsinNewYorkCity(AlbertEinsteinCollegeofMedicine,MontefioriMedical Center, Bronx-Leb-anon Hospital Center, Columbia University MedicalCenter),includingPowerPointpresentations,roleplayexercises,medicalSpanishtraining,ethnomedicalinter-viewexercises,andguidedvisitstolocalherbalshops,calledBotanicas.Results:Thetrainingsessionswereverywell received. A self-administered evaluation instru-ment in cultural competence showed significant im-provementintheknowledge,attitudesandskillsofthelearnergroupsafterthetraining.Nextsteps:Currently,cultural competency trainingmostly exists as electiveclassesinthemedicalcurriculum.Additionalresearchand advocacy is needed to gathermore comparativeethnobotanical information from different culturalgroupsthatcanbeconvertedintocurricularmaterialsandpromotetheroleofethnobotanyinmedicalculturalcompetencytraining.1NewYorkBotanicalGarden,2900SouthernBoulevard,Bronx,NY,10548,USA2NewYorkBotanicalGarden,200thStAndSouthernBlvd.,Bronx,NY,10458,USA

122 GERIQUE, ANDRES

Biodiversity as a resource: plant use, land use, and nature conservation in Shuar, Saraguro, and Mestizo communities in outhern Ecuador

The tropical premontane andmontane rainforestsoftheeasternAndeanslopesofsouthernEcuador

constituteoneofthemostimportanthotspotsofplantdiversity. However, this region contains some of theworld’smost rapidly changing landscapes due to de-forestation.Mostlandconversioncanbeattributedtosettlersorcolonists,butindigenouspeoplesaswellareturningtomoreintensivelanduseandareassimilatingthemselves into localandregionalmarketeconomies.The experience in international nature conservationduringthepastdecadeshasshownthat,tobeeffective,biodiversity conservation in inhabited areas shouldservethegoalsofbothnaturesafeguardingandtheuseclaimsofthelocalpopulation.Thestrategycouldbetoprovidewelfare through theuseof forest biodiversityforlocalpeopleswhocoexistwithitunderthephiloso-phy"use itor lose it"coinedbyJanzeninCostaRica.Basedontheforegoing,thisstudypursuedthefollowingtargets:(1)todocumenttheethnobotanyofthediffer-entethnicgroupswholiveintheareaofstudy-namelytheShuar,theSaraguros,andtheMestizos-inordertoavoidthelossofplantknowledgethroughpossibleac-culturationandothermodernizationprocesses,andtoidentifyspeciesofeconomicvalue;(2)toanalyseactuallandusestrategies;abetterunderstandingoflocallanduseallowsforthedevelopmentofincomegeneratingal-ternativestocurrentnon-sustainablelanduses.Thelastgoal(3)wastoevaluatethesuitabilityoftheimplemen-

49

tation of agroforestry systems, ecotourism, paymentsfor environmental services, andbioprospecting as in-strumentsinlinewiththe"protectionbyuse"concept.

UniversityofErlangen-Nuremberg,InstituteofGeography,Kochstr.4/4,Erlangen,91054,Germany

123 VOEKS, ROBERT

Economic Botany (1947-2010): Then and Now

ThejournalEconomic Botanyhaschangedconsid-erablysinceitsinauguralissuein1947.Thispaper

exploresthesechanges,andhowtheyreflectonthefieldof economic botany/ethnobotany, by means of a re-viewofthe2,187publishedresearcharticlesthathaveappeared. Contributions have changed over the de-cadesfromlargelydescriptivereviewsoflesserknownuseful taxa to explorations of people-plant relationsgroundedinhypothesistestingand(largely)quantita-tivemethods.Originalresearchinthefieldwasrarelyemployedintheearlyyears,butby2010,78%ofprojectsincludedfieldwork.EarlyresearchfocusedontheUSandneighboringcountries,butby2005,aminorityoforiginalresearchwasbeingconductedinindustrialandpost-industrial developed nations.The use of labora-torymethodspeakedinthe1970s,andhasheldfairlysteadyatabout25%ofarticles.Aclearresearchmeth-odologywasrareuntilthe1970s,buttodayappearsinnearly100%ofpublishedarticles.Oneof the clearesttrendsistheinternationalizationofthejournal.Inthefive-yearspanfrom1950to1954,82%ofcontributorswereAmerican, the remainderhailed fromonlynineothercountries.Butbetween2005and2009,only37%ofcontributorswereAmerican,while73%camefroma totalof thirty-twoother countries, foremost amongtheseMexico,Brazil,China,Spain,andtheUK.Finally,thecontentandobjectivesofsubmissionshaschangedsignificantly,asresearchersincreasinglyconcernthem-selves with botanical conservation and sustainability,ethnobotanical theory, domestication and diffusion,traditionalecologicalknowledge,thevalueofnon-tim-berforestproducts,botanicalhistoryandarchaeology,gender,andethnobotanicalchange.

CaliforniaStateUniversity--Fullerton,800N.StateCollegeBlvd,Ful-lerton,CA,92631,USA

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125 YOCKTENG, ROXANA*1, ALMEIDA, ANA MARIA2 and SPECHT, CHELSEA1

The role of SEPALLATA genes in floral evolution in the Zingiberales

SEPALLATAgenesareclassEMADS-Boxtranscrip-tionfactorsthatarerequiredforthespecificationof

allwhorlsoffloralorgansinmodelplantsstudiessofar.Although there are stillno functional studies innon-modelplants,expressionstudiessuggestaroleofSEPgenesinflowerorgandeterminationandbothneo-andsub-functionalizationofSEPgeneshavebeenimplicat-edintheevolutionanddevelopmentofmonocotfloraldiversity.Zingiberalesisanorderoftropicalmonocotsthatcontainsaround2500speciesandshowastrikingdiversityoffloralforms.EvolutionoffloralmorphologyintheZingiberalesismainlyrelatedtochangesinthestamenandpetalwhorls.Here,wehypothesizethatdu-plicationoftheSEPgenefamily,togetherwithBandCgenefamilyduplications,mightunderlietheevolutionof floral form in the order through diversification ofprotein-proteininteractionnetworks.Ourpreliminaryresults in the Zingiberales show that SEP genes haveundergoneexplicitpatternsofduplicationevents,espe-ciallyintheSEP-3clade.Expressionstudiesthusfarareinagreementwithaframeworkinwhichgeneduplica-tionsplaya role inmorphologicaldiversification.Ex-plicitprotein-protein interactionstudiesareproposedtofullytestourhypothesis.1UniversityCalifornia,Berkeley,PlantandMicrobialBiology,111KoshlandHall,Berkeley,CA,94720,USA2UniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeley,PlantandMicrobialBiology,111KoshlandHall,Berkeley,CA,94720-3120,US

126 ALMEIDA, ANA MARIA*1, OTONI, WAGNER2, YOCKTENG, ROXANA1 and SPECHT, CHELSEA1

Gingers BCs: The role of MADS-box genes in floral evolution in the Zingiberales

Despite the vast diversity of angiosperm floralforms,studiesontheevolutionoffloraldevelop-

menthavefocusedinfewmodelspeciesandalimitednumberoffloralshapes.Inordertofullyunderstandtheevolutionoffloralformintheangiosperms,thestudyof new systemswith differentmorphological traits isfundamental.Intheclassicalmodelofflowerdevelop-ment-theABCmodel-combinatorialexpressionofA,B,andCclassMADSboxgenesdeterminetheidentityof thefloralorgans.B(DEF/AP3 andGLO/PI)andC(AG)classgenes,inparticular,areinvolvedinthedeter-minationofpetal,stamenandgynoeciumidentity.TheZingiberales-anorderoftropicalcommelinidmono-cots - contains approximately 2,500 species roughlydividedintotwogroups:thebanana(Musaceae,Lowi-aceae, Streliziaceae, Heliconiaceae), and the ginger

Developmental and Structural Section

See also Biomechanics and Evolutionary Devel-opmental Biology (Evo-Devo).

ORAL PAPERS

124 PABON-MORA, NATALIA* and LITT, AMY

Functional redundancy of non-core eudicot FUL-like paralogs in regulating flowering time and petal development

TheAPETALA1/FRUITFULL genelineageismostlyknownforthecriticalrolesoftheArabidopsis du-

plicatesAP1andFULinfloralmeristemidentity,inse-palandpetalidentity(AP1),andinfruitdevelopment(FUL).AP1andFUL aremembersoftheeuFUL andtheeuAP1 clades respectively, that resulted fromamajorgenelineageduplicationconcurrentwiththediversifi-cationofthecoreeudicots.ThefunctionsreportedforAP1andFULareforthemostpartconservedinothereuAP1andeuFULgenes.Inordertoevaluatetheroleoftheduplicationinthefunctionaldivergenceofthesegenes,wehavecarriedoutfunctionalstudiesofthepre-duplicationFUL-likegenesfoundinnon-coreeudicots.Particularly,weare studying the functionofFUL-likegenesinPapaveraceae.SpeciesofPapaveraceaepossessatleasttwoFUL-likeparalogswhichdifferinsequencemostlyattheC-terminus.FunctionalstudiesassessingtheroleofeachPapaver FUL-likeparalogshowedthatthetwocopiesappeartohavesimilarfunctions;down-regulationofeachindependentlyshowedtheyregulateaxillary meristem growth, floral meristem and sepalidentity,aswellasfruitdevelopment.Theclosesimilar-ity of phenotypes from downregulation of each genesuggests the twomay function cooperatively in theseprocesses.However,whenbothcopiesaredownregu-latedsimultaneously,additionalrolesemergeinregulat-ingfloweringtimeandspecifyingproperpetalidentity,indicatingbotharerequiredfortheseprocesses.Down-regulation of both copies results in similar but notidenticalphenotypesinanothermemberofthefamily,Eschscholzia californica.Thesedata suggest that func-tionaldivergenceofPapaveraceaeFUL-likegeneshasoccurredindependentlyindifferenttaxa.Ourdatagath-eredfromPapaveraceaewillbediscussedwithprelimi-nary data gathered fromdownregulation of FUL-likegenesinAquilegia coerulea(Ranunculaceae).Changesinproteinmotifsamongtheduplicatesandproteinnet-workswillbediscussedinthelightofthesedata.

The New York Botanical Garden, 200th St and Southern Blvd,Bronx,NewYork,10458,USA

51

(Costaceae,Zingiberaceae, Cannaceae, Marantaceae)groups. In theZingiberaleschanges infloral formaremainlyduetochangesinthepetalandstamenwhorls:theacquisitionofacompletedifferentiationbetweenthefirst(sepals)andsecond(petals)whorlsafterthediver-genceofthebananalineage;theimpressivereductioninthenumberoffertilestamensinthegingergroup;andtheacquisitionofanovelfloralstructure,thelabellum,asaresultofthefusionofinfertilestamensinZingib-eraceaeandCostaceae.Bytakingacandidategeneap-proach,weasked:AreBandCclassgenescorrelatedwithchangesinfloralmorphologyintheZingiberales?ItisevidentfromourresultsthatBandCclassgenesexpanded within the Zingiberales. Evolution of bothGLO/AP3 andAG gene families suggest aZingibera-les-specificduplicationevent,rightafteritsdivergencefromtheothercommelinidmonocots.Ourresultssup-porttheideathatBandCclassgenefamilyexpansionandfunctionaldiversificationarecorrelatedtothemainmorphologicalchangesinZingiberalesflowers.Howev-er,functionalstudiesarestillneededtoaddresswhetherBandCclassgenesarecausallyrelatedtosuchchanges.1UniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeley,PlantandMicrobialBiology,111 Koshland Hall, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3120, US2UniversidadeFederaldeViçosa,DepartamentodeBiologiaVegetal,Departamen-todeBiologiaVegetal-UFV,Viçosa,MinasGerais,36570-000,BR

127 RANDLE , APRIL MICHELLE* and DIGGLE, PAMELA

The role of flower position and sex in explaining intra-plant variation in flower size

Indentifyingthefactorsthatcontributetointra-plantvariationinfloralsizeiscriticalforaddressingseveral

keyquestionsinplantevolutionaryanddevelopmentalbiology.Inplantspecieswithunisexualflowers,differ-encesinfloralsizeareoftenattributedtoadaptivediffer-encesinallocationtomaleorfemalefunction.However,thesexualidentityofaflowerisoftenconfoundedwithlocationwithinaninflorescence.Insomespecies,flowerpositionalonecanexplainthedifferencesbetweensexesinfloralsize.Moststudiesofpositionaleffectsonflowersizehavebeenconductedinsimple,raceme-likeinflo-rescences.Here,weexamineflowersizevariationwithincompoundumbelsofeightspeciesofApiaceaethatvaryin their sexual expression (hermaphrodite, weakly-andromonoecious,strongly-andromonoecious). WefindthatinandromonoeciousspeciesofApiaceae,bothsexandflowerpositioninfluencethesizeofsecondarysexual characters. Hermaphroditic species also showflower size differences related to position.The differ-encesinsizethatarerelatedtoflowerpositionwithinaninflorescencedonotappeartobeduetogradientsofresourceavailability,butratherappeartobeduethein-herentvariationfoundinrepetitiveunitswithinaplant(e.g.,plantarchitecture).

UniversityofColorado,EcologyandEvolutionaryBiology,RamaleyN122,Boulder,CO,80309-0334,USA

128 MATSUNAGA, KELLY K.S.*1, MESLER, MICHAEL R.2 and TOMESCU, ALEXANDRU1

Nectary Structure of Scoliopus bigelovii (Liliaceae)

Scoliopus bigelovii (slinkpod, fetid-adder’s tongue)is amember of the Liliaceae native toCalifornia’s

redwood forests,whose ill-scentedflowersare self-in-compatible andpollinatedby fungus gnats.Althoughahandfulofpapersdocumentvariousanatomicalfea-tures,nodetaileddescriptionofnectarystructureexists.TheperigonalnectariesofS. bigelovii are located inamediangrooveon theproximalportionof the sepalsand do not visibly produce nectar, although foragingbehaviorofpollinatorssuggeststhatnectarisprovided.Inthisstudythepresenceofnectarwasconfirmed,andtheanatomyofthenectaryregionwasdescribedusinglightandscanningelectronmicroscopy.Thenectariesconsistofabandofparallelridgesofnectariferoustissuethatextendsfromnearthebaseofthesepaltojustbe-yondwherethesepalsrecurve.Thenectariferoustissueiscomposedofauniseriate,secretoryepidermisover-lyingone to four layersofnectaryparenchyma.Nec-tariferouscellswereidentifiedbytheirrelativelysmallsize and conspicuously dense cytoplasm containingsmallvacuoles.Althoughthistissuelacksitsownvas-culature,thenectaryappearstobesuppliedbythemainsepalbundles throughabandof large, tightlypackedsubglandular parenchyma cells, inwhich the bundlesare embedded. SEM reveals abundant protoplasmicmaterialincellsofthesubglandularandnectariferoustissues, with greatest density in the epidermis duringanthesis.Considerablylessmaterialwasobservedinthemesophyllabaxialandlateral tothenectaryregion.Averythincuticlelinesthenectary,andweinferthatthesmallvolumeofnectarproducedpermeatesthiscuticlewithoutrupturingit.Moreover,thelackofbothspecial-izedvasculatureandvisiblenectar,hallmarksofnectar-secretingtissueswhenpresent,canbeexplainedbythesmall quantity of nectar produced and ultimately re-quiredforrewardingpollinators.Nevertheless,theposi-tionofthenectaryremainsconsistentwithotherLili-aceae,andthesefindingscontributetoourknowledgeoftheanatomicaldiversityofnectarieswithinthefamily.1HumboldtStateUniversity,DepartmentofBiologicalSciences,1HarpstStreet,Arcata,CA,95521,USA2HumboldtStateUniversity,DepartmentofBiologicalSciences,1HarpstSt.,Arcata,CA,95521,USA

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129 HAMPILOS, KATHERINE E.*1, THADEO, MARCELA2, MOORE, MICHAEL3 and STEVENSON, DENNIS4

Anatomy and development of fleshy fruits in the monocots

Though fruits in themonocot clade are predomi-nantlycapsular,baccatefruitsarepresentinseveral

distantlyrelatedmonocotordersandfamilies.Capsulesaregenerallyacceptedastheancestralfruittypeforthemonocots,andthepresenceofbaccatefruitsinvariousunrelatedmonocot groups is considered the result ofconvergent evolution. The independent evolution offleshyfruitsmultipletimesinthemonocotcladeimpliesthatseparatelineagesofbaccatefruitsmayhavevaryingdevelopmentalpathways.However,informationontheontogenyandanatomyofmonocotfruitsisscarce.InarecentstudybyRassmusenetal. (2006),capsularandbaccate fruits fromtheAsparagaleswereexaminedtodeterminetheevolutionoffruittypeintheorder.ThisstudyaimstoexpanduponthatofRassmusenetal.byexamining the anatomy and development of baccatefruitsinselectgenerafromtheCommelinales,Diosco-reales,Liliales,andPoalesinadditiontotheAsparagalesinordertobetterunderstandtheevolutionoffruittypesinthemonocotcladeonalargerscale.1OberlinCollege,Biology,ScienceCenterK123,OberlinCollege,Oberlin,OH,44074,USA2TheNewYorkBotanicalGarden,Sci-ence,200thStreetAndSouthernBlvd,Floor2,Bronx,NewYorkCity,NY,10458,USA3OberlinCollege,119WoodlandSt.,ScienceCenterK111,Oberlin,OH,44074,USA4THENYBOTANICALGARDEN,2900SOUTHERNBLVD,BRONX,NY,10458-5126,

130 HASENSTAB, KRISTEN

Leaf Anatomy and Trichome Morphology in the genus Varronia (Cordioideae: Boraginaceae: Boraginales)

The genus Varronia (Cordioideae:Boraginales),with ca. 100 species, has largely been thought to

havehomogenousvegetativefeatures.Anatomicalsec-tionsofleavesinsteadrevealthatasurprisingamountofvariationexists,includingisobilateralleaveswhichwerehavenotpreviouslybeendescribedinthegenus.Addi-tionally, scanningelectronmicroscopy(SEM)revealedawiderangeofvariationinleaftrichomemorphologyacrossspeciesofVarronia.Trichometypesincludestel-late,muricate,strigulose,glandularandapicallyhooked.These anatomical andmicromorphological characterswillprovideinsightsinanevolutionarycontexttowardunderstanding the diversification of Varronia.SpeciesofVarroniaoftenoccurindryhabitatsandthegenusappearstohaveradiatedacrosstopographicallydiverseregions of theNeotropics.The structural traits docu-mentedheremayprovideinsightintotherelationshipbetweenhabitatanddiversificationrates

RanchoSantaAnaBotanicGarden,Research,1500NCollegeAve,Claremont,CA,91711,USA

131 BUDKE, JESSICA*, GOFFINET, BERNARD and JONES, CYNTHIA

Experimental Manipulation of the Moss Calyptra: The effect of cuticle removal and desiccation on sporophyte development in Funaria hygrometrica.

Inmosses and other bryophytes, the sporophyte issmall,unbranched,andphysicallyattachedtothema-

ternalgametophyte.Acapofgametophytetissue,calledthe calyptra, covers the sporophyte apexduring earlydevelopmentandthroughoutsetaelongationinmosses.Thecalyptraisnecessaryforsporangiumformationandultimatelysporogenesis.Calyptra-lesssporophyteswiltunless grown in high humidity chambers suggestingthat thematernalcalyptramaypreventdesiccationofthedevelopingsporophyte.Wehaveconfirmedthatthecalyptraiscoveredbyamulti-layeredcuticle.Further-morethiscuticleisthickerthanthecuticleonallotherpartsofthemossplant.

Amanipulationexperimentwascarriedouttotesttheroleofthecalyptrabydeterminingtheeffectofcuticle

removal anddesiccationon sporophytedevelopment.A complete block design with three treatments anda control (removal of calyptra, removal then replace-ment with calyptra intact, removal then replacementwithcalyptracuticleremoved,un-manipulatedcontrolwith calyptra intact) was carried out for sporophytesofFunaria hygrometricaatapre-meioticdevelopmen-tal stage. Following thesemanipulations, plants weregrownunderfourhumiditylevels,rangingfrom30to99%RH,for6hoursandthenreturnedto99%RHfortheremainderoftheirdevelopment.

Preliminary results indicate that calyptrae withouttheircuticlearelesseffectiveinpreventingdesiccation

ofthesporophyteapexatlowerhumiditylevels;result-ing in decreased sporangium development, stuntedgrowth,andsporophytedeath.Additionally,measure-mentsofsporespercapsuleandsporeviabilityarecur-rentlyunderwaytoquantifytheexperimentaleffectsonmaternal gametophyte fitness and sporophyte repro-ductive success.Wepropose that the calyptra and itscuticleprovideauniquemodeofmaternalcare,whichmayhavefavoredatallermosssporophytestalkviathesetameristemandincreasedarchitecturalcomplexityofthemosscapsule.

UniversityOfConnecticut,DepartmentOfEcology&EvolutionaryBiology,75N.EaglevilleRd.U-3043,Storrs,CT,06269,USA

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132 MALAHY, MICHAEL* and DOUST, ANDREW

Pattern of vegetative architectural development in green millet (Setaria viridis) under varied planting densities

Vegetative architecture refers to the three-dimen-sional arrangement of branches in space. In

grasses,vegetativearchitectureinfluencestheabilityoftheplanttocompeteforlightandotherresourcesandultimately affects economically important traits suchasgrainyieldandbiomass.Greenmillet (Setaria viri-dis (L.)P.Beauv.)isasmall,weedy,panicoidgrassandthewildprogenitoroffoxtailmillet(Setaria italica (L.)P.Beauv.),whichisbeingdevelopedasamodelgeneticsystemforbiofuelsgrassessuchasswitchgrass.Patternsofvegetativedevelopmentingreenmilletwereanalyzedinnon-limitingconditionsandunderdifferentplant-ingdensitiestodeterminetheeffectofshadingonveg-etativearchitecture.Innon-limitingconditions,axillarybrancheswereproducedacropetallyfromthebasebe-ginning12daysafterplantingandcontinueduntilan-thesisofthemainculm.Fourordersofbrancheswereobservedwiththepatternofdevelopmentonsecondaryandtertiarybranchesrecapitulatingthepatternoftheculm.Thispatternwasobservedagainunderreducedplantingdensity,however,athighplantingdensity,sizeandnumberofaxillarybrancheswashighlyvariable.Athighplantingdensity,phenotypiccharactersthatrelatetotheoverallsizeoftheplant,suchasheightandbranchnumber,werehighlyvariableascomparedtotherela-tivephenotypicuniformityofindividualsinthereduceddensityblock.

OklahomaStateUniversity,Botany,104LifeSciencesEast,Stillwater,OK,74078,USA

133 SCHWARTZ, ALLISON*1, ORTIZ , IRMA 1, SANDERS, ERIN R. 2, DEMASON, DARLEEN3 and HIRSCH, ANN M.4

A newly isolated Bacillus strain affects legume plant architecture and pea nodule morphology by secreting auxin

A Gram-positive, elongated bacterium, designated30N-5,wasisolatedfromtheMildredE.Mathias

Botanical Garden by UCLA undergraduate studentsafterplatingthesoilsuspensiononanitrogen-freeme-dium.Aphylogenetic analysis of a partial 16S rDNAsequenceofstrain30N-5revealedittobe100%simi-lartoBacillus simplexstrainNH259.Eventhoughtheinitialisolationwasmadeonanitrogen-freemedium,noevidencefornifH,oneofthreestructuralgenesen-codingtheenzymenitrogenase,wasobserved.Never-theless, a profoundly positive effect on plant growthwasobserved.Uponinoculationontotherootsofbothwild-typeandthecytokinin-receptormutanthit1-1 of

Lotus japonicus,amodellegume,B. simplex30N-5wasfoundtoalterthearchitectureoftheinoculatedplantbyincreasingrootandshootlengthaswellaslateralrootnumberandplantbiomass.TheauxinresponsesoftheplantswerevisualizedusingaDR5::GUSreportercon-struct in pea (1).TheDR5-auxin responsive elementdrivesthebeta-glucuronidase(GUS)reportergene.Dif-ferencesinnodulemorphologywereobservedthroughacomparisonofpearootsfromuninoculated,Bacillus-andRhizobium-inoculatedroots,aswellasfromrootsco-inoculated with both bacteria. The data stronglysuggestthatthisnewBacillus straininfluencesnodulemorphologyinanauxin-dependentmanner.

(1) DeMason DA, Polowick PL (2009) Pat-terns of DR5::GUS expression in organs of

pea (Pisum sativum). Inter J Plant Sci 170: 1-11.We acknowledge the financial support of the Shan-bromFamilyFoundationandtheUCLAOfficeofIn-structionalDevelopmentforcoursesMIMG121AandMCDB150L.IrmaOrtizwassupportedbyNIHgrantGM55052 to Dr. Richard L. Weiss (UCLA). Otherundergraduates who participated in this research areRudy Benitez, Nigar Yusifova, Christine Kim, EthanMathews, Mary Motamedinia, Archie McCoy, HanSoulKim,KayokoHanamoto,WalterKim,JudyWong,BrittanyYee,andFaithOh.1UniversityofCalifornia-LosAngeles,Molecular,Cell&Develop-mentalBiology,621CharlesYoungDr.,South,LosAngeles,CA,90095-1606, USA2University of California-Los Angeles, Dept. ofMicrobiol,Immunol,andMolGenetics,LosAngeles,CA,90095,USA3UniversityOfCalifornia,BotanyAndPlantSciences,900Uni-versityAve.,Riverside,CA,92521,USA4UniversityofCalifornia-LosAngeles,MCDBiolandMolBiolInst,621CharlesYoungDr.,South,LosAngeles,CA,90095-1606,USA

134 WU, CHI-CHIH*1, DIGGLE, PAMELA2 and FRIEDMAN, WILLIAM3

The impact of the lower genetic relatedness of endosperm to its compatriot embryo on maize seed development

In most flowering plants, a developing seed com-monlycontainsanembryoandanendosperm.Asa

resultofdoublefertilizationtheembryoandendospermwithinaseedareidenticalintermsofalleleidentitiesbutcommonlydifferinploidy.Incontrastwithanembryo,endosperm does not transmit its genetic contents tothenext generation.Rather, an endospermnourishesits compatriot embryo during seed development andgermination, and ultimately dies. Evolutionary mod-els based on kin selection suggest that the "sacrifice"ofanendospermforthebenefitofitsembryomaybeadvantageousbecauseofthegreatercoefficientofrelat-ednessoftheendospermtoitsassociatedembryothantootherembryos.Toempirically test such theoreticalinterpretations, we took advantage of the phenom-enon of heterofertilization inmaize, inwhich double

Developmental and Structural Section

54

fertilizationisaccomplishedbyspermfromtwogeneti-callydistinctpollengrains,andtheembryoandendo-sperm have different fathers. Because the coefficientof relatednessbetweenan embryoand its compatriotendosperm is lower inheterofertilizedkernels (seeds)thaninhomofertilizedkernels,inclusivefitnesstheorypredictsthatinheterofertilizedkernelstheendospermmightbehave less cooperativelywith its embryowiththeresult that theembryowouldberelativelysmallerthaninhomofertilizedkernels.Weusedfivegeneticallydistinctmaizelinesandacrossingdesignthatallowedustocontrolforgeneticbackgroundeffects.Drymassesofdissectedembryoandendospermofheterofertilizedand adjacent homofertilized kernels were compared.Preliminaryresultsshowthatthedryweightofendo-spermisnotsignificantlydifferentbetweenheterofertil-izedandhomofertilizedkernels,buttheweightoftheembryoofheterofertilizedkernelsisslightlydecreased.Thelowerweightofembryosinheterofertilizedkernelsis consistentwithourprediction: endospermbehaveslesscooperativelyandprovideslessnourishmenttoitscompatriot embryo inheterofertilizedkernels than inhomofertilizedkernels.1UniversityOfColoradoBoulder,CampusBox334,Boulder,CO,80309, USA2University of Colorado , Ecology and EvolutionaryBiology,RamaleyN122,Boulder,CO,80309-0334,USA3HarvardUniversityandArnoldArboretum,OrganismicandEvolutionaryBiology,Cambridge,MA,USA

135 KITIN, PETER*1, BEECKMAN, HANS1 and KIRCHOFF, BRUCE2

A visual based microscopic identification key for 37 Central African wood species

Thetraditionalworkonwoodidentificationistime-consuming and requires extensive expertise in

specimenpreparation,microscopy,andwithwoodana-tomicalterminology.Identificationofwoodspecimensis typically made using dichotomous keys with text-basedwoodanatomicalcharacters.Useofthesetypesofkeysoftenresultsinhigherrorrates.Tohelpovercomethese problems we substituted micrographs for text-basedcharactersanduseddirectcomparisonofimagesofunknownwoodwithreferenceimagesfrommicro-scopeslides.Adatabaseofmorethan2,000microstruc-tureimagesofthewoodof37commerciallyimportantCentralAfricanspecieswascreated.Weattemptedtovisually capture the important diagnostic features forthe37specieswithlightmicroscopyandSEM.Betweentwotofivespecimensofeachspecieswereinvestigated,with the goal of documenting asmuch intra-specificvariation as possible.We discuss the development ofimage-basedidentificationkeyandinteractiveteachingforCentralAfricanwoodspecies.1RoyalMuseumforCentralAfrica,Brusselsesteenweg13,Tervu-ren,3080,Belgium2UniversityOfNorthCarolinaAtGreensboro,Department Of Biology, PO BOX 26170, GREENSBORO, NC,27402-6170,USA

136 WILLIAMS, TIM R.*2, ROTHWELL, GAR1, WYATT, SARAH2 and SANDERS, HEATHER3

The role of auxin in isoetalean body plans

There are only two major lineages of plants thatevolved giant trees: lignophytes (including seed

plants)andisoetaleanlycophytes.Theformationofgi-anttreesrequiresatleasttwotraits.Theseareincreaseingirthby secondarygrowth (i.e.,wood)andbipolargrowthwhichallowsforalargerootingsystem.Inliv-ingplantsbothtraitsareregulatedbypolarauxintrans-port. Because the closest common ancestor of ligno-phytesandisoetaleanshadneitherofthesetraits,bothevolved independently in the twoclades.Lignophytesform the canopy-dominant trees of modern vegeta-tion,butthetinyquillwortIsoetes istheonlysurvivinggenusofisoetaleanlycophytes.SounusualisthegrowthmorphologyofIsoetes,thatwithoutthefossilrecorditwouldbevirtuallyimpossibletointerpret.ComparisonofthegrowthandstructureofIsoetestotheentirefos-silhistoryoflycophytesrevealsseveralchangesinbasicmorphology,allofwhichareassociatedeitherwithpo-larauxintransportorthefailureofauxinregulationinlivingplants.Thesedifferencesincludegravitropisminshootsystems,patterningofsecondaryvasculartissue,andcellular elongationassociatedwith apical growth.AuxintreatmentshavebeenusedtotesthypothesesofauxinregulatoryfailuresduringtheevolutionofIsoetes,andasanattempttorescueextinctphenotypesofisoeta-leantrees.Preliminaryresultsoftheseexperimentshaveyielded a transformation inmorphology of the root-ingapexfromalinearmeristemtoacircularmeristemcharacteristicofextinctforms;increasedapicalbranch-ing of rootlets (i.e., leavesmodified for rooting); andsheddingofsecondarycorticaltissues.1OregonStateUniversity,DepartmentofBotanyandPlantPathol-ogy,Corvallis,OR, 97331,USA2OhioUniversity,Department ofEnvironmentalandPlantBiology,Athens,OH,45701,USA3OxfordUniversity,DepartmentofPlantSciences,SouthParksRoad,Oxford,OX13RB,UK

137 SCHNEIDER, EDWARD*1 and CARLQUIST, SHERWIN2

Equisetum Xylem: SEM Studies and their Implications

Scanningelectronmicroscope(SEM)studiesofxy-lemofthreespeciesofEquisetumrevealnumerous

details not previously visible with light microscopy.SEM images of thick (ca. 1 mm) sections reveal pitshapes, cell contexts, andmicrostructureofpitmem-branes.Pitshapesareremarkablydiverseincomparisontothoseoffernsorconifers.Nodaltrachearyelementsareisodiametrictofusiforminshape,andhavecrowdedcircular(mostly)toelongateprominentlyborderedpitsanduniformlythicksecondarywalls.Internodaltrache-

55

aryelements,bycontrast,haverelativelylargecircularpits with inconspicuous borders. Secondary walls ofinternodaltracheidsarethin,withthickeningsthatareannular,looplike,orofsomeintermediateform.Meta-xyleminternodaltrachearyelementsfacecarinalcanals(=proxylem lacunae), andmanyof the large circular(oftencrateriform)pits facing thecanalsmay lackpitmembranes, especially inE. giganteum andE. myrio-chaetum. Because dye experiments show that carinalcanalscanconductwaterinstemsofEquisetum,inter-nodal tracheary elements facing the canalsmay haveperforations(manyofthepitsinE. myriochaetumlackpit membranes despite careful handling techniques).Thisopensthepossibilitythatinternodaltrachearyel-ementsmay, in some species, be vessel elements thatpermitconductionfromthecarinalcanalsofoneinter-nodenodetothoseofthenextinternode(carinalcanalsarenotintercontinuousbetweeninternodes),aidedbymetaxylem tracheids of the nodal plates. Such vesselelementswouldnotbe thesameas thosereportedbyBierhorst,whofoundvesselsonlyafewvesselelementslonginrhizomes.1DepartmentofHorticulturalSciences,UniversityofMinnesota,St.Paul,MN2SantaBarbaraBotanicGarden,1212MissionCanyonRd,SantaBarbara,CA,93105

138 LITTLE, STEFAN*1, COOPER, RANESSA2 and JERNSTEDT, JUDY1

Developmental anatomy of branch architecture in Ginkgo biloba

Ginkgo biloba is notable in having highly dimor-phic shoots. Long shoots produce elongate axes

with leaves separated by internodes several centime-ters long. Spur shoots/short shoots are produced intheaxilsofleavesoflongshoots,andcanoccurastheultimateshoottipofabranch.Shortshootsoftenper-sist for several years, producing leaves with crowdedinternodes, and either axillary pollen strobili inmaletrees or axillary ovulate structures in female trees. Ininvestigations of experimentally induced vegetativebranchingofshortshoots,we(andothers)havenotedthe relativelynarrowdiameterof axesbearing severalyear-oldshortshoots.Analysisoftreearchitectureandbranchanatomyreveals that short shootshavehighlydivergentdevelopmentandstructurecomparedtothatof long shoots. Typical pycnoxylicwoodwith severalgrowthincrementsisfoundinlongshoots,butonlyasingleincrementofxylarytissueisfoundinshortshoots.Shortshootaxesdonotwidenappreciablywithage,andthexylemisconstructedmorelikethatofamanoxyliccycadaxis.Relatingtheageofshortshootstothegrowthincrementsintheirsubtendinglongshootsrevealscryp-ticgrowthringsthatcanbeverynarrow.Inespeciallylong-livedbranches thatbearonly short shoots (bothlaterallyandterminally),thehypothesized1:1ratioof-shortshootagetosubtendinglongshootgrowthringsappearstobedecoupled;branchesthatare20+yearsoldmay only bear 3-10 annual rings in long shootwood,andonly1-2apparentringsinshortshootsteles.Short

shootdevelopmentbearsanatomicalsignaturesofbothprimarythickeningandradiallyalignedmetaxylem,an-othersimilaritytoaxesofcycadophytes.Xylemofshortshootsismainlyprimaryunlessshootsconverttolongshootgrowth.Resultssuggest,therefore,anotherlineofevidencethatGinkgoshortshootsareanalogoustothepachycaulaxesofcycads.SupportedinpartbyaKath-erineEsauPostdoctoralFellowship(SAL).1University Of California Davis, Department Of Plant Sciences,Davis,CA,95616-8515,USA2HILLSDALECOLLEGE,33ECOL-LEGEST,HILLSDALE,MI,49242,USA

139 SPICER , RACHEL *1 and TISDALE-ORR, TRACY2

Auxin response and transport during the initiation of secondary growth in Populus

Theplanthormoneauxin(indole-3-aceticacid)isamasterregulatorofplantmorphology,butdespite

itsprominentroleinvascularizationandapicaldomi-nance,littleisknownabouttheroleofauxininwoodyplant development.We sought to visualize auxin re-sponseinawoodystemduringthetransitionfrompri-marytosecondarygrowthbydevelopingseveraltrans-genic linesofPopulus tremulaxalbaexpressingGUSunderthecontrolofthesyntheticauxin-responsivepro-moterDR5.ExogenousapplicationofbothauxinandtheauxintransportinhibitorNPAinducedsignificantGUS expression, with the latter occurring above thepointofNPAapplication.GUSexpressionpatternsinuntreatedpDR5-GUSPopulussuggestthattwoseparateroutesofbasipetalauxintransportexistinyoungwoodystems,oneformedbytheprimaryxylemparenchymaofleaftraces,andoneformedbythevascularcambium.Furtherup thestem, justbeneath theshootapexandbefore theappearanceofaunifiedvascularcambium,GUSexpressionoccurredinarcsofdevelopingprimaryxylem.Currentworkisfocusedonimprovingmethodsof tissue preservation and sectioning of the vascularcambiumtodetermineiftheGUSexpressionisinfactrestrictedtocambialinitials,orifitisinsteadconcen-tratedinexpandingxylem.ThelatterobservationwouldbeconsistentwiththeGUSexpressionintheexpandingprimaryxylemabove,aswellasawell-documentedroleof auxin in developing vasculature.However, currentpublishedmeasurementsof auxinquantifiedbymassspectrometrysuggesthighconcentrationsinthevascu-larcambiumitself.Transportassayswithradiolabeledauxinconfirmedtheexistenceoftworoutesofbasipetalauxintransport,anouterroutenearthevascularcam-biumandaninnerrouteviatheprimaryxylemparen-chyma.Futureworkwillfocusoncombiningvisualiza-tionoftheauxinresponseinpDR5-GUSPopuluswithradiolabeled auxin transport assays to determine therouteofauxintransportfromthedevelopingleavesintothe nascent vascular cambium and/or the expandingvesselelements.1ConnecticutCollege,DepartmentofBotany,270MoheganAvenue,NewLondon,CT,06320,USA2HarvardUniversity,RowlandInsti-tute,100EdwinH.LandBoulevard,Cambridge,MA,02142,USA

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140 KITIN, PETER*1, ROBERT, ELISABETH M.R. 2, NTAMWIRA, NIRANDA3, VAN DEN BULCKE, JAN4, TAKATA, KATSUHIKO1, BEECKMAN, HANS5 and LACHENBRUCH, BARBARA6

Three-Dimensional Structure of Stems formed by Successive Cambia

Plantstemsformedbysuccessivecambiacontainal-ternatinglayersofxylemandphloem,embeddedin

conjunctivetissue.Thethree-dimensionalstructureandthefunctionalsignificanceofthestemarchitecturewithalternatingvascularbandsare littleknown.InSalacia reticulata,andSericostachys scandens, successivecam-biaandnewvascularincrementswereinitiatedfrompa-renchymacellsattheoutersideoftherecently-formedphloem.Radial transportwithinavascular incrementmayoccurthroughthefrequenttangential-wallpittingat the xylem/cambium interface. Radial transport be-tweenvascularincrementsmayoccurthroughraysandalsoalongstemaxisassuccessivevascularincrementswere inter-connected at different vertical positionsalongthestem.Moreover,S. scandenscontainedlargevascularrayswithvascularbundles,eachinitiatingfromaninnerxylemincrementandendingintheouterbark.Such3-Dnetworkof subsequentvascular incrementswouldconferanimprovedsafetyforthelong-distancevascular transport in the case of injury or dysfunc-tionofportionsof the vasculature. InAvicennia, oneofthemainmangrovegenera,theamountof internalphloemaswellasthecomplexityofitsreticulatestruc-tureinsidethestemisfoundtochangewithchangingenvironmentalconditions.Inmorestressfulconditionssuchashighersalinity levels,an increasedproportionofinternalphloemaswellasamorecomplexinternalstructurecanbeobservedsuggestinganecologicalad-vantagefromtheinternalphloeminharshenvironmen-talconditionsbywaterstorageandembolismrepair.Adatabaseanalysisshowed84.9%ofthewoodyshrubandtree specieswith concentric internalphloemoccur ineitherdryorsalineenvironments.Otherfunctionalat-tributesthatmayresultfromthisstemstructureincludeallowingstemstoflexandtwistwithlessdamagetothevasculature,andprovidingabundantandclosephloemandconjunctivetissuesforthexylemthatcouldserveforcarbohydrate storage,woundrepairsanddefensesagainstpathogens,aswellasformeetinglocaldemandsforgrowthandmaintenance.1AkitaPrefecturalUniversity,InstituteofWoodTechnology,Noshi-ro-shi,Japan2VrijeUniversiteitBrussel(VUB),LaboratoryforPlantBiologyandNatureManagement(APNA),Brussels,Belgium3Of-ficialUniversityofBukavu,DPCongo4GhentUniversity, FacultyofBioscienceEngineering,LaboratoryofWoodTechnology,Gent,9000,Belgium5RoyalMuseumforCentralAfrica,Laboratory forWoodBiology,Tervuren, 3080, Belgium6DEPTWOOD SCI&ENGIN,119RichardsonHall,OregonStateUniversity,Corvallis,OR,97331,USA

141 MORAWETZ, JEFFERY

Haustorial structural diversity across parasitic Orobanchaceae

Orobanchaceaepresentanidealsystemforstudy-ingevolutionof theparasitichabit inflowering

plants:withasingleoriginofparasitism,thefullrangeoftrophicmodesisrepresented,fromnon-parasitestofacultative and obligate hemiparasites and holopara-sites.Thisparasiticabilityisconferredthroughanorganunique to parasitic plants: the haustorium.TheOro-banchaceaeareparasiticontherootsoftheirhostplantsthroughterminaland/orlateralhaustoriathatdevelopalongtheparasite’srootsystem.Haustoriahaveagen-eralizedinternalstructure,beingcomposedofavascularcore,hyalinebody,andendophyte,oftenwithabridgeof xylemcells connecting thevasculatureofhost andparasite.Reportsofphloemconnectionsbetweenhostand parasite inOrobanchaceae are rare, and detailedcomparativestudiesofhaustorialstructurewithinandacrossthemainparasiticlineagesofthefamilyarelack-ing.Haustoria, representing four of five parasitic lin-eageswithinthefamily,werecollectedfromplantsex-cavatedinthefield,andweresubsequentlyembeddedinparaffinandplasticforstructuralexamination.Xylembridgeswereobservedinalltaxaexamined.Theprox-imityofparasiteandhostphloem,andthepresenceofparenchymaincludingtransfercellsatthehost-parasiteinterfacewerevariable,andcharacteristicsoftheseele-mentswillbefurtherdiscussed.Whatarethestructuralmodifications involved in phloem-to-phloem transferbetween thehost andparasite inOrobanchaceae anddoesthisincludedirectsieveelementconnections?

RanchoSantaAnaBotanicGarden,1500NorthCollegeAve.,Clare-mont,CA,91711,USA

142 HORNER, HARRY*1, RUCHTI, TIRANEE2, YOON, HANA2 and SAMAIN, MARIE-STEPHANIE3

Differences in Leaf Anatomies and Crystal Macropatterns Between the Species-rich Sister Genera Peperomia and Piper (Piperaceae)

The majority of angiosperms produce calciumoxalatecrystals insomeorallof theirplant

organs,andmostnotablyintheirleaves.Thecrys-talshavedifferentindividualoraggregateshapes,and are spatially distributed within an organ.Thesetwocharactersarespeciesspecific.Leavesaremostamenableforstudyastheyareplentifulandeasytoprocess.Clearedfreshorherbariumleaves,usinghouseholdbleach,ethanolandxy-lenes,displaysemi-transparentviewsofretainedcellwallsandinorganiccrystalswhenviewedbe-

57

tweencrossedpolarizerswithalightmicroscope.LeafcrystalsofPeperomiaandPiperspecieswerere-vealedashavingdistinctlydifferent:1)leafanatomies;2)crystalshapes;and3)crystallocationsormacropa-tterns.The 178 Peperomia species exclusively displaydrusesthroughoutorconcentratedovertheveinsinthesmallpalisadeparenchymabelowatypicallymultilay-eredadaxialhypodermis,andsometimeseitherraphidebundles or prisms occur in the spongy parenchyma;all creating at least seven leaf crystal macropatterns.Fifty-ninespeciesofPiper studiedso farhaveamorecomplex array of crystals shapes and macropatternsthatconsistof:crystalsandandraphidebundlesbeingmostcommon,followedbyprisms/styloids,sphaeritesand very small ’druses’, and various combinations ofthem.Mostofthesecrystalsoccurinthepalisadeandspongy parenchymas sandwiched between the upperepidermisanditshypodermisandthelowerepidermisand its hypodermis.Piper leaves are typically thinnerthanPeperomialeavesbuttheabundanceofcrystalsinalmostallofthespeciesofbothgenerasuggestsapoten-tialfunctionalattributeassociatedwithphotosyntheticefficiencybasedonhabitat.Finally,theobservedmac-ropatternswillbecomparedtopublishedphylogenetictreesforthetwogeneratodetermineifspecieswiththesameorsimilarcrystalmacropatternsineachgenusarecloselyassociatedwitheachotherornot.Theseresultswillbefurtherusedtoascertainwhethercrystalshapeand crystal macropatterns serve as useful taxonomicandphylogeneticcharacterswithineachgenus.1Iowa StateUniversity,Genetics,DevelopmentAndCell BiologyDept,3ABesseyHall,AMES,IA,50011-1020,USA2IowaStateUni-versity,UndergraduateBiologyMajor,Ames,IA,50011,USA3Gh-entUniversity,DepartmentofBiology,ResearchGroupSpermato-phytes,K.LLedeganckstraat35,Gent,9000,Belgium

143 DEMASON, DARLEEN*1 and JAGANATHA CHETTY, VENKATESWARI2

Interactions between GA, auxin and UNI expression controlling shoot ontogeny and leaf morphogenesis in garden pea (Pisum sativum)

Unifoliata (UNI) is a major gene controlling thenumberofpinnapairsproducedduringleafmor-

phogenesisinpea.Therearetwomutantallelesknown:uni anduni-tac.Leavesonwildtypeplantshave2-3pairsofproximalleaflets,3pairsofdistaltendrilsandatermi-naltendril.Leavesonunimutantsaresimple,bifoliateortrifoliate.Leavesonuni-tacmutantsareintermediatewith2-3pairsofproximalleaflets,0-1pairofdistalten-drilsandaterminalleaflet.Anumberofgibberellicacid(GA)biosynthesismutantsareknowninpeaincludingleandnana(na).Leavesonnamutantsareminiatur-izedandpossess2pairsofproximalleaflets,1-2pairsofdistaltendrilsandaterminaltendril.Weusedgenetic,hormone application, and qRT-PCR experiments toexplore the interactions betweenGA and auxin, andUNIgeneexpressionthatcontrolshootontogenyandleafmorphogenesis.Therateofleafcomplexityincrease

duringshootontogeny(i.e.heteroblasty)andadultleafcomplexityarecontrolledbyGAthroughUNI.Leavesongreenhousegrown le uni-tacandna uni-tacplantsarerescuedbyweeklyGAorauxintreatments.Shoottips ofLE uni-tac have higherUNI and class IKnoxmRNAlevelsthanshoottipsofle uni-tacandna uni-tacplantsdemonstratinga regulatory relationship forGA.AuxinincreasesUNI mRNAlevelsinuni-tacshoottipsaswellasthatofothergenesincludingclassIKnox.ThereforeGAandauxinpositivelypromoteleafdissec-tionduringmorphogenesisbyincreasingUNI expres-sion,whichsubsequentlyprolongsthetimeperioddur-ingwhichacropetallyinitiatedpinnapairsareformed.GAandauxinplaycommonandsupportiverolesinpealeafmorphogenesisastheydoinmanyotheraspectsofplantdevelopment.1UniversityOfCalifornia,BotanyAndPlantSciences,900UniversityAve.,Riverside,CA,92521,USA2UniversityofCalifornia,BotanyandPlantSciences,1125BatchelorHall,Riverside,CA,92521,USA

144 GRAHAM, LINDA1, ARANCIBIA, PATRICIA2, TAYLOR, WILSON3, STROTHER, PAUL4 and COOK, MARTHA*5

Aeroterrestrial Coleochaete (Streptophyta, Coleochaetales) Models Early Plant Adaptation to Land

The streptophyte water-to-land transition was apivotaleventinEarthhistorybutit ispoorlyun-

derstood.Whilesomeearly-divergingmodernstrepto-phytealgaeareaeroterrestrial(capableoflivinginsub-aerialhabitats),Coleochaete,identifiedbysomeassistertotheembryophytes,isgenerallyregardedasobligatelyaquatic.WetestedtheabilityoftwoColeochaete speciesto growand reproduce asexually innon-aquatic sub-aerialconditions.Weassessedtheabilityofaeroterres-trialColeochaetetoresistchemicaldegradation-atraitindicative of fossilization potential. When grown onagarizedmineralmediaoronquartzsand,Coleochaete occurred as distinctive hairless multistratose hemi-spherical bodies having unistratose lobes or irregularclustersofcellswiththick,layeredchemicallyresistantwalls.Whenexposedtoliquidwater,aeroterrestrialCo-leochaete producedtypicalasexualpropagules(biflagel-latezoospores).Cellsthathadbeenair-driedforperiodsuptoseveralmonthsmaintainedtheirintegrityandre-tainedtheirgreenpigmentation.Structuralandrepro-ductive featuresofmodernaeroterrestrialColeochaetesuggestthatancientcomplexstreptophytealgaecouldhavegrownandreproduced inmoist terrestrialhabi-tats,persisted throughperiodsofdesiccation,and leftdistinctivefossilizableremains.1UniversityOfWisconsin,BotanyDept,211BirgeHall,430LincolnDrive,Madison,WI,53706,USA2UNIVERSIDADDELBIO-BIO,DEPTODECIENCIASBASICAS,CHILLAN,Chile3UNIVERSI-TYOFWISCONSIN-EAUCLAIRE,DEPTOFBIOLOGY-PHIL-LIPSHALL,105GarfieldAvenue,P.O.Box4004,EAUCLAIRE,WI,54702-4004,USA4BostonCollege,PaleobotanyLaboratory,WestonObservatory,381ConcordRoad,Weston,MA,02493,USA5IllinoisStateUniversity,SchoolofBiologicalSciences,CampusBox4120,Normal,IL,61790-4120,USA

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145 BACHELIER, JULIEN*1 and FRIEDMAN, WILLIAM2

Female gametophyte competition in early-diverging lineages of flowering plants.

Justoverthelasttwentyyears,molecularstudieshavegreatly contributed to the resolution of the phylo-

genetic relationships amongst flowering plants at allsystematiclevels.Inaddition,theresolutionofabasalgradeofthreeearly-diverginglineages,referredtoastheANITAgrade,providedanewandrobustframeworkfor ancestral character reconstruction,which revealedthatthefirstfloweringplantsweresurprisinglyfarmorediversethanitwaslongassumed.Recently,wereportedinTrimenia,anextantmemberoftheANITAgrade,aremarkablemechanismof femalegametophytedevel-opment. Ineachovule,multiple femalegametophytesaredifferentiatedremotelyfromthesiteoffertilizationand they initiate a pattern of intercellular tip growthinthenucelluscentral tissue.Theygrowconcurrentlylike tubes, intertwinedwith eachother from thebasetotheapexofthenucellus,andonlyoneofthemwillyieldtheuniqueembryoofeachseed.Suchadevelop-mentstrikinglyresemblesthatofpollentubesgrowinginthetransmittingtissueofthecarpel,andsuggeststhatTrimenia has evolved auniquemechanismof femalegametophyte competition. However,our phylogeneticanalysis reveals that such amechanism isnotuniqueinangiospermsandthatitmaybevariouslyexpressed.For instance, the initiation ofmultiple female game-tophytes exhibiting a pattern of tip growth is rare inangiospermsandonlyoccurs ina fewunrelated taxa,whereastheoccasionalproductionofmorethanonefe-malegametophyteisfrequentissomeextantmembersoftheANITA-gradeandotherbasalclades.Therefore,amechanismoffemalegametophyte(egg)competitionmayhaveplayedacentralroleinthereproductivebiol-ogyofthefirstfloweringplantsand,inadditiontomalegametophyte(sperm)competitionandmaternalmatechoice,mayhavecontributedtotheirrapiddiversifica-tionandtremendousdiversity.1HarvardUniversity,ArnoldArboretum-OrganismicAndEvolu-tionaryBiology,1300THCENTRESTREET,BOSTON,MA,02131,USA2UniversityOfColorado,DEPTOFEPOBIOLOGY,Boulder,CO,80309-0334,USA

146 LESLIE, ANDREW

Branching architecture and reproductive allocation in conifers

Several lineages of living and extinct conifers (Cu-pressaceae, Podocarpaceae, fossil Araucariaceae,

and fossil Cheirolepidiaceae) contain species that ex-hibitagrowthformcharacterizedbysmall,highlyrami-fied branches bearing scale leaves. In contrast, otherconifer lineagesproducefewer, largerbranches(Pina-

ceae, livingAraucariaceae).These different branchinghabits canpotentially constrainhowreproductive tis-sueisdeployed,sincesmallbranchescannotbearlargereproductive cones.Quantifyingpollenproduction inspecieswith different branching habits is oneway toexplorethiseffect,andconifersareparticularlysuitedtothisapproachbecausetheirpollenisproducedincon-spicuousunisexualcones.Directcountsofthenumberof pollen grains produced per pollen cone combinedwithsurveysofthenumberofpollenconesproducedper tree in several species ofCupressaceae,Taxaceae,andPinaceae growing in southernConnecticut showthat taxawith small branches producemuch smallerpollencones,buttheytypicallyproduceseveralordersofmagnitudemorecone-bearingbranches.Thisoftenresultsinroughlysimilaramountsoftotalpollenpro-duction(typicallyontheorderoftensofbillionsofpol-lengrains)inindividualtreesofbothsmallandlarge-branchedspecies.Theseresultssuggestthatvegetativemorphology andgrowth formcanplay an importantroleinconstrainingreproductivemorphologyaswellasdetermininghowreproductiveresourcesareallocatedovertheplantbody.

YaleUniversity,SchoolofForestryandEnvironmentalStudies,195ProspectSt.,NewHaven,CT,06511,USA

147 RUSSELL, SCOTT*1, GOU, XIAOPING2, ZHANG, YANAN1, MIAO, SEN3 and TIAN, HUI-QIAO1

Genome-wide transcriptional profiles of the pre-and post-fertilization rice gametes reflect unique contributions from the egg and sperm cell

Microarray technology permits relatively smallquantitiesoftotalRNAtobecollectedandam-

plified to allow examination of transcripts present inthemaleandfemalegametesoffloweringplants.Rice(Oryza sativa spp. japonica)were used because of itsavailability,well known timetable, cell cycle readinessanddevelopmentofprotocolsforcollectionofenrichedintactgameticcells.Linearlyamplifiedlabeledtranscripttemplatematerialwashybridizedtothe57KgenomicmicroarrayofAffymetrixaccordingtomanufacturer’sinstructionsandanalyzedusingAffymetrixmicroarrayprocessingequipmentandsoftware.Normalizationwasconducted using dChip software by MBEI. Presenceand absence calls were determined using theMAS 5algorithmwithp<0.05forpresent,0.05<p<0.07formarginalandp>0.07forabsent.Whenprobesetswerenormalizedusinguniquemapping,amajorityofgeneswereexpressedinboththeeggandspermcellswithen-richedexpressionintheeggcell.Mostoftheserepresentgeneswhicharepresentinessentiallyallricecelltypesexamined todateand thusmayberegardedasacon-servedsetofpresumed"housekeepinggenes".Sincecy-toplasmofthespermcellsisbelievedtobetransmitted

59

inmanyplantsduringplasmogamy,somespermgenesmay be expressed in the zygote and embryo, aswithArabidopsis; however, the relative abundanceof thesegenesissubjecttosignificantchangeafterfertilization.Withmaturationofthezygote,anotherdistinctsuiteofgenesestablishthetranscriptomeoftheembryo.1XiamenUniversity,SchoolofLifeSciences,Xiamen,361005,Chi-na2LanzhouUniversity,SchoolofLifeSciences,Lanzhou,730000,China3UniversityofOklahoma,DepartmentofBotanyandMicro-biology,Norman,OK,73019

POSTERS

148 BRAUER, LAURA*1 and CARLSWARD, BARBARA2

Rehydration Techniques for Dried Leaf Tissue of Badiera (Polygalaceae)

Leaf samples were treated in boiling water withAerosolOTsurfactant, 3%potassiumhydroxide,

and14.8Nammoniumhydroxide.Allspecimenswerethenwashedandstoredin70%ethylalcohol.Forparaf-finprocessing,specimensweredehydratedinagradu-atedtertiarybutylalcohol/ethylalcoholseries,embed-ded inparaffin, and sectionedat 10µmona rotarymicrotome. Sections were stained with Heidenhain’siron-alumhematoxylinandsafraninandmountedonslideswithPermount.Potassiumhydroxidetreatmentsremoved all protoplasmic contents but generally re-turnedcellstofullturgor.WaterwithAerosolOTdidnotremovecellcontentsbutresultedthemostdistortedmesophyll.Ammoniumhydroxidetreatmentnotonlypreservedcellcontentsbutalsoreturnedcellstofulltur-gor.WhilewaterwithAerosolOTisthemostcosteffec-tiveandleasttimeconsuming,ammoniumhydroxidegivesthebestoverallresultsandistheleastcosteffectiveandmosttimeconsuming.1Eastern Illinois University, 600 Lincoln Avenue, Charleston, IL,61920,USA2EasternIllinoisUniversity,BiologicalSciences,600Lin-colnAvenue,Charleston,IL,61920,USA

149 AMPONSEM, OHENE1, WESTON, ERICA2, INGRAM, BRIAN2 and COTE, GARY*2

Regulation, Histochemistry, and Structure of Crystal-Producing Idioblast Cells in Dieffenbachia seguine (Araceae)

Many plants, especially in theAraceae, have id-ioblast cellswhichproducecrystalsof calcium

oxalate.Somearoidspecies,includingDieffenbachia se-guine,haveanunusualtypeofcrystalidioblast,termedthebiforine,whichisabletoforciblyexpelthecrystals.Ithasoftenbeenproposedthatthesecrystals,particu-larlythoseinbiforines,mightplayaroleindefending

againstherbivory.Ifthisistruewewouldhypothesizethatplantsregulatethenumberofcrystalidioblastsinfoliage,producingmoreiftheplantisunderthreatfromherbivores. To test thiswe have examined the abun-danceofcrystalsinleavesofplantstreatedwithsimulat-edherbivoryorwithplanthormonesthatsignalvariouskindsofstress.Wefoundthatcrystalabundancedropswith age; this is consistentwith the hypothesis, sinceyoungerleavesareoftenmoretemptingtoherbivores.However,noneoftheexperimentaltreatmentshadanyeffect on the abundance of crystals, contradicting thehypothesis.Weareextendingthisworkbymaintainingleafpiecesinpeelculturesothatleafcellsaredirectlyincontactwiththetestsubstances.Wearealsostudyingthecellwallsofbiforines,whicharenoticeablythickerandmore robust than thoseofother leaf cells, to thepointthattheysurviveblendingorgrindingwithamor-tarandpestle,whichdestroyallotherleafcells.Histo-chemicalstudiesindicatethecellwallsareremarkablyfreeofligninandotherphenolics.Wehavealsobegunscanningelectronmicroscopystudiesofthestructuresofthecrystalsthemselves.1RadfordUniversity,Biology, 501 Stockton Street,,Radford,VA,24142,USA2RadfordUniversity,Biology,501StocktonStreet,,Rad-ford,VA,24142,USA

150 GHOSH , DR. NABARUN*1 and SMITH, DON2

Fluorescent Microscopy on BSBMV infected sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) and clonal propagation via in vitro culture

Sugarbeets(Beta vulgaris L.)supportthesweetenerindustryintheUnitedStates.Beetsoilbornemosaic

virus(BSBMV)isasoilbornevirusandmemberofthegenusBenyvirus that infects sugarbeets.Rhizomania,causedbyBNYVV(BetaNecroticYellowVeinVirus)isatypememberofthegenusBenyvirus,vectoredbyafungusPolymyxa betae,andBSBMV(BeetSoilBorneMosaicVirus),isadevastatingdiseaseofsugarbeetinUSresponsibleforthevastdeclineofproductioninthelastdecade.TheSouthwestregionandTexasincludedintheGreatPlainsregionaretheonlyonesthathaveexpe-riencedadeclineinproductioninthe10years.Ourap-proacheswere:1.Localizationofvirusesintheplanttis-sueusingfluorescencemicroscopyand2.Cloningandpropagation fornew sugarbeet verities.To study theleaves andpetioleswith epifluorescence, thin sectionswerecut fromthebeet leavesandpetiolesandstoredin75-80%glycerin.SectionswereobservedandimageswerecapturedusingaBX-51OlympusScope,aDigi-talCameraandUVsource.Sectionsweretreatedwithberberinehemi-sulfateandcounterstainedwithanilineblue.AnothersetwasstainedinFluorolyellowforpos-siblelocalizationofthesuerbincomponentsinthecorktissue.UVsourcehelpedinfluorescingbythelignifiedtissueverywellunderFITC.Weobservedthesectionsfromtheleavesandpetiolesatdifferentmagnifications

Developmental and Structural Section

60

forpossiblelocalizationofviralelements.Autofluores-cencewasrecorded in theepidermisandhypodermisregionofthepetiole.SugarbeetleavesemitBlue-greenfluorescence that results in autofluorescence. Varia-tionoffluorescencewasrecordedbetweentheinfectedandnon-infectedregionswhileusingtheFITCfilters.IAA(0.5mg/l)andBAP(2mg/l)wereusedtomodifytheMSmediumtoinducededifferentiationofsomaticcells.RootingwasobtainedbyusingIAAandIBA(0.5mg/l)Rootandshootformationoccurreddirectlyfromtheexplantsorfromregenerablecalluswereobserved.Modificationandrefinementofin vitrotechniquesal-lowedustoobtainregenerablecallusthathadthecapa-bilityofentireplantregeneration.1WESTTEXASA&MUNIVERSITY,Life,EarthandEnvironmen-talSciences,2403RussellLongBlvd.,Canyon,Texas,79015,USA2UniversityOfNorthTexas,1155UnionCircle#305220,Denton,TX,76203-5017,USA

151 MICKLE, JAMES*1, LUMAGA, MARIA ROSARIA BARONE3, MORETTI, ALDO2 and DELUCA, PAOLO3

Micromorphological Insights on the Systematic Position of Bowenia and Stangeria (Cycadales)

CycadcuticularmicromorphologywasexaminedinStangeria andBowenia. Stangeria eriopus (Kun-

tze) Baillard is from Africa and has a subterraneanstemwithpinnateleaveswhoseleafletspossessamid-rib. Bowenia serrulata Chamberlain and B.spectabilisHookerarefromQueensland,Australiaandhavesub-terraneanstems and bipinnate leaves. Some workersplace these genera in the same family, Stangeriaceae,whileotherssuggestthattheyarenotascloselyrelated.Foliarsamplesweretakenfromthemiddleofmatureleaves from greenhouse-grown plants (Duke Univer-sity;Universita diNapoli). Leafmaterialwas fixed inFAA;cuticleswereisolatedin20%Cr2O3forupto72hours.Specimenswerecoatedwithgold-palladiumandobserved under SEM. Stangeria abaxial external cellsurfaceissmooth,withscatteredgranuloseparticlesandcelloutlinespartiallyvisible.Stomataareonthesamelevelasepidermalcellswitha slightlyelevatedflange.Stomatalporesshowraisedlipsextending¾ofguardcell length.Distinct striationsextend to0.1mmfromstomatalpoles. Similar striations surroundhairbases.Internally,surfacesofabaxialepidermalcellsarefelty,welldemarcated,andintervenalcellsarerandomlyar-ranged.Guardcellcuticlesareinshallowpitsandfinelygranulose.Thickflangesflankstomatalapertures.Shortpolarextensionsarepresent.Stomatalcomplexissur-rounded by a flange with serrate margin, felty innersurface and 5-6 divisions. Bowenia abaxial internalepidermal cell cuticle surface is lightly granular. Epi-dermalcellsarewell-marked,elongateand irregularlyspindle-shaped. Cuticular flange between guard cellsisthickenedatthemiddle,givingitadiamond-shaped

platformappearance.Stomatalopeningextends1/2thelengthofstomatalapparatus.Adjacenttothecuticularflange,oneitherside,isanenlargedbuttresswithtwodiagonally-extendedpegs.Laterallythereisalowridgeoneachside.Innercuticularwallsofguardcellsisru-gose. Polar extensions are flattened. Subsidiary cellsare 5-6 and irregular,with twopolar subsidiary cells.Stomatallongaxesarealignedwithepidermalcelllongaxes.Cuticularmicromorphologydoesnotshowclosesimilaritybetweenthesegenera,supportingamoredis-tantrelationshipofthesegenera.1North Carolina State University, Department of Plant Biology,CampusBox7612,2115GardnerHall,Raleigh,NC,27695-7612,USA2DIPTDIBIOLOGIAVEGETALE,VIAFORIA223,NAPO-LI,I-80139,Italy3OrtoBotanico,ViaForia223,Napoli,80139,Italy

152 DUARTE, DAVID*1, BOBICH, EDWARD2, PAK, SARAH3, PHAM, SHAWN3, UTSUMI, YASUHIRO4 and EWERS, FRANK5

Seasonal changes in the vessel anatomy of adults and resprouts of California black walnut trees following wildfire.

FollowingawildfireatBonelliPark inSanDimas,CA, unburned adult trees and new growth re-

sproutsofJuglans californicaS.Watsonwereexaminedtodeterminetheanatomicalbasisforseasonalvariationin hydraulic conductivity and mechanical flexibilityandstrength.Differencesbetweengrowthformswerealsoconsidered.Stemsfromnineindividualsperadultand resprout growth forms were sampled monthlyfrom February through June of 2008. Stem samplesweresectionedtoanalyzeforvariancesinvesseldiam-eter,hydraulicvesseldiameter,vesselfrequency,percentconductive,andpercentvessel lumenarea.Theresultsshowedasignificantlygreatervesselfrequencyinadultsthaninresproutswithadecreaseoffrequencythroughtheseason.Inaddition,thevessel lumenareastendedtobegreaterinadults,whereasthemeanandhydrau-lic vesseldiameters tended tobegreater in resprouts.Bothgrowthformsdemonstratedpositiveincreasesinpercentconductive,percentvessellumenarea,andhy-draulic vessel diameter going fromFebruary throughJune.Alltheseasonalchangescanbeattributedtotheproductionofanewxylemgrowthring.Theresproutsespeciallyshowedmuchlargermeanandmuchlargerhydraulicmean vessel diameters in the outer growthring.Inadults,vesselfrequencyandpercentvessellu-menareawereespeciallyhighintheoutergrowthring.Aseparatestudyontheseplantsshowedthathydraulicconductivity increasedgreatlybetween themonthsofAprilandMayforadultsandresprouts,likelyrelatedtotheproductionoftheoutergrowthring.Overalldiffer-encesbetweengrowthformsinvesseldiameterandfre-

61

quencywerecorrelatedtohighermechanicalstrength(lowervesselfrequencyandpercentvessellumenarea)andhigherhydraulicconductivity(greaterhydraulicdi-ameter)inresproutsthaninadulttrees.1California StatePolytechnicUniversity,Biological Sciences, 3801WestTempleAveneu,Pomona,CA,91768,USA2CaliforniaStatePolytechnicUniversity,Pomona,3801W.TempleAVE,Pomona,CA,91768,USA3CaliforniaStatePolytechnicUniversity,Pomona,BiologicalSciences,3801WestTempleAveneu,Pomona,CA,91768,USA4KyushuUniversity,Tsubakuro394,Sasaguri,Fukuoka,N/A,811-2415, Japan5California StatePolytechnicUniversity, Pomona,DepartmentOfPlantBiology,3801WestTempleAvenue,Pomona,CA,91768,USA

153 DOTZEK, JANA

Putative mitochondria-mediated speciation barriers in Oenothera - An example for recombination between mitochondrial genomes in sexual crosses?

The genus Oenothera (evening primrose) has anoutstandingscientifictraditionandwasdeveloped

asmodelforcytoplasmatic inheritanceandspeciationoverthepastcentury.Duetobiparentaltransmissionofplastidgenomeswithinintra-specificcrossesofOeno-thera species, frequently so called plastome-genomeincompatibilityorplastid-mediated incompatibility, isobserved.These incompatibilitiesarespeciationbarri-ersundertheDobzhansky-Mullermodelofspeciation.However,besides the plastid-mediated there are alsoother incompatibilities described in the genus, whichare independent fromplastid,aswellas fromnuclearinheritance.Theypoint to a biparental inheritanceofa further cytoplasmatic component.One of these in-compatibilities is the so-called falcifolia-syndrome,whicharisesinreciprocalcrossesbetweenstrainsofOe.glaziovianaandOe. bienniswithdifferentfrequency,de-pendingonthemixingratiooftheinvolvedcytoplasms.Sinceplantswhichinherittheirplastidgenomesbipa-rentaloftenalsodisplaybiparentalinheritanceorpater-nalleakageofmitochondrialgenomes,itisreasonableto assume themitochondrial genome as genetic baseforthefalcifolia-syndrome.Thiswouldbethefirstcaseofahybridizationbarrier,whichismediatedalonebythemitochondriagenome,probablyduetorecombina-tionbetweenthetwomitochondriagenomesinvolved.ToaddressthisquestionweestablishedaprotocolformitochondriaisolationinthebiochemicallychallenginggenusOenothera andobtainedpuremtDNAfornextgenerationsequencingapproaches.Sofarwedidacom-parative sequencing of sevenmitochondrial genomesfromdifferentOenotheraspecies,includinglineswhichdisplay the falcifolia-syndrome in sexual crosses.FirststudiesontheinheritanceofthemitochondrialgenomeinOenotherawillbepresented.

Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm,Germany

154 DIE, AGATHE1, KITIN, PETER*2, VAN ACKER, JORIS3, KOUAMÉ, FRANÇOIS N’GUESSAN4 and BEECKMAN, HANS1

Cambial activity and formation of growth rings of xylem and phloem in teak (Tectona grandis) in Ivory Coast

Weinvestigatedplantationteakthatgrowsincon-ditionsofonedryseasonfrommidNovember

tomidFebruaryandalongrainyseasonwithtwopeaks,duringJune-JulyandOctober.CambiumwasdormantorleastactivefromNovemberuntilJanuary(monthlyprecipitations30 - 50mm).The largest cambial zoneandwidestlayersofdifferentiatingxylemandphloemoccurred in June (400% thicker cambium relative tothedormantstageduringthedriestmonthsDecemberandJanuary).ThecambiumhadreducedthicknessandceasedactivityattheendoftherainyseasoninOctoberwhenthemonthlyprecipitationwasstillrelativelyhigh(100 mm). Reactivation started in February togetherwith vegetative bud break at monthly precipitationsbelow50mm.Cambialdivisionsoccurredfirstlyatthephloemsidewhileexpandingcellswerepresentatthexylemside.Thefirstfullyexpandedvesselelementswithdevelopingsecondarywallswereobservedinthebegin-ningofMarch.AfalseannualringofxylemwasformedintheperiodFebruary-May.InJune,thecurrent-yearxylemincludedafullyformedlayerofearlywood,widezoneofdifferentiatingearlywood,andseveralcell lay-ersofdevelopinglatewood.Newphloemdifferentiationwasinitiallyslowandbecameactivewiththeincreaseoftheprecipitationrateanddevelopmentofnewfoliage.Atleasttwogrowthringsofphloem,markedbyalter-nating layers of sieve tubes and sclerenchyma bands,wereformedinthecurrentyear.Thehighcorrelationsbetweenannualrhythmofcambialactivity,phenology,andmonthly precipitations show good adaptation ofthisimportedcommercialspeciestothelocalenviron-ment.1Royal Museum for Central Africa, Laboratory forWood Biol-ogy,Leuvensesteenweg13,Tervuren,3080,Belgium2OregonStateUniversity,RichardsonHall119,Corvallis,OR,97331,USA3GentUniversity,FacultyofBioscienceEngineering,LaboratoryofWoodTechnology, Ghent, 9000, Belgium4Université Cocody-Abidjan,LaboratoiredeBotanique,Abidjan,IvoryCoast

Developmental and Structural Section

62

155 HOYOS, SAUL

Anatomical and morphological characteristics among Fusispermum spp. and Rinorea apiculata group (Violaceae) can be useful for understanding the phylogenetic relationships

WhithintheViolaceae,Fusispermum spp.andRi-norea apiculata cladearestronglysupportedas

beingsuccessivelysistertotherestofthefamily;whilethe monogeneric Goupiaceae are sister to Violaceae.Few comprehensive empirical studies have ever beenpublished on Violaceae, especially on Fusispermum spp.andRinorea apiculatagroup.Furthermore,thosestudieshave focusedon themostwidelyavailablege-nusViola,notatypicaloneinthefamily,beinglargelyherbaceousandtemperate,whilemostofitsmembersarewoodyandtropicalindistribution.Leaf,seeds,an-droeciumandgynoeciumofFusispermum laxiflorum, F. minutiflorum, F. rubrolignosum, Rinorea apiculata group(R. apiculata, R. crenata), Rinorea s. str.(R. lin-deniana,R. squamata, R. paniculata, R. dasyadena, R. viridifolia), andGoupia glabra (Goupiaceae)were ex-amined.Structuresinmostofthesespecieswereillus-tratedforthefirsttime,namelyFusispermumspp.andtheRinorea apiculatagroup.Thisnewinformationmayprovidecharactersthatcanbeunderstoodinthecon-textofhypothesisofrelationshipswithinViolaceae,andbetweenViolaceaeandGoupiaceae.Theresultsofthisresearchshowthat:G. glabra hasanodalanatomy(3:1)similar to the Violaceae.The petioles of R. apiculatacladehavedoublevascularbundle.Fusispermum spp.hasaspecialadaxialglandulartissueontheleaf.CuticleofFusispermum spp.has straight anticlinalwalls, andRinorea spp. has undulate to sinuous anticlinalwalls.TheandroeciaofGoupiaceae, Fusispermum spp.andR. apiculata cladehasanapicalappendageontheanthers.A glandular disc surrounds the ovary inGoupiaceae,Fusispermum spp.,R. apiculata clade;inRinoreas.str.there isaglandadnatetoeachfilament.TheovaryofGoupiaceae,Fusispermum spp.,andR. apiculata cladeare glabrous; in Rinoreas. str. different types of hairscovertheovary.TheseedofRinorea apiculata cladehasdifferentmorphologyfromRinoreas.str.TheflowersonearlystagesofFusispermumspp.andRinorea spp.developmentarenotactinomorphic.

UniversityOfMissouriSaintLouis,MissouriBotanicalGarden,2012MauryAvenue1N,SaintLouis,MO,63110,USA

Ecological Section

See also Conservation Biology, Advances in Plant Systematics and Population Genomics: Applica-tions of Next Generation Techniques and Plant reproductive strategies under environmental stress.

ORAL PAPERS

156 WOODS, TERESA*1, JONAS, JAYNE2 and FERGUSON, CAROLYN3

The invasive Lespedeza cuneata attracts more insect pollinators than native congeners, with variable impacts

Invasiveplantspeciescanexertcompetitiveeffectsaswellasfacilitativeeffectsoninsectpollinationservices

ofnativespecies.Throughhighrelativeabundanceand/or prolific floral display, invasive plants that rely oninsectpollinationcansuccessfullycompetewithsomenativeplantspeciesforsharedpollinators.Alternatively,invasiveplantscanfacilitatepollinationofnativeplantsbysupportingandattractingsharedinsectpopulations.Factorsthatinfluencetheeffectsofalienplantspeciesonpollinationservicestonativeplantsincludethede-greeofsharedpollinatorspecies,synchronousflower-ing phenology, similar flowermorphology and color,relatednessofinvasiveandnatives,andshowinessanddensitiesofflowers.Toinvestigatesuchplant-pollinatordynamics,thisstudycomparedtheinvasiveLespedeza cuneataandthreenativecongeners,allsympatricwithsynchronousflowering,using in situpopulationsovertwoyearsduringpeakfloraldisplays.Theinvasivedem-onstratedsignificantlyhigherinsectvisitationratesperplantinbothyears.Positivecorrelationswerefoundbe-tweenfloraldensityandvisitationrateperplantinallthenativespecies.Althoughtherewasnosuchcorrela-tionfoundintheinvasiveL.cuneata,floraldensitywasatleasttwentytimeshigherthanthenativespeciesandlikelysaturatedthepollinatorcommunity.Wheninsectvisitation ratesofnativeplant specieswerecomparedwithorwithoutthepresenceoftheinvasive,L. cuneata showedacompetitiveeffectontwonativespecies,butafacilitativeeffectonone.Thenativeplantspeciesthatexperiencedafacilitativeeffecthadthehighestdegreeofsharedinsectvisitorswiththeinvasive,andismor-phologicallymostsimilartotheinvasive,comparedtotheothernativeLespedeza species. Insectvisitortaxo-nomicanalysesindicatedeachoftheLespedeza specieshadcommoninsectvisitors,withonemajorexception:thecommonhoneybee,Apis mellifera,aprimaryvisitortotheinvasiveplantspecies,wasneverobservedonthenativeLespedeza species.1KansasStateUniversity,OlatheCampus,22201W.InnovationDr.,Olathe,KS,66061,USA2ColoradoStateUniversity,Forestry,Range-landandWatershipStewardship,1472CampusDelivery,FortCol-lins,CO,80523,USA3KansasStateUniversity,DivisionofBiology,AckertHall,Manhattan,KS,66506,USA

63

157 MATLAGA, DAVID*1, DAVIS, ADAM1 and QUINN, LAUREN2

Evaluating the invasive potential of Miscanthus biofeedstocks: Estimating population parameters for current and hypothetical candidate species

Bioenergy crops have been promoted as environ-mentally friendly alternatives to petroleum, with

widespreadeffortsunderwaytoidentifycandidatespe-cies.However,manyspeciesunderconsiderationsharekey traits (e.g. rapid growth, vegetative spread) withinvasivespecies,creatingconcernthatfeedstockcropsmay escape cultivation and establish aggressive feralpopulations. In theNorthCentralregionof theUSA,the C4 grass Miscanthus x giganteus (Mxg), a sterileAsianhybrid,isoneofthetopcandidatesforbiomassproduction. Initscurrentform Mxg issterilebuteffortsunderway to restore fertility to this species.Our goalwasthreefold:1)characterizetherelationshipbetweendemographicperformanceand Mxg age;2) usematrixprojectionmodelstounderstandthepopulationtrajec-toryfor Mxg initscurrentform;3)conductsimulationstounderstandhowchangestorecruitmentparameters(seedfertilityandrhizomefragmentationandestablish-ment)willinfluencepopulationtrajectories.Wecollect-eddemographicdatafrom13experimentalplantingsof Mxg throughoutIllinoiswhichspannedarangeofages(1-7years).SurvivalofMxgisstronglyage-dependent,withlowsurvivalinthefirstyearafterplanting(~29%)andhighsurvivaloccurringafterfouryearspost-plant-ing(<92%).Amatrixprojectionmodelparameterizedwith fitted estimates of survival and seed productionfromourfielddataestimatedapopulationgrowthrate(λ)for Mxg oflessthan1(λ=0.929),indicatinggradualpopulationdeclineoverthelong-term.Simulationsin-dicatethatagrowingpopulation(λ>1)willoccurifgreaterthanonein100,000seedscansuccessfullyestab-lishorifadultplantsproducegreaterthanonerhizomefragmentpereverytwoindividuals.FutureeffortswillincorporatethedispersalabilitiesofseedsandvegetativeexpansionofadultplantstoparameterizemodelsMxgpopulationspread.1USDA-ARS Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit,TurnerHall,GoodwinAve,Urbana,IL,61801,USA2EnergyBiosci-encesInstitute,LongPocketLaboratories,1206W.GregoryDrive,Urbana,IL,61801,USA

158 VITT, PATI*1 and KNIGHT, TIFFANY2

Optimal management frequency for population viability and genetic diversity

Manyplantspeciesneeddisturbancetoestablishand/ormaintainviablepopulations,andseveral

studieshaveuseddemographicmodelsanddatatocal-culatehowfrequentthedisturbancesmustbetoallowforviablepopulations.Inaddition,manyplantspecieswilloutcrossatahigherfrequencyinyearsfollowingadisturbanceevent,if,forexample,plantsproducemorechasmogamous flowers in these years. Here, we askwhether theoptimaldisturbance frequency formain-tainingpopulation sizediffers from thatwhichmaxi-mizespopulationgeneticdiversity.Viola conspersaisanIllinoisstate-listedshort-livedperennial thatperformsbest in theyears followingdisturbances, suchas tree-falls,animalactivity suchasdigging, localflooding,orhumandisturbancesuchasloggingorplowing.IntheMidwest,invasionbybuckthornformsadenselyclosedcanopy thatmight reduce reproduction, survivorshipandpatterns of reproduction,potentially causing localextinction. We studied the size-specific demographyof6populationsfor10years,andsampledawideva-riety of environmental variation experienced by thisspecies,including highly invaded habitats and thosewithactivehabitatrestoration.Wecreatedanindividu-al-basedmodelthatconsidershowdifferentfrequenciesof disturbance (viahabitat restoration) correspond topopulationviabilityandpatternsofwithin-populationgenetic diversity. We parameterized this model withourdemographicfielddataandahypotheticalquantita-tivetraitcomposedof10locieachwithtwoalleles.Wefindthatplantsproduceslightlymorechasmagamousflowers following a disturbance, and that disturbancefrequenciesrequiredtomaintainpopulationsizeandtomaximizegeneticdiversityofpopulationsaresimilar.1Chicago Botanic Garden, 1000 Lake Cook Road, Glencoe, IL,60022,USA2

159 ZYLKA, JASON*1, MOLANO-FLORES, BRENDA2 and WHELAN, CHRISTOPHER2

Floristic Quality of Seed Banks and Standing Vegetation Across a Management Spectrum

Based onmanagement practices and land history,there are a number of different vegetation cover

typesthatoccurintheMidwest.Whiletheoutcomeofdifferentmanagementdecisionsareeasilyvisibleinthestandingvegetation,theirimpactonseedbankcompo-sitionarenot.This studyaims toanalyze thefloristicqualityofdifferentlandscapestodeterminewhateffect

Ecological Section

64

landmanagementishavingontheseedbankaswellasthestandingvegetation.Ofparticularinterestisdeter-miningifhigherqualitystandingvegetationresults inahigherquality seedbank.Sixdifferentmanagementhistoriesweresurveyedforthisstudy:remnantprairie,restoredprairie,rowcrop,oldfield,historicpasture,andpasturerecentlyconvertedfromrowcropattheMide-winNationalTallgrassPrairie(WillCo., IL). In2008,vegetationsurveysandsoilcoreswerecollectedinJulyandOctober, respectively, for a total of 30 sites (fivesitespermanagementhistory) and300 soil cores (10corespersite).Soilcoresweregrowninagreenhouseandseedlingswereidentifiedtospecies.Resultsindicatethattheseedbanksvarypermanagementhistoryandthereislittlecorrelationbetweenabovegroundvegeta-tionandtheseedbank.Whilesomegeneralsimilaritiesinfloristic quality exist, these results suggest that sig-nificantgainsinfloristicqualityshouldnotbeexpectedfromtheseedbank.1University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Natural ResourcesandEnvironmentalSciences,1816S.OakStreet,Champaign, IL,618202UniversityofIllinois,IllinoisNaturalHistorySurvey,1816S.OakSt.,Champaign,IL,61820,USA

160 MYERS, JONATHAN A.*1, CHASE, JONATHAN M.1, JIMÉNEZ, IVÁN2, JØRGENSEN, PETER M.2, ARAUJO, ALEJANDRO3, PANIAGUA Z, NAREL Y.4 and SEIDEL, RENATE5

Disentangling regional, environmental, and spatial influences on beta-diversity in temperate and tropical forests

Turnover in species composition (beta-diversity)oftenincreasestowardsthetropics.Althoughthis

patternmayreflectdifferencesinlocalecologicalpro-cessesbetweenbiogeographicregions,itmayalsoreflectsamplingeffectsowingtodifferencesinregionalspeciespools(gamma-diversity).Usinganull-modelapproachthatcontrolsforgamma-diversityofwoodyplantcom-munities in North (Missouri, gamma-diversity ~45species)andSouthAmerica(Bolivia,gamma-diversity~600species),weshowthatsamplingeffectsmaskthesignature of environmental and spatial processes intemperate and tropical forests. Before controlling forgamma-diversity, environment and space combinedexplained more beta-diversity in temperate forests.Aftercontrolling forgamma-diversity,however,envi-ronmentandspaceexplainedsimilar,andmore,beta-diversityinbothregions,suggestingthatlocalecologicalprocessesmayhave similar influencesoncommunityassemblyintemperateandtropicalforests.1WashingtonUniversityinSt.Louis,DepartmentofBiologyandTy-sonResearchCenter,CampusBox1137,OneBrookingsDrive,St.Louis,MO,63130,USA2MissouriBotanicalGarden,St.Louis,MO,63166, USA3Museo de Historia Natural Noel KempffMercado,Bolivia4HerbarioNacionaldeBolivia,LaPaz,Bolivia5UniversidadMayordeSanAndrés,InstitutodeEcología,LaPaz,Bolivia

161 MCGIVERN, JAMES*, BOCIAN, LINDSEY, BROWN, NATHALIE-ANN, PERENIC, JOSEPH and GANGER, MICHAEL

Life on the fringe: characterization of a forest-field ecotone in the Erie Bluffs State Park using hierarchical clustering and indicator species analysis

TheErieBluffsStateParkisa450-acreparklocatedinnorthwesternPennsylvania.Thepark includes

manycommunitiesincludingbroadleafterrestrialfor-est,broadleafterrestrialwoodland,broadleafpalustrineforest, terrestrialherbaceousopenings,aswellasagri-cultural fields.Approximately 441 vascularplant spe-ciesoccurwithinthesecommunities,includingspeciesraretoPennsylvania.Oneubiquitousplantcommunityfoundwithintheparkisanecotoneformedwheretheforestandfieldhabitatconverge,hereafterreferredtoasthefringinghabitat.Thisfringinghabitatiscomposedofspeciestypicaltoforestsandfields,alongwithafewspe-ciesuniquetothisecotone.Withinthefringinghabitatare158speciesofthetotal441foundwithintheparkitself(approximately36%).Thelong-termdevelopmentoftheparkincludesconvertingcurrentlyfarmedareasintooldfieldhabitats.Thefringinghabitatmayserveasasourceofcolonistsfortheseoldfieldsandthereforeanaccurateunderstandingofthecompositionofthespe-cieswithinthefringinghabitatiscrucialinpredictingthelongtermdevelopmentofthesefields.Tocharacter-izethevegetation,146quadratswereestablishedwithinthefringinghabitat.Quadratswere1mwideandwerelocated50mapart.Thepresenceofvascularplantspe-cieswithinquadratswasdetermined,andtwomethodsofvegetationanalysiswereappliedtocharacterizethefringinghabitat.Hierarchical clustering and indicatorspeciesanalyseswereusedjointlytoclassifythefringinghabitat.Hierarchicalanalysisorganizedthequadratsbyspeciessimilarityintoadendrogram.Indicatorspeciesanalysiswasthenappliedtodividethedendrograminto5 branches, representing themost ecologicallymean-ingfulgroupings.Thedistributionofthesegroupswasorganizedspatiallyalongenvironmentalgradients.Theenvironmental factors associated with the groups in-cludesoiltype,sunexposure,andarborealinfluences.Thevegetationpatterns in the fringinghabitatcanbeusedpredictfuturefielddevelopmentaftertheyareal-lowedtogofallow.

GannonUniversity,Biology,109UniversitySquare,Erie,PA,16541,USA

65

162 GORCHOV, DAVID*1, CASTELLANO, STEVE2, FRANK, PETER A.1 and KHANAL, SUJAN1

Using age structure to infer dispersal processes in the invasion of an exotic shrub, Lonicera maackii (Rupr.) Herder (Caprifoliaceae), Amur honeysuckle, in forest fragments

A fundamentalquestion in invasionbiology is theimportance of expanding fronts (diffusion) vs.

long-distance dispersal events. As part of a broaderstudytounderstandthepatternsandprocessesoftheinvasionofLonicera maackii,weareusingagestructuretoinferwhetherpopulationswerefoundedbydiffusionorlong-distancedispersal.Thisuprightshrub,nativetonortheastAsia,doesnotreproduceclonally,butisself-compatible.Becauseindividualsdonotreproducebe-foreage4,theagestructureofapopulationfoundedbyoneorafewlong-distancecolonistswouldbeexpectedtohave1-fewoldindividualsfollowedbyagapofsev-eralyears.Alternatively,weexpectacontinuousagedis-tributionifpopulationswerefoundedbydiffusionfromnearbysources,wherepropagulepressurecoulddeliverseedseachyear.WequantifiedtheagestructureofL. maackiiin17woodlotsinanagriculturalmatrixina20km2 recently invaded region inDarkeCounty,Ohio.Woodlotsrangedinsizefrom1-10hectaresandgener-ally50-1000mfrompotentialpropagulesources.Forsmallpopulations(N<30)wesampledallindividuals;forlargerpopulationswesampledthelargest30shrubs.Individuals are readily located in spring and fall be-causeofthisspecies’extendedleafphenology.Foreachindividualwecollectedthebasalportionofthelargest2-4stems,madecleancutswithamitersaw,scannedcrosssections,processedtheimageswith ImageJ andcountedannual rings. Individuals ranged inage from2 to 21, with populations (oldest individual) rangingfrom4to21.Mostpopulationsanalyzedtodateshowcontinuousagedistributions,consistentwithdiffusionratherthanlong-distancedispersal.Weinterpretthesefindinginlightofevidencefrommicrosatellitemarkersfordiffusionvs.long-distancedispersal,anddiscussim-plicationsformanagementandcontrol.1MiamiUniversity,Botany2MiamiUniversity,Botany,316PearsonHall,700EastHighStreet,Oxford,OH,45056,USA

163 HINCHLIFF, CODY*1 and ROALSON, ERIC2

The latitudinal diversity gradient: evidence from the sedges

Thelatitudinalgradientinspeciesrichnessisoneoftheoldestandmostenigmatictopicsinmodernbi-

ology.Speciesrichnessdecreasesrapidlywithdistancefrom the equator, and despite numerous hypothesesaboutwhythismightoccur,asatisfactoryexplanationremains elusive.To address this question,weuse thegloballyimportantsedgefamily(Cyperaceae)totestanimportantprediction:thatratesofdiversificationmayvarymeaningfullywithdistancefromtheequator.ThispredictionfollowsfromthetheoreticalworkproposedbyWiensandDonoghuein2004,knownasthetropi-cal conservatism hypothesis.We used GenBank dataas well as novel genetic sequences to reconstruct thephylogeny of over 1,000 species of Cyperaceae, andestimatedcharacter-dependentdiversificationratesonthe resultingphylogenetic trees to test the correlationbetweendiversificationrateanddistancefromtheequa-tor.Preliminaryevidencesuggeststhattheseratesvarywidelyamonglineageswithinthefamily,indicatingtheimportanceofseveralmajorspeciesradiations(incl.thegenusCarex)inthecreationofglobalpatternsofsedgediversity.1WashingtonStateUniversity,SchoolofBiologicalSciences,239CAbelsonHall,Pullman,WA,99164-42362WashingtonStateUniver-sity,SchoolofBiologicalSciences,332AbelsonHall,Pullman,WA,99164-4236

164 STANTON-GEDDES, JOHN*1, TIFFIN, PETER2 and SHAW, RUTH1

Ecological and genetic contributions to range limits in Chamaecrista fasciculata

Thestabilityofspeciesrangelimitsisaconundrumtoevolutionarybiologists:whatlimitsspeciesfrom

expandingtheirrangesviaadaptationtoconditionsbe-yond the rangeedge?Theoreticalandempiricalworksuggest that both ecological and evolutionary forcescanbeinvolvedinthestabilityofrangeedges.Weex-amined these processes on limiting range expansionof the native annual legumeChamaecrista fasciculata at itsnorthernandwesternrangeedges in theUpperMidwest of theUnited States. First, to determine therelative importanceofabiotic(e.g.climate)andbiotic(e.g.competitors)factors,weestablishedexperimentalpopulationssimulatingacolonizationeventwithseedstransplantedintositeswithintherange,atthenorthernandwesternrangeedges,andbeyondboththeseedges.Ateachsite,wereducedneighboringvegetationinhalftheexperimentalpopulations.Theresultsdemonstratethat absolute fitness is below population replacement

Ecological Section

66

beyondbothrangeedges,butthattheeffectofneigh-borsvariesfromfacilitativetocompetitiveatdifferentlife-history stages. Second, we evaluated populationstructure and gene flow between populations withinthe range and at the range edge using sequence datafromnine nuclear loci.The results suggest that thesepopulationsarenotatequilibrium,withevidenceforastepping-stonemodelofpolewardrangeexpansioninresponsetoPleistoceneglacialretraction.Overall,theseresultssuggestthatthedistributionofC. fasciculata islimitedbyacombinationofecologicalfactorsreducingabsolutefitnessattherangeedge,andgeneticfactorsre-ducingadaptivepotentialtotheseenvironments.1UniversityofMinnesota-TwinCities,Ecology,EvolutionandBe-havior,St.Paul,MN,55108,USA2UniversityofMinnesota-TwinCities,PlantBiology,St.Paul,MN,55108,USA

165 CLARK, JOHN*, HEIN, FRANK and DE LA ROSA, CARLOS

Santa Catalina Island - past, present, and future study of a near-continent island system

SantaCatalina Island isoneof theeightCaliforniaChannel Islands, located approximately 35 km

southwestofLosAngeles.At194km2, 88%ofwhichismanagedbythenon-profitlandtrustCatalinaIslandConservancy,SantaCatalinaisthethirdlargestChan-nelIslandandisthesecondtallestwithanelevationof639meters.Mediterraneaninclimate,atleast8definedplantcommunitieshavebeenidentifiedontheisland,fromcoastal scrub, tooakwoodlands, toopengrass-lands.Over400speciesofplantsarenativetotheislandand nearly 200 non-native introductions.Only a fewmammalsarenativeandincludetheCatalinaIslandfox,agroundsquirrel,andafewotherrodents.Birdsarenu-merousandincludeanendemicsubspeciesofCalifor-niaquailandyear-roundresidentbaldeagles.Variousungulateshavebeenintroducedtotheislandoverthelast150yearsandhavebeenmanagedand/orremovedfrom the island in recent times.These characteristics,combinedwithadiverseandlonghistoryof landuseandrecovery,makeSantaCatalinaIslandauniqueliv-inglaboratoryforisland-basedscientificresearch.TheislandisthemostaccessibleofalltheChannelIslandsaddingtotheappealofSantaCatalinaasa longtermresearch station. Past, present and future studies aredescribedhereandopportunitiesfornovelprojectsandimmediateresearchneedsarepresented.Collaborationswith theCatalina IslandConservancyareencouragedandcontactandresearchgoalsareprovided.

Catalina IslandConservancy, POBox 2739,Avalon, CA, 90704,USA

166 BIRNBAUM, AMANDA* and HUSTON, MICHAEL

Plant Growth and Chemical Response to Variation in Soil Properties by a Texas Sand Ridge Endemic Monarda viridissima (Lamiaceae)

Thepurposeofthisstudyistocomparetwocloselyrelated, co-occurring congeners, Monarda punc-

tata and M. viridissima, both in Monarda subgenusCheilyctis,sectionCheilyctis.Monarda punctataisgeo-graphicallywidespreadandhasavarietyofphenotypesfoundinvaryinghabitats.Monarda viridissima isanar-rowendemicrestrictedtotheCarrizosandformationinsouthTexas.BycomparingedaphicandenvironmentalconditionsofsiteswhereM. viridissimaandM. punc-tata growwith siteswhereonlyM. punctata grows, Ihopetodeterminewhethertherearegrowthorchemi-calresponsestoenvironmentalconditionsthatcouldberesponsibleforrangerestrictioninM. viridissima andsomeoftheecologicaldifferencesbetweenthetwospe-cies.

TexasStateUniversity-SanMarcos,DepartmentofBiology,601uni-versityDrive,SanMarcos,TX,78666,USA

167 KITTELSON, PAMELA*1 and LESICA, PETER2

Precipitation and temperature are associated with advanced flowering phenology in a semi-arid grassland.

Advancesinspringbloomingofwildflowershavebeen associated with climate change; however,

the majority of long-term community-level studieshavebeenconductedinhumid-temperateregions.Lessis known about phenological changes in herbaceous,semi-aridplantcommunities.Werecordedfirst-bloomdate of common spring wildflowers in a semi-aridgrasslandintheRockyMountainsfrom1995through2009andanalyzedthesedataalongwithmeanmonthlytemperature and precipitation. Advanced floweringpredominated;75%ofthe32speciesdisplayedanega-tive linear regressionslope,and this trendwas strongfornine species (slope>1.0,p<0.10).Onlyone spe-cies showed a strong trend for later flowering.Meanadvanceforall32specieswas0.61days/yearandmeanadvance for the nine species displaying a strong ten-dencytoflowerearlierwas1.6days/year.Speciesflow-eringearlyinthespringshowedstrongertrendstowardadvancedfloweringthanlaterspecies.AverageMarchtemperatureandJanuaryplusDecemberprecipitation,fallingmainly as snow,were explanatory variables inthebestmultiplelinearregressionmodelformeanfirstfloweringdateofstronglyadvancedspecies.Ourresultssuggestthatfloweringphenologymaybechangingfast-

67

erandprecipitationmayplayamoreimportantroleinsemi-aridgrasslandsthaninhumid-temperatesystems.1GustavusAdolphusCollege,DepartmentOfBiology,800W.Col-legeAve.,St.Peter,MN,56082,USA2UniversityOfMontana,Bio-logicalSciences,Missoula,MT,59812,USA

168 MORAN, EMILY V*1 and KUBISKE, MARK E2

Selective impacts of CO2 and ozone on aspen (Populus tremuloides)

Geneticvariation inplants influencesmanycom-munity and ecosystem properties. If global

changefactorscauseshifts inthegeneticcompositionofplantpopulations, thiscouldhavecascadingeffectsonprocesses such asherbivore community assembly,nutrientcycling,andcarbonstorage.WhileanumberofstudieshaveexaminedadaptiveresponsestoCO2andO3inherbaceousplants,fewhaveexaminedthepoten-tialforadaptiveresponsesintrees.MakinguseofdatafromtheAspenFACEexperiment,weask:Cantheseat-mosphericpollutantsexertameasurableselectiveeffectonawoodyplantovershorttimescales?Toaddressthisquestion,wedevelopedahierarchicalBayesianmodeltotestwhethergenotypexenvironmentinteractionsarenecessarytoexplainpatternsoftreemortality.Wehy-pothesizedthatfast-growingcloneswouldtendtohaveanadvantage,particularlyinthemorecompetitivehigh[CO2]environment,butthatfactorsotherthangrowth(suchasstresstolerance)wouldalsobeimportantforsurvival.WefindthatGxE interactions inmortalitylead to altered dominance hierarchies and decreasedevennessunderelevatedCO2 andO3.Theseresponsesare largelydue todifferences ingrowthresponsesbe-tweenclones.Whileonemighthaveexpecteda trad-eoffbetweengrowthandstresstolerance,thiswasnotobserved.Theseresultssupportthehypothesisthatel-evated[CO2]favorsfast-growinggenotypesandthosewith a higher-than average growth response to CO2,whilehigh[O3]selectsforgenotypesthatcanmaintaintheirgrowthdespiteexposuretothisleaf-damagingpol-lutant.Thissuggeststhatmanagersmightbeabletoin-creasecarbonsequestrationintemperateforestsbyse-lectivelyplantinggenotypeswiththesetraits,whichareidentifiableinyoungsaplings;however,becauseofpos-sibletradeoffsbetweengrowthandtoleranceofdroughtandorfrost,furtherstudyisneeded.1NIMBioS,1534WhiteAvenue,UniversityofTennessee,Knoxville,TN,37996,USA2USDAForestService,NorthernResearchStation,Rhinelander,WI,54501,USA

169 FELTRIN, RAQUEL1, SCHEFFER, FERNANDA1, GULLO, MANOELLE1, VILELA, DANIELA2, ANTONELLI, PRISCILLA3, FERREIRA, LUCAS4, RODRIGUES, GUILHERME5, SMITH, CARL6, HUGHES, STEVEN6, WALKER, CHARLES6, BURKE, BRYCE6, MCGEE, JERVIS6, HAMEL, PAUL6 and DEVALL, MARGARET*6

Changes in the Overcup Oak Research Natural Area

TheOvercupOakResearchNaturalArea(RNA)isabottomlandhardwoodstandintheDeltaNational

Forest,Mississippi,thatwassetasidefornonmanipu-lativeresearchandeducationin1943.TheoldesttreesintheRNAare200-250yearsold.AtornadooccurredinpartoftheOvercupOakRNAin2008,providinganopportunity to observe succession in thie old growthRNA after a natural disaster, to compare the dam-agedandundamagedareasand tocompare thepres-entconditionstothebaselinedatathatwerecollectedpreviously.Plotswereestablishedinthedamagedandundamagedareasandasurveyofthetrees,shrubs,her-baceousplantsanddownwoodydebriswascarriedout.Importance values were calculated for the dominanttrees,shrubsandherbaceousvegetation.Overcupoak(Quercus lyrata), American elm (Ulmus americana),andNuttalloak(Quercus nuttallii)areimportantcan-opyspeciesintheRNA.Otherspeciesoccurringonthesiteareredmaple(Acer rubrum),greenash(Fraxinus pennsylvanica),andsugarberry(Celtis laevigata).Thereare scattered individuals of sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua),water hickory (Carya aquatica), possum-haw(Ilex decidua),persimmon(Diospyros virginiana),dogwood(Cornus spp.),hawthorn(Crataegus viridis),willowoak(Quercus phellos),wingedelm(Ulmus crassi-folia),swampprivet(Forestiera acuminata),andbaldcy-press(Taxodium distichum.Predominantspeciesintheunderstoryaregreenbriars(Smilaxspp.)andscatteredpalmetto(Sabal minor).1UniversidadeEstadualPaulista,Botucatu,SP,Brazil2UniversityofSaoPaulo,Piracicaba,SP,Brazil3EscolaSuperiordeAgricultura'LuisdeQueiroz',Piracicaba,SP,Brazil4UniversidadeFederalRuraldeRiodeJaneiro,Seropedica,Brazil5UniversidadeFederalRural,Serope-dica,Brazil6CenterforBottomlandHardwoodsResearch,Stoneville,MS,38776,USA

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170 DARNOWSKI, DOUGLAS

Prey Preference in Aquatic Bladderworts (Utricularia spp.; Lentibulariaceae) Across the Eastern North America

Carnivorous bladderworts form integral parts ofaquatic ecosystemsandareparticularly sensitive

to environmental conditions such as eutrophication.My lab continues to conduct a studyonpreyprefer-enceoverawidegeographicarea,probablythewidestareaeverstudiedfortheseplants.ThestudyareatodateincludestheEasternUSfromMarylandtoFloridaandwesttoIndiana.Wehopetomakethisalong-termeco-logicalstudyandtoextendittoeasternCanadaandtosomeWesternstatesintheUSasweworktofindoutwhetheraquaticbladderworts(Utriculariaspp.;Lentib-ulariaceae) of three basic morphologies show differ-encesinpreypreference.Thatis,dobladderwortswiththesamebasicarchitectureselectthesamekindofprey(size,behavior,etc.)fromthedifferentpreyavailableataparticularsite.Thesethreemorphologiesincludearchi-tectureswhichcanbedescribedasthinandstring-like(e.g.U. gibba),ropy(e.g.U. macrorhiza, U. foliosa),anddimorphicwith subterranean trapping shoots (e.g.U. intermedia).Thisprojectisanextensionofourpastlabworksimulatingnaturalhabitatsandpreypopulations.Thatpartofourprojectshowedaclearconnectionbe-tweenthepreypreferenceofparticularaquaticcarnivo-rousplantsandthebehaviorofthefavoredprey.Mostofthoseorganismswhichweretrappedspentsignificanttimerestinginandonthenon-carnivorouspartsoftheplant,asopposedtomerelyswimmingthroughoutthetrappingregions.Ourworkinthelabmadeitclearthatprey preference depended on the architecture of theparticularaquaticcarnivorousplantstudied.Ourdataso far indicate a clear distinction in prey preferenceamongthethreearchitectureswhichwearestudying.

IndianaUniversitySoutheast,DepartmentofBiology,4201GrantLineRoad,NewAlbany,IN,47150-6405,USA

171 RUFFATTO, DANIELLE M.*1 and MOLANO-FLORES, BRENDA2

Variation in gender ratios of the gynodioecious prairie species Lobelia spicata L. across a latitudinal gradient

The high variability in gender ratio observed forgynodioeciousspecieshasbeenlinkedtogenetic,

bioticandabioticfactorsamongpopulationsandacrossa latitudinal gradient.This study focuseson assessingwhethertwoabioticfactors,temperatureandprecipita-tion,aredrivingtherelationshipbetweengenderratio/reproductiveoutputmeasurementsacrossalatitudinalgradient for the gynodioecious prairie speciesLobelia spicataL.Dataon latitude,genderratio, reproductive

output [i.e. fruit set, seednumberper fruit, seedbio-mass,percentseedgermination]andmeantemperatureandprecipitation fromMay to July [growing season]werecollectedfor11populationsacrossIllinoisduringthe summer of 2008 and 2009. As with studies con-ductedonothergynodioeciousspecies,thepercentoffemaleswithinL. spicatapopulationsshowedastrongnegative relationship with latitude, such that therewerehigherpercentagesoffemalesinsouthernthaninnorthernpopulations.Temperatureislikelythedrivingforcebehindthelatitude/genderratiorelationshipbe-causeitshowedastrongnegativerelationshipwithlati-tudeandasignificantpositiverelationshipwithgenderratio inboth2008and2009.However, lessprecipita-tioninsouthernpopulationsduringintermittentyearsmayalsoaccountforsomeofthelatitudinalvariationingenderratio.Thereproductiveoutputmeasurementsdidnotshowanytrendswiththeexceptionoffemaleandhermaphroditeseedbiomass,whichshowedacon-sistent negative relationship with latitude and strongpositiverelationshipwithtemperature.Thus,itappearsthatstressfulconditions,suchashightemperaturesandlowprecipitation,mayfavorthesuccessoffemaleplantswithin populations of L. spicata while high tempera-tures result in theproductionof larger seedsbybothfemaleandhermaphroditeplants.1UniversityofIllinois,DepartmentofPlantBiology,1816S.OakSt.,Champaign,IL,61820,USA2UniversityofIllinois,IllinoisNaturalHistorySurvey,1816S.OakSt.,Champaign,IL,61820,USA

172 KARIYAT, RUPESH* and ANDREW, STEPHENSON

Volatile mediated indirect defense signaling is disrupted by inbreeding and genetic variation in Horsenettle (Solanum carolinense L.)

Inbreeding is commonly observed in natural plantpopulationwithnegativeeffectsonfitnesstraitsand

susceptibilitytoherbivory.Herbivorousinsectsremovephotosynthetic leaf area fromplants thereby affectingfitnessandalsoinducingdefenseresponsessuchastheemission of herbivore induced volatile organic com-pounds(VOC)andsubsequentattractionofpredatorsandnaturalenemies.Althoughhostplantgeneticdiver-sityandinbreedingarelikelytoinfluenceinducedplantchemistry,fewstudieshaveexaminedinducedresponsephenotypesacrossdifferentgeneticbackgrounds.Thisstudywasdesignedtoexaminewhethergeneticback-ground(maternal family)andinbreedingaffectquali-tative and quantitative aspects of herbivore-inducedVOCs;andwhetherthesedifferencesaffectherbivoresandtheirnaturalenemiesunderfieldconditions,usingcommon horsenettle (Solanumcarolinense L.) as thestudysystem.Ourresults suggest thatbreeding influ-encesvolatileemissionsbothquantitativelyandquali-tatively, and that genetic background (starting popu-

69

lation) also influences emissions, with inbred plantsemittingmorevolatileswhenundamagedbutlesswhendamagedcomparedtotheoutbredplants.

Theanalysisofinsectattractioninthefieldindicatesthatbreeding,damage,andbreedingxdamageare

allhighlysignificantwithdamagedoutbredplantswithhighervolatileemissionsabletoattracthighernumberof parasitoid hymenopterans and undamaged inbredplants with higher volatile emission attracting highernumber of herbivorous coleopteran and dipteran in-sects.Our study takes a novel approach in tritrophicinteractions because few studies have combined labandfieldexperimentsasameansofinvestigatingindi-rectplantdefensesignaling, focusingontheeffectsofinbreedingandgeneticbackground(maternal family)influencethequantityandqualityofVOCblendspro-ducedconstitutivelyandinresponsetospecialisther-bivorefeeding,andthatinbreedinginparticularplaysastrongroleindeterminingtheattractionofherbivo-rousandpredatoryinsectsinthefield,suggestingthatinbreedingdisruptstheindirectdefensephenotype.

173 BROKAW, JOSHUA*1 and HUFFORD, LARRY2

Allopolyploid Speciation in Edaphic Specialists: Mentzelia mollis and Mentzelia packardiae

Mentzelia mollis and M. packardiae arenarrowen-demicsfoundonunusualsubstratesinthenorth-

ernGreatBasin.These substrateshavebeen found tosupportalargenumberofrareendemicswhileexclud-ing common components of surrounding vegetation.Assays of substrate chemical and physical propertiesrevealextremelyhighconcentrationsofsodiumandpo-tassiumsalts.ComparisonsofhabitatdataforM. mollis and M. packardiaeindicatesignificantecologicaldiver-gencefromeachotherandfromotherextantmembersofMentzelia sectionTrachyphytum. Inagreementwiththeirgeographicproximity,phylogenyreconstructionsbasedonplasticintergenicspacersandthelow-copynu-cleargeneisocitratedehydrogenasesuggestthatM. mol-lisisoneoftwoprogenitorsofM. packardiaethroughallopolyploidization.Further,thissuggeststhatdespiteitsspecializationandrarity,thegenomeofM. mollishascontributedtotheevolutionofM. packardiaeasanewspecieswithuniqueadaptations.1AbileneChristianUniversity,BiologyDept,AbileneChristianUni-versity,ACUBox27868,Abilene,TX,79699-7868,USA2Washing-tonStateUniversity,SCHOOLOFBIOLOGICALSCIENCES,312AbelsonHall,PULLMAN,WA,99164-4236,USA

174 WILDENBERG, AMANDA*, COONS, JANICE and COUTANT, NANCY

Royal Catchfly (Silene regia) Floral Development in Response to Photoperiod

RoyalCatchfly,Silene regia,isaprairieforbthatisendangered inmultiple states. Successful propa-

gationof the species,whichmay includefloraldevel-opment, is essential to recovery programs. WithinCaryophyllaceae, floral initiation often is linked tophotoperiod.AsS.regiapreparestoflower,stemselon-gate.Our objectivewas to determine if flowering forS. regia wasaffectedbyphotoperiodordevelopmentalage. Seedswere planted in high porosity soillessmixwith anOsmocote 14-14-14 four-month slow releasesolidfertilizerat14.6g/L.Plantsweredividedintotwogroups which were placed in different but identicalgrowthchambers.Onegroupwasgrownwitha longday photoperiod of 16 hours light/8 hours darkwithlight intensityof185µmol/m2/sec.The secondgroupwas grownwith a short day photoperiod of 8 hourslight/16hoursdarkwithlightintensityof368µmol/m2/sec.Eachgroupcontained36plantswiththreereplica-tionsoftwelveplantseach.After9weeks,crowndiam-eterwasmeasured. Basal rosette leaveswere countedweekly.As elongated stemsdeveloped,weekly countsfornumberofnodes,numberofaxillarystems,numberofflowerbuds,andnumberofopenflowersweremade.Longdayplantsdevelopedasignificantlygreaternum-berofelongatedstemsthantheshortdayplants,withelongatedstemsdevelopingfor30.6%ofplantsinlongdaysandfor0%ofplantsinshortdays.Shortdayplantshadsignificantlyfewerbasalrosetteleavesthanthelongdayplantsat9weeks,buthadthesamenumberofbasalleavesby16weeks.Overall,stemelongationwithsubse-quentfloralinitiationinS. regia wastriggeredbyalongdayphotoperiodrather thana shortdayphotoperiodordevelopmentalage.Thisinformationisusefulfortheproductionoffloweringplantswhendevelopinggeneti-callydiversepopulationsinnaturalareas.

Eastern Illinois University, Biological Sciences, 600 Lincoln Ave,Charleston,IL,61920,USA

175 MILLER-STRUTTMANN, NICOLE

Reproductive biology and stress-adaption in Ozark glade endemic plants reveals a counter-intuitive relationship between rarity and reproductive specialization

Thetraditionalstress-competitiontradeoffinnichetheorystatesthattraitsadaptiveforhighstressenvi-

ronmentsaremaladaptivewhencompetitionforsharedresources is high. Historically, this tradeoff has beenconceptualizedascompetitionforabioticresources,butbiotic interactions, such as competition for pollinator

Ecological Section

70

services, arealso limiting inmanyhabitats andcouldleadtotheextinctionoflocalpopulationsviareducedreproductivesuccess.Inthisstudy,Itestthehypothesisthat stress-adaptive traits (sensu Chapin’s stress-resis-tancesyndrome)reducethecompetitiveabilityoflocal-ly-abundant,regionalyrare(LARR)Ozarkgladeplantincomparisontoclosely-related,commonspecies(CC).Greenhouseandgrowthchamberexperimentsestimat-edthestressresistanceofLARRtaxaandtheirCCcon-generstodroughtandhighheatconditions.Individualsofeachcongenericpairwereexposedtoaseriesofma-nipulated,abioticconditions,inaccordancewithin situ fieldobservationsandoptimizedinthegreenhouse,andtheirfitnessresponseswerecompared.Afieldobserva-tionalstudydocumentedthedegreeofpollinationspe-cializationforLARRtaxaandtheirCCcongeners,andafieldcompetitionexperimentexplicitlytestedtherela-tivecompetitiveabilitiesoftheLARRandCCtaxaforsharedpollinators.Contrarytoourpredictions,LARRplantswerenotmoreresistanttohigh-stresscondition,and they had higher pollination specialization scoresandwerebettercompetitorsforpollinatorsincompari-sontotheirCCcongeners.Theseresults indicatethatLARRplantsarenotlocallyadaptedtoheatordroughtstress,andthatreproductivespecializationandcompe-titionforpollinators,notstress-adaptivetraits,maybemoreimportantforthemaintenanceofpopulationsinstressfulenvironments.

176 GEHRING, JANET

Variation in seed mass among maternal plants of experimental Gentiana puberulenta

Studiesofmanyplantspecieshaveshownseedsizeis an ecologically important trait influenced by

numerous environmental factors but theory predictsselectionwillresultinasingle,optimalseedsizewithinpopulations.The goal ofmy researchwas to identifysourcesofseedmassvariationinGentiana puberulen-ta,atallgrassprairieforb.BecauseG. puberulenta isasub-canopy, short-staturedspecies thatflowers late inthegrowingseason,Ihypothesizedmaternalresourcelevelswouldbeamajorfactorcontributingtoseedsizevariation. I collected seeds from8-14open-pollinatedindividualsinninecentral-IllinoispopulationsofG. pu-berulenta andtransplantedtheresultingseedlingsintotwoexperimentalplotsinOctober2008.InJuly2010,total stem length of surviving plants was determinedandplantswereassignedtooneofthreeexperimentalgroups(control,supplementalwater,andsupplementalwater+fertilizer)basedontheirsizeandpopulationoforigin.Experimentaltreatmentswereinitiatedafterthefirstplantbeganflowering.Flowerswereopentopol-linators and also received supplemental non-self pol-len.Seedmasswasdetermined inbatchesof100andanalyzedbasedoneitheraverageseedmassinfruitsor

averageseedmassofplants.Thefruit-levelanalysis(N=506)indicatedseedmassvariedsignificantlyamongpopulations,maternal parents (nestedwithin popula-tions),andnode.Sourcesofvariationthatcontributedsignificantlytoaverageseedmassofplants(N=138)werepopulation,maternalparent(nestedwithinpopu-lation)andlengthoflongestleafofmaternalplant.Myresults indicate genetic differences among maternalplantsareanimportantsourceofseedmassvariationinG. puberulenta.

BRADLEYUNIVERSTIY,DepartmentOfBiology,1501W.Brad-leyAvenue,PEORIA,IL,61625,USA

177 WEEKLEY, CARL*1 and MENGES, ERIC2

The population dynamics of the endangered herb Liatris ohlingerae (Asteraceae) in Florida scrub and roadside habitats

Variations in disturbance regimes may alter thepopulationdynamicsofplantspecies.Weinvesti-

gatedthedemographyofLiatris ohlingerae (scrubblaz-ing-star),aperennialherbendemictotheLakeWalesRidge,inroadsidesandinFloridascrubsitesdifferingintime-since-fire.Wecomparedmeanannualsurvival,plant size at flowering, reproductive activity, and theimpactofherbivoryinsixroadsideand13scrubpopu-lations.Tofurtherexplorefireeffects,weconducteda"clipandburn"experiment.Meanannualsurvivaldidnot differ between roadside and scrub populationsnorwithtime-since-fire.Scrubplantshadsignificantlygreater total stem length than roadside plants in allelevenyearsanalyzed.Ineightyears,scrubplantshadsignificantlyfewerstemsandfewerherbivorizedstemsthanroadsideplants,and insevenyears, scrubplantshadsignificantlymorefloweringheads.Time-since-firegenerallyhadlittleimpactonvitalratesorherbivory.Inthe"clipandburn"experiment,survivalofclippedandburnedplantsdidnotdiffersignificantlyfromthecon-trol.OurresultsshowthatL. ohlingerae plantsinscrubsitesare largerandmore fecund thanroadsideplantsand that scrub populations are tolerant of individualfiresandarangeoffirereturnintervals.1ArchboldBiologicalStation,PlantEcologyProgram,POBox2057,LakePlacid, FL, 33862,USA2ARCHBOLDBIOLOGICALSTA-TION,POBOX2057,LAKEPLACID,FL,33862,USA

71

178 DESAI , MANISHA N

Biological Spectrum with some other ecological attributes of the flora and vegetation of Shamlaji Forest, Gujarat, India

Basedon the current available informationon thefloraandvegetationoftheShamlajiForest,spectra

onlifeformandsomeotherecologicalattributeswereanalyzed and reviewed in different sub-ecosystem ofthe investigated area.The floristic list consists of 346speciesbelongingto85familiesof74dicotyledonsand11 monocotyledons. Fabaceae and Asteraceae weredominatingfamilyinthestudyarea.AccordingtotheRaunkiaerian life formtherophytes (49.42%) followedbyphenerophytes(42.77%)weredominantinthearea.Contribution of Cryptpphytes (3.47%), Hemicryptp-phytes (0.87%)andChaemophyts (3.47%) isvery lessintheestablishmentofvegetationstructureinthearea.Deciduous vegetation is characterized by the largestpercentageoftherophytesanditfallsunderthecategoryoftherophytictypeofphytoclimate.Inthisregion,thevegetation expression was predominantly deciduous,although the treeflorahas fewelementsof evergreenspecies.Physicalclimateoftheareaisaridanddrywiththreemainseasons,monsoon,winterandsummer.Onaveragethereare40rainydaysinayear.Averagerain-fallis760mm(10years)withawiderangeofvariationyeartoyear.Temperaturevariesaspertheseasonandtheseasonalvariationisverywide.Humidityisgener-allyhighduringmonsoon,otherwisedrynessprevails.SoilinGeneralobservedsandywithvaryingproportionofloamandredishbrowntograyishbrownincolour.Thedominanceofphanerophytesappearstobeduetosufficientrainfall,hightemperatureandlowbioticpres-sure.However,thepopulationoftherophyticspeciesisincreasinginhighlygrazedanderodedareas.

Bhavan'sShethR.A.CollegeofScience,Ahmedabad,,Botany,Vidy-agauriNilkanthMarg, ,Khanpur,Ahmedabad,Gujarat,380015,India

179 WEBER, STEFAN*1, CARUSO, CHRISTINA1 and MAHERALI, HAFIZ2

The role of floral traits in the assembly of spring ephemeral communities

Although plants compete for pollination servicesthrough their flowers, floral traits are rarely

considered in community-assembly theory. Plantswithsimilar traitsare likely toshareecologicalnichesand therefore compete for space and resources.Su-perior competitors may exclude species with similartraitsfromcoexistinginthesamecommunity.Becauseclosely related species share similar traits,competitiveoutcomesmaybepredictedbyphylogenetic relation-

ships between taxa as well.We tested the hypothesisthatplantcommunitiesarestructuredbycompetitionforpollinationbystudying52speciesofearly-bloomingforbs.Weinventoriedcommunitycompositionatforestsitesacrosssouth-westernOntarioandMichigan.Wemeasuredsevenaspectsofflowercolour,morphologyandphenologyandcomparedsimilarityinthesetraitsamongco-existingspecies.Wetestedobservedpatternsagainst those generated in theoretical null communi-tiestojudgeifneighbouringspeciesweremoreorlesssimilarinfloraltraitsthanexpectedbychance.Wealsomeasured the phylogenetic relatedness of communitymembers to account for trait-conservatism in coexis-tencepatterns.Wefoundevidencethatbothcompeti-tionforandfacilitationofpollinationstructuresspringephemeralassemblages.Communitieswerecomposedof species withmore dissimilar flower sizes than ex-pected under the nullmodel.This over-dispersion offlower size suggests that competition excludes speciesthat attract similar-sized pollinators from coexisting.However,communitieswerecomposedofspeciesthatfloweredmoresynchronouslyandhadmoresimilarflo-ralhuesthanexpectedunderthenullmodel.Thisclus-teringofspecieswithsimilarfloweringphenology andflowercolorsuggeststhatfacilitationofpollinationalsoinfluencescommunity-assembly.Phylogeneticrelated-nessdidnotexplaincommunitycomposition,becausefew floral traits were conserved. Our results demon-stratethatvisuallyattractivetraitspromotefacilitationofsharedpollinatorswhilemorphologicaltraitsacttopartitionresourcesinresponsetocompetition.Wesug-gest thatpollinatorattraction representsanecologicalnichethroughwhichspeciescanbesortedinacommu-nity,andthatfloralsimilaritycanexplainco-existencepatternsamongplants.1UniversityOfGuelph,DepartmentOf Integrative Biology,NewScienceComplex,50StoneRoadEast,GUELPH,ON,N1G2W1,Canada2UniversityOfGuelph,DepartmentOfIntegrativeBiology,GUELPH,ON,N1G2W1,Canada

180 MCEWAN, RYAN*1, CHIANG, JYH-MIN 2 and YI-CHING , LIN3

Topographic and biotic regulation of aboveground carbon storage in subtropical broadleaved forests of central Taiwan

There is a growing need to understand, and ulti-matelymanage, carbon storage by forest ecosys-

tems.BroadleavedevergreenforestsofTaiwanprovidean outstanding opportunity to examine factors thatregulate ecosystem carbon storage. We utilized datafrom threeTaiwan ForestDynamics Plots (FS, LHC,andPTY) inwhichevery tree is taggedandmapped,to examine factors regulating carbon storage as esti-mated from aboveground biomass. Allometric equa-tionswereusedtoestimatetheabovegroundbiomass

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ofeachtree,andamaximum-likelihoodmodelbuildingprocedurewasusedtoexaminerelationshipsbetweenplot-level abovegroundbiomass (AGB;Mg/ha) and asuiteoftopographicandbioticfactors.WefoundthatourstudysiteshaveAGBvaluescomparable to someofthemostcarbondenseforests intheworld.Acrossallthreesites,maximumbiomasswascontainedinthetaxonomicfamiliesFagaceae,LauraceaeandTheaceae.IntheFSsite,weidentifiedslopeconvexity(P=0.03)andelevation(P<0.001)astopographicpredictorsofAGB.Withinplots,maximumAGBwasfoundintopo-graphicallyflatareas.InFS,stemdensity(P<0.001)wasasignificantbioticpredictorofAGBandthemaximaoccurredat intermediatedensities. InLHC,wefoundthatconvexity(P<0.001)andslope(P<0.001)weresignificantly related to AGB which was maximizedalongatopographicridgeintheplot.Speciesrichness(P<0.001)wasasignificantbioticpredictorofAGBinLHC,andtherelationshipindicatedslightlyhigherAGBathigherlevelsofspeciesrichness.TheonlysignificantfactorrelatedtoAGBinPTYwasspeciesrichness(P =0.02).Additionalworkisneededtofurtherunderstand-ingoftopographicfactorsasregulatorsofAGBandtocarefullyscrutinizetheroleofspeciesrichnessinforestcarbonstorage.Inparticular, futureworkwill testthehypothesisthatAGBispositivelycorrelatedwithspe-cies richnessbecauseofcomplementarityamongspe-cieswhereaddingspeciesincreasesfunctionaldiversity,increasingthesitescarbonstorage.1University Of Dayton, Biology, 300 College Park, Dayton, OH,45469-2320,USA2TunghaiUniversity,DepartmentofLifeScience,No.181,Sec.3,TaichungPortRd.,Taichung,40704,Taiwan3Tung-haiUniversity,DepartmentofLifeScience,No.181,Sec.3,TaichungPortRd,Taichung,40704,Taiwan

181 SINCLAIR, JORDAN*1 and FREEMAN, CARL

Incest, Specialization and the Environment: A New Model for the Evolution of Dioecy

Dioecy has evolved independently inmany plantfamilies.Thissuggeststhatdioecyisaviablesexu-

alsystemincircumstancesthatindependentlyreoccur.Historically,thetwoselectivepressuresattributedtothisevolutionare selfing coupledwith inbreedingdepres-sionandspecializationamongtheunisexualplants.Theproposedmodelincorporatesthesefactorsandexpandsthe concept of inbreeding to include consanguineousmatings as well as environmental conditions to pre-dictthecircumstancesunderwhichdioecyis likelytoevolve.Whenneither inbreedingnor specialization isconsidered,maleandfemalesterilemutantsarequicklyeliminatedfromthepopulation.Whenselectiveadvan-tagesaregiven to thesemutants theycanpersistand,iftheirrelativefitnessishighenough,theycaninvade.Bothof these results are in accordancewithpreviouspredictions.Whatisnovelisourabilitytocombinethe

inbreedingandspecializationadvantages,allowingustoseehowthetwoforces interactandthe influencethiscanhaveontheevolutionaryprocess.Theadditionofaheterogeneousenvironmentallowsustoexaminewhydioeciousspeciesareoftenfoundinstressfulenviron-ments,andtowhatextenttheenvironmentcaninflu-encetheevolutionfromapopulationofhermaphroditictounisexualindividuals.1WayneStateUniversity,DepartmentofBiologicalSciences,Detroit,MI,USA

182 AYODELE , MUYIWA SEGUN*1, AWORINDE, D. O.1 and ILORI, O. J.2

Variations in Frond-sheath Fibers and Moisture Collection Strategies among three West African Palms

Three palms namely: Cocos nucifera L. (Coconutpalm), Elaeis guineensisJacq.(Oilpalm) and Phoe-

nix dactylifera L. (Date palm) were investigated forcharacteristic features of leaf fibers and developmentorientationalongtreetrunk.Fiberswereanatomicallyexamined bymacerating primordial leaf sheath (net-like structure) for the nature offibers, the pits;takingdimensions (length and width) of the fibers in µm.Fiber sheathspictures andphotomicrographsoffibercharacteristicsarepresentedfordetailcomparison.Fi-bercharacteristicsimplicationsarecorrelatedwiththemoistureavailabilityregimesforthedifferentplantsintheirecologicalhabitats.LeaffibersinCocosnuciferaarewoven intoasheet,wrappedaroundthebaseofeachfrond; neatly tucked into the inner developing frond.Thesheathenlargesasthetreetrunkincreasesinheight.Elaeis guineensis has less conspicuous woven sheath,onlynoticeable inyounger fronds.Older frondshavefibersheathsgraduallytransformedintoapilestuffingeach frond axils. In Phoenix dactylifera, conspicuousstrandsofcrunchyfibersarealternatelywovenaroundeachfrondbasealongthetreetrunkformingacontinu-ouscushionoffiberson the trunk.Anatomical studyresultsshowthatinthethreespecies,fibersarepointedatbothendsandallthewallshavebotheredpitsexceptinoilpalmwhich ishalfbordered.Fibers are longestinDate palm (974±4 µm)and shortest in Coconutpalm( „ s „ wP ). Ecological implications of observa-tions:highfrequencyoflongfiberisindicativeofhighconductivesafetytoavoidembolism.Increaseinfiberwidthsuggestsanincreasedconductiveefficiency.Datepalmusuallyfoundinthedryecologicalhabitat(exceptthoseusedforaesthetics)combinestheattributeofgoodconductiveefficiencyfiberswithcrunchyfiberstrandspadonfrondaxils.Someadventitiousrootswerenotedsituatedunderneath each frondbasepad.Thus, thereisampleprovision for theabsorptionofanyavailablemoisture for conservationby thefiber padswhich inturnwouldmake such available for the hidden rootsunderneath the frondpads.This scenario isabsent incoconutwhosehabitatisusuallyalongthemoisturelad-

73

enbeachterrain.TheOilpalmisintermediateinthesefeaturessuggestiveofitsabilitytocolonizehabitatsbe-tweentheseaandthedrysavannaareas1Biological Sciences Department, University of Agriculture,Abeokuta.2Biology Department, Adeyemi College of Education,Ondo

183 KOPTUR, SUZANNE*1, RICO-GRAY, VICTOR2, DIAZ-CASTELAZO, CECILIA3 and PALACIOS-RIOS, MONICA1

Nectar secretion on fern fronds is associated with lower levels of herbivore damage: field experiments with Pleopeltis crassinervata, a widespread epiphyte of Mexican cloud forest remnants

Though it is not from the section of the genusPolypodiumknowntohavesomespeciesbearing

nectaries,Pleopeltis crassinervata frequently has sootymoldatthebaseofitsfronds.Thismoldindicatesnec-tarsecretion,andsuggestedthatthisspeciesmay, likeother epiphytic Polypodium species, benefit from antprotectionsupportedbynectarsecretiononitsdevel-oping fronds. Previous experiments used sticky resintoexcludeants,butthefrondsofthisspeciesareoftenlyingflatagainstthetreetrunksuponwhichtheygrow;weusednylonpolishtocoverthenectariesinstead.Wechosetwenty-twopairsoffronds(eachpaironseparateplants),matchedforsizeanddevelopmentalstage;ononeofeachpairwecovered thenectarieswithpolish(experimentaltreatment),ontheotherweputpolishonanotherpartofthefrond(control).Developingfrondson experimental plants (with nectaries covered) suf-feredgreaterdamagethandidfrondsoncontrolplantswithnectariesfunctioningnormally,suggestingnectar-ies attractvisitors thatprotect the frondsagainsther-bivores.Weconductedthesameexperimentonafernthatdoesnothavenectaries(Polypodium furfuraceum),andfoundnodifferencebetweenexperimentalandcon-trolfronds.WefoundsevenspeciesofantsvisitingthenectariesofPleopeltis crassinervata,andassessedtheirprotective abilities with caterpillar placement experi-ments;therewasawiderangeofresponse.Variationinantbehaviortowardsherbivoresmayexplainwhysomeindividualplantsshowednoevidentbenefitfrompro-tectioninthisfacultativeassociation.Nectariesattract-ingprotectiveagentsmayhelpPleopeltis crassinervata,themostwidespreadepiphytic species,persistdespitehabitatdisturbance,survivingonshadetreesincoffeeplantationsinformercloudforestareasofVeracruz.1InstitutodeEcologia,A.C.,Herbarium,Apto.63,Xalapa,Veracruz,91000,Mexico2UniversidadVeracruzana-Xalapa,InstitutodeNeu-roetología,CalleDr.LuisCastelazos/n,Col.IndustriasAnimas,Xa-lapa,Veracruz,91190,Mexico3InstitutoDeEcologia,A.C.,Apto.63,Xalapa,Veracruz,91000,Mexico

POSTERS

184 CHEN, YING*1 and HOLLAND, MARJORIE2

Seasonal Changes in Coastal Vegetation Biomass

Surgesandwavesgeneratedbyhurricanesandothersevere storms can cause devastating damage to

propertyandlossoflifeincoastalareas.Vegetationinwetlands and coastal fringes can reduce storm surgesand waves while complementing traditional coastaldefenseapproachessuchaspermanentlevees,seawallsandgates.Moreover,therootsandrhizomesofmarshplantshelp coastal sediments cohere and consolidate.SoilandplantsampleswerecollectedfromDecember2009 toNovember2010 inboth lowandhighmarshzones directly along a coastal edge as well as furtherinlandineighttransectsatGravelineBayouandattheGrandBayNationalEstuarineResearchReserve(GND-NERR) on theMississippiGulf Coast. In these eighttransects,fourtransectsarelocatedincoastalareasandfourareintheinlandmarshsites.Theinlandmarshesare dominated by Juncus roemerianus (needlegrassrush), while Spartina alterniflora (smooth cordgrass)dominatesthecoastalmarshes.Hydrologicandchemi-cal data including salinity, pH, andwaterdepthhavebeenobtainedfromthemonitoringstationsatGND-NERR. Fieldmeasurements include collection of soilcoresandplantsampleswithina0.25m2quadrat,plantheights,percentcover,andelevation.Laboratoryanaly-sesof thesoilsamples includemoisture,bulkdensity,organicmatter,meangrainsize,andpercentageofsand,silt,andclay.Laboratoryanalysesoftheplantsamplesincludemeasurementsofabove-andbelowgroundbio-massandrhizomethickness.Initialresultssuggestthatabove- and belowgroundbiomass differs significantlyover Spring, Summer, and Fall in coastal and inlandmarshsites.Bothabove-andbelowgroundbiomassishighestinSummerandlowestinSpringinthecoastalmarshsites.Althoughthereisnosignificantdifferencein elevation gradients between the coastal and inlandmarshes, native vegetation at lower elevations withlowerdensityincloseproximitytostormsurgeswithinthecoastalmarshsitestendstohavelowerabove-andbelowgroundprimaryproduction.1UniversityofMississippi,Biology,oxford,MS,386772UniversityOfMississippi,Biology,P.O.Box1848,ShoemakerHall,University,MS,38677,USA

Ecological Section

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185 WARD, MEGAN*1 and MARTINE, CHRISTOPHER2

The Current Status of a New Potential Invasive Plant Species within Clinton County, New York: Mycelis muralis (Asteraceae)

Invasiveplantspecieshaveproventobeacommonissue within communities where they can disrupt

naturalhabitatsandcausealossofbiodiversity.Mycelis muralis (Asteraceae) is a well-documented and well-studiedinvasivespeciesinNewZealand,buthasbeenrecentlyrecordedtwoyearsagoinSUNYPlattsburgh’sRugarWoodsandnearbylocalities.Mycelis muralis hasnotbeen studiedbeyondbeingapartofgeneralplantsurveyswithinNorthAmerica.Todevelopabetterun-derstandingofthisapparentnewcomertonortheasternNewYork,atwo-stepsurveyingtechniqueshallbeused.Thefirststepintheprocessistodeterminehowdensethe population ofM. muralis is, and second, amorethorough,diversesurveyshallbetakentousetoanalyzehowM. muralisaffectsco-occurringplantsandpollina-torcommunities.ThissecondsurveywillalsobeusedtodevelopbaselinedatafordiversitywithinRugarWoods,somethingthathasnotbeenpreviouslydone.Prelimi-narytestingshowsthatM. muralisinClintonCountyshowssimilarsitepreference,includingsoilpH,astheinvasivepopulationsinNewZealand.Thesecompari-sonsmayprovetobecritical topredictingfuture im-pactsofM. muraliswithintheregion.1StateUniversityofNewYorkAtPlattsburgh,BiologicalSciences,101BroadStreet,Plattsburgh,NY,12901,USA2StateUniversityOfNewYorkAtPlattsburgh,101BroadStreet,Plattsburgh,NY,12901-2681,USA

186 DEWSBURY, BRYAN*1, KOPTUR, SUZANNE2 and FOURQUREAN, JAMES3

Biodiversity and biogeochemical patterns along a chronosequence in a pine rockland habitat

Pine rocklands are critically endangered habitatwhose community structure is primarily deter-

minedbyperiodicfire.InsouthFlorida,slashandburnagirculturebynativeindiansandmoderndaydevelop-menthavereducedthishabitattoapproximately3%ofitsoriginalacreage.Experimentsinpinerocklandstypi-callyfocusonthenature,periodicityandspatialscaleofthefiresthatareresponsibleforkeepingthisecosysteminastateofearlysuccession.Thesestudiessuggestthatperiodicnaturalfiresarenecessarytoallowclearanceoftheunderstory,andfacilitatethegrowthofspecificspe-cies.Intheabsenceoffire,abuildupoforganicmattercancauseashiftinspeciescompositionandultimatelycommunitystructure.Whilethedeliveryandtimingof

firesinthissystemhavebeenwell-studied,thebiogeo-chemicalchangesthatoccueintheabsenceoffirearenotaswellunderstood.Wesampledvarioussitesinapinerocklandsystemtoquantifythebottom-upeffectson plant community structure in this system, and tocharacterizehowthisrelationshipmightchangeintheabsenceoffireoverlargetemporalscales.InthisstudyweusedthedifferentburnschedulesofspatiallyvariantpinerocklandsinLongPineKey,EvergladesNationalPark,Florida,toconstructachronosequencerepresent-ingpossiblydifferentsuccessionalstagesofthisecosys-tem.Forlogisticalease,aswellastodrawcomparisonstoaparallelstudyinseagrassbeds,wesurveyedeachsiteformidlevelshrubspeciesonly,ignoringgrasses,sedgesandlarge(>6feet)trees.WereportthatrecentlyburnedsitesheavilyfavoredthepresenceofArdisia escallonoi-des,Morinda royocandlowcoverageofMyrica cerifera.SitesburnttenyearsagohadhighcoverageofbothSere-noa repensandSabal palmetto.Othermidlevelshrubsvariedhighlybetweenandwithinsites.1FloridaInternationalUniversity,BiologyDepartment/FourqureanLab,11200SW8thSt,Miami,FL,33199,USA2FloridaInternationalUniversity,DepartmentOfBiologicalSciences,11200SW8thSt,Mi-ami,FL,33199,USA3FloridaInternationalUniversity,BiologicalSci-ences,11200SW8thStreet,OE167,Miami,FLFlorida,33199,USA

187 SVOBODA, HARLAN* and VAN KLEY, JAMES

Effects of Exotic Species Removal at the SFA Pineywoods Native Plant Center on Native Forest UnderstoryVegetation

Chinese privet (Ligustrum sinense)is a non-nativeinvasiveshrubthatiscapableofreplacingnative

forestunderstorywithanear-monoculture.ThePiney-woods Native Plant Center (PNPC) on the campusof Stephen F. Austin State University, Nacogdoches,Texas includes a wet-mesic bottomland forest whichwasheavilyinfestedwithprivet.Duringthesummerof2009,muchoftheprivetonthepropertywasmechani-callyremovedwithsubsequentfollow-upspotherbicidetreatments.During2010,thirty10m2plotswereestab-lished inorder tomonitor vegetation changes associ-atedwiththeprivetremovaleffort.Plotswerelocatedinthreetreatmentareas:1)unclearedprivet-infested,2)recently(summer2009)privet-cleared,and3)aportionofthepropertythathadbeenmaintainedprivet-freeforatleast20yearsbyhand-removal.Dataweresubjecttocanonical correspondence analysis (CCA) andmulti-variateclassificationandtheShannon-Wienerdiversityindexwascalculatedforeachplottoobserveanydiffer-encesintheflorabetweenthethreesampleareas.Evenafterremovingeffectsofenvironmentalco-variablesofsoil texture and micro-elevation, floristic differenceswere evident between the three treatments and plotsfromthethreewere locatedlargely indistinctregionsofapartial-CCAordinationspace.Speciesrichnesswasnotsignificantlydifferentbetweenthethreegroupsof

75

samplesbut theShannon-Wienerdiversity indexwaslower for the uncleared privet plots. Total vegetativecoveragewashigherintheunclearedprivetplotsthanintheothersbutcoverageintherecently-clearedplotswasnotsignificantlydifferentfromthatoftheprivet-freeplots.TheresultssuggestthatdiversityandspeciesrichnesswerenotadverselyeffectedbythemechanicalremovalofL. sinenseandthefirst-seasonpost-removalcommunityhadalreadysubstantiallyrecovered.

StephenF.AustinStateUniversity,Biology,1936NorthSt.,Nacogdo-ches,TX,75962,USA

188 TIPTON, ALICE G.*1 and GALEN, CANDACE2

The ghost of glades past: ectomycorrhizal community abundance in degraded and restored dolomite glades

With the onset of fire suppression in the earlytwentiethcentury,manydolomitegladehabi-

tats throughoutMissouriwere invadedbycedarsandotherwoodlandspecies,causingthelossoftheseuniqueopenhabitatsthatoncepersistedonthesouthwesternslopesofMissourihills.However,extensiverestorationhasbegunatmanyofthesehistoricalgladesites.Differ-encesinplantcommunities,soilmycorrhizalcommu-nities,andabioticfactorsbetweengladesandthesur-roundingwoodlandmakegladesaninterestingsystemforstudyingedgeeffectsonplant/mycorrhizalinterac-tions.Forexample,oak(Quercus)speciesofMissouriwoodlands host ectomycorrhizal fungi (ECM), whilemost of the herbaceous glade plants host arbuscularmycorrhizae(AMF).Becausegladesareharshdryenvi-ronmentswithshallowrockysoil,itislikelythatmycor-rhizalrelationshipsbetweenplantsandtheirpartneringfungiare important to thehealthanddiversityof theplantcommunityandrestorationsuccess.Wesampledthe ectomycorrhizal soil community in five glades ofvaryingsizesandrestorationages(5-20ybp)through-outcentralandsouthernMissouri.Wealsosampled13historicandovergrowngladesitesinthesameregion,locatedatTysonResearchCenter.TheTysonhistoricgladesiteswereclearedoftreespeciesinthesummerof2010butrestorationhasnotyetbegun.Inboththehis-toricTysongladesandthe5-20yearoldrestoredglades,ectomycorrhizalcolonizationdecreasedfromtheedgeto the center of the glade site.Moreover, ectomycor-rhizalcolonizationratesoveralldidnotdifferbetweenhistoricalgladesitesatTysonandrestoredgladesites.TheseresultssuggestthatgladesrestrictECMcoloniza-tionandthatsuchrestrictionpersistslongaftergladeshavebeenconvertedintowoodland.Wearecurrentlysurveying themorphotypes ofECM species found inthegladesamples,todetermineifECMvaryinsensitiv-itytogladeenvironmentsandaccordinglyininvasionpotential.1UniversityofMissouri-Columbia,BiologicalSciences,105TuckerHall,Columbia,MO,65211,USA2UniversityOfMissouri,Biologi-calSciences,105TUCKERHALL,Columbia,MO,65211,USA

189 FOARD, MEGHAN*1 and MARSICO, TRAVIS2

Chinese privet invasion decreases botanical species richness in a riparian forest

Somerecentresearchsuggeststhatspeciesinvasionsare thesecondgreatestcauseofextinctions,while

otherscientistsconsiderinvasionsasideeffectofhabitatloss.MacDougallandTurkington(2005)proposepos-siblewaystoidentifytheroleinvasivespeciesplayinthereductionofbiodiversity.Theysuggestmodelstodeter-mineifinvasivespeciesaredriversofecosystemdegra-dationor if theyarepassengersontherideofhabitatalteration.Onewaytoassessthedriveofinvasivespe-ciesistocomparethediversityofspeciesthatremaininafullyinvadedecosystemtospeciesdiversityinsimilarhabitatswithlessinvasion.Invasivespeciesthatarecon-sidereddriverscompetedirectlywithnativespeciesforlimitingresources,resultinginreducedspeciesrichnessandbiodiversity.Basedonpreliminaryspeciesrichnesssurveydata,wedemonstratethattheinvasiveshrub,Li-gustrum sinense (Chineseprivet),islikelyadriverofitsowninvasion.IntheriparianzonealongtheWolfRiverinShelbyFarmsParkConservancy,Memphis,Tennes-see,weevaluatebotanicalspeciesrichnesswithinsitesthatare fully invadedbyL. sinenseandsiteswith lessL. sinense. Our inventory suggests that in areas withthehighestL. sinense coverthereisreducedbotanicalrichnesswhen comparedwith the lower privet areas.Based on currently identified collections, 38 specieswerefoundinareaswith90-100%L. sinensecoverand52werefoundinareaswith60-89%cover.Thespeciesrichness (S) is37%higher in the less-invadedregionsrelative to themost invadedsites.TheimplicationsoftheseobservationsarethatL. sinenseisadriverandhasreducedtherichnessofnativespecies.Basedonthesefieldobservationsandathoroughliteraturereview,wediscussbestpracticesforimplementingarecoveryplaninL. sinense invadedecosystems.1Arkansas State University, Department Of Biological Sciences /MarsicoLab,POBox599,ArkansasStateUniversity,StateUniversity,AR,72467,USA2ArkansasStateUniversity,DepartmentOfBiologi-calSciences,POBox599,StateUniversity,AR,72467,USA

Ecological Section

76

190 SHEARMAN, TIMOTHY*1 and MARTINE, CHRISTOPHER2

Long term comparison of wetland plant communities in Ausable Marsh, Clinton County, NY 1978-2011: Preliminary Results

Plant community structure and composition canbealteredforanumberofreasonssuchassucces-

sion,invasion,orchangesinclimateorhydrology.Thisstudy seeks to identify community changes that haveoccurredoverthepastthirtyyearsinAusableMarsh,alarge,complexwetlandonLakeChamplain.Fieldmapsofplantcommunitiesfromastudyin1978weredigi-tizedinGIS,whererandomnestedplotsweregeneratedineachstratumidentified.Preliminaryresultsfromthefirstoftwofieldseasons(2010and2011)showthatSo-rensen’ssimilarityindexbetween7sampledstrataandtheir1978counterpartsvaried.Overstorysimilaritywasrelativelyhigh,withmoststrataover60%.Duetolackofreferencedata,midstoryandunderstorylayerscouldnotbecompared inall strata.However, in those thatcouldbecompared, similaritywas low(mostlyunder40%)indicatingthatcommunitychangesmayhaveoc-curredintheselayers.Amongthemajorchangeswerethespreadofnon-nativespeciessuchasEuropeanfrog-bit(Hydrocharis morsus-ranae L.),whichwasnotpres-entinthebaselinedata,andpurpleloosestrife(Lythrum salicaria L.), which greatly increased its range in themarsh. Native species such as wood nettle (Laportea canadensis [L.]Weddell)andostrichfern(Matteuccia struthiopteris [L]Todaro)alsoincreasedinabundance.The2011fieldseasonwillprovidemoreconclusivedataregardingcommunitychangeinthemarsh.Thisprojectwillsetupalong-termresearchstudythatwillenhanceourability torecordandunderstand large-scaleshiftsindiversityandecosystemfunctioninwetlandhabitatsoftheSixthGreatLake.Itcanalsoprovidecriticalin-formationindevelopingamanagementplanfornon-nativespeciesinthemarsh.1SUNYPlattsburgh,NaturalScienceGraduateProgram,101BroadSt.,Plattsburgh,NY,12901,USA2StateUniversityOfNewYorkAtPlattsburgh,101BROADSTREET,PLATTSBURGH,NY,12901-2681,USA

191 CHAPMAN, JULIA* and MCEWAN, RYAN

Tree regeneration ecology of an old-growth central Appalachian forest: Diversity, temporal dynamics, and disturbance response

Diversity and compositionaldynamics indecidu-ousforestsofeasternNorthAmericaareincreas-

ingly subject to an array of drivers including naturalsmall-andlarge-scaledisturbances,invasionbyexoticspecies, pathogens, insect pests, and anthropogenicinfluences. In order to understand reactions to thesedrivers,thereisapressingneedtounderstandbaselinedynamicsintheseforests.Inparticular,theseforestsarethoughttobeundergoingalong-termdominanceshiftinwhichmaples(Acer spp.)arereplacingoaks(Quer-cusspp.).Weexamineddynamicsofwoodyunderstoryspeciesinanold-growthcentralAppalachianforestto1)documentbaselinedynamicsoveradecadeand2)investigatethereactionoftheseedlingandshrub-layervegetationtoarecentfire inoneportionofthestudysite.Wewerealsointerestedinunderstandinginhowspeciesdiversityinthewoodyunderstoryreactedtogra-dientsofproductivityandtotherecentfire.Overaten-yearinterval(2000-2010),Acer spp.saplingdensitiesdecreasedsignificantly(P <0.01)andQuercusspp.sap-lingdensitiesdidnotchangesignificantly.Seedlingden-sitiesofAcerspp.increasedsignificantly(P<0.01)whilemeancoverdecreasedsignificantly(P <0.01).ForafewQuercus species,seedlingdensitiesincreasedsignificant-ly(P <0.01),andmeancoverofQuercus albaseedlingsincreasedsignificantly(P <0.05).Significantunimodalrelationships(P<0.01)wereexhibitedbetweendiver-sity and productivity in both understory strata. Plotsburnedbyfirehadsignificantlylowersaplinglayerden-sityandspeciesrichness(P <0.001)in2010comparedtopre-disturbancedatain2000.Inthesamearea,theseedlinglayerdidnotshowaclearresponsetothisfiredisturbance.Furtherworkisneededtounderstandhowvariousecosystemdriversareinfluencingthecomposi-tionofforestregenerationlayersandhowthosetrendsrelatetooverstorysuccession.Thefactorsthatconstrainorpromotediversitytocreateaunimodalrelationshipwithproductivityalsoneedtobeexamined.

University Of Dayton, Biology, 300 College Park, Dayton, OH,45469-2320,USA

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192 CARUSO, CHRISTINA*1, LAMBERT, ALLISON M.2, GALE, NIGEL V.3, SEIFERT, ELIZABETH K.3, MILLS, EMILY R.3, MADSON, HANNAH J.1, BAILEY, MAIA4 and CASE, ANDREA5

Predictors of outbreeding depression in Lobelia siphilitica (Lobeliaceae)

Outbreedingdepression isdefinedasadecline infitnesscausedbymatingbetweendistantlyrelated

individuals,andcanhavesignificantconsequencesforthe success of habitat restoration projects. To avoidoutbreedingdepression,somerestorationprojectsuselocal seed sources. However, the geographic distancebetweenparentalpopulationsmaynotadequatelypre-dictgeneticandecologicaldistance,andconsequentlythepotentialforoutbreedingdepression.WetestedforoutbreedingdepressioninLobelia siphilitica(Lobeliace-ae),awildflowercommonlyusedinprairie,woodland,and wetland restorations in the midwestern UnitedStates.Wethendeterminedwhetherthemagnitudeofoutbreeding depression was correlated with the geo-graphic,ecological,and/orgeneticdistancebetweenpa-rentalpopulations.WecrossedL.siphiliticaplantsfromsixfocalpopulationswithindividualsfromtheirhomepopulationandfromeachof20awaypopulations.Fourfitnesscomponentsweremeasuredforeachcross:seedsperfruit,percentgermination,earlyoffspringsize,andfinalabovegroundbiomass.Thesefitnesscomponentswillbeusedtoestimatethemagnitudeofoutbreedingdepression for each combination of home and awaypopulations.Wewill use climatedata to estimate theecologicaldistance, andchloroplast genome sequencedatatoestimatethegeneticdistancebetweenhomeandawaypopulations.Manteltestswillthenbeusedtode-termineifgeographic,ecological,andgeneticdistancesarecorrelatedwitheachother.Finally,wewilltestwhichofthesedistancemetricsbestpredictsvariationinthemagnitudeofoutbreedingdepression.Ourresultswillindicatewhether thegeographicdistancebetweenpa-rentalpopulationsisagoodpredictorofthemagnitudeof outbreeding depression, or if additional ecologi-calandgeneticinformationisnecessarytoselectseedsourcesfortherestorationofL.siphiliticapopulations.1Kent State University, Department of Biological Sciences, Kent,OH,44242,USA2UniversityofFlorida,FortLauderdaleResearchandEducationCenter,3205CollegeAvenue,FortLauderdale,FL,33314,USA3UniversityofGuelph,DepartmentofIntegrativeBiol-ogy,NewScienceComplex,50StoneRoadEast,Guelph,ON,N1G2W1,Canada4ProvidenceCollege,DepartmentofBiology,1Cun-ninghamSquare,Providence,RI,02918,USA5KentStateUniversity,Box5190,256CunninghamHall,Kent,OH,44242-0001,USA

193 BOCIAN, LINDSEY*1, MCGIVERN, JAMES1, BROWN, NATHALIE-ANN2, PERENIC, JOSEPH3 and GANGER, MICHAEL1

The Vascular Plant Species of the Fringing Habitat Ecotone in the Erie Bluffs State Park

The Erie Bluffs State Park is a 450-acre propertylocated innorthwesternPennsylvaniaalongLake

Erie. The park contains various habitats includingbroadleaf terrestrial forest, broadleaf terrestrialwood-land,broadleafpalustrineforest,terrestrialherbaceousopenings, agricultural fields, and a fringing ecotonehabitat,hereafterreferredtoasthefringinghabitat.Themanagementplanfortheparkincludesconvertingtheagriculturalfieldstonativehabitat.Giventhatthefring-inghabitatsurroundsthesefields,thishabitatis likelytoserveasasourceofcolonists.Therefore,thecharac-terizationof the fringinghabitat is crucial to success-fullypredictingthepost-conversioncommunity.Inthesummerof2010,146quadrats,onemeterwideand50metersapart,wereestablishedwithinthefringinghabi-tat.Thevascularplantspeciespresentineachquadratwererecorded.Acomparativeanalysiswasconductedto compare the native/non-native status of species tothosepresentthroughoutthepark,aswellasthenum-berofspeciesuniquetothefringinghabitat.Lifehistorydata, species richness data, frequency of species, andfrequencyacross familieswerealsoobtainedforallofthe species in the fringinghabitat.Acomparisonwasmadebetweenthespeciesfoundintheoneagriculturalfieldthatwasallowedtogofallowin2009andthespe-ciesfoundinthefringinghabitat.Thefringinghabitatwasfoundtocontain158ofthe441speciespresentintheparkoverall,despitecontainingroughly2%ofthepark’sarea.Thesespeciesincludeforestandfieldspeciesalongwith64species(41%)uniquetothehabitat.Mostspecies, 65%, were perennials indicating a persistantcommunity. Approximately 40% of the species werenon-native.Ofspeciesintheoneabandonedfield,98%also occurred in the fringing habitat. Together, thesedatahighlighttheimportanceofthefringinghabitatinoldfieldsuccession.Managingthefringinghabitatpriortoagriculturalfieldabandonmentisthereforecrucialtomanagingthetransitionfromagriculturalfieldstona-tivehabitat.1GannonUniversity,Biology,109UniversitySquare,Erie,PA,16541,USA2Gannon University, Biology Department, 109 UniversitySquare,Erie,PA,16541,USA3GannonUniversity,BiologyDepart-ment,109UniversiySquare,Erie,PA,16541,USA

Ecological Section

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194 COLLINS, HILARY*1 and DRENOVSKY, REBECCA2

Shade Tolerance and Early Life History Stages Of a Problematic Invasive, Rosa multiflora Thunb. (Roseaceae)

Invasive biology is a relevant and pressing currenttopic;however,littleresearchhasbeenfocusedonthe

ability of plants to invade forested ecosystems. Previ-ously,forestshavebeenconsideredresistanttoinvasiveplants,butrecentworksuggeststhatforestsaresuscep-tibleandcouldbeseverelyimpactedbyinvasives.Rosa multifloraisacommoninvasivespeciesofedgehabitats,andisolatedindividualsorsmallpopulationsofR. mul-tifloraalsogrowintheforestinterior.WehypothesizedthatR. multifloraisshadetolerant,potentiallyenablingit tobecome invasive in the forest interior.Wecom-pared light levelsandshrubdensityat the forestedgeandinteriorinCuyahogaValleyNationalPark,OH.TolearnmoreaboutthereproductivecharacteristicsofR. multiflora, we recorded the fecundityof select shrubsandtooksoilsamplestodeterminethenumberofseedsintheedgeandinteriorseedbank.Althoughtherewasnosignificantdifferencebetweenshrubdensityinedgeversusinteriorplots,therewasatrendforhigherdensityinedgeplots(F=4.822,P=0.093).R. multiflorashrubsat the edge did produce significantlymore flowers (t=5.7,P<0.0001)andhips(t=5.7,P<0.0001),thanintheinterior.However,fewR. multiflora seedswerefoundintheseedbankineitheredgeorinteriorplots.EvidenceofhighlevelsoffrugivoryofR. multiflorahipsbywhite-taileddeerwasobservedduringthestudy,whichcouldbefacilitatingthespreadofR. multiflorathroughouttheforest.Our data suggest thatR. multiflora is partiallyshadetolerant,asitisabletosurviveandgrowvegeta-tivelyintheforestinterior,althoughitsabilitytorepro-duceislikelylimitedbyshade.Inforestswherefrequentdisturbance events occur (which can create canopygaps),R. multifloracouldbecomeproblematic.1JohnCarrollUniversity,BiologyDepartment,20700NorthParkBlvd,UniversityHeights,OH,44118,USA2JohnCarrollUniversity,Biology, 20700NorthParkBlvd,UniversityHeights,OH, 44118,USA

195 BINGGELI, CASEY*1, MIHUC, TIMOTHY2 and MARTINE, CHRISTOPHER3

Impact of invasive aquatic plants on macroinvertebrate and zooplankton communities in Lake Champlain

There are 48 invasive species in Lake Champlain.Thirteenofthe48invasivespeciesareplantsand

yet,verylittleresearchhasbeendoneontheeffectsofinvasive aquatic macrophytes on associated macro-invertebrate communities in Lake Champlain. Thepurposeofthisstudywastodeterminetheimpactin-vasive macrophytes have on macroinvertebrate andzooplankton communities. Invasive macrophytes ex-amined during this study includeTrapa natans (wa-ter chestnut), Hydrocharis morsus-ranae (Europeanfrog-bit), Nymphoides peltata (yellow floaring heart)and Myriophyllum spicatum (Eusrasian watermilfoil).NativespeciesincludedNymphaea odorata (Americanwhitewater-lily), Nuphar lutea (yellowpond lily)andCeratophyllum demersum (coontail). Plant and mac-roinvertebratecommunitieswerecollectedusinga250µmveligernet.Zooplanktonsampleswerecollectedus-inga63µmWisconsinnet.Comparisonsweremadebetween the macroinvertebrate communities utiliz-inginvasiveplantsandthoseutilizingnativeplantsofsimilar growthhabit.Eachplant species sampledhadauniquemacroinvertebrate community composition.Differences between macroinvertebrate communitiesfoundonnativeversusinvasivemacrophytesincludedanincreaseinAmphipoda,Coleoptera,EphemeropteraandHemipterainnativeplants.1SUNY Plattsburgh, Dept. Biological Sciences, 101 Broad Street,Plattsburgh,NY,12901,USA2LakeChamplainResearchInstitute,CenterforEarthandEnvironmentalScience,101BroadSt,Platts-burgh,NY,12901,USA3SUNYPlattsburgh,BiologicalSciences,101BroadStreet,Plattsburgh,NY,12901,USA

196 MCDONALD, BRIENNA and GEHRING, JANET*

A comparative study of the response of two Helianthus species to water availability

Differences in the local distribution of congenerscan result from adaptation to biotic and abi-

oticfactorsintheirrespectivehabitats.Westudiedtwospecies of sunflowers, Helianthus grosseserratus andH.occidentalis thatgrowindifferentenvironments.He-lianthus occidentalisisfoundindry,openenvironmentssuchassandandhillprairieswhereasH. grosseserratusis typically foundinareaswithhighermoistureavail-ability. We hypothesized functional traits related todroughttolerancewoulddifferbetweenthetwoHelian-

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thus speciesandcoincidewiththeirtypicalhabitats.Wealsohypothesizedphenotypicplasticitywoulddifferbe-tweenthetwospeciesinresponsetowateravailability.Totestourhypotheses,weexposedindividualsofbothspeciestothreelevelsofwateravailability.Relativewa-tercontent(RWC)atharvestindicatedourexperimen-taltreatmentswereeffective;relativewatercontentwashighestinhigh-waterplantsanddecreasedwithwateravailability.OurresultsshowthatH. grosseserratusgrewfasterand larger thanH. occidentalis, evenunder lowwaterconditions.Helianthus grosseserratuswaslargestinhigh-waterconditionswhereasH. occidentalis gainedthemostbiomassinthemediumwatertreatment.Spe-cificleafarea(SLA)ofH. occidentaliswaslowerthaninH. grosseserratus, suggestingH. occidentalis leaves arethickerandmayhavehigherwater-use-efficiency.Fur-thermore,H. occidentalisadjusteditsSLAinresponsetowateravailabilitytoamuchgreaterextentthandidH. grosseserratus,whichmayhavecontributedtotheabilityofH. occidentalistomaintainRWC.WeconcludethatH. occidentalis is restricted todryopenenvironmentsbothbecauseitisadaptedtodryconditionsbutalsobe-causeitmaybeexcludedfromhigh-waterhabitats.

197 MAKINGS, ELIZABETH

"Found Then Drowned" Noteworthy Collections from Tempe Towne Lake riverbed, Tempe, Arizona

TempeTownLakeisawaterbodycreatedbyinflat-ablebladderdamsthatwereconstructedalongthe

highly regulated and formerly-perennial Salt River inPhoenix,Arizona.Thedamrupturedon20July2010,exposing organic and clay-dominated lake bed sedi-ments thathadbeensubmersedforapproximately10years.Auniqueplantcommunitysprungupintheim-mediateaftermath-dominatedbygraminoidwetlandvegetationandreminiscentofcienegamarshlandsthathistorically blanketed many rivers in the Southwest.Duringasitevisiton27Sept2010twentytaxawerecol-lected.Threespeciesturnedouttobeofinterest:Cype-rus michelianusssp.(Rottb.)Asch.&Graebn.(Cypera-ceae)-aNorthAmericanrecord;Ludwigia erecta(L.)Hara(Onagraceae)-anArizonarecordwithadisjunctof some 1,200miles; andAmmannia coccinea Rottb.(Lythraceae)-historicallyrareinArizona,butsuddenlyabundantinthisparticularreachofthetemporarywet-landof theSaltRiver.Thehabitat isnowgoneas thebladderdamswerereplaced,andtheLakerefilled,butthe exercise underscores the importance of collectingin sometimes overlooked urbanwatersheds thatmayharbornovelties.

ArizonaStateUniversity,SchoolofLifeSciences,POBox874501,Tempe,AZ,85287-4501,USA

198 HUEBNER, CYNTHIA D.

Changes in invasive plant species abundance over five years in disturbed and undisturbed forests

Invasiveplantsestablishandspreadbecausetheyareopportunists,superiorcompetitors,orboth.Asop-

portunists, invasive plants take advantage of distur-bance-relatedresourcechanges.Thegoalofthisstudywastodetermineifexistingexoticplantspeciescoverin both disturbed and undisturbed forests increasedovertime,andiftheincreasesweremostlikelytooccurindisturbed forests andmesic land types.Forty-eightstandsinadeciduoustemperateforestwithhalfineachoftwodisturbancetypes(80+year-oldsecondgrowthforestsand15-yearoldclearcuts)wereselectedwith7-9standsineachofthreelandtypes.The80+standsweresampled inMay-July in 2001 and again in 2006; theclearcutsweresampledinMay-Julyin2002andagainin2007.Differencesinpercentcoverofallplantspecies,withafocusontheexoticsandcommonnativespecies,weredeterminedandcomparedusingaKruskal-Wallistest.Therewere5exotic(2invasive)plantsinthe80+standsin2001and6exotic(1invasive)plantsin2006.Therewere18exotic(5invasive)plantsintheclearcutsin2002and16exotic(5invasive)plantsin2007.OnlyRosa multiflora significantly increased in cover, andonlyintheclearcuts.Therewasnosignificantrelation-ship betweenR. multiflora change in cover and landtype.Changesincoverofthreecommonnativespeciesthatarenotpreferredbydeerallincreasedsignificantlyintheclearcutsbutnotinthe80+stands.Therewerenosignificantchangesincoverrelatedtolandtypeordis-turbancefortwonativespeciespreferredbydeer.Thesefindingsconfirmthattheinvasivespeciesfoundinthesestandswereopportunistswhorespondedpositivelytodisturbance,butwerenotsuperiorcompetitors.Similarincreasesincoverintheclearcutswerealsofoundforsomeofthenativespecies.

NorthernResearchStation,USDAForestService,180CanfieldSt.,Morgantown,WV,26505,USA

199 STODDARD, MATTHEW*1 and MELOCHE, CHRISTOPHER2

Morphological variation, developmental stability, and genetic diversity in an Alpine Avens.

AlpineAvens(Geum rossii)isthemostwidespreadandabundantplantinthealpinetundraofColo-

rado.Duetotheshortgrowingseasonofthishighalti-tudeenvironment,shootsofG. rossiiundergoextremedevelopmentalpreformation.Onthetundra,G. rossiiisdistributedacrossasteepgradientofsoilmoistureandgrowingseasonlength.Acrossthisgradientthemature

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sizeofleavesvariesbyasmuchas90%butisinverselycorrelatedwithgrowingseasonlength.Inspiteoflargechangesinmaturemorphologyacrossthegradient,thedurationofpreformationandtheproportionofdevel-opment completed during preformation do not varysignificantly. Plantsmust develop to achieve amuchgreater size in less time inwet, short growing seasonenvironments. Because G. rossii is extensively clonal,spreading rhizomatously belowground, the relativecontribution of asexual and sexual reproduction re-mainsunclear.Todetermineifthecontrastingdevelop-mentispurelyphenotypicplasticityorifithasageneticcomponent,DNAwasextractedandthreemicrosatel-lite loci specific to Geum were amplified using PCR.Preliminarygeneticanalysissuggeststhatgeneticvaria-tiondoesexistacrossstrongthestrongenvironmentalgradientsintheColoradoAlpine.1MetropolitanStateCollegeofDenver,DepartmentofBiology,P.O.Box173362,CampusBox53,Denver,CO,80217-3362,USA2Met-ropolitanStateCollegeOfDenver,P.O.Box173362,CampusBox53,DENVER,CO,80217-3362,USA

200 DENTON, RENEE

Biodiversity and hydrology of swales in blueoak woodlands of the west central Sierra Nevada

Western foothillsof theSierraNevadarepresentsome of themost biologically diverse ecosys-

tems in California. Wetlands associated with theseecosystemsareofparticular interest as they representa spatially and temporallyunique yetfloristically richsubset of this diversity. Swales are a class of foothillwetlands apart from springs, seeps, and intermittentstreams. During the rainy season, the flush of waterinfiltrating the shallow, sandy upland soils flows intolowlandswalesbeforeseepingintocracksinthegraniticsubstrateasgroundwaterrecharge.Swalesformanet-workacrossthelandscapelinkeddirectlytotheuplandsyetrepresentasmallproportionofthetotallandarea.Inordertoconservefoothillwetlandbiodiversityinthefuture,itwillbecrucialtoidentifythecomponentsofimportanceforconservationandsustainableuse,andtodeterminehowanthropogenicpracticesinfluencethesecomponentsacrossthelandscape.Howwillgrazingasatool,oreventheabsenceofgrazing,beusedtomodifythelandscape?Tothisend,researchisongoingattheSanJoaquinExperimentalRangetobetterunderstandhowclimatevariabilityandgrazingaffectplantbiodi-versityandrelatedhydrologicfunction.Fiveswalecom-plexeswereselectedwhereintoreplicatetwoseasonalmowingtreatmentsandallowcontrolplotsrepresent-ingreleasefromgrazing.Plantspecies(alpha)andpatch(beta)diversitywascollectedforall15swalesatthepeakof flowering using the multi-scale Modified Whita-kerplotmethod(Stolgrenetal.1999).Commonnativeplant species includeEleocharis palustris, Calandrinia ciliata, Mimulus guttatus, Ranunculus californicus,and

Sidalcea hartwegii.Groundwaterheightwassampledineachswalewith2stratifiedrowsof9standpipepiezom-eters.MoistureinthesoilprofilefromgroundsurfacetobedrockwasmeasuredusingtheDeviner2000sys-tem.Variationintotalplantbiomasswasevaluatedeachseason alongwith all other parameters for five years.Bestmethodsformanagingandrestoringthestructure,composition,andfunctionofwetlandecosystemswillbedeveloped.

USDAPacificSouthwestResearchStation,2081E.SierraAve.,Fres-no,CA,93710,USA

201 CALLEN, STEVEN*1, KNOUFT, JASON1 and MILLER, ALLISON2

Assessing the environmental niches of native and introduced Pueraria montana (kudzu)

Similaritiesinnichecharacteristicsofnativeandin-troducedrangeshavebeenimplicatedasimportant

factors contributing to invasion success.Comparativeanalysis of the environmental niches of introducedpopulationsandthenativepopulationsfromwhichtheyoriginatedfacilitatestheidentificationofenvironmen-tal factorsassociatedwith successful invasion.Kudzu,Pueraria montana var. lobata, native toAsia,was in-troducedintotheUnitedStatesin1876andhassinceestablishedpopulationsinnearly30states,oftendomi-natingthelandscapeanddisplacingnativetaxa.Inordertoidentifypotentialdifferencesinthenativeandintro-ducedenvironmentalnichesthatmaybecontributingtothesuccessofkudzuintheUnitedStates,GIS-basedtechniques inArcGIS v9.3 andMaxentwere used todescribetheenvironmentalnichesofnative(Asia)andintroduced (United States) kudzu populations.Whileannual precipitationwas themost important variablecharacterizing both ranges, temperature seasonalitywas important for predicting the extent of the nativerange,whileprecipitationofthedriestmonthandan-nualmeantemperaturewereofprimaryimportanceforpredictingtheintroducedrange.Environmentalnichemodelscreatedwithenvironmentalvariablesfromtheintroducedrangeandprojectedontothenativerangepredicted99%ofthelocalities,whereasmodelsgenerat-edusingenvironmentalvariablesfromthenativerangeandprojectedontotheintroducedrangepredictedonly74%ofthelocalities.Whilebioticfactorssuchasreleasefromspecialistenemiesandcommunitystructurelikelyplayaroleinthekudzuinvasion,thesepreliminaryre-sultssuggestapparentdifferencesinabioticfactorschar-acterizingthenativeandintroducedrangesofkudzu.1SaintLouisUniversity,Biology,3507LacledeAvenue,St.Louis,MO,63103,USA2SaintLouisUniversity,DepartmentOfBiology,3507LacledeAvenue,St.Louis,MO,63103,USA

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202 COLLINS, JENNIFER*1 and MARTINE, CHRISTOPHER2

Hydrocharismorsus-ranae (European frogbit, Hydrocharitaceae): Growth response of an aquatic invasive plant to additions of nitrogen and phosphorous

Hydrocharis morsus-ranae (Hydrocharitaceae),commonlyknownasEuropeanfrog-bit,isafree-

floatinginvasiveaquaticplantresidinginmostlyshal-low,marsh-likewatersinpartsofsouthernCanadaandthenorthernU.S.Thespeciescreatesadensematofin-terlockingplantsonthesurfaceofthewater.Europeanfrog-bitisbelievedtohavenegativeeffectsonthecom-munitiesitinvades,includingimpedingwaterflowandblockingoutlightthatisessentialforsubmergednativeflora.These two problemsmay, in turn, affect nativefaunabycreatingalessoxygen-richenvironmentandbyreducingattachmentsitesforaquaticinvertebrates.Thefocusofthisundergraduateresearchstudy,incol-laborationwiththeLewisCreekAssociation(Vermont),is to identify theeffectsofnitrogenandphosphorousinputs on established populations ofH.morsus-ranae. Using individuals collected in LakeChamplain,mea-surementsof leaves and rosettes,plus totalplantbio-mass,will be taken as ameans to track the influenceofnitrogenandphosphorousadditions to lakewater.ResultsofthestudymayinfluencepolicyintheLewisCreekwatershed,whereagriculturalrun-offisthoughttocontributetothevigorofestablishedH. morsus-ranaepopulations,thuspresentinganadditionalchallengetoongoingeradicationefforts.1SUNYPlattsburgh,Biology,101BroadSt,Plattsburgh,NY,12901,USA2StateUniversityatPlattsburgh,BiologicalSciences,101BroadSt,Plattsburgh,NY,12901,USA

203 DUCHICELA, JESSICA*1, VOGELSANG, KEITH M1, SCHULTZ, PEGGY A.1, KAONONGBUA, WITTAYA2, MIDDLETON, ELIZABETH3 and BEVER, JAMES4

Non-native plants and soil microbes contribute to reduced soil aggregate stability in disturbed N. American grasslands.

Soil aggregate stability is an important ecosystemproperty that reflects the soilvulnerability toero-

sionanditspotentialtosequestercarbon.Soilaggregatestabilityhasbeenshowntodeclinewithanthropogenicdisturbances,buttheconsistency,duration,andcausesof these declines in aggregate stability are untested.Weassessedaggregatestabilityinpairedremnantandpost-disturbanceoldfieldsacrossCaliforniagrasslands,

shortgrassprairieandtallgrassprairie.Wefoundthattheproportionofwater-stableaggregateswaslowestinshortgrassprairieandthatsitesrecoveringfromanthro-pogenic disturbance consistently had lower aggregatestabilitythanremnantsites,withthenegativeeffectofapriorhistoryoftillagebeinggreaterthanthatofgrazing.Acrossallgrasslands,non-nativeplantdiversitywasasignificantlynegativepredictorofsoilaggregatestabilityandmediatespartoftheeffectofpriordisturbance.Thenegativeeffectofnon-nativeplantsonaggregatestabil-itywasconfirmedinamesocosmexperimentfocusingontheCaliforniagrasslands.Moreover,aninoculationstudyfocusingonthetallgrassprairiesoilsdemonstrat-ed that the degradation of themicrobial communityalsocontributedtothedeclineinsoilaggregatestability.Overalltheresultssuggestthatalterationofbothplantand microbial composition underlie the continuedprevents the recovery of aggregate stability followinganthropogenicdisturbance.Therefore,restorationprac-titionersneedtoaddressthesebiologicalcomponentsintheecosysteminordertorecovertheimportantecosys-temserviceofsoilstabilization.1IndianaUniversity,Biology, JordanHall; 1001EastThirdStreet,Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA2Indiana University, Biology, 1001E.3rdSt.,JordanHall142,Bloomington,IN,47405,USA3IndianaUniversity,1001EThirdStreet,Bloomington,IN,47405,USA4In-dianaUniversity,Biology,1001EastThirdStreet,Bloomington,IN,47405,USA

204 VERRICO, BRITTANY*1 and KILGORE, JASON2

Life stage fluctuations in garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata) abundance: incorporating long-term ecological monitoring into an undergraduate curriculum

Garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata) is an invasivebiennialforbofeasternNorthAmericandecidu-

ousforeststhatexhibitsoscillatinglifestageabundancewithinagivenpopulation.AspartofaLong-termEco-logical Monitoring (LEM) program, garlic mustardabundancewillhavebeenmonitoredbyundergraduateinterns(Summers09,10)andstudentsfromintroduc-torybiology(Fall09,10),botany(Spring10,11),andexperimentalbiology(Summer11)courses.Abundanceofrosettesandadultswererecordedfrom80plotsover10transects ina57-acrebiologicalfieldstation.FromSummer 2009 to 2010, abundance of garlic mustardrosettes significantly decreased in 3 of 8 transects(95%CIofdifference inmeans),while abundanceofadults significantlydecreased in2 transects; theothertransects had no significant (alpha = 0.05) differencein abundanceof either life stage across years.Withinplots,changeinrosetteabundancewasnegativelycor-related(r =-0.39,p <0.001)withchangeinadultabun-dance.Thisrelativelyweakrelationshipmaybedueto

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lateSummergerminantscontributingtothefollowingyear’sadultcohort;weplantotrackgerminantsthroughtheSummertotestthishypothesis.Theseresultssup-portthenotionthatpopulationsofthisinvasivebien-nialundergofluctuationsinlifestageabundance,likelyasaresultofhighseedproductionandstrongdensitydependence, including an interaction between rosetteandadultlifestages.Furthermore,monitoringofgarlicmustardpopulationsaspartoftheLEMprogramhassuccessfullybeenintegratedintothebiologycurriculumthusexposingawider rangeof students to long-termbotanicalstudies.1Washington&JeffersonCollege,50SouthLincolnStreet,Box1328,Washington,PA,15301,USA2Washington&JeffersonCollege,60SouthLincolnStreet,Washington,PA,15301,USA

205 CARABALLO-ORTIZ, MARCOS* and CARLO, TOMAS

Coevolution of American mistletoes with tree families

Mistletoesareobligateparasiticplantsthatdependon host trees for their establishment, growth,

and mineral nutrition. Although mistletoes play animportantecologicalroleinplantcommunities,littleisknownabout thecoevolutionbetweenmistletoesandtheirhosts.Todetermineifmistletoesarehostspecific(ameasure of coevolution),we selected the two larg-est mistletoe families in America (Loranthaceae andViscaceae)andassembledadatabaseusingthousandsofparasitism records fromherbarium specimens andtheliterature.Next,wecomparedthefrequencyofhostparasitismamongthemostcommontreefamiliesandgenerapresentintheAmericas.Wefoundthatmistle-toeparasitismisnotrandomacrossplantfamilies,andalthough parasitism has been recorded inmore than100 tree families, mistletoes were significantly morefrequent in families such as Leguminosae, Fagaceae,Malvaceae,Rutaceae,andPinaceae.Togaininsightinthelevelofhostspecificity,weperformedareciprocaltransplantexperimentinthefieldusingmistletoesinthegenus Dendropemon (Loranthaceae). We carried outtheexperimentinNortheasternPuertoRicowheretwovery similarDendropemon species coexist indifferenthosttrees:D. bicolorinTabebuia(Bignoniaceae)andD. caribaeus inCitharexylum (Verbenaceae).The resultsofthereciprocaltransplantsuggestthatDendropemonmistletoesarehostspecific.Thesedataalsosuggestthattheglobalpatternofcoevolutionbetweenmistletoesandtheirhostsisinfluencedbythetaxonomicidentityandthelocalinteractionsofboththeparasiteanditshost.

PennStateUniversity,208MuellerLab,UniversityPark,PA,16802,USA

206 SALAZAR, GERARDO* and BALLESTEROS-BARRERA, CLAUDIA

Using niche modeling to assess potential further spread of the African invasive orchid Oeceoclades maculata in Mexico

Oeceoclades maculataisaterrestrialorchidfirstdis-coveredinBrazilearlyintheXIXcenturybutnow

believed tobenative to tropicalAfrica.In the few lastdecadesitspreadoutfromSouthAmericathroughoutCentralAmerica and theCaribbean islands, and intoFlorida,USA.In theearly1990’safirstpopulationofO. maculata was recorded in the Yucatan Peninsula,Mexicoandsincethenthespecieshasdispersedwidelyin south-easternMexico, thriving in moderately dis-turbed aswell as inwell-conserved,wet- to seasonallydrytropicalforesthabitats.However,sofarO. maculataisrestrictedinMexicototheGulfslopeanditsnorth-ern limitofdistribution is coincidentwith thenorth-westernedgeoftheIsthmusofTehuantepec(foothillsoftheSierradelosTuxtlasinsouthernVeracruzandtheareaofTuxtepecinnorthernOaxaca).Inthisstudyweperformedecologicalnichemodellingbasedongeoref-erencedoccurrencedataandenvironmentaldatalayersanalysedwiththeMaxentsoftwarepackagetogeneratepotentialdistributionmaps forO. maculata.Ouraimwas identifying additional areaswith potentially suit-ableenvironmentalconditionsforthisspeciesinpartsofMexicowhereithasnotbeenrecorded.Twomodelsweregenerated,oneusingonlydatafromMexicanlo-calitiesandtheotherbasedonallavailablerecordsfromtheglobaldistributionofthespecies.Thepotentialdis-tributionmodelledonlyfromMexicanrecordscloselymatchestheknowndistributionofO. maculatainthiscountrybutfails topredict itspresenceinotherareaswhereithasbeenconfirmed(e.g.Florida).Ontheotherhand,theprojectionbasedonallglobalrecordsidenti-fieslargeexpansesofsuitableenvironmentalconditionsbothontheGulfslope(mostlowlandareasofVeracruzandadjacent states,north tocentralTamaulipas)andon thePacificwatershed,where the specieshasneverbeenfound,suggestingthat,atleastastoenvironmentalabioticconditions,O. maculataislikelytocontinueex-pandingitsrangeinMexico

DepartamentodeBiologia,UniversidadAutonomaMetropolitanaIztapalap,MexicoCity,DistritoFederal,Mexico

83

207 FALCON, WILFREDO*1, TREMBLAY, RAYMOND2 and ACKERMAN, JAMES1

Population biology of an invasive orchid: The emerging dominance of Spathoglottis plicata in Puerto Rico

AbstractUnavailable.

1UniversityofPuertoRico,Biology,FacultyofNaturalSciences,POBox70377,SanJuan,PR,00936-8377,USA2COLEGIOUNIVERDEHUMACAO,DEPTBIOLOGIA/ESTPOSTC.U.H.,HUMA-CAO,PR,00791-4300,USA

208 CRAWFORD , KERRI MARGARET* and RUDGERS, JENNIFER

Effects of plant species diversity and genetic diversity on aboveground and belowground processes

Biodiversityisacriticalelementofcommunityprop-ertiesandecosystemprocesses.Bothplantspecies

richnessandgeneticdiversitypositivelyaffectprocessesrangingfromprimaryproduction,ecosystemstability,andthemaintenanceofdiversity.Innature,itislikelythatspeciesdiversityandgeneticdiversityinteractivelyaffecthowcommunitiesarestructuredandecosystemsfunction.However,theirrelativecontributionsandpo-tentialinteractiveeffectshavebeenrarelydocumented.Apotentiallyimportant(butrelativelyunexplored)con-sequenceofdecliningplantdiversityisthealterationofsoilmicrobialcommunitystructureandfunction.Soilmicrobesareimportantdriversofecosystemfunctionsandcanbeimportantdeterminantsofplantcommunitystructure.Here,wereportresultsfromacommongar-denexperimentconductedinacoastalfreshwaterdunehabitatatSleepingBearDunesNationalLakeshore inEmpire, MI. We manipulated plant species diversity(0,1,3,or6species)andgeneticdiversity(0,1,3,or6populations)withinadominant,dune-buildingspecies(Ammophila breviligulata) to addresshowboth levelsofdiversitysimultaneouslyinfluenceabovegroundandbelowgroundpropertiesandprocesses.Preliminaryre-sultssuggestthatplantdiversityinfluencesawiderangeofresponses.Plantspeciesdiversityandgeneticdiver-sitysynergisticallyinfluenceabovegroundbiomasspro-ductionbutnoeffectsofplantdiversityonbelowgroundbiomassweredetected.Soilnematodeabundancedou-bledwithbothincreasingspeciesdiversityandgeneticdiversity,althoughtherewerenointeractionsbetweenthetwolevelsofdiversity.Furthermore,thereisastrongtrendfordiversitytointeractivelyinfluencearbuscularmycorrhizal fungal spore abuandance. Soil physicalpropertieswerealsoaffected.Potassiumwasgenerally

lost from experimental communities during 2009 to2010.However,therewasasignificantspeciesdiversitybygeneticdiversityinteractionsuchthatinplotswithhighlevelsofgeneticdiversity,potassiumwasnotlost,butinsteadincreasedwithincreasingspeciesdiversity.Theseresultssuggestthatinteractionsbetweenlevelsofdiversityareanimportantaspectofhowdiversitystruc-turescommunitiesandmediatesecosystemprocesses.

RiceUniversity,Ecology&EvolutionaryBiology,6100MainStreet,MS-170,Houston,TX,77005,USA

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Economic Botany

ORAL PAPERS

209 GYLLENHAAL, CHARLOTTE*1, KADUSHIN, MARIAN1, WALLER, DONALD2 and SOEJARTO, DR. DJAJA D.3

Ethnobotanical versus random plant collections in natural product drug discovery

Naturalproductdrugdiscovery encompasses thesearchfornewmedicationsfromplantsandoth-

ernaturalsources.Discussionisongoingastopropersourcingofplantmaterialstooptimizetheyieldofnewmedicationsorofnewphytochemicalcompoundsthatmay serve as leads for pharmaceutical drug develop-ment.Twoprimaryapproachesinusetoacquireplantsamples for discovery are the ethnobotanical and therandomapproaches.Inaprojecttodiscovernewbio-active compounds from plants of Vietnam and Laos(1998-2008)weusedbothapproaches.Underacoop-erative agreement, plantswere acquired, onone side,throughtraditionalmedicineusefromhealersthrough-outLaos,andfromvillagessurroundinganationalparkin Vietnam (the ethnobotanical collection pool). Ontheotherside,plantswereacquiredusingtherandomcollectionmethodfromtheforestsofCucPhuongNa-tionalPark,NinhBinhProvince,Vietnam(therandomcollectionpool).AllplantswereextractedinLaosandVietnam,respectively,andtheextractssenttotheUni-versityofIllinoisatChicagoandothercooperatinglabo-ratoriesfortestinginavarietyofcancercelllines,HIV,malaria, tuberculosis and cancer chemoprevention.Botanical identification, ethnobotanical informationandlaboratoryresultsweremanagedinacomprehen-sivedatabase,theNaturalProductsInformationSystem(NAPIS, White Point Systems). Chi-square analysiswasusedtotestthehypothesisthatplantsusedintra-ditionalmedicineweremorelikelytotestpositivelyinthevariousbioassays,andthatplantswithusesrelatedtospecificbioassaysweremorelikelytotestpositivelyintherelatedbioassay.Resultswillbepresentedfortheindividualbioassaysandallbioassaysanalyzedtogether.1UniversityofIllinoisatChicago,DepartmentofMedicinalChem-istryandPharmacognosy,539Pharmacy,mc781,833SouthWoodStreet,Chicago, IL, 60612,USA2Universityof Illinois atChicago,Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, 335 Pharmacy, MC865,833SouthWoodStreet,Chicago,IL,60612,USA3CollegeofPharmacy,UniversityofIllinoisatChicago,Chicago,DepartmentofMedicinalChemistryandPharmacognosy,833S.WoodSt.,Chi-cago,IL,60612,USA

210 DE GEZELLE, JILLIAN M.*1 and MAHADY, GAIL2

Phytoestrogen Use in Q'eqchi Maya Fertility Regulation and Reproductive Ethnomedicine in Southern Belize

Introduction:TheQ’eqchiMayaofBelizehaveanex-tensivetraditionalpharmacopoeiaofplantsusedfor

reproductivehealthandfertilityregulation.Suchplantsprovide compelling leads for compounds with novelhormone-mimicking bioactivity. These plant-basedmedicines have wide-reaching therapeutic potentialincluding protection from reproductive cancers andneurodegenerativedisorders,aswellasthetreatmentofmenopausalsymptomsandinfertility.Objectives:ThisstudywasconductedinconjunctionwiththeBelizeIn-digenousTrainingInstitute(BITI)inthehopesofcom-prehensively documenting traditional treatments forreproductive health, and revitalizing traditionalMayamedicine inBelize. BITI shares an interest in furthervalidatingQ’eqchi traditional wisdom through verifi-cationofmedicinalqualitiesof theirplantmedicines.Methodology: Semi-structured interviews, forest andhome garden interviews, photo elicitation, and plantcollectionswere used to collect datawith 32Q’eqchiadultsover18monthsoffieldwork inBelizebetween2007and2010.Tenplantspecieswerecollectedtoas-sayforestrogenicactivity.AtotalofthirteenmethanolextractsweretestedusingareportergeneassayattheUIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary SupplementsResearch.Results:TheBelizeanQ’eqchiutilizeat least70plantspeciesin35familiesfor47conditionsrelatedtoreproductivehealth.Thehighestnumbersofspecieswereusedtotreatheavymenstruation,foruseascon-traception,totreatinfertility,foruseduringpregnancy,and for treatingmenopause. Inaddition tomedicinalplants,healersusemassage,prayer,andritual intheirethnomedical treatments. Of the 13 extracts assayed,11displayed estrogenic activity and 2were cytotoxic.Discussion:TraditionalQ’eqchimedicinemaintainstheuseofhormone-mimickingplantsforthetreatmentofreproductiveailmentsandforfertilityregulation.How-ever,therehasbeenanacceleratedlossofwomen’stra-ditionalknowledgeinparticular,duetoseveralcultural,socioeconomic, and geographic factors. Validation oftheefficacyoftheseplantswillaidinreturningprestigetothisrichsystemoftraditionalmedicineandrevital-izingendangeredhealingtraditionsinBelize.1TheNewYorkBotanicalGarden, InstituteofEconomicBotany,Bronx,NY,10458,USA2UniversityofIllinoisatChicago,Depart-mentofPharmacyPractice,833SWoodStreet,Chicago,IL,60612,USA

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211 STRUWE, LENA*1, GRAZIOSE, ROCKY 2, BRODY, STACY2, SUGUMARAN, M3, SMITH, PETER4, RASKIN, ILYA2 and POHLIT, ADRIAN1

Tropical Fagraea and Tachia (Gentianaceae) as potential sources of antimalarial treatments

Malaria is a major global health problem, withhundredsofmillionsofcaseseachyear.Drugre-

sistantstrainsofPlasmodiumareevolving,socommon-ly-usedantimalarialtreatmentsarenolongereffectiveinmanyareas.Plantscontainvastresourcesofknownandunknownbioactivecompoundsandarepotentialsourcesofnewantimalarialdrugs.Species inFagraea and Tachia (Gentianaceae;tribesPotalieaeandHelieae,respectively)havetraditionallybeenusedtotreatma-lariaandfeverinthetropics.Weinvestigatedthechemi-calandbioactivitybasisfortheirethnobotanicalusesasmedicinalherbals inmalaria treatment.Extractswerepreparedandtestedtodeterminetheantiplasmodialac-tivityandcytotoxicityoffourspeciesofFagraea:F. fra-grans, F. crenulata, F. racemosa, andF. auriculata. Fa-graea fragrans andF. crenulata allrelativelylargetreesandF. racemosa isasmallshrub,whereasF. auriculata isusuallyhemiepiphytic.Theyarecloselyrelatedtospe-cies ofAnthocleista fromAfrica, another antimalarialherbal.We expected to see antiplasmodial activity atleast fromF. fragrans, as twoantimalarial substances,themonoterpene fagraldehyde and themonoterpenealkaloidgentianine,havebeen isolated from this spe-cies.Thein vivo antiplasmodialactivityofaqueousrootextracts of BrazilianTachia has been known for twodecades.TwoantimalarialcompoundshavenowbeenfoundinBrazilianTachia,amplexine(previouslyonlyfound in Anthocleista) and decussatin, also confirm-ingitsvalueasatraditionalantimalarialmedicine.Thepresence of antimalarial compounds inwidely diver-gentandpoorlyinvestigatedtropicalgentianssuggeststhatfurtherstudiesinthistaxonomicgroupshouldbeprioritized.1InstitutoNacionaldePesquisasdaAmazônia-INPA,Coordena-çãodePesquisas emProdutosNaturais -CPPN,Laboratório dePrincípiosAtivosdaAmazônia-LAPAAM,AvenidaAndréAraújo2936,Petrópolis-Manaus,Amazonas,CEP69060-001,Brazil2Rut-gersUniversity,PlantBiologyAndPathology,59DudleyRoad,NewBrunswick,NJ,08901,USA3RimbaIlmuBotanicGarden,Instituteof Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya,KualaLumpur,50603,MALAYSIA4UniversityofCapeTownMedi-calSchool,k45OMBGrooteSchuurHospital,Observatory,7925,SouthAfrica

212 HERRERA, KATHERINE*1, MEASOR, KEVIN2, BAMSHAD, MARYAM3 and BALICK, MICHAEL4

Effect of Kava (Piper methysticum G. Forst.) on Social and Affect Behaviors of Prairie Voles (Microtus ochrogaster)

The lateralroots of the Kava plant (Piper methys-ticum G.Forst.) havebeenused for centuries by

Western Pacific Islanders to make a beverage. Thepropertiesofthisbeverageanditschemicalconstituentshavebeenshowntohaveanxiolyticeffectsinhumans,mice,andchicks.BasedonethnobotanicalstudiesofthetraditionaluseofKava,itisalsohypothesizedthatKavareduces aggression and fosters social bonding amongthosedrinkingit.Totestthishypothesis,weusedprairievoles(Microtus ochrogaster)becausetheydisplaysocialandaffectbehaviorsthataresimilartohumans,anditwillaidtoelucidatetheneuronalmechanismsofKava’seffectonbehavior.TwomethodsofKavaadministra-tionwereutilized.ThefirstmethodconsistedofusingcommerciallyavailablepowderedKavatomakeasolu-tionsimilartowhatwouldbetraditionallyimbibedbyhumans.Thiswas given to a group of sexually na’vefemalesforaperiodofapproximately48hrsinplaceoftheirregularwatersource.Thesecondmethodofad-ministrationusedcommerciallyavailableKavaextractthatwas seriallydilutedand injected intraperitoneallytoaseparategroupoffemales.AfteradministrationofKava,thevoles’anxietylevelsweretestedusingtwodif-ferenttests,theelevatedplusmazeandthehabittrail.To observe any aggression and affiliation behavioralchanges,athirdtestwasused.ResultsindicatethatKavaloweredanxietyintheexperimentalvoles;however,ex-perimental voles didnot demonstratemore affiliativebehavioraspredicted.Thesesubjectsspentsignificantlyless time in direct contact with the stimulus voles ascompared to their control counterparts.This suggestsanalternativeeffectthatKavamaybehavingonsocialbehaviors.1TheNewYorkBotanicalGarden,InstituteofEconomicBotany,200St.&KazimiroffBlvd.,Bronx,NY,10458,USA2LehmanCollege,BiologicalSciences,Bronx,NY,104683LehmanCollege,BiologicalSciences,Bronx,NY,10469,UnitedStates4NewYorkBotanicalGar-den,200thStAndSouthernBlvd.,Bronx,NY,10458,USA

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213 ROSE, JANNA

Bacterial Inhibition and Cytotoxic Properties of Plants used to Treat Diarrhea in Central Anatolian Villages

In this study, 15 Central Anatolian plant extractswere evaluated for their safety and their efficacy in

inhibitingthegrowthof21bacterialstrainsthatcom-monly infect the human intestinal tract and causediarrhea. Ethnobotanical research was carried out inCentralAnatoliaforoneyear,beginninginSeptember2008. Following interviews and a thorough literaturereview,plantsusedtotreatdiarrheawerecollectedforresearch. Voucher specimens were deposited in GaziUniversity´sHerbarium.Plantmaterialswerecollectedand processed in bulk,withmethanolic and aqueousextractsprepared fromculturallyrelevantpartsof theplantsforatotalof34extracts.AnantibacterialassaywascarriedoutusingmicrotiterbrothdilutionstoCLSIstandards,andanAlamarBlueCytotoxicityAssaywasusedtoevaluatethesafetyoftheplantsforhumanin-gestion.Thepercentinhibitionwasusedtocalculatetheeffectivenessofthe34extractsininhibitingoneormoreofthe21bacterialstrands.Rosa canina,Hypericum per-foratum,Vitex agnus-castus,andRhus coriariashowedsignificant inhibitionat lowconcentrations (32,16,8,and 4ug/ml) against 8 bacteria (Enterococcus faecalis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Listeria monocytogenes, Pseu-domonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella flexneri, Vibrio parahaemolyticus,andYersinia pseudo-tuberculosis).FurtherevaluationoftheseTurkishplantscouldleadtoaneasilyaccessible,readilyavailableplant-basedremedyfordiarrheaintheregion.

FloridaInternationalUniversity,BiologicalSciences,11200SW8thStreet,OwaEhan167,Miami,FL,33199,USA

214 QUAVE, DR. CASSANDRA L.

Medicinal plants as modulators of microbial pathogenesis

Historically,moststudiesontheanti-infectivepo-tentialofbotanicalCAMtherapieshavefocused

on microbiocidal or -static activity. However, recentworkhas ledto thediscoveryofanti-virulenceagentsthattargetmicrobialpathogenesisratherthangrowthorsurvival.Thisapproachofferstheadvantageofspecific-itytodistinctmoleculartargetswhilereducingselectivepressuresforthedevelopmentofdrugresistance.Someprominent examples include the proanthocyanidinsfromVaccinium macrocarpon thatdisruptadhesionofP-fimbriatedE. coli touroepithelialcells,accountingforefficacyinpreventingrecurrenturinarytractinfections.Likewise,Allium sativumhasbeenfoundtoattenuatevirulencebyinhibitinghyphaeformationinCandida al-bicansandalsobyblockingquorumsensinginPseudo-monas aeruginosa. SeveralItalianmedicinalplantsusedinthetraditionaltreatmentofskinandsofttissueinfec-

tionhavealsobeenfoundtoinhibitS. aureus quorum-sensingandbiofilmformation.Myresearchobjectivesaretoassesstheanti-pathogenicpropertiesofmedicinalplant products in the treatment of infectious disease.Naturalproductsofferadistinct advantageover theirsyntheticcounterpartsduetotheirrichstructuraldiver-sity,chirality,andextensivefunctionalgroupchemistry.Dataontheanti-pathogenicpropertiesofselectmedici-nalplantswillbepresentedandageneraloverviewofthisapproachtodrugdiscoverywillbeprovided.

UniversityofArkansasforMedicalScience,MicrobiologyandIm-munology,4301W.MarkhamSt.,#511,LittleRock,AR,72205-7199,USA

215 BRENDLER, THOMAS

Regulatory Legislation for Herbal Products in the European Union. A model worth adopting?

Herbal products can enter the market place invariouswaysandcategories,rangingfromherbal

medicines,supplements,foodsandfoodingredients,alltheway tocosmeticsandcosmetic ingredients.Theseaccessroutesaregovernedbynationallegislationwhichvarieswidelyfromblissfulignoranceto,inthecaseofherbalmedicines,fulldrugcompliance.TheEuropeanUnionisintheprocessofharmonizingtheregulatoryframeworkforeachofthosecategoriesinordertoen-sure product quality, safety and efficacy. Individualroutesofaccessaredescribedanddiscussedwithregardtotheirrelevantregulatoryrequirements.Focusisputonmarket authorizationsofherbalmedicines for fulldrugstatus,asbibliographicregistrationsforwell-estab-lisheduse,undertheframeworkprovidedintheTradi-tionalHerbalMedicinalProductsDirective(THMPD),and on food supplements in their various regulatorymanifestations,specificallyregardingrelatedfunctionalandhealthclaims.

Plantaphile,BelforterStrasse20,Berlin,10405,Germany

216 BROWN, PAULA* and MURCH, SUSAN

The Traditional and Modern Uses of Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) and Related species

Moerman(1998)reportstheuseofwildcranber-ries (Vaccinium macrocarpon) by the Algon-

quin,Chippewa,OjibwaandIroquois inbaked,driedandrawfoods,mixedwithcornbreadsandsoldascashcrops.BerriesweregatheredfromAugustthroughthefall,evenwhenstillunripe,allowedtoripenandtheneateneitherfreshorcooked(KuhnleinHVandTurnerNJ, 1996). In traditional preparation of pemmican,cranberriesweresometimesmixedwithmeatandmelt-edfatoflargegameanimalssuchasbuffalo,elkordeer.

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Likewise,Turner (2004) reported that the indigenouspeopleofHaidaGwaiiused2speciesofcranberryna-tivetotheirregion,viz.VacciniumoxycoccusLandVac-cinium vitis-ideaeLasdriedorpreservedfruits,usuallycooked for a long time before eating. In themodernmarketplace,cranberry(V. Macrocarpon)isoneofthesignificantsuccessstoriesofthefunctionalfoodsindus-try.Cranberriesareperhapsmostwellknownfor thetreatmentandpreventionofUrinaryTract Infections(UTIs).Researchsuggeststhatphytochemicalconstitu-entsofcranberryinhibitEscherichiacolifromadheringtouroepithelialcellsintheurinarytractormayreducesymptomsofUTIthroughbroaderanti-inflammatoryeffects.However,thespecificindividualcranberrycom-poundsresponsibleforthemedicinaleffectsremaintobeidentified.Theoverallobjectivesofourresearchweretodocumentthegrowthandharvestofcranberryfromfieldplots in the lowermainlandofBritishColumbiaandwildpopulationsofnativeBCcranberriesfromtheHaidaGwaii,tocomparetheconcentrationsofknowncranberryanthocyaninsinsamplesfromacrossBCandtodeterminewhethertheHaidaGwaiicollectionshadsimilar compositions ofmedicinalmetabolites.Therewas an average anthocyanin content of 7.8% in thecommerciallygrowncranberrieswithahighestconcen-trationof14.2%.Overallanthocyaninscontainingga-lactoseasthesugarmoietywerepresentinsignificantlyhigher amounts than the corresponding arabinosidecounterpartsandglycosylatedpeonidinwaspresentinhigherlevelsthanglycosylatedcyanidininmostberries.Together, these data provide foundational knowledgeaboutthechemotaxonomyoftheVacciniumgenusandprovidenewinsightsintothemaintenanceofhealthinthetraditionaldietsofNorthAmericans.

University ofBritishColumbia,Chemistry, 3333UniversityWay,Kelowna,BC,V1V1V7,Canada

217 BULLARD-ROBERTS, ANGELLE* and BENNETT, BRADLEY

Treating Sugar: Antidiabetic herbal remedies in Trinidad and Tobago

InTrinidadandTobago(T&T),thecolloquialexpres-sionhaving sugar referstohavingsymptomsofthe

conditionTypeIIdiabetesmellitus(DM).Inthissouth-ernCaribbeanrepublic,DMisthethirdleadingsourceof mortality excluding infectious diseases. Literaturepublishedbetween1976and2006haveindicatedthatforty-twolocalplantsareusedbythemulti-ethnicTrin-bagonians (as theyare locallycalled) in the treatmentofDM.Consideringthe increasingprevalenceofDMand the lack of pharmacological data on the efficacyandsafetyofthelocalantidiabeticremedies,wesoughttodeterminewhatplantsTrinbagonianscurrentlyuseandhow theyprepare andadminister theseplants totreatsymptomsofDM.Thisinformationwillbeusedtoguidelaboratoryanalysisoftheantidiabeticproper-tiesoftheseplants.Weinterviewedfiftypersonsfrom

fifteencommunitieswhowererecruitedonthebasisoftheir knowledge of localmedicinal plants. Interview-eeswereaskedtoprovideinformationaboutallofthemedicinalplantswhichtheyknew,theailmentswhichthoseplantswereusedfor,themethodofpreparationandthesourceoftheplants.Fromthegeneralbodyofinformationtheyprovided,anyplantswhichwerespe-cificallymentioned for treatingsugar werenoted.Wenotedtwenty-twoantidiabeticplantspecies.Fortwelveoftheseplants,ourdataisthefirstrecordoftheiruseagainst DM in T&T, though most are employed byTrinbagonians for other ailments.Two species repre-sentnewadditionstoT&Tsrecordedpharmacopoeia:theshrubHamelia patensJacq.,andthegrassPaspalum vaginatumSw.LikethemajorityofmedicinalremediesinT&T,theleavesoftheseplantsarepreparedasbush-teabysteepingtheminhotwater.ThemostfrequentlycitedantidiabeticwasMomordica charantiaL.FabaceaeandRubiaceaewererepresentedmostfrequentlywithcitationsofthreespeciesfromeachfamily.Sixtypercentoftheseantidiabeticsarecultivatedfoodorornamentalspecies.

FloridaInternationalUniversity,BiologicalSciences,11200SW8thStreet,Miami,FL,33199,USA

218 OFFRINGA, LISA

Medicinal Plants of Northern Thailand Used by Traditional Doctors to Improve Cognitive Impairment in the Elderly

Dementiaisaprogressivelydebilitatingdiseaseaf-fectingcognition,memoryandbehaviorprimar-

ilyintheelderlypopulation.Theprevalenceofdementiais expected to increasedramatically in southandeastAsiancountriesinthenext30years.Thailandliesatthecenterof threebiologicaldiverseareas, the Indo-Bur-mese,Indo-ChineseandMalaysianregions,andsharesitsflorawiththesethreeregionsprovidingThaihealerswitha richbasis for theirmateriamedica.This studyidentifiedmedicinalplantsusedbytraditionaldoctorsinNorthernThailandwithpotentialtopreventandtreatcognitiveimpairment.Intervieweddoctorsreportplantformulasusedtoincreasememory,tonicsforthebrainandlonglife,andspecificformulasforthesymptomsofdementia.Themulti-plantformulasandselectedindi-vidualplantswillbetestedfortheiractivityininvitroand in vivo bioassays. These formulas could possesssynergisticpropertiesthatenhancetheactivityofthein-dividualplantsaswellasreduceunfavorablesideeffectsthatcanoccurwithsingleplantremedies.Thisproject,incollaborationwithThaiacademicandbotanicalin-stitutions,aimstoidentifyandcollectmedicinalplantsreportedasefficaciousby traditionaldoctors,andtestthemagainstthecausesofdementiaasameanstosub-stantiatetraditionalknowledgewithscientificmethod-ology.Locatingeffectiveplanttherapiescouldalleviatethe suffering of those afflictedwith cognitive impair-mentandsupporttheabilityoftraditionalmedicineto

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providesolutionstomodernproblems.

TheGraduateCenteratTheCityUniversityofNewYork,BiologyDepartment,365FifthAvenue,NewYork,NY,10016,USA

219 MORTENSEN, DANIELLE* and BRENDLER, THOMAS

Inventory and rapid throughput screening of indigenous utilized plant species of Namibia for the purpose of developing new natural products

We present the outline and methodology of aprojectconductedincollaborationwithRutgers

University,GIBEX, andAAMPS,which is fundedbytheNamibianMillenniumChallengeaccount.Thisisaworkinprogress,havingstartedinMarch2011andtobecompletedwithinapproximatelyoneyear.Wehavesurveyedand inventoried theutilized indigenousNa-mibianfloraforthepurposeof identifyingpotentiallynewingredientsforindigenousNamibiannaturalprod-ucts in foods, flavors, health, nutrition, and cosmeticproducts in a context of loca sustainable economicdevelopment. The survey and inventory has drawnfromallavailablesourcesincludingearlyexplorer’sandotherhistoricalaccountsinordertoincludetraditionalplantusewhichmayhavebeen lost over time.Fromthis inventorysome100speciesarebeingselectedforinvestigationbasedonavarietyofcriteria,with focusonlocalstakeholder’sinterests.Samplesandherbariumspecimenarebeingcollectedanduseswillbeverifiedin thefield.Plantmaterial is subjected to Screens-to-Nature technology, where we introduce 11 portable,field-deployablepharmacologicalscreens,andfacilitateintoNamibiathetrainingassociatedwiththeiruse.Thisapproachdoesnotremoveanynaturalresourcesfromitscountryoforiginforthepurposeofanalysis.Basedontheresultsofthescreeningprocess,selectspecieswillbesubjectedtofurtherinvestigationincludingchemicalprofiling,developmentofqualityassurancestandards,regionalandinternationalmarketassessments,sustain-ability (wild-crafting vs. cultivation) and feasibility ofcreatingaproductdevelopmentvaluechainbenefittingNamibianPPOs.Thisworkwill lead to a shortlist ofaround10candidatespeciesforproductdevelopmentemploying science-basedmarketing strategies and es-tablishingpublic-privatesectorpartnerships.

Plantaphile,BelforterStrasse20,Berlin,10405,Germany

220 SCHOOLEY, ERIKA* and HUISH , RYAN DAVID

Antimicrobial properties of the Tongan medicinal plant Syzygiumcorynocarpum: Bioassays in support of ethnobotanically-guided research

Muchof the traditionalmedicine ofTonga spe-cifically treats infections. In a previous study,

Syzygium corynocarpum not only showed significantinhibitionratesofStaphylococcus aureus inlaboratorybioassays,butwasalsotheplantmostfrequentlyrefer-encedbyTonganhealersforuseintreatinginfections.Thiscorrelationalludestothebenefitsofethnobotani-cally-guideddrugresearch.Furthermore,inmedicinalpreparations,Tonganhealersspecificallyusetheyoungleaves of S. corynocarpum, which are a characteristicred-purple color changing to dark green atmaturity.Extractsofmatureleavesandbark,aswellastheyoungleaves,arebeingtestedforinhibitionratesofS. aureus tocompareefficacyandstrengthenthecaseforethnobo-tanically-guidedresearchinthesearchfornoveldrugs.

Hollins University, Biology, 7916Williamson Rd., Roanoke, VA,24020,USA

221 KITONDE, CATHERINE*, LUKHOBA, CATHERINE and DOSSAJI, SAIFUDDIN

Antimicrobial and Phytochemical Study of Vernonia glabra (Steetz) Oliv. & Hiern. in Kenya.

Infectious diseases are prevalent and life threaten-ing. In Kenya, a majority of the sick are seeking

herbalremediesinsuchforeffective,safe,andafford-ablecure.Thisprojectaims to investigate theantimi-crobial activity and phytochemical compounds pres-ent indifferentpartsofVernonia glabra, aplantusedby herbalists in various regions of Kenya claimed totreatdifferentmicrobial infections.Theplantwascol-lected in January, 2010 inMachakos, and the differ-ent plant parts ground into powder and extracted inDichloromethane:Methanol (1:1) and water. Theseweretestedagainstbacterialandfungalorganismsus-ingdiscdiffusion technique. Itwasobserved that theorganiccrudeextractsoftheflower,leaf,stem,rootand/orentireplant,showedactivityagainstatleastoneofthefourtestmicro-organismsandatconcentrationslowerthanthewatercrudeextracts.Theorganiccrudeextractof the leafshowedthehighestactivityagainstStaphy-lococcus aureus(Meaninhibition,1.83)andAspergillus niger (meaninhibition,1.43),andalsorecordedhigheractivitythoseofthestandardds.Organiccrudeextractof flower showed significant activity against oneonly

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organism-Staphylococcus aureus.ThinLayerChroma-tography-Bioautography Agar Overlay, showed thatsaponinswereelicitingover60%ofall theantimicro-bialactivity.TheseresultssuggestthatVernonia glabramay contain phytochemicals of medicinal propertiesandalso justifies theuseofVernonia glabra inherbalmedicineforthetreatmentofmicrobialdiseases.Inpar-ticular,theV. glabraleafmaycontainbroadspectrumantibacterialandantifungalagentsthatcouldbeusefulinthedevelopmentofcompetentantimicrobialdrugs.Furtherinvestigationtoisolate,determinethepureandsafe antimicrobial compounds is recommended forscientificverificationandvalidationofthedrugsfromVernonia glabra.

University of Nairobi, School of Biological Sciences, P.O. Box30197,00100,Nairobi,Kenya

222 BRADBURY , ELIZABETH JANE*1, TAY, DAVID2 and EMSHWILLER, EVE3

Understanding Domestication Resulting in Opposing Crop Phenotypes: (2) Organic Acid Accumulation in Oca (Oxalis tuberosa Molina) Tubers

Crops displaying directly opposing domesticatedbiochemical phenotypes could provide valuable

insight to the effects on the domesticationprocess ofconflicting selective pressures in the agricultural eco-system.One relativelywell-knownexample is cassava(Manihot esculenta Crantz), which has high-cyanideand low-cyanide varieties that are grouped into twodistinctuse-categories,thosecassavathatareprocessedprior toconsumptionandcassava thatareconsumedafter cooking without processing. Small-scale studiesconductedbyBradburyandEmshwiller(2011)revealedthatOxalis tuberosaMolina,"oca",mayrepresentanoth-erexampleofsuchacropsystem,withopposinghighoxalicacidandlowoxalicacidcultivars.Eachcultivarset("use-category")alsohasdifferentculturalfoodprep-arationpractices.Inordertoestablishamorethoroughunderstandingofthebiochemicalbasisforthedifferentuse-categoriesofoca,weconductedacommongardenexperiment in theMantaroRiverValley in the JunãnDepartment of Peru. In September 2009, we planted45 unique cultivars replicated five times throughoutthefieldusingarandomizedblockdesign.TuberswereharvestedJune2010andorganicacidextractionswereconductedfollowingthehot2MHClprotocoloutlinedbyRossandcolleagues(1999).SixorganicacidswerequantifiedusingHPLCanalysis:oxalic,malic,tartaric,succinic,ascorbic,andglutaricacids.Ourresultsindi-catethatthereisastatisticallysignificantdifferenceinorganicacidaccumulationbetweentheocause-catego-ries,demonstratingthatocadisplayswhatwearerefer-ring toas "opposingcropphenotypes"withhigh-acidcultivarsprocessedpriortoconsumptionandlow-acidcultivars consumed after cooking without prior pro-

cessing.1University of Wisconsin-Madison, Botany, 430 Lincoln Drive ,BirgeHall,Madison,WI,53706,USA2ElCentroInternacionaldelaPapa,Division2,Av.LaMolina1895,LaMolina,Lima,Peru3Uni-versityOfWisconsin-Madison,BotanyDept,321BirgeHall,430LincolnDrive,Madison,WI,53706-1313,USA

223 WITHERUP, COLBY*1, ZEREGA, NYREE2 and ZUBERI, M. IQBAL3

Measuring and preserving diversity in a Bangladeshi food crop: Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus, Moraceae)

Artocarpus heterophyllus(Jackfruit)isoneoftwoec-onomicallyimportantcropsinthegenusArtocar-

pus (withA. altilis,orbreadfruit)inthemulberryfamily(Moraceae).Jackfruitisamonoecioustreethatproduc-es the largest tree-borne fruit structure in the world.It isfoundincultivationatlowelevationsthroughoutSoutheastAsiaandhasbeenintroducedinthePhilip-pines,Australia, and throughoutAfricaand theNeo-tropics. Jackfruit is thenational fruitofBangladesh,acountry whose natural areas are severely threatenedby overpopulation and climate change, but very fewstudieshavefocusedonjackfruitthere.InBangladeshivillages,jackfruittreesaregrowninalmosteveryyard,but it is fearedthatgeneticvariation isbeing lostduetodeforestation,adeclineinseedpropagation,andtheintroductionofhigh-yielding,uniformcultivars.Lossofcropdiversityisanissueofinternationalconcern.Thedemandforgeneticmaterialforbreedingnewadaptedcultivars relies on diverse germplasm frombothwildandmodifiedsources.InSoutheastAsia,internationalorganizations (Global Facilitation Unit for Underuti-lized Species, International Centre for UnderutilizedCrops,InternationalPlantGeneticResourcesInstitute)are looking to under-utilized crops like jackfruit toprovideanewleveloffoodsecurityandincome.Leafsamples and ethnobotanical datawere collected fromseveral sites throughoutBangladesh in July2010.Us-ingmicrosatelliteanalysis,myresearchwillgiveabroadviewofjackfruitdiversityinBangladesh.Byanalyzingmylabresultsinconnectiontomyethobotanicaldata,Iwillinvestigateclaimsofgeneticerosionandattempttoidentifypossiblecauses.1ChicagoBotanicGarden/NorthwesternUniversity,PlantScience,1000 Lake Cook Road, Glencoe, IL, 60022, USA2NorthwesternUniversity,ProgramInBiologicalSciences,2205TechDrive,2-144HoganHall,Evanston,IL,60208,USA3UniversityofRajshahi,Ra-jshahi,6205,Bangladesh

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224 IV , WALTER CLIFFORD

Paleoethnobotanical Remains from Guijarral, a Late Classic Maya Site in Northwestern Belize

MoststudiesofancientMayasubsistencearebasedon ethnographic and historical accounts that

modelarelianceonmaize(Zea mays),beans(Phaseo-lus vulgaris),andsquash(Cuburbita sp.).Our investi-gationsofbotanical remains recovered fromanarrayofshovel testsandsealedcontextsatGuijarral,aLateClassic(AD600-900)Mayafarmstead,haveshownanexpandedbotanicalrepertoirebeyondthemaize,bean,and squash trinity. Some plant genera distributionssuggest the importance ofwild plants and their uses,aswell as allowus to construct hypotheses regardingthe locationsof activitieswithin the site andbegin toreconstructtheagroecologyassociatedwithLateClas-sicprovisioning.Datapresentedheredemonstratetheimportanceofconsideringthepotentialforlocalcontrolofperennialfoodstuffsinlocalritual,subsistence,andpowerdynamics.

UniversityofSouthCarolina,Anthropology

225 BLAIR, CHARLES

Invasive Aquatic and Riparian Weeds and Mosquitoes; Challenges, Successes, and Oppoutunities

Theadverseeffectsofinvasiveaquaticandriparianweeds on water quality; hydrology, native plant

communities, and wildlife habitat and their conse-quencesformosquitocontrolefforts,publichealthandnuisanceproblems,havebeenoftenimplied,butcouldbebetterarticulated.Thispresentationwillpresentsomeoftheserelationshipsandhighlightcollaborativeactivi-tiesamongvectorandweedcontrolagencies.Invasiveaquatic and riparian weeds result in several adversechangesinthesesettings.Displacementofnativefloradegradeshabitatforfaunathatfeedonmosquitolarvaeandpupae.Theuseofbiorationallarvicides,somede-rivedfrombacterialsourcesthatdonotharmthisfaunasupplementstheeffectivenessofthispredation,whichcan reduceor eliminate thenecessity of aerial adulti-cideapplication.Therearesituationswherethedensityof invasiveflorahasbeenshownto interferewithap-plicationof these agents.Mosquitobreed in standingwater,whichcanincludestill-waternaturalareas,suchas ponds, and small lakes and alsomovingwater ar-easstreamsandtidalareaswithchanginglevelswhichleave isolatedstandingwaterareas.Manmadesourcesinclude landscaping, irrigation canals, ponds, stormdrain holding areas, and wastewater recharge basins.Examplesofspecificproblemsinparticularsettingswillbedescribed:forstill-water, Ludwigia spp;forestuarine;

Spartina spp.; and riparian,Arundo donax. Successfulprojectsthatcanbeappliedelsewhere;lessonsthatcanbelearnedfromunsuccessfulactivities;andtheneedforcontinuinginvestigationswillbediscussed.

176ALCORAVE,LOMPOC,CA,93436,USA

226 KITAGAWA, JUNKO*1, YAMADA, KAZUYOSHI2, OHYAMA, MOTONARI3, HOSHINO, YASUHARU3, SHINOZUKA, YOSHITSUGU4, YONENOBU, HITOSHI2 and YASUDA, YOSHINORI1

Analysis of recent vegetation change for the successful regeneration of Kiso-hinoki cypress

Kiso-hinokicypressisoneofthemostbeautifultreesinJapan.Theforestwasseverelydeforestedinthe

early17thcentury,butitwasregeneratedbytheconser-vationduringEdoperiod.TheresultfromtheTaritsulake on Shirasu mountain pass showed the recoveryofforest,however,theproductivityhasbeenlessthanbefore17thcentury.Itissaidtheregenerationofforestis not successful because of the recent less activity ofcutting undergrowth.Themain undergrowth is SasainKiso-hinokicypressforest.Tomakeaforestpolicy,itisessentialtounderstandthemanagementoftheforestduringEdoperiodwhentheregenerationwassuccess-ful.PhytolithanalysisofthecoresedimentfromTaritsuLakewasconductedat thedepthofaroundAD1610,late19thcenturywhenMeijirestorationoccurredandclosetothepresent.Inaddition,pollenfromFukami-ikeLakeinNaganoprefecturewasanalyzedannuallyfromtheearly20thcenturytounderstandtherecentchangeoftheforest.Theresultshowsthatthereisnoremark-abledifferenceinthenumberofphytolithofSasatypeamong the samples. Not cutting undergrowth seemsnottobethefactorwhichpreventstheregenerationofcypress trees. Inboth samples fromaroundAD1610and the late19thcentury, thephytolithofPleioblastus typewasobserved.ItindicatesthatPleioblastus invadedtotheopenspacewherecypresstreeswerecutdown.However,thephytolithofPleioblastustypewasnotob-servedinthesamplefrompresent.Theareahasbecometheplacewhichreceivedlittlesunshine.PollenanalysisindicatedthattherateofevergreentreeincreasedaftertheWorldWarII.ItmightbecausedbytheplantationofCryptomeria japonicaandthedecreaseofdeciduousoak Togetherwith phytolith analysis, itmay be con-cludedthattheincreaseoftherateofevergreentreesintheforesthindersoftheregenerationofcypressforest.1InternationalResearchCenterforJapaneseStudies,3-2Oeyama-cho,Goryo,Nshikyo-ku,Kyoto,610-1192,Japan2NarutoUniversityofEducation,748Nakashima,Takashima,Naruto-cho,Naruto,772-8502, Japan3TohokuUniversity,12-2,KawauchiAoba-ku,Sendai,980-0862,Japan4HokkaidoUniversity,North10,west4,Sapporo,Japan

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227 RAKOTOARIVELO, NIVO HARINIAINA

Vohibe Forest: an invaluable source of useful plants

The low to mid elevation evergreen rainforestof Vohibe is classified as New Protected Area,

andcovers3117ha.It is located intheAmbalaberu-ralCommune,at72kmnorthwestofVatomandryinthe Eastern Region of Madagascar. This Communeis very isolated in geographic terms and was threat-enedbeforebythepracticeofslashandburncultiva-tion.Butthisforestisstillveryrichinbiodiversityandhas ahigh specific endemicup to80%.This richnesspromptedustodoanethnobotanicalstudyaboutuse-ful plants and the local people knowledge to ensuretheir sustainable use and their future conservation.InMadagascar’sruralareas,forestsaretheonlysourceforpeople’sdailyneeds,suchaswater,food,medicinalplants,andmaterialsforconstruction,handcraft,toolsandfirewood.Vohibeforest isnoexception.Our ini-tialethnobotanicalsurveyfoundthatofca.180speciesofplantsusedbylocalpeople,about50%arecollectedintheforest.Theleaves,barkandrootarecommonlyused asmedicine and forhandcrafts,while the trunkismainlyusedinconstructionandformanufacturingtools.Fruitsareoftenusedasfood.Thechoiceofspeciesdependsalsoontheneeds:hardwoodandresistantspe-ciesareusedforbuilding,healingplantsfortraditionalmedicineandfiberplantsforhandcrafts.

MissouriBotanicalGarden,ResearchandConservationProgram,POBox3391,Antananarivo,Analamanga,101,Madagascar

228 ODHIAMBO, JUDITH *, LUKHOBA, CATHERINE and DOSSAJI, SAIFUDDIN

Ethnomedicinal knowledge in the traditional management of human ailments in Lake Victoria Basin, Kenya

ThoughthemajorityofinhabitantsintheKenyarelyonethnomedicinalplantspeciestomanageawide

rangeofhumanailments,muchtheindigenousknowl-edgelargelyremainsundocumented.Anethnomedici-nalstudywasconductedtodocumenttheplantspeciesusedmedicinallyintheLakeVictoriaBasin.Datawascollectedbyinterviewingtheherbalistsfromtheregion.Atotalofthirtyfourplantspeciesdistributedintwentyonebotanicalfamilieswereidentified.Theplantfamilywithhighestnumberofplantsused formedicinewasCompositae, followed by Leguminosae thenLabiatae.Theherbalswerepreparedmainlyasconcoctionsanddecoctions andweremajorly administeredorally anddermallytotreatailmentssuchastyphoid,malaria,and

chestandskinrelatedcomplications.Arichknowledgeofmedicinalplantswasrecognizedandphytochemicalandbioactivityanalysesoftheseherbalplantsarerec-ommendedtodeterminetheirsafetyandefficacy.

University of Nairobi, School of Biological Sciences, P.O. Box30197,00100,Nairobi,Kenya

229 REEDY, DAVID* and MCCLATCHEY, WILL

Adopting Invasives; Lessons from a Moorean Mat Fiber

In1769CaptainJamesCookstoppedinhisvoyageattheSocietyIslands.OnJune1st,thenaturalistonthis

voyage,JosephBankssetsailfornearbyMo`orea.Therehecollectedmanyitemsofmaterialcultureincludingahighlydecorative anduniquemat.Thismat returnedtoEnglandandeventuallybecameinterredatthePittRiversMuseuminOxford.WehaveusedmicroscopicanalysistocomparefibersofthismattofibersofotherknownPolynesianmatfiberplants.This comparativeanalysislaterextendedtootherfibersknowntobeusedinPolynesianmaterialculture.Thefiber fromCook’scollectiondidnotmatchfibersfromanyknownpre-Eu-ropeancontactPolynesianplant.Continuedexamina-tionofthefibersrevealedthismattobeidenticaltothestemfibersofTypha domingensis.However,thisspeciesisthoughttonothavereachedtheSocietyIslandsuntilthemid-Nineteenthcentury.OurrecentethnographicdatafromtheSocietyIslandssuggestthatT.domingensisisonlyusedbyasmallnumberofresidentsontheislandofMo`orea.

BotanicalResearchInstituteofTexas,1700UniversityDrive,FortWorth,TX,76107,USA

230 HAZLETT, DONALD *1 and TORRES HERRERA, JENNIFER C. 2

Socioeconomic Value and Growth of Naturalized Musa balbisiana L. A. Colla Leaves in Honduras

Musa balbisiana (Musaceae) is a diploid, seed-producingbananaindigenoustoSoutheastAsia.

AfteritwasintroducedintotheLancetillaExperimentalGardeninHonduras(ca.1960s),itbecamenaturalizedinnearbysecond-growthareasofthenorthcoast.Lo-calresidentswerequicktorecognizethesocioeconomicvalueof leaves fromthisweedybananaasawrap fortraditional Honduran nacatamales. To estimate themonetaryvalueandtoprovidepreliminarydataonleafharvestsustainabilitya3monthstudy(JulytoSeptem-ber)wasundertakenin2009.For3monthseachof38harvestersaveragedaweeklysaleof4,400cut,de-veinedandblanchedMusa leaves.ThesesoldforLps.550.00(ca. $30.00US) to truckers,who transported them tomajormarketstoresellataprofit.Thenumberofuse-

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fulleavesproducedbyasingleMusaplantin3monthswasdocumentedby2methods:1)thetraditionalwayofcuttingtheentirebananastemtoremoveleavesand2)amorecarefulmethodofcuttingoffonly theuse-fulleaves.Bothmethodsyieldedatotalof6or7usefulleavesafter3months(includingtheoriginalleavecutattheonset),butthemorecarefulmethoddidyieldsig-nificantlymore immature and larger leaves.A longerstudymayshowanincreaseinleafproductionperplantassociatedwith themore careful leafharvestmethod.This is thefirstestimateofuseful leafproduction(fornacatamales)fromthisexoticMusa.Nomanagementplansexistforsustainableleafproductionfromthisspe-cies since all leaves are currentlyharvested fromwildpopulations.However,a few land-owners in theLan-cetillaareaareprotectingandchargingafeetoharvestMusaleaves.ThesaleandculturaluseofM. balbisianaleavesinHondurasisanexampleofanexoticspeciesthathaspositivesocioeconomicbenefits.Thisnatural-izedMusaappearstohavefew,ifany,ofthenegativeimpactstypicallyattributedtoexoticplants.1DenverBotanicGardens,Research,909YorkStreet,Denver,CO,80206,USA2InstitutoNacionaldeConservaciónyDesarolloFor-estal,ÁreasProtegidasyVidaSilvestre,RegiónForestalPacifico ,Tegucigalpa,FranciscoMorazan,Honduras

231 FULLER , DR. REBEKAH

Using mobile phones and ODK to collect and preserve indigenous ethnobotanical knowledge

OpenDataKit(ODK)isafreesuiteoftoolscreatedtohelporganizationsandresearcherscollect,ag-

gregateandvisualizetheirdata.Runasanopen-sourceprojectitallowsthecollectionofdataonmobilephonesanddatasubmissiontoacentralwebbasedserver.Thesystemcanbemodifiedtosuitparticularresearchandtodatehasyettobeappliedtotheconservationofin-digenous ethnobotanical knowledge. Protecting andpreserving ethnobotanical knowledge is of up mostimportance toMaori, the indigenous people of NewZealand.Theaimof thispilotstudywas to testODKasacommunityfriendlysuiteoftoolscapableofcollect-ing,collatingandstoringMaoriethnobotanicalknowl-edge.Thestudysiteisdescribedastherohe(traditionalboundaries)of theMaori tribeofNgapuhi,North Is-land,NewZealand.QuestionsweredevelopedtotestanumberofoptionsavailabletoODK,includingopen,multiple-choiceandlocationquestions.Datarecordedincludedsocialvariablesandethnobotanical informa-tiononthecultivatedandnon-cultivatedcropsgrowninhomegardens.InterviewswerecompletedwiththeassistanceTeRunanga-A-Iwi-O-Ngapuhiarepresenta-tivebodyofthetribe.Threemainbenefitsforcommu-nitieswereidentified.Firstly,inaninterviewsituationODKwaseasytouseandintervieweeswerecomfortablewithmobilephonesbeingused.Secondly,thereisbene-fitinformattingandmanagingasecureonlinedatabase

protectingintellectualpropertyrightsandguardianshipoftheinformation.Thirdly,thesuiteoftoolshasanin-builtflexibilitytobeabletocollectdifferentdatatypesincluding interview responses, GPS locations, imagesand video recordings. Although a powerful researchtool,ODKmaybedifficulttobesetupandrunbycom-munitygroups.TheremayalsobeissueswiththeuseofGPS functions that relyoncellularnetworkcover-age.Modifyingorcreatingasimilarsystemabletobedirectedtowardscommunitieswouldbeofgreatvalueforprotectingandconservingindigenousethnobotani-calknowledgeinthefuture.

UniversityofAuckland,SchoolofBiologicalSciences,23aSymondsStreet,AucklandCentral,Auckland,NewZealand

232 TURI, CHRISTINA* and MURCH, SUSAN

Medicinal and Spiritual Use of North American Ligusticum species, Commonly Known as "osha"

North American Ligusticum species (Apiacieae)are a wild harvested medicinal crop and sold

commerciallyas"osha"astreatmentformusclesaches,anxiety,coldsandflues.Theuseof"osha"issupportedinethnobotanicalliterature.Opler(1923)reportedthattheTonkwarequirethatonemustpossessL. porteriinordertopartakeinthepeyoteceremony,whileCamzineandBye(1980)observedamongtheZunithatbothpa-tientandmedicinemanwouldchewupontherootsofL. porteriduringhealingrituals.Jordan(2008)recordedinstancesofthePlainsApachethrowingrootsofL. por-terioverafiretohelpconsoleindividualsduringritualsassociatedwithmourning.Turner(1980)reportedthattheOkanagan-Colville peoples used smoke producedfromL.canbyi to treat individuals believed to be in atrance, possessed by spirits, or who are ceremoniallyunconscious.Currently,commercialdemandfor"osha"has led toamarket-drivenwildharvestofLigusticum species, which may be threatening wild populations.Despitegrowingdemand,thereisrelativelylittleinfor-mation available describing the traditional,medicinaland/or spiritual uses, phytochemistry, conservationstatus,production systems or sustainable use. In vitrogrownplantshave thepotential toprovide tissues forcommercialproductswithout impactingwildpopula-tions.Thus,ourresearchisfocusedondeterminingtheconservation statusofwildpopulationsofLigusticuminBritishColumbia,whilealsodevelopingmethodsforconservationofLigusticum germplasm through tissueculture. Furthermore,we are interested in examiningtheneurotransmitterbiochemistryof"osha".Melatoninand serotonin, human neurotransmitters associatedwith depression,migraines and seasonality disorders,havebeendetectedatrelativelyhighlevelsinrootsandshoots of mature plants and seedlings of Ligusticum porteri andLigusticum canbyi. Together, thesestudiesareleadingtonewunderstandingsofLigusticumphy-

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tochemistryinhopesofconservingthisgenusinNorthAmerica.

University ofBritishColumbia,Chemistry, 3333UniversityWay,Kelowna,BC,V1V1V7,Canada

233 MCCLURE, KATRINA*, KINDSCHER, KELLY, CORBETT, STEVE and LONG, QUINN

Creating an Ethnobotanical Database: Native Edible and Medicinal Plants of Kansas as a Case Study

Thisprojectillustrateshowanethnobotanicaldata-basecanprovideinformationonplantsrelevantto

tribalgroups.Ourcasestudy,usingregressionanalysis,isoneexampleofhowanethnobotanicaldatabasecanbeusedtoextractinformationovermanycontexts,beitgeographicalorcultural(i.e.,tribalorculturalgroupororganization).ThePrairieEthnobotanicalDatabaseattheUniversityofKansasprovidesimportantinsightsintotheproportionofplantsthathavemedicinalvalue,aswellasawiderangeofadditionalusecriteria,includ-ing:plantpartutilized,treatmenttypes,tribalaffiliation,regionalexpanse,andphysicalcategorizationssuchasduration and growthhabit.This case studyuses datalimitedtomedicinalplantsinKansasacrossplantfami-lies.Thereare2,232speciesinKansas,ofwhich711arerecordedashavingmedicinaluses.Thirty-twopercentofKansasplantsareusedformedicine,and68percentarecategorizedasnon-medicinal.RegressionanalysisofplantfamiliesarerankedandcomparedwithresultsforallofNorthAmericaandareasofinterestareidentified.Within the stateofKansas,notunexpectedly,Astera-ceae(sunflowerfamily)isrankedhighest,butsurpris-ingly Fabaceae (bean family) ranks exceedingly highwithregardtomedicinaluse.Wehighlightherejustonemethodwhereanethnobotanicaldatabasecanbeusedasamodel to retrievevaluable informationregardingthehistoricalusesofnativeplants.Theregressionanaly-sis used reveals distinctions betweenplant families inKansas.Thismethodofanalysis,alongwithothers,canbeexpandedintovariouscontexts.Tribesinterestedindevelopingorutilizingexistingethnobotanicaldatabas-escouldusethisresourceasawaytodevelopculturallyrelevantprojectsrelatedtothestudyandidentificationoftraditionalfoods,medicinalplants,andplantsusedforbasketry,art,andothermaterials.

UniversityofKansas,KansasBiologicalSurvey,2101ConstantAve,Lawrence,KS,66047,USA

234 WALKER, KAREN

Honoring Those Who Came Before: Native American Ethnobotany at the Missouri Botanical Garden

Forcenturies,theLakotaandDakota(Sioux)Peoplehaveaccumulatedknowledgeabouttheirenviron-

ment.Withinthisrealmofknowledgetheyhavedevel-opedskillsinusingplantsthatgrowaroundthemforfood, medicine, building materials and clothing. Forgenerationsthisknowledgewaspassedfromonefamilytothenextthroughoraltraditionsofstorytelling,songs,andteachings.Muchof their traditionalknowledge isstillbeingpassedontodaybutthereisanoverwhelmingpotential forthisknowledgetobe lost inourmodernsociety.ManyeldersandtribalmembersareworkingtopreserveTEK,aswellasincorporatingthisknowledgeintocommunity,health,andeducationprograms.TheMissouri Botanical Garden is collaborating with theCrowCreekandStandingRockIndianReservationsinSouthandNorthDakotatopromotethepreservationanduseoftraditionalecologicalknowledge.

MissouriBotanicalGarden,WilliamL.BrownCenter,P.O.Box299,St.Louis,MO,63166,USA

235 MERLIN, MARK D.

Cultural ecology, mythology and the use of the opium poppy in the Ancient Hellenic World

ThemajorpsychoactivedrugplantinancientGreecewasPapaver somniferumL.,theopiumpoppy.Use

ofthistruenarcoticwascertainlyofgreatmedicalim-portancemorethantwomillenniaagointheHellenicworld.ItalsohadritualandecstaticuseintheregionthatpredatedtheancientGreekuseintheeasternMedi-terranean.TheecologicalrelationshipsofthekeycerealsandthepoppyinancientGreekagricultureweresym-bolizedinthepantheisticmythologyofancientGreece,specificallyofDemeterandherdaughterPersephone.Thiswell-knownstorywasasymbolicrenderingoftheseasonalcycleofgrainfarmingintheancientMediter-raneanworldwhichconnectedthemind-alteringandtherapeuticuseoftheopiumpoppywithnutritionalba-sisofthesociety.Thelinkageofthisalkaloid-richpoppywiththegreatcerealcropsoftheregionwasahallmarkofDemeter’sappearance, informingtheGreekpeopleabouttheconsciouscultivationofwheatandbarleyandfortuitouscommensalassociationoftheopiumpoppyanditstinyseedsinthegrainfieldsofHellenisticfarm-lands.Acombinationofup-to-dateethnobotany,ecol-ogy, archaeobotany, archaeology,mythology and his-toryremindusofwhatkeyspeciesfedandhelpedhealpeopleintheancienteasternMediterraneanworldandunderscoretheirbasicecologicalrelationships.

UniversityofHawaiiatManoa,Botany,DepartmentofBotany,St.John101,Honolulu,Hi,96822,USA

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236 KHAN, SARAH K.*1, CALLOWAY, STEPHANIE A.2, MAIDA, I. TATIANA3 and RAKEL, DAVE P.1

Block Spanish food frequency screeners, eating out, shopping and Nutrition Environment Measures Survey in a predominantly Latino community, Milwaukee WI

Morethan60%ofWisconsin’sLatinopopulationisoverweightorobesecomparedto23%ofthe

US population.UW-Madison Department of Fam-ilyMedicine, CORE/ElCentro, andAuroraWalker’sPointCommunityClinicspartnered todocument theeating habits and research the nutrition environmentof a predominantly urban Latino community. Twocommunity-based clinics offer primary care, integra-tive modalities, exercise,and wellness services to all,regardlessofabilitytopayinMilwaukee,WI.SpanishBlockFoodFrequencyScreenersforfruit,vegetable,andfatconsumption,andasurveyassessingwhereclientsshoppedforfoodandateoutwereadministered.Basedonthemostfrequentedshoppingoutlets,NutritionEn-vironmentMeasurementSurveys(NEMS-Stores)wereadministered in stores. Clinic participants surveyed(n=225)reportedgoodfruitandvegetableintake(ap-proximately four servings/day). Participants also re-portedgood fat intake (19-24%calories fromfat/day).Whenfatintakewasbrokendownbygender,men’sfatintakewasreportedas fair (25-33%calories fromfat/day),whereaswomen’sfatintakeremainedgood.Thegroceryandconveniencestores(n=13)assessedgener-allyofferedagoodselectionofhealthierfoodoptions;stores generally offered high quality fruits and veg-etables;thoughoverallhigherpricesforhealthierfoodoptionspredominatedrelativetoaregularfoodchoices.WewouldliketopresentourresultsandgetfeedbackaboutourplannednextstepsintermsofLatinoHealthimprovementthroughurbangardens,culturallyappro-priatehealthandculinaryeducationand interventionprograms.1UW-Madison,DeptFamilyMedicine-IntegrativeMedicine,Madi-son,WI2CORE/ElCentro,CORE/ElCentro,Food&Environmen-talHealthCoordinator,Milwaukee,WI3NutritionHealthEducator,CORE/ElCentro,Milwaukee,WI

237 LINARES , EDELMIRA * and BYE, ROBERT

Gastronomy and biodiversity conservation in Mexico

Giventhestatusofbeingoneofthefivemegadiver-sitybiotaoftheworldandtheprivilegeofbeing

oneofthethreemajorcentersoforiginofagriculture,Mexico faces the challenge of conserving its naturalcapital for future inhabitantsaswellasprotecting thegermplasmofmanyoftheworld’seconomicallyimpor-tantplants.Withover10%ofthespeciesbeingedible,theconsumptionofroots,stems,leaves,flowers,fruitsandseedscanbedetrimentalaswellasbeneficialtothesustainableuseofMexicanflora.TheshiftfrombeingaruraltoanurbannationhasforcedMexicotorelyontheimportationofstaplefoodswhilethegeneralpub-lichas lost itsappreciationof localedibleplants.Eth-nobotany contributes to biodiversity conservation byrescuingknowledge,practices,plants,andplantprod-uctsand,consequently,promotingrespectandutiliza-tionoftheseprocessesandfoodstuffs.GiventhatmanyoftheedibleplantshaveevolvedwithMexicanethnicgroups in agricultural fields, anthropogenic sites andnearbywild habitats, the key to their conservation isthemaintenanceofplant-humaninteractions-inpar-ticular, eating.Mexican gastronomy, though foundeduponthebasicMesoamericantriadofmaize,beanandsquash, is varieddue togeographically local additivesthatvarytaxonomicallyandtotheculturaldiversityoffoodpreparationandgastronomicpalette.Incollabora-tionwithvariousgovernmentalandnon-governmentalorganizations,ourBotanicalGardenhasappliedvariousapproachestoconservingthisgastronomicbiodiversityat various levels through local schools, regional fairs,andnationalprograms.Recently,MexicopioneeredtheinternationalparadigmofculinaryrecognitionthroughUNESCO’sRepresentative List of the IntangibleCul-turalHeritageofHumanity.Anevaluationofourdif-ferent programs indicates that enlightening personexperiencesandreadilyavailabilityarekeytoincreas-ingthepublic’spro-activeparticipationinbiodiversityconservation.

UniversidadNacionalAutónomadeMéxico, JardínBotánicodelInstitutodeBiología,,Mexico,DF,04510,MEXICO

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238 ELKINGTON, BETHANY G.*1, SYDARA, KONGMANY2, HARTMANN, JOHN F.3, SOUTHAVONG, BOUNHONG2 and SOEJARTO, DR. DJAJA D.4

Epidemiology from Palm Leaf Manuscripts of Laos

Inaneffort topreserve traditionalmedicineknowl-edgeandtouncoverinformationaboutdiseasepat-

terns and treatment in the Lao People’s DemocraticRepublic,linguisticexpertshavesearchedcenturies-oldmedicalrecordsincisedonpalmleafmanuscripts.Alistofmore than 7000 recordshas resulted,mostly fromBuddhistmonasteries, covering folkcategoriesofdis-eases,symptomsandremedies.TherecordsshedlightonthemedicalhistoryandtraditionalmedicineheritageandfolkbeliefsofthepeopleofLaos.1UniversityofIllinoisatChicago,DepartmentofMedicinalChem-istryandPharmacognosy,833SouthWoodStreet(M/C781),Chi-cago,IL,60615,USA2InstituteofTraditionalMedicine,MinistryofHealth,BanPhonpapao,Vientiane,Laos3NorthernIllinoisUniver-sity,DepartmentofForeignLanguagesandLiteratures,WatsonHall314,DeKalb,IL,60115,USA4

239 SHRESTHA, SUSHMA

Integrating ecological and ethnobotanical knowledge for biodiversity conservation at Manaslu Conservation Area, Nepal

Most conservation approaches are extra-locallyderivedyettheyinfluencelocallivelihoodsand

relyonlocalactionsforeffectiveoutcomes.Ifthegoalis to gain localparticipation inbiodiversity conserva-tion, then local knowledge becomes critical informa-tion. This preliminary study compiles and integrateslocalknowledgeabout landscapesandforestcommu-nitytypesforthestudyofwoodyplantdiversityattheManasluConservationArea(MCA)ofNepal.Eighteenparticipatorymapswere acquired from nineGurungandTibetanethnicvillagestoexaminehowlocalpeo-ple view their landscape spatially.These participatory"ethnecological"� maps were then georegistered withremotesensedimagestoproducelandcover/landusemaps for the study villages. Participantsmapped andnamed natural and human-created features across aheterogeneouslandscapeandincludedtheirrecognitionofdominantplantspecies.Participatorymapsshowahighnumberoflandcovertypesthatincludeculturallyandecologicallyimportantlandscapefeaturesinvisibleontheclassifiedimages.Betweenthelowestmixedtem-perateforestsat1500mtotheevergreenforestsaround3800m,115ecologicalplotswereestablished.Concur-rentethnobotanicalinterviewswereconductedtodocu-mentthenumberofusesandcategoriesofuses.Morethan80%oftherecordedplantshavelocalnamesand

all have recorded uses (medicine, construction, food,fuel,fodder,ceremonies,etc.),indicatingtheimportanceoftheseplantstothelocalpeople.Plantsthatprovidedfuel,fodder,andconstructionmaterialsdominatedthelistofthemostimportantspecies.Thisdatashowpatchydistributionofkeyforestresourcesinaheterogeneouslandscapeandtherelationshipsbetweenresourcediver-sityandlocalethnobotanicalknowledgeaboutwoodyplants. Integration of ecological and ethnobotanicalknowledgecancontributetowardslearningaboutlocalplaces andpotentially guidebiodiversity conservationagendasthataresensitivetohumanlivelihoods.

MiamiUniversity,Botany,316PearsonHall,Oxford,OH,45056,USA

240 RASHFORD, JOHN

The Meaning of the name "god tree" in the Caribbean

Thename"godtree",whichappearsindictionariesandotherreferenceworks,isgenerallydefinedas

aCaribbeanname for themassivebuttressed tropicalgiantcalledthesilkcottontreeorkapok(Ceiba pentan-dra).Whilethisistrue,theaimofthispaperistoshowthatintheCaribbean,"godtree"wasoriginallyappliedto species of the genusFicus, and that this tradition,whichiswidelyrepresentedinthefolkloreoftheregion,issimilartoideasassociatedwithfigstreesintheAfri-canBrazilianreligioustraditioncalledCandomble.Thereasonforthelaterassociationof"godtree"withthesilkcottontreewillalsobeexplored.

241 KRINGS, NATHAN

Sources of a Scent - the Enduring Legacy of Sandalwood

ThediffusionoftheproductsofthefamilySantala-ceaeandtheappreciationfortheiruniquequalities

hasgonehandinhandwiththespreadofBuddhismandothercommonAsianvalues.Theprocesscontinuestothisday-evenastheoriginalreligiousimpetusbehindtraditionalJapaneseandChinesematerialandspiritualcultureseemstobeslowing.Thepurposeofthisworkistotracethehistoricaldiffusionofsandalwoodandex-amineitscurrentsituation.Theculturalsignificanceofsandalwood,specificallySantalum album,isexaminedindetail.Cultivation,harvesting,andprocessingofS. al-bumarealsodetailedinthelightoflawsandregulationsenactedbytheIndiangovernment.Theconflictingin-terestsofbusinessandconservationareweighed,alongwith theongoing threat of smuggling.Thesefindingsareusefultowardanunderstandingofthecommodityintheglobalandlocaleconomies,aswellasitsrecentpricefluctuations,whichhaveseenvaluesinexcessof1000USDperkg.

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242 MEYER, RACHEL1, DUVAL, ASHLEY2 and JENSEN, HELEN*3

Patterns and dynamic processes in crop domestication: a historical review of global food crops

Cropdomesticationhasbeenastructuringelementofhumansocietiesforthepast10,000years.The

changes (genetic, morphological, chemical, etc.) thataccompany domestication provide insight into theselection pathways of crop evolution and reflect theneedsandvaluesofsocietiesthatcultivatethem.Forasubset ofmajor crops, the domestication syndromes,and selection pathways, are well characterized.How-ever, much less is known about these processes formostcrops,particularlythoseofminoreconomicim-portance. Even many crops of substantial economicandculturalimportanceareunder-studiedwithlimitedinformationavailableinreviewsontheirdomesticationsyndrome,selectionpathwaysandoriginaluses.Withlimited reference information, it is difficult to com-pare lesser-known crops towell-studiedmodel cropsinguidingnewresearchoreducationalefforts.Inthisstudy,wereviewandcomparedataonabroadcross-sectionofcropstohighlightpatternsofdomesticationand identifypotentialnovelresearchdirections in thefieldofcropevolution.Weselectedover125foodcropswithoriginsthroughouttheworldandcompiledtaxo-nomic,archaeological,ethnobotanical,genetic,physio-logical,phylogeographicandconservationinformation.Thesedatawere summarized in tables, timelines, andnarratives. Cluster analyses were performed to iden-tifysimilarpatternsamongsubsetsofcropsandalsotoidentifygapsintheliteratureindicatingdomesticationsyndromesandselectionpathwaysthathavenotbeenthoroughly investigated. We identified an importantsubsetofcropswhoseoriginalusesdiffersignificantlyfromtheircontemporaryprimaryusesasfood.Addi-tionally,datasuggeststhatgeneticbottlenecking,result-ing from intensive selection, oftenoccurred relativelyrecentlydespiteexploitationofaspeciesforthousandsofyears.Thisreviewhighlightsthedynamicandongo-ingnatureofdomesticationprocessesand the threatsposedbygeneticerosion,varietalextinctionandlossofcropwild relatives.We identifybothcommon trendsand divergent patterns in crop evolution.The reviewalsoprovidesareferenceforstudiesoncropplants,par-ticularly those forwhich limiteddataandreviewsareavailable.1TheCityUniversityofNewYorkGraduateCenter,Biology,365FifthAvenue,NewYork,NY,10016,UnitedStates2YaleUniversity,SchoolofForestryandEnvironmentalStudies,195ProspectStreet,NewHaven,CT,06511,USA3McGillUniversity,DepartmentofBi-ology,1205Dr.PenfieldAvenue,Montreal,QC,H3A1B1,Canada

POSTERS

243 MBUGUA , PAUL KAMAU

Traditional Uses Of Four Ssnsevieria Species In Kenya

Sansevieriaisatropicalplantofgreatusetothelocals.Inthispaperresearchwasdonetofindouthowuse-

fulthisplantisgrowinginthewetandsemi-aridlandsofKenya.Fourspecieswereinvestigatedandacompari-sondonebetweentwodistricts:NakuruandMaragwa.Theresultsshowedaheavydepencyonthiswildplantforvariouscommunityneedssuchashedges,medicinal,fibresandevenmakingbrickets.

KenyattaUniversity,PlantandMicrobialSciences,P.O.Box43844,00100GPO,Nairobi,Nairobi,00100,Kenya

244 GHORBANI, ABDOLBASET*2, LANGENBERGER, GERHARD2 and SAUERBORN, JOACHIM2

Comparision of medicinal and food plant use among Lahu and Hani ethnic minorities in SW China

Naban River Watershed National NatureReserve(NRWNNR) located in Xishuangbanna

Prefecture, SWChina, is rich in biocultural diversity.TheNatureReservecomprisesapproximately30villag-esandatotalpopulationofmorethan5000peopleandismanagedbasedon"theManandBiosphere"conceptofIUCN.Lahuarelivingin12villagesandHaniin7villagesinhighlandsofthearea.EthnobotanicalsurveywasconductedtodocumentandanalyzetheknowledgeofplantuseamongLahuandHani.Datacollectionwasdone throughconducting freelisting interviews, semi-structuredinterviews,fieldwalksandbotanicalsamplecollections.Botanicalsampleswereidentifiedscientifi-callyandculturalimportanceofusefulplantshasbeencalculated.A totalof93 speciesofwild foodand289medicinal species are used by Lahu and 143 speciesof foodplantsand199speciesofmedicinalplantsbyHani.Mostculturally important foodplants forLahuare Diplaziumesculentum (Retz.) Sw. (Salient Index:0.58),Musa acuminataColla(0.56),Houttuynia cordataThunb.(0.34)andPiper longumL.(0.26)andforHaniare Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. (0.51), Oenan-thejavanica (Bl.)L.(0.43),Solanum americanumMill.(0.38) andMusaacuminataColla. (0.36).Most salientmedicinalplantsforLahuincludeAristolochiasp.(0.19),Fibraurea recisa Pierre (0.12),Helicteresangustifolia L.(0.09) and among Hani are Dendrobium crepidatum Lindl.exPaxt. (0.41),Aristolochia sp. (0.31),Microste-gium ciliatum (Trin.)A.Camus(0.13)andEupatorium coelestinum L. (0.12). Used plants were categorizedbasedonhabitatsandcollectionsites.Theresultsshow

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thatalthoughLahuandHaniarelivinginthesameareawith similar vegetation, patterns of plant use are notverysimilar.Bothminoritiesuseanthropogenicvegeta-tionsasmainsourceoffoodplantswhereasmostofthemedicinalplantsarecollectedfromcollectiveorsecond-aryforest.Thepresenteddatacouldbeusedinlanduseplanningandmanagementaswellassustainableharvestplanninginthearea.1InstituteforPlantproductionandAgroecologyintheTropicsandSubt,Uni.Hohenheim,Garbenstr. 13, Stuttgart, Baden-Wurtem-berg,70599,Germany2InstituteforPlantproductionandAgroecol-ogyintheTropicsandSubt,Uni.Hohenheim,Garbenstr.13,Stutt-gart,Baden-Wurtemberg,70599,Germany

245 IMURA, HIROE

Utilization of Useful Plants, Focusing on Foods in the Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture, China

TheresultofthisresearchconcernstheutilizationofthefoodplantsamongafewofthevillagesoftheYi

ethnicityinGanluoCounty,LiangshanYiAutonomousPrefecture,Sichuan,China.InGanluoxian,atthecen-terofthetownwherethetrainstationislocated,peopleoftheYiethnicityutilizepotatoes(Solanum tuberosumL.), soybeans (Glycine max(L.)Merrill), Maize (Zea maysL.),buckwheat(Fagopyrum esculentumMoench.),oat(Avena sativaL.)andsorghum(Sorghum bicolor (L.)Moench)astheirmainfoodplantswhichtheycarefullycultivate,prepareandprocessby traditionalmethods.TheseplantsareveryimportanttotheYiethnicgroup,astheyarethemainsourceofsustenance.TheYiethnicgrouppreparestheirtraditionalprimaryfoodsthroughaverybasicmethodcalled"Fu".Theingredientsusedinthisprocessaremilletsandmaize.Bythe"Fu"method,ingredients are first dried, pulverized, kneaded withwater, rounded evenly, and finally boiled. After timepassesandfoodsbecomecold,theywillbewarmedupintheashofastonehearthonthefloorcalled"Geke"beforeserved.Also,sorghumiskeptasaningredientofthetraditionalliquorfortheYi.TheYicallthisliquor"Gangan-jiu"andserveitduringsocialgatheringssuchasfestivalsorhavingguestsvisit.Inaddition,sorghumisalsousedasamaterialtomakebroomscalled"Nohe".Despitetheongoingchangesinsociety,thecultivationandutilizationofthetraditionalplantshasbeencareful-lyfollowedbytheYi.ThereforeIconcludethateachofthesetraditionalnamesintheYi’sindigenouslanguagehavepassedon their ancestor’s traditionalknowledgetosubsequentgenerationsandhaveshowntheirownenvironmentalconsideration.Keywords:Ethnobotany,Usefulplants,Millets,Yiethnicity(China)

Turukawa women's junior college,Miwa-cho,1135,Machida-shi,Tokyo,1950054,JAPAN

246 DAWODU, ABIMBOLA* and FASOLA, TAIYE. R

Diurnal variation in the phytochemical composition of some Nigerian plants used in ethnomedicine.

It is believedby traditionalherbal practitioners thatherbsmustonlybecollectedbeforesunsetasthose

collected afterwill not be potent.This has promptedthe investigationof15plantspeciesusedinthetreat-mentofdiabetesinNigeria.Theleavesandstembarksoftheplantswerebothharvestedat9amand9pm.Theharvestedsamplesweredriedatroomtemperatureandpowderedforphytochemicalscreeningfollowingstan-dardmethods.

ThestudiesonDayandNightvariationsinphyto-chemicalsshoweddifferencesintheirquantitiesfor

themorningandeveningsamples.TheeveningsamplesofMomordica charantia, Morinda lucida, Alstonia boo-nei, and Mangifera indica leaveshadthevaluesof(140,139,100,100)mg/100grespectivelyinthetannincon-tentwhichwashigherthanthemorningsamplesat(94,94,88,69)mg/100grespectively.TheAlkaloidcontentofAgeratum conyzoides, Mimosa pudica, Lantana ca-mara, Terminalia cattapa, Rauwolfia vomitora leaves hadthevalues(2130,7290,3480,2110,3820)mg/100grespectivelywhichwasalsohigherthantheirmorningcounterpartsat(380,1420,2200,1170,2590)mg/100grespectively.The evening samples ofVernonia amyg-dalina, Carica papaya, Ocimum grattisimum,andMo-ringa oleiferaLeavesshowedasignificantdifferenceinFlavonoidquantity(3130,14400,2560,3140)mg/100gwhen comparedwith those collected in themorning(20,3430,1510,2450)mg/100g. TheSaponincontentof Mangifera indica stembarkhadadifference,whiledifferenceswerealsoobservedinthequantityofTerpe-noid,Saponin,Flavoniod,Alkaloid,Tannins,PhenolicandAntioxidant content in the stembark ofAzardi-rachta indica, Plumeria rubra andXylopia aethiopica.

Thevariationsinthesecondarymetabolitesofthesemedicinalplantsmaygiveacluetothebesttime

oftheircollectionwhenneededfortherapeuticefficacy.

UniversityofIbadan,DepartmentofBotany,Ibadan,IB,"NIGE-RIA"

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247 TSHISIKHAWE , MILINGONI PETER*, BALOYI, OLIVIA and MASEVHE, NDIVHALENI ANOX

Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used by traditional healers with Securidaca longepedunculata Fresen. in the treatment of HIV/AIDS and related sicknesses

InSouthAfrica,about5.7millionpeopleareinfectedwithHIV/AIDS.Theuseofherbalmedicinehasbeen

recognizedasacriticalpartinprimaryhealthcareandasasystemtoreachingthegoalofdealingwithtargetonhealth.InthisstudyweaimtodocumentallthemedicinalplantsusedbytraditionalhealerstotreatHIV/AIDSandrelatedopportunisticinfectionssuchascoughandfever,andtodocumenttheexistingknowledgeandpracticesrelatedtoHIV/AIDSconditionsandtreatment intheVhembedistrictofLimpopoprovinceinSouthAfricaTheinformationwasgatheredbyameansofstructuredquestionnaires.ThirtyoneplantswerefoundtobeusedwithSecuridaca longepedunculata in the treatmentofHIV/AIDSandrelatedsicknesses.Treesmadeup thelargestpercentageof thosemedicinalplantswhile theroots were the most sought after parts in medicinalpreparation.

University of Venda, Botany, Private Bag X5050,Thohoyandou,Thohoyandou,LimpopoProvince,Za,RSA

248 KARIYAT, RUPESH*1, STEPHENSON, ANDREW2 and SCANLON, SARAH3

Effects of inbreeding and herbivory over generations in Horsenettle (Solanum carolinense L)

Theeffectsofinbreedingdepressionarereportedtobestrongerinspeciesthattypicallyoutcrossthanin

speciesthattypicallyself(JohnstonandSchoen,1996);moreover, the effects of inbreeding can vary amongfamilieswithinpopulations(Dudashetal.,1997).How-ever,thereislittleinformationregardingthelong-termeffectsof inbreedingdepression inwildplantpopula-tionsacrossmultiplegenerationsundernaturalcondi-tions.This study investigated differences between in-bredandoutbredprogenyfrom8maternalfamiliesofHorsenettle(Solanum carolinenseL)infitness,suscepti-bilitytoherbivory,andproductionofnewsprouts.Six-teenplants-oneinbredandoneoutbredprogenyfromeachfamily-allcarryingadifferentcombinationofselfincompatibilityalleles (Variantsof thePolymorphicSlocus)wereplantedineachof2fieldsin2008,anddataonfruitnumber,seedsperfruit,andoverallfitnesswas

collected.After the first growing season, plants over-wintered and new sprouts emerged in early summer2009.Dataontimeofsprouting,numberofsprouts,leafdamage, andnumberof fruits, seeds/fruit andoverallfitnesswascollectedforthesecondgeneration.Toex-aminehowherbivorydifferentiallyaffectedthefitnessofinbredandoutbredprogenies,oneofthefieldswassprayed with the contact insecticide Carbaryl 0.05%fourtimesduringthegrowingseason.GenomicDNAwas extracted and amplified from leaf samples of thenewsproutsandselfincompatibilityalleleswereidenti-fiedtodetermineparentage.Wefoundthat(1)outbreds(bothparentsandsecondgenerationsprouts)producedsignificantly higher number of fruits and seeds, andhad better fitness than inbreds, (2) outbred parentsproducedsignificantlyhighernumbersofnewsproutsinthesecondgenerationandtheirsproutsgerminatedatleast2-3daysearlier,(3)bothinbredsandoutbredsfromthesprayedfieldproducedhighernumberoffruitsandseeds,but(4)herbivoryhadagreaterimpactonthefruitproductionandfitnessofinbredprogeny.1ThePennsylvaniaStateUniversity,PlantBiology,208MuellerLab,DeptOfBiology,StateCollege,PA,16801,USA2PennsylvaniaStateUniversity,DepartmentOfBiology,208MUELLERLAB,UNI-VERSITYPARK,PA,16802,USA3

249 MOLINAR, RICHARD1, YANG, MICHAEL1 and DEAN, ELLEN*2

Hmong culinary and medicinal plants grown in Fresno County California

FresnoCounty,Californiahasover4,000smallfam-ily farmers.More than1,300of these farmersare

refugeesfromLaos,Cambodia,andVietnam,includingabout850Hmong,350LowlandLao,andtheremain-ing areMien,Khmu,Lahu, andChinese. Since2003,FresnoCountyUCCooperativeExtensionresearchershavebeencollectingAsianvegetablesandherbs fromHmongfarmers,bothatfarmsandatfarmersmarkets,foridentificationandoutreachpurposes.Thisgrewintoasmall farmsoutreachprojectandhoophousecollec-tionofliveplantsthatspecificallytargetedplantsgrownbyHmongfarmers.AresearcherfluentinHmongwasintegralinthesuccessoftheproject.PlantsareavailableforviewingattheUniversityofCaliforniaKearneyFieldStationinParlier,CAandweresent totheUCDavisCenterforPlantDiversityherbariumforidentificationandmounting.Todate,researchershavedocumentedandidentified48culinaryand/ormedicinalplantsthataregrownbyHmongfarmers.Thewellknownchickensoupherbsforpregnantfemalesarepartofthecollec-tion.1UCCooperativeExtension,FresnoCounty,1720SouthMapleAv-enue,Fresno,CA,93702,USA2UCDavisCenterforPlantDiversity,PlantSciences,m.s.7,OneShieldsAve.,Davis,CA,95616,USA

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250 MOLLIK, MD. ARIFUL HAQUE*1, RAHMAN, MD. MAHAFUZUR1, FERDAUSI, DILARA1, AZAM, MD. NUR KABIDUL1, RAHMAN, MD.SAHIDUR1, AHMED, AHASAN2, CHOWDHURY, MAJEEDUL H.3, JAHAN, ROWNAK4 and RAHMATULLAH, MOHAMMED1

A medicinal plant study of Koira region in Khulna district: First hand information from field investigation in Bangladesh

Traditional medicinal practitioners known com-monly as Kavirajes fulfill the medical needs of

mostruralaswellasasignificantsectionoftheurbanpopulation of Bangladesh. It is the objective of thisongoingstudyprogramtofindoutmoreinformationonmedicinal plant usage amongst various Kavirajes,since suchusagevariesbetweenKavirajesofdifferentregions. The present survey was conducted amongsttheKavirajes ofKoira region in the southern districtofKhulna,Bangladesh. Interviewswere conductedoftheKavirajeswiththehelpofasemi-structuredques-tionnaire.MedicinalplantspecimensaspointedoutbytheKavirajeswerephotographed,collectedandidenti-fiedat theBangladeshNationalHerbarium. Informa-tionontheuseofthirty-ninemedicinalplantsorplantpartswasobtained.Themedicinalplants(withailmentstreated given in parenthesis) included Clerodendrum infortunatum(malaria,dermatitis),Nymphaea nouchali(atherosclerosis),Phyla nodiflora(rheumatoidarthritis,eczema), Barringtonia acutangula (cancer), Wrightia antidysenterica (tuberculosis, tumor, spleen enlarge-ment),Shorea robusta(syphilis),Vanda tessellata(rheu-matoidarthritis),Callicarpa americana(dermatitis,tu-mor),Phragmites karka(jaundice,malaria),Pongamia pinnata (wound,dermatitis),Curculigo orchioides (in-fertility, fever), Xanthium italicum (tumor, headache,dermatitis), Ludwigia hyssopifolia (eczema), Abutilon indicum(tuberculosis),Sonneratia apetala(gonorrhea,malaria),Melia azedarach (cancer,rheumatoidarthri-tis),Heritiera fomes(diabetes,diarrhea,pain),Persicaria minor (sedative), Terminalia arjuna (hypertension,bonefracture),Asparagus racemosus(snake-bite),Cyn-odon dactylon (tonsillitis, atherosclerosis), Terminalia chebula (leucorrhea,tumor,tuberculosis),Swertia chi-rata(bronchitis,diuretic),Terminalia bellirica(diuretic,leprosy), Ageratum conyzoides (indigestion, impoten-cy),Alternanthera sessilis (colic),Dendrocnide sinuata(dermatitis, stomachache), Zingiber officinale (cancer,liverdiseases,paralysis),Leucas aspera(edema,snake-bite),Cymbopogon citratus (myopathic spasm),Bom-bax ceiba (leucorrhea, pneumonia, snake-bite), Aloe vera(asthma,cancer,gonorrhea),Hibiscus rosa-sinensis(cold),Blumea lacera (diarrhea,edema),Solanum vir-ginianum (asthma,snake-bite),Phyllanthus niruri (ty-phoid, diabetes),Wedelia chinensis (alopecia, cancer),

Tamarindus indica(jaundice,anti-inflammatory),andPiper longum (cholera, tetanus, hypertension). It isto benoted that the abovemedicinal plants includedmangrove species likeHeritiera fomes andSonneratia apetala,themedicinalusesofwhichareverylittleavail-ableorknown.1UniversityofDevelopmentAlternative,BiotechnologyandGeneticEngineering, 80SatmasjidRoad,DhanmondiR/A,Dhaka, 1205,Bangladesh2UniversityofDevelopmentAlternative,Pharmacy,80SatmasjidRoad,DhanmondiR/A,Dhaka,1205,Bangladesh3NewYorkCityCollegeofTechnology,BiologicalSciences,300JayStreet,Brooklyn,NY,11201,USA4UniversityofDevelopmentAlternative,MolecularMedicineandBioinformatics,80SatmasjidRoad,Dhan-mondiR/A,Dhaka,1205,Bangladesh

251 LUKHOBA, CATHERINE

Use of Ethnobotanical Data in the Search for and Identification of Potential Drug Plants: A case study of Ocimum and Plectranthus species (Labiatae) in Kenya.

Traditional medicine has utilized plants to palli-ate,cureand/orpreventdiseasesinbothhumans

and animals.The acquisition of knowledge has beenthroughtrialanderror,andobservation.Today,theen-hancedsearchforbotanicaldrugsthroughouttheworldhasincreasedtheneedforaccuratemeansofidentifyingplantswithpossiblepharmacologicalandbiologicalac-tivity.Thispaperdiscussesthevalueofethno-botanicaldatainthepreliminarysearchforpotentialdrugplantsusingthecaseofOcimum andPlectranthus species inKenya.

University of Nairobi, School of Biological Sciences, P.O. Box30197,00100,Nairobi,Kenya

252 VICKERS, AMANDA*1, BROSI, SUNSHINE2, HOWELL, JAMES3 and PUTHOFF, DAVID2

Chromatographic Quantification of Medicinal Compounds in Flowering and Non-flowering Wild-Harvested Actaea racemosa L.

Black cohosh (Actaea racemosa L.) is a perennialherb native to deciduous woodlands in eastern

NorthAmericaproducing aflowering racemepersis-tentfrommidsummerintothefall.Traditionally,blackcohoshhasbeenusedasaspecificremedyformuscu-loskeletalpainandtosupportuterinefunction.Today,extractsofblackcohosharemarketedprimarilyforusein relieving hotflashes associated withmenopause. Amajorityoftherawmaterialwhichsuppliestheglobalmarket for black cohosh products is harvested fromnaturally occurring wild populations in Appalachianwoodlands. Although floral characteristics greatly as-

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sistcorrectdifferentiationbetweenA.racemosaandtheconcurrentspeciesA.pachypoda Ell.andA. podocarpa DC.,thereiscurrentlynoincentiveforwildharvestersto selectonlyflowering individuals.This researchad-dresses the questionofwhether harvest based on thepresenceorabsenceofafloweringracemecouldallowawildharvestertoincreasetheyieldofmedicinalcon-stituentsintherhizomes,whileinsuringcorrectiden-tification based on floral characteristics. Rhizomes offloweringandnon-floweringblackcohoshplantswerequantifiedusingHPLCwithPDAandUPLCwithMS.Thelevelsofseveralactiveingredientsincludingactein,23-epi-26 deoxyactein, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, andkaempferolwerequantified.Plantswhichhadproducedafloweringracemefailedtodifferinrhizomemassfromthosewhichhadnot(p=0.429)indicatingnonegativeimpactofselectioncriteriaonweightofharvestedrhi-zome.Inadditiontoyieldingcomparisonsthataredi-rectlyapplicabletowildharvesting,intensivequantita-tiveanalysiswillallowcomparisonwithbothcultivatedandcell-culturedplantmaterial.Improvementsintheabilitytoproducethesecompoundsinvitrowillalsoen-ableconservationeffortsbyreducingdemandonwildpopulations.1FrostburgStateUniversity,Biology,100BraddockRoad,Frostburg,MD,21532,USA2FrostburgStateUniversity,Biology,101BraddockRoad,Frostburg,MD,21532,USA3AlleganyCollegeofMaryland,Biology,12401WillowBrookRoad,Cumberland,MD,21502,USA

253 RAHMAN, MD.SAHIDUR*1, SERAJ, SYEDA2, CHOWDHURY, ANITA RANI3, JAHAN, FARHANA ISRAT3, KHUDHA, MD. MONJUR-E-3, KHAN, MD. SHAMIUL HASAN3, APORNA, SADIA AFRIN3, JAHAN, ROWNAK3 and RAHMATULLAH, MOHAMMED3

A survey of medicinal plants used by the traditional healers of the Bede community of Bangladesh for treatment of rheumatism

Rheumatismiswidelyprevalentparticularlyamongtheelderlypeoplethroughouttheworld.Itisade-

bilitatingdisease,causingnotonlyintensepainbutalsomayresultinlossofmovementandstiffnessofjoints.The Bedes are an indigenous community of Bangla-desh,whounlikeother indigenouspeople isnomadicinnature.Theyliveonboatsandmaketheirlivingbytraveling often on the river-ways and selling variousmerchandisetothevillagepeople.Theirotheroccupa-tionsincludesnakecatchingandtraditionalmedicinalpractices.The Bede healers relymostly onmedicinalplantsfortreatmentofvariousailments.Theobjectiveof thepresent studywas to conduct an ethnomedici-nalsurveyamongtheBedehealerstogatherinforma-tiononmedicinalplantsusedbythemfortreatmentofrheumatism.Itwasobservedthattheplantsusedbythe

BedehealersfortreatmentofrheumatismincludedJus-ticia adhatoda,Crinum asiaticum,Datura stramonium,Calotropis gigantea,Terminalia arjuna,Bombax ceiba,Sansevieria roxburghiana, Mangifera indica, Ananas squamosa,Carissa carandas,Thevetia peruviana,Leucas aspera,Ricinus communis,Xanthium indicum,Leonu-rus sibiricus,Brassica napus,Chrozophora rottleleri,Cas-sia fistula,Sida acuta,andCareya arborea.Sincethereare no modern allopathic drugs that can cure rheu-matism,theafore-mentionedplantsofferpotentialfordiscoveryofnovelcompoundstotreatthisdebilitatingdisease.1University of Development Alternative, Biotechnology and Ge-netic Engineering, 80 SatmasjidRoad,Dhanmondi R/A,Dhaka,1205,Bangladesh2UniversityofDevelopmentAlternative,FacultyofLifeSciences,HouseNo.78,RoadNo.11A,Dhanmondi,1205,Bangladesh3UniversityofDevelopmentAlternative,FacultyofLifeSciences,HouseNo.78,RoadNo.11A,Dhanmondi,Dhaka,1205,Bangladesh

254 RAHMAN, MD.SAHIDUR*1, KHUDHA, MD. MONJUR-E-2, CHOWDHURY, ANITA RANI2, JAHAN, FARHANA ISRAT2, KHAN, MD. SHAMIUL HASAN2, APORNA, SADIA AFRIN2, JAHAN, ROWNAK2 and RAHMATULLAH, MOHAMMED2

A survey of medicinal plants used by the traditional healers of the Bede community of Bangladesh for treatment of physical weakness

Physicalweaknessinhumanscanarisefromanum-beroffactorsincludingoldage,malnutrition,phys-

icalandmentalstress,anddiseases.TheBedesareano-madiccommunityofBangladesh,whoresideonboatsandliveariver-basedlifeoftravelingandplyingtheirtrade of selling variousmerchandise, snake catching,and disease treatment. For the latter occupation,theyhavetheirowntraditionalmedicinalpractitioners,whomostly administer medicinal plants for treatment ofvarious ailments. Physical weakness is among one oftheailmentstreatedbytheBedehealersandforwhichtheyarehighlyregardedbythevillagepeople,whoformthemajorityoftheirpatients.Theobjectiveofthepres-entsurveywastodocumentthemedicinalplantsusedbytheBedetraditionalhealersofaBedecommunityatSavar,Bangladeshfortreatmentofphysicalweakness.Informedconsentwasobtained from thehealers andinformationgatheredwiththehelpofasemi-structuredquestionnaire and the guided field-walk method. ItwasobservedthattheplantsusedbytheBedehealersfortreatmentofphysicalweaknessincludedMangifera indica,Carum copticum, Phoenix sylvestris, Phyllanthus emblica, Terminalia chebula, Terminalia belerica, Ni-gella sativa, Bombax ceiba, Terminalia arjuna,Tagetes erecta, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Codiaeum variegatum,

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Tamarindus indicus,Litsea glutinosa, Aloe barbadensis,Abroma augusta,Psidium guajava,andAegle marmelos.TheselectionofplantsbytheBedetraditionalhealersdependedonthecauseofphysicalweakness.1UniversityofDevelopmentAlternative,BiotechnologyandGeneticEngineering, 80SatmasjidRoad,DhanmondiR/A,Dhaka, 1205,Bangladesh2UniversityofDevelopmentAlternative,FacultyofLifeSciences,HouseNo.78,RoadNo.11A,Dhanmondi,Dhaka,1205,Bangladesh

255 HUGHES , MARK and BLAIR, CHARLES*

Invasive Aquatic Weeds; Implications for Mosquito and Vector Management Activities

HealthynaturalwetlandsAREFARLESSLIKELYtobebreedingareasfordisease-carryingmosqui-

toes thandegradedones.Degradationof thesebodiesofwaterbyinvasiveaquaticweedsandotherinfluencescanresultintheirbeingpotentialhabitatformosquitoesthat can carry theWestNileVirus, encephalitis, andotherdiseases.Controloftheseinvasiveplantscanbean important part of the IntegratedWeed/PestMan-agementeffortsofbothWeedManagementAreasandMosquitoandVectorControlAgencies.AdverseeffectsofWaterHyacinth,Eichhnorina crassipes, hydrilla,Hy-drilla verticillata, Water Evening-primrose, Ludwigia spp, SmoothCordgrass,Spartina spp., S. densiflora x fo-liosa,andotherspeciesonwaterqualityandfacilitatingmosquitobreedingwillbeshown.PresentationsontheimportanceofS. spp. inSanFranciscoBay weremadeatrecentstatewideCal-IPCandMosquitoandVectorControlConferences.Demonstrationoftheserelation-shipscanenhancebothagencyandpublicawarenessoftheirimportance.

176ALCORAVE,LOMPOC,CA,93436,USA

256 HOSSAN, MD SHAHADAT*1, SERAJ, SYEDA2, SWARNA, AUDITY2, RAHMAN, MEHREEN2, ISHIKA, TASNEEMA2, BISWAS, KAKOLI RANI2, MONALISA, MIRZA NIPA2, KHAN, TANIA2, KHUDHA, MD. MONJUR-E-2, JAHAN, ROWNAK3 and RAHMATULLAH, MOHAMMED4

Medicinal plants consumed by the Bede community by the Turag River at Kamarpara, Tongi, Bangladesh for prevention of diseases

TheBedes,otherwiseknownas theRiverGypsies,are not widely known outside Bangladesh.They

liveinsmallgroupsthroughoutthecountry,andearntheirlivingthroughsellingmiscellaneousitems,snakecatching,andperformingvariousmedicinalpractices.Theyreside inboatsand travelon theriver-waysvis-iting various villages in turn to ply their trade. Sincetheylackaccesstomodernmedicalfacilities,theyrelyontheirownhealers,whointurn,prescribemedicinalplants for both therapeutic aswell as preventivepur-poses.TheobjectiveofthepresentstudywasconductanethnomedicinalsurveyamongtheBedehealersoftheBedecommunityresidingbytheTuragRiverinTongiareaofBangladeshtogatherinformationonmedicinalplantsthattheyconsumedatvarioustimesoftheyearforpreventionofanumberofdiseases.Thesemedici-nalplants(withdiseases that theBedehealersclaimedto be prevented) included Colocasia esculenta (bloodpoisoning),Amaranthus spinosus (pain),Amaranthus tricolor(anemia,debility),Chenopodium album(gastrictroubles),Spinacea oleracea(lossofappetite),Enhydra fluctuans (leucorrhea),Xanthium indicum (rheumaticpain),Ipomoea aquatica (wastageofbody,preventionof whitish discharge in urine), Brassicanapus (fever,cold, coughs), Cucurbitapepo (debility), Momordica charantia(blood poisoning, skin disorders, jaundice),Cajanus cajan (jaundice), Lagenariaciceria (cardio-vasculardisorders),LathyrussativusandVigna mungo (flatulence, constipation), Leucas aspera (pain), Mol-lugo spergula(fever,debility,gastrointestinaldisorders),Aegialitisrotundifolia (loss of appetite), Nigellasativa(bloodpoisoning,skindisorders),Citrus grandis(throatpain,fever,debility),andCorchorus capsularis(debility,lossofappetite).1University of Bedfordshire, Bedfordshire & Hertfordshire Post-graduateMedicalSchool,3BOxgateGardens,London,NW26EA,UnitedKingdom2UniversityofDevelopmentAlternative,Pharma-cy,80SatmasjidRoad,DhanmondiR/A,Dhaka,1205,Bangladesh3,University of Development Alternative,MolecularMedicine andBioinformatics,80SatmasjidRoad,DhanmondiR/A,Dhaka,1205,Bangladesh4University of Development Alternative, Biotechnol-ogyandGeneticEngineering,80SatmasjidRoad,DhanmondiR/A,Dhaka,1205,Bangladesh

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257 HOSSAN, MD SHAHADAT*1, SERAJ, SYEDA2, JAHAN, FARHANA ISRAT2, CHOWDHURY, ANITA RANI2, KHUDHA, MD. MONJUR-E-2, KHAN, MD. SHAMIUL HASAN2, APORNA, SADIA AFRIN2, JAHAN, ROWNAK3 and RAHMATULLAH, MOHAMMED4

A survey of medicinal plants used by the traditional healers of the Bede community of Bangladesh for analgesic purposes

The Bedes are an indigenous community of Ban-gladesh,wholiveonboatsanddonotremainsta-

tionaryatanygivenplaceforalongtime.Verylittleisknownaboutthiscommunitybecauseoftheirnomadicnature.Becausetheytravelbyboatsontheriver-waysof thecountry, theyare referred toas theRiverGyp-sies.TheBedesusuallyshunmodernallopathicmedi-calpracticesandrelyontheirownhealersfortreatmentofvariousailments.Becauseoftheircontinuoustravelthroughout the country, the healers possess quite ex-tensiveknowledgeofthemedicinalplantsofthecoun-tryandtheirmanifolduses.Sincepainduetovariouscausesiswidelyprevalentamongstallhumanbeings,itwastheobjectiveofthepresentstudytogatherinfor-mationonmedicinalplantsthattheyuseforanalgesicpurposes.InterviewswereconductedoftheBedeheal-erswiththehelpofasemi-structuredquestionnaireandthe guided field-walk method. The medicinal plantsusedbytheBedehealersfortreatmentofpainincludedJusticia gendarussa,Coccinia grandis, Cassia sophera,Ruellia tuberosa, Anonasquamosa, Carissa carandas,Scindapsus aureus,Cocos nucifera,Cotulahemispherica,Bixa orellana,Heliotropium indicum,Crataeva magna,Datura metel, Chenopodium ambrosioides, Euphorbia hirta,Cassia occidentalis,Ageratum conyzoides,Kalan-choe pinnata,andTragia involucrata.Takentogether,theplantspresentconsiderablepotentialfordiscoveryofnovelanalgesics,whichcanbeefficaciousandatthesametime,avoidthegastrointestinaldiscomfortsasso-ciatedwithanumberofallopathicpain-killingdrugs.1University of Bedfordshire, Bedfordshire & Hertfordshire Post-graduateMedicalSchool,3BOxgateGardens,London,NW26EA,UnitedKingdom2UniversityofDevelopmentAlternative,Pharma-cy,80SatmasjidRoad,DhanmondiR/A,Dhaka,1205,Bangladesh3,

University of Development Alternative,MolecularMedicine andBioinformatics,80SatmasjidRoad,DhanmondiR/A,Dhaka,1205,Bangladesh4University of Development Alternative, Biotechnol-ogyandGeneticEngineering,80SatmasjidRoad,DhanmondiR/A,Dhaka,1205,Bangladesh

258 HOSSAN, MD SHAHADAT*1, SERAJ, SYEDA2, KHUDHA, MD. MONJUR-E-2, APORNA, SADIA AFRIN2, KHAN, MD. SHAMIUL HASAN2, JAHAN, ROWNAK3 and RAHMATULLAH, MOHAMMED4

Medicinal plants used in amulets by the Bede community of Savar, Bangladesh for prevention of diseases

TheBedesareotherwiseknownas theRiverGyp-sies of Bangladesh.They live in boats and travel

throughouttheyearwithinthecountry,residingforafewdaystoafewweeksatdifferentriver-sidevillages.Theyhavetheirownhealers,whoprescribemedicinalplantsfortherapeuticpurposes,aswellasprescribeme-dicinalplantstobeworninamuletsforpreventionofvariousdiseasesorothertypesofdisorders.Theobjec-tiveofthepresentstudywastoconductanethnomedic-inalsurveyamongalargeBedecommunity,whoresidesinSavar,whichfallswithinDhakadistrict,BangladeshtogatherinformationonmedicinalplantsprescribedtobeworninamuletsbytheBedehealers.Afterobtain-inginformedconsentfromthehealers,theactualsur-veywasconductedwiththehelpofasemi-structuredquestionnaireandtheguidedfieldwalkmethod.Inthismethod, the healers showed variousmedicinal plantsthattheyusedwithintheamulets,andmentionedtheirlocalnamesanduses.Allplantspecimenswereidenti-fiedattheBangladeshNationalHerbarium.Thevariousplantspeciesusedintheamulets(withdiseasesgiveninparentheses)includedHelicteres isora(unconsciousnessinchildren),Ruellia ciliosa(mentaltensionduetodis-agreementsbetweenhusbandandwife),Adenanthera pavonina (excessive bleeding during menstruation),Sapindus mukorossi(preventevileyefromchildren),El-aeocarpus ganitrus (bedwettinginchildren),Musa sa-pientumandBryonopsis lacinosa(infertilityinwomen),Martynia arnua(waistpain),Bixaorellana(injury),andAlstoniascholaris(wetdream).1University of Bedfordshire, Bedfordshire & Hertfordshire Post-graduateMedicalSchool,3BOxgateGardens,London,NW26EA,UnitedKingdom2UniversityofDevelopmentAlternative,Pharma-cy,80SatmasjidRoad,DhanmondiR/A,Dhaka,1205,Bangladesh3,University of Development Alternative,MolecularMedicine andBioinformatics,80SatmasjidRoad,DhanmondiR/A,Dhaka,1205,Bangladesh4University of Development Alternative, Biotechnol-ogyandGeneticEngineering,80SatmasjidRoad,DhanmondiR/A,Dhaka,1205,Bangladesh

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259 WALSH, BRIAN M.*1 and EMSHWILLER, EVE2

Phylogeny of American Chenopodium species with focus on origins of the domesticated taxa

TheedibleseedsofQuinoa(Chenopodium quinoa,Amaranthaceae) have gained popularity world-

wide,basedonnutritionalqualitiesandeaseofgrowing.Mostpeopledonotknowquinoaisoneoffourculti-gens of Chenopodium domesticated in the Americas:C. quinoaandC. pallidicaule fromSouthAmerica,C. berlandieri ssp.nuttalliae fromMesoamerica, and theextinctC. berlandieri ssp. jonesianum recovered fromarchaeological sites throughout easternNorthAmeri-ca.Despitenearly100yearsofdebateresearchersstilldonotagreeontherelationshipamongthesedomes-ticates. Conflicting hypotheses have been proposedasserting whether cultigens were domesticated inde-pendentlyorrepresentintroductionsintoneighboringregions.Alternative hypotheses suggest two, three, orfour independent domestications of Chenopodium intheAmericas,andproposedseveralputativewildpro-genitorsofthecultigens.ToinvestigatetherelationshipsamongcultigensofChenopodiumandassesspotentialwildprogenitors,aphylogeneticframeworkofthege-nusemphasizingNewWorldspeciesisrequired.Phy-logenetic analyses of DNA sequences of non-codingloci, both nuclear (SOS1 intron 17, COS at103, ITS)and plastid (trnQ-rps16, trnL-trnT, ndhJ-trnF-trnL, psbD-trnT, and psbM-ycf6), were conducted usingparsimony,maximumlikelihood,andBayesiananaly-ses.Taxonsamplingincludes19ChenopodiumspeciesfromNorthandSouthAmerica,withfocusontheex-tantcultigensandsubspecifictaxawithinC. berlandieri.Findings include the following:Chenopodium pallidi-cauleisgeneticallydistinctfromotherextantcultigens.Sampled cultivars of the Mesoamerican cultigen, C. berlandieri ssp. nuttalliae, unite in a single subclade,nested within, but distinct from wild C. berlandieri.Chenopodium quinoa isnestedwithintheC. berlandiericomplex,butnotwithintheC. berlandierissp.nuttal-liae clade. Interestingly, the southern-most range ofwildC. berlandieriissouthernMexico,whereasQuinoaiscultivatedinEduador,Peru,andBolivia.Thesefind-ingsareconsistentwithindependentdomesticationsoftheextantcultigens.UsingnucleotidemarkersuniquetoC.berlandieri ssp.nuttalliae, ancient-DNAanalyseswillbeconductedtodeterminetherelationshipoftheextinctcultigen,C. berlandierissp.jonesianum.1UniversityofWisconsin-Madison,Botany,430LincolnDr.,Madi-son,WI, 53706,USA2UniversityOfWisconsin-Madison,BotanyDept,321BirgeHall,430LincolnDrive,Madison,WI,53706-1313,USA

260 PANTUSO, TRACI*, DRUM, RYAN and LUND, KALEB

Immunomodulating Effects of Oplopanax horridus

Devil’sClub,Oplopanax horridus(Sm.)Miq.(Ara-liaceae)(syn.Fatsia horrida(Sm)Benth.&Hook.;

Echinopanaxhorridus (Sm.)Decne.& Planch;Panax-horridum(Sm.)),isadeciduousshruboftheAraliaceaeorGinseng familynative to theNorthwesternUnitedStates.NativeAmericansofBritishColombiaandtheNorthwesternUnitedStatesregardDevil’sClubasanimportantmedicinalplant.TraditionalmedicinalusesofOplopanax horridus (OH)includeitsuseasanan-tibacterial, antifungal, antimycobacterial, antiviral andasanimmunomodulatorforrheumatismanddiabetes.PreviouslyithasbeenshownthatextractsofOHhaveantibacterial,antifungal,antiviralandanti-mycobacte-rialproperties.ThemechanismsofactionofOH’sef-fectshavenotbeenestablishedandtherearefewstudiesthat have presented chromatographic profiles of OHextracts.OHextractshavedemonstratedadosedepen-dentdecreaseinnitricoxide(NO)productioninLPSstimulated RAW264.7 macrophage cell line, whichmaypartially explain the traditionaluseofOHas animmunomodulatorforbothrheumatismanddiabetes.Macrophagepopulationsareaheterogeneousgroupofmyeloidderivedcellsthatarefoundinmanydifferenttissues and demonstrate population dependent pro-teinexpression.LPSinducedbactericidalmacrophagesreleaseincreasedlevelsofpro-inflammatorybiomark-ers,suchasreactiveoxygenspecies(ROS),nitricoxide(NO), tumornecrosis factor alpha (TNF-a), Interleu-kin-6(IL-6)andIL-12,whichareallrequiredtofightintracellularpathogenssuchasMycobacterium tubercu-losisandareimplicatedinthepathogenesisofdiabetesand rheumatoid arthritis. To further understand theeffectsofOHextractonLPSstimulatedmacrophageac-tivation,thebarkofrecumbentstemsofOplopanax hor-riduswerecollectedinSkagitCounty,Washingtonandethanolandwaterextractswerepreparedandassessedfortheiranti-nitricoxideandanti-TNF-alphaactivitiesinan in vitroRAW264.7macrophagecell linemodel.TheethanolextractshowedincreasednitricoxideandTNF-alphainhibitioncomparedtothewaterextract.

BastyrUniversity,Research,14500JuanitaDriveNE,Kenmore,Wa,98028,USA

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261 GUEL, ANEL*1, PENN, JIM2 and ATÍAS VASQUEZ, GLADIS3

Use of the chambira palm (Astrocaryum chambira) in rainforest communities of the Peruvian Amazon: Household involvement in a commercial artwork for export and tourists

Near a large new community reserve in the Pe-ruvian Amazon, women in local communities

havebeeninvolvedinweavingchambirafiberartworktoraisehouseholdincomesandalleviateruralpoverty.Despitethepromotionofthisexpandingbusinessasanecofriendlyactivitythatoffersneededeconomicoppor-tunitiesforribereñowomen,nostudieshavebeencon-ductedonhowwomenand theirhouseholdsbecomeinvolvedinthisbusiness,northeeconomicimpactontheirhouseholdsandcommunities.Moreover,thereisnoresearchdemonstratinghow theyobtain thepalmfibers, and if it is harvested in a sustainablemanner.Todeterminethereasonswhywomenbecameinvolvedinchambiraweaving,theirincomefromartworksales,where they obtain fiber, and if the fiber is harvestedin a sustainablemanner.The resultsof the studywillgive thewomen, theircommunitiesanddevelopmentplanners key insights about how the chambira art-work business can both help and hinder communitydevelopment as they consider conservation priorities.Structured socioeconomic surveys were conductedin122households from5differentcommunities.Us-ingGPS andArcGIS 10, chambira harvest areas andgardens were surveyed and mapped out. With eachsurvey, the density of chambira palms was deter-mined and the harvest of new shoots was recorded.Household income from the sale of chambira art-work showed high variance between communities,along with levels of participation in the export pro-gram. Densities of chambira palms varied greatlyacross different landscapes. Harvest levels for thepalms ranged from medium to very high, withmost palms harvested form relatively small areas.Current demand for chambira fiber far exceeds theavailablesupply incommunity lands.Eachof thefivecommunitiesmustplantmorechambiratosupplytheexpandingartworkmarketandlowerharvestpressureonwildchambira.Participationmust increaseso thatmorewomenandtheirfamiliescantakeadvantageoftheincreaseddemandforchambiraartworkandraisetheirhouseholdincome.1Grand Valley State University, Department of Geography andPlanning,12NationalAveNW,GrandRapids,Michigan,49504,USA2GrandValleyStateUniversity,DepartmentofGeographyandPlanning,B-4-205MackinacHall,Allendale,MI,49401,USA3TheRainforestConservationFund,Peru

262 BOTTS, ELIZABETH1, KEINSLEY, MATTHEW2, BRIMMER, COURTNEY2, MILLER, TANNER2, SUMMERS, KELLEY2, DUDLE, DANA1 and HANSON, BRYAN*2

The Effect of Climate Change on the Medicinal Plant Purslane (Portulaca oleracea)

Climate change is a form of stress to plants. In-creased temperatures, drought and salinity are

expectedtohavesignificanteffectsonthegrowthandchemical composition of medicinal plants. We havebeeninvestigatingtheeffectofdroughtandsalinityonthemedicinalplantpurslane,knownforitshighlevelsof important fatty acids andbetalain pigments, usingmethods from both ecology and chemistry. Severalgenotypesofpurslaneweregrownundervariousstresslevelsinagenotypebyenvironmentexperiment.Plantgrowthandfitnessweremonitoredviamorphologicalparameters.Thechemicalresponsetostresswasmea-suredbyacombinationofsinglepointmeasurements(e.g. antioxidant levels) andmetabolomic approaches(spectroscopicmethodssuchasvisiblespectraandIRspectra).Wewillreportontheresultstodate.1DEPAUWUNIVERSITY,DepartmentOfBiology,114OlinHallOf Biological Sciences, 1 E.Hanna Street, GREENCASTLE, IN,46135,USA2DePauwUniversity,Chemistry&Biochemistry,602S.CollegeAve,Greencastle,IN,46135,USA

263 FUENTES-CROSS, PATRICIA*1 and CROSS, HUGH2

Genetic Diversity of a native Australian fruit, Santalum acuminatum, in South Australia

ThenativeAustralianfruitquandong,Santalum acu-minatum, iswidelydispersedacrossthesouthern

aridregionsofAustralia.AlongwithtwootherendemicspeciesofSantalum (S. spicatum and S.murrayanum)ithasbeen listedas threatened.Wildpopulationsareimpacted by harvesting, browsing by feral animals,andhabitatfragmentation.WeuseaphylogeographicapproachtostudyremnantpopulationsinSouthAus-tralia, to reconstruct the historical processes underly-ingtheirgeographicdistributions,reveal theircurrentgeneticstructure,anddeterminewhichoftheexternalstresseshavehadthegreatestimpact.Wecollectedleafsamples from wild populations and these have beengenotypedusingchloroplastandnuclearmicrosatellitemarkers,andDNAsequenceswereobtainedfromthenrDNAmarkerITS.Thusfar,ourresultsindicateahighdegree of genetic variation both between and withinpopulationsofSouthAustralia.Moredetailedgeneticandmorphologicalstudyofthespeciesanditsrelativeswillhelptouncoverthehistoricalprocessedunderlying

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thecurrentdistributions,andtodeterminewhatbioticandabioticfactorshavehadthelargestimpactsontheirgeneticdiversity.1TheUniversityofAdelaide,SchoolofEarthandEnvironmentalSci-ences,NorthTerraceCampus,DarlingBldg.Room205A,Adelaide,SouthAustralia,SA,5000,Australia2DepartmentofEnvironmentandNaturalResources,StateHerbariumofSouthAustralia,P.OBox3732,KentTown,SouthAustralia,5000,Australia

264 SOEJARTO , DJAJA DJENDOEL*1, SOUTHAVONG, BOUNHONG2, SYDARA, KONGMANY3, BOUAMANIVONG, SOMSANITH4, XAIVEU, MOUACHANH5, ELKINGTON, BETHANY G.6, GYLLENHAAL, CHARLOTTE7, KADUSHIN, MARIAN R.1, RILEY, MARY C.1 and ZHANG, HONGJI7

A survey of medicinal plants of Lao People's Democratic Republic toward the discovery of bioactive compounds as potential candidates for pharmaceutical development

Ethnobotanical interviews on medicinal plantsof Lao People’s Democratic Republic were con-

ductedfortheperiodof1999through2008,aspartofaneffortofaVietnam-LaosICBGproject,StudiesonBiodiversity of Vietnam and Laos, to discover newbioactivecompoundsfromplantsofLaosaspotentialcandidates for development into drugs for therapiesagainstcancer,AIDS,malariaand tuberculosis. Inter-viewswere performed throughout the country in theLao language by the scientific staff of the Institute ofTraditionalMedicine[ITM]oftheMinistryofHealthof Laos in Vientiane, in cooperation with scientistsfrom the University of Illinois at Chicago [UIC]. Adisease-basedsemi-structuredinterviewmethod[UICIRBResearchProtocol#2003-0636]wasused.Atotalof81healers[mostlymale;age65-82:27;age50-64:37;age 40-49:17] in 15 of the 17provinces of Laoswereinterviewed.Followingthecompletionofaninterviewsession,theintervieweeguidedtheinterviewer(s)tothesiteoftheplantsinagardenorinthefield(forest).Foreachinterview,asetofvoucherherbariumspecimenswasprepared[taxonomicallyidentifiedatalaterdate]andplantsamples[plantparts]mentionedtobeusedfordiseasetreatmentwerecollected.Atotalof991plantsampleswerecollectedforbiologicalassay.Theidentityof750ofthesehasbeendeterminedwithconfidence,asbelongingto578speciesofangiosperms,in107families.SampleswereextractedatthelaboratoriesofITM,usinga standardized extractionprotocol. Extractsweredis-patchedtoUICforbioassayatUIClaboratories.Intheeventofactiveleads,theactivespecieswererecollectedfor bioassay-guided chemical isolation of the activecompounds. Results of ethnobotanical survey will bepresented,andresultsfromthelaboratory[biologyand

chemistry]analyseswillbediscussed.ThisprojecthasbeensupportedbyNIHGrants1-UO1-TW-001015-01and2-UO1-TW-001015-06.1UniversityofIllinoisatChicago,CollegeofPharmacy,MedicinalChemistryandPharmacognosy,m/c781,833S.WoodSt.,Chicago,IL,60612,USA2InstituteofTraditionalMedicine,Xoy1BanThong-kang,Vientiane,Vientiane,LaoPeople'sDemocraticR3InstituteofTraditionalMedicines,Xoy1BanThongkang,Vientiane,Vientiane,LaoPeople'sDemocraticR4OfficeofthePrimeMinister,NationalHerbarium,Vientiane,Vientiane,LaoPeople'sDemocraticR5Insti-tuteofTraditionalMedicines,Pharmacognosy,Xoy1BanThong-kang,Vientiane,Vientiane,LaoPeople'sDemocraticR6UniversityofIllinoisatChicago,DepartmentofMedicinalChemistryandPhar-macognosy,833SouthWoodStreet(M/C781),Chicago,IL,60615,USA7University of Illinois at Chicago, Department ofMedicinalChemistryandPharmacognosy,539Pharmacy,mc781,833SouthWoodStreet,Chicago,IL,60612,USA

265 REESE, R.*1, WYZGOSKI, FAITH2, PAUDEL, LILADHAR 3, RINALDI, PETER4, GIUSTI, MONICA 5, JOHNSON, JODEE6, SCHEERENS, JOSEPH10, BOMSER, JOSHUA8, HARDY, JAMES4, GE, XIJIN9, CHANON, ANN M. 10 and MILLER, A. RAYMOND 10

Modeling of High Field NMR Spectra of Black Raspberry (Rubusoccidentalis L.) Fruit Polyphenol Composition and the Chemopreventive Properties of the Fruit Extracts in Human Cancer Cells (HT-29)

Polyphenolic-rich black raspberry (BR) fruit ex-tractshaveshownchemoprotectiveactivityagainst

oral,esophageal,colonicandrectalformsofaerodiges-tivecancers.Severalstudieshaveidentifiedpotentiallyimportant biologically active compounds from BR,but understanding the complex interactions of con-stituentsintheBRextractsinmodulatingcancercell-growthrequiresametabolomicapproach.Comparing1Hnuclearmagneticresonance(NMR)basedanalysesofBRextractswiththeir inhibitionofproliferationofHT-29 colon cancer cells, we constructed statisticallybasedmodelsthatpermittedquantitationofstructure-activityrelationships.Anthocyanins(cyanidin3-rution-side,cyanidin3-xylosylrutinoside,cyanidin3-glucoside,cyanidin3-sambubioside, and pelargonidin 3-rutino-side)wereshowntobeimportantantiproliferativecon-stituentsoftheextracts.Additionally,non-anthocyaninphenolic compounds including hydroxybenzoicacids,quercetin,myricetin,ellagicacid,andtheirglycosylatedandmethoxylatedderivativeswerefoundtobeimpor-

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tanttotheoverallantiproliferativeactivityofthefruit.1SouthDakotaStateUniversity,Bio/Micro,SNP249B,Box2140D,Brookings,SD,57007,USA2TheOhioStateUniversity-Mansfield,DepartmentofChemistry,1760UniversityDrive,Mansfield,OH,449063UniversityofAkron,DepartmentofChemistry,Akron,OH,44325-36014UniversityofAkron,DepartmentofChemistry,Akron,OH,44325-36015TheOhioStateUniversity,DepartmentofHumanNutrition,,Columbus,OH,432106TheOhioStateUniversity,De-partmentofHumanNutrition,Columbus,OH,,432107TheOhioStateUniversity,OhioAgriculturalResearchandDevelopment,De-partmentofHorticultureandCropScience,1680MadisonAvenue,Wooster,OH,446918TheOhioStateUniversity,,,,DepartmentofHumanNutrition,,Columbus,OH,432109SouthDakotaStateUni-versity,DepartmentofMathematicsandStatistics,Brookings,SD,5700710TheOhioStateUniversity,OhioAgriculturalResearchandDevelopment,DepartmentofHorticultureandCropScience,1680MadisonAvenue,Wooster,OH,44691

266 JAHAN, NUSRAT

Effect of different media and growth regulators for callus formation and organogenesis of Juniperus species

The effect of various concentrations and types ofplantgrowthregulatorswerecheckedtooptimize

theefficientmediaforpropagation.TheyoungshootsofJuniperexcelsa and Juniper horizontalisbroughtfromZiaratwere culturedonMS,WPM,N6media supple-mentedwithdifferentconcentrationsof2,4-Dincom-binationwithBAP.Theexplantswereculturedinthewoodyplantmedia(WPM)containing0.50mg/L2,4-DandBAP50mg/L.Richsolidmassofbrown-greencalluswasproduced.Largenumberofshootswereproducedinmediumcontaining0.50mg/LBAP.Rootingstartedonthesamemediawhenplantattainedheightof3cm.Aftertheproductionofrootstheplantsweretransplant-edindividuallyinsmallpotsandkeptintheclosetunnelwherethehumiditywasapproximately70%.Afteraccli-matizationplantswereshiftedtogreenhouse.

BalBochistanUnivercityof IT,engineeringandmanagementsci-ences,PlantsciencesandInformatics,FacultyofLifeSciencesandInformatics,Quetta,Baluchistan,83700,Pakistan

267 PAUDEL , BABU RAM

Ethno-Phytotherapy in the Lekhnath Municipality,Kaski, the Mid-Hills of Nepal

Lekhnath Municipality, extends, in the OrientalRealm’,between thenorthparallelsof2507’and

28010’andeastmeridiansof83050’and84050’.SituatedinthemountainousregionofthesouthernHimalayasandtrappedbetweenthehigherHimalayasinthenorthandMahabharatrangeinthesouth,itoccupiescentralpositioninthecountry.LekhnathMunicipalityisrichinbothbiodiversity and culturaldiversity. It includesthebiodiversityrichforestandwetlands,bothofwhich

aredeclaredasbiodiversityhotspotinNepal.Thestudyanalyzedtheindigenousknowledgeofmedicinalplantsandtheirusesamongthedifferentethnicgroupslivingwithinthemunicipality.Datawerecollectedinoneyearperiod through interviews, interaction andworkshopwithlocalpeople , traditionalhealers(Baidhya,DhamiandAmchis)and traditional followers.A totalof217plantswerefoundbeingusedbythelocalhealersforthetreatmentofmorethan50differentprevailingdiseaseswithinthecommunities.Spiritualbelief,minimumornosideeffect,cheapandeasyavailabilityarethecausesofdependencyontraditionalhealingpractice.Enforce-mentoflocalbodiesinmanagementofplantresourcesand legitimating traditional knowledge and practicecouldhelptopreserveindigenousknowledge.

TribhuwanUniversity,ShubhashreeCollege,Kathmandu,Nepal

268 ZAIDI, MUDASSIR

Seasonal forage mineral concentrations, nutritional and medicinal value of Berberis baluchistanica as fodder from arid environments of Balochistan.

Thisstudywasconductedtofindoutseasonalvaria-tionsinmineralcompositionofapalatableshrub

Berberis baluchistanica (Family Berberidaceae)in highelevationsatWalitangi,Quetta,Balochistan.Thisprov-inceiswellknownforitswealthofalargenumberofmedicinalplantsanduniqueplantsbeingusedbymenand animals. In this area a large population dependsonanimalsfortheirlivelihood.Berberis baluchistanica isawildplantusedasfodderforgrazinganimalsthisplantisalsousedasmedicinebylocalpeople.Theyusedtherootsdecoctionforthecureofinternalinjuriesandophthalmicproblems,besidethisitisalsousedfortheremovalofkidneystones,asitcontainsberberinewhichisknowntobeusefulforanumberofdiseases.Itsmin-eralconcentrationsas fodderwereassessedseasonallyfortwoyears.Itwasfoundtobegoodsourceofmacro-elementsbutdeficientinFeandNasomustbesupple-mentedwithsomeotherforage.Thefreshleavesandashwas analyzed for itsmineral composition throughX-rayflorescentspectrophotometerandAtomicabsorp-tionspectrophotometer.HighPhosphorus,Potassium,Calcium,Mgcontent(0.49%,0.42%,0.39%,0.30%DMrespectively)wereobservedduringspringandsummerseasons.Thesemineralsgraduallydecreasedinautumnand winter seasons. Iron and Sodium concentrationwerelowerthentheamountsrequiredforsmallrumi-nants(0.05%,0.04%DMrespectively)andtheirconcen-trationswerenoteffectedbytheseasons.

University Of Balochistan, C-9, University Colony, Sariab Road,Quetta,83700,Pakistan

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269 AZIZ , IDRIS JAMEEL* and BASHIR, ANBREEN

Plants And Vision

Lifeonthisplanetwouldnotbecompletewithoutthe role played by plants. The mutidisciplinary

approachofethnobotanygivesusaninsightintotheroleplayedbyplantsinmanyculturesincludingtheirmedicinal use.The Himalayan mountain range, wellknownforitsrichnessinfloraldiversity,extendsalongthenorthernfrontiersofcountrieslikeNepalandIndia.Traditionalhealthcaresystemshavelongbeenusedintheseplaces forhealing. Informationaboutmedicinalplantswaswrittenonpalmleaves(SaushrutNighantu)asearlyas879AD.Ouraimwastostudythemedici-nalplants thatcould treatvariouseyediseases.PlantslikeErvetamia coronariaandAchyranthes asperahavewidelybeenusedforeyediseaseslikeconjunctivitisbyvarioustribesinNepalandIndia.Medicinalplantsarestillbeingusedbyeasternhomeopathictreatmentinsti-tutes inthesecountries.Manyfactors likehabitat lossanddeforestationcombinedwithoverharvestinghaveresultedindwindlingofsomeofthisherbtreasure.Sec-ondly,wewantedtoidentifythemaincausesofdeclineinthenumberofmedicinalplantsandthestatusoftheirconservation.

Harris-StoweStateUniversity,Arts&Science,LacledeAve.,St.Louis,MO,63103,USA

270 NOVY, ARI*1, SMOUSE, PETER E.2, HARTMAN, JEAN MARIE3, STRUWE, LENA4, HONIG, JOSHUA5, MILLER, CHRIS6 and BONOS, STACY5

Genetic Variation of Spartina alterniflora Loisel. in the New York Metropolitan Area and Its Relevance for Marsh Restoration

Wedetermined thegeneticpopulation structureofSpartina alterniflora inJamaicaBay,Queens,

NYandthesurroundingareabymicrosatellitegenotyp-inginordertoassisttheongoingrestorationofJamaicaBay by theU.S.ArmyCorps of Engineers.AMOVAanalysisindicatedthatpopulationdifferencesaccount-edforonly15%ofmolecularvariance(ΦPT=0.15,p=0.001). Observed heterozygosity (Ho) ranged from0.62to0.73.AManteltestindicatedaweakandnon-significantcorrelationbetweenNeigeneticdistanceandgeographicdistancematrices(r=0.34,p=0.12).APCArevealednoobviousgroupingpatternforthesampledpopulations.Basedon thesedata,wedetermined thatthestudiedpopulationscontainedsimilargeneticvari-ability to other populations in theNewYork vicinityand to those of the entire region. It seems likely thatcollectionofgermplasmfromwithinthegeneralregion

willprovidesufficientvariationtomaintainoverallge-neticvariationinrestorationplantings.GiventhesmallamountofgeneticstructureamongpopulationswithinJamaicaBay, however, itwould be prudent to collectwidelywithin the targetmarsh.We also recommendthepracticeofpropagatingplugsofS.alterniflora fromwildseed,asopposedtovegetativepropagation,whencreating planting stock, in order tomaximize geneticdiversityinrestoredmarshes.1RutgersUniversity,DepartmentsofPlantBiologyandLandscapeArchitecture,59DudleyRd.,NewBrunswick,NJ,08901,USA2Rut-gersUniversity,EcologyandEvolution,14CollegeFarmRoad,NewBrunswick,NJ,08901,USA3RutgersUniversity,LandscapeArchi-tecture,93LipmanDrive,NewBrunswick,NJ,08901,USA4RutgersUniversity,Room237ForanHall,Room237ForanHall,59DudleyRd,NewBrunswick,NJ,08901,USA5RutgersUniversity,PlantBiol-ogy,59DudleyRoad,NJ,08901,USA6USDepartmentofAgricul-ture,PlantMaterialsCenter,CapeMay,NJ,USA

271 BASHIR, ANBREEN

Dwindling Himalayan Mayapple

Theimportanceofplantstolifeonearthisimmea-surable.Theimpactofhumanactivityontheex-

istenceofsomeofthemostbeneficialplantshasbeenof increasing concern. One of the hot spots of eco-nomically importantplants is themajesticHimalayanmountainrangesurroundingKashmirvalleyofIndia.Itisthehomeofalargenumberofmedicinalplantsin-cludingPodophyllum hexandrum,whichisprogressingtowardsextinction.Theplanthasarhizomewhichisasourceofaveryessentialresinoussubstanceknownaspodophyllotoxin,anactiveingredientforseveraldrugslikepodophyllin.Thishasmadethespeciesvulnerableforoverexploitation.ThisindiscriminateextractionofpodophyllotoxinalongwithseveralotherfactorshasledtothenearextinctionoftheHimalayanMayapple.

Harris-StoweStateUniversity,MathAndNaturalScience,LacledeAvenue,StLouis,MO,63103,USA

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Genetics Section

See also Genomics / Proteomics, Molecular Biology, Molecular Ecology and Evolution, Popu-lation Genetics, Advances in Plant Systematics and Population Genomics: Applications of Next Generation Techniques and Plant reproductive strategies under environmental stress.

ORAL PAPERS

272 NOVY, ARI*1, FLORY, LUKE2 and HARTMAN, JEAN MARIE3

Rapid evolution of phenology during invasion of the grass Microstegium vimineum in North America

Microstegium vimineum (Poaceae, tribeAndropo-goneae) is aC4, shade tolerant, short-dayflow-

ering, annualgrass considered tobeamong themostinvasive plants in the easternUnited States. It formsdense monocultures in forests, fields and disturbedareaswhereitcansuppressnativespeciesanddisruptecosystem function. M. vimineum was first recordedinNorthAmericainKnoxville,TNin1919,thoughitmayhavebeenintroducedelsewhere.By1972itsrangeextendedfromFloridatoNewJersey,andwesttoOhioandMississippi. It is currently found as far north asMassachusetts,asfarwestasTexasandMissouri,andas far south asPuertoRico.To examine evolutionofinvasiveM. vimineum phenology,andtoevaluate thepotentialimpactofthisevolutiononrangeexpansion,we collected 10 populations of M. vimineum fromthroughoutitsinvasiverange.Populationsweregrownincontrolledenvironmentgrowthchambersundertwodistinctlightregimes:onesimulatingdaylengthcondi-tionsnearthenorthernlimitoftheinvasiverangeandonesimulatingconditionsnearthesouthernlimit.Wefoundthattheaveragecriticalfloweringdaylengthforeachpopulationwassignificantlypredictedbylatitudi-naloriginunderbothtreatments(R2=0.89,p<0.001andR2=0.85,p<0.001fornorthernandsoutherntreatmentsrespectively).SinceherbariumrecordsindicatethatM. vimineumwas introduced in the southeasternUnitedStates and then radiated outward, we conclude thatthevariationinphenologicphenotypesrecordedfrompopulationsoutsidetheoriginalintroductionareamusthavearisenbyevolutionduringthelast100years.Ourresults indicate that rapid evolution in M. vimineum phenologymayhavecontributedtorangeexpansioninthisinvasivegrass.1Rutgers University, Departments of Plant Biology and LandscapeArchitecture, 59 Dudley Rd., New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA-2Indiana University, Department of Biology, 1001 East 3rd Street,Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA3Rutgers University, DepartmentofLandscapeArchitecture,93LipmanDrive,Newbrunswick,NJ,08901,USA

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273 RILEY, LYNN*1, MCGLAUGHLIN, MITCHELL E2 and HELENURM, KAIUS3

Phylogeography of two California Channel Island endemic Eriogonum (Polygonaceae)

The California Channel Islands harbor many en-demic animals and plants, including several en-

demicspeciesandsubspecieswithinthegenusEriogo-num (Polygonaceae).Although a fewChannel Islandphylogeographicstudieshavebeenpublished,patternsofcolonizationanddivergencehavenotbeeninferredforanyChannelIslandplanttaxon.Thecurrentstudyuses DNA sequence divergence to infer colonizationandgeneflowpatternswithinandbetweentwoChan-nel Island endemicEriogonum species.Data are pre-sentedfromthemonotypicendemicspeciesEriogonum arborescens and the three subspecies of the endemicspecies E. giganteum. Six populations of Eriogonum arborescens and fourteenpopulationsofE. giganteum weresampledfromthroughoutthearchipelago.Onetothreeindividualsfromeachpopulationweresequencedforthreechloroplastregions(ca.2Ktotalalignedbase-pairs), theribosomal internaltranscribedspacer(ITS)andonelowcopynucleargeneregion(LFY).DistinctpatternsofDNAdiversityanddivergenceweredetectedbetween different taxa, and within taxa on differentislands. Additionally, discordant phylogenetic signalswere recovered with the chloroplast and nuclear se-quencedata.Implicationsforcolonizationpatternsandinter-islandgeneflowarediscussed.1UniversityOfSouthDakota,Biology,414E.ClarkStreet,Vermil-lion,SD,57069,USA2UniversityofNorthernColorado,Biology,50120thSt,Greeley,CO,80639,USA3UniversityOfSouthDakota,De-partmentOfBiology,Vermillion,SD,57069,USA

274 SHI, TAO* and BARKER, MICHAEL S.

Paleopolyploidy and diversification of Actinidiaceae and related Ericales

Analyses of plant genomes suggest that ancientpolyploidymayhaveledtoadramaticincreasein

diversityinseveralangiospermlineages.However,ad-ditionalgenomicanalysesareneededtopreciselylocateancientpolyploidyintheplantphylogenyandassessthecontributionofgenomemultiplicationtocorrelatedra-diations.Previously,wedemonstratedthreeancientge-nomeduplicationsinActinidia (kiwifruit).UsingnewlygeneratedIlluminatranscriptomedata(~1GB/species),wesampledeachgenusoftheActinidiaceae(Actinidia, Clematoclethra,andSaurauia)andtheirclosestfamiliesin Ericales including two carnivorous families- Ror-idulaceae and Sarraceniaceae, and ornamental plantsamongtheEricaceae.Analysesofgenefamiliesamong

thesespeciessupportourpreviousresultswithonepa-leopolyploidy in the ancestry of extant Actinidiaceaespecies (Ad-α), another ancient polyploidy shared byallthespecieswesequencedaswellasCamellia sinen-sis (Ad-β), and the well-established At-γ WGD thatoccurredpriortothedivergenceofalltaxaexamined.PreliminaryanalysesindicatesignificantlyfasterratesofspeciesdiversificationwerefoundinActinidiaceaecor-relatedwiththemostrecentWGD(Ad-α) thanthosewithout,i.e.RoridulaceaeandSarraceniaceae.Ongoingresearchisdirectedtowardsidentifyingthenovelcon-tributionofpaleopolyploid-derivedgenestotheActini-diaceaegenomeand identifyingcandidates associatedwithdiversification.Theseresultsrepresentoneofthefirstcasestudiesofpaleopolyploidyanddiversificationwheremembersofallinvolvedcladesarerepresentedbygenomicdata,andkiwifruitmayserveasamodelsys-temforstudyingpolyploidyanddiversificationamongangiosperms.

UniversityofArizona,Ecology&EvolutionaryBiology,P.O.Box210088,Tucson,AZ,85721,USA

275 CHESTER, MICHAEL*1, GALLAGHER, JOSEPH2, SYMONDS, V. VAUGHAN3, VERUSKA C. SILVA, ANA4, MAVRODIEV, EVGENY5, LEITCH , ANDREW R.6, SOLTIS, PAMELA7 and SOLTIS, DOUGLAS1

Population cytogenetics of a neoallopolyploid species, Tragopogon miscellus Ownbey (Asteraceae)

Tragopogon miscellus isoneofonlya fewallotetra-ploidspeciesknowntohavearisenwithinjustthe

pastfewhundredyears.Thisallotetraploidwasfirstre-portedin1950andhasformedmultipletimesfromthediploidsT. dubius and T. pratensis, whichwereintro-ducedtotheUSAintheearly1900s.Thus,thismodelsystemprovidesnaturalpopulationsinwhichtoobservetheearlystagesofpolyploidevolution.Molecularanaly-sesconductedtodatesuggestthatT. miscellus isgeneti-cally unstable,with frequent losses ofDNAdetected.Preliminarycytologicalstudieshavealsoidentifiedin-dividualswithkaryotypesthatarenotsimplyadditiveofthediploidprogenitors.ThecytologyofT. miscellus wasexaminedatthepopulationlevelbysamplingseedscollectedfromsevenlocalitiesinthePalouseregionofWashington and Idaho.Karyotypeswere constructedfromsomaticmetaphasechromosomessubjectedtoge-nomicin situhybridization(GISH).Nuclearmicrosat-elliteswereusedtoidentifyanddelimitindependentlyderivedpolyploidlineagesofT. miscellus.Resultsshowthat many polyploid individuals have a non-additivekaryotype, yetmost of these aneuploids still have theeuploidnumberof24chromosomes.Mostdosageal-terations appear compensated by putative homeolo-gouschromosomes,resultinginmonosomy-trisomyor

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nullisomy-tetrasomy.Significantly,monosomy-trisomyandnullisomy-tetrasomyhavenotbeenpreviouslyre-portedfromnature.Bothnullisomyandnon-reciprocaltranslocations are likely to contribute to progenitor-specificDNAlosses.1University of Florida, Department of Biology, Gainesville, FL,32611,USA2UniversityofFlorida,DepartmentofBiology,Gaines-ville, Florida, 32611,USA3MasseyUniversity, Private Bag 11222,PalmerstonNorth,N/A,4410,NewZealand4EmbrapaCoastalTa-blelands,Aracaju,49025,Brazil5UniversityOfFlorida,FloridaNatu-ralHistoryMuseum,FloridaMuseumOfNaturalHistory,POBox117800, Gainesville, FL, 32611-7800, United States6QueenMary,UniversityofLondon,SchoolofBiologicalandChemicalSciences,MileEndRoad,E14NS,UK7UniversityofFlorida,DepartmentofBiology,FLMNH,DickinsonHall,P.O.Box117800,Gainesville,FL,32611-7800,USA

276 JORDON-THADEN, INGRID*1, FACIO VICCINI, LYDERSON2, BUGGS, RICHARD3, CHESTER, MICHAEL1, VERUSKA C. SILVA, ANA4, CHAMALA, SRIKAR1, DAVENPORT, RUTH1, WU, WEI5, SCHNABLE, PATRICK5, BARBAZUK, W. BRAD1, SOLTIS, DOUGLAS1 and SOLTIS, PAMELA6

Exploring genome evolution and gene expression in natural and synthetic polyploids (Tragopogon, Asteraceae) based on growth chamber experiments

Wepresent an integrated studyof genomeevo-lution,geneexpression,andphenotypeintwo

recently formed allotetraploid species (Tragopogon miscellus andT. mirus), theirdiploidparents (T. pra-tensis,T. dubius, andT. porrifolius), and synthetic al-lotetraploids.UsingSNPsidentifiedfrom454andIllu-minasequencingofthediploids,wedesignedprimersforSequenomMass-ARRAYanalysis.Weestablisheda growth chamber randomized block experiment forcomparisonofdiploidsandnaturalandsyntheticallo-tetraploids.SNPvariationbetweenthediploidparentsis used to assess homeolog loss and changes in geneexpressionintheallotetraploidsrelativetotheirparentsandtocomparebroadlysampledwildindividualswithsynthetics.Werecordedphenotypicvariationinmanyquantitative traits and linked these data to the geneloss/gene expression data. Phenotypes scored includegrowth rate, physiological robustness (measured inphotosynthetic efficiency), foliar anatomical variation,andreproductivetimingandfitness.Karyotypesofse-lectedpolyploidswereexaminedusingFISHandGISHtoinvestigatetheroleofaneuploidyandchromosomal

rearrangementsasdriversofhomeologloss.1University of Florida, Department of Biology, Gainesville, FL,32611,USA2UniversidadeFederaldeJuizdeFora,DepartmentodeBiologia,InstitutodeCiênciasBiológicas,MinasGerais,JuizdeFora,36036-900,Brazil3QueenMary-UniversityofLondon,TheSchoolofBiologicalandChemicalSciences,MileEndRoad,London,E14NS,UK4EmbrapaCoastalTablelands,Aracaju,49025,Brazil5IowaStateUniversity,CenterforPlantGenomics,Ames,IA,50011,USA6Uni-versityOfFlorida,FloridaMuseumOfNaturalHistory,POBOX117800,Gainesville,FL,32611-7800,USA

277 AHMAD, HABIB* and AFREDI, SAHIB

Tea Cultivars of Pakistan: Phylogenetic Affinities and Genetic Diversity Estimated through Numerical and Molecular Markers

NumericaltraitanalysisandDNAfingerprintingwereemployedforelaboratinggeneticdiversity

andestablishingaffinitiesamongtheteacultivarsgrowninPakistan.ThirteencultivarswereidentifiedwiththehelpofnumericalanalyseswhichweretestedwithDNAfingerprintingof130plantsi.e.10plantspercultivar.Numerical elaborationwasdonewith 18quantitativeand7qualitativetraits.Theanalysesofleaf,shootandseedparametersdifferentiatedallthegenotypesintotwogroupsviz.,broadandnarrowleaved,correspondedtotheChineseandAssamtypeoftea,respectively.Mostofthenarrowleavedcultivarsintroducesfromdifferentoriginssegregatedintosimilartypesbothforthequali-tative and quantitative traits. DNA analyses throughRAPDandSSRprimersdetected115and103alleles,in87and75plants, respectively.Geneticdistancees-timatesanalyzedthroughRAPDandSSRmarkerswas0-100%, showing high level of genetic diversity.TheclusteranalysisofRAPDdatashowedmixedgroupingprofileofthesamples,however,samplesfromdifferentplantsofaparticularcultivarsegregatedintoindepen-dent sub-clusters.Thefindingsofmoleculardatawasgenerallyincoincidencewiththeresultsobtainedfromnumericaltraitanalysis,concludingclosegeneticaffin-ityamongtheteacultivarsseparatedontheleafmor-phology.Thevariationsbetween,andwithinplantsofthe same cultivar confirmed the differences in originofthecultivars.Informationobtainedfromnumericaltraitanalysiswasgenerally inconformitywiththe in-formationobtainedfromDNAfingerprinting.Failureofplacingsomebroad-leavedcultivarintoclearlywill-definedclustersmaybeattributedduetogeneticintro-gressionsbecauseofcrosspollination.

Hazara University, Department of Genetics, Dhodial,Mansehra,KhyberPakhtunkhwa,21300,Pakistan

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278 MILES, NICHOLAS*1, YAMAGUCHI, TAKAHIRO2, SOLTIS, DOUGLAS3, TSUKAYA, HIROKAZU4 and SOLTIS, PAMELA5

Leaf Evolutionary Developmental Genetics in Pitcher Plants

Theevolutionofcarnivorousplants involves spec-tacular changes in formand functionof the leaf.

Significantly, the carnivorous pitcher form evolvedindependently three times in angiosperms.The threedistantly related pitcher families, Cephalotaceae, Ne-penthaceae,andSarraceniaceae,allhavepitcherswiththeinsideoftheascidiumcorrespondingtotheformeradaxialsideofanormalbifacialleafandtheoutsideofthe pitcher corresponding to the former abaxial side.Thegeneticmodelofbifacialleafdevelopmentprovideshypothesesofpossiblegeneticchangesassociatedwithpitcherdevelopmentandevolution.Weaddress thesehypothesesusinggenesisolatedfromtheWesternAus-tralian pitcher plant, Cephalotus folicularis. MembersoftheYABBYandHD-ZIP Class IIIgenefamilieswereisolatedusingdegenerateprimersdesignedfromAra-bidopsis thalianaanddatafromthetranscriptomese-quencingproject1KP.Thepatternofexpressionoftheseleaveswasthenexaminedusingin situhybridization.1UniversityOfFlorida,FloridaMuseumOfNaturalHistory,Dick-insonHall,Gainesville,FL,32611-7800,USA2NationalInstitueforBasicBiology,Nishigonaka38,Myodaiji,Okazaki,444-8585,Japan3,University Of Florida, Department Of Botany, 220 BARTRAMHALL,Gainesville,FL,32611,USA4TheUniversityOfTokyo,7-3-1,GraduateSchoolofScience,ScienceBuilding#2,Univ.Tokyo,Hon-go,Bunkyo-Ku,Tokyo,N/A,113-0033,Japan5UniversityofFlorida,DepartmentofBiology,FLMNH,DickinsonHall,P.O.Box117800,Gainesville,FL,32611-7800,USA

279 WICKETT, NORMAN J*1, HONASS, LOREN1, WAFULA, ERIC2, TIMKO, MICHAEL3, WESTWOOD, JAMES4, YODER, JOHN5 and DE PAMPHILIS , CLAUDE W6

Using stage specific cDNA sequencing to uncover the origin and evolution of parasitism in Orobanchaceae

TheParasiticPlantGenomeProjectisacollaborativeefforttousestagespecificcDNAsequencestoun-

derstandthegenomicchangesthatledto,andresultedfrom,theacquisitionofaparasiticlifehistoryinOro-banchaceae. Transcriptomes of three Orobanchaceaespeciesthatvaryintheirnutritionalstrategieswerese-quencedusingboth454andIlluminatechnologies:thefacultativehemiparasiteTriphysariaversicolor,theobli-gatehemiparasiteStrigahermonthica,andtheholopar-asiteOrobanche(Phelipanche)aegyptiaca.Withineach

species,transcriptomesweresequencedfrommultipledevelopmentalstagesfromgerminatingseeds,toearlyattachmenttohost,toabove-groundreproductiveandvegetative tissues.Using this comparative framework,wearedevelopingasetofgenesthatmayplayanim-portantroleinhaustoriumformation(aparasiticplantspecificorganthatisusedtoinvadethehostplant),hostinvasion, andnutrient acquisition.Additionally, thesedataarebeingusedtotesthypothesesofmolecularevo-lutionandtoexplorethehistoryofpolyploidy inthislineage.1PennStateUniversity,Biology,403LifeSciencesBuilding,Univer-sityPark,PA,16802,USA2PennStateUniversity,Biology,403LifeScience Building,University Park, PA, 16802,USA3University ofVirginia,Biology,GilmerHall044,POBox400328,Charlottesville,VA,22904-4328,USA4VirginiaTech,PlantPathology,Physiology,andWeedScience,401LathamHall(0390),Blacksburg,24061,VA,USA5UniversityofCalifornia,Davis,PlantSciences,MailDrop3,137AsmundsonHall,Davis,CA,95616,USA6PennsylvaniaStateUniversity,DepartmentOfBiology,101LIFESCIENCESBUILD-ING,UNIVERSITYPARK,PA,16802,USA

280 ZHANG, JIAN*1, KANG, MING2, LIU, XIANG3, FRANKS, ROBERT4 and XIANG, QIUYUN (JENNY)5

Comparative 454 sequencing of leaf and inflorescence transcriptomes in Cornus canadensis and C. florida - data for developing molecular markers and identifying candidate

Comparative transcriptomesequencing isausefultooltosearchforcandidategenescontributingto

phenotypicdifferencesandtodevelopmolecularmark-erstobeappliedtoevolutionarystudies.UsingGS-FLX454Titaniumsystem,wepresentthede novotranscrip-tomesequencingoftwospeciesofCornus,C. canaden-sisandC. florida, thatproducedifferent inflorescencearchitectures.Thesequencingwasrunforonenormal-izedcDNAlibraryfromleavesofC. canadensisandtwounnormalize cDNA libraries from inflorescence budsofthesetwospeciesonhalfaTitaniumplate.Atotalof96245, 251799and 114648 raw reads,with amediumlengthof443bp,wereobtainedfortheleaftranscrip-tome of C. canadensis (Ccl), inflorescence transcrip-tomesofC.canadensis(Cci)andC. florida(Cfi),respec-tively.These readswere trimmedand assembled into1265contigsand30704singletonsforCcl,2859contigsand58594singletonsforCci,ad1193contigsand33039singletons forCfi,respectively.Allcontigsandsingle-tonswereannotatedby similarity searchof fourpro-tein databases: TAIR10 Arabidopsis protein database,UniProtKB/Swiss-Protan notated protein database,GenBankallgreenplantsproteindatabase,NCBInon-redundant(nr)proteindatabaseusingtheBLASTxal-gorithmwithanE-valuethresholdof10-5.Thebestfiveproteinhits for eachquery sequencewereparsedout

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tocreateannotatedtables,andfurtherannotatedwithGeneOntology(GO)andKyotoEncyclopediaofGenesandGenomes(KEGG)orthology(KO)identifiers.Thethreetranscriptomedatasetswerefurtherusedtogener-ateexpressionprofilesandidentifySNPs.Thedatapro-videanimportantinformationplatformforfunctionalgenomicsandevolutionarydevelopmentalgenetics inCornus, inadditiontodevelopingphylogeneticmark-ers,microsatellitemarkers,andminingforSNPs.1NorthCarolinaStateUniversity,PlantBiology,GardnerHall2115,CampusBox7612,Raleigh,NC,27695,USA2SouthChinaBotani-calGarden,PlantConservationGeneticsAndEvolutionaryGenet-ics, Xingke Road 723, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, GuangdongProvince,510650,P.R.China3NorthCarolinaStateUniversity,PlantBiology,Raleigh,NC,27695,USA4NorthCarolinaStateUniversity,Genetics,Raleigh,NC,27695,USA5NorthCarolinaStateUniversity,PlantBiology,GardnerHall2115,Raleigh,NC,27695,USA

281 PARKS, MATTHEW*1, CRONN, RICHARD2 and LISTON, AARON3

Separating the Wheat from the Chaff: Mitigating the Effect of Noisy Data in Plastome Phylogenomic Analyses

Throughnext-generationsequencing,theamountofsequencedatapotentiallyavailableforphylogenetic

analyses has increased exponentially in recent years.Simultaneously, the riskof incorporating "noisy"datawithmisleadingphylogeneticsignalhasalsoincreased,and such data may disproportionately influence thetopologyofweaklysupportednodesandlineageswithrapid radiations and/or elevated rates of evolution.We investigated the influence of phylogenetic noiseonlargedatasetsusingplastomesequencesfrom102species ofPinus and sixPinaceaeoutgroups.Nucleo-tide sites in our 142 kbp alignment were ranked byvariability and serially removed in 100 bp partitions.Maximum likelihood topologieswere determined foreach alignment partition (minus removed variablesites) and the corresponding cumulative partition ofremovedvariablesites.Topologieswerecomparedus-ing the Robinson-Foulds test to determine the pointof topological consistency, predicted to be the pointwhere"noisy"datahaslargelybeenremovedfromthealignment. In our alignment, this coincidedwith theremoval of themost variable 3.8% of sites (5.5 kbp).Nonetheless, tree-wide bootstrap support remainedhigh (medianvalue>99%)until removal of themostvariable 6% (8.7 kbp) of sites, suggesting that phylo-genetic noise did not impact overall nodal support.However,closerinvestigationoftwotaxawithhistori-callyunresolvedphylogeneticpositions (the four spe-cies of subsectionContortae and themorphologicallydistinctive, flat-needledPinus krempfii), revealed dra-maticallydifferentresponsestodataremoval.WhereastopologicalresolutionandbootstrapsupportforPinus krempfiipeakedasnoisysiteswereremoved,subsectionContortae resolvedmost strongly when all sites wereincluded. When compared to previous phylogeneticanalyses of nuclear loci and morphological data, the

mosthighlysupportedtopologiesseeninourplastomeanalysisareconsistentforPinus krempfiibutinconsis-tentforsubsectionContortae,indicatingthatremovalofnoisy sitescanresultnotonlyinincreasedresolutionforpoorlysupportednodes,butserveasatoolforidenti-fyinghighlysupported,butlikelyincorrecttopologies.1OregonStateUniversity,DepartmentofBotany&PlantPathol-ogy,CordleyHall,Corvallis,OR,97331-2092,USA2USDAForestService,3200SWJeffersonWay,Corvallis,OR,97330,USA3OregonStateUniversity,DepartmentOfBotany&PlantPathology,2082CordleyHall,Corvallis,OR,97331-2902,USA

282 CHALLAGUNDLA, LAVANYA*1 and WALLACE, LISA2

Evolution of B chromosomes in the genome of Xanthisma gracile (Asteraceae)

B chromosomes are unusual genetic elements thatoccur in addition to the normal chromosome

complement of theA genome. B chromosomes havebeenfoundin15%ofeukaryoticspecies,mostwidelyinfloweringplants.TheprevalenceofBchromosomesineukaryoticgenomesinadditiontovariabilityinthemechanismsofactionandperpetuationofBchromo-somesacrossgenomescreatesmany interestingques-tionsabouttheiroriginandfunctionwithincells.InthisprojectwehavestudiedtheoriginofBchromosomesinthespinydaisy,Xanthisma gracile (Asteraceae)bycom-paringmoleculargeneticsimilaritiesbetweenAandBchromosomes.PreviousstudiesofX. gracilebasedonmorphological,cytologicalandmoleculargeneticdatasuggestthepossibilityofinterspecifichybridizationwithrelatedspecies,whichmayhavecontributedtotheori-ginofBchromosomes.Thus,wetestthealternativehy-pothesesthattheBchromosomesarederivedfromtheA-genomevs.anexternalsourcethroughhybridizationwithacloselyrelatedspecies.Naturalsampleswerecol-lectedfrommultiplepopulationsinArizonaandseedswere germinated for experimental study. The DNAcontentofplantswithandwithoutBchromosomeswascharacterizedusingFlowCytometry.Flowsortedchro-mosomes aswell as regularmetaphase chromosomeswereusedforFISHtoassessthenatureofBchromo-somesusingmarkersbothfromtheAgenomeaswellasrelatedsisterspecies.Patternsofheterochromatinrela-tive toAchromosomeshavebeenexamined throughG-bandingwhichservesasanindicatorofthepresenceofrepeatregions.FlowcytometryindicatedthecDNAcontentofX. gracile is~2pg,whichisconsistentwithrecentreportsbutdiffersfromthevalueintheKewDa-tabaseofAngiospermC-values.TheresultsofthisstudywillbediscussedinlightoftheevolutionaryoriginanddiversificationofX. gracile inrelationtoothercloselyrelatedspeciesandwillleadtoabetterunderstandingofthemolecularnatureofitsBchromosomes.1MississippiStateUniversity,BiologicalSciences,34NWallaceCir-cle,MississippiState,MS,39762,USA2MississippiStateUniversity,POBoxGY,MississippiState,MS,39762,USA

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283 ESTEP , MATT C*1, GOWDA, BHAVANI2, HUANG, KAN2, TIMKO, MICHAEL2 and BENNETZEN, JEFFREY3

Genomic characterization for parasitic weeds of the genus Striga by sample sequence analysis

Generation of ~2200 Sanger sequence reads or~10,000454sequencereadsforsevenStrigaDNA

samples allowed identificationof thehighly repetitiveDNA content in these genomes. The fourteen mostabundantrepeatsintheseStrigaspecieswereidentifiedandpartiallyassembled.Annotationindicatedthattheyrepresenteightlongterminalrepeat(LTR)retrotrans-posonfamilies,threetandemsatelliterepeats,oneLINEretroelement, and oneDNA transposon.All of theserepeatsaremostcloselyrelatedtorepetitiveDNAsinother closely-related plants, and are not products ofhorizontal transfer from their host species.These re-peatsweredifferentiallyabundantineachspecies,withtheLTRretrotransposonsandsatelliteDNAsmostre-sponsibleforvariationingenomesize.EachspecieshadsomerepetitiveelementsthatweremoreabundantandsomelessabundantthantheotherStrigaspeciesexam-ined,indicatingthatnosingleelementoranyunilateralgrowthordecreasetrendingenomebehaviorwasre-sponsibleforvariationingenomesizeandcomposition.Genome sizes were determined by flowsorting, andthevaluesof615Mb(S.asiatica),1330Mb(S. gesneri-oides),1425Mb(S. hermonthica)and2460Mb(S. for-besii)suggestaploidyseries,apredictionsupportedbyrepetitiveDNAsequenceanalysis.Phylogeneticanalysisemploying six chloroplast loci indicated the ancestralrelationshipsof thefivemostagriculturally-importantStrigaspecies,withtheunexpectedresultthattheoneparasiteofdicotyledonousplants (S. gesnerioides)wasfoundtobemorecloselyrelated tosomeof thegrassparasites thanmanyof thegrassparasitesare toeachother.1UniversityofMissouri-St.Louis,DepatrmentofBiology,R223Re-searchbuilding,St.Louis,MO,63121,USA2UniversityofVirginia,DepatrmentofBiology,Charlottesville,VA,22903,USA3UniversityofGeorgia,DepartmentofGenetics,Athens,GA,30602,USA

284 TAYLOR, SUNNI*1 and MARTIN, NOLAND2

Homoploid hybrid speciation in Louisiana Iris

Natural hybridization is common in plants andhasplayedanimportantroleintheevolutionof

plant biodiversity.Althoughhybridization commonlyresultsintheproductionofhybridsthatarelessfitthantheparentalspecies,somehybridlineagesmaybefitinanovelhabitatsuchthatthehybridlineagecandivergefromtheprogenitorspecies.Homoploidhybridspecia-

tioninvolvestheevolutionofreproductiveisolationbe-tweensuchahybridlineageandtheoriginallyhybrid-izingtaxa.Whenoriginallydescribed,Iris nelsoniiwashypothesizedtobeahomoploidhybridspeciesderivedfromhybridizationbetweenthreewidespreadspeciesofLouisianaIris(Iridaceae):Iris brevicaulis,I. fulva,andI. hexagona.Inordertoinvestigatethehypothesizedhy-bridoriginofI. nelsonii,weconductedasurveyofge-neticvariationinpopulationsofthethreewidespreadspeciesandI. nelsonii.ResultsfromthismolecularworkrevealedthatI. nelsoniisharesgeneticvariationwithallthreepurportedprogenitorspecies,supportingthehy-pothesis thatI. nelsonii is indeedahomoploidhybridspecies.SuchhomoploidhybridspeciationisthoughttobearelativelyrareeventandtheLouisianaIrisespro-videauniquesystemforstudyingthisinterestingevo-lutionaryprocess.1TexasStateUniversity-SanMarcos,Biology,601UniversityDr.,SanMarcos,TX,78666,UnitedStates2TexasStateUniversity,Biology,601UniversityDrive,SanMarcos,TX,78666,USA

285 BRAUKMANN, THOMAS* and STEFANOVIC, SASA

Comparative plastid genome evolution in mycoheterotrophic Ericaceae

Heterotrophicplantsexhibitawiderangeofevolu-tionarydegradationofphotosyntheticabilityand

relyentirelyorpartiallyontheirhoststosupplywaterandnutrients.Theseplantsaredividedintotwodistinct,butevolutionaryartificialgroups,parasiticandmyco-heterotrophicplants.Haustorialparasitismhasevolvedatleast11timesindependentlyandthereareatleast10independent origins of mycoheterotrophy in angio-sperms.Eachlineagerepresentsanindependentoriginofheterotrophyandheterotrophsarenotwellcharac-terizedoutsideafewwell-studiedexamples.Ericaceae,theheatherfamily,isalargeanddiversegroupofplantswithelaboratesymbioticrelationshipswithmycorrhizalfungi, including several mycoheterotrophic lineages.Groundedwithinaphylogeneticframeworkandbroadtaxonomic sampling, a comparative investigation ofplastid genomes was conducted in the family usingaslot-blotSouthernhybridizationapproach.Thissurveycontained lineageswithinEricaceaewithdifferent lifehistories and trophic levels, includingmultiple repre-sentativesfromthehemi-mycoheterotrophicpyroloidsandholo-mycoheterotrophicmonotropoids.Anumberoffullyphotosynthetic(autotrophic)memberswerein-cludedtobestrepresenttheothermajorcladeswithinEricaceae.Thissurveyused55probesderivedfromallcategoriesofprotein-codinggenestypicallyfoundintheplastomesofphotosyntheticplants.Ourresultsindicatethatmonotropoidsexhibitextensivelossoffgenesrelat-ing to photosynthetic function and retain geneswithpossiblefunctionoutsidephotosynthesis.Furthermore,hemi-mycoheterotrophicplantsretainmostgenesrelat-ingtophotosynthesisbutarepolymorphicfortheplas-

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tidndhgenes.Oursurveyextendspreviousinferencesthatplastidgenelossesoccurpriortobecomingholo-heterotrophic and that mycoheterotrophic Ericaceaeexhibitgenelossessimilarinpatterntoparasiticplants.

UniversityOfTorontoAtMississauga,DepartmentOfBiology,3359MississaugaRdN,Mississauga,ON,L5L1C6,Canada

POSTERS

286 GALLAGHER, JOSEPH*1, CHESTER, MICHAEL1, SYMONDS, V. VAUGHAN2, VERUSKA C. SILVA, ANA3, MAVRODIEV, EVGENY4, LEITCH , ANDREW R.5, SOLTIS, PAMELA4 and SOLTIS, DOUGLAS1

Are independently derived populations of Tragopogon miscellus Ownbey (Asteraceae) reproductively isolated?

Tragopogon miscellus is an allopolyploid that hasformed recently (fewer than 80 years ago) in the

Palouse region of Washington and Idaho. Previousstudieshaveshownthatthespecieshasformedmultipletimes. So far, evidence for genetic exchange betweenindependentlyderivedpopulationshasbeenequivocal.Thatis,basedonmicrosatellitedata,someco-occuringindividualswithdistinctgenotypeshaveresultedfromseparate origins (with one genotype a recentmigrantto the location)withno clear evidenceof subsequenthybridizationandrecombinationbetweenthesegeno-types.Incontrast,hand-pollinationbetweenT. miscel-lusindividualsofdistinctoriginsresultsinviableF1 hy-brids.HerewesurveypopulationsacrossanurbanizedareainthenorthofthePalousewhereT. miscellushasbecomeoneof themostprevalentweeds.Inthisareatheremaybemoreopportunities for inter-populationgeneflowduetothecloserproximityamongpopula-tions.Todetermineifgeneflowisoccurringbetweenindependently derived T. miscellus populations weusedgenomicin situhybridization(GISH)togeneratekaryotypesforalargenumberofindividualsfromsevenlocalities. Translocations appear to be fixed in somepopulations.Weusednuclearmicrosatellitestoexam-inegeneticstructureamongthesesameindividuals.Bycombiningthesedata,weareabletodeterminewhichindividualswithinthesepopulationsaremigrantsfromanother population, which individuals are the resultsofcrossing,andwhateffectskaryotypicvariationmayhave on gene flow among independent origins.Thisstudywillhelpestimatetheprevalenceofcrossingbe-tween recent allopolyploid populations with differentorigins.1University of Florida, Department of Biology, Gainesville, FL,32611,USA2Massey University, Institute of Molecular Biosciences,PalmerstonNorth,NewZealand3EmbrapaCoastalTablelands,Ara-caju,49025,Brazil4University of Florida, Florida Museum of Natu-ralHistory,Gainesville, FL, 32611,USA5Queen Mary UniversityofLondon,SchoolofBiologicalandChemicalSciences,MileEndRoad,London,E14NS,UK

287 S, DEEPA1, DUNCAN , KAYLIA2, ANNAMALAI , PANNEERSELVAM 3, PRABHAKARAN, MUTHUCHAMY3, NOORUDDIN , THAJUDDIN 1 and MUTHUKUMARAN, GUNASEKARAN*2

Biodiversity, Antimicrobial Activity and Molecular Characterization of Actinomycetes from Salt Pan Environment

Themarineenvironmentisanuntappedsourceformanyusefuldrugsandanassessmentof thispo-

tentialisimperative.Itiswellknownthattheantibiot-icsaremedicinallyvaluableandthattheactinomycetesarethepotentialsourcesofantibiotics,whichcouldbeprofitably used in the pharmaceutical industries; newantibiotics tocontrolmanybacterial, fungalandneo-plasticdiseasesofplants,animalandhumanbeings.Aperusal of the literature clearly indicates that reportson the antimicrobial activity actinomycetes from themarine environment arevery scanty.Themarine soilofTamilNaduhasrichpotentialofmicrobialdiversity.Neverthless,theyhavenotbeenextensivelyexploredfortheregistrationofnovelactinomycetes.Inthepresentstudy soil samplewerecollected fromsaltpan regionofVedharanyam,NagapattinamDistrict,TamilNadu.ThePhysico-chemicalparametersofsoilsamplewereanlaysed.Totally16actinomycetesstrainswereisolatedviz., Actinbispora sp., Actinobispora yunnanesis, Dac-tylosporangium sp., Jonesia sp., Micromonospora sp., Nocardia sp., Nocardioides sp., Saccharomonospora sp., Saccharopolyspora sp., Streptomyces albus, S. cyaneus, S. exfoliatus, S. griseoflavus, Streptoverticillium sp., S. baldaccii, Tetrrabacter sp.Theisolatedstrainswereiden-tified based on the morphological, biochemical, andphysiological characteristics.All the 16 actinomyceteswereselectedforantimicrobialactivity.TheAntibacteri-alactivitywasdeterminedagainsttwopathogenicbacte-riasuchasStaphylococus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae: Streptomyces griseoflavuswasshowedmaximumactiv-ity againstStaphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneu-moniae.Antifungalactivitywasdeterminedagainsttwofungalpathogenic suchasAspergillus niger, Fusarium moniliforme. Streptomyces griseoflavus was showedmaximum level of inhibition againstAspergillus nigerfollowedbyFusarium moniliforme. Molecularcharac-terizationofStreptomycesgriseoflavuswereevaluatedbyPCRamplificationof16srDNAgene.ThegenomicDNAandamplifiedproductswereseparatedinagrosegelandthe16srDNAgeneofStreptomycesgriseoflavusspeciesisolatedfromsoilwaspartiallysequencedusingspecific16srDNAsequenceprimer.8F:[51AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG-31].1492R:[51-ACGGCTACCTTGTTACGACTT-31].1BharathidasanUniversity,Microbiology, School of Life sciences,Tiruchirappali, TamilNadu, 620 024, India2FiskUniversity, Biol-ogy,100017thAveNorth,Nashville,TN,37208,USA3A.V.V.M.SriPushpamCollege,BotanyandMicrobiology,Poondi,TamilNadu,613503,India

115

288 XUE, XINXIN* and CRONK, QUENTIN

The Genetic Basis for a Red Flower Mutant in Sweet Pea (Lathyrus odoratus)

Floralcolorisatraitthatnotonlyattractspollinators,buthasalsoattractedcenturiesof researchersbe-

causeofitsassociationwithgenetic,ecologicalandevo-lutionaryquestions.TheSweetpea(Lathyrus odoratus)hasservedasamodelsystemforgeneticstudiesoffloralcolorduringtheearly20thcentury,andtherefore,manyofthehereditaryfactorsresponsibleforacolorswitchfromwildtypetocolormutants,havebeenidentified.AsinglefactorAisresponsibleforacolorchangefromthewildtypepurpleandbluebicolor(cultivar’Cupani’)toaredandwhitebicolorform(cultivar’PaintedLady’).Thegeneticcontrolofsuchacolorswitchwasinvesti-gatedinthisstudy.HPLCanalysisofpigmentextractsindicatedamajorswitchofenzymefluxfromproduc-ingdelphinidinanditsderivativestotheproductionofcyanidinanditsderivatives.However,RT-PCRshowednodifferenceintheexpressionlevelsof f3’5’h,respon-siblefortheswitchoffluxintheAnthocyaninBiosyn-theticPathway(ABP).Cloningandsequencingoff3’5’hfromcDNArevealedanon-synonymouscodingSNPchangingtheaminoacidfromG(Glycine)in’Cupani’toD(Asparticacid)in’PaintedLady’.Aco-segregationanalysisisbeingcarriedoutbetweenthisSNPmarkerwiththe’PaintedLady’phenotypeintheF2generation,todeterminewhether there is anassociationbetweenthe f3’5’halleleandtheredmutantphenotype.Prelimi-naryresultsarepresentedinthisposterandtheirsignifi-canceisdiscussed.<brclear="none"/>

UniversityofBritishColumbia,DepartmentofBotany,Biodiver-sityResearchCentre,2212MainMall,Vancouver,BC,V6T1Z4,Canada

Historical Section

See also History of Botany: The Missouri Connection.

ORAL PAPERS

289 TOUWAIDE, ALAIN

When History Meets Genetics. Horseradish in Antiquity

Genetics is able to reconstruct the phylogenesisofplant species.Withoutavalidation fromhis-

tory,suchreconstructionis theoretical,howeverexactandusefulitmaybe.Horseradishoffersaparadimaticcasetocheckthevalidityofthishypothesis.ThepaperwillpresentthetextualevidenceaboutthediffusionofhorseradishfromitsareaoforigintotheMediterranean,andcheckwhetersuchdatacorrelatewiththeresultofgeneticalanalysis.Insodoingitwillshowhowancienttextualdata(whichshouldpreferablybeconfirmedwitharchaeologicaldata)completetheresultsofgenetichis-toryandtransformthemfromaflatimageintoathree-dimensionalone,whichadherescloselytoreality.Inthefieldofeconomicbotany,thisisparticularlyrelevantasthistypeofinquirymakesitpossibletoidentifytheac-torswhoseuseseconomicbotanystudies,togetherwiththeirplacesandtime.Thepaperwillcapitalizeontherecentworkbybotanistsandgeneticistsandexpandonitbybringingtolightthedataofhistoricalresearch.

InstituteforthePreservationofMedicalTraditions,Research,POBox7606,Washington,DC,20044,USA

290 TOUWAIDE, ALAIN

History and Economic Botany: Some Methodological Reflections

Inrecentyears,historyhasbeenincreasinglypresentin economic botany inquiries. Economic-botanists

collect data from historical documents (from pre-printedbooks[manuscripts]toearlyprintedbooks)asabasisfortheirinvestigations.Inthisway,therangeofprimary sources for the economicbotany inquiries isconsiderablyexpanded,alsomakingitpossibletocom-pare current practice (often knownby oral transmis-sion)andthewrittenrecordofancientuses(oftenre-sultingfromacentury-longtradition).Thoughperfectlyfoundedandlegitimate,suchuseofancientdocumentsassourcesisnotalwayssoundfromthehistoricalmeth-odviewpoint.Thepaperaimstopresentsomemethod-ologicalreflectionsbasedoncasestudiestakenfromthehistoricaldocumentation.Thepurposeistogenerateaborder-crossingdialoguebetweenthemanydisciplinesthatcontributetoeconomicbotanyresearch.

InstituteforthePreservationofMedicalTraditions,Research,POBox7606,Washington,DC,20044,USA

116

291 SUNDBERG, MARSHALL

Botanical Education in the United States II. Asa Gray through Charles Bessey and the New Botany

AmosEatonssuccessatRensselaerwasthestimu-lusfortwodivergenttrendsofbotanicalinstruc-

tioninthe19thcentury.OntheonehandhisdiscipleAlmiraLincolnPhelps,andlaterAlphonsoWood,wereproducingbotanicaltextbooksemphasizingtheprocessof botany and student-active approaches, particularlyfor high schools and younger students. Content wasde-emphasizedwithafocusonbasicconceptualideas.On the other hand,AsaGray, Eatons botanical rival,andprotegeofEatonsownprotege,JohnTorrey,wascriticalofEatonsbotanyandofhisapproachtobotani-calteaching.TheprolificGraybroughtprofessionalismtoAmericanbotanyandhis textbookswere the stan-dardforcollegeinstructionuntilBesseyspublicationofBotany for High Schools and Collegesin1880.Thisbook,basedonSachsgreatGermanbotanicaltextbook,em-phasizedthenewbotanybyfocusingonplantanatomyand physiology as well as taxonomy. Bessey and hiscontemporariesintheMidwest, includingBarnesandCoulteramongothers,ledtheprogressivechangeinbo-tanicalinstructionevenastheycollaboratedtoformtheBotanicalSocietyofAmerica.

EmporiaStateUniversity,DepartmentOfBiologicalSciences,1200COMMERCIAL,EMPORIA,KS,66801,USA

292 FLANNERY, MAURA

Blanche and OakesAmes: A Relationship of Art and Science

Oakes Ames (1874-1950) was a wealthy NewEnglanderwhodevelopedafascinationwithor-

chidsasaboy.Hehadhisowngreenhouse,andeven-tually his own library, herbarium,and laboratory - athome.Hewas educatedatHarvardUniversitywherehe joined the faculty after receiving his A.M.degree.Helaterdonatedhisherbariumofover100,000speci-mens,aswellashislibrary,totheUniversity.Hemademany contributions to the orchid literature describ-ingover1,100newspeciesand9newgenera.In1900,Oakes married Blanche Ames (1878-1969) who hadgraduatedwithtophonorsinartfromSmithCollege.Throughouttheirlongmarriage,Blanchedidmanyil-lustrationsforOakes’spublications.In1947,thecouplepublishedDrawings of Florida Orchids,withBlancheasfirstauthorandOakeslistedasacontributor’areversaloftheirusualpublicationarrangement.Thevolumein-cludeddrawingsmadefromearlyintheirmarriageuptothetimeofthepublication.Notalltheimageswerescientific illustrations, some were floral landscapes.BlancheAmesdidnotlimitherselftobotanicalillustra-

tion. She alsopainted sophisticatedportraits, politicalcartoons,andmurals.ButitisherbotanicalworkthatIammostinterestedin,andinparticularthepen-and-inkillustrationsthatnotonly endedupinpublicationsbutonherbariumsheetsaswell.ManyofthesheetsintheOakesAmesHerbariumare rich inadiversityofwaysof illustratingplants.Yes, theyhavedriedspeci-mensattachedtothepage,andpacketswithseedsandother plantstructures.ButmanyalsohavephotographsandpencildrawingsbyOakesaswellasmorefinishedimagesbyBlanche.Thesheetsarethustheproductsofthiscollaborationanddocumentsofamarriageaswellas of species. In this paper, I will discuss what thesesheetsrevealaboutorchids,art,andfeminism,ofwhichBlanchewasastaunchproponent.

28AtlasAve.,Malverne,NY,11565,USA

293 MARANZ, STEVEN

Evidence for an alternative evolutionary and ethnopharmacological role for anti-malarial plants in Sub-Saharan Africa

Africa’s human populations have numerous ge-neticadaptationslinkedtoresistancetomalaria.

InadditiontoDuffynegativebloodgroupsthatconferalmost complete resistance toPlasmodium vivax andhemoglobinopathies that reduceP. falciparum patho-genicity,thereisarelativelyhigherthresholdforbittertastedetection that correspondsgeographically toen-demicmalariaareas.TraditionalAfricananti-malarialtherapiesfeaturesomeextremelybittertreatments,suchas touloucouna (’bitter oil’) fromCarapa proceraDC(Meliaceae).However,tolerancetobittertastemayexistinnon-humanprimatesaswellandprobablypre-datesthedevelopmentofconsciousethnomedicine.Thisrais-estheintriguingpossibilitythatdietarycompoundsmayinfluencemalaria.Experimentsusingamousemodelofmalariademonstratethatahighoral intakeofdietaryflavonoidssignificantlyreducesparasite loadsanden-hancestheacquisitionofimmunememory.However,in vitroassaysshowthatflavonoidsmarginallyinhibitP. falciparumatphysiologicalconcentrations.Most in vitroinvestigationsofAfricananti-malarialplantshavelikewisefoundonlyweakanti-plasmodialactivity.Thisdiscrepancymayberesolvedbythehigheractivecom-poundconcentrationrequiredtodirectlykillthepara-sitecomparedtothelevelsneededtomodifythehostendothelialenvironment.Ifflavonoidsandothertreat-mentcompoundsactprimarilyonthehostratherthantheparasite,thekeyeffectswillnotbedetectablein vitro.Thus,thecurrentsystemofrelyingonin vitroscreen-ingofAfricanplantextractsfordirectanti-plasmodialactivity is misplaced. Indeed, the epidemiological re-cordof thepast century shows that compoundswithanti-plasmodialpotencyatnanomolardosesinvariablyselectfordrugresistantparasites.Ifindigenousequiva-lents to chloroquine or artemisinin had emerged inAfrica’spast,theywouldinalllikelihoodhavefailedas

117

well.GivenAfrica’slongexposuretomalariaandexten-siveethnobotanicalexperimentationwithbothdietandtherapies,itismorelikelythathost-actingcompoundsthatarenoteasilyovercomebyPlasmodiumparasiteswould have been preferentially retained in the indig-enousfoodwaysandpharmacopeia.

CornellUniversity,WeillMedicalCollege,Microbiology&Immu-nology,1300YorkAv,NewYork,NY,10021,USA

294 RUSSELL, RUSTY*1, VAN CAMP, ANNE2 and SHEFFIELD, CAROLYN1

The Field Book Project

TheFieldBookProjectisacollaborativeprojectforimprovingaccess toprimarysourcematerialsre-

latedtobiodiversityresearch.LedbytheUSNationalHerbariumandSmithsonianInstitutionArchives,thisprojectisdevelopingaFieldBookRegistrybasedonex-istingstandardsandcommunityinput.Inthispresenta-tion,wewillintroducetheprojectintermsofenvisionedbenefits for the botanical community, current imple-mentationstatus,andfuturegoals.Fieldbooksaretheoriginaldocumentsthatdescribetheeventsandcircum-stancesleadinguptoandincludingthecollectionanddescription of biological specimens.The Smithsonianhousesthousandsoftheseunpublishedjournals,notes,andimagesrelatedtofieldresearch,mostfallingintothecategoryofhiddencollections,orcollectionsforwhichlittleornodocumentationexists.Fundingforthisproj-ectcomesfromtheCouncilonLibraryandInformationResources(CLIR)andisrestrictedtodescribing,cata-logingandprovidingaccesstotheitemrecords.Wewillpresentonthestatusofachievingtheseimmediategoalsaswellasourlongertermgoalsofextendingfunction-alityandexpanding thescopeof theRegistry.Longertermgoalsfocusonmakingfieldbooksaccessibleviaapublic-facing,onlineFieldBookRegistrythatwillserveasaninternationaltoolkitformanagementofbiodiver-sityfieldbooks.Inthissecondphaseoftheprojectotherorganizationswillbeabletocontributetheirfieldbookcontent.ThiscollaborativeeffortisbeingdefinedwithpartnerinstitutionsincludingHarvardUniversityHer-bariaandArchives,PeabodyMuseum(Harvard),NewYorkBotanicalGarden,AcademyofNaturalSciences,MissouriBotanicalGarden,andCaliforniaAcademyofSciences.Pageleveldigitizationanddeliveryisanotherlongtermobjective.WorkingwiththeBiodiversityHer-itageLibrary(BHL)weareassessingpossiblestrategiesforaccomplishingthismonumentaltask.1SmithsonianInstitution,UnitedStatesNationalHerbarium,MRC-166,Botany,P.O.Box37012,Washington,DC,20013-7012,USA-2Smithsonian Institution, SIArchives,CapitolGallery#3000,600MarylandAve.,SW,Washington,DC,20024-2520,USA

POSTERS

295 NEILL, AMANDA K., REHMAN, TIANA FRANKLIN*, KIESCHNICK, SAM, SWADEK, REBECCA, MARKSTIENER, PATTY and NORTON, KIM

A moving story: Workflows for relocation and expansion of the BRIT-SMU-VDB Herbarium at the Botanical Research Institute of Texas

The combined BRIT-SMU-VDB Herbarium atthe Botanical Research Institute ofTexas (BRIT)

housesoveronemillionplantspecimensrepresentingmuchoftheEarth’splantdiversity.Thesespecimensarewidelyusedbystudentsandprofessionalsaswellasthegeneralpublic.Aftermanyyearsofplanningaperma-nentbuilding,constructionwascompletedinearly2011onthenewhomefor this independentnon-profitre-searchinstitution.Thenew,two-storyherbariumspaceoccupiesover20,000squarefeet.Theherbariumproperis fullycompactorized,and thepreviously-owned585metalcabinetsaresupplementedbyanadditional325newmetalcabinets.Ofthenewcabinets,nearlyallaredoublewides,sotheexpansionspacemorethandoublestheherbarium’scapacity.Compactorizationofthecol-lections with modern storage equipment allows theincorporationofalargebacklogofboxedspecimensofgreatscientificvalueandprovidesasafeenvironmentfor their preservation. Grants from the US NationalScienceFoundationandtheInstituteofMuseumandLibrary Services supported the purchase and installa-tionofthemobilestorageunitsandherbariumcabinets.Readyingtheherbariumforthemovetookmorethansixmonthsoflaborbyherbariumstaffandahugecrewofvolunteers.Sincethiswasthesecondmoveinfouryears,thisprocesshasbeentwice-tested.Workflowsofpreparationsformoving,includingboxedbacklogorga-nization,cabinetlabelingandmapping,andreorganiza-tionaredescribed.

Botanical Research Institute of Texas, 1700 University Drive, FortWorth,TX,76107-3400,USA

Historical Section

118

Mycological Section

See also Incorporating microbes into plant com-munity ecology.

POSTERS

296 ZOLJ, SANDA, PAWLEY, MELISSA D., ALI, T'SHURA S.A., GOINES, JILLIAN C., ROBINSON, DAVE and LAU, JOANN*

Effect of extracts from reishi mushroom (Ganoderma lucidum) on lung cancer cell proliferation.

Forcenturies,Chineseherbalistshaveusedthereishimushroom(Ganoderma lucidum [Curtis]P.Karst)

asaremedyforhumandiseaseslikehepatitis,bronchi-tis, and cancer.This study examined the effectsofG. lucidumextractonproliferationoflungcancer.FemaleandmalelungcancercelllinesweretreatedwithvariousconcentrationsofG. lucidum andmonitored1,2and5dayspost-treatment.Overall, therewasadose-depen-dant,aswellastime-dependent,decreaseincellprolif-eration.Immunoblotanalysiswasusedtoexaminethelevelsofapoptoticandcellcycleproteins(Bcl-xL,Bcl-2,Bax,Cdc2,Cdk4,andCyclinD)inthecellculturesfol-lowing treatment.Results suggest that thedecrease incancercellproliferationwasduetosignaledcelldeath(apoptosis).Previousstudieswithothercancercell-lineshavebeencontradictoryinregardstotheactivecom-ponentinreishimushroom.Somereportssuggestthattheactivecomponentisapolysaccharide,whileotherspointtotriterpenoids.Tobetterunderstandtheactivecomponents responsible for cell death, triterpenoidsand polysaccharideswere separated fromG. lucidumandfurtherassayedinthissystem.Ourresultssuggestthat the triterpenoid componentofG. lucidum is thebioactive component.Biochemical characterizationofthisancientherbalremedycouldholdpromiseforthetreatmentoflungcancer.

BellarmineUniversity,Biology,2001NewburgRoad,Louisville,KY,40205,USA

297 DAVOODBASHA , MUBARAKALI1, RAMASAMY, PRAVEENKUMAR 1, STOKES , IMARGOBE 2, THIYAGARAJAN, SHENBAGAVALLI1, THAYALAN , MARI NIVETHA1, ASOKRAJA , ILAVARASI 1, ABDULAZEES , PARVEEZ AHAMED1, NOORUDDIN , THAJUDDIN 1 and MUTHUKUMARAN, GUNASEKARAN*2

Morphological, biochemical, molecular and antimicrobial characterization of Trichoderma viride NTDMF01

Trichoderma virideisoneoftheimportantbiocontrolfungishowingtheirvitalroleinthefieldofagricul-

ture andmedicine. In thepresent studyTrichoderma viride NTDMF01 was isolated from terrestrial soilsample and characterized bymorphological and bio-chemicalmethods.Inordertocharacterizetheseisolateatmolecularlevel,genomicDNAwasisolatedandsub-sequentlyITSand28SrDNAgeneswereamplifiedus-ingspecificprimersandsequenced.The28SrDNAandITSsequencesofT. virideNTDMF01weresubmittedinGenBankwithaccessionnoGU585845andHM217756respectively. DNA barcode was developed based onthe InternalTranscribed Spacer gene sequences fromBarcodingOfLifeDatasystem(BOLD)withBarcodeidNTDMF001-10. Phylogenetic treewas constructedtoknowthetaxonomicpositionofisolatedstrain.ThecrudeextractsofT. virideNTDMF01showedantifun-galactivityagainstvarioushumanandplantpathogenssuchasTrichophyton sp., Epidermophyton sp.,Nigrospo-ra sp., Aspergillus sp.etc.TheactiveantifungalfractionswerefurtherpurifiedandanalyzedusingFTIR,GC-MS,NMRforstructurecharacterization.1BharathidasanUniversity,Microbiology, School of Life sciences,Tiruchirappali,TamilNadu,620024,India2FiskUniversity,Biology,100017thAveNorth,Nashville,TN,37208,USA

119

Paleobotanical Section

See also Innovations in organismal botany - a tribute to the pioneering studies of Donald A. Eggert.

ORAL PAPERS

298 BENCA, JEFFREY*1, STROMBERG, CAROLINE1 and CARLISLE, MAUREEN 2

Morphological variation in the panglobal Devonian lycopsid genus Leclercqia: A new species from Washington state

ThebasallycopsidgenusLeclercqiahadavastbio-geographicrange,inhabitingbothGondwanaand

EuramericaduringtheEarly-MiddleDevonian(~400-385Ma).Despiteitsbroaddistribution,onlytwospecieshavebeendescribedtodate(L.complexaandL. andrew-sii).AnewMiddleDevonianflorainnorthernWash-ingtonStatehasyieldedanewmorphotypeforthege-nus.Todeterminewhetherthismorphotyperepresentsanewspecies,wedevelopedaseriesofmeasurementscapturing vegetative and reproductivemorphology toassessthemorphologicalandtaxonomicdiversitywith-inthegenus.AnalysisofVariance(ANOVA)ofmea-surements shows that the newmorphotype from theChilliwackGroup is statistically significantly differentfrombothL. complexaandL. andrewsii infouroutoftwelvecharacters,L. complexaintenoutoftwelvechar-acters,andL. andrewsii innineoutoftwelvecharacters.Inaddition,L. complexa shows statistically significantdifferencesfromL.andrewsiiinnineofthetwelvechar-actersmeasured.Multivariatetechniquesusingvegeta-tivecharacterssimilarlyseparatethenewmorphotypefrom L. complexa and L. andrewsii. To test whetherintraspecificandinterspecificvariationaredistinguish-ableinmodernlycopsids,thesesameanalyseswereusedtocompareextantvariantsandspeciesofLycopodium.Theanalysesshowedthatbiologicalspeciesaredistin-guishablefromoneanotherwhileintraspecificvariantsarenot.Basedontheseresults,wesuggesttheadditionof anew species to the genus:Leclercqia scolopendra.Additionally, intraspecific comparison ofL. complexafrom localities spanning six continents showed thatsomeregionalmorphologicalvariationexistswithinthisspecies,providinganotherpossiblelineofevidenceforcontinentalproximitiesduringtheEarly-MiddleDevo-nian.Thisstudyrepresentsthefirstglobalmorphomet-ricanalysisofaDevonianlycopsidgenusanddemon-stratesthatthismethodcanbeusedtoquantifydegreesoftaxonomicandmorphologicaldiversitybetweenandwithinlong-extinctplantgroupsusingrelativelyfewdi-agnosticfeatures.1University of Washington, Biology, 24 Kincaid Hall, Box 351800,Seattle,WA,98195-1800,USA2BurkeMuseum,UniversityofWash-ington,Box353010,Seattle,WA,98195-301,USA

299 HOFFMAN, LAUREL*1 and TOMESCU, ALEXANDRU2

An early origin of secondary growth in the Early Devonian of Gaspé

Secondarygrowthmayhaveevolvedindependentlyinasmanyasfiveplantlineages.Theearliestoccur-

rences are seen inMiddle Devonian euphyllophytes-progymnosperms and cladoxyllaleans. By the LateDevonian,sphenopsids,someferns,andlycopsidshadalsoevolvedsecondarygrowth.Secondarytissuesaris-ing from a vascular cambium are recognizable basedonasuiteofcharacters,includingpresenceofaxialandradialcomponents,radiallyalignedcellsasseenincrosssections,andadditionofradialcellfilesbymultiplicativedivisions.Investigationofanatomicallypreservedplantsin the Early Devonian (Emsian, ca. 405Ma) BatteryPointFormation(Gaspé,Quebec)hasyieldedaspeci-menexhibiting featuresof thesecondarygrowthsyn-drome.Thespecimenconsistsofacylinderofxylem1.7mmindiameter,devoidofextraxylarytissues,andisas-sociatedwithPsilophyton dawsoniimaterial.AlthoughitsanatomyisreminiscentofP. dawsonii,thespecimencannotbeindisputablyassignedtothatspeciesduetoitslackofextraxylarytissuesandbecauseitfallsoutsidethe range of defining parameters ofP. dawsonii.Thespecimenisprotostelicwithasmallamountofcrushedmetaxylemaroundthecentralprotoxylem.Primarytis-suesmakeuponlya small fractionof thexylem,andaresurroundedbyasignificantamountoftissuewithsecondary growth characteristics: conspicuous radialarrangement of tracheids and numerous instances ofmultiplicative division. The specimen is compressedlaterallyandfeaturesradialrupturesrepresentingrays(probablyuniseriate)which,duetotheirparenchyma-tousnature,providedtheweakeststructuralplanesthatcleavedduringdiageneticcompression.Together,thesefeaturesareindicativeofsecondarygrowth.Irrespectiveofitsexacttaxonomicaffinities,anatomyandageplacethisplantatthebaseoftheeuphyllohyteclade,demon-stratingthatsecondarygrowthhadevolvedpriortothedivergence of cladoxyllaleans and progymnosperms.The Gaspé plant demonstrates another independentoriginofsecondarygrowth,pushingtheearliestemer-genceofthisdevelopmentalfeaturedownintotheEarlyDevonian.1HumboldtStateUniversity,DepartmentofBiologicalSciences,1HarpstSt.,Arcata,CA,95521,USA2HumboldtStateUniversity,De-partmentofBiologicalSciences,1HarpstStreet,Arcata,CA,95521,USA

Mycological-Paleobotanical Section

120

300 CARUSO, JOSEPH A.*, BARRETT-WATSON, HANNA and TOMESCU, ALEXANDRU

New gametophytes from the Early Devonian Beartooth Butte Formation (Wyoming)

The Beartooth Butte Formation hosts the onlyextensive Early Devonian plant assemblages in

westernNorthAmericaandhasrecentlyyieldedfossilsreminiscent of thalloid bryophyte gametophytes.Thefossilsare<10mmandfallwithinthreemorphologicaltypes.Type1 includes radially symmetrical thalliwith4-6branchesdivergingfromacentralpoint.Branchesare 0.8-1.5mmwide at the base, up to 3 mm long,sometimeswithtwoordersofbranching,androundedorbilobedtips.Type2consistsofbilaterallysymmetri-calthalli.Branchesfanoutfromacentralareaintwodirections,forminga"butterflyshape".Eachofthetwofans,consistingof5-6branches,widenstoalmost180°,withtheoutermostbranchesrecurvedandoverlappingcorrespondingbranchesoftheoppositefan.Branchesare0.6-1.3mmwideat thebase,up to3.3mm long,sometimeswithtwoordersofbranchingandroundedtips.Type3thalliaresmaller(upto6mm)andexhibitbilateralsymmetry.Twobranches,1.5-2.2mmwideatthebaseandupto2.2mmlongwithlobedtips,divergeineachofthetwodirectionsofgrowth.Theabsenceoffertilestructuresmakes itdifficult toresolvethetaxo-nomicaffitiesofthesegametophytes.Type1thallire-semble Ricciellopsis and Ricciopsis from the MiddleDevonianofPodolia and theTriassic-Jurassicof IranandSweden,butaredifferentfromtheseinsomechar-acteristics.Type 3 thalli resembleMarchantites fossilsfromtheCretaceousofSpain,buttype2thalliarenotcomparabletoanyknownfossilgametophyte.Someex-tantRicciaceaearereminiscentoftype1gametophytesintheirradialsymmetryanddiminutivesizes,butthepronouncedbilateralsymmetryseenintype2andtype3gametophyteshasnocounterpartamongextantbryo-phytes. Palynostratigraphy indicates a late Lochkov-ian-earlyPraghian(ca.410Ma)agefortheWyominggametophytes,thereforetheyareslightlyolderthantheearlyvascularplantgametophytesoftheRhyniechertandGermanSchiefergebirge.

Humboldt StateUniversity,Department of Biological Sciences, 1HarpstStreet,Arcata,CA,95521,USA

301 HILLIER, KAITLIN*1 and ROTHWELL, GAR2

Evidence for the filicalean fern genus Senftenbergia in Pennsylvanian sediments of western North America

Specimens considered to be compression fossilsfrom putative Pennsylvanian sediments of cen-

tralOregon andoriginally described asPecopteris or-egonensisArnoldhavebeenreexaminedrevealingthattheyhaveanatomicallypreservedvascular tissuesandareassignabletothefilicaleanfamilyTedeliaceae.Fernfragmentsincludesegmentsofrhizomewithdivergingrachidesaswellasinterconnectedfrondsegmentsthatdocument four orders of pinnately dissected pinnaewith lobedpinnules.Individualpinnulesdisplayopendichotomousvenationwithoneveinterminatingeachroundedlobe.Fertilepinnuleshavelarge,stalked,soli-tarysporangiaattachedatthemarginadjacenttoaveinending,andthesporangiaareuniformlyarrangedwiththeirapicesorientedtowardthecenterof thepinnulealong the abaxial surface. This arrangement of spo-rangia ismorereminiscentof thegenusSenftenbergiaCordathanAnkyropterisStenzelorTedeliaEggertandTaylor,bothofwhichdisplayclustersofabaxialsporan-gia.Therachistraceisroughlyanchorshapedincrosssection,with two lateral protoxylem strands andovalprimarypinnaetracesthatdivergeinanalternatepat-terntoformaplanarfrond.Therhizomedisplayslonginternodes,anddistinctivedensecoarsetrichomesarepreservedontherachisandprimarypinnae.Theover-allmorphologyofthisfernconformscloselytothatofAnkyropteris brongniartii (Renault) Bertrand (sensuMickle1980),andappears tobea liana.ThisextendsthegeographicandstratigraphicrangesofSenftenber-gia fromEuropeandEasternNorthAmericatoOregoninwesternNorthAmerica,andfromtheMississippiantothePennsylvanian.Thisspeciessupportstheearlierinterpretation thatAnkyropteris andSenftenbergia arecloselyrelatedfilicaleanferns.Examinationoftheasso-ciatedplantsintheflorarevealsthattheonlycommontreewasaspeciesofCalamitesBrongniartwithAstero-phyllites BrongniartfoliageandPhyllothecaBrongniartcones.Ifthisassociationreflectsplantinteractionsthenthisisthefirstinstanceofafernvinethatgrewonacala-mitetree.1OhioUniversity,DepartmentofEnvironmentalandPlantBiology,Athens,OH,45701,USA2OregonStateUniversity,DepartmentofBotanyandPlantPathology,Corvallis,OR,97331,USA

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302 SCHWENDEMANN, ANDREW*, TAYLOR, THOMAS and TAYLOR, EDITH

Investigating Leaf Hydraulics in Fossil Plants from the Permian and Triassic of Antarctica

Watertransportinplantsisanimportantphysi-ologicaltopicthathasreceivedalotofattention,

includingstudiesthatfocusonwatertransportinfossilplants.Todate,thisworkhasprimarilyconcentratedonwater transport through fossil stems.Fossilized leavesaremorecommonand represent anexcellentoppor-tunitytostudyplantpaleophysiologyduetothemanyinteractionsbetweenleavesandtheirenvironment.Leafvenationarchitecturevariesgreatlyacrossplantspeciesandisoftenusedtodifferentiateleaffossilsintoseparatemorphotaxa.Venationarchitectureplaysanimportantroleinleafbiomechanicalsupport,thedeliveryofnu-trients and photosynthates, and in hydraulic supply.Inturn,leafhydraulicsupplyinfluencesthemaximumphotosyntheticrateoftheplantaswellastheamountof water lost to the atmosphere. Although hydraulicstudiesinplantsmostlyfocusonstemhydraulics,leavescontributeatleastone-fourthofthetotalresistancetowatermovementinthewholeplant.Ingeneral,waterconductance ina leaf increaseswith increasedmidribconductivity and minor vein density. Although theHagen-Poiseuilleequationcancalculateindividualveinconductivity,itdoesnotincorporatethevenationarchi-tectureofthewholeleaf.Here,aspatiallyexplicitmodelforstudyingtheleafhydraulicsofextantangiospermsisappliedtofossilleavesfromthePermianandTriassicofAntarctica.Leafmorphotypesincludedinthisstudyinclude Glossopteris, Dicroidium, and Heidiphyllum.Suchananalysisallowsforthecomparisonofrelativehydraulicconstructioncostsandmaximumphotosyn-thetic rates. Due to the inherent assumptions of theconductancemodel and the inherent incompletenessassociatedwith fossils, absolute values are impossibletoobtain.Themodeldoes,however,allowforcompari-sonstobemadetoleaftypesacrosslatitudinalgradientsandthroughtime.Thismodelwillbeusedtostudypo-tential physiological changes in leaf types at differentpaleolatitudesaswellasexaminepossiblephysiologicalreasonsforthedominanceofsomeplantgroups.

UniversityofKansas,EcologyandEvolutionaryBiology,1200Sun-nysideAvenue,HaworthHall,Lawrence,KS,66045-7534,USA

303 BERGENE, JULIE*, TAYLOR, EDITH and TAYLOR, THOMAS

Anatomically preserved Dordrechtites from the Middle Triassic of Antarctica

Dordrechtitesisanenigmaticseed-bearingstructurepreviously known only from South Africa and

Australia.Thediscoveryofcompressedandpermineral-izedspecimensofthistaxonatthebaseofMt.Falla(up-perFremouwFormation)inthecentralTransantarcticMountainsextendsthegeographicaldistributionofthegenus and increases the knownfloral diversity of theTriassicofAntarctica.Itisalsothefirstpermineralizedmaterialofthetaxonandthusprovidesadditionalchar-actersthatcanhelpelucidateaffinitiesofthestructureby linking anatomical detail to surface compressions.Thefossilsappeartobepreservedascompressionsonthesurface,butsectionsthroughthematrixrevealthattheyarepermineralizedwithinandcanbestudiedbymeansof thepeel technique.Dordrechtites specimensrepresentdispersedmegasporophylls.Eachisconspicu-ously T-shaped with a central, flattened area bearingtheovule,andtwo longslenderextensionspreviouslydescribedassterilearmsorhorns.Themegasporophyllsurface shows longitudinal striations.The central re-gionispyramidalinshapewithanaveragelengthof10mm.TheT-shapedsporophyllextensionsareabout12mmlongby1mmwideandbendtowardsthecentralovule-bearing region. Each structure bears one ovulewithanadjacentpresumedairpocket.Sporophylltissueconsistsoflargethick-walledsclerenchymacellsthatare40-70•~ P wide.Theintegumentconsistsofabi-layeredsclerotesta.Theinnersclerotestaisdenselypackedwithindistinctcellswhiletheouterpartis5-20cellsdeep;in-dividualcellsare •~ P widewithovaltooblongrect-angularcellsthathavethickenedwalls.Adiscontinuouslayerconsistingofradialfilesofcellsoccursonthecha-lazalendoftheovuleadjacenttotheoutersclerotestaandmayrepresent sometypeofabscissionzone.Thefour previously described species, which are thoughttobeassociatedwithHeidiphyllum,areverysimilarinsizeandshapetotheAntarcticmaterial,thereforethepermineralizedfossilscanbedirectlycomparedtothecompressionforms.

UniversityOfKansas,DepartmentOfEcologyAndEvolutionaryBiology, 1200 Sunnyside Avenue, Haworth Hall, Lawrence, KS,66045-7600,USA

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304 HARPER, CARLA*1, TAYLOR, THOMAS1 and KRINGS, MICHAEL2

Fungi from the Permian and Triassic of Antarctica

Fungiareanintegralpartofmodernecosystems,andit is believed that theywere equally important as

constituentsofancientcommunities.Therecentre-dis-coveryoftheadvantagesofpetrographicthinsectionsover acetatepeels has resulted in awider recognitionoffossilfungi.Exceptionallywell-preservedfungihaverecentlybeendiscovered fromSkaarRidge(Permian)andFremouwPeak(Triassic)inAntarctica.Thesein-cludeseveraldifferenttypesofhyphaeandmyceliainPermianplanttissue,oneofwhichischaracterizedbyirregular septations and numerous papilla-like hyphaprojections.Itisinterestingtonotethatthistypeofhy-phaformscoils insomehostcells.Largethick-walledfungal spores (Glomeromycota?) from Skaar Ridgeareunusualbecausesomeformscontainanumberofsmallsphericalstructures,eachabout13umindiam-eter.FungifromtheFremouwPeaklocalityincludeanintracellularmeshworkoftenuoushyphaeorfilamentsless than1um indiameter. Someappear septate andpossiblypossessclampconnections.Fungalsporessimi-lartothosefromSkaarRidgehavebeenfoundinthechertmatrixfromFremouwPeak.Thesesporesareupto170umindiameterandmanycontainsmallsporesorpropagulesofotherfungi.Theinternalstructuresarepredominatelyspherical-pyriformandbornterminallyonnarrowhyphae.Thesereportsemphasizetheabun-danceofwell-preservedfungalremainsinpeatdepositsfrom the late Paleozoic-earlyMesozoic of Antarcticaandoffernewsourcesofinformationonfungaldiver-sityandinteractions.1University Of Kansas, DepartmentOf Ecology And Evolution-aryBiology,1200SunnysideAvenue,HaworthHall,Lawrence,KS,66045-2106, USA2Bayerische Staatssammlung Für PaläontologieUndGe,Richard-WagnerStrasse10,Munich,Germany,D-80333,Germany

305 KLYMIUK, ASHLEY*1, STOCKEY, RUTH2 and ROTHWELL, GAR2

A taxodioid (Cupressaceae) seed cone from the Upper Cretaceous of British Columbia, Canada

A singleanatomicallypreservedseedconewasre-coveredfromtheEdenMainlocality(Vancouver

Island), aConiacian succession ofmarine sandstoneswithphytodetritalremainspreservedinCaCO3concre-tions.Theellipticalconemeasures25mmlongand7mmwide,andhashelicallyarrangedbract/scalecom-plexeswhicharealmostentirelyfused.Theaxiscontainsanarrowparenchymatouspith,surroundedbyaslightly

dissectedvascularcylinder.Theparenchymatouscortexcontains11-13largeresincanals.Intransversesection,thereappearstobeanabscissionlayerwherebract/scalecomplexes attach to the axis.The cylindrical vasculartracetothebract/scalecomplexis100μmindiameter,and is accompanied by one resin canal, 170-200 μmwide, which runs the entire length of the bract.Thebractextendsatarightanglefromtheconeaxisfor2mm,beforenarrowingandanglingapicallyforafurther3.8mm.Within the inflatedportionof thebract, theresincanalramifieslaterally,producing4-8additionalcanals.These canals are smaller in diameter, and donotcontinueintothedistalportionofthebract,whichisscleroticandtriangularincrosssection.Theadaxialsurfaceofthebract/scalecomplexbearsthreeinvertedwinged ovules, 600 μm long and 375-550 μm wide,someofwhichcontainmegagametophytetissue.Seedsarevascularizedattheirchalazalends,andborneuponaparenchymatouspad.Thisparenchymatoustissueisarranged inpericlinal files and is laterally continuouswithasimilarabaxialzone,whichabruptlytransitionstoasclerotichypodermisneartheoutermarginofthecone.Thesmallovuliferousscaleseendistaltotheseedis0.6mmlong,freefromthebractatitstip,anddenselysclerotic.Of the basal taxodioidmembers of theCu-pressaceae,thisnewconeismostsimilartotheJuras-sicHughmillerites juddii(SewardetBancroft)Rothwell,Stockey,MapesetHilton,butshowsasuiteofcharactersthatplaceitinanewtaxon.1UniversityOfAlberta,BiologicalSciences,CW312BiologicalSci-encesBuilding,116thAndSask.Drive,Edmonton,AB,T6G2E9,Canada2OregonStateUniversity,DepartmentofBotanyandPlantPathology,Corvallis,OR,97331,USA

306 RICHEY, JON*1 and UPCHURCH, GARLAND2

Inference of pCO2 Levels and Climate in the Late Cretaceous from Fossil Lauraceae

BotanicalestimatesofpCO2fortheLateCretaceoushavemostcommonlyusedStomatalIndex(SI)in

fossilGinkgo. Recently,SIinfossilLauraceaehasbeenused to infer changes in pCO2 at the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary, based on the relation betweenSI and pCO2 in extant Laurus and Hypodaphnis. Toprovideabroad-scalepictureofpCO2basedonfossilLauraceae, we examined dispersed cuticle of the leafmacrofossilgenusPandemophyllumfrom:1)theearlytomiddleCenomanianofthePotomacGroupofMary-land(MauldenMountainlocality,lowerZoneIII)and2)theMaastrichtianofsouthernColorado(RatonBa-sin,StarkvilleSouthlocality).ThesesamplesfallwithintheLateCretaceousdeclineinpCO2inferredfromgeo-chemicalmodelingandotherproxies.SIwascalculatedfromfossilcuticle fragmentsusingImageJandcountsofupto56,000cellspersample;pCO2 levelswereesti-matedusingtherelationbetweenSIandCO2publishedforLaurus nobilis andHypodaphnis zenkeri. Early to

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middleCenomanianatmosphericpCO2isestimatedat473partspermillion(ppm)fromtheL. Nobilisequationand418ppmfromtheH. zenkeri equation (95%confi-dence interval (CI) = 401-550ppm),while lateMaas-trichtianpCO2isestimatedat461ppmfromtheL. No-bilisequationand405ppmfromtheH. zenkeri equation (95%CI=357-522ppm).TheMaastrichtianestimatesfallswithintherangeofpublishedestimatesfromotherproxies.TheCenomanianestimate, incontrast, is lowrelativetootherestimates.The95%confidenceintervalsofourpCO2estimatesoverlapeachotherandthoseofother pCO2 estimates for the Late Cretaceous basedon Lauraceae, suggesting no significant difference.This could indicate thatpCO2was relatively constantthroughtheLateCretaceous.Alternatively,itcouldin-dicatethatLauraceaeshowlowsensitivitytohighCO2,orothermoderntaxashouldbeusedfor inferringpCO2withLateCretaceousLauraceae.1TexasStateUniversity-SanMarcos,Biology,601UniversityDrive,SanMarcos,TX,78666,USA2TexasStateUniversity,DepartmentofBiology,601UniversityDrive,SanMarcos,TX,78666,U.S.A.

307 BENEDICT, JOHN

The fossil history of Zingiberales and new insights based on fossil and extant members

The fossil recordofZingiberales extends from thelateCretaceous to thePliocene inEuropeand to

the Eocene in North America. Fossils recognized inthis order include leaves (e.g. Zingiberopsis and Mu-sopsis),rhizomesand7fruitandseedspecies.Themostwidely distributed andmost completely studied fruitgenus is Spirematospermum, which is known frommanylocalitiesinEuropeandatleastonesiteineast-ernNorthAmerica.Originallydescribed asGardenia wetzleri Heer (Rubiaceae), the genus was renamedSpirematospermum wetzleri by Chandler who sug-gesteditsaffinitieswerewithZingiberaceae.ThemostinformativefossilsofSpirematospermum areanatomi-callypreservedfruitsfromthemiddleMiocenefloraofFasterholt, Denmark studied by Friedrich and Koch.SpirematospermumhasbeenassignedtoeitherMusa-ceaeorZingiberaceaebasedonacombinationoffruitand seed characters.One of themain characters thatwasused toallySpirematospermum withMusaceae isthe transverse septumat the chalazal endof the seedthatdelimitsthechalazalchamber.ThischaracterwasthoughttobeuniquetoMusaceae,however it isnowalsoknowninsomespeciesofAlpina(Zingiberaceae).BecausethischaracterisnotlimitedtoMusaceaetoday,itcannotbeusedtoconclusivelyplaceSpirematosper-muminthisfamily.AnatomicallypreservedfossilseedsfromthelatePaleoceneofNorthDakotathatareverysimilartoSpirematospermumarebeingstudiedserially

bythecelluloseacetatepeelmethod.ThepresenceofaSpirematospermum-likeplantinthePaleoceneofNorthDakotaisintriguingsinceitfurtherdocumentstheflo-risticelementssharedwiththeAlmont-BeicegelCreekflorasandthosefromEurope.

Arizona StateUniversity, SchoolOf Life Sciences, POBox 4601,Tempe,AZ,85287-4601,USA

308 BOONCHAI , NAREERAT*1, MANCHESTER, STEVEN2 and LOTT, TERRY1

Southwestern Wyoming Fossil Plants Expedition 2010: retracing petrified wood sites of the 1970s-80s

In 2009, about a hundred Eocene silicified woodspecimens with an excellent anatomical preserva-

tionweredonatedtothePaleobotanycollection,FloridaMuseumofNaturalHistory.Thesespecimenswerecol-lectedduring1972-1984byJamesB.Stichkafromsevenwell known lapidary-quality petrified wood localitiesin southwestern Wyoming. Unfortunately, very littleresearchonwoodanatomyinthisareahasbeendoneto identify the kinds of trees represented. To obtainpreciseGPSdata,relevantgeologicalinformation,andcollectadditionalspecimens,Mr.Stichka,now94yearsold,guidedusbacktohisoriginalcollectingsites,suc-cessfullyretracinghisroutesintheEdenValleyareaofWyoming from 30-40 years earlier.The localities wecollectedwereBigSandyReservoir,BlueForest,ParnellDraw,andBlueRim.FromtheanatomicalstudyoffiftypetrifiedwoodsamplesfromthesiteeastofBigSandyReservoir(earlyEoceneBridgerFormation),thesestemsbelongedtoAnacardiaceae(Edenoxylon sp.),Lauraceae(Laurinoxylon sp.),anotherundetermineddicotyledon-ouswood,andPalmae(Palmoxylonsp).Thediversityoftreesfromthissiteislow,dominatedbyanacardiaceouswoodandpalm.Wearestillinvestigatingthetaxonomicaffinities ofwood fromother sites. In addition, otherplantorgansandanimalfossilshavebeenfoundatthesesites, e.g., leaves of Lygodium, Populus, Pseudosalix, and fruitsof Landeenia.These fossilwood specimensprovide another opportunity to augment the floristiccompositionandpaleoclimateoftheEoceneflorasfromsouthwesternWyoming, which is generally in agree-mentwithotherfossilevidencefromtheEarlyEoceneinthisregion.Thedicotyledonouswoodsrecoveredsofararediffuseporousandsemi-ringporous,suggestingmoderateseasonality.Thesewoodtaxa implythat thepaleoclimatewassubtropicalratherthanthesemi-aridconditionsthatarepresenttoday.1FloridaMuseumofNaturalHistory,NaturalHistory,MuseumRd&NewellDr,UniversityofFlorida,Gainesville,FL,32611,USA2

UniversityofFlorida,FloridaMuseumofNaturalHistory,POBox117800,Gainesville,FL,32611,USA

Paleobotanical Section

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309 LINDSAY , COLLEEN ELISE

Environmental vs. Anthropogenic Landscape Effects: the demise of the Maya

Ideas regarding the positive or negative impact onClassicMayalandscapemodificationshavesparked

controversythatneedsaresolution.Somehavearguedthat the landscape modification spawned the end oftheMayacivilizationwhileothersconcludethatotherfactorscreatedthedownfall,andtheMayamethodoflandmanagement sustained their culture throughoutboththeriseandthefall.MyresearchanalyzestheMayalandscape via two directions of analysis: living plantspecimenscollectedfromaroundaClassicMayacenterandsedimentcoresfrompoolsnearthecenter.Theselinesofanalysisformthebasisformypreliminaryre-searchintotheMayalandscapeandtheresultingdemiseoftheMayacivilization.Iarguethat,whilethepeopleremainedonthe landscape, theenvironmentalconse-quencesoftheirlaterlandmanagementcombinedwithclimaticimpactsresultedinthecollapseofthismightycivilization. However, their landscape conservationtechniquesprovidetheframeworkforfurtheranalysisintohowtheMayawereabletoconstructterrainsthatsurvivedcenturiesandstillpositivelyinfluencethefor-esttoday.

UniversityofIllinoisUrbana-Champaign,PlantBiology,505SouthGoodwinAvenue,Urbana,IL,61801,USA

310 LE , THIEN-Y *1, DUNN, REGAN1 and STROMBERG, CAROLINE2

The Effects of Light Quantity on Grass Epidermal Cell Shape

Phytoliths,microscopicplantsilicabodies,informusaboutthetypesofplantsthatremaininthefossil

record,allowingforreconstructionofpastecosystems.Phytolithsareproducedabundantlyingrasses,andtheirvariation inepidermalcellwallundulation(waviness)mightallowustoinferthestructureofancientvegeta-tion(openhabitvs.closedcanopy).Welookedattheeffects of sunlight variation on epidermal cell shapesofmoderngrassesasafirststepincreatingaproxyfordetermininghabitat type fromthe fossil record.Longand short cells of five species of grasses (Chusquea culeou ’Gigantea’ (CC), Poa secunda (PS), Schizachy-rium scoparius (SS), Sporobolus asper (SA), and Stipa viridula(SV))weregrownin20%,60%,100%(control),and120%light.Morphometricmeasurementsofindi-viduallongandshortcellsweremadefromepidermalpeelsusingAdobePhotoshop.Foreachcell,thedegreeofwavinesswascalculatedusingtheundulationindex(UI),adimensionlessvaluerepresentingtheratioofthecircumference of themeasured cell to the circumfer-enceofacirclewiththesamearea.Silicifiedcellswereextractedfromtheleavessothatheightsoftheshortand

longcellscanalsobeexamined.Datafor SS,SA,andSVlongandshortcells,andPSshortcellsshowedthatlightquantitydoeshaveaneffectonUIofepidermalcells,butthatthepatternbetweentreatmentscanbenon-lin-ear,especiallyforshortcells.AlthoughthereareoverallstatisticaldifferencesinUIbetweenlighttreatmentsinbothspeciesandtypesofcells,data fromSS,SA,andSVlongcellsshowthegreatestpromiseforuseinthefossilrecordbecauseofthebimodaldistributionofUIbetweenthedeepshade(20%light)andenhancedlight(120%light)treatments.1UniversityofWashington,Biology,24KincaidHall,Box:351800,Seattle,WA,98195-1800,USA2UniversityofWashington,Biology,24KincaidHall,Box351800,Seattle,WA,98195-1800,USA

311 TAYLOR, WILSON* and GONTAREK, BRYAN

The search for extant analogues for early land plant algal progenitors

Theaquaticalgalancestorsthatgaverisetotheearli-estterrestrialplantsarenotnormallyexpectedto

haveleftmuchinthewayoffossilremains,lackingastheylikelywereinrecalcitrant(hencepreservable)tis-sues.Theonepossibleexceptiontothisisthedispersalbodies (spores). Palynologists have long recognizedthewidespreadandcontinuousrecordofmicroscopic,acid-insoluble, acetolysis-resistant bodies from vari-ous depositional environments, but have had mixedsuccess at efforts to establish the biological affinities.Onepotentialsourceofextantanaloguesthathasbeenrelatively unexplored ismoribund algalmonocultures.WecollectedandsampledtaxafromtheUWMadisonculturecollection,examinedandphotographed them,thensubjectedthosewithevidenceofpossibleresistantcells to acetolysis to see if recognizable remains sur-vived.Thisapproachofusingacetolysisas "simulatedfossilization"isnotnew,butitsapplicationtoabroadarray of taxa under conditions thatmay be expectedto have forced the organisms intowhatever "survivalmode"theyarecapableof,maybe.Atthesametime,amoretargetedassortmentofalgalcultureswithknowndesiccationtolerancewasprovidedbyDr.LouiseLewisandsubjectedtothesametreatment.Despitepreviousreportsintheliteratureofresistantwallcomponentsinseveralof thetestedtaxa,onlytwosurvivedacetolysiswith anythingbeyond fragmentaryor amorphous re-mains:Botryococcus andProtosiphon. TEM examina-tionoftheseremainsisongoing.ThisisoneapproachinamultiprongedstudythatincludesfieldcollectionsinthedesertsouthwestoftheUSandthedryvalleysofAustraliainthecomingyear.

UniversityofWisconsin-EauClaire,Biology,EauClaire,WI,54701

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312 DUNN, MICHAEL*1, GENSEL, PATRICIA2 and BLAKE, MITCH3

The Alta Flora of the Price Formation (Mississippian, Tournaisian/Visean) of southern West Virginia

TheAltalocalityofthePriceFormationinsouthernWest Virginia is a relatively recently discovered

outcropthatcontinuestoproduceadiverseassemblageofMississippianageplants.ThestrataareonlybroadlydatedasTournaisiantoViseanduetonearbycomplexfaulting,andmayrepresentaseriesofoverbankflooddepositsthatpreservedtheplantremainsascompres-sions in fine-grained sandstones to mudstones. Thisreportsummarizespreviouslydescribedtaxafromthesiteandaddsnewdatatoproduceacomprehensiveflo-risticsurveyoftheassemblage.Thefloraconsistsofatleast10morphotaxarepresentingseedplants,lycopsids,and possibly progymnosperms. Foliage taxa includeCharbeckia macrophylla,Genselia compacta,Chlidano-phytonsp.,Rhodeasp.,andProtobarinophytonsp.,andstem taxa include specimens previously assigned toLepidodendropsis.Ovules andovulate cupules includeLagenospermum, Gnetopsis, and several undescribedspecimens.Newdatafromthesiteincludefertileaxesassignable toChlidanophyton thatproduceovatespo-rangiaborneontheterminalendsofequaltounequallydichotomizingbranchesofnakedaxes in sparseclus-ters.Sporangiasplitopenapicallybutnoevidenceofadehiscenceslitorotherdispersalmechanismhasbeenobserved.Thesedataaddtoourrapidlyincreasingun-derstandingofthedistributionanddiversityofMissis-sippianageplantsfromNorthAmerica.1CAMERON UNIVERSITY, 2800 Gore Blvd, LAWTON, OK,73505,USA2UniversityOfNorthCarolina,DepartmentOfBiology,403CokerHall,UniversityOfNorthCarolina,CHAPELHILL,NC,27599-3280,USA3WestVirginiaGeologicalSurvey,1MontChateauRd,Morgantown,WV,26508-8079,USA

313 SERBET, RUDOLPH*1, HAGEMAN, SCOTT2, HOFFMAN, BRIAN2, KRINGS, MICHAEL3, TAYLOR, EDITH4 and TAYLOR, THOMAS4

Lyginopterid seed fern diversity from the Pennsylvanian of Missouri.

AnUpperPennsylvanianlocality(BonnerSpringsShale, Kansas City Group,MiddleMissourian)

inwesternMissouriiscurrentlyprovidingdiverseandwell preserved fossils of both plants and arthropods.The plant material that consists of both impressionsandcompressionsandiscomposedoffertileandveg-etativeremainsofvariousfern,seedfern,sphenophyte,lycopsid,cordaiteandconifertaxa.Thediscoveryofabranchedputativelyginopteridpollenorganfromthis

sitedemonstratesthatthis groupofPaleozoicseedfernswasmorediverse thenpreviously known.Thepollenorganischaracterizedbyaprimaryaxiswithalternatelyarranged secondary and tertiary axes; with the latterproducingflattened,shield-shapedunitscharacterizedbyathickequatorialmarginandbearingpollensacsontheabaxial surface.Eachunit isapproximately5mmindiameterandcontainsapproximately16sporangia.Gland-likestructuresoccuron thesurfaceof thepol-lenorgan.Pollengrains are radial andapproximately45umindiameter;surfaceornamentationincludesthepresenceofbothgranaandconi.FrondsoftheSpheop-teris-typearecommonlyassigned to the lyginopteridsandthismorphotypeisassociatedwiththenewpollenorgans.Thenewpollenorganmorphologyissimilarinbasicorganizationalmorphologytothatofseverallygi-nopteridpollenmicrosporangiateorgantypes,includ-ing Feraxotheca and Crossotheca, however, there aredistinctdifferencessuggestingthatthisorganrepresentsanewmorphogenus.1UniversityOfKansas,DivisionOfPaleobotany,NATHISTMUS&BIODIVRESINST,1200SunnysideAvenue,Lawrence,KS,66045,USA2ParkUniversity,DepartmentofNaturalandPhysicalSciences,Parkville,MO,64152,USA3BayerischeStaatssammlungFürPaläon-tologie Und Ge, Richard-Wagner Strasse 10,Munich, Germany,D-80333,Germany4UniversityofKansas,EcologyandEvolution-aryBiology,1200SunnysideAvenue,HaworthHall,Lawrence,KS,66045-7534,USA

314 RYBERG, PATRICIA*1, TAYLOR, EDITH2 and TAYLOR, THOMAS3

Mt. Achernar: A window into Antarctic glossopterid diversity

Impressionsof glossopterid reproductiveorgans areknowninAntarcticafromtheHorlickMountainsto

southernVictoriaLand.Todate,twoimpressionovu-lategenerahavebeendescribedandtheydonothaveoverlappingrangesofdistribution.ThisstudyprovidesthefirstevidenceofalocallydiversefloraatMt.Acher-nar in the Central Transantarctic Mountains. Threegeneraofglossopteridovulatestructures,includingthemultiovulatePlumsteadia andScutumaswellasanewmorphotaxon, were found approximately 18 metersbelowthelevelfromwhichapermineralizedforestwaspreviouslydescribedwithintheupperpartoftheUpperPermian Buckley Formation.The new morphotaxonconsistsofcupuleshelicallyattachedtoastem.Asingleveinentersthebaseofacupuleandthendivergesfivetosixtimeswithsecondaryveinsextendingtothemar-ginofthelobedcupule.Cupulesmeasure4.0–6.6mmin length and4.8–8.0mmwide.Up tofive biwingedovules,eachmeasuring3.0–3.7mmby2.9–3.7mm,areattachedineachcupule.Twomorphogeneraofovulatestructuresintheglossopteridcladearecurrentlyiden-tifiedasbearingcupules,whicheitherextendfromthemidribofaleaforareattachedattheendofanisolatedstalk.Unlikethesepreviouslydescribedmorphogenera,

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however,thenewtaxonfromMt.Achernarbearscu-pulesattachedtoanaxisinahelix.Inadditiontothisnewtaxon,thepresenceofScutumrepresentsthefirstrecordofthegenusinAntarctica.PlumsteadiahasbeendocumentedatMt.Achernarbutcollectionsfromthe2010–2011Antarcticfieldseasonrevealspecimensatahigherdensitythanpreviouslyrecorded,perhapsindi-catingthatnumerousovulatestructureswereproducedinsomeorganizedstructurenotyetobserved.PreviousstudiesonAntarcticglossopteridshaveprovidedonlyahinttotheglossopteriddiversityofAntarctica,andtheMt.AchernarlocalityprovidesalocalizedsnapshotoftheheterogeneityoftheglossopteridsinAntarctica.1UniversityOfKansas,DepartmentOfEcology&EvolutionaryBi-ology,1200SunnysideAve.,Lawrence,KS,66045,USA2UniversityOfKansas,DepartmentOfEcologyAndEvolutionaryBiology,1200SunnysideAvenue,HaworthHall,Lawrence,KS,66045-7600,US-A3UniversityOfKansas,DepartmentOfEcologyAndEvolution-aryBiology,1200SunnysideAvenue,HaworthHall,Lawrence,KS,66045-2106,USA

315 TAYLOR, THOMAS*1, KRINGS, MICHAEL2 and DOTZLER, NORA2

Where are the fossil zygomycetes?

MolecularevidencesuggeststhattheZygomycotais an ancient lineage of Fungi that may have

extended back into the Precambrian. Modern zygo-mycetesarecharacterizedbyaspecialmodeofsexualreproduction that involves gametangial fusion andthe formation of a zygospore within a zygosporan-gium.Historically the fossil record of this groupwasbelievedtobeextensive,butaftertheestablishmentofthe Glomeromycota fossil evidence of true Zygomy-cotaisrare.OneinterestingtypeoffossilthathasbeenvariouslyassociatedwiththeZygomycotaarestructurescommonlyreferredtoassporocarps.Thesestructures,whichrangefromtheCarboniferousintotheTriassic,are composed of interlaced hyphae that surround acentralcavity.Althoughtheprecisesystematicpositionremainscontroversial,newevidencefromtheCarbon-iferous of France indicates that at least some sporo-carpsrepresentmantledzygosporeslikethoseofsomemodernZygomycota.OtherevidencefromtheMiddleTriassicofAntarcticaindicatesthatatleastsomeofthestructures termedsporocarpswereproduced togetherwithinasac-likestructureverysimilartothatfoundinmodern sporocarp-forming Zygomycota. In this pre-sentationwereviewthebiodiversityofwhathavebeentermedfossilsporocarps,andhighlightthoseformsthatthatmaybeassignedtotheZygomycotawithsomede-greeofconfidence.1University Of Kansas, DepartmentOf Ecology And Evolution-aryBiology,1200SunnysideAvenue,HaworthHall,Lawrence,KS,66045-2106,USA2BayerischeStaatssammlungfuerPalaeontologie,Richard-WagnerStrasse10,Munich,80333,Germany

316 BOMFLEUR, BENJAMIN*1, SERBET, RUDOLPH2, KRINGS, MICHAEL3, TAYLOR, EDITH4 and TAYLOR, THOMAS5

What is Dejerseya?

The Triassic foliage morphotype Dejerseya lobatacomprisesentire-marginedtopartlypinnateleaves

with secondary veins forming fan-shaped to pinnateclusterswithinthelobes.Theleavesareunevenlyam-phistomatic,andstomataarecomposedofmoderatelysunkenguardcellssurroundedbypapillatesubsidiarycells. Associated reproductive organs are assigned tonewspeciesofMatatiella(ovulateorgans)andTownro-via(pollenorgans).Theovulateorganischaracterizedbypinnately arranged,primarily shield-shapedmega-sporophylls divided into three to four narrow lobes,eachwithasinglerecurvednakedovuleonthe lowersurface.The pollen organ arises from a reproductivebud,andconsistsofaslenderaxisbearingpinnatelyar-ranged,stalked,elongatereceptacles,eachwithabout20unilocular,club-shapedpollensacs.Pollenisnon-tae-niatebisaccateandmonosulcate,andcorrespondsmostcloselywithFalcisporites australis.Co-occurrencedataindicate that the isolated organs derive from a singlenatural plant species. Based on structural similaritieswithwell-establishedpeltaspermtaxa,wesuggest thatthis new seed fern, in addition to several other enig-maticpteridospermfossilsfromGondwana,representsamemberofapreviouslyunrecognizedgroupofMe-sozoic peltasperms. Paleoecological analyses indicatethattheseplantswereopportunistic,early-successionalinhabitantsofstressedwetlandenvironments inpolarlatitudesduringtheTriassic.1University of Kansas,Department of Ecology and EvolutionaryBiology,HaworthHall,1200SunnysideAve.,Lawrence,KS,66045,USA2UniversityOfKansas,DivisionOfPaleobotany,NATHISTMUS&BIODIVRESINST,1200SunnysideAvenue,Lawrence,KS, 66045, USA3Bayerische Staatssammlung Für PaläontologieUndGe,Richard-WagnerStrasse10,Munich,Germany,D-80333,Germany4UniversityOfKansas,DepartmentOfEcologyAndEvo-lutionaryBiology,1200SunnysideAvenue,HaworthHall,Lawrence,KS,66045-7600,USA5UniversityOfKansas,DepartmentOfEcol-ogyAndEvolutionaryBiology,1200SunnysideAvenue,HaworthHall,Lawrence,KS,66045-2106,USA

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317 DECOMBEIX, ANNE-LAURE*1, TAYLOR, EDITH2 and TAYLOR, THOMAS3

Anatomy and affinities of permineralized corystosperm trunks from the Middle Triassic of Antarctica: new data and synthesis.

Anatomically preserved stems of Middle Trias-sic corystosperm seed ferns from the Central

Transantarctic Mountains include (1) trunks of Jef-fersonioxylon from Gordon Valley found in associa-tionwith Dicroidiumleafcompressionsand(2)youngstems of Kykloxylon from Fremouw Peak bearingDicroidium leafbases.Neithertaxoniscomparabletothe corystosperm trunk morphogenus Rhexoxylon,andithasbeensuggestedthatthehabitoftheAntarcticcorystosperms differed from the tree-fern like recon-structionbasedon the associationofRhexoxylon andDicroidiumintheTriassicofSouthAmerica.Wehavepreviously hypothesized, based on portions of trunkswith preserved bark fromFremouwPeak, that stemswithaRhexoxylon-likedissectedxylemcylinderactu-allycorrespondtotheouterpartofflutedtrunkbases.NewspecimensfromFremouwPeak,includingmate-rialcollectedduringthe2010-2011australfieldseason,supportthisconcept.Permineralizedtrunks50cmormore in diameter are preserved in fluvial sandstonechannels at the locality.Thebaseof the trees isoftensurrounded by silicified peat and is the only regionwherethebarkispreserved.Thesecondaryxylemislo-callyhighlylobed,withincludedbarktissues,andiso-latedfragmentssomewhatresembletheouterpartofaRhexoxylonaxis.Thedecorticated,moredistalpartofthetreesshowsaflutedsecondaryxylemcylinder.Thecentralpartofthetrunks,aswellasbranchesalsofoundin theenclosing sandstone,however, lackevidenceofthe complex vascular system typical of Rhexoxylon.Thesimplestelaranatomyisindeedmorecomparabletothatofyoungstemsof Kykloxylonknownfromthepermineralizedpeatatthesamesite.ThesimilaritiesoftheAntarcticspecimenswithSouthAmericancorysto-spermtrunkswithaso-callednormalcylinderaxis,suchasCuneumxylonandTranquiloxylon,willbediscussed.1UniversityOfKansas,1200SunnysideAve.,HaworthHall,Law-rence, KS, 66045-7534, USA2University Of Kansas, DepartmentOf Ecology And Evolutionary Biology, 1200 Sunnyside Avenue,Haworth Hall, Lawrence, KS, 66045-7600, USA3University OfKansas,DepartmentOfEcologyAndEvolutionaryBiology,1200SunnysideAvenue,HaworthHall,Lawrence,KS,66045-2106,USA

318 GARCIA MASSINI, JUAN L.*1, FALASCHI, PAULA2 and ZAMUNER, ALBA3

Fungal-arthropod-plant interactions from the Jurassic petrified forest Monumento Natural Bosques Petrificados, Patagonia, Argentina

Fungal-arthropod-plant interactions are de-scribed from the Middle Jurassic Monumen-

to Natural Bosques Petrificados, Deseado Massif,Patagonia,Argentina. Fossils consist of silicified arau-carian logs thatappeardifferentiallydecayedanddis-play systemsofgalleriesbored inpatterns resemblingthose produced by extant wood-boring beetles. Gal-leriesarefilledwithfrassthatisreworkedintosmallergalleriescontainingcirculartoellipticalcoprolitesthatareofpossiblemiteoriginandcomposedoffungalandplantremains.Fungiarealsofoundgrowingfromthewallsofthegalleriesandfromthecoprolites.Identifi-ablefungalpropagulesincludeasexualstructurestypi-calofextantimperfectfungi.Comparisonwithmodernwoodwithsimilarpatternssuggestsaxilophagousroleforthewoodborer,whereasthenarrowergalleriesandcoproliteslikelyareproductsofasmallerxylophagous/fungivorouswoodborer.Decaypatternsinthesilicifiedwoodsarelikethoseproducedbyextantsaprotrophicandpathogenicwood-rottingfungiinmodernecosys-tems.The funguson thewallsof thegalleriesandonthe coprolitesmost likely played a saprotrophic role.However,additional indirect and direct interactions(i.e.,phorisms)similartothosebetweenconifers,mites,beetles,andfungiinmodernecosystemscanbehypoth-esized.This report provides fossil evidence of multi-trophic fungal-arthropod-plant interactions and sug-geststhepossibilitythatcomplexinteractionslikethoseinmodernconifersmighthavebeeninplacebyatleasttheJurassic.Theseresultsunderscoretheimportanceoffungiaskeyelementsofpastecosystems,actingasdriv-ersofbiologicalcyclesandsymbiontswithavarietyoforganisms.1Centro Regional de Investigaciones Cientificas y TransferenciaTecnolo,Biologia, EntreRios yMendoza s/n,Anillaco, LaRioja,5301, Argentina2Universidad de Buenos Aires, Laboratorio dePaleobotanica, IntendenteGüiraldes 2620, BuenosAires, BuenosAires,1428,Argentina3UniversidadNacionaldeLaPlata,DivisionPaleobotanica,PaseodelBosques/n,LaPlata,BuenosAires,1900,Argentina

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319 STOCKEY, RUTH*1, ROTHWELL, GAR1 and JOHNSON, KIRK2

A new species of Cobbania (Araceae) from the Cretaceous (Upper Maastrichtian) of South Dakota

A large number of new specimens of the floatingaquaticaroidgenusCobbaniaStockey,Rothwell

etJohnsonhavebeenrecoveredfrompondsedimentsintheHellCreekFormationofHardingCounty,SouthDakota. Specimens arepreserved as compression/im-pressions inagreyishbrown, sandysiltstone.At least12rosettesofwholeplantswithbranchedaquaticroots,someofwhichareinterconnectedbystolons,showthecharacteristic trumpet-shaped, pubescent Cobbania-typeleaveswithacentralaerenchymatouszone.Stemsofthenewplantaresmallerandmoredelicate; leaveshaveshorterpetioles,alargernumberofprimaryveins,andconsiderablywiderrimsthanthoseofC. corrugata.Leavesofbothspeciesshowanapicalnotchandcollec-tiveveinsinthemarginwith2-3marginalveinsandafimbrialveinintherim.Inthenewspecimenstheleafrimisquitenarrownearthebase,butexpandsdramati-cally(6-7timesthesize)towardtheapex.Bothplantsshow a similar over-all venation patternwith a largenumberof(upto19inthenewspecies)abaxialprimaryveinsthatextendfromthepetiole.StolonsintheHellCreekplantsareupto1cmwideandshowevidenceofprobableinternalvasculartissues,notseeninC. corru-gata.ThesenewCobbaniafossilscomefromtheUpperMaastrictian,neartheendofthe10millionyeargeolog-icrangeforthegenus,andrevealthattheseaquaticAra-ceaeweremorediversejustpriortotheK/Tboundary.1OregonStateUniversity,DepartmentofBotanyandPlantPatholo-gy,Corvallis,OR,97331,USA2DENVERMUSEUMOFNATURE&SCIENCE,2001COLORADOBLVD,Denver,CO,80205-5798,

320 HU, SHUSHENG*1, TAYLOR, DAVID2 and HICKEY, LEO3

A new Turonian flower of Ericalean affinity from the South Amboy Fire Clay Member of the Raritan Formation, Linden Clay Pit, Middlesex County, New Jersey

Charcoalifiedplantmesofossils, includingflowers,inflorescences,fruits,andseeds,havebeenrecov-

eredfromcarbonaceousclayofinferredestuarineoriginbelongingtotheSouthAmboyFireClayMemberoftheRaritanFormationfromtheLindenClayPit,MiddlesexCounty,NewJersey.Basedupondispersedangiospermpollen,includingComplexiopollis sp.andPseudoplicap-ollissp.,thesesamplesfallinZoneVofDoyleandRob-bins(1977)andareoflateTuronianAge.Amongthethreedimensionallypreservedmesofossilsisaminute,pentamerousflowerwith in situ ovules and adherent

pollen.Thefloweris2.0mmlongand1.2mmwide.Thepreservedbasalremnantsoftheperianthformasingleringresultingfromthefusionofaninnerandanouterwhorlofsympetalousandsynsepalouscorollaelements.Anannulardisc is located insideof thestamens, intowhichisinsertedalargenectaryglandoppositetothefilamentbases.Theovaryissuperior,syncarpous,and5-carpellate,1.1mmlong,and0.9mmwide.Thestyleisatleast0.5mmlongand hollow.Thestumpsoffivefila-mentbasesarepresentandoppositethepetals.Pollengrains,whicharefoundadheringtothefilamentbasesandalsolyingbetweenthepetalsandtheovarywall,areoblate, 14 x 21µm, tricolporoidate,with short colpi,scabratetoregulatesculpturing,andasolidtectumandfootlayer.Theovulesarerectangular,105x66µminlengthandwidth,arrangedhorizontally,andaxile,withmorethan50ovulesperlocule.Baseduponthefloralandpollencharacteristics,suchasaconnatecorolla,anannulardisc,asyncarpousand5-locularovary,ahollowstyle, horizontal ovules, axile placentation, and tricol-poroidatepollenwithasolidtectumandfootlayer;thefossilflowerappearstohaveitsclosestaffinitywiththeOrderEricales.1YaleUniversity,PeabodyMuseumofNaturalHistory,170Whit-neyAvenue,NewHaven,CT,06511,USA2INDIANAUNIVER-SITYSOUTHEAST,DepartmentOfBiology,4200GRANTLINEROAD,NEWALBANY,IN,47150,USA3YaleUniversity,PeabodyMuseumOfNaturalHistory,P.O.Box208109,170WhitneyAvenue,NewHaven,CT,06520-8109,USA

321 ESTRADA-RUIZ, EMILIO*1, UPCHURCH, GARLAND1, WHEELER, ELISABETH2 and GREG, MACK H.3

Late Cretaceous dicotyledonous woods from the Crevasse Canyon and McRae Formations, south-central New Mexico, USA: Part I

LateCretaceousangiospermwoodsfromtheWest-ernInterior,U.S.A.,arepoorlyknownrelative to

palynomorphs and leaf macrofossils. Recently, abun-dantanddiverseangiospermwoodshavebeenreportedfrom the Campanian to Maastrichtian of Coahuila,Mexico,andBigBendNationalPark,Texas,butlessisknownaboutangiospermwooddiversityincoevalde-positstothenorth.TheCampanianCrevasseCanyonFormation and Maastrichtian McRae Formation ofsouth-central NewMexico, U.S.A., provide an abun-dantrecordofsilicifiedwoodsthatexpandsourknowl-edgeofdicotwooddiversityduringtheLateCretaceous.TheCrevasseCanyonFormationyieldswoodsbelong-ingtoMetcalfeoxylon (Malvales)and Paraphyllanthoxy-lon (probably Lauraceae), two genera previously de-scribedfromtheWesternInteriorCretaceous.TheJoseCreekMemberoftheMcRaeFormationyieldsthege-nusPlataninium(Platanaceae)andwoodsthatappeartorepresentnewgenera.TheselatterwoodsincludeonespeciesofCelastraceae,twotypesofprobableMyrtales,

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and a eudicot of uncertain affinity. A range of plantsizesandlifeformsisindicatedbythewoods.Metcal-feoxylonisknownfromin situstumpswithmaximumbasal diameters up to 0.75m respectively, andwoodsofParaphyllanthoxylonknownfromotherareascomefromtrunksupto1mindiameter.ThewoodsofCelas-traceaeandpossibleMyrtaleshaveaxissizesconsistentwiththeirderivationfromsmalltrees,largeshrubs,and/or vines,while the eudicotofuncertain affinityhas asmalldiameteraxisandwoodanatomyconsistentwithitsderivation froma smallplant(lowdensityof smallvesselsandlargequantitiesofparenchyma).Ourworkindicatesthatcertaintaxa,suchasParaphyllanthoxylonand Metcalfeoxylon,were important angiosperm treesfromparatropicalregionsofNorthAmerica,andthatothersmayhavebeenmoreendemicintheirdistribu-tionand/orplantsofsmallerstature.1Texas State University, Department of Biology, 601 UniversityDrive,SanMarcos,TX,78666,U.S.A.2NorthCarolinaStateUniver-sity,DepartmentofWoodandPaperScience,Raleigh,NC,27695,U.S.A.3NewMexicoStateUniversity,DepartmentofGeologicalSci-ences,LasCruces,NM,88003,U.S.A.

322 UPCHURCH, GARLAND*1, KIEHL, JEFF2, SHIELDS, CHRISTINE2 and SCOTESE, CHRISTOPHER1

Plants, clouds, and climate models: Understanding warm climates of the latest Cretaceous

Thenatureofpastwarmclimateshasbeenamajorareaofdisagreementbetweenpaleobotanistsand

climatemodelers.Paleobotanicalproxiesfortempera-turesuchasfoliarphysiognomyindicateequablecon-ditions and reduced latitudinal temperature gradientsforwarmintervals suchas theLateCretaceous,whileclimatemodels typicallyproducecoldconditionsandsteeplatitudinaltemperaturegradients.PaleobotanicalproxiesforatmosphericpCO2,suchasStomatalIndex,indicateonlymoderateincreasesinatmosphericpCO2for times such as the Late Cretaceous, while climatemodelsgenerallyrequiresignificantincreasesinpCO2tosimulatethewarmthindicatedbypaleobotanyandgeochemistry.Fullycoupledsimulationsusingthelow-resolutionversionof theCommunityClimateSystemModel,version3(CCSM3)demonstratehighcongru-ence between paleobotanical and geochemical tem-perature indicators and climatemodel output for thelatestCretaceous(Maastrichtian).Inthesesimulationswe explore the combined roles of greenhouse gases,vegetationcover,andthepropertiesofliquidcloudsincreatingwarmandequableconditions.Ourmodelsuc-cessfullyreproduceswarmpolartemperaturesandthelatitudinalgradientofMeanAnnualTemperaturewith-outoverheatingthetropics,usingpaleobotanicallyreal-isticlevelsofatmosphericpCO2.ThebestfitforMeanAnnualTemperatureisasimulationthatprescribes560ppmpCO2 (2xpreindustrial),2000ppbCH4,realistic

vegetation,andliquidcloudpropertiesthatmostlikelyreflect pre-anthropogenic levels of cloud condensa-tionnuclei.IfLateCretaceouspCO2levelswerelowerthan560ppm,assuggestedbystomatal indexstudiesoffossilLauraceae,additionalwarmingmechanismsareprobablyneeded.Onegoodcandidateisreducedratesof transpiration in LateCretaceous vegetation,whichwould have resulted from the evolution of vein den-sityinCretaceousangiospermsandreducedfractionalcoverofangiospermsduringtheCretaceousrelativetotheCenozoic.1UniversityofTexas,DepartmentofEarthandEnvironmentalSci-ences,Box19049,Arlington,TX,76019,USA2NationalCenterforAtmosphericResearch,1850TableMesaDrive,Boulder,CO,80307,USA

323 AXSMITH, BRIAN*1, STULTS, DEBRA2, KNIGHT, TERRELL3 and BINGHAM, PATRICK4

The conifer Araucaria bladenensis and associated large pollen and ovulate cones from the Upper Cretaceous Ingersoll shale (Eutaw Formation) of Alabama

Araucarianconifer remains fromtheUpperCre-taceous Ingersoll shale Konservat-Lagerstatte

(Eutaw Formation) of Alabama include leafy shootsof Araucaria bladenensis, an associated pollen cone,an ovulate cone, and an isolated bract-scale complexthat were probably produced by the same plant spe-cies. Well-articulated A. bladenensis specimens withpreserved cuticles reaffirm the original generic deter-mination,andshowsimilaritytobranchesoftheextantspeciesA. bidwillii.ThelargepollenconeisremarkableastheearliestexamplecomparableinsizeandpollensacnumbertothoseofthelargestextantAraucariaspecies.Theco-occurrenceofthisconewithUpatoia barnardii in the Eutaw Formation also demonstrates that typi-calfossilaraucarianswithsmallpollenconescoexistedduring the Late Cretaceous with modern appearing,large-conedspecies.Theintactovulateconeislargeandovoidbutpoorlypreserved.Anassociatedbract-scalecomplexdisplays lateralwingsanda ligule.Compari-sonswithotherfossilandextantaraucarianconifersin-dicateaffinitywithsectionBunya.ThesefossilsreaffirmthataraucarianconiferswereasignificantcomponentofthesoutheasternU.S.Cretaceousflora,andprovideatemporalandbiogeographiccontextforthecurrentlyunexplainedtransitionfromsmalltolargepollenconesinthefamily.1UniversityOfSouthAlabama,DepartmentOfBiologicalSciences,LSCB 124,MOBILE,AL, 36688-0002,USA2University of SouthAlabama,MarineSciences,LifeSciencesBuilding124,Mobile,AL,36688,UnitedStates3AuburnUniversity,DepartmentofGeologyandGeography,Auburn,AL, 36849-5305,United States4AuburnUniversity, Geology and Geography, Auburn, AL, 36849-5305,UnitedStates

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324 CREPET, WILLIAM*1, NIXON, KEVIN2 and GANDOLFO, MARIA3

The Mismeasure of a mystery: Angiosperm origins and Phylogentics

Angiospermshavebeenafocusofevolutionistsforoveracenturyandthe"AbominableMystery"of

Darwinhasbeenadiademinthetreasuryofthegreatquestions that science has failed to resolve. Conse-quently, the "mystery"hasbeen the focusofpowerfulnew analytical tools grouped under "phylogenetics".Yet, instead of clarifying angiosperm origins, contra-dictory results of applications of phylogenetic meth-odologieshavefurtherconfusedourunderstandingofangiospermrelationships.Thissystemic incongruencehasbeenexacerbatedbyconflictingtreatmentsofpo-tentially illuminating fossil taxa such asBennettitales,seedferns,andArchaefructus.Complicatingmattersisthesubtleinfluenceofhistoricalthoughtwhichseemstohave:1.Affectedthewaythesetaxaarecoded,2.Af-fectedtheconstructionofthematricesthemselves,and3.Resultedinselectivepresentationofresultsofvariousanalyses. Therefore, cladograms based on structuralfeaturesoron analyses that include themmay reflectoutcomes based on more than objective readings ofavailableevidence.Moreover,therehasbeenanincon-sistentlyappliedtendencytodemandrigorindefiningangiospermsandinidentifyingtheircharacters.Result-ing restricted definitions sometimes exclude possiblyrelevant fossils from analyses thereby obscuring theirtrueaffinities.Furtherconfusingtheissueisacontrast-ingtendencytogroupcertainfossilswithangiospermsandtothencodecertainoftheircharactersashomolo-gous, often based on complex scenarios of change.Eliminationofencodedhypotheses,recognitionofthelimitsoffossildata,andmoreobjectiveanalysismayim-proveourabilitytoidentifylikelyangiospermancestorsbybringingintoplayinformationnowhidinginplainsight.1CornellUniveristy,DepartmentOfPlantBiology,413MannLi-brary, Ithaca,NY,14853,USA2CornellUniveristy,L.H.BAILEYHORTORIUM,408MANNLIBRARY,ITHACA,NY,14853-4301,USA3CornellUniveristy,L.H.BAILEYHORTORIUM,410MannLibraryBuilding,ITHACA,NY,14853-4301,USA

325 HORIUCHI, JUNJI*1 and MANCHESTER, STEVEN2

The Paleocene Yachinaka flora of the Minato Formation from Kuji, northeastern Honshu, Japan

WellpreservedPaleocenefossilplantshavebeenrecoveredfromseverallocationsinthevicinity

ofKuji,northeasternHonshu, Japan.HereweprovideanoverviewoftheYachinakaflora--oneofthemostdi-verseandwell-collectedassemblages.Thefloraisusefulinreconstructingthelocalvegationandclimate,andisinteresting biogeographically in comparisonwith Pa-leoceneflorasknownfromotherpartsoftheNorthernHemisphere.TheYachinakafloracontainsthreekindsofferns,Ginkgo,Cupressaceae(Metasequoia,andtwoother genera), Platanaceae (two genera),Fagopsiphyl-lum,Alnus,Corylites,Ulmites,Trochodendroides,Zyzi-phoides,Nyssidium,

Nordenskioldia , a legume,Acer, Deviacear, apen-tamerous flower, Celtis aspera, bignoniaceous

seeds, and several unidentified angiosperms.Most ofthegenera,andsomeofthespeciesinthisfloraarealsoknownalsofromNorthAmerica,Greenland,Scotland,Xinjiang,andKamchatka.Thesefossilssupportthecon-cept of a relativley homogeneous widespread,mostlydeciduousvegetationsurroundingtheNorthernHemi-sphereinthePaleocene.1TokyoGakugeiUniversity,AttachedSchool,Tokyo,Japan2Univer-sityofFlorida,FloridaMuseumofNaturalHistory,POBox117800,Gainesville,FL,32611,USA

326 DILLHOFF, RICHARD*1, DILLHOFF, THOMAS2, DEVORE, MELANIE3, GREENWOOD, DAVID4 and PIGG, KATHLEEN5

The Eocene Thomas Ranch flora, Allenby Formation, Princeton, British Columbia, Canada

Thefirst descriptions of Eocene fossil plants fromtheAllenbyFormation, south-centralBritishCo-

lumbia, Canada were published over a century ago.Bothcompressionandpermineralizedflorasareknownfrom this formation. Since 1973, thePrincetonChertflora alonehas generatedover 45publications.Com-pressionflorasatThomasRanchandOneMileCreekhaveyieldedseveralnewspeciesincludingPseudolarix arnoldi(Pinaceae);Tetracentron hopkinsii(Trochoden-draceae);Betula leopoldae,andPalaeocarpinus stoneber-gae (Betulaceae);Stonebergia columbianaandNeviusia dunthornei(Rosaceae)andseveralspeciesofAcer(Sap-indaceae).However,theseindividuallocalitieshavenotbeenassessedfortheirfloraldiversityandpaleoenviron-mentalreconstruction.WehavesurveyedtheThomas

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Ranchlocalityusingplantmega-andmicrofossils.Thefossilsrecordadiversemixedfloralassemblageofgym-nosperms and angiosperms. Collections to date haveyieldedatotalof71megafossilmorphotypesrepresent-ing at least 61nominal specieswhenmultipleorgansandleafmorphologiesofthesamespeciesareeliminat-ed.Thirty-threemorphotypesare identifiedtoat leastgenericlevel,including:Ginkgo,Abies,Pinus,Pseudol-arix,Acer,Alnus,Betula,Fagus,Sassafras,Platanaceae,Prunus, and Ulmus. Over 70 pollen and spore typesarerecognized,37ofwhichareassignabletofamilyorgenus.The pollen samples are heavily dominated byconifers(85-97%),withBetulaceaeaccountingformostoftheangiospermpollen.Azolla-dominatedbedsandgypsumdepositssuggestperiodicfluctuationsinwaterlevel.Leafphysiognomic(CLAMP,LMAandotherap-proaches)andtaxon-basedanalogmethodshavebeenusedtoprovideclimateestimatesfortheThomasRanchsite.Differencesbetweenthemeanannualtemperature(MAT) estimates provided by these two approachesreflectinherentuncertaintiesinthemethods,butbothestimatesareatthelowendoftheMATrangethathasbeenpublishedforotherOkanaganHighlandlocalities,indicatingatemperateclimateconsistentwiththefloris-ticcharacterofamixedconifer-deciduousforest.11307212THAVENE,SAMMAMISH,WA,98074,USA21052137thStSE,LakeStevens,WA,98258,USA3DeptOfBiology&Env.Science,GC&SUCampusBox81,MILLEDGEVILLE,GA,31061-0001,USA4BrandonUniversity,BrodieScienceBuilding -Room3-15,27018THStreet,BRANDON,MB,R7A6A9,Canada5Ari-zonaStateUniversity,SCHOOLOFLIFESCIENCESFACULTY&ADMIN,BOX874501,Tempe,AZ,85287-4501,USA

327 ERDEI, BOGLARKA *1 and MANCHESTER, STEVEN2

Dioonopsis leaves from the Eocene of Western North America--a cycad shared with the Paleogene of Japan

ReexaminationofwesternNorthAmericanCeno-zoiccycadleaves,withattentiontoepidermalanat-

omyaswellasmorphologyandvenation,indicatesthatspeciesformerlyassignedtoextantgeneraCeratozamia,DioonandZamia from theEoceneofCalifornia andAlaska donot actually represent thesemodern cycadgenera.ReinvestigationofcycadleafandleafletremainsfromtheEoceneflorasofHamiltonBay,AlaskaandLaPorte,Californialeadstotherecognitionthattheybe-longtoDioonopsis,anextinctgenusfirstrecognizedinthePaleogeneofJapan.Theleavesaresimplypinnate.Thepinnaethatvaryfromentiremarginedtominutelyspinose are inserted suboppositely on the rachiswithbroad bases, similar to species ofDioon.Venation isparallel, with common dichotomies and occasionalanatomoses.Leavesarehypostomaticwithhaplocheilicstomatascattered,andrandomlyarrangedinintercostalareas.Guardcellsaresunkenandoverarchedbysub-sidiaries(4-7)formingastronglycutinizedcoronalrim.

Ordinaryepidermalcellsare isodiametricandslightlyelongated over veins. The epidermal features distin-guishthesefossilsfromextantgenerabutcoincidewellwith the extinct genus Dioonopsis. Confirmation ofDioonopsisintheEoceneofwesternNorthAmericaaswellasJapan,combinedwithitsapparentabsenceintheEuropeanTertiary,indicatesthatitprobablyspreadviatheBeringialphytogeographicpathway.Thiscontrastswithourcurrentknowledgeofanotherextinctcycad,Eostangeria, shared between the Paleogene of NorthAmericaandEuropewhichsuggestslinkageacrosstheNorthAtlanticconnection.ThepresenceofDioonop-sis in southernAlaskaduring theEocene, alongwithcurrent understanding that these fossiliferous stratawerenearlyintheirmodernlatitudinalpositionbytheEocene,leadstotheconclusionthatthesecycadswereabletooccupyhighlatitudeenvironments.This,how-ever, impliesthatAlaskanDioonopsiswasexposedtolightstresscontrarytothepresent-dayenvironmentofmoderncycadswherelightisnotalimitingfactor.ThisinvestigationwassupportedbyaFulbrightawardtothefirstauthor.1HungarianNaturalHistoryMuseum,BotanicalDepartment,,Bu-dapest,,H-1476,POB222,Hungary2UniversityofFlorida,FloridaMuseumofNaturalHistory,POBox117800,Gainesville,FL,32611,USA

328 DEVORE, MELANIE*1 and PIGG, KATHLEEN2

Fossil evidence for temperate family evolution: Rosaceae from Republic, Washington and other Okanogan Highlands Eocene sites

Combining morphological and molecular datafromextantplantswithinformationfromthefos-

silrecordisincreasinglybecomingessentialforestimat-ing timesofdivergenceof lineages fromhigher taxo-nomiclevels(e.g.,familyorabove)togenera.Protocolsforworkingwithdatafromextantplantsarewellestab-lished,andthedegreeofresolutionthatcanbeexpectedfromgiventypesofmoleculesisbecomingwellknown.Understandingwhatinformationcanbeobtainedfromfossilsremainsalessuniformprocess,asitismoredif-ficult tofindtheessential localitiesandfloras thatareidealforprovidingsuchdata.TheearlymiddleEoceneRepublicflora fromnortheasternWashingtonState isanexcellentexampleofadiverseflorawithastrongre-cordofsignificanttemperateangiospermfamilies.OnefamilythatisparticularlywellrepresentedisRosaceae,agroupthatshowsitsfirstdocumentedmajorradiationinthefossilflorasfromRepublicandrelatedOkanoganHighlandssitesofcentralBritishColumbia.Amongtheoveradozenrosaceousgeneraareformsthatfallwithinthreebasiccategories:(1)someareextantgenerathatarewellestablishedbytheEocene(Photinia,Nevuisia,Prunus,Oemleria);(2)othersareEoceneformsarecloseto,butperhapsnotexactlylike,extantgenera(cf.Spi-

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raea,Rubus,Cratageus,Amelanchier,Malus/Pyrus, cf.Pyracantha,Hespermeles);and(3)stillothersareextinctgenerawithaffinitiesathighertaxonomiclevels(Stone-bergia andotherforms).RecentandongoingstudiesoffloralandvegetativeremainsfromthesesitesshowthamajorlineageswithinthefamilyarewellestablishedinwesternNorthAmericabytheearlymiddleEocene.1Dept Of Biology & Env. Science, GC & SU Campus Box 81,MILLEDGEVILLE,GA,31061-0001,USA2ArizonaStateUniver-sity,SCHOOLOFLIFESCIENCESFACULTY&ADMIN,BOX874501,Tempe,AZ,85287-4501,USA

329 STROMBERG, CAROLINE*1, DUNN, REGAN2, KOHN, MATTHEW3, MADDEN, RICHARD4 and CARLINI, ALFREDO1

Did South America herald Earth's earliest grasslands? New plant silica records from Gran Barranca, Argentina

BasedonthestudyoffaunasfromPatagonia,SouthAmerica,it has long been assumed that savanna

grasslandsspreadintheMiddleEocene(40-45Ma)insouthernSouthAmerica,~20millionyearsearlierthanon other continents. Paleobotanical lines of evidenceare contradictory,with plant silica (phytolith) assem-blagessupportingtheideaofopen,grassyhabitatsbytheLate Eocene, whereas macrofossils and palynoflorasfromPatagonia indicateclosed forestsduring theEo-ceneandOligocene.TotesttheSouthAmericanearlygrassland hypothesis we conducted a high-resolutionstudyof phytolith assemblages in the SarmientoFor-mationatGranBarranca,ChubutProvince,Argentina.Thissection,whichisknowntoproducewell-preservedphytoliths,spans 42-18.5 Ma and is the most com-plete and important record of South American fau-nas. Phytolith analysis shows that a variety of forestindicators,including palms and woody dicotyledons,dominatedphytolithassemblages throughout the sec-tion,withpalmsbeingparticularlyabundantduringtheEoceneandOligocene.Grassesarepresentthroughoutthesection,but initiallyconsistedprimarilyofgrasseslikely related to bamboos. Phytoliths typical of open-habitatgrasses(pooids,PACMADs)dooccurbyatleast38Ma,marking the earliest appearance of these twoclades,but arequite rare (typically<5%).By theLateOligocene/Early Miocene, pooid open-habitat formsdominategrassphytolithassemblages,andincreaseinfrequencyto30%ofassemblagesoverall.Thisexpansionofgrassescoincidedwithmarkedlylowerpalmphyto-lithabundances,possiblysuggestingdrierorcoldercli-mates.Thisrecordisconsistentwithpreviousinterpre-tationsofmacrofossilandpalynologicaldataandrejectsthenotionthatopen,grass-dominatedhabitatsspreadinsouthernSouthAmericabeforeatleastthelateEarly

Miocene(18.5Ma).1MuseodeLaPlata,PaleontologíadeVertebrados,PaseodelBosques/n,LaPlata,B1900FWA,Argentina2UniversityofWashington,Bi-ology,24KincaidHall,Box351800,Seattle,WA,98195-1800,USA-3BoiseStateUniversity,Geosciences,1910UniversityDrive,Boise,ID,83725-1535,USA4DukeUniversity,EvolutionaryAnthropology,07Bio.Sci.Bldg.BiologicalSciencesBuilding,CampusBox3170MedCtr,Durham,NC,27708-0680,USA

330 STULTS, DEBRA*1, AXSMITH, BRIAN2 and WAGNER-CREMER, FRIEDERIKE3

Atmospheric paleo-CO2 estimates based on Taxodium distichum (Cupressaceae) fossils from the Miocene and Pliocene of Eastern North America

Theextantcupressaceousconiferspecies,Taxodium distichum, has a record from the Late Miocene

BrandywineFormationofMarylandandtheLatePlio-ceneCitronelleFormationofsouthernAlabamabasedonthegrossmorphologyoffossilleafyshoots,isolatedleaves,pollencones,isolatedseedconescales,andseeds.Thisdeterminationisnowcorroboratedbythepresenceof a species-specific arrangement of stomatal bands(narrowadaxialandwideabaxialbands)onpreservedleafcuticlesfrombothformations.Acalibrationcurveconstructed fromstomataldensitiesofmodern leavesofT. distichum thatwerecollectedoverthelastcenturyofanthropogenicCO2increasehasbeenproduced.ThestomataldensityoffossilleafcuticlesfromtheBrandy-wine Formation andCitronelle Formationhave beendirectly compared to this curve and produced paleo-CO2meanestimatesof360and351ppmv,respectively.Although the temporal resolutionof the fossil sites issomewhat low, these results are ingeneral agreementwith multiple independent proxies, and demonstratetheutilityofT. distichumleavesasinstrumentsforsto-matalfrequencyanalysis.ItalsoshowsthereliabilityofstomatalfrequencyasanimportantterrestrialproxyforNeogenepaleo-CO2estimates.1UniversityofSouthAlabama,MarineSciences,LifeSciencesBuild-ing124,Mobile,AL,36688,UnitedStates2UniversityOfSouthAla-bama,DepartmentOfBiologicalSciences,LSCB124,MOBILE,AL,36688-0002,USA3UtrechtUniversity,DepartmentofPalaeoecology,Utrecht,theNetherlands

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331 BOYCE, CHARLES*1 and ZWIENIECKI, MACIEJ2

A record of plant microenvironment from the anatomy of permineralized leaf fossls

Because leaves are the primary interface betweenplantandenvironment,fossilleafmorphologyhas

beenwidelyproventobeavaluablesourceofinforma-tionregardingpastclimatesandatmosphericcomposi-tions.Fromtheleaf’sperspective,however,theplanttowhichtheleafisattachedisasmuchapartofitsenvi-ronmentasregionalclimate.Thus,fossilleavesmayalsopreserveanuntappedwealthofinformationconcerningthehabitandecologyoftheparentplantaswellasthevegetationstructureofthelandscape.Previousmodel-ingandlaboratoryexperimentsindicatedthat--regard-lessofleafvenationpattern--hydrauliccapacityismaxi-mizedwhenthedistancebetweenveins(d)equalsthatfromveintoleafsurface(δ).Thisrelationshipwasbornoutbymeasurementsmadeindiverseextantplants:d= δ forplantsof exposed environments.Havingd<δ,i.e.highveindensityinathickleaf,wouldprovidenobenefit for thecostsassociatedwith theextraveinproductionandhasnotbeenseeninnature.Havingd>δ, i.e. lowveindensity inathin leaf,wouldleadtorapid overheating or desiccation in an exposed envi-ronmentbecausehydraulicsupplywouldbeunabletoaccommodatedemand,butcanbetoleratedinaplantas longas it is inashelteredenvironmentwitha lowvaporpressuredeficit.Thusthed/δratioprovidesanindicatorofmicrohabitat readilyaccessible fromana-tomicallypreservedfossils.Fossilleavesthathavebeensampledoccupya similar rangeofd-δ combinationsaslivingplants.Wherewhole-planthabitisknown,thefossilplantsthatfallwelloffthed=δlinearereason-ablecandidatesforshelteredunderstoryenvironments,suggesting this proxy can provide useful informationregardingthemanyotherfossilplantsforwhichwholeplantreconstructionsarenotavailableandonlytheleafisknown.1UniversityOfChicago,DepartmentOfGeophysicalSciences,5734S.EllisAve.,Chicago,IL,60637,USA2ArnoldArboretumofHar-vardUniversity,JamaicaPlain,MA,02130,USA

332 PAN, AARON*1, CURRANO, ELLEN2, JACOBS, BONNIE3 and HERENDEEN, PATRICK4

Late Oligocene - Early Miocene moist forest legumes (Fabaceae) from northeastern Africa

SincethelateEocene,theFabaceaehasbeenanim-portant group in terms of diversity, prominence,

richness, and ecological significance in tropicalmoistAfricanforests.RecentdiscoveriesfromthelateOligo-ceneandearlyMioceneofEthiopiashowadiversele-gumerecordincludingmembersoftheDetarieaesensu lato,Mimosoideae,andFaboideae.ThesefossilsincludetheoldestconfirmablerecordsofAfzeliaandNewtonia,andalongwithotherproxiesindicatethatnortheasternAfro-Arabia harbored luxuriant tropical moist forestvegetation during this time interval. Comparisons ofthe legume andpalm (Arecaceae) fossil records indi-catetwoverydifferentevolutionaryhistoriesinAfrica.Thepalmsarediverseandabundantduring theearlyPaleogene, but become depauperate through succes-siveextinctionsandextirpationsandonlyplayminorrolesinforestedcommunitiesduringtheNeogene.TheFabaceaeappearinthePaleocene,becomeprevalentinthemiddleEoceneandaremajorcomponentsofforeststhroughouttheremainingEocenetothepresent.1FortWorthMuseumOfScience&History,1600GendyStreet,Ft.Worth,TX,76107,USA2MiamiUniversity,DepartmentofGeology,501EastHighStreet,Oxford,OH,45056,USA3SouthernMethodistUniversity,EnvironmentalScienceProgram,P.O.Box750395,Dal-las,TX,75275-0395,USA4ChicagoBotanicGarden,SeniorScien-tist,1000LakeCookRoad,Glencoe,IL,60022,USA

333 STULTS, DEBRA*1 and AXSMITH, BRIAN2

Quantitative paleoclimate estimates from two Late Neogene floras of eastern North America

Floras of two LateNeogene formations in easternNorthAmerica,theLateMioceneBrandywineFor-

mationlocatedwithintheMid-AtlanticCoastalPlain,and the mid-Pliocene Citronelle Formation whichspansthenorthernGulfofMexicoCoastalPlain,havebeenusedtogeneratequantitativeclimateinformationfor this timeperiod.ACo-existenceAnalysisofplanttaxaoftheBrandywineFormationhasproducedfiguresindicatingthattemperaturesduringtheLateMiocene,althoughinthesameoverallclimatecategoryastoday,i.e.,warmtemperate,werealittlewarmerthancurrentlyexistsinthearea.LateMiocenewarmmonthmeanan-nual temperatures (WMMT)are estimatedat25.6C,coldmonthmeantemperatures(CMMT)havearangeof0.1to7.8°C,andmeanannualtemperaturesarewith-

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in13.3-16.1°C.Meanannualprecipitation(MAP)was897-1206mmandtheannualpatternofprecipitationapparentlywassimilar to thecurrentpattern.Coexis-tenceAnalysisresultsfromtheCitronelleFormationin-dicatetheregionduringthemid-Pliocenehadahumid/subtropicalclimate.TheWMMTrangeestimateis25.6to27.9C,theCMMTestimateis4.3to12.6C,andtheMATestimateis14.4to20.8C.Thiscorrelatescloselytotemperaturesintheareatoday.Interestingly,theMAPestimateof1122-1250mmindicatesthatprecipitationduring the Citronelle Formation depositional periodwaslessthancurrentprecipitationtotals.Itisalsopos-sible that theannualpatternofprecipitation (i.e.,wetmonths, dry months) was different than the currentpattern. Future studywill compare the results of thisanalysistoaplanned,physiognomicclimateanalysisus-ingthesesamefossils.Comparisonswillalsobemadetoresultsobtainedfromotherclimateproxies.1UniversityofSouthAlabama,MarineSciences,LifeSciencesBuild-ing124,Mobile,AL,36688,UnitedStates2UniversityOfSouthAla-bama,DepartmentOfBiologicalSciences,LSCB124,MOBILE,AL,36688-0002,USA

334 ERWIN, DIANE*1, MYERS, JEFFREY A.2 and SCHORN, HOWARD E.3

Are there Neogene "lowland" floras preserved near the modern-day crest of the central Sierra Nevada, CA?

In light of ongoing debate about the uplift historyof the SierraNevada, a question remains concern-

ing whether or not several Neogene floras preservedneartoday’screstrepresent"lowland"foreststhatgrewat<915m (3000ft.) elevation.TheMt.Reba andEl-ephants Back (EB) assemblages sit above treeline at>2637m(8650ft.)leavingonetoindeedwonderaboutthelandscapeandclimateinwhichtheygrew.Ascur-rently described, theMt. Reba includes cypress (Cu-pressus), Douglasfir(Pseudotsuga),twoevergreenoaks(Quercus,Lithocarpus),twopines(Pinus),fir(Abies),gi-antsequoia(Sequoiadendron),andjuniper(Juniperus).Usingthe"similarlivingspecies"methodpaleoelevationestimateswerebetween~762to915m(~2500-3000ft.)suggestingapost-7Maupliftof~1829m(6000ft.).Similarly,theLower(~16Ma?)andUpperEB(~7Ma)florasdescribedasmixedbroad-leavedevergreenanddeciduous hardwood forest with no conifers impliedgrowthat~762to915m(~2500-3000ft.)elevation.FromourfloristicanalysisoftheMt.Rebaplantswees-timateaMATof8-9°C(not13.3°C)andelevationofatleast1524m(5000ft.),ifnothigher,giventherelativelywarmerandwetterlateMioceneclimate.Withrespectto theEBfloras, theageand stratigraphicpositionofthe Lower assemblage, in particular, is problematic.TheUpperEBhasthreetaxa:Lyonothamnus, Nerium, andseveralcf.Quercus alba-typeleaves.Onlytheoakisidentifiabletogenus.TheLowerEBincludesdecidu-ous hardwoods (e.g., Populus, Salix, Juglans, Ulmus,

Quercus, Platanus) andevergreen shrubs that arenotexclusively lowelevationtaxa,butconifersareabsent.IftheLowerEBflorais~16Mabasedonnewgeologicmapping and radioisotopicdates, floral analysismusttakeintoaccountgrowthduringtheMid-MioceneCli-maticOptimum,atimeofelevatedglobaltemperatures,increasedprecipitationandhumiditythatwouldallowforestgrowthatelevations>915m(3000ft.).1UniversityofCalifornia,MuseumofPaleontology,1101ValleyLifeSciencesBuilding,Berkeley,CA,94720,USA2WesternOregonUni-versity,DepartmentofGeology,Monmouth,OR,97361,USA3337MariCourt,Ridgecrest,CA,93555,USA

POSTERS

335 QUAN, CHENG*1, LIU, YUSHENG1

and UTESCHER, TORSTEN2

Paleogene evolution of precipitation in northeast China supporting the mid Eocene intensification of the East Asian monsoon

TheearlydevelopmentoftheEastAsianmonsooninthegeologicalpastishighlycriticalinpaleoclima-

tologicalstudy,butfewquantitativeresultsareknown.Basedon fossilplants fromFushunofNEChina,wehere present a quantitative estimation on the evolu-tion of the precipitation in this area during themidPaleocene - lateEocene.Theresultsdemonstrate thattheseasonalprecipitationprevailedduringtheinterval,suggestingthattheearlymonsoonalsystemhadalreadydevelopedinthisperiod.ComparingPaleogeneclimaticresultsfromdifferentlatitudesspanningeasternChina,weconclude that theEastAsianmonsoonmusthavehadbeensignificantlyenhancedafterthelatemidEo-cene(~41-40Ma),duetotheevidentlyincreasedpre-cipitationdifferentiationbetweenwetanddrymonthsasshowninthepresentstudy.BoththeupliftoftheDaHingganMountainsinNEAsiaontheregionaltopo-graphical background and the India-Asia collision inthe global contextmight have conjointly contributedto the earlymonsoon intensificationby the influenceontheairmassmovementandassociatedprecipitationpatterninthemonsoonalrealm.1EastTennesseeStateUniversity,DepartmentOfBiology,POBox70703, Johnson City, TN, 37614-1710, USA2 Bonn University4,SteinmannInstitute,Bonn,53115,Germany

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336 QUAN, CHENG*1, LIU, YUSHENG1 and UTESCHER, TORSTEN2

Paleogene seasonal variation and climate evolution of northeast China

ThecontinentalPaleogeneclimateshavebeenwellstudied in Europe andNorthAmerica, but very

little isknown fromAsiabecauseonly a fewclimaticresults were reported on particular geological inter-vals.Basedon29floral assemblages from8well age-controlled fossiliferous sites, we here quantitativelyreconstruct the climates throughout the Paleogene ofnortheastChinaanddiscussrelatedseasonalvariations.Ourresultsdemonstratethatthegradientofthemeanannual temperature (MAT) was fairly shallow (0.27°C/1° latitude) during the Paleocene throughout thisregion.IntheEocene,theclimateswereequablydistrib-uted,buttheseasonalitywaspredominantintheregion,indicatedbyobviousthermalandhydrologicaldifferen-tiationsbetweenwintersandsummersofthesites.Thepaleo-EastAsianmonsoonmusthavehadintensifiedatleastinthemidlateEocene,substantiallyshownbyap-parentdifferencesinannualclimatedistributionofallthesites.RegardingtheclimaticevolutionofnortheastChinesePaleogene,ourquantitativeresultssuggestthattheMAToveralldeclinedfromawarmconditioninthePaleoceneandEocenetoamoderateconditionintheOligocene, sharing a comparable trendwith those ofmarinerecords.Twosignificantcoolingeventsarerec-ognizedintheearlyandmidEocenewithtemperaturesdropped3.4°Cand3.8°CfortheMAT,and5.8°Cand4.7°Cforthewintertemperature,respectively,insimi-larmagnitudestocorrespondingvariationsofEuropeandNorthAmerica. Furthermore, thepresent resultsshowthattheMATreboundedinthelatemidEoceneandthendecreasedtilltheOligocene,inconsistentwiththepatternofEuropeinthemidEocenetoOligoceneinterval.1EastTennesseeStateUniversity,DepartmentOfBiology,POBox70703,JohnsonCity,TN,37614-1710,USA2BonnUniversity,Stein-mannInstitute,Bonn,Germany

337 ZHOU, ZHIYAN1, QUAN, CHENG*2 and LIU, YUSHENG2

Tertiary Ginkgo ovulate organs with associated leaves from North Dakota, USA and its evolutionary significance

The evolutionary history of Ginkgo, a living fossilonce flourished in the geological time, has been

betterunderstoodfortheMesozoicEra,butwasstillelu-siveintheTertiarybecauseoftherarityofreproductiveorgans.Weheredescribeanewspecies,Ginkgo craniisp.nov.,basedonstudiesusingSEMandLMonwell-preservedovulateorgansandassociatedleavesfromthe

Upper Paleocene Sentinel Butte Formation of NorthDakota,USA.Theovulateorganisofthemoderntypeandpedicel-absent,withtwoovulesseatedinseparatecollarsdirectlyattachedtothepeduncle,butonlyoneofthemismatured.Thefullydevelopedovulesareplaty-spermic,12-14mmlongby11-14mmwideandabout10-12 mm thick. Stomata with deeply-sunken guardcellsandslightly-raisedsubsidiarycellsaresparselydis-tributedamongepidermalcellswhicharecharacterizedbydome-like,stronglybulgingpericlinalwallsandde-velopedanticlinalwallflangesinintegumentandcollarcuticles.Thepollengrainadheredtothecuticleisfusi-formwithanarrowmediumcolpusandfinelygranulateexine.Theassociatedleavesaregenerallysimilartotheovulateorganincuticularstructure,especiallyinhavingepidermalcellswithmoreorlessbulgingpericlinalwallsanddevelopedpericlinalwallflanges.Ginkgo cranii istheonlyTertiaryspeciesofthegenusdescribedsofar,ofwhichtheovulateorgansareknown.Thestudyfurthercorroborates the hypothesis thatmodernGinkgo wasevolvedfromitsancestorsbyreduction,andishelpfultoclassifyCenozoicginkgosinanaturalsystem.1NanjingInstituteofGeologyandPalaeontology,ChineseAcademyofSci,Nanjing,210008,China2EastTennesseeStateUniversity,De-partmentOfBiology,POBox70703,JohnsonCity,TN,37614-1710,USA

338 QUAN, CHENG*1, LIU, YUSHENG1 and UTESCHER, TORSTEN2

Climatic gradients, distribution and evolution of the East Asian Eocene

Basedon66floralassemblagesfrom37sites,weherereported thefirst large-scaled quantitative results

anddiscussthetheEoceneEastAsianclimaticpatterns.Ourresultsdemonstratethattheseasonalclimateswereratherevenlydistributedthroughtheregion,withrela-tively highmean annual temperatures (MATs, >13.7°C)andmeanannualprecipitations(MAPs,>755mm).TheoveralllatitudinalMATgradientalongtheeasterncoastalwasabout0.1°C/°latitude,moreequablythanthoseoftheNorthAmerica(0.4°C/1°latitudeinwestcoasts and 0.6 °C/1° latitude in the interior and eastcoasts)andcoevalseasurfacetemperature(SST).Theunexpected shallow latitudinal gradientsmight resultfrom relativelyhigh temperatures in thenorthChinawhichwereprobably causedby the intensifiedpaleo-EastAsianmonsoon in theEocene.Latitudinally, thetemperatures (bothMATand seasonal temperatures)andprecipitationswereslightlylowerinthemiddlepartthanthoseofsouthandnorth,probablybecauseofthecoolingeffectofthehighevaporationinthesubtropicalhighregion.Theprecipitationsdeclinedfromthewesttothecentralregions,aswellasdecreasednorthwardintheTibetanPlateau,furthercorroboratingtheimmenseclimaticimpactofthecollisionofIndiawithAsianandthenconsequentretreatofTethysandtheupliftoftheplateau.Moreover,ourresultsindicatethattheMATof

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thetropicalareadecreasedstablywithanoverallcool-ingtrendthroughtheEocene,from18.4±2.8°C,then17.6±6.3°C,to16.1±0.3°C,largelyinconsistentwiththepatternofthetropicalSST.Thewintertemperatureremarkably declined, particularly during the middleto late Eocene interval, but the summer temperature(WMT) remained almost the same throughout thetropicalEocene.1EastTennesseeStateUniversity,DepartmentOfBiology,POBox70703, Johnson City, TN, 37614-1710, USA2Bonn University,4SteinmannInstitute,Bonn,53115,Germany

339 MILLER, LAUREN1, SMITH, SELENA2, STROMBERG, CAROLINE*3 and SHELDON, NATHAN1

A high-resolution record of deep-time vegetation dynamics from the Eocene of Montana

Reconstructing past vegetation at high resolutioniskeytounderstandingecologicaldynamicsand

links with earth processes on geological time scales.Macrofossilflorasprovideimportantdataonvegetationtypes,butarelimitedintermsofgeographicandtem-poralcoverage.Phytoliths(plantsilicabodies)offeranopportunitytostudyvegetationintheabsenceofmac-rofossils.While phytoliths have previously been usedforexaminingvegetationonbroadspatialandtemporalscales,wewanted to test the ability of phytoliths andotherbiosilica(e.g.,diatoms)toreconstructvegetationdynamicsonashorter(<1millionyears)timescaleforasinglelocality.Inaddition,thisstudyrepresentsthefirstto compare directly phytolith and paleosol data.WeexaminedvegetationpatternsinferredfromphytolithsfromasectionoftheRenovaFormation,Timberhillsre-gion,Montanadatedto39.2±3Ma.Thesectioniscom-posedofAlfisols,Entisols, Inceptisols, and compositepaleosolssuperimposedontofloodplainsedimentsthatweredepositedundergenerallylow-energyconditions.Phytoliths from 27 paleosol horizons were extractedtoreconstructahigh-resolutionvegetationhistoryforthissection.Phytolithmorphotypesarepredominantlyfrom forest plants, confirming the presence offorestsinMontana~40Ma.Tropicalelementssuchaspalms(Arecaceae) and gingers (Zingiberales) are presentthroughoutthesection,suggestingthiswasaparatropi-cal forest.Thehigh-resolutionsamplingdemonstratesvegetation shifts between threemain dominant planttypes:closedforest,moderatelyopenforest(forestgaps,edges, and woodland; represented by Zingiberales),andgrasses.Theheterogeneity is likelyduetosucces-sionandvegetationpatchiness.Grassesareinterpretedas early-successional and tolerant of relatively drierconditions,butareout-competedby forestvegetationonlongertime-scales.Atsomestratigraphichorizons,thereispoorcorrespondanceofpaleosoltypeandphy-tolithassemblages,reflectingchangingvegetationalongasoildepthprofile.Thisstudydemonstratesthathigh-

resolutionsamplingandmultiplelinesofevidencearenecessary for capturing vegetation dynamics in timeandacrossmicrohabitatsindeeptime.1UniversityofMichigan,GeologicalSciences,2534CCLittleBldg,1100NorthUniversityAve,AnnArbor,MI,48109-1005,USA2Uni-versityOfMichigan,DepartmentOfGeology,1100NorthUniver-sityAvenue,2534CCLittleBuilding,AnnArbor,MI,48109,US-A3UniversityofWashington,Biology,24KincaidHall,Box351800,Seattle,WA,98195-1800,USA

340 CHEN, TINA*1, TAING, THANG1 and MANCHESTER, STEVEN R.2

Fossil Pollen from the Wilbanks II Clay Pit of Weakley County, Tennessee

Fossil fruits with affinities to old world genera ofIcacinaceaewere recently identified from theEo-

cene Wilbanks II clay pit in Weakley County, Ten-nessee.Weinitiatedastudyofpollenpreservedinthesamesedimentsas the fossil fruits inorder tonarrowthestratigraphicageofthedepositandtoinvestigatetheregionalvegetationtowhichtheseplantsbelonged.Thepollenwasobtainedbytreatingaclaysampleinwhichthe icacinaceous fruitwaspreservedwith47%hydro-fluoric acid, followed by by centrifugation using 4%Darvandetergenttoconcentratethegrainsinadensitygradient.Slidesofpollengrainsweremadeandviewedby lightmicroscopy.Commercial claypits inwesternTennessee are well-known for abundance of Eocenefossil leaves and reproductive organs and there is anevenhigherabundanceinthepollenfound.Basedonpreliminarydatacollection,10to15typesofmegafossilswerecountedinthecollectionwhileatleast20differenttypesofpollenwerefoundintheslidesobservedthusfar.PollengraintypesincludethoseofFagaceae,Carya sp.andEricaceae.NopollenofIcacinaceaehasyetbeenrecoveredfromthesample.PollenreviewedsofarareconsistenttothatofMiddleorLateEoceneage.1UniversityofFlorida,DepartmentofBiology,UniversityofFlorida,Gainesville,FL,32611,USA2

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Phycological Section

POSTERS

341 ASOKRAJA , ILAVARASI1, NOORUDDIN , THAJUDDIN1 and MUTHUKUMARAN, GUNASEKARAN*2

Monoraphidium sp, HM 768826: A suitable sustainable lipid source for biodiesel production

Duetodiminishingfossilfuelreserves,itisneces-saryforustoshiftforanalternativefuelsource

that could be sustainable and ecofriendly.Microalgaeproducedifferent ratiosof lipids,proteins andcarbo-hydrates.Microalgallipidcanpotentiallybeemployedfor biodiesel production. Our research has demon-strated the total lipid content, fatty acid profile andbiodieselproductionfromanaturallyisolatedstrainofMonoraphidium sp.fromfreshwaterpond.Inthepres-entstudy,thetotallipidcontentwasfoundtobe8.9%under normal nutrient conditionswhereas it was in-creasedto23.1%undernitrogendeficiencyconditions.Thefattyacidprofileshowedthepresenceofhighlevelofsaturatedandmonounsaturatedfattyacidthanpoly-unsaturatedfattyacid,whichisoptimumforbiodieselapplication.Biodieselwasproducedfromextractedal-galoilbyalkali-catalyzedtransesterification.ThepHoftheproducedbiodieselwasfoundtobe8.1anditwasstoredforfurtheranalysis.Moreover,wehavepartiallycharacterized the isolatebasedon18SrRNAsequenceandsubmitted inGenBankwithaccessionnumberasMonoraphidium sp.HM768826.1BharathidasanUniversity,Microbiology, School of Life sciences,Tiruchirappali,TamilNadu,620024,India2FiskUniversity,Biology,100017thAveNorth,Nashville,TN,37208,USA

342 ROCKWELL, TIMOTHY*, VITALE, ANGELA and COOK, MARTHA

Cell division in the charophycean green alga Entransia fimbriata

Differential interferencecontrast lightmicroscopyandtransmissionelectronmicroscopywereused

tostudycelldivisioninEntransia fimbriata,amemberof theKlebsormidiales. Cells contained a single largevacuoleandasinglelargeparietalchloroplast,eachofwhichextendedthelengthofthecell.Thenucleusre-sidednexttothechloroplastatthemidpoint.Thefirstindicationof celldivisionwas cleavageof the chloro-plast,whichdivided completely or almost completelyprior tomitosis. Initiationofa septumoccurredafterchloroplast division and before or during prophase,buttheseptumdidnotcontinuetodevelopuntillater.The late prophase nucleuswas diamond shaped, andthenucleoluswaspresentuntiljustbeforemetaphase.

Though the telophasenuclei initially formednear thedivisionplane,theyhadmovedtooppositeendsofthecellandwerenolongeralignedwitheachotherduringcytokinesis.Septumformationwascentripetal.Entran-sia, likeChlorokybus,exhibitschloroplastdivisionandseptuminitiationbeforeprophase.TheseprocessesarereportedtooccurlaterinKlebsormidium.CelldivisioninEntransiaisconsistentwiththatinotherearlydiver-gentcharophyceanalgae.

IllinoisStateUniversity,SchoolofBiologicalSciences,CampusBox4120,Normal,IL,61790-4120,USA

343 DAVOODBASHA , MUBARAKALI1, JOHNSON , SHANI2, THIYAGARAJAN, SHENBAGAVALLI1, THAYALAN, MARI NIVETHA1, RAMASAMY, PRAVEENKUMAR1, ASOKRAJA , ILAVARASI 1, ABDULAZEES , PARVEEZ AHAMED1, NOORUDDIN , THAJUDDIN 1 and MUTHUKUMARAN, GUNASEKARAN*2

Nutritional based optimization of increased lipid content in freshwater microalgae, Scenedesmus bijugatus var bicellularis for biodiesel feedstock

Many alternative bio-feedstocks are currentlybeing exploited for biodiesel production, out

of that;microalgae have emerged as one of themostpromisingcandidateforbiofuels.Inthepresentstudy,freshwatermicroalgae,Scenedesmus bijugatusvarbicel-lulariswasisolated,morphologicallycharacterizedandsubsequentlymasscultivated inBold’sbasalmedium.Thecellswereharvestedduringtheirstationarygrowthphase and it was re-inoculated in the samemediumwithdifferentnitrogenconcentration (0%,20%,40%,60%, 80% and 100%) to identify the optimal nitrateconcentrationforlipidproduction.Thetotallipidcon-tentwasestimatedat logarithmicandearlystationaryphases.Themaximumlipidcontentofabout42.3%andminimumof24.9%wereestimatedat60%and0%ofnitrate concentration in dry cell weight respectively.The fatty acid profile of the lipids extracted from thecells,whichgrownat60%and100%(ascontrol)nitrateconcentration.ThemajorfattyacidswerefoundtobeC18:0,C20:0,C17:1andC16:0.Theobtaineddatade-pictedthatthecellsgrownwith60%nitratedeficiencyshowedhigherlevelsofsaturatedandmonounsaturatedfattyacidsthanthepolyunsaturatedfattyacidswhichisimportant forbiodiesel applications.Additionally, thelinolenicacidcontentwasalsofoundtobebelow12%,which is also advantageous to use this strain as bio-dieselfeedstock.ThisisbeingthefirstreportinutilizingScenedesmus bijugatusvarbicellularisforitsoilcontent.1BharathidasanUniversity,Microbiology, School of Life sciences,Tiruchirappali,TamilNadu,620024,India2FiskUniversity,Biology,100017thAveNorth,Nashville,TN,37208,USA

Phycological Section

138

344 THIYAGARAJAN , SHENBAGAVALLI1, DUNCAN , KAYLIA2, DAVOODBASHA , MUBARAKALI1, RAMASAMY , PRAVEENKUMAR1, NOORUDDIN , THAJUDDIN1 and MUTHUKUMARAN, GUNASEKARAN*2

Antimicrobial activities of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) of Scenedesmus bijugatus var. bicellularis.

Inourcollaborativestudy,weevaluatedtheefficiencyofmicroalgal(Scenedesmus bijugatusvarbicellularis)

fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) as an antimicrobialagent against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans.TheFAMEanalysisbyGasChro-matograph(GC)withFlameIonizationdetector(FID)revealedthepresenceof30differentmethylesters.Outof these, various pharmacologically active FAME likeStearicacidmethylester(C18:0)(0.6%w/w),Oleicacidmethyl ester (C18:1) (1% w/w), Linoleic acidmethylester (C18:2) (1.40%w/w), Linolenic acidmethyl es-ter(C18:3)(6.26%),Eicosapentanoicacidmethylester(C20:5)(1.13%w/w),Erucicacidmethylester(C22:1)(1.03% w/w) and Docosahexenoic acid methyl ester(C22:6)(2.27%w/w)exhibitedbothanti-bacterialandanti-candidalactivity.Tothebestourknowledge,thisisthefirstreportontheantimicrobialactivityofFAMEfrommicroalgae.1BharathidasanUniversity,Microbiology, School of Life sciences,Tiruchirappali,TamilNadu,620024,India2FiskUniversity,Biology,100017thAveNorth,Nashville,TN,37208,USA

Physiological Section

See also Ecophysiology, Stress Tolerance and Strategies for healing our coast lines: Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, erosion and urban degradation: progress for the North American future marine macro-plants.

ORAL PAPERS

345 BAILEY, PAMELA

Sustainable Landscape Designs Utilizing Native Species to Increase Pollinator Habitats

ThisLEGACYpublicationprovidestheDepartmentofDefense(DoD)withguidanceondevelopingna-

tiveplantingsthatprovidefoodsourcesandshelterforpollinatorsandtheplantlistsareinclusiveofplantingsforallthedifferentgroupsofpollinators.Themainob-jectiveofthisprojectistoprovidetoDoDlandman-agerswithtoolstheycanusetoprovideplantingareasforournativepollinatorspeciesandincreasepollinatorinteractions.ThisismeanttobeusedonMilitaryinstal-lationsin10differentpartsofthecountry.DoDinstalla-tionsacrossCONUSwasoverlaidonaGISmapofBai-ley’sEcoregions,and10regionswerechosenfrom35ecoregionsacrosstheUnitedStates.Foreachecoregionthere isamap,aresidential landscapeplan,aplantingislandplanandaseedmixusingnativeplants.Theland-scapeplansarelargelyfocusedonthecantonmentareaswherethebasehousing,installationbuildingsandsuit-ableopenspaceforplantingswouldbefound.Habitatinformationandnestingdesignsforpollinatorspeciesisalsoincludedinthedocument.

US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, 3909 HallsFerryRoad,Vicksburg,MS,39180

346 THORHAUG, ANITRA

Healing Biodiversity by Large Scale Seagrass Restoration in Anthropogenic Modified Settings with Resulting Persistent (up to 38 yr) Seagrass Beds including Reassembled Biodiversity

IntheGulfofMexico,Atlanticsubtropicsandtrop-icsaseriesofseagrassmeadowswereplantedunder

avarietyofphysiologicalconditionswhichwillbere-viewedandevaluatedaslong-termpersistentmeadowsdespite increasing pollution in the estuaries of theirregrowth. These chiefly were within estuaries withmoderate to severeanthropogeniceffects.ThespeciesThalassia testudinumhadareasof587298m2plantedinBiscayneBayFloridainasetof17locationssomeaslargeas206780m2byseedling,sprig,plugandmachine.

139

The first planting in 1973 persist today. Syringodium filiformehad708980m2plantedchieflybysprigsandplugs. Halodule wrightii 724355 m2 which expandedrapidly in the majority of sites and persist in mead-owstodayinnorthBiscayneBay.Allbutasmallpor-tionofthesethreespeciesarenowpersistentandmosthaveexpandedwellbeyondthemetersplanted.IntheLaguna Madre, Texas, the Halodule wrightii plantedbyplugmethodsin275361m2restoredfrompropel-lerscars, scrapedownandbarrenbottoms.Halophila engelmanii was planted specimens in close to 30 ha.Theremarkableresilienceofseagrass’sphysiologicalad-aptationtoincreasepollutionwasthekeyfactor.Halod-ule wrightii and Syringodium filiforme in sedimentscontainingformerintenseseweroutfallgrewgiantsizewithextremesheathelongationwhichliftedbladesintoamoreintensephoticzonewhichclearlyhadmoreredlightavailable.SalinityalterationsbetweenextremehighandlowaswellasalargesedimentaccretionoccurredfortheLagunaMadre Halodule wrightii whichiswith-stood. OtherexamplesofpersistentbedswerefoundinKingstonHarborwherealessthan0.5hameadowbe-camemultihectared,althoughturbidityfromthemajorsewerageoutfall,outgoingriverinepollutants,andbayturbidityweremajorwaterfactors.

YaleUniversity,SchoolofForestryandEnvironmentalSciences,359ProspectSt.,NewHaven,Ct.,06901,USA

347 MOLLIK, MD. ARIFUL HAQUE*1, RAHMAN, FOUZIA2, AZAM, MD. NUR KABIDUL1, FERDAUSI, DILARA1, RAHMAN, MD. TAUFIQ-UR3, RAHMAN, MD. MAHAFUZUR1, JAHAN, ROWNAK2, RAHMATULLAH, MOHAMMED1 and KHATUN, MST. AFSANA4

Knowledge and use of plants for asthma by the Kavirajes in Khulna district of Bangladesh

Asthmaisacommonchronicdisorderoftheair-ways leadingtobronchospasm,airflowobstruc-

tion, and underlying inflammation. An incidence ofasthmaisontheincreaseinbothdevelopingcountriesand the developedworld because of the rise of envi-ronmental pollution, particularly the degradation forairqualitybecauseofincreasingtrafficexhausts.Ithasbeenestimatedthatinthedevelopedcountries,oneoutoffourchildreninurbanareasmaysufferfromasthma.Themostwidely usedpreventivemedications are in-haledglucocorticoids.Long-termuseofthesemedica-tionscanleadtoseriousside-effects.SincethenumbersofasthmaticpatientsareontheriseinBangladesh,wedecided to conduct a survey amongst the traditionalmedicinal practitioners (Kavirajes) ofKhulna district,Bangladesh to learnmore about plants used to treatasthma. Since part of the Sunderbans forest regionfallswithinthisdistrictKavirajeshaveahugediversity

ofplantsattheirdisposalfortreatmentofvariousail-ments. Interviewswere conductedwith the help of asemi-structuredquestionnaireandplantspecimensaspointedoutbytheKavirajeswerecollectedandidenti-fiedattheBangladeshNationalHerbarium.Itwasob-servedduringthecourseofthesurveythattheKavirajesarewell-aware of asthma and treat the ailment usingformulationspreparedfromanumberofplants.Unlikeinhalers, these formulations are administered orally.Theplantsusedtotreatasthma(withfamilynamegivenin parenthesis) included Richardia scabra L. (Rubia-ceaeJuss.),Centella asiatica(L.)Urb.(ApiaceaeLindl.),Anisomeles malabarica (L.) R.Br. ex Sims (LamiaceaeLindl.),Justicia candicans(Nees)L.D.Benson(Acantha-ceae Juss.), Euphorbia antiquorum L. (EuphorbiaceaeJuss.),Piper cubebaL.f. (PiperaceaeBercht.&J.Presl),Cycas revoluta Thunb. (Cycadaceae Persoon), Ruel-lia tuberosaL. (Acanthaceae Juss.),andAloe vera (L.)Burm.f. (Asparagaceae Juss.). The above-mentionedplantsmayprovetobegoodsourcesforobtaininganti-asthmaticcompounds,whichhaslessornoside-effects.Itisexpectedthatscientificstudiesconductedwiththeseplantscanleadtodiscoveryofnoveldrugs.1UniversityofDevelopmentAlternative,BiotechnologyandGeneticEngineering, 80SatmasjidRoad,DhanmondiR/A,Dhaka, 1205,Bangladesh2University of Development Alternative, MolecularMedicineandBioinformatics,80SatmasjidRoad,DhanmondiR/A,Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh3University of Cambridge, Pharmacol-ogy,TennisCourtRoad,Cambridge,CB21PD,UK4LincolnCol-lege,Pharmacy,MayangPlaza,BlockA,No1,JalanSS26/2,TamanMayangJaya,PetalingJaya,SelangorDarulEhsan,KualaLumpur,47301,Malaysia

348 GANGER, MICHAEL*, STUREY, TIFFANY and BAHNY, BETH

Induction and conversion in Ceratopteris richardii, a gender-labile fern: more pieces to the puzzle

Ceratopteris richardii isahomosporousfernwhosegametophytes may develop into either males or

hermaphrodites. Development of an undifferenti-ated spore into amale, a process called induction, isstronglyinfluencedbythepresenceofantheridiogen,agibberellin-likehormone secretedbyhermaphrodites.In theabsenceofantheridiogenor in thepresenceofboth antheridiogen and abscisic acid (ABA), sporesare likelytodevelopintohermaphrodites.Maleshavebeenshowntoremainmaleinthecontinuedpresenceofantheridiogen,butmayconvert tohermaphroditeswith its removal, in aprocess called conversion.Twoexperiments will be discussed.The first concerns thedeterminantsofmalegametophytesize.Sporesofdeter-minedsizesfromtwostrains,wildtype(RNWT1)andhighlymale(him1),weresownontoagarcontaining0x,0.5x,1x,and2xstrengthantheridiogenandallowedtogrowfor3weeksunder24hourgrowlightsat24-28de-greesCelsius.Sporesizewaspositively,thoughweakly,

Physiological Section

140

relatedtomalegametophytesize,whileantheridiogenconcentrationwasnegatively related toultimatemalegametophyte size.Nodifference in sizewas observedbetweenC. richardiistrains.Theseresultssuggestthatantheridiogenmay influence gender through slowinggrowth.Slowgrowinggametophyteswouldbeexpectedto bias towardmale development, while faster grow-ing gametophytes would develop as hermaphrodites.Thiswouldbeduetotheresourcerequirementsofthehermaphrodite since it supports sporophyte growth.The second experiment concerns the role of ABA inconversion.Three-weekoldmaleswereexposedtosev-eralconcentrationsofABA,0microM,1microM,10microM,100microM,and300microM.MalesinlowconcentrationsofABAweremorelikelytoconvertandconvertedmorequicklythanthoseinhigherconcentra-tions.WhileABAisantagonistictoantheridiogendur-ingearlydevelopment,itappearstofunctionsimilarlytoantheridiogenduringconversion.

GannonUniversity,Biology,109UniversitySquare,Erie,PA,16541,

349 THORHAUG, ANITRA*1 and BERLYN, GRAEME2

The Effect of Green and Blue Light vs. Red Light on the Subtropical/Tropical Western Atlantic Seagrasses Syringodium filiforme vs. Halodule wrightii's Spectral Reflectance and Partial Absorpti

The possible fate of sunlight within a plant areabsorbance,reflectance, fluorescence, emission

andtransmittance.Inthephysiologyofaplant,spectralreflectance and absorbance signatures can illuminatebiochemicalcomposition,pigmentcontent,andwatercontent,aswellasstructuralfeatures.Seagrassesbathedinsaltwaterhavenostomataandarerelativelybalancedforwater.However, their pigment content except forgeneralizedmeasurementswithextractedpigmentshasnotbeenanalyzed,especiallyforphysiologicalresponsesformanyfactorsincludinglight.Wecompareresponsesof Eastern Atlantic subtropical/tropical whole livingmatureSyringodium filiformetoHalodule wrightiiincu-batedfor6h(ahalfatidalcycle)usinganon-destructive,non-invasivespectralreflectancemetertodiminishingcoloredlight.Eachspecieswashighlyactivatedwithinthe420-520nmareaswith10and23%lightduringa6hincubation.Thexanthophyllpluscarotenoidresponsestoredlightweredifferentthantheirresponsestogreenorbluelight,particularlyatthediminishedlevelsineachspecies,butnot equivalentbetween species.These re-sponseswillbediscussedindetail.However,theyellowlight incubations had surprising results, especially forSyringodium filiforme.Generally,therededgewasmoresimilarinbluevs.greenlightthanthatofredandyellow.Thegreenedgeresponsedifferedwidelyamongtreat-ments.Peaksofpigmentactivationswerehighlypro-nouncedfortheaccessoryxanthophyllandcarotenoid

pigmentsduringthesetreatmentsespeciallycomparedtoresponsesofThalassia testudinumandZostera ma-rina.Theimplicationsofthisdatatolifeinshallowanddeepmarinewaterswillbediscussedas wellasthesyn-ergisticresponsesoflightlevelswithchangesinsalinity.1YaleUniversity,SchoolofForestryandEnvironmentalSciences,359ProspectSt.,NewHaven,Ct.,06901,USA2YaleUniversity,SchoolOf Foresty&Evironmental Studies,GREELEYLAB-370PROS-PECTST,NEWHAVEN,CT,06511,USA

350 THORHAUG, ANITRA*1 and BERLYN, GRAEME2

The Effect of Green and Blue Light vs. Red Light on the Subtropical/Tropical Western Atlantic Seagrasses Syringodium filiforme vs. Halodule wrightii's Spectral Reflectance and Partial Absorpti

Thepossiblefateofsunlightwithinaplantareab-sorbance, reflectance, fluorescence, emission and

transmittance. In the physiology of a plant, spectralreflectance and absorbance signatures can illuminatebiochemicalcomposition,pigmentcontent,andwatercontent,aswellasstructuralfeatures.Seagrassesbathedinsaltwaterhavenostomataandarerelativelybalancedforwater.However, their pigment content except forgeneralizedmeasurementswithextractedpigmentshasnotbeenanalyzed,especiallyforphysiologicalresponsesformanyfactorsincludinglight.Wecompareresponsesof Eastern Atlantic subtropical/tropical whole livingmatureSyringodium filiformetoHalodule wrightiiincu-batedfor6h(ahalfatidalcycle)usinganon-destructive,non-invasivespectralreflectancemetertodiminishingcoloredlight.Eachspecieswashighlyactivatedwithinthe420-520nmareaswith10and23%lightduringa6hincubation.Thexanthophyllpluscarotenoidresponsestoredlightweredifferentthantheirresponsestogreenorbluelight,particularlyatthediminishedlevelsineachspecies,butnot equivalentbetween species.These re-sponseswillbediscussedindetail.However,theyellowlight incubations had surprising results, especially forSyringodium filiforme.Generally,therededgewasmoresimilarinbluevs.greenlightthanthatofredandyellow.Thegreenedgeresponsedifferedwidelyamongtreat-ments.Peaksofpigmentactivationswerehighlypro-nouncedfortheaccessoryxanthophyllandcarotenoidpigmentsduringthesetreatmentsespeciallycomparedtoresponsesofThalassia testudinumandZostera ma-rina.Theimplicationsofthisdatatolifeinshallowanddeepmarinewaterswillbediscussedaswellasthesyn-ergisticresponsesoflightlevelswithchangesinsalinity.1YaleUniversity,SchoolofForestryandEnvironmentalSciences,359ProspectSt.,NewHaven,Ct.,06901,USA2YaleUniversity,SchoolOf Foresty&Evironmental Studies,GREELEYLAB-370PROS-PECTST,NEWHAVEN,CT,06511,USA

141

351 MOHAMMED, ABDUL*, HOLGATE, LEON and TARPLEY, LEE

High night temperature and ethylene reception inhibition effects on rice (Oryza sativa L.) morphology, phenology and physiology

Elevatedatmosphericgreenhousegasescanincreasenighttemperatures(NT)morethandaytempera-

tures.Nighttemperatureisoneofthemajorenviron-mental factors influencing plant metabolic processesandincreaseinNTcandecreaserice(Oryza sativaL.)seedproductionandquality.IncreaseinNTincreasesethyleneproductionwhichinturncantriggerreactiveoxygen species production, thus causing damage tothemembranes,leadingtoadecreaseinseedproduc-tion.Theobjectiveof thisstudywas todeterminetheeffectsofhighnighttemperature(HNT)andanethyl-enereceptoractivity inhibitor(1-methylcyclopropene;1-MCP)ongrowth,development,physiologyandseedproductionofriceplants.Plantsweresubjectedtoambi-entnighttemperature(ANT)(25oC)orHNT(30oC)throughuseofcontinuously,preciselycontrolledinfra-redheaters,startingfrom2000huntil0600h,starting30dayafteremergence .TheHNTdidnotaffect leafphotosyntheticrates;however,HNTincreasedrespira-tionrates(20%),relativemembraneinjury(28%),inter-nalCO2 concentration (3%), and transpiration (12%)anddecreasedpollengermination (34%), spikelet fer-tility(21%)andpanicledryweight(10%).The1-MCP-treated plants grown under HNT showed decreasedrespiration (5%)and relativemembrane injury (10%)andincreasedpollengermination(186%),spikeletfer-tility(28%)andpanicledryweight(4%),comparedtountreated plants grown under HNT. Application of1-MCPincreasedriceseedproductionunderHNTbydecreasingrespirationratesandincreasingmembranestability,pollengerminationandspikeletfertility,pro-vidingevidenceforaroleofethylenereceptioninriceresponsetoHNT.

Texas AgriLife Research, 1509 AGGIE DR, BEAUMONT, TX,77713,USA

352 CAPPA , JENNIFER JOCAROLE*1, YETTER, CRYSTAL2, FAKRA, SIRINE3, MARCUS, MATTHEW3, SIMMONS, MARK4 and PILON-SMITS, ELIZABETH1

Characterization of selenium uptake and metabolism in Stanleya (Brassicaceae)

Seleniumnaturallyoccursinsoilsaroundtheglobewith extreme variation in its concentration and

distribution. Some soils have high concentrations ofSe, particularly thewesternUnited States, due to thepresence of seleniferous Cretaceous shale and chalksediments.OwingtothesimilarityofSetosulfur,mostplants readily takeup selenate from the environmentandassimilateitintoorganicforms.AfewplantgeneraevenaccumulateSe to levels typically100-foldhigherthansurroundingvegetationonseleniferoussoils(0.1-1%ofdryweight);thesespeciesarecalledSehyperac-cumulators.Stanleya pinnatavar. pinnataisaSehyper-accumulatorandoccurs inmostwesternstates,whilemostof theothersixspecies inStanleya havenarrowrangesandare endemic toa specificmountain rangeordesert. Stanleya pinnata var. pinnata incorporatesSeintothenon-proteinaminoacidmethyl-selenocysteine(Me-SeCys), therebypreventingSe incorporationintoproteins,anditsassociatedtoxicity.Sixofthesevenspe-ciesofStanleyawherecollectedinthefield.Theleaves,siliquesandsoilfromeachindividualwereanalyzedforin situ Se concentrations.The seedswere germinatedandseedlingsweretestedforSeaccumulationandtol-erance in hydroponics. Seedlings were also grown inMSagarforanalysisat theAdvancedLightSource inBerkeley,CAforSeallocationandchemicalspeciation.Furthermore, fournuclear geneshavebeen amplifiedinthreeindividualsfromdifferingpopulationsforeachspeciesforuseinphylogeneticinference.Wehaveevi-denceofdifferentialmetabolismofSewithinthegenusStanleya based on accumulation, tolerance, chemicalspeciation and Se sequestration. By combining thesedata in a phylogenetic context we can formulate hy-pothesesabouttheevolutionofSehyperaccumulationinStanleya.1ColoradoStateUniversity,Biology,FortCollins,CO,80523,US-A2EasternUniversity,St.Davids,PA,19087,USA3LawrenceBerke-leyNationalLaboratory,Berkeley,CA,94720,USA4ColoradoStateUniversity,DepartmentOfBiology,FORTCOLLINS,CO,80523-1878,USA

Physiological Section

142

353 MELCHER, PETER*1, ZWIENIECKI, MACIEJ2 and HOLBROOK, N. MICHELE3

Functional embolism refilling in red maple (Acer rubrum L.)

Thegoalofthisstudywastoassesstheabilityofma-turetreesandsaplingsof Acer rubrumL.torefillar-

tificiallyembolizedvesselsinintactbranches.Embolismwas inducedby injectingair(4.5MPa) intothestem.Following the air-injection treatment, changes in thestemscapacitytotransportwaterweredeterminedus-inggrainer-stylesap-flowprobesinsertedintobrancheslocatedabout1-mdistallytothepointofairinjection.Sapflowwasmeasuredcontinuouslyovermanydaysfollowingair injection.Nomeasurableeffect fromairinjectionontheflowofsapwasobserved.Airinjectionalsohadnoeffectonstomatalconductanceandleafwa-terpotentials.Injectingairat5.5MPapressureintothemainstemsofpotted,three-year-oldsaplingsalsohadnoimmediateorprolongedeffectsonwholeplanttran-spiration.Regressionanalysisrevealedthatwholeplanttranspirationalflowrateswereeitherthesame,orevengreaterafterairinjectionthanpriortoinjectiontreat-ment.Wealsomeasuredchanges inpetiolehydraulicconductivity (Kpet) following air-injection pressuresof0,3.0or5.5MPatoassessifair-injectiontreatmentsresultedinembolismswithinpetioles.Kpetwasfoundtobereducedtovaluesnearzeroimmediatelyfollowingair injectionintostems(attimezero).However,Kpetcompletely recovered within 2½minutes on petiolesthat had their branches subjected to the 3.0MPa airinjectiontreatmentsandittookabout5to10minutestorestoreKpetto70%oftheinitialKpetvaluesinpeti-olesattachedtobranchesinjectedwith5.5MPaofgaspressure.These studies provide further evidence thatembolismrefillingcanoccurintreespecieswhenplantsareactivelytranspiringandundernegativewaterpoten-tials.Althoughweshouldbeawarethattheairinjectionmethodmaycauseartificialconditionsthatdonotex-istinnatureandmayresultinartifactsthatpotentiallyskewourassessmentofembolismrefilling.1IthacaCollege,Biology,953DanbyRoad,CenterforNaturalSci-ences,Ithaca,NY,14850,UnitedStates2ArnoldArboretumofHar-vardUniversity,JamaicaPlain,MA,02130,USA3HarvardUniversi-ty,DepartmentofOrganismicandEvolutionaryBiology,16DivinityAvenue,BiologicalLaboratories,Cambridge,MA,02138,USA

POSTERS

354 BROUWER, MARIEKE*, GRIFFIN-NOLAN, ROBERT and MELCHER, PETER

Investigating the role of green light in photosynthesis in Coleus spp

Wemeasuredtheabilityofgreen light topowerphotosynthesis in two varieties ofColeus spp.

(RedHeadandHenna)grownunderhighandlow-lightconditions (900 and 300mmolm-2 s-1).These plantswereable tosequesterCO2 usingonlygreen lighten-ergy(lmax =550nm)andshadeadaptedplantsrequiredonly30umolm-2s-1ofgreen-lightenergytoreachtheirphotosynthetic compensation points. However, eventhoughthehigh-lightadaptedplantsofbothColeus spp.varieties did sequester CO2 using green-light energy,theseplantscouldnotovercometheirhigher,sun-leafrespirationrequirementsandonlyshade-adaptedleaveshad positive quantum efficiencies when exposed togreen light intensities of c.30 umolm-2 s-1and above.Todeterminehowvariousqualities andquantities oflightaffectedelectronflowthroughthephotosystemsofisolatedchloroplasts,wemeasuredtherateofreductionofanartificialelectronacceptor2,6-Dichlorophenol-In-dophenol(DPIP)andfoundthatthet1/2valuesofDPIPreductionwerethesameforchloroplastsexposedtoei-therwhite,red,blueorgreenlightenergymeasuredatthreelightintensitiesof10,50and500umolm-2s-1.Wealsoobservedanatomicalvariationsofanthocyaninac-cumulationwithinleavesexposedtothetwolighttreat-ments.Withrespecttothelocationofthechlorophylllayer, we observed that the low-light exposed plantshadleaveswithonlyaprominentabaxialanthocyaninlayerandsunadaptedplantshad leaveswithbothanintense adaxial and abaxial anthocyanin layers. Fromthefactthatanthocyaninsabsorbgreenlightandthatthesun-adaptedleavescouldnotusegreenlightenergytoeffectivelypowerphotosynthesis,wehypothesizethattheprominentadaxialanthocyaninlayereffectivelyab-sorbed,andthusblockedgreenlightfromreachingthechloroplast layer.Themechanismofusinggreenlighttoeffectivelydrivephotosynthesisintheshade-adaptedleavesisstillunclearandunderinvestigation.However,wesuspectthatcarotenoidsandxanthophyllsareplay-ingamajorroleinthisprocess.

IthacaCollege,Biology,953DanbyRoad,CenterforNaturalSci-ences,Ithaca,NY,14850,UnitedStates

143

355 STANFIELD, RYAN*1, EWERS, FRANK2, BOBICH, EDWARD3 and BOZAK , KRISTEN1

Methods for Testing the Presence of Cadmium in Cystoliths of Ruellia tuberosa

The tropicalherbRuelliatuberosa was subjected tovariousconcentrationsofcadmiumtodetermine

ifit’scalciumcarbonatecystolithsareabletosequesterheavymetals.SeedsofR.tuberosaweregrownonstan-dard tissue culturemedia for twoweeks, then trans-ferredtocadmiuminfusedmediaandlefttogrowforanadditional twoweeks.Tissueculturemediacontainedstandardnutrientconcentrationswith theadditionof1mg/lofthecytokininBenzylAdeninePurine(BAP)aswellas1mg/mloftheauxinNaphthaleneAceticAcid(NAA).Asacontrol,anothersetofR. tuberosa seedsweretransferredtothestandardtissueculturemediaaf-tertwoweeksofgrowth,insteadofthecadmiummedia.Cystolithswere then separated from leaves by blend-inginabsoluteethanol,thentheblendedsolutionwasstrainedthroughcheesecloth.Theheaviercystolithsde-scendedtothebottomofthecollectingflask,whichal-lowedfortheremoval,bypipette,ofthelighterdissolvedleafsolution.ThecapturedcystolithsanddissolvedleafsolutionswerethensenttoCaliforniaStateUniversity,LongBeach forqualitativeconfirmationof cadmium,usingInductivelyCoupledPlasmaMassSpectrometry(ICP-MS).1California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, Biology, 3801WestTempleAvenue,Pomona,CA,91768,USA2CaliforniaStatePolytechnicUniversity,Pomona,DepartmentOfPlantBiology,3801WestTempleAvenue,Pomona,CA,91768,USA3CaliforniaStatePolytechnicUniversity,Pomona,3801W.TempleAVE,Pomona,CA,91768,USA

356 MEHTA, DR. MANJARI*1 and SAXENA, DR. O. P.2

Evaluation of photosynthetic and yield performance by using presoaking seed treatments of plant growth regulators on two different chick pea cultivars

Grain legumes are important source of protein.Chickpea(Cicer arietinumL.)isoneofthemost

importantlegumecropofIndia.Theyieldofthiscropisverypoor.TheefficiencyofassimilationofCO2andcropyieldiscloselyrelated.Photosynthesisisthecru-cialprocessinvolvedinplantgrowth,developmentandyieldofanycropplant.SignificantuseofPlantGrowthRegulators(PGRs)intheformofpresoakingseedtreat-mentsshowedenhancedplantgrowthandproductiv-ity.Differentplantgrowth regulators (PGRs)namely,Gibberellicacid(GA3),Caffeicacid(CA),anddistilledwater (DW) are considered for the experiment. Two

differentchickpeacultivarsnamely,ICCC4andGuja-rat-2weretakenasexperimentalseedmaterial.Differ-entparametersinrelationtophotosynthesishavebeentakenintoaccounttoestimatetherelationshipbetweenphotosynthesis activity and plant growth regulatorsunderfieldconditions.Thegrowthandyielddatawerecollected. Plant growth regulators and distilled watershoweditsinfluenceonboththecultivars.PGRsseedsoakingtreatmentsshowedimprovementinvegetativegrowthandreproductivegrowth.Themaximumpho-tosynthetic active radiation (PAR) and internal CO2were observed at 75 days after sowing inGujarat - 2withpresoakingtreatmentsofCaffeicacid.ICCC4alsoshowedsimilartrendandresultedinmaximumyield.1340,MillRoad,Apt.#609,Toronto,ON,M9C1Y8,Canada2

357 MEHTA, DR. MANJARI* and SAXENA, DR. O. P.

Evaluation of photosynthetic and yield performance by using pre soaking seed treatments of plant growth regulators on two different chick pea cultivars

Grain legumes are important source of protein.Chickpea(Cicer arietinumL.)isoneofthemost

importantlegumecropofIndia.Theyieldofthiscropisverypoor.TheefficiencyofassimilationofCO2andcropyieldiscloselyrelated.Photosynthesisisthecru-cialprocessinvolvedinplantgrowth,developmentandyieldofanycropplant.SignificantuseofPlantGrowthRegulators(PGRs)intheformofpresoakingseedtreat-mentsshowedenhancedplantgrowthandproductiv-ity.Differentplantgrowth regulators (PGRs)namely,Gibberellicacid(GA3),Caffeicacid(CA),anddistilledwater (DW) are considered for the experiment. Twodifferentchickpeacultivarsnamely,ICCC4andGuja-rat-2weretakenasexperimentalseedmaterial.Differ-entparametersinrelationtophotosynthesishavebeentakenintoaccounttoestimatetherelationshipbetweenphotosynthesis activity and plant growth regulatorsunderfieldconditions.Thegrowthandyielddatawerecollected. Plant growth regulators and distilled watershoweditsinfluenceonboththecultivars.PGRsseedsoakingtreatmentsshowedimprovementinvegetativegrowthandreproductivegrowth.Themaximumpho-tosynthetic active radiation (PAR) and internal CO2were observed at 75 days after sowing inGujarat - 2withpresoakingtreatmentsofCaffeicacid.ICCC4alsoshowedsimilartrendandresultedinmaximumyield.

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358 RATNAPRABHA, RATNAPRABHA*1, PINSON, SHANNON2, SALT, DAVID1 and TARPLEY, LEE3

Comparative ionomes of rice leaves and seeds

The project is investigating the possibility of us-ing the mineral (ionomics) composition of rice

(Oryza sativaL.)seedlingleavestopredictvarietiesthataccumulate largeamountsofcertainminerals intheirseeds.Thisinformationwillbeusedforimprovingourunderstanding of themineral physiology of rice andotherplants, and for genetically improving thenutri-tional value of rice grain. In 2007 and 2008, prelimi-naryfieldtrialswereconductedon1600varietiesfromtheUSDAworldgermplasmcollection.Thesefloodedandunfloodedtrialsidentifiedricevarietieswithvary-inglevelsofseedmineralcomposition.Theobjectiveofthepresentedstudywastoestablishcorrelationsacrossvarieties between seedling-leaf and seedmineral con-tentssuchthatleafdatacouldbeusedtopredictseedcontent for certainminerals,with an initial emphasison K, Fe, Zn andMo.This would greatly acceleratethe selectionprocess fordesirable seedmineral traits.The40varietiesselectedfortheirextremeseedmineralcomposition were grown in an outdoor potted plantstudyin2010.All40varietieswereplantedin7-10dayintervalstoprovideonasinglesamplingdate,plantsofawiderangeofdevelopmentalstages.Leaf tips(5cm)forionomicanalysiswerecollectedfromthemostre-centlyfullyemergedleaf.RicevarietiesfromMalaysia(GSORaccessions310354,310355,310356,311643and311743)withhighseedMoalsodisplayedhighleafMoindicatingthatleafdatacanbeusedtopredictseedMo.However,ricevarietieswithhighseedK,FeandZndidnotshowanysuchcorrelation.ThehighseedandleafMo in theseMalaysianvarieties ishypothesized tobeduetoaroot-localizedtraitandtoberelatedtoanacid-tolerancemechanismastheseMalaysiansoilsarehighlyacidic(pH4.7).Futurestudywillquantifygrowthandphysiologyof roots and shootsof varieties varying inMocontentwhengrownunderdifferentpHregimes.FundedbyNSFDBI070111.1University of Aberdeen, Institute of Biological & Environmen-tal Sciences, Cruickshank Building, St.MacharDrive, Aberdeen,AB243UU,UK2U.S.D.A-A.R.S,1509AggieDive,Beaumont,Texas,77713,USA3TexasAgriLife Research, 1509AGGIEDR, BEAU-MONT,TX,77713,USA

359 BORER, CATHERINE* and SAPP, SARAH GRACE

Phenology of foliar calcium accretion and partitioning in flowering dogwood (Cornus florida L.)

Flowering dogwood (Cornus florida L.) is an im-portantunderstory tree species that is thought to

enhance ecological calcium (Ca) cycling and soil Caavailability through high foliar Ca content and rapidleaf litterdecomposition.Ca is anessentialmacronu-trientinplants, importantforstabilizingthestructureofcellwallsandplasmamembranes.It isalsoaubiq-uitous intracellular secondmessenger, helping plantsto sense and physiologically respond to numerousinternal and external environmental cues. Previousresearchdemonstrated that analysesof total foliarCaconcentrationsinredsprucetrees(Picea rubensSarg.)are not always consistent with a plant’s true physi-ologicalCa status because they can be dominated bya chemically sequestered form that is not readilyavailable for cellular processes. In contrast, analy-sesofspecificfoliarpartitionsaremorecloselytiedtoCa-dependent processes such as signal transduction.To furtherdevelopourmechanisticunderstandingofthe role of flowering dogwood trees in ecological Cacycling,weinvestigatedthephenologicalpatternsofCapartitioningandsequestrationinthefoliageofflower-ingdogwood.Grabsamplesoffoliagewerecollectedat2-3weekintervalsduringanentiregrowingseason,ataforestedsiteinnorthwestGeorgia.Foliagewasrinsed,flash-frozen,freeze-dried,groundtoafinepowder,andtestedforthreephysiologicallyrelevantpoolsof foliarCa,usingsequentialacidicextractions.Wefoundthatflowering dogwood preferentially partitions Ca intothemorelabileandphysiologicallyaccessiblepoolsoffoliar Ca as Ca accumulates throughout the growingseason,withminimalaccumulationofsequesteredCa.Thisisincontrasttootherspecies,suchasredspruce,whichsequestersCaintoaphysiologicallyunavailableformonceasufficiencythresholdhasbeenreached,andwhiteoak(Quercus albaL.),inwhichmuchofthefoliarCaissequesteredinarelativelyunavailableform.ThisworkhelpselucidateamechanismbywhichfloweringdogwoodcanenhanceCacyclinginforestedsystems.

BerryCollege,Biology,P.O.Box490430,MountBerry,GA,30149,

145

360 TRAN, CUU BAO CHAU FLORENCE and LALIBERTE, SYLVIE*

pHi changes in larch protoplasts over 33.5h of culture, as analysed with flow cytometry and using in vitro and in situ calibration of C-SNARF-1

ManyprocessesareregulatedbyintracellularpHandSNARF indicators are frequentlyused for

pHidetermination.Probeshavebeencalibratedin vitroandin situforconfocalmicroscopyorspectrofluorom-etryandshowntobehavedifferentlyonceloadedintocells.Thishasgenerallybeenattributedtointeractionswithintracellularcomponentsgeneratingover-orun-derestimationsofpHi.Wecomparedin situandin vitro calibrationsofC-SNARF-1AMusingflowcytometry.Thefirstwasperformedwithnigericin,whileanin vitrocalibrationoftheprobeembeddedinagarosepiecesandde-esterifiedbyporcineesterasewasdevised.Reproduc-ibilitywasevaluatedforbothmethods.Theexperimen-talsystemconsistedofhybridlarchprotoplasts,isolatedfrom embryogenic suspensions and analysed at 2-3daysintervalsovera33.5hcultureperiod.Theexperi-mentwas repeatedonceandeach sampling sequenceinvolved two protoplast isolations. When compared,calibrationcurvesshowedpKashifts and in situcurvesdifferedmorefromeachotherthanin vitroones.pHiestimationsduringthefirst21hshowedachangefrom6.26to6.89whenin situcalibrationequationwasusedwhilevaluesdifferedfrom0.004to0.32unitwithin vitroequation.Followingthisalkalinization,pHikeptmostlyover neutral value and fluctuated slightly; estimatesfromin situandin vitro equationsdifferedfrom0.10to0.19unit.Asmentionedforotherspecies,initialacidicvaluescouldreflectintracellularacidificationcausedbycellincubationinthedigestionmedium(pH5.8)duringprotoplastpreparation,whilesubsequentalkalinizationmightcorrespondtogradualpHirecoverytowardsho-meostasis.ThetendencytowardsasmalleramplitudeinpHi changesobservedafter23hofculturecouldbeat-tributabletotighterpHiregulation.Wecannotascertainwhich,ofin situorin vitrocalibration,generatedbetterestimationsofrealpHi.However,thesimultaneoususeofbothapproachesallowssomeevaluationoftherepre-sentativityofpHivalues,throughtherangeofvariationbetweenestimatesfromin situandin vitrocalibrations.

University ofQuebec inMontreal, Biological sciences,C.P. 8888,Succ.Centre-Ville,Montreal,Quebec,H3C3P8,Canada

361 JORDON-THADEN, INGRID1, FACIO VICCINI, LYDERSON2, COMBS, JOSEPH ANTHONY*1, CHESTER, MICHAEL1, SOLTIS, DOUGLAS1 and SOLTIS, PAMELA3

Physiological comparisons of two recently formed allotetraploid Tragopogon (Asteraceae) species and their diploid parents

Thisstudyseekstounderstandhowpolyploidyaf-fectsphenotypicvariationinnaturalandsynthetic

allotetraploids (Tragopogon mirus and Tragopogon miscellus)throughcomparisonwiththeirdiploidpar-ents (T. dubius,T. pratensis, andT. porrifolius).Thissystemisidealtostudyspeciationprocesses,duetotherecentformationofthesetwopolyploids.Easilydefin-able phenotypic characteristics, such as plant height(cm),totalleafnumber,andphotosyntheticefficiency,were measured and will be correlatedto genetic datafromthesamesetofplantsinaparallelstudy.Trago-pogonplants(diploidandtetraploid)wereplacedinatemperature and light controlled growth chamber inrandomizedblocks.Overaperiodofamonth,severaldiscretegrowthmeasurementsweretaken.Growthratedataweretakenbymeasuringthelongestleafonagivenplantand thenumberofhealthy,green leaveson theplant.Overaperiodoftwoweeks,thephysiologicalpo-tentialforphotosynthesisofeachplantwastakenwithafluorometertodeterminethephotosyntheticefficiencyofphotosystemII.Thesyntheticandnaturalallotetra-ploidsappeartohavesimilargrowthratesandphoto-syntheticcapacity.Theallotetraploidscomparedtotheirdiploidparentsreachmaximumheightquickerandaremorephotosyntheticallyefficient.Whencomparedbymaximumleafgrowth, theallotetraploidsT. miscellusandT. mirus exhibit a growthpattern comparable tothatof thediploidparentT.pratensisorT. porrifolius,respectively,andaredivergentfromtheirsharedT. du-biusparent.Theseresultssuggestthatallotetraploidspe-ciesaremorerobustandvigorousincertainphenotypictraits, such as the ability to perform photosynthesis,thantheirparents,butinotherphysicalcharacteristicsthe allotetraploids tend to exhibit characteristics of asingleparent.1University of Florida, Department of Biology, Gainesville, FL,32611,USA2InstitutodeCiênciasBiológicas,UniversidadeFederaldeJuizdeFora,DepartmentodeBiologia,JuizdeFora,MinasGerais,36036-900,Brazil3UniversityOfFlorida,FloridaMuseumOfNatu-ralHistory,POBOX117800,Gainesville,FL,32611-7800,USA

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362 KERR , LILA DALE*1 and GRAVATT, DENNIS2

The effects of ultraviolet light on anthocyanin accumulation in the adventitious roots of Sedum wrightii.

Severalstudieshavesupportedtheideathatantho-cyaninaccumulationmaybeapossibleprotection

mechanisminplantsagainstDNAdamagecausedbyultravioletlight.Thefollowingstudyexplorestheaccu-mulationofanthocyaninsintheadventitiousroottipsofSedum wrightiiusingvarioustreatmentsofultravio-letlight.Theroottipsweregrownunderfourseparatesetsofconditions:UVA,UVA+lowUVB,UVA+highUVB,orthecontrol.Afterwards,theanthocyaninswereextracted using acidified ethanol and centrifugation.TheabsorptionoftheextractwastakenusingaBeck-manspectrophotometer.Thevalueswereconvertedtonanomolespermiligramoffreshweightandthenthegroups were compared using data analysis software.Theresultssupportedthehypothesizeddifferencesthatoccurredbetweenthegroups.Theanthocyaninconcen-trationsweresignificantlyhigherintheUVBtreatmentsthantheothergroups.1StephenF.AustinStateUniversity,Biology,P.O.Box13003,Nacog-doches,TX,75962,USA2StephenF.AustinStateUniversity,DeptofBiology-PoBox13003,Nacogdoches,TX,75961,USA

ORAL PAPERS

363 NESTER-HUDSON, JOAN

Spore age as a factor influencing spore viability and gametophyte development in the fern, Anemia mexicana

Anemia mexicanaisahomosporousfernwithnon-green spores.Nongreen fern spores usually have

longerviabilitythangreenfernspores.Thisstudyinves-tigated spore viability and gametophyte developmentinthisfernusingsporescollectedfromsevendifferentyearsbetween1978(32years)and2003(7years).Sporeshadbeenstoredinglassvialsat4Cexceptduringtrans-port.Sporesweredustedontothesurfaceofagar-solid-ifiedmineralmediuminplasticpetridishesandplacedunderfluorescentlightsatroomtemperature.Percentsporegerminationwasdeterminedwithadissectingmi-croscopeafter9days.Adissectingmicroscopewasusedtomonitorgametophytegrowthanddevelopmentfor50days.Allagesofsporesbegangerminatingat4-5daysafter spore sowingwithprotrusionof the rhizoid.Allspores,includingthosefrom1978,hadapproximately75-90%sporegerminationat9days.Atninedays,mostgametophytesweretwo-dimensionalwithanelongaterhizoid. A lateral meristem was initiated by day 14

and thismeristemshifted to the terminalpositionaf-ter several days.Unicellularmarginal trichomeswereproducedafterdevelopmentofthemeristem.Anther-idiabeganformingatday22andwereabundantbyday32onmalegametophytes.Archegoniawerevisibleonseparategametophytesat38days.Gametophytegrowthanddevelopmentvariedwithineachageofsporesbutthere was essentially no difference in gametophytegrowth and development when Anemia mexicanasporeswere7to32yearsoldandhadbeenstoredat4C.

SHSU/DEPTOFBIO SCI, POBOX2116,HUNTSVILLE,TX,77341-2116,USA

364 CHAU, MARIAN*1, WALKER, LAWRENCE2 and MEHLTRETER, KLAUS3

The invasive Australian tree fern alters soil and plant nutrient dynamics in Hawaii

TreefernsthathavehigherleafNandPcontentthanco-occurringplantspecieshavestrongpotentialto

influence nutrient cycling.The nativeCibotium glau-cum tree fern,akeystonespecies inHawaiian forests,is displaced by Sphaeropteris cooperi, the non-nativeAustraliantreefern.Sphaeropteris cooperiinvadesintactforests,producingmoreleavesthatgrowfaster,containmoreNandP,anddecomposefasterthanC. glaucumleaves.Ourexperimenttestedtheeffectsofnativeandnon-native tree fern leaf litteradditiononthegrowthand nutrient content of four native angiosperm spe-ciesinforest(high-fertility)andlandslide(low-fertility)soils.Leaflitterofbothtypesinhibitedgrowthinitiallyin all species, but subsequent responseswere species-specific.Relativegrowthrateswerehigher inthefast-er-growingCarex wahuensisandHibiscus arnottianuswithS. cooperilitter,especiallyinlandslidesoil.LeafNinC. wahuensiswashighestwithforestsoilandS. coo-perilitter,asexpected,butotherleafnutrientresponsesshowedsomeevidenceofnutrientimmobilizationfromlitter addition. Several growthmeasureswere highestwith forest soil andS. cooperi litter, indicating thatNavailabilityisthestrongestdriverofgrowth.OurresultsshowthatS. cooperi canalternutrientcyclinginHawai-ianplants,sometimeswithpositiveeffects,butinforestenvironmentsiteventuallyout-competesotherspeciesby the same means with which it initially facilitatesthem.BecauseS. cooperiissuchapervasivethreattoCi-botiumandnativeforests,ourresultssupportcontinuedeffortstoeradicatethisinvasivetreefern.1UniversityofHawaiiatManoa,DepartmentofBotany,3190MaileWay,Room101,Honolulu,HI,96822,USA2UniversityofNevadaLasVegas,SchoolofLifeSciences,4505MarylandParkway,LasVe-gas,NV,89154,USA3InstitutodeEcología,A.C.,ReddeEcologíaFuncional,CarreteraantiguaaCoatepecNo.351,ElHaya,Xalapa,Veracruz,91070,México

147

365 MATOS, FERNANDO*1, LABIAK, PAULO HENRIQUE2 and AMORIM, ANDRE3

The ferns and lycophytes of a montane tropical forest in southern Bahia, Brazil

The Serra Bonita Mountain Range is located insouthernBahiaState,northeasternBrazil,andoc-

cupies an area of approximately 7,500 ha.The SerraBonitaReserveencompassesthelastremnantsofold-growthforestfromthatregion,protectingabout2,000haofland(at300to1,080ma.s.l.)inthecenterofthismountainrange.Afloristicsurveyofthefernsandly-cophytesofthisReservewascarriedoutfrom2005to2009inareasabove600m,resultinginthecollectionof182species,distributedamong67generaand23fami-lies.Fernscomprised173species in64generaand21families,while the lycophytes comprised nine speciesin three genera and two families. Approximately 25percentofthesespecieswererecordedforthefirsttimeinBahiaStateornortheasternBrazil(44newrecords).Special mention is given to Asplenium truncorum(Aspleniaceae), Megalastrum indusiatum (Dryopteri-daceae),andThelypterisbeckeriana(Thelypteridaceae),which were described for the first time from recentcollectionsinthestudyarea.TheSerraBonitaReservealsoharborstheonlyknownpopulationofTerpsichoreasplenifolia(Polypodiaceae)inBrazil.1TheNewYorkBotanicalGarden,PfizerLab.,2900SouthernBlvd.,Bronx,NY,10458-5153,USA2UniversidadeFederaldoParaná,De-partamentodeBotânica,Curitiba,Paraná,81531-980,Brazil3Uni-versidadeEstadualdeSantaCruz,CienciasBiológicas,Ilhéus,Bahia,45662-900,Brazil

366 LI, FAY-WEI1, KUO, LI-YAUNG2, ROTHFELS, CARL3, EBIHARA, ASTUSHI4, CHIOU, WEN-LIANG5, WINDHAM, MICHAEL3 and PRYER, KATHLEEN*6

rbcL and matK earn a thumbs up as the core DNA barcode for ferns

DNAbarcodingwillrevolutionizeourunderstand-ingof fern ecology,most especiallybecause the

accurate identificationof the independentbut crypticgametophyte phase of the fern’s life history––an en-deavor previously impossible––will finally be feasible.Inthisstudy,weassessthediscriminatorypowerofthecoreplantDNAbarcode (rbcL and matK), aswell asalternativelyproposedplantbarcodes(trnH-psbAandtrnL-F), across allmajor fern lineages.We also pres-entplastidbarcodedatafortwogenerainthehyperdi-versepolypodclade––Deparia (Woodsiaceae)andtheCheilanthes marginata group (in theprocessofbeingsegregatedasanewgenusofPteridaceae)––tofurtherillustratetheresolvingpoweroftheseloci.Ourresults

clearlydemonstratethevalueofmatK data,previouslyunavailableinfernsduetoamajorrearrangementofthechloroplastgenome.Withitshighsequencevariation,matK complements rbcL to provide a two-locus bar-codecapableofdistinguishingmost species thathaveevolved through divergent evolution. With sequencevariationcomparabletomatK,trnL-Fappearstobeasuitablealternativebarcoderegioninferns,andperhapsshouldbeaddedtothecoreDNAbarcodeforplants.Incontrast,trnH-psbAshowsdramaticallyreducedse-quencevariationforthemajorityofferns.Thisislikelyduetothetranslocationofthissegmentofthechloro-plastgenomeintotheinvertedrepeatregions,whichareknowntohaveahighlyconstrainedsubstitutionrate.Ourstudyprovides thefirstendorsementof the two-locusbarcode(rbcL+matK)inferns,andfavorstrnL-FovertrnH-psbAasapotentialback-uplocus.1DukeUniversity,Biology,ScienceDrive,Durham,NC,27708,US-A2NationalTaiwanUniversity,InstituteofEcologyandEvolutionaryBiology,Taipei,10617,Taiwan3DUKEUNIVERSITY,DepartmentOf Biology, BOX 90338, DURHAM,NC, 27708, USA4NationalMuseumofNatureandScience,DepartmentofBotany,Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, Japan5TaiwanForestryResearchInstitute,DivisionofBotanicalGarden,Taipei,10066,Taiwan6DukeUniversity,ScienceDrive,Durham,NC,27708-0338,USA

367 HOOPER, ELISABETH*1, YATSKIEVYCH, GEORGE2, HUIET, LAYNE3, WINDHAM, MICHAEL3 and PRYER, KATHLEEN3

Into or out of Africa? What do molecular data reveal about the identity and biogeographic origin of Aleuritopteris farinosa (Forssk.) Fee (Pteridaceae)?

Aleuritopteris farinosaisthetypespeciesofAleuritop-terisandyetithasageographicdistributionthatis

atypicalforthegenus.Althoughmostofthe40+speciesinAleuritopterishaveaSino-Himalayandistribution,A. farinosaisfoundincontinentalAfrica(extendingtoYe-men,Madagascar,andLaReunion)andtheAmericas(MexicotoS.America).Aspartofanongoingmolecu-larphylogeneticstudyofAleuritopterisusingthreeplas-tidgenemarkers(rbcL, atpA,andtrnGR)wehavebeeninvestigatingtherelationshipbetweenA. farinosaanditsAsiancongeners,aswellastherelationshipbetweenOldandNewWorldelementswithinA. farinosaitself.ResultsthusfarconfirmthatA. farinosaisnestedwithinamonophyleticgroupofapproximately14speciesin-formally called theA. farinosa complex.At one timethis cladewas treated as a single, broadly-distributed,heterogeneousspecies(A. farinosasensulato),butmorerecentlytheAsianelementshavebeensegregatedasdis-tinctspeciesandA. farinosasensustrictohasbeenre-servedfortheAfrican/Americantaxon.Therehasbeencontroversy,however,concerningthetrueidentityofA. farinosas.s.Thistaxonismorphologicallyquitevariableacross its range, leading some to recognize segregate

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148

taxa.Moreover,thereareatleasttwoknowncytotypesin EastAfrica (a triploid apomict and a sexual tetra-ploid),suggestingtheoccurrenceofreticulateevolutioninthegroup.Toinvestigatethissituation,wehavebeenevaluatingthegeneticrelationshipamongOldandNewWorldelementsofA. farinosas.s.OnesurprisingearlyresultsuggeststhatNewWorldcollectionsreferredtoA. farinosa are more closely related to certain AsianspeciesthantheyaretocollectionsofA. farinosafromAfrica.HerewereporttheresultsofadditionalsamplingwithinA. farinosas.s.anddiscusstheirsignificancewithrespecttotaxonomiccircumscription,phylogeneticpo-sition,andbiogeographicoriginofA. farinosa.1TrumanStateUniversity,DepartmentofBiology,Kirksville,MO,63501,USA2Missouri BotanicalGarden, POBox 299, St. Louis,MO, 63166-0299,USA3DukeUniversity,Department ofBiology,Durham,NC,27708,USA

368 ZHANG, LI-BING*1, HE, HAI2 and GAO, XIN-FEN3

Diversity, Cryptic speciation, and phylogeny of the fern genus Polystichum (Dryopteridaceae): A large-scaleanalysis.

One of themost exciting examples of apparentlyrapidspeciationinfernsisthegenusPolystichum

(Dryopteridaceae).Asoneofthelargestgeneraofferns,Polystichum contains ca. 400 species. This genus isnearlycosmopolitan,butthespeciesaremostnumer-ous in subtropical regions, with the highest diversityclearly inAsia, especially in southwesternChina andadjacentregions.Whilemore thanhalfof theca.400speciesevolvedrecentlyasresultoffastradiation,littleisknownaboutthespeciesofPolystichuminlimestoneareas,especiallyinkarstcaves,insouthernChina.Thereare twocompetinghypothesesabout theagesof cavespecies:oldrelicsamongdifferentcavesvs.youngra-diation.Moleculardataplacedcavespeciesinyoungerlineages suggesting that theyarenewendemics.Mostnotably, several morphologically and palynologicallydifferent cave species formed well-supported mono-phyleticgroups.Thesespeciesoccurgeographically inadjacentareas.Arethesehardorsoftpolytomies?Moremoleculardatawillbeadded toanswer thisquestion.Moleculardataalsohelpidentifysomecrypticspeciesunrecognizableusingmorphologicaldataonly.1MissouriBotanicalGarden,ScienceandConservation,P.O.Box299,St.Louis,MO,63166,USA2ChongqingNormalUniversity,Col-legeofLifeSciences,Shapingba,Chongqing,400047,China3Cheng-duInstituteofBiology,ChineseAcademyofSciences,TheECORESLab,P.O.Box416,Chengdu,Sichuan,610041,China

369 MCHENRY, MONIQUE*1 and BARRINGTON, DAVID2

Investigating morphological diversity of Andean Polystichum (Dryopteridaceae): seeking explanations for incongruence between sequence variation and morphological variation

ThenorthernandcentralAndesrepresentthethirdhighestcenterofendemismintheferngenusPo-

lystichum(Dryopteridaceae).PreviousworkonPolysti-chum inSouthAmericahascircumscribedtaxabasedonmorphological characters alone.Weexploredpat-ternsofbothsequenceandmorphologicalvariationintwo sister subcladesofmonophyleticAndeanPolysti-chum,theorbiculatumsubclade andthemontevidensesubclade.Ourresultsfromphylogeneticanalysesbasedonplastidandnuclearmarkers suggestan interestingparadox: one subclade exemplifies cryptic speciationwithmorphologicallysimilartaxathatexhibithighse-quence variation,whereas theother subclade exhibitstheinverse-lowsequencevariationwithhighmorpho-logical variation.From these resultsweconclude thatgeographicallydisjunctentitiesinthemontvidense sub-cladeexhibitidenticalmorphologiesdespitesignificantsequence divergence due to convergent evolution ofmorphologicalcharacters, leadingtounderdescriptionofspecies.Intheorbiculatum subclade,bycontrast,highmorphologicalvariationcorrelatestodifferentecologi-calanddevelopmentalfactors,leadingtoanabundanceofnamespertainingtoasinglewidespreadtaxon.Withour improved understanding ofmorphological varia-tioninAndeanPolystichum wewillmoveontoexplor-ingthepatternsofspeciationinthenorthernandcen-tralAndes.1UniversityofVermont,PlantBiology,JeffordsHall,Burlington,VT,05405,UnitedStates2UniversityOfVermont,DEPTOFPLANTBI-OLOGY,Burlington,VT,05405-0086,USA

370 RANKER, TOM A.*1 and SUNDUE, MICHAEL A.2

Molecular phylogenetics of grammitid ferns: global biogeographic perspectives

Grammitid fernscompriseamonophyleticgroupof 900 species of tropical, forest-dwelling epi-

phytes.Oneofthelong-standingchallengesinthestudyof grammitid ferns has been the circumscription ofgenera,with someauthors recognizinga singlegenusand others up to 24. Molecular phylogenetic studieshaveshownthatseverallargegeneraoccurringmostlyin thePaleotropics (Ctenopteris s.l.,Grammitis s.l.)ormostlyintheNeotropics(Lellingeria, Terpsichore)werepolyphyletic, necessitating nomenclatural innovationsat the generic level. Although recent taxonomic and

149

phylogenetic studies have made significant progressindelineatingprimarilyNeotropical genera, relativelylittleprogresshasbeenmadeinthePaleotropics,whichholdsabout2/3ofthediversityoftheclade.WehaveconductedphylogeneticanalysesofDNAsequencedataon295accessionsofgrammitidfernsrepresenting253species.Neotropicalspeciesaccountfor161oftheac-cessionsandPaleotropicalaccountfor134.Theseanaly-seswerebasedontheplastidDNAsequencesofrbcL,atpB,andtrnL-trnFintergenicspacer.Thereareseveralimportant featuresofouranalyses:1)APaleotropicalcladewassupportedasmonophyletic(posteriorprob-abilitysupportof0.92).Thiscladeisestimatedtocom-prise~500species(two-thirdsofallgrammitids).It isrestrictedtoAsiaandthePacificexceptforasingledis-persaltoSouthernChile(Grammitis magellanica).Af-ricanandMadagascanspeciesarenotpartofthisclade,they are all disjunctions from otherwise Neotropicalgenera (Alansmia, Ceradenia, Enterosora,Melpomene, Stenogrammitis,andZygophlebia)orfromthecircum-australGrammitiss.s.;2)SeveralPaleotropicalgenera,assampledsofar,weresupportedasmonophyletic(i.e.,Calymmodon, Chrysogrammitis, Dasygrammitis, Sclero-glossum,andXiphopterella);but,3)severalgenerawereeither clearly not monophyletic (e.g., Ctenopterella, Grammitis, Prosaptia, Micropolypodium, Radiogram-mitis,andTomophyllum)ortherewasinsufficientreso-lution to infer relationships or circumscriptions (e.g.,Oreogrammitis and Themelium); 4)The three plastidsequencesanalyzedprovidedlessphylogeneticresolu-tionamongPaleotropicaltaxathanamongNeotropicaltaxa,althoughsomeofthelackofresolutionmaybeduetomissingdata.1UniversityofHawaiiatManoa,DepartmentofBotany,3190MaileWay,Room101,Honolulu,HI,96822,USA2UniversityofVermont,DepartmentofPlantBiology,111JeffersHall,Burlington,VT,05405,USA

371 TRIPP, ERIN*1, LENDEMER, JAMES2 and HARRIS, RICHARD1

How known is well-known? Progress in lichenology in Great Smoky Mountains National Park.

The southern Appalachians represent a diversityhotspotformanygroupsoforganisms,including

lichens. Although the region, like the rest of easternNorth America, has been subjected to considerableanthropologicalchange,a largeportionof ithasbeenprotectedat thefederal,state,andlocal levelresultingincontiguousareasofnaturalhabitatthatincludethelargestandmostsignificanttractsofold-growthforestin eastern North America. Lichenological data fromourpreviousstudiesinthesouthernAppalachians(e.g.,GorgesStatePark,NC)indicatedthatmuchisyettobelearnedinanareaoftheworldthatissupposedly"well-known"biologically.Assuch,weinitiatedaninventoryofthelichensofGreatSmokyMountainsNationalPark

(GSMNP)in2007.Sincethen,overthecourseofonlyshortfivecollectingtrips(2,500cumulativecollections),wehaveadded>170newlichenrecordstothePark’schecklist(includingseveralspeciesandtwogeneranewtoscience).PreviousParkchecklistswerealsorevised.ThesenewreportscollectivelyexpandtheknownlichenbiotaofGSMNPtoincludebetween603and779taxa,anincreaseof~33-46%frompreviouschecklists,ren-deringitthemostlichenologicallydiverseNationalParkintheUnitedStates.1NewYorkBotanicalGarden,200thStreeandSouthernBlvd,Bronx,NY, 10458, USA2New York Botanic Garden, 200th Street AndSouthernBlvd,Bronx,NY,10458,USA

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Phytochemical Section

ORAL PAPERS

372 TUOMINEN, LINDSEY K.*1, PAYYAVULA, RAJA S.2, HARDING, SCOTT A.1 and TSAI, CHUNG-JUI3

Perturbation of Populus Phenylpropanoid Metabolism in Suspension Cell Cultures

Populussecondarymetabolismischaracterizedbyadiversityofphenylpropanoidcompoundsthatcan

collectivelyaccountforupto30%ofleafdrymass.Thevariousclassesofthesecompoundsarethoughttode-rivefromseparate,potentiallycompetingbiosyntheticbranch pathways. To develop a better understandingofphenylpropanoidpartitioningandtheimpactofthispathwayonprimarymetabolicprocesses,wesubjectedheterotrophicsuspensioncellculturesofP. tremuloidesto a series of feeding experiments.Methyl jasmonate(MeJA)wasusedasadefenseelicitortostimulatephen-ylpropanoidmetabolismwithvaryingconstraintsinthecorepathwayimposedbyoneofthreemetabolicinhibi-tors:piperonylicacid (PIP) forcinnamate-4-hydroxy-lase, α-aminooxy-β-phenylpropionic acid (AOPP) forphenylalanine ammonia lyase, and methylenedioxy-cinnamic acid (MDCA) for 4-coumaroyl:CoA ligase.Cellsweresampled48haftertreatmentandanalyzedbymetaboliteprofilingusingGC-MSandLC-MS,aswellasbycolorimetricquantificationofcondensedtannins.Core phenylpropanoid metabolites showed changesbroadly consistent with expected enzyme inhibition,with increases inphenylalanine inAOPP-treatedcellsand cinnamicacid in PIP-treated cells. Interestingly,MDCA-treatedcellsdidnotshowincreasesincoumaricacidasexpected,butcinnamicacidlevelswerestronglyincreased, suggestinga possible feedback mechanismin thepathway. Flavonoidderivatives, including con-densedtannins,generallyshowedadditiveratherthaninteractive effects between elicitation and inhibition.SeveralaminoacidsalsoshowedstrongincreasesunderAOPPtreatment,whilePIPandMDCAtreatmentshadonly subtle impacts. Citric acid cyclemetabolites didnotappeartobestronglyaffectedbytheinhibitorsbutdidrespond toelicitation.Overall, the resultsprovidemetabolicevidenceforpossiblelinkagebetweenphen-ylpropanoid and amino acidmetabolism, supportingprevioussuggestionsofcross-talkbetweencarbonandnitrogenmetabolismviaphenylalanine-Ncycling.1TheUniversityofGeorgia,WarnellSchoolofForestry&NaturalResources, 180 E Green St, Athens, GA, 30602, USA2MichiganTechnologicalUniversity, School of ForestResources&Environ-mental Science, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI, 49931,USA3TheUniversityofGeorgia,DepartmentofGenetics/WarnellSchoolofForestry&NaturalResources,180EGreenSt,Athens,GA,30602,USA

373 MAJETIC, CASSIE*1, RAGUSO, ROBERT A.2 and LEVIN, DONALD A.3

All in the family: assessing floral pigment-floral scent associations in the genus Phlox

Floral colorandfloral scentare twocharacteristicsusedbyplantstoattractpollinators.Untilrecently,

biologists have assumed that color and scent evolvedseparately to match pollinator preference. However,some scent compounds (benzenoids and phenylpro-panoids) are produced by branches of the same bio-chemical pathways that produce anthocyanin floralpigments,suggestingthepotentialforpleiotropicasso-ciationsbetweenthem.Otherscentcompounds,suchasterpenes,havenodirectbiochemicallinkagetoantho-cyaninsynthesisandshouldnotco-varywithpigment.WestudiedsixspeciesfromthegenusPhlox(Polemo-niaceae) anda relatedoutgroup species (Polemonium caeruleum), examining floral scent composition andemission rates from pigmented vs. white (no visibleanthocyanin)cultivarsforeachspecies.Specifically,wepredicted that white and pigmented cultivars shoulddiffersignificantlyinbenzenoid/phenylpropanoidpro-duction regardlessof species,while theproductionofterpenoids and other scent compounds should shownospecificpatternrelatedtocolor.Ourresultssuggestmixedsupportforthishypothesis.Wedofindsubstan-tial qualitative and quantitative differences betweenconspecific color morphs for most species. Relativeabundanceof suchbenzenoid/phenylpropanoid com-pounds asmethyl salicylate and 3-hydroxy-4-phenyl-2-butanoneaccountforsomeofthedifferencesinscentproduction observed between pigmented and whitecultivarsofPhlox stoloniferaandPhlox bifida,butthesedifferenceswerenotinthesamedirectionforbothspe-cies.Moreover,otherdifferencesbetweencultivarsforallexaminedspecieswereattributabletodifferencesinterpenoidabundance,againstourpredictions.Assess-mentofemissionratesofindividualcompoundsyieldsa similar pattern -most differences between cultivarsshowedincreasedreleaseofsomebenzenoidsorterpe-noidswith concurrentdecreases inother compoundsfromthesamebiochemicalcategory.Thesedatasuggestthatpatternsofscentemissioninthisgenusarenotpri-marilygovernedbytradeoffswithpigmentation;rather,species identity ismore important for defining floralscentprofiles.1SaintMary'sCollege,DepartmentofBiology,StateRoute933,NotreDame,IN,46556,USA2CornellUniversity,DepartmentofNeurobi-ologyandBehavior,RoomW355,SeeleyGMuddHall,215TowerRoad,Ithaca,NY,14853,USA3TheUniversityofTexasatAustin,SectionofIntegrativeBiology,1UniversityStationC0930,Austin,TX,78712,USA

151

374 ROSE, JANNA

Isolation of Ellagic acid from the Bioassay-Guided Fractionation of Methanolic Crude Extracts of Rosa canina L. Galls

During the springof2009, I conductedethnobo-tanicalfieldworkwithTurkishvillagersandgath-

eredinformationonplant-basedremediesfordiarrhealdiseases.Afterevaluating15oftheanti-diarrhealplantsforbacterialinhibition,thecrudemethanolicextractsofgalls fromRosa caninaL.(dogrose)showedthe low-estMIC’s(from4to64ug/ml)againsttwelvebacterialstrainsthatinfectthehumanintestinaltract.MethanolicextractsofR. caninafruitswerelesspotent(from128to512ug/ml).UsinganAlamarBlueCytotoxicityAssay,Itestedmethanolicgallandfruitextractsforcytotoxicpropertiesandfoundtheextractstohaveacceptablevi-abilitypercentageswithliver,prostate,andskincancercelllines.Finally,R. caninafruitandgallextractswerefractionatedbyhigh-performanceliquidchromatogra-phy(HPLC)andanalyzedviabioassay-guidedfraction-ationtechniques.UsingMassSpectrometrywithElec-troSprayIonization(MS-ESI)thefractionwithactivitywasshowntocontainellagicacid.Irepeatedthebioas-saywithstandardellagicacidandobtainedcomparableresults.Ellagicacidisaknownyetunder-studiedphe-noliccompoundandphytoalexin--aplantdefensecom-poundthatcouldbeusedforhumanmedicines.

FloridaInternationalUniversity,BiologicalSciences,11200SW8thStreet,OwaEhan167,Miami,FL,33199,USA

375 ESPINOSA-MORENO , JUDITH*1, CENTURION-HIDALGO, DORA2, BORGES-ARGAES, ROCÍO3 and MAYO-MOSQUEDA, ALBERTO1

Evaluation of potential antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus of aromatic and medicinal plants essential oils

Fooddiseasesareproducedbytheconsumptionoffoodcontaminatedwithpathogenicbacteriaand/or

theirtoxinshavebeenofgreatinteresttopublichealth.Staphylococcus aureus isamicroorganismparticularlyvirulentthatcausesagreatvarietyofhealthconditionsincludingpneumonia,osteomyelitis,endocarditisybac-teremia.Antimicrobialactivityofessentialoilsobtainedfromdehydratedleavesofsevenaromaticandmedici-nal plants (Ocimum micranthum, Eryngium foetidum L., Pimenta dioica (L.)Merr, Plectranthus ambonicus(Lour.)Spreng,Malvaviscus arboreusCav.,Byrsonima crassifolia(L.)KunthyPsidium guajavaL.)wasevalu-atedagainstStaphylococcus aureus.Leafessentialoilwasobtained through hidrodestylation in an equipmenttypeClevengerandthebioauthografybioassaycarriedoutintwoTLCplaques.Oneofthemwasreveledwith

fosfomolibdicacidasareferenceandcontainedpositive(Amikacine1%)andnegative(hexane)controls.Bacte-rialpresencewasobservedbyintenseredcolorationandregistering the inhibition zone diameters. This chro-matographicplaquewascomparedwiththeonereveledbefore for corroborating the presence of compoundswith antimicrobial activity. Minimal Inhibitory Con-centration(MIC)wasdeterminedbyvisualobservationofturbiditypresenceinthemicroplaquewellswiththeadditionof100µL1%MTTconfirmingalivebacteriapresencebya redcoloration.Fouressentialoils fromthe evaluated species presented antimicrobial activityagainstS. aureusandtheoneofPsidium guajavaL.pre-sentedthehighestnumberofactivefractions.1UniversidadJuarezAutonomadeTabasco, DivisionAcademicadeCienciasAgropecuarias,AvenidaUniversidad s/n,Zonade laCultura,Col.Magisterial,Centro,Villahermosa,Tab,86040,Mexi-co2UniversidadJuarezAutonomadeTabasco,DivisionAcademicadeCienciasAgropecuarias,AvenidaUniversidad s/n,Zonade laCultura,Col.Magisterial,Centro,Villahermosa,Tab,86040,Mexi-co3CentrodeInvestigacionCientificadeYucatan,A.C.,Calle43No.130,ColoniaChuburnadeHidalgo,Merida,Yuc,97200,Mexico

376 MEYER, RACHEL*1, WHITAKER, BRUCE2 and LITT, AMY1

Modifications to the phenolic biosynthesis pathway correlated with domestication in eggplant

Phenoliccompoundsinfruitsandvegetablesarewellknown for having flavorful and health-beneficial

properties.Eggplant(S. melongenaL)containsawidearrayofphenoliccompounds.Inpreviousanalyses,weidentifiedphenolicsthatdifferedintheirpresence/ab-senceorrelativeamountamongfruitsofeggplantandrelatedspecies.Severalcompoundsdifferedsignificant-lybetweenS. melongenaandthewildprogenitorofegg-plant(AsianS. incanum/S. undatum),andalsodifferedamongtheseandotherwildrelatives.Thisstudyaimedtoelucidatehowhumanselectionmayhavemodifiedthecomplexphenolicbiosyntheticpathwaytoproducedifferentamountsofspecificend-products.Fruitsfromthirty accessions, including Asian eggplant landraces,andrepresentativesofthewildprogenitorandwildrela-tives,wereanalyzedtodeterminetherelativeexpressionofsevenbiosyntheticgenesinthephenolicpathwayus-ingquantitativeReal-TimePCR.Thesedatawereevalu-ated for correlationswith phenolic profiles generatedbyhighperformanceliquidchromatographyfromthesamethirtyfruits.Keyresultsweretheidentificationofthreegenesthatarecoexpressedandwhosetranscriptlevelsaretightlycorrelatedtothetotalproductionofasubset of phenolic compounds, the hydroxycinnamicacidderivatives.Thisparticulargroupofcompoundsisofinterestbecauseassayshaveshownthattheirthera-peuticfunctionsalignwithspecificAsianmedicinalap-plicationsofeggplant.Additionally,severalgenesweredifferentiallyexpressedindifferentspecies.Theseresults

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suggestthatgeneexpressionmayhavebeenalteredasaresultofselectionforcertainmedicinalorculinaryqual-itiesofeggplant.Resultsarediscussedinthecontextofearlyandcontemporaryusesofeggplantfruits.1TheNewYork Botanical Garden, 200th St and Southern Blvd,Bronx,NewYork,10458,USA2UnitedStatesDepartmentofAg-riculture,FoodQualityLaboratory,10300BaltimoreAvenue,Bldg0002,Beltsville,MD,20705,USA

377 GUNN, JORDAN*1, ELKINGTON, BETHANY G.2, HARTMANN, JOHN F.3, SOUTHAVONG, BOUNHONG4, SYDARA, KONGMANY5 and SOEJARTO, DR. DJAJA D.6

Preliminary Results of a Hepatotoxicity Literature Screening of Lao Traditional Herbal Medicine

The indigenous communities of Laos have beenusingmedicinederivedfromnaturalsources,pri-

marilyplantspecies,forhundredsifnotthousandsofyears.The continuous use of these species over timeisoften referenced tobean indicationof their safety.However, toxicity remains problematic with herbalmedicines.Someherbsmayhavechronictoxicitythatisnotnotedbycommonobservation,whileothertoxicherbsmaybeusedinsmalldosesforspecificmedicinalpurposesbyexperiencedpractitioners.Ifherbsofeitherclassbecomemorewidelyused,withoutthesupervisionofexperiencedpractitioners,problemsoftoxicitymayresult.InacontinuationofstudiesonthetoxicityofLaotraditionalmedicines,theresearchersattheUniversityofIllinoisatChicago’sDepartmentofMedicinalChem-istryandPharmacognosyhavecriticallyreviewedasetofover900Laomedicinalplantspeciesforhepatotoxic-ity,asindicatedbybioassayandchemotaxonomicanal-ysisusingliteratureanddatabaseevaluationtechniques.Dataonthepresenceandidentityofcompoundswithinplantspecieswhichareknowntobehepatotoxic,aswellashepatotoxicitystudiesconductedonthesespeciesorrelatedspecieswillbepresented.1uic,MedicinalChemistryandPharmacognosy,833SouthWoodStreet,(M/C877)Room325,Chicago,Il,60612,usa2UniversityofIllinoisatChicago,DepartmentofMedicinalChemistryandPhar-macognosy,833SouthWoodStreet(M/C781),Chicago,IL,60615,USA3NorthernIllinoisUniversity,DepartmentofForeignLanguag-esandLiteratures,DeKalb, Il,usa4MinistryofHealth, InstituteofTraditionalMedicine,Laopdr,Vientiane,Loas5MinistryofHealth,InstituteofTraditionalMedicine,Laopdr,Vientiane,Laos6CollegeofPharmacy,UniversityofIllinoisatChicago,Chicago,DepartmentofMedicinalChemistryandPharmacognosy,833S.WoodSt.,Chi-cago,IL,60612,USA

378 GOYAL, SHAILY*1 and RAMAWAT, KISHAN GOPAL2

Increased isoflavonoids biosynthesis in cell suspension cultures of a woody legume, Pueraria tuberosa grown in shake flasks and bioreactor

TubersofPueraria tuberosa (Roxb.ex.Willd.)DCarewidelyusedinvariousAyurvedic(ancientIn-

dian system of medicine) formulations, and containisoflavonoids, viz., puerarin, daidzein, genistein andgenistinwhichareunderclinical trialsagainstcancer,osteoporosisandcardiovasculardiseases.Plantcellandcalluscultureshavealwaysbeenanattractivemeansfortheproductionofbioactivemoleculesandattemptshavebeenmadetoincreasetheiraccumulation.ThePuerariacellculturesweremaintainedinMSmediumcontain-ing0.1mg/l2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyaceticacid(2,4,5-T)and0.1mg/lkinetin.Thecellswereanalysedforisofla-vonoidscontentusingHPLC.Isoflavonoidsaccumula-tionincellcultureswasimprovedby48hoursofelici-tors’treatmentatthestationaryphase.Yeastextract,150mg/lwasoptimalforisoflavonoidsproductionyielding10 mg/l (~11-folds increase) isoflavonoids.Ethrel at100μMafter48hours treatment, increased14-folds(~12 mg/l) of isoflavonoids accumulation. Further,the addition of 1.0 mg/l 6-(γ,γ-Dimethylallylamino)purine(2iP)inmaintenancemediumresultedinabout~32-foldsincreaseintheproductionofisoflavonoids.Amarkedincreaseinyieldofisoflavonoids~82-folds(80mg/l)wasobtainedinculturesgrownat0.1mg/lmor-phactinand5.0mg/lof2iP.Thecultureswerescaled-upto3Lflasksand2Lstirredtankbioreactor.Further,theinfluenceofangiospermicparasite,Cuscuta reflexawasstudiedonisoflavonoidsproductionincellcultures.Theoptimizedelicitationconditionswereusedinvesselsofvaryingcapacitywheremaximumyieldof~91mg/lofisoflavonoidswas recorded ina2Lbioreactorgivingproductivityof~4mg/l/day.Theincreaseinisoflavo-noidscontentwaselicitordose-dependentandcanbeexploredtotriggerhighyieldsofisoflavonoids/second-arymetabolitesinproduction.1500,CenterGrangeRoad,Apt74,Monaca,PA,15061,USA2M.L.Sukhadia University, Department of Botany, College of Science,Udaipur,Rajasthan,313001,India

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POSTERS

379 SINKA, BRITTANY* and MAJETIC, CASSIE

The effects of fertilizer on floral scent of Phlox subulata

Floralscentisonecharacteristicthathasbeenshowntobe important in the survival and reproduction

ofmanyplantspecies,duetoitsrole inmanipulatingpollinatorvisitationandbehavior.Environmentalcon-ditions such as temperature, pollution loads, andhu-midityhavebeenknowntoalterfloralscentemissionpatterns; altering floral odor phenotype could poten-tiallychangethetypesofpollinatingvisitorsaplantcanattract,andthereforeplantreproductivesuccess.How-ever, few studies have exploredwhether these factorscouldcausemeasurablephenotypicplasticity infloralscentemission.ThisstudyexploresthepossibilitythatfloralscentcouldbeplasticinresponsetofertilizationinthespeciesPhlox subulata.Fertilizersoftencontaina significant amount of nitrogen compounds, whichare used by plants to synthesize amino acids; benze-noidvolatilecompoundsarederivedfromonespecificaminoacid,phenylalanine.Therefore,wepredict thatplants grown in high soil nitrogen conditions couldproducemorebenzenoidcomparedtoplantsgrowninlownitrogenconditions.Eightgenotypesof Phlox su-bulataweredividedintotwogroups:4plantsofeachgenotypeweretreatedwithhigh-nitrogenfertilizerand4plantsweretreatedwithlow-nitrogenfertilizer.Floralscentemissionratesforseveralbenzenoidcompoundswerethenexaminedforevidenceofphenotypicplastic-ityusingreactionnormgraphsandanalysisofvariance.Phlox subulata genototypes showed somephenotypicplasticity inresponse tochange insoilnutrient levels.Theseresultssuggestthatiffloralscentisplasticinnatu-ralsettings,changesinsoilnitrogenlevelscouldresultinalteredscentprofiles.Thiscould,inturn,alterpollinatorvisitationpatternsandpotentiallyplantfitness.

SaintMary'sCollege,DepartmentofBiology,StateRoute933,NotreDame,IN,46556,USA

380 MAHADY , GAIL B*1, LOCKLEAR, TRACIE D2, PATEL, UDESHI2, ADCOCK, AUDREY F1 and KROLL, DAVID1

Chemopreventative activities of extracts of Brassica oleracea (collard greens) from the Lumbee Tribe of North Carolina

Brassica oleracea var. acephalaL. (Brassicaceae alsoknownasCruciferae)isthecultivarofB. oleracea

knownas"collardgreens"or"collards"isanon-headingformofwildcabbagecommonlyeatenbypopulationsin southernUSA. "Collards" are a staple of Southern

cuisineandaretypicallyeatenyear-around.Amongthevegetable-containing plant families with proven anti-carcinogenic properties, the genus Brassica (cabbagefamily)has beendetermined to be effective at reduc-ing the risk of cancer.Brassica oleracea var.acephalaL. (collard greens) were collected in North Carolinaand deposited in theHerbarium at ChapelHill,NC.Theleaves(5kg)weredried,pulverized,andextractedin methanol (MeOH, extracted to exhaustion). TheMeOHextractwas defattedwith dichloromethane (3L) and partitioned intochloroform, ethyl acetate andbutanol.Thepartitionsweredriedandtestedat20mcg/ml inanMCF-7ERE-SEAPreportergeneassay.Theethylacetatepartition(EtOAc)wasthemostactiveintheMCF-7cells assay andmodified the expression ofestrogen-dependentreportergenes.BoththemethanolextractandtheEtOAcpartitioninhibitedtheactivityofHER-2 tyrosinekinaseby100%ataconcentrationof20mcg/ml. In addition, theEtOAcpartition reducedtheexpressionof theHER-2receptorproteins inSK-Brbreastcancercells.InordertoidentifythechemicalconstituentsresponsibleforthisactivitytheEtOAcpar-titionwasfractionatedusingcolumnchromatography(C18reversephasesilicagel)usingincreasingconcen-trations ofmethanol/water as a solvent (10% MeOHto100%MeOH),affording5fractions(10%,30%,50%,70% and 100% methanol). The fractions were eachanalyzedbyHPLC(Dionex),andthe70%fractionwasfound tobe a single compound.Basedonmass (m/z309.1)andUVspectrometryandnuclearmagneticreso-nance(NMR)fraction70appearstobeaknownphen-ylpropanoid named hydroxycinnamoyl malate. ThiscompoundwaspreviouslyidentifiedinBrassica rapa.1NorthCarolinaCentralUniversity,Durham,NC,20772,USA2Uni-versityofIllinoisatChicago,PharmacyPractice,833SWoodSt,Chi-cago,IL,60612,USA

381 MAHADY , GAIL B*, SONI, KAPIL K, LOCKLEAR, TRACIE and PATEL, UDESHI

In vitro and in vivo effects of Ayurvedic traditional medicines for the management of asthma

The medicinal plants Bacopa monnieri (Brahmi,whole plant)and Boswellia serrata and Osimum

sanctum (Holy basil) were collected from Vidisha(M.P.), India based on literature and traditional usein Ayurvedia to treat asthma. Materials were dried,pulverizedtopowderandextractedinmethanoltoex-haustion.Themethanolextractsweretestedinthreeinvitro assays, leukotriene-C4-synthase, leukotriene-A4-hydroxylaseandcyclooxygenase-2.Theactiveextractswerepartitionedindichloromethane(DCM),ethylac-etate(EtoAc)and50%methanolandeachpartitionwasre-testedforactivity.Extractsandpartitionsofthethreeplantspeciesshowedinhibitionofallthreeenzymesinvitrosuggestinganti-inflammatoryandanti-asthmaticactivities.Driedextractsofallthreeplantsweretestedin

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154

24BALB/cmice(6arms,4animalsperarm)sensitizedbyintaperitonealinjectionsofOVAweeklyfor3weeksandthentreatedbygastriclavageforfourdayswiththeextractsatadoseof100mg/kgfor fourdaysplus in-tranasalOVAchallenge.ControlanimalsweretreatedwithPBS(negativecontrol)ordexamethasone(positivecontrol treatment).Animalswere subjected to2-D invivoimagingusingaXenogenIVIS2000(CaliperCorp)systemand lung inflammationwasassessedbasedonthetreatments.AnimalssensitizedandchallengedwithOVAhadsignificantlungandperitonealinflammationascomparedwiththePBScontrolgroup.Treatmentofthemicewithdexamethasone reducedOVA-inducedinflammationby50-60%.TreatmentofthemicewiththeAyurvedicherbalextractsalsoreduced inflamma-tion,withtheactivitiesoftheextractsbeingintheorderofOcimum sanctum>Boswellia serrata>Bacopa monn-ieri.ThesedatasupporttheuseoftheseAyurvedicherbsforthemanagementoftheinflammatorysymptomsofinflammatoryasthma.

UniversityofIllinoisatChicago,PharmacyPractice,833SWoodSt,Chicago,IL,60612,USA

382 CUMMINGS, KATE* and HALL, KAREN

Sassafras tea: determining safety and projecting costs (human and natural) associated with harvest

TheEasternBandofCherokeeIndiansinWesternNorthCarolinaconsistsofacommunitythatup-

holdstraditionsoftheCherokeelanguageandartsandcrafts.Onecraftinparticularisthecultivation,harvest-ing, and processing of the root of the sassafras tree,Sassafras albidum, fromwhich they prepare teas andsyrups.Sassafras,nativetotheeasternU.S.,isaversatilespeciesknownforrapidcolonizationofdisturbedandabandonedsitesandasafoodsourceformanywood-landspecies.Sassafrasextractwaspopularasafoodex-tractsuntil1960,whentheFoodandDrugAdministra-tion(FDA)bannedthepresenceofsafroleinsassafrasproducts(CFR,Sec.189).Manyexperimentssincethenhaveconfirmedthehepatocarcinogeniceffectsofsafroleonratsinthelaboratory(Zhouetal.2007).Though,re-centresearchonsafrole-containingspeciesfromChina,theSouthPacific,andMicronesiaconcludedthatwhentraditional indigenous preparationmethods were ap-plied,thelevelofsafroleinthefinalproductdroppedtoverylittleornotdetectable(Chen,etal.,2009;FaragandAbo-Zeid,1997;Reynertsonetal.2005).Therehasbeennoknownchemicalanalysisofthesafrolelevelsofsassa-frasproductsmadeusingtraditionalindigenousmeth-ods.The purpose of the research is twofold: toworkdirectlywiththeCherokeeIndianstobothinvestigatethetoxicityofsassafrasproductsandtoensureasupplyofrawmaterial.Toinvestigatethetoxicity,wewillana-lyzethepotentialoftraditionalpreparationmethodtoeffectivelyreducesafrolelevelstotheFDAstandard.We

willalsoprovideafull,long-termcostanalysismodelofthehumanandenvironmentalcostsassociatedwithitsproduction.Toensureasupplyofsassafrasroot,wewillbeprovidingastandofsassafrastreestotheCenterforCherokeePlantsaswellasdevelopingeducationalma-terialandamapofthenursery.

ClemsonUniversity,ForestryandNaturalResources,261LehotskyHall,Clemson,SC,29634,USA

383 CENTURION-HIDALGO, DORA*1, ESPINOSA-MORENO , JUDITH 2, MONTERO-ARIAS, LUIS ALBERTO1 and MAYO-MOSQUEDA, ALBERTO1

Antibacterial activity of medicinal plants used againts gastrointestinal diseases

Plants have been so important to humanity in alllatitudes,thattheyhavebeentraditionallyutilized

for all the cultures worldwide. Tea (herbal infusion)consumptionhasavarietyofpotentialhealthbenefitsbecausetheycanpreventorlessentheeffectsofdifferentpathologies,forthisreasonteasareconsideredasfunc-tionalfoods.Agreatnumberoftropicalplantspresentmedicinalproperties,somearewellknownbutmostofthemremainignored.Returntowardsnaturalproductsintherapeuticuseisanactualtendencynowadays.Theaimofthepresentworkwastoevaluatetheantibacte-rialactivityof infusionsofMalvaviscus arboreusCav.,Pimenta dioica (L.) Merr. and Tradescantia pendulavar.zebrina againstStaphylococcus aureus,Salmonella typhimuriumandBacillus cereus. Threegramsoffreshleavesweresoakedin200mlofboilingdistilledwater,letstandfor10minandfiltered.Thefilteredliquidwaslyophilized and stored at 4°C. Antibacterial activitywas evaluated using the diffusion sensibility testwithpaperdiscsandMinimalInhibitoryConcentrationwasdeterminate through tubedilutionmethod.The infu-sionofPimenta dioicawasthemosteffectiveinhibiting40%ofB. cereus growth and 60%ofS. typhimuriumgrowth incomparison topositive control (Amikasine1%).Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations varied from1.7to4mgL-1forPimenta dioicainfusioninallthebac-teriatested.Inconclusion,alltheherbalinfusionsusedagainstgastrointestinaldiseasespresentedeffectiveanti-bacterialactivity.1Universidad Juarez Autonoma de Tabasco, Division AcademicadeCienciasAgropecuarias,AvenidaUniversidad s/n,Zonade laCultura,Col.Magisterial,Centro,Villahermosa,Tab,86040,Mexi-co2UniversidadJuarezAutonomadeTabasco,DivisionAcademicadeCienciasAgropecuarias,AvenidaUniversidad s/n,Zonade laCultura,Col.Magisterial,Centro,Villahermosa,Tab,86040,Mexico

155

384 RAWLINS, CATHERINE*1, LEIST, BENJAMIN1, ABLER, REBECCA2 and CARLSON, KITRINA3

Characterization of potential therapeutic properties of the Hmong medicinal plant, Tradescantia zebrina

ThroughoralinterviewswithHmongelders,Trad-escantia zebrina(Tz)wasidentifiedasatherapeutic

plantusedintraditionalHmongmedicine.Inthiscul-ture,Tzisusedasapoulticeonabnormalgrowthsandinthetreatmentofwounds.PreviousresearchatUW-StoutfoundthatwaterdecoctionextractsofTz leavesweretoxicandinhibitorytoheadandneckcancercells.To better understand themedicinal properties ofTz,andpotentially isolateplant compoundsof interest, amore thorough screening of Tz is underway, includ-ingtheDPPHantioxidantassay,antimicrobialtesting,brineshrimplethality,andzebrafishembryochemicalscreens.Tz leafextractswerepreparedfrombothwaterdecoctionaswellasmethanolicextractionsat50%,25%and10%.Allsampleswereevaporatedunderreducedpressureandreconstitutedineitherwateror2.5%oceansaltsolution.Samplesweresubsequentlyfiltersterilized.Resultsfromthesechemicalscreensandbioassayswillbepresented.CurrentresultssuggestthatsomeextractsofTzmayincreasesurvivorshipinbioassaytestsubjects.

InadditiontocharacterizingthemedicinalpotentialofTz, a fundamental goal of this partnership is to

increase STEM retention throughmentored researchexperiences.Forthisreason,sampleswerepreparedattheUW-StoutcampusandsomeofthebioassayswereperformedattheUW-Manitowoccampus.ThisworkispartofanNSFSTEPgrant-fundedcollaborativere-searchinitiativethatlinks2-yearcampusstudentswithstudentsworkingata4-yearcomprehensivecampus.1UniversityofWisconsin-Stout,Biology,Menomonie,WI,54751,USA2UniversityOfWisconsin -Manitowoc, Biological Sciences,705ViebahnSt.,Manitowoc,WI,54220,USA3UniversityofWis-consin-Stout,Biology,334GJarvisHall,Menomonie,WI,54751,USA

385 JONES, TRISTESSE*1, MAHADY, GAIL2, LOCKLEAR, TRACIE2, PARKER, CHRISTINA2 and DUNCAN, SARA2

Pharmacological activities of extracts of Salvia officinalis L. leaves used by the Lumbee Tribe of North Carolina for the treatment of menopause

Sage (Salvia officinalis L; Lamiaceae) is a popularfoodplantandherbusedmedicinallybymanyNa-

tiveAmericans.TheLatingenusname"Salvia"mean-ingtocureandthespeciesname"officinalis"meaningmedicinal, suggests that the plantwaswidely used to

treat a range of medical conditions. In the LumbeeTribe of North Carolina and other Native Americantribes,S.officinaliswasusedasananti-transpirant,anti-inflammatory,antibacterialagentandwasalsousedtotreatsweatsassociatedwiththemenopausaltransition.AspartofanongoingcollaborationwiththeLumbeeTribe,wehavebeeninvestigatingmedicinalherbsusedby the tribe for the management of women’s healthconditionsandmenopause.TheleavesofS. officinaliswerecollectedinNorthCarolinaanddepositedintheHerbariumatChapelHill,NC.Theleaves(5kg)weredried,pulverized,andextracted inmethanol (MeOH,extractedtoexhaustion).TheMeOHextractwasdefat-ted with dichloromethane (3 L) and partitioned intochloroform,ethylacetateandwater.Thepartitionsweredriedandtestedat20ug/mlinanMCF-7ERE-SEAPreportergeneassay.Theethylacetatepartition(EtOAc)washighlyestrogenicintheMCF-7cellassayandsignif-icantlyenhancedtheexpressionofestrogen-dependentreportergenes.Inordertoidentifythechemicalconstit-uentsresponsibleforthisactivity,theEtOAcpartitionwas fractionatedusing columnchromatography (C18reversephasesilicagel)usingincreasingconcentrationsofmethanol/waterasa solvent (20%MeOHto100%MeOH), affording 5 fractions(20%, 40%, 60%, 80%and100%methanol).Thesefractionsweretestedagaininthereportergeneassayandfraction40%wasfoundtobeweaklyestrogenicandfraction80%wasfoundtobeanestrogenagonist/antagonist.Rosmarinicacidwasisolatedastheestrogenagonist/antagonistandcarnosicacidwasfoundtobeweaklyestrogenicinMCF-7cellsandenhancetheactivityestradiolinthecells.ThesedatasupportthetraditionaluseofS. officinalisfortheman-agementofmenopausebyNativeAmericans.1UniversityofIllinoisatChicago,DepartmentofMedicinalChem-istryandPharmacognosy,833SWoodStreet,Chicago,IL,60612,USA2University of Illinois at Chicago,Department of PharmacyPractice,833SWoodStreet,Chicago,IL,60612,USA

Phytochemical Section

156

Pteridological Section

POSTERS

386 JOHNSON , ANNE KATHLEEN*1, ROTHFELS, CARL1, GRUSZ, AMANDA2, SIGEL, ERIN3, WINDHAM, MICHAEL1 and PRYER, KATHLEEN4

Sporophytes and gametophytes of notholaenid ferns (Pteridaceae) show correlated presence/absence of farina

The"notholaenids"compriseamonophyleticgroupofNewWorld ferns commonly characterizedby

the presence of farina on the abaxial leaf surfaces ofthe sporophytes. Farina, a whitish or yellowish waxyexudateproducedbyglandularhairs, isthoughttobeanadaptation toxerichabitats.Duringunusuallydryconditions,theleavesofnotholaenidscurluptoexposetheir farinose undersides, reducing water loss by in-creasingreflectivity.Allspeciesofthenotholaenidcladepreviouslyinvestigatedhavescatteredfarina-producinghairsontheirgametophytesaswell.Thishasbeenin-terpreted as a potential synapomorphy for the genusNotholaena because no other ferns display farina inboththesporophyticandgametophyticphasesoftheirlifecycle.Recentphylogeneticstudiesdemonstratethattwospecieswithnon-farinosesporophytes(Cheilanthes brachypus andCheiloplecton rigidum) arewell-nestedwithinthenotholaenids,andathirdnon-farinosespe-cies (Cheilanthes leucopoda) is strongly supported assistertoallothernotholaenids.Thisraisesthequestion:arethegametophytesofthesethreespeciesfarinoselikethoseoftheircloserelatives,oraretheyglabrous?Here,weassaythegametophytesofabroadsampleofnoth-olaenids--includingallthreespecieswithnon-farinosesporophytes--to determine if the presence/absence offarina is correlated across the gametophytic and spo-rophyticphasesofthelifecyclefornotholaenidferns.Our survey of cultivated gametophytes indicates thatspecieswithnon-farinose sporophytesalsohavenon-farinosegametophytes.Allothernotholaenidssampledexhibit farina-producing hairs on the gametophytes.Thus,whilefarinosegametophytesarenotupheldasasynapomorphyforthenotholaenidclade, thesedesertferns are consistent in their farina production acrossbothphasesoftheirlifecycle.1DUKEUNIVERSITY,DepartmentOfBiology,BOX90338,DUR-HAM,NC,27708,USA2DukeUniversity,Box90338,Durham,NC,27708,USA3DukeUniversity,DepartmentOfBotany,Box90338,DukeUniversity,Durham,NC,27708,USA4DukeUniversity,Sci-enceDrive,Durham,NC,27708-0338,USA

387 METZGAR, JORDAN1 and ICKERT-BOND, STEFANIE M.*2

Developing the parsley ferns (Cryptogramma) as a system for studying rapid climate change in seed free plants

Theparsleyferns(Cryptogramma)makeanexcellentcandidate for testing hypotheses of colonization

following the LastGlacialMaximum (LGM).Thankstotheirminuteandeasilydispersedspores,theserock-lovingfernscouldhaveutilizedrefugiatorapidlyandrepeatedly colonize deglaciated landscapes, or theycould have survived in situ on nunataks. HerbariumspecimensindicatethatCryptogrammasurvivestodayonnunataks,butcannotanswerwhetherthiswasthesolerecolonizationsourceusedfollowingtheLGMorifrecolonizationfromrefugiaalsoplayedacomplemen-taryordominantrole.Byfirstgeneratingwell-resolvedandrobustlysupportedhypothesesofspeciesrelation-shipsofthegenus,weplacetheNorthAmericantaxainaphylogeneticcontextandanswerlingeringquestionsregarding(1)theoriginofallopolyploidtaxaand(2)ifthesetaxawereformedwhenpreviousclimatecondi-tionsforcedcurrentlyallopatricparentaltaxaintocloseproximity.FieldworkthroughoutnorthwesternNorthAmerica sampled numerous populations and haplo-type network analyses of these specimens reveal thecontributionsandlocationsofglacialrefugiaforCryp-togrammaduringtheLGM.Ecologicalnichemodelingwillallowustoprojectthesefuturerangeshiftsunderavarietyofclimatescenariosanddetermineifpolyploidspeciespossessalowerextinctionprobabilitythandip-loidspecies.1UniversityOfAlaskaFairbanks,MuseumOfTheNorth,907Yu-konDrive,Fairbanks,AK,99775,USA2UniversityofAlaska,UAMuseumoftheNorthHerbarium&Dept.ofBiologyandWildlife,907YukonDr.,Fairbanks,Alaska,99775,USA

388 BRETZMAN, JAYNA1, DIAMOND, HOPE2 and SWATZELL, LUCINDA*1

Changes in PIP1 Aquaporin Expression Following Rehydration of Cheilanthes lanosa Gametophytes

Cheilanthes lanosaisaxerophyticfernthatexhibitsdesiccation tolerance. The gametophyte can dry

completely and return to full volumewithinminutesupon rehydration. Clearly, the dehydrated fern pos-sessesaquaporinsthatallowthisrapidinflux,buttherearemanyunansweredquestionsaboutthetypeofaqua-porinandquantitymaintainedduringdesiccation. Inthis study, dehydrated gametophytes were examinedforthepresenceandquantityofPIP1aquaporins.Thiswas compared to the presence and quantity of PIP1aquaporininrehydratedgametophytesforupto24hr.

157

Gametophytes rehydrated foronly1hrcontain simi-laramountsofPIP1.However,gametophytesthathadbeen rehydrated for 24hr contained significantly lessPIP1.Resultssuggestamolecularmemoryorachangeinaquaporintypefollowingrehydration.1Southeast Missouri State University, Biology, Mail Stop 6200,OneUniversityPlaza,CapeGirardeau,MO,63701,USA2Univer-sityofNorthTexas,RiskManagementServices,1155UnionCircle#310950,Denton,TX,76203-5017,USA

Systematics Section/ASPT

ORAL PAPERS

389 LIU, YANG1, BUDKE, JESSICA*2

and GOFFINET, BERNARD3

Phylogenetic inference rejects sporophyte-based classification of the Funariaceae (Bryophyta): a rapid radiation suggests rampant homoplasy in sporophyte evolution

The Funariaceae,which include themodel organ-ismsPhyscomitrella patensandFunaria hygromet-

rica,comprise15genera,threeofwhichaccommodateapproximately 95% of the 250-400 species. Histori-cally, generic concepts are based on themorphologi-calcomplexityofthemosssporophyte.Theboundarybetween two of the major genera, Entosthodon and Funaria, has fluctuatedwith authors emphasizing al-ternate diagnostic characters. We sampled ten lociacross the three genomic compartments to recon-struct the relationships within the Funariaceae andassess whether supraspecific taxa defined by traits ofthe sporophyte represented monophyletic lineages.The sporophyte-based circumscription of two of thespeciose genera of the Funariaceae is rejected.Entos-thodon and Physcomitrium,as well as some of theirsubgenera, are resolved as polyphyletic, and eventhe three species of Physcomitrella are confirmed tohave diverged from distinct ancestors. By contrast,exemplars of Funaria,that are morphologically di-agnosed by a compound annulus, comprise a singleclade. Each of these hypotheses is robust, withstand-ing a series of tests formonophyly of the genera.These observations suggest that sporophytic featuresalone,oftenconsideredtobemoreconservedandhencephylogeneticallymoreinformativethanvegetativetraitscanalsobehighlyhomoplastic.WithintheFunariaceae,noneofthenovelcladesseemaprioritobedefinedbyauniquelyderivedcharacterstate,whenconsideringthecharactershistoricallyusedtodistinguishlineages.ThecorecladeoftheFunariaceae(i.e.,FunarioideaeminusFunaria),which may ultimately include much of thespeciesdiversity,isestimatedtohavediversifiedrapidlyin theMiocene.Thecombinationofpolyphylyof su-praspecifictaxadefinedbysporophytictraits,rampanthomoplasyofthesetraitsandtherapidradiationofthecoreFunariaceae,revealsthatcharactersofthesporo-phyte,suchastheperistomearchitecture,lengthoftheseta,andsymmetryofthecapsulearephylogeneticallylabile and that the genetic networks underlying theirexpressionmayhavebeenunderaratherloosecontrol.1UniversityOfConnecticut, Ecology&Evolutionary Biology, 75North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT, 06269-3043, USA2UniversityOfConnecticut,DepartmentOfEcology&EvolutionaryBiology,75N.EaglevilleRd.U-3043,Storrs,CT,06269,USA3UniversityOfConnecticut,DepartmentOfEcology&EvolutionaryBiology,75N.EaglevilleRoad,U-3043,STORRS,CT,06269-3043,USA

Pteridological-Systematics Section

158

390 ROTHFELS, CARL*1, LARSSON, ANDERS2, KUO, LI-YAUNG3, KORALL, PETRA4, CHIOU, WEN-LIANG5 and PRYER, KATHLEEN6

Ancient, rapid, yet resolvable: The backbone phylogeny of the eupolypod II radiation

TheeupolypodIIcladecomprisesnearlyathirdofextant fern species, including such well-known

groups as the spleenworts (Asplenium), the ladyferns(Athyrium), and the marshferns (Thelypteris). Whilethis clade is frequently recoveredwith strong supportinphylogeneticanalyses,therelationshipswithinithaveresisted elucidation by both molecular and morpho-logical data, and classifications have correspondinglyvariedwildly.Earlierresultssuggestthattheperennialdifficulty in resolving the backbone relationships intheEupolypodsIIisduetothreefactors:1)theancientrapidradiationofthisgroup(thephylogenyischarac-terizedbylongingroupbranchesamongaseriesofveryshortbackboneinternodes);2)theabsenceofacloselyrelatedoutgroup;and3)thepresenceofstronglyhet-erogeneous lineage-specific rates of evolution withintheingroup.Weassembledafive-locusdataset(atpA, atpB, matK,rbcL, trnG-R) from81accessions selectedto capture the deepest divergences in Eupolypods II,and evaluated the resulting phylogenetic hypothesisagainst potential artifacts including those induced bythe ancient rapid radiation model, highly divergentoutgroups, lineage-specificrateheterogeneity,andthefailureofsomeimplementationsofBayesianinferencetoaccountforthepossibilityofpolytomiesintheop-tionset(the"star-treeparadox"artifact).Thebackboneinternodes (seven out of eight of which were highlysupportedunderbothmaximumlikelihoodandBayes-ianinference)provedrobusttoourevaluations,whichnonethelessrevealedunexpectedbehaviorofourmeth-odson thesedata, includingmodel-mediated impactsof outgroup composition and strongly divergent ef-fects of twomethods intended to avoid the Bayesianstar-treeparadoxartifact.Thisstudyisoneofthefewinvestigationsofthesemethodswithempiricaldata,andprovidesatemplateforthosewishingtoresolveancientrapid radiations (or other challenging phylogeneticproblems)withmoderateamountsofdata.Amongthesignificant phylogenetic results are the strongly sup-portedeupolypodIIbackbone,thedemonstratedpara-phylyofWoodsiaceaeascurrentlycircumscribed,andthewell-supportedplacementoftheenigmaticgenera

Homalosorus, DiplaziopsisandWoodsia.1DUKE UNIVERSITY, Department Of Biology, BOX 90338,DURHAM,NC,27708,USA2UppsalaUniversity,SystematicBiol-ogy,EvolutionaryBiologyCentre,Norbyv.18D,Uppsala,SE-75236,Sweden3NationalTaiwanUniversity,InstituteofEcologyandEvolu-tionaryBiology,No.1,Sec4,RooseveltRoad,Taipei,10617,Taiwan-4UppsalaUniversity,PHANEROGAMICBOTANY,Norbyv.18D,Uppsala,SE-75236,Sweden5TAIWANFORESTRYRESEARCHINST,53NAN-HAIRD,TAIPEI,100,Taiwan6DukeUniversity,Sci-enceDrive,Durham,NC,27708-0338,USA

391 LARSON, JASON* and BALLARD JR, HARVEY

A Re-evaluation of Great Lakes Taxa in North American Lycopodiella( Lycopodiaceae)

Six species of Lycopodiella (Lycopodiaceae) havebeenrecognizedtodatefromNorthAmerica:Lyco-

podiella alopecuroides,L. appressa,L. inundata,L. mar-gueritiae, L. prostrataandL. subappressa.Interspecifichybridizationandsubstantialvariationhavebeendocu-mentedinthisregion,andthetaxarepresentdiploids(most taxa), tetraploids (twoGreatLakes taxa,poten-tiallyendemic,theirhybrids,andreportedly,easternL. appressa),andtriploids(hybridsbetweendiploidsandtetraploids).JimBrucedocumentedtheexistenceoftwotetraploids,possiblyGreatLakesendemics,inhis1975dissertation and reported hybrids between them andwiththefrequentlyco-occurringL. inundata.Unpub-lishedpheneticstudiesbythesecondauthor,conductedin 1986 on mass collections from 17 southwesternMichiganLycopodiellasites,confirmedandelaboratedon Bruce’s taxonomic concepts, re-identifying manyherbarium specimens and Heritage Program reportsofthethreetaxaandclarifyingtheirdistributionalsta-tus.Fifteenyearslater(1991),Bruce,WagnerandBei-telpublishednamesforthetwoGreatLakesspecies,L. margueritiae(forBruce’s"appressedinundata")andL. subappressa ("northernappressa"), inadvanceof their"FloraofNorthAmerica"generictreatment.However,scrutinyofthekeys,protologuesandspecimencitationsofthatpublicationarehighlyheterogeneousanddonotconform consistently to Bruce’s original species con-ceptsofdissertationdata.Moreover,typespecimensofbothnamesdisagreeindiagnosticfeatureswithBruce’soriginaltaxaandappeartorepresentendpointsonthecontinuum of variation recently detected in "robust"L. inundata,anunrecognizedtaxonfrequentinGreatLakescoastalsites.Newinvestigationsbythefirstau-thor,utilizingpreviousfieldcollectionsandnewonesmadein2010,andseveralmajorherbariumcollections,arere-examiningthegenusintheGreatLakesandineastern North America.We will present evidence toclarifydiagnosticfeatures,variationpatternsandinter-specifichybridizationintheGreatLakestaxaandwillcontrast our taxon concepts against those currently

159

manifestedintheliteratureandherbariumcollections.

OhioUniversity,EnvironmentalAndPlantBiology,PorterHall315,RichlandAve.,Athens,OH,45701,USA

392 SHARMA, PRABHA*1, UNIYAL, P.L.1, TRIPATHI, S.B.2, NEGI, M.S.2 and SCHWEKENDIEK, A.3

The identity reveal: Four new morpho-molecular species within Section Pseudobaccatae of the genus Ephedra in Western Himalaya

A reviewofEphedra speciesoftheWesternHima-layanregionledtothediscoveryofFournewspe-

ciesandavariety(E. yurtungensisSharma&Uniyalsp.nov.,E. yurtungensis var. luteaSharma&Uniyalcomb.nov.E. Lamayuruensis Sharma&Uniyal sp. nov.,E. sheyensis Sharma&Uniyal sp.nov.,E. khardongensisSharma&Uniyalsp.nov.).Themostdistinctivecharac-tersobservedareshapeandsizeof malestrobilus,num-berof bracts, lengthof synangiophorewith synangia,shapeandsizeoffemalestrobilus,numberofbracts,sizeandcolor ofseeds,andseveralfeaturesofthemicropyleformorphological analysis including AFLP diagnosisatthemolecularlevel.ThesespeciesaremostsimilartoE. intermedia and E. regeliana . ThepresentstudyalsoemphasizeSympatricspeciationhighlightingconservedmorphologicalreproductivecharacterstatesansweringevo-devomechanisminthecaseofEphedra. 1universityofdelhi,botany,labno.311b,newdelhi,110007,In-dia2TheEnergyResearchInstitute,BiotechnologyandManagementofBioresourcesDivision,DarbariSethBlockIndiaHabitatCentre,LodhiRoadNewDelhi-1100033UniversityofNorthernIowa,De-partmentofBiology,CedarFalls,IA50614

393 HOLMAN, GARTH*1, DEL TREDICI, PETER2, HAVILL, NATHAN3 and CAMPBELL, CHRISTOPHER4

Affinities of a new species of Tsuga (Pinaceae) from Ullueng island, South Korea

Tsuga plants from Ulleung island in South Koreaaredistinct fromotherspeciesofhemlocksbased

onmolecular,morphological,andecologicalevidence.Ulleungislandhas30endemicspeciesofangiosperms,but no endemic gymnosperms have been described.Ulleung hemlocks have previously been treated asT. sieboldii,basedon theirhairless twigsandgeographicproximity.DNAsequencesfromnearlycompletechlo-roplastgenomesandnucleargenesoftheUlleunghem-lock,T. chinensis,T. diversifolia,andT. sieboldiishowtheUlleunghemlockismoredivergentfromitsclosestrelative,T. diversifolia,thanT. chinensisisfromitscloserelative,T. sieboldii.Basedonthreeseasonsofpheno-logicaldataforUlleunghemlocksandeightotherspe-

ciesofTsugagrowninacommongardenexperiment,UlleunghemlockismostsimilartoT. chinensis.Bothspecieshaveanearlyseasonbudbreakandalonggrow-ingperiod,whichmaybeadaptationstoawarm-tem-peratecoastalenvironment.Thesterilebractsatthebasetheovulateconeof theUlleunghemlockhavebroad,membraneousdenticulatemarginsandamorewoody,bidentatemucro that is distinct from other hemlockspecies.Althoughchloroplastsequencescoalesceforallspecies,allfoursampledplantsofT. diversifoliapossessdivergentcopiesofITSthatarestronglysupportedei-therassistertotheUlleunghemlockoraspartofacladewith T. chinensis and T. sieboldii.This incongruencebetweenchloroplast andnuclearphylogenies suggeststhatT. diversifoliamay be of hybrid origin, with thechloroplast(whichispaternallyinheritedinPinaceae)comingfromUlleunghemlockandeitherT. chinensisorT. sieboldiiastheovulateparent.Ourfindingssup-porttreatmentoftheUlleunghemlockasaspeciesthatissistertoT. diversifolia.1UniversityOfMaine,SchoolOfBiologyAndEcology,5735Hitch-nerHall,Orono,ME,04469,USA2ARNOLDARBORETUM,125ARBORWAY, JAMAICAPLAIN,MA,02130-3519,USA3USDAForestService,NorthernResearchStation,51MillPondRd.,Ham-den,CT,06514,USA4UniversityOfMaine,DepartmentOfBiologi-calSciences,261HITCHNERHALL,ORONO,ME,04469-5735,USA

394 SALAZAR, JACKELINE*1, LITTLE, DAMON P. 2, JARAMILLO, M. ALEJANDRA3 and NIXON, KEVIN4

New Genus of Canellaceae From The Greater Antilles

SixgeneraworldwidehavebeendescribedinCanel-laceae:Cinnamosma,Warburgia,Capsicodendron,

Canella, Cinnamodendron, and Pleodendron. Threeofthesegenera-Cinnamodendron,Canella,andPleo-dendron -andapproximatelysevenspecieshavebeenreportedfortheAntilles.Acompletecladisticanalysisof genera within Canellaceae was conducted usingmolecular andmorphological data.An analysis usingnrITS, matK, rbcL, trnDGUC-trnTGGU, and trnL-trnF dataincombinationwith49informativemorphologicalcharacterswasperformedtotestthemonophylyofthefamilyandevaluate theplacementandmonophylyofthegenera. Cinnamodendron wasrecoveredasapoly-phyleticgroupwiththeAntilleanandSouthAmericanspecies present in two different clades.TheAntilleanspeciesformacladesistertoPleodendron macranthum. ThepriorityofthenameisgiventotheSouthAmericanCinnamodendronsincethetypeofthegenusistheBra-zilianC. axillareEndl.exWalp.AnewgenusofCanella-ceaeisproposedbasedonCinnamodendron corticosumMiers,fortheAntilleanclade.Thenewlyproposedge-nus,exclusivetotheGreaterAntilles,ispresentinCuba,Hispaniola,andJamaica.Itdiffersfromothergenerainthefamilyinhavingtetramerousflowerswitheightpet-

Systematics Section

160

als,eightstamens,fourcarpels,andfourplacentae.Itsmembersarefoundmainlyinhumidforestsonlime-stone.1UniversidadAutónomadeSantoDomingo (UASD),EscueladeBiología,ZonaUniversitaria,SantoDomingo,DN,RepúblicaDo-minicana2TheNewYorkBotanicalGarden,LewisB.andDorothyCullman Program forMolecular Systematics, NY, 10458 USA3UniversidadIcesi,BiologicalSciences,Calle18#122-135,Cali,VA,Colombia4CornellUniveristy,L.H.BAILEYHORTORIUM,408MANNLIBRARY,ITHACA,NY,14853-4301,USA

395 JABBOUR, FLORIAN*, ROJAS, ALFONSO and RENNER, SUSANNE

A phylogeny of the Delphinieae (Ranunculaceae) reveals that Aconitum is embedded in Delphinium: Implications for flower evolution

TheDelphinieaecomprisethemostlyholarcticgen-eraAconitum L. andDelphinium L., with c. 350

species each, and the smallConsolida andAconitella,whichrecentworkhasshowntobepartofDelphinium (Jabbour and Renner, in review). Monkshoods andlarkspurshave complexbee-adaptedflowers,withbi-symmetry (creating bee working platforms), hiddennectar,apetaloidoutermostwhorloftepals,andare-duced innermostone.Acharacteristic featureofDel-phinieaeflowersisthepresenceofnectar-leavesnestedinside the dorsal tepal (either hooded or spurred) ofthe outermost flower whorl.Themutual monophylyofAconitum andDelphinium has long gone unques-tioned, but extensive species sampling (using plastidandnuclearDNAsequences)revealsthatAconitumisembedded in Delphinium. Delphinium subgenus Sta-phisagria,withthreespeciesendemictoMediterraneanislands, issister toallremainingDelphinieae.UsingaBayesianrelaxedmolecularclockandmaximumlikeli-hoodancestralareareconstructionweinferredthemi-grationroutesandtimesoftheDelphinieaeexpansionto the Mediterranean, tropical African mountains (asingleeventc.12.9Mya),andNorthAmerica.SincethesistercladeoftheDelphinieaeisuncertain,theregionoforigincannotbeinferred;theeasternHimalayaandsouthwesternChinaarerichestinendemicspecies.Thenewlyrevealedrelationshipsimplyanevolutionaryin-creaseinspurlengthandhomoplasticreductionintheinnermosttepalwhorl.Thesynorganizationofnectar-leavesevolvedonceintheancestorofthemostderivedlineage,Aconitella/Consolida.ToachievemonophyleticgeneraintheDelphinieaeonecouldresurrectStaphis-agriaJ.Hill(1756)andtransferthe52speciesofAco-nitellaandDelphinium,whichwouldinvolveonlysevennamechangesbecausemostwereplacedinDelphiniumatsometime.DevelopmentalgeneticstudiesofflowerevolutionintheDelphinieaewillbenefitfromthenew

phylogeny.

SystematicBotanyandMycology,DepartmentofBiology,UniversityofMunich(LMU),Munich,80638,Germany

396 EMERSON, JOHN* and HOOT, SARA B.

Phylogeny and Phylogeography of Anemone L. sect. Omalocarpus DC. (Ranunculaceae)

AnemoneL.sect.OmalocarpusDC.haveacircum-polardistributionthroughouttheNorthernHemi-

sphere,withalpineregionsofWesternChinaexhibitingthehighestspeciesdiversity.Duetoessentiallycontinu-ousmorphologicalvariation,previousattemptsatphy-logenyreconstructionhaveprovendifficultandspeciesdelimitationsarefluid.Usingcombinednuclear(ITS)andchloroplast(trnL-Fspacer,rpl16, atpB-rbcLspacer)data,aphylogenyofAnemonesect.Omalocarpusispre-sented, including suggestions for reclassification.Twosubsectionsarerecognizedwithinsection Omalocarpus:Omalocarpus(circumpolar,montaneregionsinEurasiaandAmerica)andHimalayicae(China,Nepal,Bhutan,India).Anemone polycarpa,previouslyincludedinsub-sect.Himalayicae, ismoved to subsect.Omalocarpus. Anemone imbricata,ataxonomicallydifficultspecies,isincludedwithinsubsect.Omalocarpus. Individualsre-centlyassignedtoAnemone geum ssp. ovalifolia shouldinsteadberetainedinA. obtusiloba ssp. ovalifolia.Addi-tionally,therelationshipbetweenthreedistinctspecies(A. demissa, A. obtusilobaandA.coelestina)andAsianalpineregionswillbediscussedinthecontextofmor-phology,geography,climatic influencesandhistoricalgeologicevents.

UniversityOfWisconsin,DeptOfBiolSci/LaphamHall,PoBox413,Milwaukee,WI53201,USA

397 SCHUSTER, TANJA*1, REVEAL , JAMES2 and KRON, KATHLEEN1

Evolutionary relationships within tribe Polygoneae Rchb. (Polygonaceae)

SeveralgeneraincludedintribePolygoneaearein-vestigatedusingamolecularframework.Thesegen-

eraincludeAtraphaxis, Duma,Fallopia,Muehlenbeckia,Polygonella, Polygonum, Oxygonum and Reynoutria.MorphologicaldatahavebeenusedtorecognizethreesectionsinPolygonum(Duravia, PolygonumandPseu-domollia) and to support the inclusionofPolygonellawithinPolygonum basedonsimilaritiestomembersofsect.Duravia.Oxygonumhasbeenconsideredamem-berofPolygoneaebasedonmorphologybutithasnotbeen included in anymolecular analysis to date.TheevolutionaryrelationshipsamonggeneraofPolygoneaewereaddressedwithMaximumLikelihoodandMaxi-mum Parsimonymethods using sequence data from

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onenuclear(nrITS)andthreechloroplast(matK, ndhFand trnL-trnF)markers.Theresultsofthisstudyindi-catethattribePolygoneaeiscomposedofthreecladeswithKnorringiasistertoallothertaxawithinPolygo-neae. A second clade is formed by Reynoutria andFallopia +Muehlenbeckiaandthethirdbytheirsisterclade comprising Atraphaxis, Duma and Polygonum(including Polygonella). The currently accepted sec-tionswithinPolygonumwerealsorecoveredwiththesemoleculardataandshowthatPolygonumsect.Duraviaincludingsubsect.Polygonella issistertoacladeformedbythesects.PolygonumandPseudomollia.Withinthestrongly supported subsect. Polygonella, Polygonella robusta is sister to all other species sampled. Finally,Oxygonum wasshownnottobeincludedinPolygoneaeandbranchesbetweenPersicarieaeandFagopyreae,butwithweakbootstrapsupport.1WakeForestUniversity,DepartmentofBiology,ReynoldaStation,P.O.Box7325,Winston-Salem,NC,27109,USA2L.H.BaileyHor-torium,DepartmentofPlantBiology,412MannBuilding,CornellUniversity,Ithaca,NY,14853,USA

398 MOORE, MICHAEL*1, BRUENN, RIVA1, DRUMMOND, CHLOE1, JOFFE, JONAH1, MOSTOW, REBECCA1, STALBERG, GABRIEL1, DOUGLAS, NORMAN2 and BROCKINGTON, SAMUEL3

The age of gypsum endemism and arid-adapted plants within Nyctaginaceae inferred using extensive taxon sampling in Caryophyllales

Morphological, distributional, and genetic evi-dence suggests that gypsum endemic plant

clades in southwestern North America predate thePleistocene, and consequently survived the climaticfluctuationsof the last twomillionyears.Wetest thishypothesis inNyctaginaceae tribeNyctagineae,whichcontainsmultiplecladesofgypsumendemics,usingamoleculardatingapproach.Sequencesweregeneratedforthethreemostvariableplastidprotein-codinggenes(ycf1, ndhF, and matK) for an extensive sampling ofNyctaginaceaeandsurroundingfamilies,aswellasex-emplartaxathroughoutCaryophyllales.Inaddition,allavailableCaryophyllalessequencesofthesegenesweredownloadedfromGenBankandincludedingene-spe-cificanalysestoexaminetheinfluenceoftaxonandgenesamplingon age estimates.Moleculardating analysesincludeconstraintsbasedonthebestavailablefossilsforCaryophyllales, includingEocene and lateCretaceouspollenofAmaranthaceaes.l.Weaddress the implica-tionsofourresultsfortheoriginsofbothgypsumende-mismandaridadaptationswithinNyctagineae,inlight

ofotherrecentstudies.1OberlinCollege,DepartmentofBiology,119WoodlandSt.,Ober-lin,OH,44074,USA2NorthCarolinaStateUniversity,DepartmentOfBiology,CampusBox7612,Raleigh,NC,27695,USA3UniversityofCambridge,DepartmentofPlantSciences,DowningStreet,Cam-bridge,CB23EA,UK

399 SAUNDERS, N.*1 and SIPES, SEDONIA2

A Molecular Phylogeny of Abronia Juss.and Tripterocalyx (Torr.) Hook (Nyctaginaceae) with notes on the generic revision

Abronia Juss.is a genus of 20 sand and gypsumspecialists found inmaritime,montane and des-

ert habitats of western North America. Tripterocalyx (Torr.)HookincludesfourspecieslimitedtotheGreatBasin Desert. All are characterized by small popula-tionsizes,adaptationtoahighlyspecificanduncom-monhabitat,andtoleranceofenvironmentalextremes.Thegeneraarethoughttohaveonlyrecentlyradiatedinto theNorthAmerican deserts, andmany taxa arethought to be actively speciating.Modern treatmentsrely on highly variablemorphological characters, soilpreferences, or geographic location for species delin-eation,resultinginanunstabletaxonomy.TreatmentshavevariouslycollapsedTripterocalyxwithinAbronia with others holding them distinct. Although generichybridsareunknown,manyAbronia readilyhybridizeinsympatry.Wesampled116populations,represent-ing20recognizedAbronia, fourTripterocalyxandfouroutgroup species fromwithin theNyctaginaceae.Wesequencedthenuclearribosomalintergenicspacer,us-ingprimersITS1andITS4,aswellasthreechloroplastregions(trnS-trnG-trnG,trnF-trnDT,andrpoB-trnCR)and performed a phylogenetic analysis to produce amaximumlikelihood-bootstraptree.Ouranalysissup-ports the monophyly of Abronia and Tripterocalyx.WithinAbronia,therearetwowellsupportedmaritimeclades, with Abronia latifolia distinct from the othermaritimespecieswithwhichitgrowsinsympatryandAbronia alpina sister to all other Abronia.The thirdcladeincludesdesertandmontanespecies,andourdatasupportsacolddesertandahotdesertgrouping.Weprovidepreliminaryinformationonataxonomicrevi-sionofthegeneraandincludeinformationaboutaspe-cieswithinAbronia,believedtobenewtoscience.1SouthernIllinoisUniveristy,PlantBiology,1125LincolnDrive,Suite420,Carbondale,IL,62901-6509,USA2SouthernIllinoisUniversity,1125LincolnDrive,MailCode6509,Carbondale,IL,62901,USA

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400 BARBA MONTOYA, JOSE ANTONIO*1, MAGALLON PUEBLA, SUSANA2 and TREJO SALAZAR, ROBERT 1

Understanding arid Neotropical biodiversity: the timing and diversification rate of tribe Pachycereeae (Cactaceae, Caryophyllales).

AridNeotropicalbiomesencompassanexception-allyrichbiologicaldiversity.Toprovideinsights

aboutsomeofthediversificationdynamicsunderlyingtheir species richness,we consider tribePachycereeae(Cactoideae), corresponding to the North Americancolumnar cacti, including emblematic forms such asthe saguaro (Carnegiea gigantea) and the Old Man(Cephalocereus senilis).WeconducedaBayesianphy-logeneticanalysisonasampleof86species,represent-ingallthegenerainPachycereeae,plustwooutgroups,usingsequencesofthecprpl16 intergenicspacer.Theresultingphylogenywasused toestimate theageandphylogenetic diversification rate of the tribe and itsmain lineages. Age estimation was conducted withan uncorrelated lognormal relaxed molecular clock,implementing a secondary calibrationderived fromaCactaceae-wide study.The onset of diversification ofPachycereeaewasestimatedat8.52Ma(lateMiocene).Diversificationrateswerecalculatedonthebasisoftheageandstandingdiversityofclades,usinganestima-tor thataccounts for thepossibilityofextinction.ThediversificationrateofPachycereeaeasawholerangedbetween0.595and0.380speciationevents/Ma,whichisveryhigh,incomparisonwithavarietyofangiospermlineages.Nevertheless,diversification rateheterogene-itywasdetectedwithinthegroup.Therecentonsetandhigh rate of Pachycereeae diversification suggest thatthe group probably represents a rapid radiation thattookplacerecently,possiblyasaconsequenceofglobaland regional aridification trends.The causal relation-shipofPachycereeaediversificationanditspollinationsyndromewillbeexplored.1InstitutodeEcologia,UNAM,EcologiaEvolutiva,Circuitoexteriors/nanexoalJardínBotánicoExteriorApartadoPostal70-275Ciu-dadUniversitaria,UNAM04510México,D.F.,MexicoCity,DistritoFederal,04510,Mexico2InstitutodeBiologia,UNAM,Botanica,Cir-cuito Exterior s/n, CiudadUniversitaria, Copilco, CoyoacánA.P.70-367México,DistritoFederal.C.P.04510,MexicoCity,DistritoFederal,04510,Mexico

401 MAJURE, LUCAS*1, JUDD, WALTER2, SOLTIS, PAMELA3 and SOLTIS, DOUGLAS4

Searching for needles in a stack of needles: diploids in Opuntia s.s. and what they tell us about the evolutionary history of the clade

ThewidespreadAmericancladeOpuntias.s.iswellknownforconsistingofaveryhighpercentageof

polyploid species. In general, polyploids are typicallymorewidespreadandapparentlymoresuccessfulthanthegeographicallyrestrictedandthereforelesscommondiploids.Wewantedtoknow1)thegeographicaldelin-eationofdiploidsandpolyploidsinasubcladeofOpun-tia s.s., the Humifusa clade, and 2) what the diploidphylogenycantellusabouttheoriginofthecladeandpolyploid taxawithin the clade.We analyzed 15 taxaof theHumifusa cladewith individuals sampled fromacross the United States, using cytological (including250newcounts)andphylogeneticdata(5plastidand2nuclearloci)toanswerthesequestions.DiploidspeciesareconfinedtothesoutheasternUnitedStatesandtwolocationsinthesouthwesternUnitedStates.Ourphylo-geneticresultssuggestthattheHumifusacladeoriginat-edinthesoutheasternUnitedStatesandallopolyploidformationresultedfromcontactwithdivergentmem-bersof itsowncladeandpossibly its sisterclade (theMacrocentraclade),astheHumifusa cladespreadnorthandwestfromthesoutheasternUnitedStates.Drasticfluctuationsinsealevellikelywereafactorintheunionofevolutionarilydivergentspeciesthatledtotheforma-tionofpolyploidtaxa,sincegeographicboundariesofcertaindiploidandpolyploidtaxafollowthepredictionsofsealevelchangesduringpreviousinterglacialeventsofthelateMioceneandPleistoceneepochs.1UniversityOfFlorida,FloridaMuseumOfNaturalHistory,P.O.Box 117800, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA2University of Florida,Department of Biology, Po Box 118526, Gainesville, FL, 32611,USA3UniversityOfFlorida,FloridaMuseumOfNaturalHistory,POBOX117800,Gainesville,FL,32611-7800,USA4UniversityofFlorida,DepartmentofBiology,Gainesville,FL,32611,USA

402 FRANCK, ALAN

Phylogeny, biogeography, & subgeneric classification of Harrisia

Based on sequences of taxa within Cereeae sensuNyffeler&Egglifromtwonuclearandtwoplastid

loci,Harrisia isawellsupportedmonophyleticgenus.ThemolecularanalysesalsofoundhighsupportforfourgroupswithinHarrisia,whicharetreatedassubgeneraand morphologically interpreted. A dated phylogenywas produced, calibrated on the possible origin of aPlio-Pleistocene caatinga (H. adscendens) and a Plio-

163

cene subandean Chaco (H. tetracantha). Caribbean(subg.Harrisia)andchacospecies(subg.Eriocereus)ofHarrisiawerenearlyidenticalforthefourlociandaresubtly separable morphologically. Harrisia is biogeo-graphicallyinterpretedasoriginatingneartheBolivianAndes,spreadingintothechacoandcaatinga,andfromthecaatingadispersingintotheCaribbean.

UniversityofSouthFlorida,CMMB,BSF218,4202E.FowlerAve.,Tampa,Fl,34241,USA

403 PRINCE, LINDA

Franklinia alatamaha or Gordonia alatamaha: molecular, morphological, and anatomical evidence

The Ben Franklin tree, Franklinia alatamaha,knownfromasingle localityalongtheAltamaha

River near Ft. Barrington, Georgia, is presumed tobeextinctinthewild.Lastseeninthe1803,itpersiststhrough cultivation. It was originally described as aspeciesofGordoniabutmost20thcenturyresearchersmaintainitasamonotypicgenuscloselyrelatedtoGor-donia andSchima.Recentcladisticanalysesofadiver-sityofmorphologicalcharacterssuggestitmightbetterbeincludedwithinGordonia,asoriginallydescribed.AnumberofnucleicacidsequencedatasetsfromboththechloroplastandnucleargenomeswereanalyzedusingparsimonyandBayesianmethodsto test thishypoth-esis. Anatomical and morphological characters werealsoanalyzed.Resultsdonotsupport the inclusionofFrankliniawithinGordonia.ThesedatadosupporttherecognitionofGordonia asnarrowlydefined(G. lasian-thus+G. brandegeei)totheexclusionofLaplaceaandPolyspora.

RanchoSantaAnaBotanicGarden,1500NCollegeAvenue,Clare-mont,CA,91711-3157,USA

404 PORTER , J. MARK

Phylogeny of Loeselia (Polemoniaceae): Diversification of a self-compatible lineage

Loeselia L. is an obscure lineage in Polemoniaceaethatincorporatesagenusofapproximately17spe-

cies in twosubgenera,Loeselia andGlumiselia. Loese-lia ranges fromColombiaandVenezuela tosouthernArizona,U.S.A.,butitsgreatestdiversityisinMéxico.IthasplayedacentralroleinhypothesesconcerningtheoriginanddiversificationofPolemoniaceaeinthetem-perateNewWorld.Grant(1959,1998a,1998b)hassug-gestedthatLoeselia,withitsputativelyancestralfeatures(woodiness,simpleleaves,tropicaldistribution)repre-sentsthecommonancestoroftemperategenerasuchasEriastrumWoot.&Standl.,GiliaRuiz&Pav.,IpomopsisMichx.,Langloisia Greene,andLoeseliastrum (Benth.)Timbrook. Discussions concerning the phylogenetic

relationshipsofLoeselia,aswiththoseconcerningthephylogeny of Polemoniaceae as a whole, reflects thetensionbetweenmoretraditionalapproachestoclassifi-cation,(useofaclassificationsfordevelopinganunder-standingofphylogeny;seeGrant1998),andclassifica-tionasanoutcomeofexplicitphylogenetichypothesisdevelopment,basedonrepeatableandphilosophicallyjustifiablemethodssuchasparsimony,maximumlikeli-hoodorBayesiananalyses.HereIexaminephylogeneticrelationshipsofLoeselia,usingchloroplastandnuclearDNAsequences,analyzedusingmaximumlikelihoodanalysis and Bayesian inference. Phylogenetic infer-encescontradictbothsubgenericclassificationandthereputedcentralroleforLoeseliaintheoriginofGiliaandother genera. However, these inferences support twoindependentoriginsofhummingbirdpollinationinanotherwiseself-compatiblelineage.

RanchoSantaAnaBotanicGardenandClaremontGraduateUni-versity,Research:PrograminBotany,1500N,CollegeAve.,Clare-mont,CA,91711,USA

405 FELDENKRIS, EMILY1, BROE, MICHAEL2 and FREUDENSTEIN, JOHN*1

A mitochondrial DNA and combined evidence analysis of relationships at the base of Ericaceae

Aspartofacomprehensivestudytoresolverela-tionships among the earliest diverging lineages

atthebaseofEricaceae,sequencesfromintronsintwomitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase gene subunits,nad1 and nad5, were analyzed using parsimony andlikelihood approaches.These lociwere analyzed indi-viduallyandcombined,aswellasincombinationwithnuclear ITS-26S sequences andmorphology.The py-roloids,monotropoids,andarbutoidsareeachresolvedasmonophyleticgroups.Monotropoidsandarbutoidsare resolved as sisters,with themajority of Ericaceaesistertothem.Pyroloidsarethensistertothatassem-blage,withEnkianthus falling at the base of the tree.Thisanalysislendsfurthersupporttothedissociationofmonotropoidsandpyroloidsintotheirownsubfamiliesandsuggeststhatthetendencytowardextrememyco-trophy found in these groups and indicated by theirhighlyreducedseeds,hasevolvedinparallel.Substantialstructureispresentwithineachoftheseclades,elucidat-ingcharacterevolutionandsuggestingabasisfortaxo-nomicrevisioninparticularamongmonotropoids.1The Ohio State University Herbarium, Evolution, Ecology andOrganismal Biology, 1315 Kinnear Rd., Columbus, OH, 43212,USA2TheOhioStateUniversityHerbarium,Evolution,EcologyandOrganismalBiology,1315KinnearRd,Columbus,OH,43212,USA

Systematics Section

164

406 BROE, MICHAEL* and FREUDENSTEIN, JOHN

Monotropa hypopithys L. (Ericaceae) is a distinct genus with well-defined species segregates at the molecular level

The Monotropoideae are a herbaceous, achloro-phylloussubfamilyoftheEricaceae,withinwhich

12speciesin10generaarecurrentlyrecognized.Mostspeciesareendemic toNorthAmerica,however two-Monotropa uniflora L. and Monotropa hypopithysL.---have amuchwider distribution in theAmericasand Eurasia. We performed an extensive samplingof monotropoids across N. America, and here pres-entmolecularevidenceforarevisedtreatmentof thisgroupbasedonITS1,ITS2and26S(approx.1200bp).WhilethetwoMonotropahavelongbeenrecognizedasasinglegenus,thephylogenywepresentstronglysup-portstherecognitionoftwodistinctgenera.Hypopitys(M. hypopithys) forms a monophyletic group withPityopus,whileMonotropa sensustricto (M. uniflora)forms a monophyletic assemblage with MonotropsisandMonotropastrum(Asia).HypopitysandMonotropaarefurtherseparatedbytheinterveninggeneraAllotro-paandHemitomes.WithinHypopitysitselfspeciesandsub-species have been erected and subsequently syn-onymizedtoaremarkabledegree.SmallrecognizedfivespeciesinN.America,whileinthemostrecentmono-graphWallacerejectedallsuchdistinctions,choosingtosynonymize some80putative species, subspecies andvarietiesintheAmericasandEurope,noting’therearenosegregatesthatyetwarranttaxonomicrecognition’.OuranalysisrevealsfivegeographicallycircumscribedcladesofHypopitysinN.Americaalone---althoughthepatternisonlypartiallycongruentwithSmall’sanaly-sis---aswellasadistinctEurasianclade.Thiscontrastsmarkedly with Monotropa, which exhibits no suchstructure in N. America at this level of phylogeneticresolution.

TheOhioStateUniversityHerbarium,Evolution,EcologyandOr-ganismalBiology,1315KinnearRd,Columbus,OH,43212,USA

407 ROSE, JEFFREY*1 and FREUDENSTEIN, JOHN2

A Tale of Two Pygmy Pipes: Quantifying Variation in Monotropsis (Ericaceae)

Monotropsis is a genus of uncommon mycohet-erotrophic plants endemic to the southeastern

UnitedStates.Mostrecenttaxonomictreatmentstreatthegenusasmonotypic,butpastauthorshaverecog-nizedup to three species,basedonvariation infloralcharactersanddifferencesinfloweringtime.Noexplicitquantitativeanalyseshavepreviouslybeenperformedtoassessthisvariation.Weexaminedmorphologicaland

molecularvariationacrosstherangeofthegenusandconcludethatwhileentitiesthatweredefinedbasedondifferencesinphenologyarenotdistinct,thereisasig-nificantpatternofvariationtowarrantrecognitionoftwospecies,M. odorataSchwein.,foundintheAppala-chianMountainsfromMarylandtonorthernGeorgia,andM. reynoldsiae(A.Gray)Heller,restrictedtonorth-centralFlorida.Recognitionofthelatter,whichisaveryuncommonspecies,hasconservationimplications.1TheOhioStateUniversity,Evolution ,EcologyAndOrganismalBiology,MuseumOfBiologicalDiversity,Herbarium,1315KinnearRd.,Columbus,OH,43212,USA2OhioStateUniversity,MUSEUMOFBIOLOGICALDIVERSITY,1315KINNEARRD,COLUM-BUS,OH,43212-1157,USA

408 JUDD, WALTER1, BUSH, CATHERINE2, FRITSCH, PETER3 and KRON, KATHLEEN*4

Phylogenetic relationships and morphological evolution in the Gaultherieae: combined molecular and morphological data

The wintergreen group (Gaultherieae) previouslyhasbeenshown tobemonophyleticand include

thecurrentlyrecognizedgenera:Chamaedaphne,Diply-cosia,Eubotrys,Gaultheria,LeucothoeandTepuia.Thiscladecanbecharacterizedbythecombinedpossessionofpedicelsarticulatedwiththeflower,usuallyaxillaryinflorescences, flowers on the shoots of the previousseasonandanthersoftenwith4apicalappendages.Inthisstudy57morphologicalcharactersof65speciesofGaultheriarepresentingallsections(10)andseries(22)currently recognized, three species of Diplycosia andtwo species of Tepuia were analyzedwithmaximumparsimony (MP; PAUP 4.0). Sequence data from thechloroplastgenesmatKandndhF,andthenuclearri-bosomal ITSwereanalyzedusingMPandmaximumlikelihoodcriteria(ML;RAxML).Combinedmorphol-ogyandmoleculardatawereanalyzedusingMP.Eu-botrys racemosaandLeucothoe fontanesianawereusedasoutgroups.Analysisofthemorphologicaldataaloneresultedinahighlyunresolvedtreewithmostspeciesinalargepolytomy.Resultsofthecombinedmolecu-larandmorphologicaldataresultedinawell-resolvedtreethatindicatesGaultheriaascurrentlyrecognizedisparaphyletic.DiplycosiaandTepuiaareeachmonophy-leticbutarenestedwithinacladethatalsoincludesspe-ciesofGaultheria.DiplycosiaissistertoG.procumbensandTepuiaissistertotheG.hispidulaandG.suborbicu-larispair.Apotentialsynapomorphyforthiscladeisthepresence of connate bracteoles. Althoughmostmor-phologicalcharactersshowhomoplasy,somecladescanbecharacterizedbyacombinationofcharacters,e.g.,theG.uleitoG.thymifoliacladewithsmallleaves,inflores-cencesinfasciclesandapicalbracteoles.Basedonthere-sultsanewclassificationoftheGaultherieaeisproposed

165

thatincludesDiplycosiaandTepuiawithinGaultheria.1University of Florida, Department of Biology, Po Box 118526,Gainesville,FL,32611,USA2ValdostaStateUniversity,Biology,1500N.PattersonSt. ,Valdosta,GA,31698,USA3CaliforniaAcademyOfSciences,55MusicConcourseDrive,SANFRANCISCO,CA,94118-4503,USA4WakeForestUniversity,DepartmentOfBiology,1834WakeForestRoad,WINSTON-SALEM,NC,27106,USA

409 BUSH, CATHERINE*1, FRITSCH, PETER2 and KRON, KATHLEEN3

A taxonomic revision of the genus Gaultheria (Ericaceae) in Australia and New Zealand.

A taxonomic revision of the genus Gaultheria inAustralia andNewZealand is presented. A to-

talof31quantitativeand33qualitativecharactersaredocumentedfor17taxarecognizedintheregion.Anal-ysesinclude23boxplotsonthequantitativedataandmultiplePCAsperformedondifferentcombinationsofvegetativeandreproductivecharacters.Theresultsindi-catethattentaxashouldberecognized.Arecentlyde-scribedtaxon,G. viridicarpa,ismaintainedasadistinctspecies.VarietalstatusinG. depressaisrejected.Severalspecieshavebeensynonymized:G. parvula (=G. tas-manica);G. colensoi, G. crassaandG. paniculata(=G. rupestris).Twopreviouslynamedtaxaaredeterminedtobeofhybridstatus(G. fluviatilis=G. antipoda xG. macrostigma; G. nubicola=G. depressa xG. tasmanica).The treatment includes a key to the species, descrip-tions,distributions,molecularphylogenetic referencesandspecimencitations.1ValdostaStateUniversity,Biology,1500N.PattersonSt.,Valdosta,GA,31698,USA2CaliforniaAcademyOfSciences,55MusicCon-course Drive, SAN FRANCISCO, CA, 94118-4503, USA3WakeForestUniversity,DepartmentOfBiology,1834WakeForestRoad,WINSTON-SALEM,NC,27106,USA

410 POWELL, ELIZABETH*1, DURCHHOLZ, ELAINE1, WILLIAMS, MALLORY1, GILLESPIE, EMILY2, EVANS, RODGER3, POLASHOCK, JAMES4 and ROWLAND, JEANNIE5

Evolutionary relationships of Vaccinium section Cyanococcus with a focus on the highbush blueberries

Vaccinium section Cyanococcus includes the eco-logically and economically important blueberry

species,Vaccinium corymbosum(highbushblueberry),Vaccinium angustifolium (lowbush blueberry), andVaccinium myrtilloides (velvet-leaf blueberry). Spe-cies in sectionCyanococcus are found fromnorthernCanada,southtoFloridaandasfarwestasIllinoisandareanecologicallyimportantcomponentoftheshrub

community in acidic bogs, swamps, and heathlandsthroughout easternNorthAmerica.The evolutionaryrelationshipsoftheblueberriesfromsectionCyanococ-cushavebeenthesubjectofmuchdebatebuthavenotbeen adequately assessed using DNA sequence data.This study examines the evolutionary relationshipsofsection Cyanococcus using the nuclear DNA regiongranulebound starch synthase (waxy). For this studyweamplifiedwaxyfromallcurrentlyrecognizedspeciesfrom sectionCyanococcus, 17 other blueberry speciesfromtheblueberrytribe,andoneoutgroup(Gaultheria)andweanalyzedthedatausingmaximumparsimony,maximumlikelihood,andBayesianalgorithms.ResultsindicatethatsectionCyanococcusismonophyleticandcloselyrelatedtoV. stamineumandV. arboreum.Re-sultsalsoshowthatthehighbushblueberryspeciesarefoundinseverallineageswithinsectionCyanococcus.ArobustandresolvedphylogenyofsectionCyanococcuswillprovidecriticalinformationabouttheclosestrela-tives of the economically important blueberry speciesandwillprovideastrongfoundationforbreedingandcropenhancementprograms.

1UniversityofEvansville,Biology,1800LincolnAve.,Evansville,IN,47722,USA2WakeForestUniversity,226WinstonHall,WakeFor-estUniversity,Winston-Salem,NC,27109,USA3AcadiaUniversity,BIOLOGYDEPARTMENT,33WestwoodAvenue,WOLFVILLE,NS,B4P2R6,Canada4UnitedStatesDepartmentofAgricyulture-ARS,GIVFL,MarucciCenterforBlueberryandCranberryRe-search&Extension,125ALakeOswegoRd.,Chatsworth,NJ,08019,USA5UnitedStatesDepartmentofAgricyulture-ARS,GIVFL,Ge-neticImprovementofFruitsandVegetablesLab,BARC-West,10300BaltimoreAve.,Beltsville,MD,20705,USA

411 NAZAIRE, MARE*1 and HUFFORD, LARRY2

A broad phylogenetic analysis of Boraginaceae: implications for the relationships of Mertensia

Mertensia (Boraginaceae)comprisesapproximately45speciesinbothAsiaandNorthAmerica.The

phylogenetic relationshipsofMertensia areuncertain,andtaxonomistshaveplaceditinvarioustribesofsub-familyBoraginoideae,withthemostrecentplacementinTrigonotideae.Thepresentstudyappliesmolecularphylogeneticmethodstotestthemonophylyandclos-est relatives of Mertensia. We used DNA sequencedata from the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribedspacer(nr-ITS)regionandfourchloroplast(cp)regions(matK,ndhF,rbcL,trnL-trnF)toexaminetheplacementofover70newaccessionsrepresentingover25speciesofMertensia andaccessions fromapproximately70%ofBoraginaceaegeneraobtained fromGenBank.Pre-liminaryphylogeneticreconstructionsusingmaximumparsimony andmaximum likelihood analyses showatopology largely congruent with previous molecularphylogeneticanalysesofBoraginaceae,whichhadused

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166

farfewertaxa.WerecoveredMertensiaasmonophyleticandamongitsclosestrelativeswasacladeconsistingofMyosotidiumandOmphalodes.Resultsfromourbroadsamplingof theBoraginaceaeprovide insightson themajorcladesofthefamilyandhaveimportantramifi-cationsforthetaxonomyofsubfamilyBoraginoideae.1Washington State University, School of Biological Sciences, 312AbelsonHall,P.O.Box644236,Pullman,WA,99164-4236,USA-2WashingtonStateUniversity,SCHOOLOFBIOLOGICALSCI-ENCES,312AbelsonHall,PULLMAN,WA,99164-4236,USA

412 COHEN, JIM

A phylogenetic analysis of morphological and molecular characters of Boraginaceae: Taxonomic reevaluations and character evolution

Boraginaceae,afamilythatincludesca.112generaand1600species,isoneofthelargestplantfami-

lies without a comprehensive and critical phylogeny.Multiplegeneric-and tribal-levelphylogenetic studieshaveprovidedevidence that thecurrent taxonomyofthefamilyisnotalignedwithmodernpractices;there-fore, a family-widephylogenywouldbeuseful in thereevaluationofthetaxonomyofBoraginaceae.Tothisend,amatrixof23morphologicalcharactersandmul-tiplechloroplastDNAregionswasconstructedforap-proximatelyhalfofthegeneraofthefamily.Theresultsofthephylogeneticanalysesofthismatrixrecoverfourwellsupported,monophyletictribes:Boragineae,Cyno-glosseae, Echiochileae, and Lithospermeae. Amongthesetribes,Cynoglosseaeexhibitsgreatervariationinfruit morphology, while Lithospermeae shows morediversityinfloralmorphology.Amongallmembersofthefamily,somecharacters,includingcleistogamyandheterostyly,originatedmultiple times,whereasothers,suchasleafvenationandthepresence/absenceoffloralbracts,arelessvariable,andtendtocharacterizelargerclades.Anunderstandingof thepatternsof characterevolutioninthefamilywillallowfortheidentificationofcharactersorsuitesofcharactersthatdiagnosetribesandgroupsofgenera.

TexasA&MInternationalUnivesity,BiologyandChemistry,5201UniversityBlvd,Laredo,TX,78041,USA

413 BRESOWAR , GERALD EDWARD*1 and MCGLAUGHLIN, MITCHELL E2

Phylogenetics of the genus Cryptantha subgenus Oreocarya (Boraginaceae): A western North American endemic taxon

TheColoradoPlateau/GreatBasinfloracontainsalargenumberoftaxawithrareand/orendemicspe-

cies.ThegenusCryptantha subgenusOreocarya (Borag-inaceae)isonesuchtaxon.TheColoradoPlateauoftheWesternU.S.isthecenterofdiversityforthesubgenus.

Geographicdistributionsandoccurrencepatternswith-inthesubgenusvaryfromwidespreadandcommon,tonarrowlyendemicandrare.AphylogeneticstudyofthegenusCryptanthasubgenusOreocarya (Boraginaceae)isbeingconductedusingthenDNAregionITSandthecpDNA regions trnL-T, trnT-F, and trnQ-rps16.Thedataindicatenon-congruencebetweenthecpDNAandnDNAphylogenies,withITSdatasuggestingpolyploi-dyinmultiplespecies.Statisticalsupportfortopologicalstructure is significant, thoughresolution is low.Treetopologiessuggestarecentspeciesradiation.Thisstudyisrelevanttotheunderstandingofevolutionaryrelated-nessinawarm-desertplanttaxon.1UniversityofNorthernColorado,Biology,50120thSt.,Greeley,CO,80639,UnitedStates2UniversityofNorthernColorado,Biology,50120thSt,Greeley,CO,80639,USA

414 GUILLIAMS, C. MATT*1 and BALDWIN, BRUCE G.2

Memoirs of a Frequent Flier - Molecular Phylogenetic Evidence for Multiple Long-Distance Dispersals of Popcorn Flowers (Plagiobothrys, Boraginaceae) Between North America and South America

Plagiobothrys (Boraginaceae) is a predominantlyNewWorldgenusofannualandperennialherbs,

with approximately 55 minimal-rank taxa occurringin western North America and approximately 29 intemperate South America. Fruit morphology of Pla-giobothrys, critically important in most taxonomictreatments,hasbeenstudiedextensivelybutevolutionin the genus has only recently been examined usingmoleculartechniques.HerewepresentfurtherresultsofmolecularphylogeneticstudyofPlagiobothrys,analysesthatarebasedonDNAsequencedatafromfivenon-codingregions(ITS,ETS,trnL-trnFintergenicspacer,rps16 intron, and 3’ trnL intron).With sampling ofnearly all currently recognized taxa in PlagiobothrysandadditionaltaxainsubtribeCryptanthinae,wefindcontinuedsupportforthenon-monophylyofbothPla-giobothrys and Cryptantha.Three of five recognizedsectionswithinPlagiobothrysarerecoveredasmono-phyletic groups with strong support, including thepredominantlyvernalpoolgroup,sect.Allocarya.Bio-geographicanalysesofPlagiobothrysandcloserelativesshowarelativelylargenumberoflong-distancedisper-sal events fromNorthAmerica to SouthAmerica bycomparisonwithestimateddispersalhistoriesforotheramphitropically-distributedNewWorldplanttaxa.1UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,UniversityandJepsonHerbaria,DepartmentofIntegrativeBiology,1001ValleyLifeSciencesBuild-ing #2465, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA2University Of CaliforniaBerkeley,JEPSONHERB&DEPTINTEGRBIOL,1001ValleyLifeSciencesBuilding,MC2465,Berkeley,CA,94720-2465,USA

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415 SCHORI, MELANIE

Fruit Morphology and Anatomy in Aquifoliales

Fruitmorphologyandanatomyareoftenneglectedassourcesofphylogeneticallyinformativedatafor

assessing patterns of evolution. A detailed compara-tivestudyoffruitstructureintheeudicotorderAqui-foliales(20generainfivefamilies)highlightstherangeof diversity present at the generic level in this basalcampanulid clade. Fourmain fruit types are present:IlexandHelwingiahaveadrupewithseveralpyrenes,Phyllonomahasafew-seededberry,Cardiopterishasasymmetricallywinged samarawith one seed, and theother16generaallproducedrupeswithasingleseed.Severalunusual fruitmorphologiesoccur, includingalateralfleshyappendageinsevengeneraofStemonura-ceae,andanaccrescentterminalappendageinCardiop-teris.Cantleya andCitronellabothexhibitinvaginatedendocarps.Thefruitsarealsodiverseanatomically,withtwo kinds of mucilage cells, several combinations ofcrystaltypes,tannincellsinthreegenera,abundantxy-lemfibersinStemonuraceae,andgelatinizedcellwallsinGonocaryum.Parthenocarpicfruits,examinedfromdioeciousgenerainthreedifferentfamilies,differana-tomicallyfromseed-bearingfruits.Thisdiversityoffruitstructureprovidesimportantnewdataforunderstand-ingrelationshipsamongmembersofAquifoliales.

JodrellLaboratory,RoyalBotanicGardens,Kew,Richmond,Surrey,TW93AG,UK

416 SCHORI, MELANIE* and FURNESS, CAROL FURNESS

Pollen Diversity in Aquifoliales

TheorderAquifoliales,ascurrentlycircumscribed,includes20generainfivefamilies,threeofwhich

aremonogeneric.Pollenwasobtainedfrom19generaandexaminedwithlightandscanningelectronmicros-copy. Shape varies fromprolate to oblate, circular ortriangularinpolarview,withthelatterangulaperturate.Pollengrainstendtobequitesmall,withmanygeneraless than25μmalongthe longestaxis.Althoughpol-lengenerallydoesnotvarysubstantiallywithinagenus,pollentypeswithintheorderarerelativelydiverse.Ilex,Helwingia, Phyllonoma,and Citronella are tricolpor-ate,Gonocaryumiscryptoporate,andtheothergeneraare(1-)3(-6)-porate.Exinepatternsrangefrompsilate(Leptaulus) to echinate (Discophora, Medusanthera),reticulate (Citronella),striato-reticulate (Whitmorea),rugulate (Gomphandra), clavate (Ilex) and perforate(Pseudobotrys).Severalinterestingexinefeaturesareas-sociatedwithaperturesincertaingenera.Ilexhascolpiwithamargo,Pseudobotrys hasvestibulatepores,andCardiopterisis characterized by a ridge around eachmesocopialface.Thisdiversityindicatesthatpollenwill

provideusefulcharactersinfuturephylogeneticanaly-sesoftheorder.

JodrellLaboratory,RoyalBotanicGardens,Kew,Richmond,Surrey,TW93AG,UK

417 AHMAD PUAD , AIDA SHAFREENA* and BARKMAN, TODD J

Phylogenetics relationship of the genus Schefflera (Araliaceae) in Borneo, Malaysia inferred from chloroplast and nuclear DNA sequences

The molecular phylogeny of Schefflera in BorneobasedonchloroplastDNAandnuclearribosomal

DNAwasestimatedtotestthemonophylyofSchefflerain Borneo and determine species relationships to theAsianclade.Basedonstudyconductedinthepast,thegenusScheffleracomprisesfiveunrelatedcladesdistrib-utedthroughoutallthemajorlineagesofAraliaceaethatcorrespond closely to geographic distribution: Schef-fleras.str,NeotropicalSchefflera,PacificSchefflera,Afri-can-MalagasyScheffleraandAsianSchefflera.AlthoughBorneoispartoftheAsianregion,notasinglespeciesfrom Borneo was included in previous studies. TostudythephylogeneticrelationshipofthegenusSchef-flerainBorneowesequencedthreenoncodingcpDNA(accD-psaI,psbA-trnH,trnL-trnF)andthenrDNAITSand3’ETSregions.Theanalysesfrommaximumlikeli-hoodsuggestedthatSchefflerainBorneofallswithintheAsianclade.SchefflerainBorneoarenotmonophyleticbutratherarecomprisedofeightlineagesfromwithintheAsianclade.Someofthetaxaaremorecloselyrelat-edtoIndonesian(WestPapua)andNewGuineaspecieswhileothersaremorecloselyrelatedtoChinesespecies.

WesternMichiganUniversity,BiologicalSciences,3437WoodHall,1903W.MichiganAve.,Kalamazoo,MI,49008,USA

418 ZAPATA, FELIPE

Diversification in the mountains of South America: Phylogenetics and species limits in Escallonia (Escalloniaceae)

Detailed knowledge of the evolutionary historyandthespeciesboundariesoforganismsoccur-

ring in hotspots of biodiversitymayprovide valuableinsights for unravelling the patterns and process un-derpinning biodiversity. Escallonia (Escalloniaceae), amorphologicallyandecologicallydiversegenuswith39speciesfoundthroughouttheAndesandthehighlandsof southeastern Brazil, provides an ideal opportunitytostudythediversificationofagroupofwoodyplantsfrom the biodiverse mountains of South America.Basedonacomprehensivetaxonomicandgeographicsampling(35species),Ianalyzedpatternsofvariationin molecular (3 unlinked markers; 100 accessions),

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phenotypic(40characters;680specimens)andbiocli-matic (19variables;680unique localities)variables toreconstruct theevolutionaryhistoryofEscallonia andevaluatespeciesboundarieswithinthisgenus.Molecu-larphylogenetic analyses revealed i) thatEscallonia ismonophyletic, ii) a remarkable level of geographicalphylogeneticstructure,andiii)awidespreadabsenceofspecies-levelmonophyly(22species).Theseresultsareconsistentwith the hypothesis that geography playedanimportantroleearlyinthehistoryofEscalloniabyseparatingpopulations,which laterdiversified rapidlyand/orrecentlyinisolation.Morpho-geographicmul-tivariate analyses showed evidence formorphologicaldiscontinuities supporting seven hypothesized speciesboundaries, suggesting that in thisgroupneutralmo-lecularvariationandphenotypicvariationmaynotbeevolvinginconcert.Multivariateanalysesofbioclimaticvariablesindicatedthat12hypothesizedspeciesdifferedintheirbioclimaticniche,suggestingthatthesespecies,somesympatric,displaydifferencesintheirpresentdayselective regimes. Interpreting these three operationalspeciescriteriainthelightoftheGeneralLineageSpe-ciesConcept(GLSC)suggeststhatmostspecies(71%)within Escallonia represent distinct evolutionary lin-eagesonindependentevolutionarytrajectories.Takentogether,theseresultsillustrateapowerfulmutidimen-sionalapproachtostudyingthediversificationofaplantclade,emphasizing thecollectionand integrationofavarietyofbiologicaldatatoilluminateourunderstand-ingontheoriginandevolutionofplantspecies.

UniversityOfCalifornia,DepartmentOfIntegrativeBiology,3060ValleyLifeSciencesBldg.#3140,Berkeley,CA,94720-3140,USA

419 CELLINESE, NICO*, MAVRODIEV, EVGENY and CROWL, ANDY

The phylogenetic utility of low-copy nuclear genes in Campanuloideae (Campanulaceae) with special focus on the evolution of NW Alpine Campanula endemics

The Campanuloideae comprise approximately 50traditionally circumscribedgenera and1050 spe-

cies.Althoughcosmopolitan,about96%oftaxaoccurintheOldWorld,especiallyEurasiaandtheMediter-ranean basin. The majority of traditional genera arepolypheletic,includingCampanulaandWahlenbergia.Wewillshowtheutilityofrecentlydevelopedlow-copymarkersinresolvinglow-levelrelationshipswithintheCampanuloideae, especially in Campanula.We pres-entaphylogenythatincludesasmallradiationofNWAlpineendemictaxaandcompareresolutionobtainedusingchloroplastgenesalone.

UniversityofFlorida,FloridaMuseumofNaturalHistory,Gaines-ville,FL,32611,USA

420 GONZALEZ, FAVIO*, GARZON, JAVIER and VELEZ, JORGE

Burmeistera (Campanulaceae) revisited: A taxonomic account based on the Colombian species

AfterthecosmopolitanLobeliaL. (c405species),and the neotropical Siphocampylus Pohl (c 231

species) andCentropogon C. Presl. (c 212 spp.),Bur-meistera(c100spp.)isthefourthlargestgenusoftheLobelioideae(Campanulaceae).ThegenuswaserectedbyJ.J.Trianain1854,basedonB. ibaguensis.Molecularand morphological characters indicate that Burmeis-tera ismonophyletic, unlike the relatedCentropogon,Lobelia, andSyphocampylus,whichhave showntobepolyphyletic. The only infrageneric classification ofBurmeistera,basedonthepresenceorabsenceofatuftofhairsontheventralanthers,isinconflictwithmo-leculardata.ThespeciesofBurmeisteraareherbs,sub-shrubsorsometimesshrubsupto5mtall,withwhitishtoyellow(sometimesred)bat-pollinatedflowers.Mostspecieshaverestricteddistributioninlowtohigheleva-tion(200to3000m)cloudforestsinHonduras,CostaRica, Panama,Colombia,Venezuela, Peru and Ecua-dor.Werevisitedthetaxonomyofthegenusbasedonthestudyofthe47Colombianspecies,thirtyofwhichareexclusivetothiscountry.MostColombianspecies(c80%)arerestrictedtotheWesternandtheCentralcordilleras,whichcouldberelated toapreference forvolcanicsoils.Wedescribedsixnewspecies,proposedtwelvenewsynonyms,andclarifiedthenomenclaturalandtaxonomicissuesrelatedtothetypespeciesofthegenus.Furthermore,wedesignatedlectotypesforB. cer-atocarpa Zahlbr.,B. ibaguensis, and B. rivina E.Wimm.,aswellasaneotypeforB. mutisiana (Kunth)E.Wimm.Acarefulexaminationofthehairtuftintheventralan-thersduringfloraldevelopment shows that thisdiag-nosticcharacterneedstobestudiedinpreanthesis,asthesehairsshrivelduringanthesis.ThepresenceofthishairtuftintheventralantherscouldbeplesiomorphicinBurmeistera,asitisalsopresentintherelatedgeneraCentropogon,Lobelia,andSyphocampylus.WeproposetheebracteatepeduncleasapotentiallyphylogeneticallyinformativecharacterwithinBurmeistera.

National University of Colombia, Institute of Natural Sciences,Apartado7495,Bogota,Colombia

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421 SIMMONS, MARK*1, MCKENNA, MILES J.1, BACON, CHRISTINE D.1, YAKOBSON, KENDRA1, CAPPA, JENNIFER J.1, ARCHER, ROBERT H.2 and FORD, ANDREW J.3

Phylogeny of Celastraceae tribe Euonymeae inferred from morphological characters and nuclear and plastid genes

The phylogeny of Celastraceae tribe Euonymeae(~230speciesineightgenerainboththeOldand

NewWorlds)was inferredusingmorphologicalchar-acterstogetherwithplastid(matK,trnL-F)andnuclear(ITSand26SrDNA)genes.TribeEuonymeaehasbeendefinedasthoseCelastraceaegenerawithgenerallyop-positeleaves,isomerouscarpels,loculicidallydehiscentcapsules,andarillateseeds(exceptMicrotropis).Euony-mus isthemostdiverse(129species)andwidelyculti-vatedgenusinthetribe.WeinferthattribeEuonymeaeconsists of at least six separate lineageswithinCelas-traceae and that a revisednatural classificationof thefamilyisneeded.MicrotropisandQuetzaliaareinferredto be distinct sister groups that together are sister toZinowiewia.TheendangeredMonimopetalum chinenseisanisolatedandearlyderivedlineageofCelastraceaethat represents an important component of phyloge-neticdiversitywithinthefamily.HedraiantheraissistertoBrassiantha,andwedescribeasecondspecies(Bras-siantha hedraiantheroides A.J.Ford)thatrepresentsthefirst reported occurrence of this genus in Australia.Euonymus globularis, from eastern Australia, is sistertoMenepetalum,whichisendemictoNewCaledonia,andweerectanewgenus(DinghouaR.H.Archer)forit.TheMadagascan speciesofEuonymus are sister toPleurostyliaandrecognizedasadistinctgenus(Astro-cassineined.).Glyptopetalum,Torralbasia,andXylony-mus are all closely related toEuonymus sensu stricto,andquestionablydistinctfromit.CurrentintragenericclassificationsofEuonymusarenotcompletelynaturalandrequirerevision.1ColoradoStateUniversity,DepartmentOfBiology,FORTCOL-LINS,CO,80523-1878,USA2SouthAfricanNationalBiodiversityInstitute,NationalHerbarium,Pretoria,RepublicofSouthAfrica3C-siro,EcosystemSciences,Atherton,Queensland,Australia

422 SAMARAKOON, THARANGAMALA*1 and ALFORD, MAC2

Taxonomic Revision of Casearia Species in South-Central Asia

Casearia Jacq. is the largest genusof thefloweringplant family Samydaceae. It is found throughout

the tropics andconsistsof about200 speciesof smalltomedium sized trees.Within Samydaceae,Casearia are distinguished from other genera by having her-

maphroditicflowerswithasingleseriesofstaminodes(=diskglands)andawell-developedstyle.TaxonomicrevisionshavecoveredallCaseariaspeciesthroughouttheworld except the species present in south centralAsiaincludingPakistaneasttoBurmaandsouthtoSriLanka.Thisinvestigationmainlyaimstoresolvethetax-onomicproblemsofCaseariaspeciespresentinsouthcentralAsia,topreparedetaileddescriptionsofthetaxawith illustrations, to infer their relationships to otherspeciesandbiogeographicalareas,andtobuildarobusttaxonomickeytoidentifythem.Differenttaxonomistshavedescribedasmanyas15speciesandas fewas6speciesinsouthcentralAsia.Someofthesespeciesaredoubtful due tomisleadingmorphological characterssuchasvariableleafmorphologyandpubescence,lackofamplesamplingandnomenclaturalconflict.Athor-oughinvestigationofmorphologicalandphenologicalcharacters combined with geographical distributionsupportthedelineationof13Casearia speciesinsouthcentral Asia, namely:C. andamanica, C. bourdillonii, C. glomerata, C. graveolens, C. grewiifolia, C. kurzii, C. rubescens, C. sikkimensis, C. thwaitesii, C. tomentosa, C. vareca, C. wynadensis and C. zeylanica. Thisrevisionin-cludesnomenclaturaljustification,taxonomicdescrip-tion,andgeographicaldistributionofeachspecies.1UniversityOfSouthernMississippi,DepartmentOfBiologicalSci-ences,AlfordLab,118CollegeDrive#5018,Hattiesburg,MS,39406,USA2UniversityOfSouthernMississippi,DepartmentOfBiologi-calSciences,118COLLEGEDRIVE#5018,HATTIESBURG,MS,39406-0001,USA

423 VELA DIAZ, DILYS

Calophyllum L.(Calophyllaceae) in South America: the utility of anatomical characters combined with multivariate analyses.

Opposite leaves, secondary parallel venation, andyellow resin are characters that distinguishCa-

lophyllum,atropicaltree,amongotherCalophyllaceae.Overlapping floral and vegetative characters at intra-andinter-species levelhasmadedelimitationofCalo-phyllum species challenging. Eight species have beenrecognized in SouthAmerica, but the last revisionofthegenusthereisoveracenturyold.AdetailedstudyofSouthAmericanspeciesisneededtounderstandpat-ternsofvariationthere,especiallywithinC. brasiliense,themostvariablespecies.Multivariateanalysesandana-tomicalcharactershavebeenusefulindisentanglingspe-ciescomplexes.Multivariateanalysesofmorphologicalandanatomicalcharacterswereperformedatthreedif-ferentgeographiclevelsforCalophyllum.Atthegenerallevel,allspecimenswereincluded;attheregionallevel,differentecologicalregionswerethefoci;andatthelocallevel,politicaldivisions (e.g. countries)were theunitsused.Intotal,thirteenpreliminarymorphogroupswereidentifiedusing32morphologicalcharactersoftheleaf,flowerandfruit,takenfrom400specimens,and18ana-

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tomicalleafcharactersobservedon45specimens.Prin-cipal Component Analyses (PCA) and DiscriminantAnalyses(DA)wereperformed,DAbeingusedonlyforthosePCAsthatshowedpotentialgroups.Onlyfivespe-ciesweresupportedbybothmultivariateanalysesandmorphologicaandanatomicalcharacters.Keycharac-tersincludedleafbladelengthandwidthandanatomi-cal characters like presence/absence of hypodermis,amountofsclerenchymatoustissueassociatewithresincanal,andorientationofresincanalsattheleafmargin.Thisstudyis thefirst to integratebothmorphologicalandanatomicalcharactersinamultivariateframeworkforCalophyllum species.TaxonomictreatmentofSouthAmericanCalophyllumspeciesbasedontheresultsofthisstudywillbediscussed;twonewspeciesneedtobedescribed,includingonefromCentralAmerica.

UniversityOfMissouri-St.Louis,DepartmentBiology.223Re-searchBuilding,OneUniversityBlvd.,SaintLouis,MO,63121-4499,USA

424 BALLARD JR, HARVEY

Delineating taxon boundaries in two confusing species complexes of Mesoamerican Hybanthus (Violaceae)

Two confusing species complexes with morpho-logicallyoverlappingtaxaresideunderHybanthus.

Neither has been adequately studied to date but col-lectivelyrepresentaconsiderablepercentageofMeso-americanhybanthoidspecimensinherbaria.Toclarifytaxonomicboundariesineachcomplex,weusedtradi-tionalherbariummethods,pheneticanalysisandpollenstainability as evidence for decisions.The Hybanthus thiemei complex,with longfiliformpedicelsandpeti-olesandstronglyzygomorphiccorollas,consistsofH. longipesandH. thiemei,putativelydifferinginpedicellengthandcapsulepubescence.Afterassigning speci-mens toglabrousversuspuberulentcapsules, featuresof stem, petiole and leaf blade, and mature flowers,were measured and subjected to canonical variatesanalysis.Thecapsulepubescencephenotypeswerefullyintergradient,withhighly variablepetiole andpedicellength,andnofeaturebesidescapsulepubescencepro-videdseparation,suggestingthatH. longipesshouldbesynonymizedunderH. thiemei.TheHybanthus elatus complex,withbeakedcapsulesandellipticaltolanceo-lateleaves,consistsofH. elatusinwesternGuatemala,H. potosinus in northern Mexico, H. verbenaceus incentralandsouthernMexico,andH. brevisinChiapasandwesternGuatemala.The last hasmostly been ig-noredsincedescriptionorsynonymizedunderH. ela-tus.Distinctivepubescencetypeanddistributionwereused to assign specimens to taxa. Canonical variatesanalysislargelyseparatedspecimensbasedonleafshapeandblademargin,anditconsistentlyplacedH. brevisbetween specimens of lower-elevationH. verbenaceusand higher-elevation H.elatus. Analysis of floral andfruitfeaturesfurtherdistinguishedallfourtaxa.Pollen

stainabilitywashigh(>86%)inH. elatus,H. potosinusandH.verbenaceusbutstatisticallylower(52-77%)inH. brevis.Morphologicalintermediacy,intermediatemon-taneslopeposition,monospecificpopulations,andde-pressedfertilitybutsubstantialseedproductionraisethepossibilitythatH. brevisisapartiallystabilizedhybridderivativeofH. elatusandH. verbenaceus.

OhioUniversity,ENVIR&PLANTBIOLOGY-PORTERH,315PorterHall,Athens,OH,45701-2979,USA

425 FLICKER, BEN*1 and BALLARD JR, HARVEY2

Molecular phylogeny of Hybanthus enneaspermus (L.) F.Muell. (Violaceae) species complex from the Old World Tropics

TheHybanthus enneaspermus speciescomplex(Vi-olaceae)intheoldworldtropicsisagroupconsist-

ingofabout20speciesofmostlyherbsandsubshrubs.Hybanthus enneaspermus sensu stricto isavegetativelypolymorphic herb that is widespread throughout thegroup’s range in the paleotropics.The other taxa aremostly woody subshrubs with narrow distributionsscattered aroundAfrica,Madagascar, Southeast Asia,andnorthernAustralia.RepresentativesofthenarrowendemicsaswellasrepresentativesofH. enneaspermus s.s. fromallover itsrange weresampledforDNAse-quencing.Analysis of bothnuclear (ITS) and chloro-plast(trnL-F)markersindicatethatthewoodyshrubsandsubshrubsarethebasaltaxawithinthecomplexandthatH. enneaspermus ispolyphyleticwithotherherba-ceousendemicsnestedwithin.Phylogeneticresultsandinferredbiogeographichistoriesarepresentedanddis-cussed.1OhioUniversity,EnvironmentalandPlantBiology,PorterHallRm.317,Athens,OH,45701,USA2OhioUniversity,Environmental&PlantBiology,315PorterHall,Athens,OH,45701,USA

426 PORTER-UTLEY, KRISTEN*1, KROSNICK, SHAWN2, MCDADE, LUCINDA3, JOLLES, DIANA4, JØRGENSEN, PETER M.5 and MACDOUGAL, JOHN M.6

Untangling the passionflower vines: insights on the phylogeny of Passiflora subg. Decaloba based upon cytGS, ITS,ncpGS, ndhF, and trnL-F sequences

Passiflora isalargegenusofca.550speciesofvines,lianas,andtreesknownforitsincrediblemorpho-

logicaldiversityand stunninglybeautifulflowers.Thegenusiscurrentlyrecognizedwithfivesubgenera:As-trophea, Decaloba, Deidamioides, Passiflora, and Tet-rapathea.The largest and most diverse subgenera arePassiflora andDecaloba,eachconsistingofca.235spe-

171

cies. Duetoitseconomicsignificance,subg.Passiflora hasbeenthefocusofmostrecentscientificstudy.Theequallyfascinatingandspecies-richsubg.Decaloba hasbeenlargelyignored,yetthisgroupdisplaysequivalentmorphological and ecological variation. Moreover, itconsistsofmanyspeciesthatarecurrentlyrecognizedas threatened or endangered and has special biogeo-graphic significance in that it is theonly clade in thegenuswith speciesnaturallypresent inboth theNewandOldWorld.SubgenusDecaloba containseightsu-persections, of which only two, Disemma and Cieca, havebeentestedformonophyly.Thus,wepresenthereapreliminaryphylogeneticanalysisofsubg.Decaloba-basedoncytGS,ncpGS,ndhF,ITS,andtrnL-Fdataandincluding taxa that representall supersections in sub-genusDecaloba. ThesedatasupportthemonophylyofsupersectionsAuriculata, Bryonioides, Cieca,Decaloba, Disemma, Hahniopathanthus, and Pterosperma, butsuggestthatMultiflora ispolyphyleticascurrentlyde-fined.Morphological andmolecular synapomorphiesfor themonophyletic lineages are provided.We alsousethemoleculardatasettoexploreratesofdiversifica-tionacrossthesubgenus.Recentanalyseswithlimitedsamplesizeshavesuggestedthatratesofnucleotidesub-stitutionhavebeenrelativelyconstantacrossDecaloba. Given the morphological variability observed in thisclade,theseconclusionsarerevisitedandpossibleexpla-nationsforthisdiversityareconsidered.ThisisthethirdpresentationstemmingfromNSF0717084toPIsP.M.Jorgensen, S. Krosnick, J.M.MacDougal, L. McDade,andK.Porter-Utley.1KeeneStateCollege,Biology,229MainSt.,MS-2001,Keene,NH,03435,UnitedStates2SouthernArkansasUniversity,Biology,100E.University,P.O.Box9222,Magnolia,AR,71753,USA3RanchoSantaAnaBotanicGarden,DepartmentOfBotany,1500N.CollegeAv-enue,Claremont,CA,91711,USA4RanchoSantaAnaBotanicGar-den,ClaremontGraduateUniversity,1500NorthCollegeAvenue,Claremont,CA,91711,USA5MissouriBotanicalGarden,P.O.Box299,St.Louis,MO,63166,USA6Harris-StoweStateUniversity,MathandSciences,3026LacledeAvenue,St.Louis,MO,63103,USA

427 GARDNER, ANDREW*1, EMSHWILLER, EVE2, VAIO, MAGDALENA3, GUERRA FILHO, MARCELO3, OBERLANDER, KENNETH4, DREYER, LEANNE5 and HEIBL, CHRISTOPH6

From woody shrubs to weedy, succulent, and bulb-bearing herbs: an updated phylogeny for Oxalis

ThegenusOxalis (Oxalidaceae)isextremelydiversein morphology, habitat, and geographic range.

Among the500+ species, there arewoody shrubs in-habiting the Atlantic rainforests of Brazil,succulentAndeantubercrops,cosmopolitanweedyannuals,andbulb-bearersinsouthernAfricaandmanyregionsofthe

Americas.Leavesarenotonlytrifoliolate, butalsouni-foliolateandpinnatelyorpalmately-compound.Breed-ingsystemsincludetristyly,distyly,and(semi-)homo-styly.Earliertaxonomicandrecentphylogeneticworkhas addressed groupswithin this complex genus, butneverOxalisasawhole.Arepresentativephylogenyfortheentiregenuswillbecrucialforourunderstandingoftheevolutionarytransitionsthathaveledtotheincred-iblediversityweseeintheextantspeciesofOxalis.WepresentourmostrecentphylogeneticinferenceforthegenusbasedonplastidandnrITSsequencedata,usingthephylogenytoreconstructitsmorphologicalandgeo-graphicaldiversification.Amongourkeyinferencesaretransitionsfromwoodymorphologytodiversestoragemorphologies, frompinnately-compound tounifolio-lateandpalmately-compound leaves,fromtristyloustoseveralotherformsofheterostyly,andfromexclusivelySouthAmericantoAfrican,NorthAmerican,andcos-mopolitandistributions.1UniversityOfWisconsin-Madison,Botany,430LincolnDr.,Madi-son,WI, 53706,USA2UniversityOfWisconsin-Madison,BotanyDept,321BirgeHall,430LincolnDrive,Madison,WI,53706-1313,USA3Federal University of Pernambuco, Botany, Rua NelsonChaves s/n,Recife,PE,50670-420,Brazil4StellenboschUniversity,ConservationEcologyandEntomology,PrivateBagX1,Matieland,7602,SouthAfrica5StellenboschUniversity,BotanyAndZoology,PrivateBagX1,Matieland,7602,SouthAfrica6UniversityOfMu-nich,Biology

428 BABINEAU, MARIELLE*1 and BRUNEAU, ANNE2

Systematics of three closely related and endangered Legume genera (Delonix, Colvillea and Lemuropisum): implications for Malagasy-African dispersion during the Tertiary.

ThegenusDelonixcompriseselevenspecies:nineareendemictoMadagascarandthetwoothersoccur

inEastAfrica.Delonixisconsideredtobeparaphyleticwith regards to its closest relatives, twomonospecificgeneraendemictoMadagascar:ColvilleaandLemuro-pisum.Alloftheabovespeciesareendangereddespitebeingimportantecologicaltreesoflocalandworldwideeconomicinterest.However,toarguefortheirprotec-tionitisessentialtoaccountforthegeneticuniquenessofeachandtoestablishtheirpastandpresentevolution-aryrelationships.Thisstudyaimstoclarifyphylogeneticrelationshipswithinthistrigenericcladeandtoestimatedivergencetimes,geographicaloriginanddispersalpat-terns.ParsimonyandBayesiananalyses,basedonfourchloroplast (matK, trnL-F, trnD-T, rps16) and threenuclear(ITS, Leafy, tRALs)markers,stronglyrefutethemonophylyofDelonixwithLemuropisumoccurringasnestedwithinit.ColvilleaisauniquelineagesistertoDe-lonix.OuranalysessuggestrapidspeciationofDelonix,withspeciesshowingnumerousmorphological,ecolog-

Systematics Section

172

icalandpollinationdifferences,butlowgenomicvaria-tion.Sevencladesarefoundwhicharecongruentwithmorphologicalclassifications,exceptthatthetwoAfri-canspeciesgenerallydonotgrouptogether.Abiogeo-graphicalanalysis,togetherwithapenalizedlikelihoodfossil-calibratedmethod,showsatleastonecleareventofdispersalfromMadagascartoEastAfricaaround30Ma.Thiscouldhavebeenfacilitatedbythepresenceofalandbridgefrom25-40MaintheMozambiquecanal.OuranalysessupportrecentstudiesindicatingthatthefloraofMadagascarisnotnecessarilyderivedfromAf-ricanancestors.Thegeographicalpatternalsoindicatesa spatial tendency where southern xerophytic wood-land lineages arederived relative tonortherndecidu-ous forest species.Basedonour studies, conservationeffortsandclassificationshould1)considerColvilleaasanevolutionaryandmorphologicallyuniquegenus,2)treatLemuropisumasaspecialisedspecieswithinDelo-nix,and3)emphasiseprotectionofthethreediversitycentersobservedforDelonix,whichpresentlyarepoorlycoveredbynationalparks.1CentresurlaBiodiversité,InstitutdeRechercheenbiologievegetale,4101rueSherbrookeest,Montreal,Qc,H1X2B2,Canada2Univer-sitédeMontréal,InstitutdeRechercheenBiologieVégétale,4101SherbrookeEst,Montreal,Qc,H1X2B2,Canada

429 FOUG»RE-DANEZAN, MARIE1, ZHANG, LI-BING*2, JOLY, SIMON3, BRUNEAU, ANNE4 and GAO, XIN-FEN5

Phylogenetic relationships in the genus Rosa as inferred from chloroplast and nuclear markers

Roses are of worldwide economic importance asornamental shrubs, cut flowers, for perfumes,

scentsindustryandpharmaceuticalresearch.However,despitesubstantialrecentefforts,littleisknownontheevolutionofrosestodate.Thereareabout150to200speciesofroseswidelydistributedthroughoutthetem-perateandsubtropicalhabitatsof thenorthernhemi-sphereofwhich95(65endemic)occurinChina.TheChineseroseshavebeentodateconstantlyundersam-pledandunderstudied.ConsideringthatChinagathersalmosthalfofthewildspeciesofrosesintheworldandthatseveralofthesespecieshavebeenhypothesizedtohavemademajor contributions to themodern com-mercial rose it is of great importance to study wildChinesespecies.Themostfrequentlyusedclassification(Rehder1940)dividesthegenusRosaintofoursubgen-era(Eurosa,Hesperhodos, Hulthemia,and Platyrhodon)andthesubgenusEurosaintotensections(Banksianae,Bracteatae, Caninae,Carolinae,Cinnamomae,Gallica-nae,Indicae,Laevigatae, Pimpinellifolia,and Synstylae).We use both chloroplast (trnL intron, trnL-F spacer,psbA-trnH spacer) andnuclearmarkers (GAPDH) toresolvetherelationshipsamongwildrosesoftheworldwithaparticularemphasisonChineseroses.Ourresultsstrengthenpreviousfindingsthatmostofthesubdivi-

sionsofRehder arenotmonophyleticbut reveal thatsomecladesareroughlyconsistentwithsomeofthem.Severalhybridizationeventsarealsorevealedbycom-parisonofchloroplastandnuclearphylogenies.Thege-neticdatabaseobtainedwillbeusedtosolvetheoriginofsomeofthecultivarsofthisgenus.1ChengduInstituteofBiology,ChineseAcademyofSciences,TheECORESLab,P.O.Box416,Chengdu,Sichuan,610041,China2Mis-souriBotanicalGarden,ScienceandConservation,P.O.Box299,St.Louis,MO, 63166,USA3McGillUniversity, BiologyDepartment,1205DocteurPenfield,Montréal,Québec,H3A1B1,Canada4Uni-versitédeMontréal,InstitutdeRechercheenBiologieVégétale,Sher-brookeEst4101,Montréal,Québec,H1X2B2,Canada5ChengduInstituteofBiology,ChineseAcademyofSciences,TheECORESLab,Chengdu,Sichuan,610041,China

430 DICKINSON, TIM*1, ZARREI, MEHDI1, KUZMINA, MARIA2 and STEFANOVIC, SASA3

Mixed success with DNA barcoding of hawthorns (Crataegus L., Rosaceae)

ThegenusCrataegus isoneinwhichthepromisesofDNAbarcodingmakethistechnologyextremely

attractive. Crataegus species can be notoriously hardtoidentifyonthebasisofmorphology.Bothfloweringand fruiting specimens from a given individual maybe needed for a definitive identification, in additiontofieldobservationsoffeaturesthatarenotpreservedin herbarium material (e.g. color of the undehiscedanther, time course of fruit color development).Wehavedrawnonareferencecollectionofvoucherspeci-mensandfield-collectedsilicageldriedtissueofNorthAmericanandEurasianCrataegustaxarepresenting50species,andhaveusedtwostandardbarcodeloci(rbcL and matK)andtwosupplementarymarkers(ITS2 andpsbA-trnH) that have been proposed for plants. OurresultssuggestthatroutineDNAbarcodingmayhavelimitedutilityinCrataegus,andpossiblyalsowithinRo-saceaesubtribePyrinae(equivalently,thefleshy-fruitedmembersofsubfamilyMaloideae).WewereunabletogetsequencesofmatK,butsucceededwithpsbA-trnH,rbcLa,andITS2.DespiteearliersuccessesusingpsbA-trnHtogetherwiththreeothercpDNAspacerregionsinphylogeneticstudies,psbA-trnHbyitself(185sequencesfor49species)yieldedanNJtreewithvirtuallynoreso-lution. Greater resolution was obtained using rbcLa(189sequences for49species),as fourspecies(18ac-cessions)wereresolvedintheNJtree.TheseresultswithcpDNAlociarenotsurprising inviewofhowpoorlytheselociresolvegenerainthePyrinae,tosaynothingofspeciesinCrataegus.Fewersequences(118,for40spe-cies)wereobtainedwithITS2amplifiedfromgenomicDNA.Nevertheless,withITS2atleastninespecieswereresolvedasmonophyletic,andothercladescomprisedmembersofasingleseriesorsectionofthegenus.How-ever,onediploidspeciesandapolyploidspeciescom-plexwereeachpolyphyleticontheNJtree,suggesting

173

theamplificationofmorethanoneITS2paralog.1RoyalOntarioMuseum,NaturalHistory,GreenPlantHerbarium(TRT),100Queen'sPark,Toronto,ON,M5S2C6,Canada2Biodi-versityInstituteofOntario,UniversityofGuelph,50StoneRdEast,Guelph,ON,N1G2W1,Canada3UniversityOfTorontoAtMissis-sauga,DepartmentOfBiology,3359MississaugaRdN,Mississauga,ON,L5L1C6,Canada

431 WHITTEMORE, ALAN

Ploidy races in Ulmus americana

Americanelm(Ulmus americana)isawidespreadcanopy tree of eastern North America. Once

common in horticulture and in thewild, it has beenheavily impactedbyDutchelmdisease, causedbyanAsianfungus.LongconsideredthesoletetraploidintheotherwisediploidgenusUlmus,U. americanaincludesboth diploid and tetraploid populations, with tetra-ploidsbeingmorewidespread.Diploidsandtetraploidsmayco-occurinthesamearea,sometimesinthesamestand.Thegeneticrelationshipbetweenthetwoploidylevels is being clarifiedby further investigationof thegeographical distribution of different ploidies withinandamongstands,andinvestigationofplantsofknownploidyusingSSRmarkers.

UNITED STATES NATIONAL ARBORETUM, 3501 NEWYORKAVENE,WASHINGTON,DC,20002-1958,USA

432 OCAMPO, GILBERTO* and ALMEDA, FRANK

Systematic and phylogenetic significance of seed micromorphology in the tribe Miconieae (Melastomataceae): Preliminary results

TheMelastomataceae are among themostdiversefamiliesoffloweringplantswithmorethan5,000

species. Within the family, the tribe Miconieae (re-strictedtotheNeotropics)displaysthelargestradiation,withover 1,800described taxa.Previous studieshaveshown that the tribe ishighlyvariable in seedmicro-morphology.Someofthisseeddiversityisofpotentialuse in identifying synapomorphies for certain clades.The present work shows preliminary results derivedfromthestudyofseedsofmorethan200species(ca.10%ofthediversityofthetribe),sampledacrosstheMi-conieae. Seedswere examinedwith scanning electronmicroscopy(SEM)tostudytheirmicromorphologicaldetails.Asaresult,aseriesofcharacterstodescribetheseedmorphologicaldiversityinthetribeareproposed.Inaddition,characterswerecodedinadatamatrixandsubject to ancestral character reconstruction. An in-teractiveidentificationkeyusingSEMimagesandtheproposedcharactersisunderdevelopmentandwillbeavailabletothepublicthroughthePlanetaryBiodiver-sityInventoryinMiconieaewebsite(http://sweetgum.

nybg.org/melastomataceae/).

CaliforniaAcademyofSciences,Botany,55MusicConcourseDrive,GoldenGatePark,SanFrancisco,CA,94118,USA

433 KRIEBEL, RICARDO*1 and MICHELANGELI, FABIÁN ARMANDO2

Phylogeny of Conostegia (Melastomataceae) reveals multiple losses of herkogamy

Conostegia is a genus within the exclusively Neo-tropical and berry fruited tribe Miconieae, and

consistsofabout42speciesconcentratedinNorthernSouth America, Central America and the Caribbean.TraditionallyConostegiahasbeendefinedbythecom-binationofhavingacalyptratecalyxthatdehiscesatan-thesis,andpleiostemonousflowers(havingmorethandoublethenumberofstamensthanpetals).TotestthemonophylyofConostegia,wegathered sequencedatafromtwonuclearloci(nrITSandnrETS)andfourchlo-roplastspacers(accD-psaI,atpF-H,psbKL,trnS-G)forthirtyof the forty tworecognizedspecies.Ourresultscorroborate previous molecular phylogenetic studieswhich demonstrated that Conostegia is paraphyleticandincludesseveralspeciescurrentlyinClidemia andMiconia, although not Leandra subulata and Tococa spadiciflora ashadbeenfoundinpreviousanalyses.Thecalyptratecalyxhasevolvedatleastthreetimesindepen-dentlyintheConostegiacladeandwaslostatleastonce.The degree of pleiostemony appears to be correlatedtothetypeofherkogamypresent.Fourtypesofherk-ogamywereobservedintheConostegiaclade,approachherkogamousflowersinwhichthestyleisexsertedwellbeyond the anthers, a second typeof approachherk-ogamousflowerssimilartothefirstbutwiththestylealsobendingtoonesideoftheflower,athirdtypeofapproachherkogamousflowerswiththestylethesamelengthas thestamensbutdeflected inoppositedirec-tion to them,andblossomswithgiant stigmaswhicharehypothesized tobe largepollen receivers.The lat-terfourtypesofherkogamyhelptodiagnosesubcladeswithinConostegia.Inaddition,herkogamyhasbeenlostat least three timeswithin theConostegia clade.OnlyspecieswithintwoofthenonherkogamoussubcladeshavereachedtheCaribbeanislands.Ourdatainaddi-tion topublishedobservationsof self-compatibility innonherkogamousConostegia montana leadustohy-pothesizethatthelossofherkogamyisapre-adaptationforlongdistancedispersalandsuccessfulcolonization. 1TheNewYorkBotanicalGarden/GraduateCenter,CUNY,2900SouthernBlvd.,Bronx,NY,10458,USA2TheNewYorkBotanicalGarden,InstituteOfSystematicBotany,2900SouthernBlvd.,Bronx,NY,10458,USA

Systematics Section

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434 CADDAH , MAYARA KRASINSKI*1, MICHELANGELI, FABIÁN ARMANDO2 and GOLDENBERG, RENATO3

Taxonomic and phylogenetic studies on Miconia sect. Glossocentrum (Melastomataceae)

Melastomataceaeisoneofthemostdiversefami-lies of flowering plants. Miconia is its biggest

genus, comprisingabout1070speciesandalongwithother17relatedgeneraitcomprisesthetribeMiconieae,reachingoverthan1800species.Themostrecentrevi-sionofthefamilywasconductedbyCogniauxoverthanacenturyago,whenMiconia wascomposedoflessthanhalfofthespeciescurrentlyknown.Recentphylogeneticinsightsadvocateforanewapproachfortheinfrafamil-iarclassification,suggestingthatMiconiaisacomplexpolyphyleticgenus,withotherlargegenerasuchasLe-andra,Clidemia,Ossaea,Tococa, Conostegia, andsever-alothersembeddedwithinit.Similarly,recentanalysesshowalackofsupportfortheinfragenericclassificationofMiconia.Miconia sect.Glossocentrum hasabout90species,distributedfromCentralAmericaandCaribbe-anIslandstoSouthernBrazil,ArgentinaandParaguay.Thesectionischaracterizedbyshortandlinearstamens,1-porate,withinnapendiculateorjustdorsallyappen-diculate connectives. Here we present a phylogeneticstudyofMiconia sect.Glossocentrum using fourplas-tidial(trnS-G, accD-psaI,psbI-KandatpF-H)andtwonuclear(ETSandITS)loci.Theseanalysesrevealthatthesectionishighlypolyphyletic,butabouthalfofthespe-ciesformawell-supportedclade,theMiconia discolor group.Thisgroupcanbemorphologicallycharacterizedbyitsglomerulateorscorpioidinflorescences,stamenswithout conspicuous appendices in the connectives,leaveswith the abaxial surfacemoderately to denselycoveredbybranchedhairs,andadistributionrestrictedtotheAtlanticForestandassociatedbiomes.However,nospecificmorphologicalcharacterorcharactercombi-nationisabletocompletelycircumscribetheclade,mir-roringtheproblematicmorphologicalcircumscriptionsofmostgeneraandsectionswithintribe.ThespeciesofsectionGlossocentrum withregularinflorescences,gla-brousleaves,and/orwidedistributionareresolvedfarawayfromtheMiconia discolor group,anddonotformacohesivegroup.1StateUniversityofCampinas,PlantBiology,RuaMonteiroLobato,255,CidadeUniversitáriaZeferinoVaz,Campinas,SP,13083970,Brazil2The New York Botanical Garden, Institute Of SystematicBotany, 2900 Southern Blvd., Bronx, NY, 10458, USA3Universi-dadeFederaldoParaná,Botânica,CampusPolitécnico,JardimdasAméricas,Curitiba,PR,81531970,Brazil

435 DE-NOVA, ARTURO*1, MAGALLON, SUSANA2, MEDINA, ROSALINDA3, MONTERO, JUAN CARLOS3, WEEKS, ANDREA4, ROSELL, JULIETA5, OLSON, MARK6 and EGUIARTE, LUIS7

Evolutionary Diversification in Species-Rich Mesoamerican Seasonally Dry Tropical Forests: Bursera (Burseraceae, Sapindales) as a Case Study

Mesoamerican arid biomes epitomizeNeotropi-calrichandcomplexbiodiversity.Todocument

someoftheprocessesunderlyingthevastspeciesrich-nessofMesoamericanSeasonallyDryTropicalForests(SDTFs),andtoevaluatespecificpredictionsabouttheage,geographicalstructureandnicheconservatismofSDTF-centeredwoodyplant lineages,weconsiderthegenusBursera asacasestudy.Usinganearlycompletespecies-level phylogeny from nuclear and plastid ge-nomicmarkers,weestimatedivergencetimes,testforphylogeneticandtemporaldiversificationheterogene-ity,testforgeographicalstructure,andreconstructhabi-tatshifts.BurserasplitfromCommiphoraintheearliestEocene,andby themiddleEocene, itsmajor lineagesweredistinct.MostlivingspeciesofBurseraoriginatedduring independent earlyMiocene consecutive radia-tionsthattookplaceinSDTFs,uncoupledfromhabitatshifts.ThelateMioceneaverageageofBursera species,their geographical structure and strong conservatismtoSDTFsconformtoexpectationsderivedfromSouthAmericanSDTF-centeredlineages.Nevertheless,Burs-era’sgeographicalstructureiscomparativelyweak,sug-gestingthatSDTFattributesthatshapetheevolutionofSDTF-centered lineages are relaxed in Mesoamerica.TheMiocenediversificationsofBurseraarecongruentwithenhancedaridity inMesoamerica resulting fromglobal cooling and rain shadows caused by increasedorogeny.1Universidad del Mar, Puerto Escondido, Instituto de Genetica,CiudadUniversitariaKm.3.5,Carr.PuertoEscondido-SoladeVega,DistritodeSanPedroMixtepec,PuertoEscondido,Oaxaca,71980,Mexico2InstitutoDeBiologia,UniversidadNacionalAutonomaDeMexico,3erCircuitoDeCiudadUniversitaria,Del.Coyoacan,A.P.70-233,MexicoCity,MexicoD.F.,N/A,04510,Mexico3UniversidadNacionalAutonomadeMexico,InstitutodeBiologia,3erCircuitodeCiudadUniversitaria,Del.Coyoacan,MexicoCity,MexicoD.F.,04510,Mexico4GeorgeMasonUniversity, 4400 University DriveMSN5F2,Fairfax,VA,22030,USA5ClubAmerica8-1,VillaLazaroCardenas,Mexico,D.F., 14370,México65084 Santa SusanaPlace,Santa Barbara, CA, 93111, USA7InstitutoDe Ecología, UNAM,,ApartadoPostal70-275,C.U.,Coyoacán,México,C.P.04510,Mexico

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436 ADEYEMI, TEMITOPE OLABISI*, OGUNDIPE, OLUWATOYIN TEMITAYO and OLOWOKUDEJO, JAMES DELE

Epidermal Morphology of African Sapindaceae

Sapindaceaeisoneofthemostimportantplantfami-liesinthetropicsparticularlyinAfricamostwidely

knownfortheiruseinmedicine.Foliarepidermalstud-ieswerecarriedoutonsomerepresentativemembersofthefamilysapindaceaeinAfrica.Fifty(50)taxarepre-sentingatotaloffifteen(15)generawerestudiedandillustratedwith scanning electronmicroscopy (SEM).Thisrevealedthatthefamilyexhibitsadiverserangeofcharacters,withnoonefeaturebeingdiagnostic.Mostmembersofthefamilyarehypostomatic.Theyexhibitanomocytic or paracytic stomata types; simple, non-glandular,glandularorstellatetrichomesandstraight,wavy or curved anticlinal wall patterns. Papillae arepresentinsomememberswhileotherspossessstriae.Abriefdescriptionoftheepidermisofallgenerastudiedisgiven,andcharactercombinationsarediscussedwhichmayallowtheidentificationofthesetaxa.

UniversityofLagos,Botany,UniversityofLagos,Akoka,Yaba,Lagos,LAGOS,23401,Nigeria

437 NEUBIG, KURT*1, BLANCHARD, ORLAND2, SCHWARTZ, EMILY1 and MCDANIEL, STUART1

Molecular phylogenetics of Kosteletzkya (Malvaceae, Hibisceae) reveals multiple polyploid speciation events

Kosteletzkya (Malvaceae) is a genusofover 20 spe-ciesfoundintheNewWorld,Africa,Madagascar,

andsoutheastAsia.Wegeneratedbothnuclear(CesA1&A1341)andplastid(matK,trnL-F,rpl32-trnL,&ycf1)lociformostofthespeciesofKosteletzkya(60accessionsbelongingto15speciesofingrouptaxa)aswellassomeoutgroup taxa of Hibisceae. Phylogenetic analysis ofthesedatashowsthattheAfricanandNewWorldspe-ciesformamonophyleticgroup.However,theMalagasyspeciesareverydistantlyrelatedtotherest.TheAfri-canspeciesformaparaphyleticgraderelativetoaNewWorld clade. Recent studies of chromosome countsusing pollen mother cells revealed diploid,tetraploid,andhexaploidspecies.TheseanalysesdemonstratethatpolyploidyhasonlyoccurredinandbetweensomeAf-rican species, atdifferent timesandbetweendifferentparentalconstituents.Thesedatasupporttherelativelyancient formationof aputative autotetraploid species(K. semota),onerecentallotetraploidspecies(K. bork-ouana), two relatively ancient, all otetraploid species(K.begoniifoliaandK. rotundalata),andonerecentall

ohexaploid species (K. racemosa).These data under-scoretheimportanceofanalysisofmultipleDNAlocifromplastidandnucleargenomestounderstandreticu-lateevolution.1University of Florida, Department of Biology, Po Box 118526,Gainesville,FL,32611,USA2UniversityofFlorida,FloridaMuseumofNaturalHistory,POBox117800,Gainesville,FL,32611,USA

438 DONNELL, ALIYA*, BALLARD JR, HARVEY and CANTINO, PHILIP

Callianthe: A new genus of Malvaceae

TheboundariesbetweenthegeneraBakeridesiaandAbutilonhavelongbeendebated.Resultsfromre-

cent phylogenetic studies of the Internal TranscribedSpacer(ITS)intribeMalveaestronglysuggestthatthesetwo genera as currently delimited are notmonophy-letic.Speciespreviouslyincludedineachgenusformawell-supportedclade that isphylogenetically removedfrombothBakeridesia andAbutilon.The congruenceof morphological and karyological distinctions withthis molecular evidence provides compelling supportforrecognitionofthecladeasanewgenus,tobecalledCallianthe.Thusfar,40specieshavebeenplacedinCal-lianthe,basedon the ITSdata (includingamolecularsynapomorphyofa25-bpdeletionintheITS2)and/ormorphologicalevidence,includingfourormoreovulespermericarp,serrateleaves(versusentireleavesinBak-eridesia),heavilyveinedpetals,andlarge,showyflowers(versussmallerflowersinAbutilon).Inaddition,speciesofCallianthe shareabasechromosomenumberofx=8(versus7inAbutilonand 15inBakeridesia).NotonlyisCallianthe phylogeneticallyremovedfrombothBak-eridesia andAbutilon,butitisalsomorphologicallydis-tinctfromitsclosestphylogeneticrelative, Gaya, whichhasabasechromosomenumberofx=6.CallianthehasaneotropicaldistributionwithacenterofdiversityineasternBrazil.ItincludesallofBakeridesia subg.Dipter-on andseveralspeciespreviouslyassignedtoAbutilon.

OhioUniversity,ENVIRONMENTAL&PLANTBIOLOGY,Por-terHall,RichlandAve.,Athens,OH,45701-2979,USA

Systematics Section

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439 WINDHAM, MICHAEL*1, BECK, JAMES2, ALEXANDER, PATRICK3, ALLPHIN, LOREEN4, BAILEY, C. DONOVAN5, CALL, CHRISTINA4, LI, FAY-WEI6, RUSHWORTH, CATHERINE7 and AL-SHEHBAZ, IHSAN8

Is the glass half-empty or half-full?: the current state of Boechera (Brassicaceae) systematics

Withupwardsof60sexualdiploidspeciesorigi-natingwithinthelastfourmillionyears,Boech-

era(Brassicaceae)isamongthemostrapidlydiversify-inggeneraoffloweringplants.Pre-zygoticreproductiveisolatingmechanismshavefailedtokeeppacewithdi-versificationinthegroup,andrecurrenthybridizationamonggeographicallyproximatespecieshasgivenrisetohundredsofhybridlineagesthatpersistandrepro-ducethroughpolyploidyand/orapomixis.ThismakesBoechera(formerlyArabis)oneofthemostintractablespeciescomplexesinNorthAmerica,withpatternsofmorphologicalvariabilitythatmonographerReedRol-lins conceded "nearly defy taxonomic resolution." Inthepastfewyears,significantprogresshasbeenmadetowardunderstanding the systematics ofBoechera byfocusingonthesexualdiploidsthat lieat theheartofthe complex. Implementation of this "diploids-first”approach in Boechera is facilitated by pollen differ-encesbetweensexualdiploidsandpolyploids/apomictsobservableusingadissectingmicroscope.Acriticalre-examinationofoverallmorphologyhasshownthatthe60+sexualdiploidsarerathereasilydistinguishedfromoneanother,andanewlydeveloped15-locusmicrosat-ellitedatasetprovidescriticalgeneticmarkersforeachof these diploid genomes.Themicrosatellite data setcurrentlycomprisesca.2400samples,includingnearlyeverysexualdiploidBoecherarecognizedintherecentlypublished Flora of North America treatment. Range-widesamplingofmanyspecieshasbeenfacilitatedbyextracting DNA from herbarium specimens, whichprovided more than 95% of the data. Microsatellitesprovideaneffectivebarcodeallowingdeterminationofthegenomicmake-up(andusuallytheploidylevelandreproductivemode)ofalmostanyBoecheraspecimencollectedwithin the last125years.These successesaretemperedbythediscoverythatthetaxonomyofBoech-eraisevenmorecomplexthanpreviouslythought.Thegreatdiversityofapomictictriploidsinthegenushavebeeninterpretedaseitherautopolyploidsordigenomichybrids(e.g.,AABorABB). Instead, themajorityap-pear to be trigenomic (ABC) hybrids that are much

more difficulttodiagnosemorphologically.1DUKE UNIVERSITY, Department Of Biology, BOX 90338,DURHAM,NC, 27708,USA2UniversityOfWisconsin,Milwau-kee,LaphamHallS394,P.O.Box413,Milwaukee,WI,53201-0413,USA3NewMexicoStateUniversity,BiologyDepartment,248Fos-terHall,LasCruces,NM,88003,USA4BrighamYoungUniversity,DepartmentofPlantandWildlifeSciences,Provo,UT,84602,USA5,

NewMexicoStateUniversity,DepartmentOfPlantSciences,P.O.Box30001Msc3AF,LasCruces,NM,88003,USA6DukeUniversity,DepartmentofBiology,Durham,NC,27708,USA7DukeUniver-sity,POBox90338,Durham,NC,27708,USA8MissouriBotanicalGarden,DepartmentofAsianBotany,P.O.Box299,St.Louis,MO,63166,USA

440 BORJA, GUADALUPE*1 and DOUST, ANDREW2

Distinguishing incomplete lineage sorting and gene flow to infer the evolution of the Southeastern bladderpods (Paysonia spp.): a preliminary phylogenetic analysis

Twomain problems that complicate phylogeneticanalyses are incomplete lineage sorting and hy-

bridization. One genus in which these phenomenaaremanifestedisPaysonia,asmallgenusofmustards(Brassicaceae)withanunusualdistributionpatternthatdividesthegroupintotwodistinctgeographicareas,theSoutheastandtheSouthwest.TheseeightspecieswereoriginallypositionedunderthelargergenusLesquerellabutwererecentlyrecognizedasamonophyleticgroupbasedonmorphologicalcharactersandchloroplastse-quencedata.Preliminaryphylogenetic analysesutiliz-ingthenuclearmarkerITS revealsthattheSouthwest-ernPaysoniaarewellresolved,butthecladecontainingthefiveSoutheasternspecies formsacomplexspeciesgroup.Toaddress theproblemof incomplete lineagesorting,threenon-codinglocifromthechloroplastge-nome, the ndhF-rpl32; the trnDGGU-trnTGGU; andthe psbD-trnTGGUspacers, were directly sequencedfromthreeindividualsofeachoftheeightPaysonia spe-cies,including2outgroupspeciesfromthesistergenusPhysaria.LikelihoodandBayesianphylogeneticmeth-ods arebeingused to infer the evolutionary relation-shipsamongspecies,andweproposetoaddsequencesoftwonucleargenes(Phytochrome A andAtmyb2)andan independent empirical estimateofgeneflow frommicrosatellitedatatofurtherresolvethesecomplexevo-lutionarypatterns.1OklahomaStateUniversity,BotanyDepartment,106LifeSciencesEast,Stillwater,OK,74078-3013,USA2OklahomaStateUniversity,Botany,104LifeSciencesEast,Stillwater,OK,74078,USA

177

441 ARIAS, TATIANA*1 and PIRES, JOSEPH2

A phylogenomic approach to resolving the evolutionary relationships among Brassica crops and their wild relatives (Brassiceae, Brassicaceae)

Brassicacropsandtheirwildrelatives(tribeBrassi-ceae) belong to themustard family(Brassicaceae)

andcontainmoreagriculturallyandhorticulturallyim-portantcropsthananyotherfamilyoffloweringplants.TheyarenativetoWesternEurope,theMediterranean,andtemperateregionsofAsia.MustardplantsaremostdiverseintheMediterraneanregionwheretheirevolu-tionaryhistoryhasbeenshapedbygeologicalactivity,climatechange,andhumanactivity.TheBrassiceaeisamonophyleticgroupwith54generaandapproximately240species.Relationshipsamong,andcircumscriptionof,itssubtribeshavebeenamatterofdebateformanyyears.Thisresearchfocusesonrecoveringarobustphy-logenyforthetribeusingtraditionalphylogeneticandnew phylogenomic approaches. First, we sequencedfour highly variable and phylogenetically informativechloroplast intergenic regions for 120 species. Ourphylogenyrecoverssevenwell-supportedclades:Nigra,Crambe,Oleracea,Cakile,Vella,ZillaandanewAfri-cancladecomprisedofgenerathathavenotbeenprevi-ouslysampled.Relationshipsamongthesesevenmaincladesareweaklysupportedinthisphylogeny,andthereisalackofresolutionamongthesevensubtribes.Themonophyly of the tribe is confirmed with Vella andZillaastheouterclades.Thisphylogenychallengestheevolutionaryrelationshipsandphylogeneticpositionofseveralgenerapreviouslydefinedusingclassicaltaxon-omy.Second,wereconstructedawholechloroplastandwholemitochondrialphylogenyfor26taxarepresent-ingeightmaincladesinthetribe.Thewholechloroplastphylogenyrecoveredeightcladeswith100%bootstrapvalues for most nodes inthe phylogeny. The Olera-ceacladeissistertoSavignia,andthiscladeissistertoCrambe+Nigra.Cakileissistertothesefourcladesfol-lowedbythesistergroupVella.TheoutergroupsistertoalltheothercladesinthetribeisZilla.Theseresultsarecomplementary to the four-chloroplastmarkers phy-logeny.Thewholemitochondrialphylogenyrecoveredtwoofthesevenmaincladesidentifiedwiththewholechloroplastphylogeny,OleraceaandCakile.1UniversityofMissouri,BiologicalSciences,311LifeSciencesCen-ter,Columbia,MO,65211,USA2UniversityOfMissouri,371BLifeSciencesCenter,1201RollinsStreet,Columbia,MO,65211-7310,USA

442 KATES , HEATHER ROSE*1, WEINMANN, SOPHIA1, CHARBONEAU, JOSEPH2, PLUMB, RACHEL1, SANDERS, JEFFREY1 and MOORE, MICHAEL3

Expanding the Study of the Phylogeny and biogeography in a Chihuahuan Desert gypsum endemic, Nerisyrenia (Brassicaceae), through the use of low copy nuclear markers and increased population sampling.

Nerisyrenia Greene (Brassicaceae) is a small genusof11arid-adaptedspeciesendemictotheChihua-

huanDesertofsouthwesternNorthAmericaandMexi-co.WiththeexceptionofthewidespreadN. camporum(A.Gray)Greene,allspecieswithinNerisyreniaareen-demictogypsumdepositsandsoilsthatarescatteredinanisland-likefashionthroughouttheChihuahuanDes-ert.Whileearlyresearchpostulatedarecentoriginformodern North American arid-adapted taxa, patternsof morphology, phylogeny, and biogeography withinotherChihuahuanDesertgypsumendemicssuggestanageofseveralmillionyears.AspartofalargerefforttounderstandtheageandoriginsofChihuahuanDesertgypsumendemics,weinitiatedaphylogeneticandphy-logeographicstudyofNerisyreniatoaddress:(1)Howmanytimeshasgypsumendemismevolvedwithinthegenus?;(2)Isgypsumendemismtheancestralcharacterstate?;and(3)Isthereastrongcorrelationbetweenbio-geographicdistributionandgeneticdiversitybothwith-inandbetweengypsumendemicspeciesofNerisyrenia?Weconstructeda5chloroplastspacerregiongenetreeandanITSgenetreeusinginitialsamplingofallspe-cies, including numerous populations of the NorthAmericanspecies,N.camporum andN. linearifolia (S.Wats.) Greene, from across their geographic ranges.OurphylogenyrevealedhighlevelsofdiversitywithinNerisyreniaandindicatedthatthewidespreadgypsumendemicN. linearifoliahasasignificantamountofgeo-graphically-correlatedvariation,whilenon-gypsumen-demicN. camporum shareschloroplasthaplotypeswithseveralotherspecies.Tobetterelucidatethiscomplexevolutionaryhistory,wehaveidentifiedandsequencedtwousefullowcopynuclearmarkers(alcoholdehydro-genaseandpistllata)andincreasedsamplingacrossthe9Mexican taxa. In addition to improving resolutionwithinourphylogeny,expandedgeographicsamplingofNerisyreniamayrevealgreaterdiversityinMexicanpopulation than innorthernpopulations,ashasbeenfoundinseveralothergypsum-endemics.1OberlinCollege,Biology,ScienceCenterK123,119WoodlandSt.Oberlin,OH,44074,USA2UniversityofWyoming,Botany,1000E.UniversityAve.,UniversityofWyoming,Laramie,WY,82071,USA3OberlinCollege,DepartmentofBiology,119WoodlandSt.,Oberlin,OH,44074,USA

Systematics Section

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443 PAUDYAL, SUSHIL*1, DELPRETE, PIERO2 and MOTLEY, TIMOTHY1

In out, in out: using total evidence to support treating Strumpfia maritima as a monotypic tribe in the Cinchonoideae (Rubiaceae)

Strumpfia maritima Jacq. is amorphologically dis-tinctivespeciesandtheonlymember in thegenus

Strumpfia.Itisadwarfshrubwithericoid,broom-likebranches,andoccurring in littoralhabitats in theCa-ribbeanregionrangingfromSouthFloridatotheAntil-lesandNorthVenezuelaandfromYucatanpeninsulaofMexico to theBahamas.VariousmolecularstudieshaveplacedStrumpfiarelatedtothegeneraofthetribesChiococceae,Catesbaeeae,andsomeformermembersof the tribes Condamineeae and Cinchoneae of theRubiaceae.Themost recent tribal delimitation of thesubfamilyCinchonoideae, based onmolecular phylo-geneticanalyses,placedStrumpfia sister to the restofthetribeandincludeditinthetribewhileearlierstudieshadfoundsimilarphylogeneticrelationships,butwerereluctanttoincludeStrumpfiaintheChiococceae.Theearlierauthorsnotedsignificantmorphologicaldiffer-ences betweenStrumpfia and theother generaof thetribe.Somescientistsargueagainstcreatingmonotypictribes. Because including Strumpfia in the Chiococ-ceaecreatesagroupofgeneranolongersupportedbyasinglesynapomorphy,wedecidedtorevisittheinclu-sionofStrumpfiaintheChiococceaesensu MannsandBremer.WeexaminedgeneticdivergencesamongthetribesofthesubfamilyCinchonoideaeusingtrnL-FdataanalyzedusingbothMaximumParsimonyandBayes-ianInference.Resultsfromthepresentmoleculardataandmorphologyprovide strong evidence for treatingStrumpfiaasamonotypictribe.1OldDominionUniversity,BiologicalSciences,110MillsGodwinBuilding, 45th StreetW,Norfolk, VA, 23529,USA2IRD -UMRAMAP,HerbierdeGuyane,BoitePostale165,97323CayenneCe-dex,Cayenne,FrenchGuiana

444 WHITLOCK, BARBARA A.*, GUNATHILAKE, ANURADHA and GROFF, PAUL A.

Intraspecific geographic variation of DNA barcodes within Gentiana affinis, Swertia perennis, and western North American Gentianopsis (Gentianaceae)

Severalmarkers have beenproposed asDNAbar-codes for identificationof plant species; however,

an important question is the extent to which thesemarkers vary within species and whether that varia-tionisgeographicallystructured.Wepresentexamples

ofintraspecificgeographicvariationinthreeproposedplantDNAbarcodesinGentiana affinis,Swertia peren-nis, and species of Gentianopsis from western NorthAmerica.Acrosstherangesofco-distributedspecies,wefindsomecommonalitiesinthepatternsofgeographicstructure.Thesegeographicpatternshaveimplicationsforhypothesesofhistoricalbiogeographyandofcom-munitymigrationandassembly,aswellasforthedesignofDNAbarcodingstudies.

University of Miami, Department of Biology, Coral Gables, FL,33124,USA

445 MATHEWS, KATHERINE*1, RUIGROK, MICHELLE2 and MANSION, GUILHEM3

Phylogeny and trait evolution in Sabatia (Gentianaceae) and uneven diversification rates in subtribe Chironiinae

Sabatia(Gentianceae,subtribeChironiinae)isanher-baceous,easternU.S.,primarilycoastalplaingroup

of flowering plants. Previous phylogenetic analyseswithin Sabatia employing three chloroplast noncod-ingregionsandonenuclearrDNAregionresolvedfivewell-supported clades, but relationships among thesecladeswerenotresolved.Theadditionofafourthnon-codingcpDNAregionandanewspeciessuspectedofbeinganearly-evolvinglineagegreatlyincreasesresolu-tionatthebaseofthephylogeny.Wefindevidenceforsingleoriginsofbothstablefloralpolymeryandwhitecorollasfromtheancestralconditionsofpentamerousflowersandpinkcorollas, respectively.Autogamyhasevolved twice in thisprimarilyoutcrossinggenusandappears unrelated to ploidy, but rather to adaptationtoephemeralhabitats.Sabatiaischaracterizedbyhighlevelsofaneuploidy,whichmayberesponsibleforspe-ciation,alongwithgeographicalisolationandecologicalspecialization.Themostancestral species,S.arenicolaandS.campetris,havethelowestchromosomenumbersin thegenus,andploidy increases throughout thege-nus.Sabatia(20species)showsgreaterspeciesrichnessthanitssistergenera,Gyrandra(5species)andEustoma(3species).WeexploreshiftsindiversificationratesinsubtribeChironiinaewithrespecttotraitevolutioninthegroup.1WesternCarolinaUniversity,132NATURALSCIENCEBUILD-ING,CULLOWHEE,NC,28723,USA2HighlandsBiologicalSta-tion,265N.SixthStreet,Highlands,NC,28741,USA3BotanischerGartenundBotanischesMuseumBerlin-Dahlem,FreieUniversitätBerlin,Königin-Luise-Straße6-8,14195Berlin,Germany

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446 DOFFITT, CHRIS*1 and WALLACE, LISA2

Phylogenetic relationships within the genus Amsonia (Apocynaceae) in North America based on chloroplast and nuclear markers

AmsoniaisoneofthefewgeneraintheApocynaceaewith a primarily holoarctic distribution.The ap-

proximately20speciesarefoundinfourgeographicre-gions:southeasternandsouthwesternNorthAmerica,theMediterranean,andJapan.Thisdistributionrepre-sentsadisjunctpattern that isalsoobserved inmanyothertaxonomicgroups.Currentlythegenusisrecog-nizedashaving four sub-generaEuamsonia (includesspeciesfromthesoutheasternU.S.andJapan),Articu-laria,Longiflora,andSpinctosiphon(allfromtheSouth-westernU.S.).The groups of species found in south-easternandsouthwesternNorthAmericaappeartobecomplexesofcloselyrelatedspecies,severalofwhicharerare or of conservation concern.Thiswork examinestherelationshipsofthespecieswithinsoutheasternandsouthwesternNorthAmericawithanemphasisonthemembersof the sub-genusEuamsonia. Inaddition, itexaminestherelationshipofAmsonia orientalis(Medi-terranean)andAmsonia elliptica(Japan)totheNorthAmericanmembersofthegenusbasedonphylogeneticanalysesofcpDNAsequencesderivedfromtrnH-psbA,trnD-trnT, rpi14-rpl36 intergenic spacers, andnuclearsequencesoftheribosomalDNAInternalTranscribedSpacer (ITS)region.The resultingphylogenies suggestthatAmsoniaisnotmonophyleticifA.orientalisandA. ellipticaareincludedinthegenus.Additionally,A. cili-ata, asoutheasternU.S.species,iscloselyrelatedtothesouthwesternspecies,whichsuggeststhatthesub-genusEuamsonia is not monophyletic. Also, some south-eastern taxa are nestedwithin a clade containing thewide-ranging species A. tabernaemontana, providingevidencethatA. tabernaemontanaisnotmonophyleticandisperhapsawide-rangingpolymorphicspecies.ThemorphologyandapparentaffinityofA. ciliatawiththesouthwesternU.S.taxaseemtosuggestaridificationhasprovided a selectivepressure thathas influenced spe-ciation. It is likely that similarabiotic influenceshaveshapedmorphologicalfeaturesinthesoutheasternspe-cies,withthespeciesoccurringondriersitestendingtohavenarrowerleavesandmoretrichomes.1MississippiStateUniversity,DepartmentOfBiologicalSciences,POBoxGY,MississippiState,MS,39762-5759,USA2MississippiStateUniversity,POBoxGY,MississippiState,MS,39762,USA

447 REIN, ANGELA* and FISHBEIN, MARK

Evaluating the Utility of COSII Markers for Phylogenetic Analysis of Non-Twining Milkweed Vines (Apocynaceae, Matelea subgenus Chthamalia)

Though often common in their range throughoutthe Americas, the evolution, classification, and

phylogeny of milkweed vines in subtribe Gonolobi-nae (Apocynaceae) are poorly understood, and havenever received comprehensive systematic or phylo-genetic study. Gonolobinae has a tropical origin, butmanyspeciesexistinsubtropicalandtemperateNorthAmerica,making it an ideal group for ecological andphylogeneticstudyofgrasslandflora.SpeciesofMateleasubg.Chthamaliaareofparticularinterestduetovaria-tioninfloralmorphologyandespeciallygrowthhabit.Itislikelythatoneormorelossesofaclimbinghabithaveevolved in this subgenus.ConservedOrthologous Set(COS)markershavebeendevelopedfromcomparativegenomic data and suggested as phylogenetically use-fulnuclear loci. "Universal"asterid lociwerescreenedacrossApocynaceae,andmilkweedspecificprimersetsweredeveloped.ThirteenspeciesofMateleasubgenusChthamalia havebeenscreenedwiththreeCOSmark-ers,andtheresultingfragmentshavebeensequenced,aligned, and analyzed. COS markers show at leasttwice as much sequence divergence when comparedto chloroplast data for the same species. Preliminaryphylogenetictreesthatestimaterelationshipswithinthesubgenusarepresented.COSmarkersappear tohavephylogeneticutilitybecausetheyaremorevariablethanplastidloci,butindividuallocimaynotresolvemanyre-lationships.Inthefuture,multipleunlinkedloci,includ-ingCOSmarkers,havethepotentialtofurtherresolvephylogeneticrelationshipsinGonolobinae.

OklahomaStateUniversity,DeptOfBotany,104LifeSciencesEast,Stillwater,OK,74078,USA

448 SHARBER, WYATT* and FISHBEIN, MARK

Morphometric and molecular phylogenetic investigations of the Asclepias pringlei complex

Noabstractavailable.

OklahomaStateUniversity,Botany,104LifeSciencesEast,Stillwater,OK,74078,USA

Systematics Section

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449 BYE, ROBERT*1, LUNA-CAVAZOS, MARIO 2 and SOSA, VICTORIA1

Etnobotany, geography, and systematics of Datura (Solanaceae) in MegaMexico

Datura isoneof5generaoftheSolanaceaethatisendemictoMegaMexico(sensuRzedowski).The

ethnobotany is based upon the employment of spe-cific chemical active principles (i.e., alkaloids). Vari-ous tropane alkaloids which provoke delirium havebeenincorporatedinprehispanicritualsthatpersisttopresent-day. Medicinally, jimsonweed (or "toloache")usesareassociatedwithitsanti-inflammatoryandan-tiseptic properties. An overdose can produce deathwhileasublethaldosiscaninduceatemporarydisori-entationor,ifpermanent,aconditionreferredtoas"enlimbo"or"entoloachado"or"zombi".Datura metelwasdomesticated as an ornamental. Some species (suchasD. feroxyD. stramonium)areweedyandfoundonmost of the continents with considerable variation.Newculturalevidencehasbeeninterpretedtosupportpre-Columbiandispersalof2speciestotheOldWorld.Geographicanalysis indicates that the speciesaredis-tributednaturally in the arid regionsof southwesternUSAtonorthernCentralAmerica.Themajorityofthespeciesareconcentratedin3ofthe19MexicanBiogeo-graphicProvinces:AltiplanoNorte,AltiplanoSur,andSierraMadreOccidental.Thelatitude,theprecipitationofthedriesttrimester,andthealtitudepredictthedis-tributionofDaturainMexico.Conventionaltaxonomyrecognizes14speciesdividedamong3sectionsestab-lishedbyBernhardi(1833):1)Datura(oStramonium),2)Dutra,and3)Ceratocaulis.Thoughoriginallycon-sideredafourthsection,Brugmansia(treedatura)isthesistergenusbaseduponmorphologicalandmolecularcharacters.Baseduponpheneticandphylogeneticanal-ysesofdataderivedfrommorphometry,isozymes,andcDNA,wepropose that the sectionDutra bedividedinto2sections.1InstitutodeEcología,A.C.,BiologíaEvolutiva,Xalapa,Veracruz,Mexico2ColegiodePostgraduados,Botánica,Montecillo,Mexico,Mexico

450 CROAT, THOMAS

Phytogeography of the Araceae in the Guianas

TheAraceaeof theGuianasnumber fewer species(23generaand165taxa)thancomparableareasof

similarsizeinthewesternAndesbuttheyarecompara-blyrichinendemicswith50%ofthespeciesendemicto the Guianas and 70% endemic to eastern SouthAmerica.TheGuianas sharewith theAndesmost ofthesamegenerawithonlyChlorospatha absentamongthewidespreadgenera.IncomparisontowesternSouthAmerica,speciesdiversityismuchlowerintheGuianas.

Philodendronwith65species(42%endemic)isthelarg-estgenus.Asubsetof14speciesareinsubgenusPtero-mischum.Anthurium,with22species(68%endemictoeasternSouthAmerica)isthesecondlargestgenus.ThegenusCaladiumisunusuallyrichintheGuianaswith4species,threeofwhichareendemictotheregion.Dief-fenbachiahas9species(55%endemictotheGuianas).Dracontiumhas3species,twoofwhichoccuronlyinEasternSouthAmerica.Heteropsiswith6speciesisalsoprimarilyendemictoeasternSouthAmerica.Monsterawith6speciesintheGuianashasonlyonespeciesen-demic.Rhodospatha has 4 specieswith no endemics.Spathiphyllumhas6species,fourofwhichareendemictoEasternSouthAmericaandStenospermationhas5species,4ofwhichareendemictoEasternSouthAmer-ica. Syngonium has 2 rather widespread species andXanthosomahas13species,8ofwhichareendemictotheRegionoftheGuianas.

The distribution ofAraceaewithin theGuianas isunevenwithfewerspeciesinGuyana(78)andin

Suriname(100)thaninFrenchGuiana(129).ThismaybeduethepresenceoflargeareasofsavannavegetationinSurinameandGuyanawherearoidsarescarceaswellbythefactthatFrenchGuianaisbothmoreheavilyfor-estedandhasalargerpercentageofAmazonianspecieswhilestillretainingasubstantialpercentageofspeciesendemictotheGuianas.

MissouriBotanicalGarden,DepartmentOfBotany,P.O.Box299,St.Louis,MO,63166-0299,USA

451 CARLSEN, MONICA

Understanding the tempo and mode of evolution of the genus Anthurium Schott (Araceae) using a molecular phylogeny

Anthurium is the richest genus in Araceae,withca. 1000 speciesdistributed throughout theNeo-

tropics.Itisalsoamongthemostbasallineagesinthefamily, and in comparisonwithother early divergenttaxa inAraceae, it shows an extremelywide rangeofmorphological diversity. In this study, a molecularphylogeny based on combined chloroplast (trnG in-tron,trnH-psbAandtrnC-ycf6intergenicspacers)andnuclear(secondintronofCHS)DNAdatasetswasusedtounderstandthetimingandpatternofdiversificationwithin thegenus.Molecular evidence reveals that theinitialdivergencebetweenAnthuriumanditssisterge-nusPothos isquiteold,but itwasmuch later in timethatAnthuriumitselfdiversifiedexplosively.Amolecu-larsignatureofverylowDNAsequencedifferentiationamongspeciesandincreaseddiversificationratewhencomparedtoitssistergenus,suggeststhatarapidradia-tiongaverisetomostofthespecieswithinAnthurium.Ontheotherhand,thereisahighrateofmorphologicaldifferentiation among species, with highly homopla-sious leaf shape, venation and texture characteristics,andmorestableinflorescenceandfruitcharacters.Thepatternofrapiddiversificationisalsocoupledwithge-

181

ography,where species in closegeographicproximityaremorecloselyrelatedtoeachother,eveniftheydifferintermsofvegetativemorphology.

MissouriBotanicalGarden,POBox299,St.Louis,MO,63166,USA

452 LOPEZ PEREDO, ELENA*1, LES, DONALD1, BENOIT, LORI1 and TIPPERY, NICHOLAS2

Cryptic speciation in Najas marina L. (Hydrocharitaceae)

Najas marina is a cosmopolitan aquatic monocotcurrentlyviewedascomprising12subspecieswith

sixvarieties.Thisistheonlydioeciousspeciesinanoth-erwisemonoeciousgroupofannualhydrophilesandre-solvesphylogeneticallyasthesistertotheremainderofthegenus.ThreedistinctkaryotypeshavebeenreportedforN. marina,includingoneautotetraploid(’BB’)andtwo diploid (’A’, ’B’) races.The A and B karyotypesdiffer extensively by rearrangements resulting fromthebreakage and reunionof chromosomal segments.Previousstudieshaveassociatedtheserearrangementswithhighinfertility,whichismanifestbyextremege-neticdivergencebetween thediploidkaryotypes (e.g.,noallozymeallelessharedat23locisurveyed).AspartofanongoingsystematicstudyofNajas,weareevaluat-ingtheintraspecifictaxonomyofN. marina usingDNAsequenceanalysis.Incontrasttothecurrentlyproposedtaxonomy, an analysis ofDNA sequence data for 22globallydistributedpopulationsresolvesonlytwodis-tinctlineageswithinN. marina,whicharguablycorre-spondtothetwofundamentalkaryotypes.Ourresultsconfirmthat thesekaryotypesrarelyare interfertileasindicated by their substantial level ofDNA sequencedivergenceatbothcpDNAandnuclearregions.Unex-pectedly,allEurasianmaterialanalyzed(China,CzechRepublic,Latvia) presumably corresponds to the Akaryotype (i.e., subsp.marina)despite theknownoc-currence of B karyotypes in this region. Conversely,allNorthAmericanmaterial (ostensibly karyotypeB;subsp.intermedia)isessentiallyidenticaltoplantsfromAustralia,therebysupportinganearlierhypothesisthatNewWorldplantsrepresentarecentintroduction.Ourinability to detectB karyotypes fromother regions iscuriousandweareexpandingourgeographicalsurveytoresolvethisdiscrepancy.Exceptforminorseedchar-acters (whichdifferbetween the twokarytotypes),wecannotdetectanyconsistentpatternofmorphologicalvariation to support those infraspecific taxadelimitedpreviously.Rather,we regardN. marina as an aggre-gatetaxonoftwocrypticspecies,whichareeffectivelyisolatedreproductivelybytheirextensivelyrearrangedgenomes.1UniversityOfConnecticut,Ecology&EvolutionaryBiology,75N.EaglevilleRoad,Unit3043,Storrs,CT,06269-3043,USA2UniversityOfWisconsin-Whitewater,DepartmentofBiologicalSciences,800WMainSt,Whitewater,WI,53190

453 LES, DONALD*1, BENOIT, LORI1, LOPEZ PEREDO, ELENA1 and KING, URSULA2

"Now that's not Najas!" A genetic marker for the water sprites (Najas; Hydrocharitaceae)

Increasingly,procedurestofacilitateplantidentifica-tionhavebecomesoughtafter,especiallyasthelevel

of botanical expertise dwindles while infestations ofinvasive speciesmultiply. Aquatic plants are particu-larlydifficult to identify, even to genus, as theyoftenarefoundinvegetativeconditionwherefewdistinctivecharacteristics are apparent to the casual observer. Insuchcases,theidentificationofindividualspeciesusingacharacteristic'DNAbarcode'regionhasbeenofferedas onepotential solution, buthas been the subject ofsomedebate,particularlywithrespecttoprovidingthemosteffectiveanddistinctivegeneticregionforanalysis.Atbest,identificationsusingDNAbarcodesstillinvolveasomewhatlengthysequencingprotocolandtheavail-abilityofexpensivetechnicalequipment.Asweevalu-ated next-generation (454) genomic DNA sequencedataforNajas flexilis,wediscoveredonecpDNAregion,whichdifferedbyasimple3bp(AGA)insertrelativetoalargenumber(>100)ofangiospermfamilysequencesdepositedinGenBank,includingonefromtheclosely-relatedAraceae.TheinsertoccurswithintheLSCregionofthechloroplastgenomewithinarelativelyconserved28 bp spacer between the psaA and psaB genes. Toevaluate thephylogeneticpotentialof thismarker,wedevelopedaPCR/RFLPmethod,whichenabledus tocharacterizemoreexplicitlytheextentoftheinsertbyrapidlysurveyingnineotherNajasspeciesaswellasarepresentativesampleof24otheralismatidgenerafrom10families:Alismataceae(Alisma,Astonia,Sagittaria),Aponogetonaceae (Aponogeton), Butomaceae (Buto-mus), Cymodoceaceae (Halodule, Syringodium, Tha-lassodendron), Hydrocharitaceae (Blyxa, Egeria, Elo-dea,Enhalus,Hydrilla,Hydrocharis,Ottelia,Stratiotes,Thalassia, Vallisneria), Juncaginaceae (Triglochin),Posidoniaceae (Posidonia), Potamogetonaceae (Pota-mogeton),Ruppiaceae(Ruppia)andZosteraceae(Phyl-lospadix,Zostera).OursurveyindicatedthatthisgeneticmarkerwasnotuniquetoNajas flexilis;however,itwasrestrictedtotheNajas speciesanalyzed.Thus,thiscoin-cidentaldiscoveryfrom454sequencedatahasprovidedasimple,rapid,PCR-basedtechniquethatconfidentlyseparatesNajasspeciesfromsuperficiallysimilargenerasuchasEgeria,Elodea,Hydrilla,andPotamogeton.1UniversityOfConnecticut, Ecology&Evolutionary Biology, 75N.EaglevilleRoad,Unit3043,Storrs,CT,06269-3043,USA2TrinityCollegeDublin,Biology,Dublin,Ireland

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454 BENOIT, LORI*1 and LES, DONALD2

Phylogenetic structure in the cosmopolitan aquatic angiosperm Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle (Hydrocharitaceae): evidence for cryptic speciation in a monotypic genus?

Hydrilla verticillata(L.f.)Royle(Hydrocharitaceae),asubmersed,cosmopolitanaquaticplant,current-

lyisrecognizedastheonlyspeciesofamonotypicge-nus.Presumably,itsnativerangeincludesAustralia,In-diaandSoutheastAsia;itisinvasiveintheUnitedStates,withtwointroducedbiotypes(dioecious;monoecious).Thesebiotypesaresimilarmorphologically,withmuchof their vegetative variation attributed to phenotypicplasticity.Hereweevaluatephylogeneticandnonpara-metricnetworkmethodstoreconstructcomplexgenegenealogies, determine origins of introduced popu-lations, and identify clades that might be significanttaxonomically. Nuclear (nrITS; cloned nrITS; phy-toenedesaturase-PDS;clonedPDS),andplastid(trnLintron/trnL-Fspacer)sequenceswereevaluated.Maxi-mum parsimony analyses resolved four clades (PDS)orthreeclades(ITS;trnL/trnL-F).ThecladesrecoveredforPDShadgreatersupportthanthoseforITS,butthetopologieswerecongruentoverall.CladesIandII(ITS;PDS)contained‘USdioecious’haplotypesaswellasge-nomicsequencesandhaplotypesfromBurundi,China,India,andNepal.AccessionsfromEurope,Japan,andKoreacomprisedathirdcladethatwaswell-supportedinalltrees.Afourth,broadlyIndo-Pacificclade(Aus-tralia,IndonesiaandMalaysia),wasnotwell-supportedinthenucleargenetrees.‘USmonoecious’haplotypeswerefoundincladesIIandIVinPDS,butonlyincladeIVinITS.PlastiddataplacedtheUSmonoecioushap-lotypewithanuncommonKoreanhaplotype;neitherwaspartofcladeIII,whichcontainedthemostcom-monlyfoundKoreannucleargenesequences.AlldataindicatedthatUSdioeciousplantsoriginatedfromIn-dia,aresultconsistentwithpreviouslypublishedphe-neticanalyses.Clonednucleargenesequencesrevealedacomplex,somewhatreticulategenehistory,whichforsomeaccessionsandrelationshipswasbettervisualizedusingnetworkratherthantree-basedmethods.Phylo-geographicpatterns indicatedgeneticdivergenceoverlargespatialscales,butadditionaldatawillberequiredto assess whether the clades described here deservetaxonomicrecognition,perhapsascrypticspecies.Mor-phologicalcharacteranalysesalsoareunderwayforthispurpose.1UniversityOfConnecticut,Ecology&EvolutionaryBiology,75N.EaglevilleRoad,Unit3043,Storrs,CT,06269-3043,USA2UniversityOfConnecticut,DepartmentOfEcology&EvolutionaryBiology,75N.EaglevilleRoad,Unit3043,Storrs,CT,06269-3043,USA

455 LEE, CHANG SHOOK1, LEE, BO RA2, KIM, SEUNG-CHUL*3 and LEE, NAMSOOK2

Phylogeny of genus Lilium (Liliaceae) based on nrDNA ITS and cpDNA matK sequences, with special emphasis on Korean species

ThegenusLiliumL.includesapproximately100spe-ciesandisdistributedmainlyintemperateregions.

About11taxa,threeofwhichareendemic(L. hansonii, L. amabile,andL. callosumvar.flavum),arewidelydis-tributedintheKoreanpeninsula.Infragenericclassifi-cationofthegenushasbeenproblematicandthushasbeen subject of considerable investigations. Previousmolecular phylogenetic studies provided several in-sightsintounderstandinginfragenericclassificationofthegenus.Theseearlierstudies,however,eitherfocusedonsomesections(e.g.,LiriotypusandSinomartagon)orhave limitedsampling for thephylogenyof theentiregenus.UsingITSsequencesofnrDNA,weconductedmost comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of Liliumbased on 196 accessions (83 species and 14 varieties)andevaluatedinfragenericclassification.TheITSdatashowedthatonlyonesection,Martagon,ismonophy-letic.Threesections,Archelirion,Liriotypus,andPseu-dolirium arenotmonophyleticbecause two,one,andtwospeciesineachsectionwereplacedinotherlineage,respectively.TwomajorlineagesofsectionLeucolirionwereconfirmedinthisstudy,andsectionSinomartagonishighlypolyphyletic.TheoriginofLiliumhansonii, aKoreanendemictoUlleungIsland,isperplexinggiventhefactthatithasribotypeofMartagon,whileitscp-DNAhaplotypeissimilartoSinomartagon.Theoriginofanotherendemic,L. amabile, isequallyelusive.WedeterminedthatL.callosumvar.flavumoriginatedfromL. callosum in southern Korea.We sequenced matKregionofcpDNA,asanindependentsourceofphylo-geneticinformation,andreevaluatedinfragenericclas-sificationofLilium.The50%bootstrapconsensustreeismoderatelyresolvedamongmajorgroups,whilewithineachgroupishighlyunresolved.ThreemajorlineageswithinLiliumwereidentifiedbasedonmatKsequences,but theoriginsof threeKoreanendemicspecieswerenotassessedduetolackofenoughresolutions.MajorlineagesofLiliumandoriginsofKoreanendemicspe-cies and comparisons between nrDNA and cpDNAmatKgenetreewillbediscussedindetails.1EwhaWomansUniversity,InstituteofEcoScience,Seoul,120-750,KOREA2EwhaWomansUniversity,LifeSciences,Seoul,120-750,KOREA3SunkyunkwanUniversity,BiologicalSciences,300Cheon-cheonDong,Suwon,Gyeonggi-do,440-746,KOREA

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456 HEANEY, JAMES*1, COOPER, HILLARY2, RUIZ-SANCHEZ, EDUARDO3, SPECHT, CHELSEA3, SOLTIS, DOUGLAS4 and SOLTIS, PAMELA5

Systematics of Nolina (Nolineae, Ruscaceae)

Nolinaistaxonomicallycomplexandbadlyinneedofmolecular phylogenetic analysis. Recent stud-

iesofNolineaehave focusedoneitherBeaucarneaorDasylirion.RelationshipsinNolinaandtherelationshipofthegenustoothergeneraoftheRuscaceaeremainun-clear.Weusedalargeplastiddataset(5607bp),aswellasITS,for41taxa(22inNolina)toelucidaterelation-ships amongNolina species and betweenNolina anditsclosestrelatives.Support for themonophylyof thetribeisstrong.Unlikeinpreviousanalyseswithsignifi-cantlysmallersamplesizes,allthreegeneraareconsis-tentlyresolvedasmonophyletic.Beaucarnea (includingCalibanus)issistertoDasylirion,andthesetwogroupsformastronglysupportedcladesistertoNolina.How-ever,fewmorphologicalsynapomorphiesforNolinaareapparent.Thepronouncedsecondarythickeningatthestembase,asoccursinBeaucarnea,isabsentinNolina,exceptinN. interrata.Serrationsontheleafmarginsareminute,asopposedtopronounced inDasylirion,andinflorescences are typically open panicles unlike thecloselypackedpaniclesinDasylirion.Nonetheless,ex-ceptionsdooccurinDasylirion,andminutelyserratedleafmarginsandopeninflorescencesalsocharacterizeBeaucarnea.ThishasledtothelumpingofBeaucarneawithNolinainsomeprevioustreatments.RelationshipswithinNolinawillbediscussedinthecontextoftheclas-sificationbyTreleaseintofoursections,althoughthesegroupsgenerallyappear tobeartificial inpreliminaryresults.1UniversityOfFlorida,DickinsonHall,MuseumRoad,Gainesville,FL,32611-7800,USA2NorthernArizonaUniversity,DepartmentofBiologicalSciences,P.O.Box5640,Flagstaff,AZ,86011,USA3Uni-versityofCalifornia,Berkeley,DepartmentofPlantandMicrobialBiology,111KoshlandHall,MC3102,Berkeley,CA,94720,US-A4UniversityOfFlorida,DepartmentOfBotany,220BARTRAMHALL,Gainesville,FL,32611,USA5UniversityOfFlorida,FloridaMuseumOfNaturalHistory,DickinsonHall,Gainesville,FL,32611-7800,USA

457 WILSON, CAROL

Progress toward a new subgeneric classification for Iris

Previoussystematictreatmentsfortheapproximate-ly300speciesofIrisrecognizedsixsubgeneraand

twotofivesegregatedgenerabasedoncharacterssuchas sepal beards and/or crests, seed arils, and the typeofgeophyticorganpresent.Recentphylogeneticstud-ieshaveshownthatseveralofthesesubgeneraarenot

monophyleticandthatmostofthecharactersusedinearlierclassificationsarehomoplasticacrossthegenus.Phylogenetic relationships among the six Iris subgen-erawerereconstructedbasedonchloroplastsequencedatausingmaximumlikelihoodandBayesianinferencemethods.Apreliminaryclassificationispresentedthatrecognizes10subgeneraandoneunresolvedclade.Leaf,floralandgeophyticmorphologyandstructureareex-aminedinlightofthenewinformationonevolutionaryrelationships.Lineagesnotfullysampledandthosethatarenotconsideredstablearealsodiscussed.

RanchoSantaAnaBotanicGarden,1500NorthCollegeAvenue,Claremont,CA,91711-3157,USA

458 GUO, JINYAN*1 and WILSON, CAROL2

Are sepal crests phylogenetically informative in Iris

Crested irises account formore than one fifth ofthe approximately 270 species in the genus Iris

and are distributed across three subgenera, Limniris,Nepalensis, and Scorpiris. An elaborated ridge that isparallel and perpendicular to the lamina of the sepaldistinguishes crested species. In these species, crestsare morphologically diverse, mostly because of ridgeelaborations. Subgenus Limniris section Lophiris spe-cieswerehistorically grouped together and called the"crested iris"basedon their sharedcharactersofa se-palcrestthatisoftenrelativelylarge,conspicuous,andbrightlycoloredandthepresenceofrhizomes.Allofthecrested species in subgenera Nepalensis and Limnirisandabout30%ofthespeciesinScorpirisweresampled.PhylogeneticanalyseswerebasedonmatK,trnK, trnL-trnF,rpoB-trnC,psbJ-petA andrpl32-trnL sequencedataandstructuralstudiesusedlightandSEMmicroscopy.OurpreliminaryresultsshowthatsectionLophirisisnotmonophyleticandthatcrestsevolvedindependentlyatleastsixtimesinIris.Acorecrestedcladewasresolved,whichconsistsoftwoeasternAsiansectionLophiris lin-eagesandspeciesfromsubgeneraScorpirisand Nepal-ensis.FivespeciescurrentlyassignedtosectionLophiris represent three additional independent lineageswhiletwospecieswithinsubgenusLimnirissectionLimnirisseriesChinensis represent the other two independentcrestorigins.Althoughthepresenceofasepalcrestishomoplastic andhasmultiple independent origins inIris,macro-andmicro-morphologicalstudiesofmaturesepalcrestsfromeachlineageshowedthatthischaracterisphylogeneticallyinformative.1RanchoSantaAnaBotanicGarden/ClaremontGraduateUniver-sity,Botany,1500NorthCollegeAve.,Claremont,CA,91711,USA-2RanchoSantaAnaBotanicGarden,1500NorthCollegeAvenue,Claremont,CA,91711-3157,USA

Systematics Section

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459 HONG-WA, CYNTHIA*1 and BESNARD, GUILLAUME2

Phylogeny of the genus Noronhia (Oleaceae) and relatives: inferences from nuclear and chloroplast sequence data

Noronhia(Oleaceae)currentlycomprises45species,allofwhichareendemictotheMalagasyfloristic

region(43speciesinMadagascarand2intheComoroIslands). Noronhia is a morphologically and ecologi-callyverydiversegroup,whosecloserelationshipwiththethreeMalagasyspeciesofChionanthus(previouslyincludedinLinociera)haslongbeensuggested.Recentmolecular phylogenies indicate unresolved relation-shipswithinsubtribeOleinae,whichincludesNoronhia,Chionanthus,Olea and nine other extant and extinctgenera.Inthisstudy,thephylogeneticutilityofchloro-plast(trnLF,trnTL,trnSG,matK)andnuclear(nrITS,Tpi)DNAmarkersinidentifyingrelationshipswithinsubtribeOleinaeisassessed,themonophylyofNoron-hiaisinvestigated,andrelationshipsamongitsspeciesareexamined.NineofthetwelvegenerawithinOleinaeweresampledandpreliminaryresultsshowimprovedresolutionof phylogenetic relationships among them.NoronhiaandChionanthusfromtheMalagasyfloristicregionformamonophyleticgroup,sistertoanAfricanclade of Chionanthus (formerly Linociera). A near-completespecies-levelphylogenyofNoronhiashowsanunexpectedlackofgeneticvariationamongspeciestoallowmeaningful reconstructionof infra-genericrela-tionships,andsuggestsarapidand/orrecentradiationwithinMadagascarorslowmolecularevolution.Resultsalsosuggestseveralcasesofpara-orpolyphylywithinOleinae;these,withpreviousstudies,callforacompre-hensivetaxonomicrevisionwithinthefamily.1UniversityofMissouri-St.Louis,Biology,OneUniversityBlvd,St.Louis,MO,63121,USA2CNRSUMR5174-UniversitéPaulSabatier,LaboratoireEDB,118RuedeNarbonne,Toulouse,31062,France

460 KEENE, JEREMY*1 and BALLARD JR, HARVEY2

An examination of the species limits within the Monopyle sodiroana complex (Gesneriaceae)

TheMonopyle sodiroanacomplexintheGesneria-ceae ranges from central Colombia through

northernPeru. It is composedof both terrestrial andepiphyticplants.Thistaxonwasoriginallydescribedashavinglaciniatecalyxmarginsandaterminalinflores-cence.Subsequenttreatments,ignoringtheseparticulardiagnosticcharacters,haveledtosomeconfusionastowhatdefinesthespeciesandseparatesitfromrelatives.Interpretationofinflorescencestructure(e.g.,terminalversusaxillaryinflorescencetype)fromspecimenshas

proven challenging and confusing to lay taxonomistsandspecialistsalike.Moreover,thelackofadesignatedtypeandinclusionofamixedcollectionbySodirohaveexacerbatedtheproblemofitspropercircumscriptionandfosteredanoverallmisunderstandingofthemor-phologyofthistaxon.Thegoalofthisstudyistopre-cisely circumscribe M. sodiroana morphologically inanarrowsense,designateanappropriatelectotypeforthenameM. sodiroana,andthendescribe theseveralnewspeciescurrentlypassingunderthatnameandre-latedmorphologicallytoit.Thusfar,ninemorphologi-callydistinctivespecieshavebeensegregatedfromthispolymorphiccomplex.Thesevarybyindument,calyxshape,andconsistent charactersofleaves.Thetaxaarealso geographically separate, narrowly endemic, andonlyoccupymoistmontaneforesthabitats.1OhioUniversity,Environmental&PlantBiology,PorterHall317,Athens,OH,45701,USA2OhioUniversity,Environmental&PlantBiology,315PorterHall,Athens,OH,45701,USA

461 MORA , M. MARCELA*1 and CLARK, JOHN L.2

A preliminary phylogeny of the Neotropical plant genus Paradrymonia (Gesneriaceae) based on chloroplast and nuclear markers

Paradrymonia(Gesneriaceae)isagenusoffacultativeepiphyticherbswith 38 currently recognized spe-

cies.ItoccursthroughouttheNeotropicsexceptforSEBrazilandtheCaribbeanwithcentersofdiversityinCo-lombiaandEcuador.MonophylyofParadrymonia andspeciesrelationshipswithinthegenusandcloselyrelat-edgenerawereevaluatedbasedonmolecularsequencedatafromthenuclearribosomal(nrDNA)internalandexternaltranscribedspacerregions(ITSandETS),andthechloroplast(cpDNA)trnH-psbA intergenicspacer.Analysesutilizingparsimony,maximumlikelihoodandBayesianinferencemethodswereusedtoassessphylo-geneticrelationshipsamongthe22speciesofParadry-moniaandcloselyrelatedgenera.ApreliminaryanalysisstronglysupportsthatParadrymonia,ascurrentlycir-cumscribed, ispolyphyleticandincludestaxa inthreedifferentclades.ThecladethatcontainsthetypespeciesisdescribedasParadrymoniasensustricto(s.s)andin-cludesthreespecies:Paradrymonia ciliosa,P. decurrensandP. campostyla.TheParadrymonia s.s.cladeissistertoacladethatincludesspeciesofNautilocalyx,Chryso-themis and other species traditionally recognized asParadrymonia.AnothercladeincludingParadrymonia longifoliaandP. anisophyllanestwithinaparaphyleticDrymonia. Our results support a re-circumscriptionofParadrymonia and the resurrectionofapreviouslyrecognized genus name, Trichodrymonia, in order toaccommodate the remaining ex-Paradrymonia spe-cies.Morphologicalcharacterssuchasbeardedanthers,rosettehabit,andanisophyllyarediscussedaspotential

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charactersforcircumscribinggenericboundaries.1TheUniversity of Alabama, Department of Biological Sciences,Tuscaloosa,Al,35487-0345,USA2TheUniversityofAlabama,,De-partmentofBiologicalSciences,Box870345,Tuscaloosa,,AL,35487,USA

462 SCHULTE, LACIE J.*1, OOI, MAGGIE T.2, JEFFRIES, SHANDRA K.2, CLARK, JOHN L.3, AMAYA MARQUEZ, MARISOL4 and SMITH, JAMES5

Phylogeny and climatic and morphological adaptation in the angustata clade of Columnea (Gesneriaceae)

Tobetterrecognizeandappreciatethemechanismsofspeciationwemustfirstunderstandthepatterns

and processes of important evolutionary/ecologicalforcesthatdrivetheprocess.ThetropicalplantfamilyGesneriaceaeoffersresearchersinsightintothespecia-tionprocess.Until recentlyphylogeneticresolutionofthe familyGesneriaceaehasprovendifficultbasedonmorphological characteristics alone. Molecular datahavebeguntoshedlightontheevolutionaryrelation-shipsof the family, specifically focusingon thegenusColumnea.PreviousmorphologicaldatahadplacedthespeciesofColumneaintoasinglegenus(Columnea)di-videdintofivesections.Themostrecentmoleculardataisbeginningtobreakdownthispreviousclassificationsystemandshowssupportforsevencladeswithinthegenus.Oneofthewell-supportedmonophyleticgroups,the angustata clade, needs to be investigated further.Speciesfoundwithintheangustatacladeareepiphyteswith small (< 5cm), slightly ventricose corollas, shortpedicels (< 2cm), and inflorescences of 3-12 flowers.Thisstudyusessevengeneregions(5cpDNAregions,ITS,andETS)todeterminewhichspeciesbelongwithintheangustatacladeandtoplacethosespeciesinawellsupportedphylogenetictree.Thistreewillthenbeusedtomapbothmorphologicalcharacteristicsandclimatevariables to study correlations among sister specieswithinthecladetoinferevolutionarypatternsandpro-cesses.1BoiseStateUniversity,BiologicalSciences,1910UniversityDrive,Boise,ID,83725-1515,USA2BoiseStateUniversity,BiologicalSci-ences, 1910 University Drive, Boise, ID3University of Alabama,BiologicalSciences,Box870345,Tusacaloosa,AL,35487,USA4Uni-versidad Nacional de Colombia, Instituto de Ciencias Naturales,Aptdo.Aereo 7495,Bogota,Colombia5BOISESTATEUNIVER-SITY,BiologyDepartment,1910UNIVERSITYDRIVE,Boise,ID,83725-1515,USA

463 KIEL, CARRIE*1, MCDADE, LUCINDA2 and DANIEL, THOMAS3

Unraveling Relationships Among the Morphologically Diverse and Taxonomically Complex New World Justicioids

Thediversejusticioidlineage(ca.1000species)ispartofthelarge,pantropicaltribeJusticieae(Acantha-

ceae).Manyjusticioidsshareanumberofmorphologi-calcharacteristics,notably,(1)thepresenceofarugula:achannel-likestructureformedbyparallelridgesofco-rollatissuethatpartiallyenclosethestyle,and(2)‘anthercomplexity’(i.e.,expandedconnective,reduced,highlymodified,orsteriletheca).ComprisingthemajorityofthismonophyleticlineagearemembersofJusticia fromtheOldWorld(OW)andNewWorld(NW).Justiciaisbothspeciesrich,particularlyintheNewWorldtropics,andtaxonomicallyproblematic.OurphylogeneticdatashowthatJusticia ishighlypolyphyleticandcontradictthemostrecentinfra-genericclassification.AllNWJus-ticiaandfivesmallerNWgenera(collectively"NWjus-ticioids")formastronglysupportedclade,withsignifi-cantresolutionformajorsubcladesbutwithmoderatetolowsupportforrelationshipsamongthem.OWJus-ticia,however,isgrosslyparaphyletic.Interestingly,thespecies-richDiclipterinaeembeddedwithinjusticioidsputativelyhavelostthemorphologicaltraitsthatmarkjusticioidsandthushavenotpreviouslybeenassociatedwith them. Here we present our recent phylogeneticwork from nuclear PHOT1-2, nrITS and chloroplasttrnS-G,trnT-L,rpS16,rpL16,trnL(uag)-ndhF, ndhAgeneswithafocusonthespeciesrichNWjusticioidlineage.Inaddition,were-evaluatecharacterstraditionallyusedintaxonomyclassificationsofJusticiainparticular,pollen,androecium,andinflorescencecharacters,anddiscussmorphologicalevidencethatsupportthehypothesizedphylogeneticrelationshipsamongNWjusticioids.1Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden, 1500 North College Ave.,Claremont,CA,91711,USA2RanchoSantaAnaBotanicGarden,DepartmentOfBotany,1500N.CollegeAvenue,Claremont,CA,91711,USA3CaliforniaAcademyofSciences,DepartmentofBot-any,55MusicConcourseDrive,GoldenGatePark,SanFrancisco,CA,94118,USA

Systematics Section

186

464 MCDADE, LUCINDA*1, DANIEL, THOMAS2 and KIEL, CARRIE3

Making sense of massive polyphyly of the genus Carlowrightia (Acanthaceae: Justicieae: Tetramerium Lineage)

In our first paper on phylogenetic relationshipsamong members of the Tetramerium lineage

(Acanthaceae:Justicieae;Danieletal.2008.SystBot33:416-436),wereportedanumberofresultsthatwerenotcongruentwithexistingtaxonomictreatmentsoftheseplants.Thiswas especially true ofNewWorld plantsamong which only a single non-monospecific genuswas shown to be monophyletic with strong support(i.e.,Tetramerium).Eveninthiscontext,Carlowrightia,agenusof26species(12sampledfortheearlierstudy)wasnoteworthy,withspeciesplacedinthreedifferentclades.More recently,with thegoalofunderstandingthe evolutionary history of the genus as a whole, wehaveadded sixadditional species (carefully chosen toencompassmorphologicaldiversityandthegeographicrangeofthegenus).Analysisofadatasetofnearly4500bpsconfirmsresultsforthe12previouslysampledtaxaand places some of those newly sampled as expectedbasedonmorphologicalcharacters.Incontrast,threeofthenewlysampledtaxaareplacedintwonewclades.ArgentinianC.sulcataispartofacladereferredtoastheSouthAmericanAnisacanthuscladeinourearlierpa-per,addingsupporttothenotionofageographicsignalamongtheseplants.TwoChihuahuandesertspecies,C. parvifoliaandC. albifloraareplacedwithmonospecificGypsacanthuswhichsharesthesamehabitat.Plantsofspecies of Carlowrightia vary markedly in corollamorphology (from subactinomoprhic to pseudopap-ilionaceous)andalso inseedmorphology;patternsofvariationinthesetraitsaremostlycongruentwithournewphylogeneticresultsalbeitwithsomenotableex-ceptions.1RanchoSantaAnaBotanicGarden,DepartmentOfBotany,1500N.CollegeAvenue,Claremont,CA,91711,USA2CaliforniaAcad-emyofSciences,DepartmentofBotany,55MusicConcourseDrive,GoldenGatePark,SanFrancisco,CA,94118,USA3RanchoSantaAna BotanicGarden, 1500NorthCollegeAve., Claremont, CA,91711,USA

465 TRIPP, ERIN*1, MCDADE, LUCINDA2, ISA, SITI FATIMAH3 and DARBYSHIRE, IAIN1

Physacanthus (Acanthaceae): a heteroplasmic, intergeneric, interlineage hybrid?

Taxonomic affinities of the genus Physacanthus (Acanthaceae)havebeeninquestionforwellover

a century.Different authors have classified the genusintooneoftwodistantlyrelatedlineagesinthefamily:tribesAcantheaeorRuellieae.Morphological features(e.g., presence/absence of cystoliths,monothecous vs.bithecousanthers,openorascendingcochlearvs.con-tort corolla aestivation) support the phylogenetic dis-tinctivenessofAcantheaeandRuellieae,andanalysesofmoleculardataindicatethatthetwocladesarenotsistertaxa.Thus,itiscuriousthatresearchershavestruggledtoclassifythisgenusbasedonitsphenotype.Toascer-tainwhichlineagePhysacanthus isalliedto,were-eval-uatedmorphologyofthegenus andgeneratednuclearandchloroplastsequencedatafor18accessionsrepre-sentingallthreespeciesinthegenus.Unexpectedly,inmultiple instances,cloningledtotheretrievalofbothAcantheae- and Ruellieae-like chloroplast genotypesfromsingleaccessionsofPhysacanthus,indicatingthatplantsareheteroplasmic.Althoughourlimitednucleardata(here,onlyITS)donotsupportthehybridhypoth-esis,morphologydoes:speciesofPhysacanthus possesssometraitscharacteristicofAcantheae,butotherschar-acteristicofRuellieae.1RoyalBotanicGardens,Kew,Herbarium,Tw93ab,Richmond,Sur-rey,UK2RanchoSantaAnaBotanicGarden,DepartmentOfBotany,1500N.CollegeAvenue,Claremont,CA,91711,USA3RanchoSantaAnaBotanicGarden,1500NCollegeAve,Claremont,CA,91711,USA

466 FRAGA, NAOMI

Examining diversity in Western Mimulus (Phrymaceae): Evidence from morphological and molecular data reveals hidden species

Atleast66speciesofMimulus arecurrentlylistedbyU.S.governmentagenciesandnativeplantso-

cietiesassensitive,rare,orendangered,makingMimu-lusagroupofconservationconcern.However,speciesdelimitationand taxonomic relationships inMimulusremainunclear,with90 to150species recognized. Inmany recent regional treatments of the group, somepreviously recognized rare specieswith limiteddistri-butions have been lumped withmore common spe-cies.TaxonomicconfusioninMimulus persistsinpartbecausediagnosticfloralcharactersareoftenobscuredwhen plants are pressed and dried. These easily ob-

187

scuredcharactersareinformativeinunderstandingspe-ciesdiversityanddelimitingspeciesboundarieswithinthegenus.Aprimaryobjectiveofthisstudyistoresolvetaxonomicissuesandidentifytaxathatareinneedofconservation.Becauseprevious taxonomic treatmentsinMimulushavebeenbasedprimarilyonstudyofher-bariumspecimens,morefieldstudiesareneeded.OverthecourseofmyworkIhaveconductedextensivefieldresearch,photographingandcollectingdataandplantmaterialfrommorethan60populations.AsaresultIhave identified five undescribed species of Mimulus.In this study I expandprevious sampling, andutilizesequences from three non-coding regions from thechloroplastgenome(petA-psbJ,psbD-trnT, rpl32-trnL)toexaminespecieslimitsandmonophyly.Preliminaryresultsandtaxonomicimplicationsofthesedatawillbediscussed.

RanchoSantaAnaBotanicGarden,1500NorthCollegeAvenue,Claremont,CA,91711,USA

467 CHAU, JOHN*1, CRAIG, BAILEY2 and OLMSTEAD, RICHARD3

Phylogeny and biogeography of Buddleja (Scrophulariaceae): a preliminary study on a widely-distributed genus of showy shrubs and trees

NoAbstractAvailable.

1UniversityofWashington,DepartmentofBiology,CampusBox351800, Seattle,WA,98195,USA2UniversityofWashington,De-partmentofBiology,Seattle,WA,98195,USA3UniversityOfWash-ington,DepartmentOfBiology,CAMPUSBOX355325,SEATTLE,WA,98195-5325,USA

468 LATVIS, MARIBETH*1, SOUZA, VINICIUS C.2, SOLTIS, PAMELA3 and SOLTIS, DOUGLAS4

Phylogenetic Relationships and Divergence Time Analysis in Agalinis (Orobanchaceae)

Agalinis (Orobanchaceae) is a hemiparasitic genusof approximately 60 species, with a geographical

distribution extending fromNova Scotia, Canada, toArgentina and Chile. Intrageneric relationships be-tweenthetwocontinentsareunknown,andtheSouthAmericanspeciesappear tohavea fascinatinghistoryofcharacterevolution,includingwoodygrowthformsand changes in floral form involving new pollinatorsyndromes. While the North American species havebeenthefocusofrecentstudy, theSouthandCentralAmericanspeciesofAgalinisarepoorlyunderstoodandhave not been included in phylogenetic studies untilnow.ApproximatelyhalfoftheSouthAmericanspecies

occur in southeastern Brazil, with several species en-demictotheregion,inadditiontoEsterhazya,acloselyalliedgenuswhosedistinctionfromAgalinis hasbeenquestioned.Most of the remaining taxa occur in theAndeanpunacommunitiesofPeruandBoliviaabove3000meters.Thus, the two SouthAmerican popula-tioncentersofAgalinisaredisjunctfromoneanother.ThesedisjunctionswithinSouthAmerica,andbetweenNorthandSouthAmerica,provideintriguingquestionsregardingmigrationanddiversification.BycombiningdatasetsfromtheNorthAmericantaxawithdatafornewlycollectedtaxafromBrazil,theAndes,andCentralAmerica,wehaveproducedamolecularphylogenyofAgalinis andfouroutgroupgenera(Brachystigma,Da-sistoma,Aureolaria andEsterhazya)usingsevenchlo-roplast and four nuclear loci.Dates for nodeswithinthetreewereobtainedbyexpandingsamplingintotheLamiales and calibrating the phylogeny using lamiidfossils (e.g. Fraxinus, Bignoniaceae) using PenalizedLikelihoodinr8s.Theseresultswillbediscussed,alongwith implications for future studies of biogeographyandcharacterevolutionwithinthisclade.1FloridaMuseumOfNaturalHistory,FloridaMuseumOfNaturalHistory,DickinsonHall,MuseumRd.,Gainesville,FL,32611,US-A2UniversidadedeSãoPaulo,EscolaSuperiordeAgriculturaLuizde Quei, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Avenida PáduaDias, 11 - Caixa Postal 9Agronomia, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900,Brazil3UniversityOfFlorida,FloridaMuseumOfNaturalHistory,POBOX117800,Gainesville,FL,32611-7800,USA4UniversityofFlorida,DepartmentofBiology,Gainesville,FL,32611,USA

469 RODRIGUES, ANUAR*1, COLWELL, ALISON2 and STEFANOVIC, SASA3

Phylogeny of the parasitic genus Conopholis (Orobanchaceae): Evidence from plastid and nuclear DNA sequences

Little is known of the evolutionary relationshipsamong populations and species of Conopholis,

a small holoparasitic genus with reduced vegetativemorphology. In themost recent taxonomicclassifica-tion of this genus, Conopholis is described as havingtwospecies,C. americana and C. alpina.Thisclassifi-cationisbasedonacombinationofpresence/absenceofcharactersalongwithanumberofquantitativetraits. WeconductedthefirstphylogeneticstudyofConopho-lisdesigned todevelopa resolvedandwell-supportedmulti-locusphylogenetichypothesisforthisgenus. Weanalyzed plastid (trnfM-E intergenic spacer and clpP gene/introns) andnuclear (phyA intron1)nucleotidesequence data using the neighbor-net, Bayesian, andparsimonyapproachesinadditiontoconductingtestsofalternativehypotheses.Ourdatasetcontainedpopu-lations from awide taxonomic sampling covering itsentiregeographicalrangeinNorthAmerica.Theresultsindicatethatregardlessofthedatasetusedorphyloge-neticmethodologyemployed,noneofouranalyseslend

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supportforthestrictsubdivisionofthegenusintothetwocurrentlyrecognizedspecies.Instead,threedistinctgeneticclusterswererecoveredandindicatesthatrecip-rocalmonophyly between the two currently acceptedspecieshasnotyetbeenachieved.Conopholis alpinaisparaphyleticandshowsevidenceofbelongingtoatleasttwoseparatelineages.ThemonophylyofC. americanawasalsonotrecovered;however,thispossibilitycouldnotberejectedwithconfidence.Theseanalysesrecov-eredthreedistinctlineagesindicatingthattherecouldbeaminimumof three specieswithin thegenus.Weanticipate that a fine-scale morphometric analysis ofmorphological featureswithinConopholismay revealsharedfeaturesthatcouldfurthercorroborateourmo-lecularresults.1UniveristyofTorontoMississauga,Biology,3359MississaugaRoadNorth,Mississauga,ON,L5L1C6,Canada2DivisionofBiologicalResources,YosemiteNationalPark,ElPortal,CA,95318,USA3UNI-VERSITYOFTORONTO,DepartmentOfBotany,3359MISSIS-SAUGARDN,MISSISSAUGA,ON,L5L1C6,Canada

470 WOLFE, ANDREA* and HOUSE, JOSHUA

Assessing the host range of Hyobanche L. (Orobanchaceae) using DNA forensics

HyobancheL.isasmallgenusofholoparasiticplantsdistributedacrosssouthernAfrica.Itisfoundina

varietyofecosystemsrangingfromcoastalsanddunestofynbosbiomes,theLittleandGreatKaroos,andintothe highlands Lesotho. Hyobanche is a root parasitewithanuniquesystemofsecondaryhaustoriaformedontheleafbractsoftherhizomes,whichcanbequiteanextensive systemunderground.Proximity tootherplantsisnotagoodindicatoroftheactualhostplantbe-ingparasitized.TodeterminethehostrangeforspeciesofHyobancheca.400hostrootsattachedtohaustoriawere collected and their DNA extracted. AccessionswithamplifiableDNAweresequencedandmatchedtosequencesdepositedintoGenbankortosequencesob-tainedfrompotentialhostplantscollectedinproximitytoparasiticplantscollectedinthefield.Hyobanchepar-asitizesawiderangeofplantgenerafromAsteraceae,Goodeniaceae,Poaceae,andThymelaeaceae,andmul-tipleplantgeneramaybeparasitizedatthesametime.

OhioStateUniversity,DepartmentofEvolution,Ecology,andOr-ganismalBiology,318W.12thAvenue,Columbus,OH,43210-1293,USA

471 WENZEL, AARON*1, WOLFE, ANDREA1, ENGLISH, CAROL2 and BRUEDERLE, LEO3

Reproductive biology and genetic diversity in Penstemon degeneri (Plantaginaceae), a rare species endemic to Colorado.

Penstemon degeneri Crosswhite (Plantaginaceae),otherwise known as Degener’s Beardtongue, is a

rareColoradoendemicthatisreportedtoberestrictedin distribution toCuster and FremontCounties, andhasareportedchromosomenumberofn=8.Itiscon-sideredimperiledatthestatelevel(S2),aswellasglobally(G2).Fieldworkaddressingthereproductivebiologyofthis species revealed that P.degeneri sets fruit involv-ing outcrossing effected by a variety of insect visitorscoupledwithasmallamountofself-pollinationintheabsenceofpollinators.Effectivepollinatorsdeterminedfromvisitorfrequency,behavior,bodypollen,andfidel-ity revealed that effective pollinators included OsmiaandBombusbees, aswell asPseudomasaris vespoides, anoligolecticpollenwasp.Apopulationgeneticsstudywasconductedusingeightmicrosatellitelocirevealingallelicvariationamongpopulationsandageneticprofileconsistentwithpolyploidyratherthandiploidy.1OhioStateUniversity,DepartmentofEvolution,Ecology,andOr-ganismalBiology,318W.12thAvenue,Columbus,OH,43210-1293,USA2UniversityOfColoradoDenver,POBox281,Morrison,CO,80465,USA3UniversityOfColoradoDenver,CB171,P.O.173364,DENVER,CO,80217-3364,USA

472 GODDEN, GRANT*1, BURLEIGH, GORDON2, SOLTIS, PAMELA3 and SOLTIS, DOUGLAS4

Out of the Bushes and Into the Trees: Interpreting Complex Patterns in Mint Phylogeny

Themintfamily(Lamiaceae)isspeciesrichandmor-phologicallycomplex,withadynamicandconten-

tioustaxonomichistory.Phylogeneticanalysesofclose-lyrelatedmintsbasedonmoleculardataoftenyieldfewwell-supportedclades.Althoughthesepatternsdonotresolve taxonomic questions, theymay represent im-portantevolutionaryeventsandprocesses.Forexample,phylogenetic inferencemaybegreatlycomplicatedbyincompletelineagesorting,geneduplications,andhet-erogeneousprocessesofmolecularevolutionacrosslociandlineages.Furthermore,systematicerror--includingalignment error, unrecognized paralogy, inadequatetaxonomicsampling,andmodelmisspecification--alsomightbemisleadingthephylogeneticanalyses.Weas-sembledtheavailableDNAsequencedatafromLamiac-eaealongwithnewsequencesforNewWorldMentheaeinordertoexaminerelationshipsthroughoutLamiceae

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and to investigatepotential factors complicatingphy-logenetic inference.This analysis produced the mostcomprehensive family-widephylogeny forLamiaceae,representingasynthesisofcurrentmoleculardata.WealsousedfossilevidenceforLamiaceae(andLamiales)andphylogeneticdatingtechniquestoestimatethefirstdivergencedatesandevolutionaryratesforthefamily.We discuss the implications of our analysis onmintsystematics aswell as promising future directions forresolvingrelationshipsthroughoutLamiaceae.1UniversityofFlorida,DepartmentofBiology,FloridaMuseumofNaturalHistory,357DickinsonHall,Gainesville,FL,32611-7800,USA2University of Florida,Department of Biology, 220BartramHall, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA3University Of Florida, FloridaMuseumOf Natural History, PO BOX 117800, Gainesville, FL,32611-7800, USA4University of Florida, Department of Biology,Gainesville,FL,32611,USA

473 WICKETT, NORMAN J*1, DUARTE, JILL2, WAFULA, ERIC1, LEEBENS-MACK, JIM3 and DE PAMPHILIS , CLAUDE W4

Reconstructing plant phylogenies using the cDNA sequences of over 900 low copy nuclear genes

Therecentadvances inNextGenerationSequenc-ingtechnologieshaveledtoadramaticincreasein

theavailabilityofplanttranscriptomesthat,inadditiontotheirutilityindetectingpatternsofgeneexpression,canbeminedforphylogeneticallyinformativemarkers.Ascaffoldoforthologousgeneclusterswascreatedus-ingorthoMCLtoclustertheinferredproteinsequencesof10sequencedplantgenomes; fromthisscaffoldweidentified970genesthataresinglecopyineachofsevenangiospermgenomes.Wesortedbothpubliclyavailableandnewlysequencedtranscriptomes,andrecentlyse-quenceplantgenomesintothisscaffoldandidentifiedputative homologs of these 970 genes. The resultantsupermatrixconsistedofovertwomillionalignedsitesand over 800,000 parsimony informative characters.Here,wediscuss thephylogenetichypotheses thatre-sultfromusingthecDNAsequencesoftheselowcopynucleargeneswithmultiplesetsofbothtaxaandgenes.1PennStateUniversity,Biology,403LifeSciencesBuilding,Univer-sityPark,PA,16802,USA2PennStateUniversity,403LifeSciencesBuilding,UniversityPark,PA,16802,USA3UniversityOfGeorgia,4503Miller Plant Sciences,Athens,GA, 30602,USA4Pennsylva-niaStateUniversity,DepartmentOfBiology,101LIFESCIENCESBUILDING,UNIVERSITYPARK,PA,16802,USA

474 HILU, KHIDIR* and MOUKARZEL, KEENAN

MatK is a pseudogene in many angiosperms: Is it really?

Duetoitshighproportionofphylogeneticsignal,theplastidmatKgenehasbecomeoneofthemost

utilizedgenomicregionsinplantmolecularphylogenet-ics.ThematK geneisknownforitsconsiderablyhighrate of substitution at the nucleotide level, butmoresoattheaminoacidlevelduetonearequityinratesofmutationsacrossthethreecodonpositions.Thesehighratesofsubstitutions,inparticulartherateofaminoacidsubstitutions,raisedquestiononwhetherthisgroupIIintronmaturaseisapseudogenesinceconservedami-no acid substitution is a prerequisite formaintainingstructural and functional integrity of any transcribedprotein product. Some studies have explicitly notedthatmatK isapseudogenebecauseofeithera lackofanapparentstartcodonorthepresenceofoneormoreprematurestopcodonsthatcouldresultinatruncatedprotein.Further,GenBankalsocontainsanumberofmatK sequences that are described as "matK-like" or"pseudogene".Usingempiricaldata,wewilladdressis-sues concerning thedefinitionofmatK open readingframe,patternsofsubstitutionsinfunctionalgenesvs.pseudogenes,andthe impactofgenefunctionalityonphylogeneticreconstruction.Ourfindingsquestionsev-eralofthepublishedcontentionsregardingmatK asapseudogene.

VirginiaTech,DepartmentofBiologicalSciences,2119DerringHall,Blacksburg,VA,24061,USA

475 STEELE, PAMELA*1 and PIRES, JOSEPH2

Reciprocal Illumination: Combining Morphological and Genomic Characters for Species Identification

Accurate identification of organisms is funda-mental to science and industry. Traditionally,

taxonomists have used morphological, geographical,chemical,reproductive,andanatomicalcharacteristicsto delineate species.However, inmany cases, speciesidentifications remain unclear. DNA barcoding is amodernmethod of identifying organisms using por-tionsof theirgenetic sequenceanalyzed froma smallamount of tissue. DNA barcoding has been used toidentifynativeandexoticorganisms,illegallyimportedorganismsatportsandborders,undesirableplantandanimalsubstancesinprocessedfoodstuffs,pathogensorvectorsofpathogens,ancientDNAsamples,museumfragments,organismsandtissuesatcrimescenes,andto assess biodiversity in an ecosystem.However, cur-rent DNA barcodingmethods are limited to a small

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numberofPCR-amplifiedmarkers,andasaresult,nogenomicmarkershaveyetbeendiscoveredthatcancor-rectly identifyall species tested.Weproposeaspeciesidentification tool that combines classical taxonomyandgenomesequencingandtakesadvantageofrecentadvances in high-throughput sequencing technology.Current sequencing technologies make it easier andmorecosteffectivetosequenceentireplantchloroplastandanimalmitochondrial genomes than to sequenceafewgenesindividually.Thesetechnologiesalsomakeavailablesequencedatafromthenuclearandmitochon-drialgenomesthatcanprovidefurthersupportforspe-cies identification.Wepresent resultsof apilot studydesignedtotestthisstrategyinanendangeredtallgrassprairieecosysteminMissourithatfocusedonthethreelargest andmost economically important plant fami-lies found in theprairie -Poaceae (grasses),Fabaceae(legumes),andAsteraceae(sunflowers).Wecomparednuclearribosomalgenes, severalmitochondrialgenes,andwholechloroplastgenomes,genes,andnoncodingregionsatalltaxonomiclevels,includinginvestigationsbetweenspeciesandacrossangiosperms.WecomparedtheseresultswithtraditionalDNAbarcodingmethodsandpresentourfindings.1UniversityOfMissouri,371BLifeSciencesCenter,1201RollinsStreet,Columbia,MO,65211-7310,USA2UniversityOfMissouri,371 B Life Sciences Center, 1201 Rollins Street, Columbia,MO,65211,USA

476 SIMMONS, MARK*1 and FREUDENSTEIN, JOHN2

Spurious 99% bootstrap and jackknife support for unsupported clades

Quantifying branch support using the bootstrapand/orjackknifeisgenerallyconsideredtobean

essentialcomponentofrigorousparsimonyandmaxi-mum likelihood phylogenetic analyses. Previous au-thorshavedescribedhowapplicationofthefrequency-within-replicatesapproachtotreatingmultipleequallyoptimal trees found inagivenbootstrappseudorepli-catecanprovideapparentsupportforotherwiseunsup-portedclades.Wedemonstratehowasimilarproblemmayoccurwhenanon-representativesubsetofequallyoptimal trees are held per pseudoreplicate, whichwetermtheundersampling-within-replicates artifact.Weil-lustratethefrequency-within-replicatesandundersam-pling-within-replicatesbootstrapandjackknifeartifactsusingbothcontrivedandempiricalexamples,demon-strate that the artifacts can occur in both parsimonyand likelihood analyses, and show that the artifactsoccurinoutputsfrommultipledifferentphylogenetic-inferenceprograms.Basedonourresults,wemakethefollowingfiverecommendations,whichareparticularlyrelevanttosupermatrixanalyses,butapplytoallphy-logenetic analyses. First, when two or more optimaltreesarefoundinagivenpseudoreplicatetheyshouldbesummarizedusingthestrict-consensusrather thanfrequency-within-replicates approach. Second jack-

kniferesamplingshouldbeusedratherthanbootstrapresampling.Third,multipletreesearcheswhileholdingmultipletreespersearchshouldbeconductedineachpseudoreplicate rather than conducting only a singlesearchandholdingonlyasingletree.Fourth,branch-eswithaminimumpossibleoptimizedlengthofzeroshouldbecollapsedwithineachtreesearchratherthancollapsingbranchesonlyiftheirmaximumpossibleop-timizedlengthiszero.Fifth,resamplingvaluesshouldbemappedontothestrictconsensusofalloptimaltreesfoundratherthansimplypresentingthe>=50%boot-straporjackknifetreeormappingtheresamplingvaluesontoasingleoptimaltree.1ColoradoStateUniversity,DepartmentOfBiology,FORTCOL-LINS,CO,80523-1878,USA2OhioStateUniversity,MUSEUMOFBIOLOGICALDIVERSITY,1315KINNEARRD,COLUMBUS,OH,43212-1157,USA

477 RANDLE, CHRISTOPHER*1 and FREUDENSTEIN, JOHN2

The effect of within-replicate search strategies on jackknife support of clades of different size

Empirical phylogenetic studiesdemonstrate a cor-relationbetweencladesizeandBayesiancladesup-

port,withlargeandsmallcladesoftenreceivinggreatersupport than clades of intermediate size.This is notsurprisinginthatanon-uniformpriorontopologiesin-ducesjustsucharelationshiponthepriorprobabilitiesofcomponentclades.Whatissurprisingisthatthesamerelationshipexistsforparsimonyjackknife,thoughnosuchpriorontopologiesisexplicitlyincludedintheirestimation.This surprisingcorrelationmaybedue inlargeparttohomoplasy;theoretically,jackknifevaluesshouldbeuniformoncladesofanysizesupportedbythesamenumberofuncontravertedsynapomorphies.Within-replicate search strategymay have substantialeffectsontheinferenceofjackknifesupport.Ingeneral,less thorough within-replicate search strategies yieldlower jackknife support values because suboptimaltrees sampled from these replicates will be random-ized in respect to each other.This randomization ofinferredtopologiesacrossreplicatesshouldmirrortheeffectoncladesupportinducedbytheuniformtopol-ogyinBayesianinference.Inthisstudyweinvestigatetheeffectofwithin-replicatesearchstrategyonjackknifesupportacrosscladesofdifferentsize,usingtwowell-characterizedempiricaldatasets.Searchstrategiesdif-feredin1)thenumberofrandomadditionsearchesperreplicate,2)thenumberoftreesheldduringsearching,3)thenumberoftreesretainedfromeachreplicate,4)thebranch-swappingalgorithmused,and5)howtreesweresummarizedacrossreplicates.1SamHoustonStateUniversity,DepartmentofBiologicalSciences,1900AvenueI,Huntsville,TX,77340,USA2OhioStateUniversity,MUSEUMOFBIOLOGICALDIVERSITY,1315KINNEARRD,COLUMBUS,OH,43212-1157,USA

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478 SMITH, STACEY D.

Traits shaping trees: Detecting character-state dependent diversification

Althoughtraitsarecommonlyportrayedasevolv-ingalongbranchesofphylogenetictrees,itisclear

thatmanytraitsactuallyaffecttheshapeofthetreebychangingtheprobabililitythatalineagewillspeciateorgoextinct.RecentlydevelopedlikelihoodandBayesianmethods now allow rigorous tests of character-statedependentdiversification,andhaverevealedsomesur-prisingshiftsfrompreviousnotionsaboutdirectionalityintraitevolution.Iwilldiscusstheseempiricalexamplesandtheanticipatedimpactofthesenewapproachesonthefieldofcomparativemethods.

UniversityofNebraska-Lincoln,SchoolofBiologicalSciences,1104TSt,314ManterHall.,Lincoln,NE,68588-0118,USA

479 VELA DIAZ, DILYS*1 and JIMÉNEZ, IVÁN2

Species delimitation:identifying the most relevant dimensions to infer gaps in morphology

Althoughspeciesareconsideredimportantbiodi-versityunits,methodstodefinetheirlimitshave

been contentious. Multivariate ordination techniqueshavebeenwidelyusedtodelimitspeciesbasedondis-continuities (gaps) inmorphological variation. Oftenonlythefirstfewordinationaxesareusedtovisuallyin-spectmorphologicalvariation,undertheunwarrantedassumption that axes capturingmost variation acrossallspecimensarethemostrelevantforspeciesdelimita-tion.Hereweshowthatarecentlydevelopedmethodtomeasuremorphologicaldiscontinuities,basedonanaly-sesofmultivariatenormalmixtures,canbeextendedtoidentifythedimensionsofmorphologicalvariationthataremost informative for species delimitation.Hence,thismethodcanhelptomeasurethestrengthoftheevi-dencefortheexistenceofamorphologicalgapbetweentwohypothesizedspecies.Weexaminetheperformanceoftheapproachundervarioussamplesizesusingsimu-lated taxonomic samples based on EdgarAnderson’sIrisflowerdataset.1UniversityOfMissouri-St.Louis,DepartmentBiology.223Re-searchBuilding,OneUniversityBlvd.,SaintLouis,MO,63121-4499,USA2MissouriBotanicalGarden,CenterforConservationandSus-tainableDevelopment,SaintLouis,MO,63166-0299,USA

480 GRASS PHYLOGENY WORKING GROUP II,

Relationships among the subfamilies of grasses (Poaceae)

Thephylogenyofthegrassfamilyhasreceivedagreatdealofattention,andpublisheddatatodatehave

supportedtwelvewell-supportedcladesthatarenamedassubfamilies.Thethreesmallestsubfamiliesarecon-sistentlysupportedassuccessivesisterstotheremain-der,whicharedividedintotheBEPclade(Bambusoi-deae,EhrhartoideaeandPooideae)andthePACMADclade (Panicoideae, Arundinoideae, Chloridoideae,Micrairoideae,AristidoideaeandDanthonioideae).Al-thoughboththeBEPcladeandthePACMADcladearestrongly supported, relationships among their respec-tive subfamilies areunresolved.Phylogenetic analysesusingoneortwogeneshavefoundalmostallpossiblerelationshipsamongthesubfamilies,andtheresultsareoftenhighlysensitivetotaxonsampling.ThePACMADcladeisofparticularinterestherebecauseitcontainsatleast17origins(andpossiblereversals)ofC4photosyn-thesis; however, determining the precise number andphylogenetic position of these changes requires a re-solvedandrobustphylogeny.TheGPWGIIwasformedin2010specificallytoresolvethePACMADphylogenyas a crucial step towards investigating C4 evolution.ByusingdataavailableinNCBIandsupplementingitwithextensiveunpublisheddata fromeachofour labgroups,wewereabletoassembleadatasetof540taxawithsequencesfromthechloroplastlocircbL,ndhFandmatK.Additionalsequenceswerethenproducedtofillingapsinthematrixandreducemissingdatatoonly7%.WithinthePACMADclade,ourdatasupportthepositionofAristidoideaeassistertotheothersubfami-lies, andPanicoideaeas thenextdivergingclade.Theremainingfourcladeshavetherelationship((chloridoid,danthonioid),(arundinoid,micrairoid)).Althoughnota focusof thisparticularproject,wealsoresolved theBEPcladeas((bambusoid,pooid),oryzoid).OurtaxonsamplingfocusedparticularlyonPanicoideae,forwhichweincludednearlyallcurrentlyrecognizedgenera.Ourresultsareconsistentwithprevioussingle-genestudies,butwithbetterresolutionandstrongersupport.

NESCent,2024W.MainStreet,SuiteA200,Durham,NC,27705-4667,USA

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481 CHOKTHAWEEPANICH, HATHAIRAT*1, FISHER, AMANDA2, DRANSFIELD, SOEJATMI3, WIDJAJA, ELIZABETH4, WONG, KHOON MENG5, RATTAMANEE, CHAKKRAPONG6 and CLARK, LYNN1

Phylogeny and classification of the paleotropical woody bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae)

Thepaleotropicalwoodybamboocladeconsistsofca. 460 species, or approximately a third of total

bamboodiversity,andiswidelydistributedinAsia,Af-rica,Australia,India,SriLanka,andMadagascar.Thesebamboosareimportantandevendominantelementsinmanypaleotropicalforesthabitatsandhaveamultitudeof uses for humans.Despite the important ecologicalandeconomicrolesofthesebamboos,thephylogeneticrelationships of their major lineages have remainedobscure.Ourobjectivesweretotestthemonophylyofthe four currently recognized subtribes of paleotropi-cal woody bamboos and examine their phylogeneticrelationships.Sixty-fivespeciesoftheBambusinae(18genera; 36 spp.), Melocanninae (7 genera; 15 spp.),Hickeliinae (9genera;11 spp.), andRacemobambosi-nae(2genera;3spp.),twospeciesofIncertaeSedis,andsix outgroup species of Neotropical woody bamboosweresequencedforbothnon-coding(trnD-trnT,rpl16intron,rps16 intron)andcoding(ndhF3,matK)chlo-roplastDNAregions.Phylogeneticanalysessupportedsubtribe Melocanninae as monophyletic and sisterto all other paleotropical woody bamboos, consistentwithpreviousanalyses.Theotherthreesubtribeswereresolvedasparaphyleticorpolyphyletic,withrelativelypoor resolution and supportwithin thediverseBam-businae.ThetaxaofsubtribeHickeliinaefromMada-gascar,however,didformamonophyleticgroupwithstrongsupport.Theevolutionofselectedmorphologi-calcharactersincludingvegetativebranching,synflores-cencearchitectureandfruittypeisexaminedusingthephylogeny.1Iowa State University, Department Of Ecology, Evolution, AndOrganismal Biology, 253 Bessey Hall, Ames, IA, 50011-1020,USA,2 IdahoStateUniversity,DepartmentofBiological Sciences,921South8thAvenue,Stop8007,Pocatello,ID,83209-8007,USA-3Herbarium,RoyalBotanicGardens,Kew,Richmond,Surrey,TW93AB,UK4HerbariumBogoriense,PuslitbangBiologiLIPI,Bogor,INDONESIA5SingaporeBotanicGardens,1ClunyRoad,259569,Singapore6KasetsartUniversity,DepartmentofHorticulture,Fac-ulty ofAgriculture, 50 PhahonYothinRd,Chatuchak, Bangkok,10900,THAILAND

482 TRIPLETT, JIMMY*1, CLARK, LYNN2, WEN, JUN3 and PETERSON, PAUL4

Polyploid speciation on a grand scale: the evolution of the temperate bamboos

Thetemperatebamboosencompass500+speciesinAsia,Africa, andNorthAmerica andare among

themostproblematicplantsfromataxonomicperspec-tive.Recentmolecularevidencesuggestedthatthetem-peratebamboosprovidealarge-scaleexampleofspecia-tionatthepolyploidlevel.Inthecurrentinvestigation,low-copynucleargenes (includinganendo-1,4-β glu-canaseandapoly-Abindingprotein)wereusedtore-constructphylogeneticrelationshipswithinthewoodybamboosinordertoexaminetheoriginofpolyploidyinthetemperateclade.Thesedatasuggestthatall500+species of temperate bamboos are descended from asingleallotetraploidancestorthatwasderivedfromtwodivergentparents.Subsequentdiversificationhaspro-ducedspeciesthataregenetically,morphologically,andecologicallydistinct,yetretainbothparentalgenomes.Moreover,newspecieshavebeenproducedbyongoinghybridizationatthetetraploidlevel.Thisnewevidence,combinedwithpreviousstudiesusingchloroplastDNAandAFLPdata,revealthathybridizationandpolyploidyhavehadimportantandrecurrentrolesintheevolutionofthetemperatebamboos.1JacksonvilleStateUniversity,700PelhamRoadNorth,Jacksonville,AL,36265,USA2IowaStateUniversity,DepartmentofEcology,Evo-lutionandOrganismalBiology,253Bessey,Ames,IA,50011-1020,USA3SmithsonianInstitution,Botany,MRC-166NationalMuseumOfNaturalHistory,10thSt.&ConstitutionAve.,NW,MRC166,Washington/DC,N/A,20013-7012,USA4SmithsonianInstitution,Botany,MRC-166NationalMuseumOfNaturalHistory,POBox37012,WASHINGTON,DC,20013-7012,USA

483 ATTIGALA, LAKSHMI*1, TRIPLETT, JIMMY2 and CLARK, LYNN3

A new major lineage of the Arundinarieae (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) based on a multi-locus plastid phylogeny

ThetemperatewoodybambootribeArundinarieaeis a morphologically diverse and taxonomically

complex group within the Bambusoideae (Poaceae).Arundinarieaeincludesover500speciesandisbroadlydistributed in temperate or subtemperate regions inNorthAmericaandEasternAsiaandathighereleva-tions inAfrica,Madagascar, SriLanka, India and thePhilippines.Monophylyofthetemperatecladeiswellsupported in many previous molecular studies. ThemostrecentphylogeneticanalysesbasedonchloroplastDNArevealtenmajorlineages,butwithoutresolutionamongthem.ThisstudyincludedallthenativeSriLank-anArundinariaspeciesalongwithrepresentativesfrom

193

alltenmainlineagesofthetemperatebamboocladetoreconstruct the phylogeny based on four chloroplastDNA noncoding regions (rpoB-trnC, rps16-trnQ,trnD/T,andtrnT/L intergenicspacers).Ourobjectiveswere to place the Sri Lankan Arundinaria species inthecorrectgenusorgeneraandunderstandtheinter-relationshipsofthemajorcladeswithinArundinarieae.PhylogeneticanalysesfullysupportedthemonophylyoftheSriLankanArundinariaspecies,butfailedtoresolvethepositionofthiscladerelativetotheothertenclades.Thesespeciesthereforerepresenttheeleventhlineageofthetemperatebambooclade.Wediscusstheseresultsandproposetherecognitionofanewgenustoaccom-modatetheSriLankanclade.Keymorphologicalchar-actersincludingrhizomemorphology,culmleaves,veg-etativebranchingpattern,andsynflorescencestructurearecomparedamongtheSriLankancladeandArun-dinaria,Yushania,andThamnocalamus,thegenerainwhichtheSriLankanspecieshavebeenclassified.1IowaStateUniversity,DepartmentofEcologyEvolutionandOr-ganismalBiology, 253BesseyHall,Ames, IA, 50011-1020,USA-2JacksonvilleStateUniversity,700PelhamRoadNorth,Jacksonville,AL, 36265, USA3Iowa State University, DepartmentOf Ecology,Evolution,AndOrganismal Biology, 253 BesseyHall, Ames, IA,50011-1020,USA

484 RUIZ-SANCHEZ, EDUARDO*1, SOSA, VICTORIA2 and MEJIA-SAULES, TERESA3

New insights into the phylogeny and taxonomy of the Mesoamerican bamboo genera Olmeca-Otatea (Poaceae: Bambusoideae:Bambuseae)

A synthesisofthemostrecentmolecularandmor-phological phylogenetic studies in the mono-

phyleticsister bamboo genera Olmeca and Otatea isherepresented.AnewspeciesinOlmecaandfournewspecies in Otatea have been recently described. Themolecular phylogenetic analysis based in nuclear andplastidDNAregionsretrievedunresolvedtreesatspe-cies level inbothgenera,contrarytothemorphologi-calphylogeneticanalysis.Thesebamboosarefoundinhabitatsfromtropicaldryforeststotropicalrainforestsandcloudforestswithtwokindsoffruits(fleshyanddrycaryopsis).Themoleculardatingrevealsanageof4.3MaforthemostcommonancestorofthesegeneraandtheancestralareareconstructionindicatesaMesoamer-icanoriginwithdispersaltoSouthAmerica.Molecularandmorphologicalphylogeneticanalysesretrievedtreeswithconflictingtopologies.Theseconflictscouldbeex-plaineddue to incomplete lineage sortingwith reten-tionofancestralpolymorphismcorrelatedtotherecentoriginoftheseMesoamericanbamboos.TheresultsofphylogeneticanalysesofOlmecaandOtateaandtaxainthesubtribeGuaduinaeresultedinanewclassfication

ofthegroup.1UnvirsityofCalifornia,Berkeley,PlantandMicrobialBiology,431KoshlandHall,Berkeley,California,94720,USA2INSTITUTODEECOLOGIAA.C.,APDOPOSTAL63,XALAPA,Veracruz,N/A,91000,Mexico3InstitutodeEcologiaAC,BiologiaEvolutiva,Aparta-doPostal63,Xalapa,Veracruz,91000,Mexico

485 VOSHELL, STEPHANIE*1, BALDINI, RICCARDO2, KUMAR, ROHIT1, TATALOVICH, NICHOLAS1 and HILU, KHIDIR3

Phalaris (Canary Grasses, Poaceae): Elucidating trends in floret evolution and polyploidy using molecular phylogenetics

The21speciesofPhalaris L.(Poaceae,Aveneae)aredistributedintemperateareasandtropicalmoun-

tainsofAfricaandinSouthAmerica.Thegenuscon-tainsannualandperennialdiploidsbasedonx=6and7andpolyploidsbasedonx=7,withthex=6display-ing less species diversification. The multi-continentandvariedpatternsofdistribution,notablevariationinmorphologicaltraits,andtheevidentroleofpolyploidyinitsevolutionrenderedPhalarisasapotentiallyvalu-ablecasestudyforspeciationinconjunctionwithchro-mosomalevolutionandbiogeographyinPoaceae.Wereconstructedthefirstphylogenetic tree for thegenususingnuclearITSandplastidtrnT-Fsequencestoassessspeciesrelationshipsandmaptrendsinfloretdifferen-tiationandpatternsofpolyploidevolution.Thestudydemonstrated the single origin of x=6 chromosomenumber and revealed the sister group relationship ofthislineagetothemonophyleticx=7lineage.Cladesre-coveredinthephylogeneticanalysesreflectgeographicaffinities and show diploid-polyploid associations. AtrendinsterilelemmareductionisevidentfromsistergenerainrespectivePooideaecladestoterminallineag-esoftheingroup,withmembersoftheearlydivergingx=6 lineagedisplayingrelatively large lanceolatemor-photypesfollowedbygradualreductioninsize,culmi-natinginalmostobsoletesterilelemmasinoneoftheterminalx=7clades.1Virginia Tech, Biological Sciences, Derring Hall, Blacksburg,VA,24061,USA2UniversitàdegliStudi,DipartimentodiBiologiaEvoluzionistica,ViaG.LaPira4,Firenze,50121,Italy3VIRGINIATECH, Department Of Biology, 2119 Derring Hall, BLACKS-BURG,VA,24061-0406,USA

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486 BARKWORTH, MARY* and BUSHMAN, SHAUN

North American Meliceae (Poaceae): morphology, geography, and phylogeny

TheMeliceae,abasalpooidtribe,arerepresentedinNorthAmericabyfourofitseightgenera:Melica,

Glyceria,Pleuropogon,andSchizachne. Melica growsindry tomoist sitesbut theother three generagrow inmoisttowethabitats.Melicaalsodiffersfromtheotherthreegenerainhavingachromosomebasenumberof9ratherthan10.Sixofthe36NorthAmericanspeciesinthefourgeneraextendacrossthenorthernpartofthecontinent:G. borealis,G. grandis,G. striata, M.smithii,P. sabinei,andS. purpurascens.Theremainderareeitherwesternoreasternintheirdistribution.ThereisalsoamarkedmorphologicaldistinctionbetweenthewesternandeasternspeciesofMelica butnotGlyceria.Melica isalsotheonlyoneofthefourgeneratobewellrepre-sentedinSouthAmerica.OurpreliminaryworkonthephylogenyofthetribeindicatesthatGlyceria isbasaltotheotherthreegeneraandthatPleuropogon isderivedfromit.Pleuropogon sabinei wassistertoP. oregonus onboththeITSandcpDNAtreesbutrelationshipsamongother members of the genus differ between the twotrees.SchizachneandMelica formaseparateclade,withSchizachne basaltoMelica. Thereislittlemoleculardif-ferentiationwithinNorthAmericanmembersofMel-icabutthewesternandeasternspeciesareinseparatecladesontheITStreeandtheeasternspeciesappeartobemorecloselyrelatedtoSouthAmericanspeciesthantotheAsianorwesternNorthAmericanspecies.Rela-tionships on the chloroplast tree are unresolved.Weplantoextendthisworktoothermembersofthetribesothat,incollaborationwithothers,relationshipsatthebaseofthePooideaeareclarifiedandastrongfounda-tiondevelopedforelucidatingthegeneticbasisof thesubfamily’ssuccess.

487 REID, CHRISTOPHER

Molecular Systematics of Cyperus L. (Cyperaceae): A Preliminary Analysis of Nuclear ITS Sequences

Cyperus(flatsedges)hasperhaps700speciesworld-wide.Genericlimitsandinfragenerictaxonomyof

Cyperusareunclear.Thisstudypresentstheresultsofananalysisof50ingroupOTUs,mostofwhichwerefieldcollectedduringthegrowingseasonof2010.InadditiontoCyperus s.s.,theingroupincludedmembersofKyllin-ga, Lipocarpha, Pycreus, andQueenslandiella.PreviousmolecularstudiesofCyperus andtribe Cypereaehaveanalyzed chloroplast markers using maximum parsi-mony.This study explores phylogenetic relationships

withinCyperus s.l. usingBayesian analysis of nuclearribosomalInternalTranscribedSpacer(ITS)sequences.TheITStree,whilenotcompletelyresolved,offerssomeinterestinginsights. Cyperuss.l.formedawell-support-ed clade, withinwhichKyllinga, Lipocarpha, Pycreus, andQueenslandiellawere embedded.WithinCyperus s.l., twomajorcladescorrespondingtophotosyntheticpathway(C3andC4)wereresolved.ThisC3/C4splitisconsistentwithpreviouscladisticanalysesofchloroplastsequences.TheC3cladeconsistedofapolytomyinvolv-ing three clades, one of which corresponding to theLuzulaegroup. Genus/subgenusPycreus,diagnosedbylenticularacheneswhichareorientededge-wisetotherachisofthespikelet,waspolyphyleticinthisanalysis.ThepositionofsubgenusDiclidiumwithinthetreesug-geststhattherankofsectionmaybemoreappropriate.FutureworkwillinvolvesequencingtheITSregionforadditionaltaxa.OthermolecularmarkerssuchasmatKwillbesequencedandanalyzed.MarkersusedbyotherworkerswillbesequencedinmoreNewWorldtaxatoenableacollaborativeanalysisofalargertaxonsample.

LouisianaStateUniversity,BiologicalSciences,LifeScienceAnnexBuilding,Rm.A257,BatonRouge,LA,70803,USA

488 MONFILS, ANNA*1, FLEMING, SAMANTHA2, LICHTENWALD, SAMANTHA2, SHIELS, DEREK2 and BLUM, MICHAEL3

Evolution and diversity in the Schoenoplectus pungens species complex (Cyperaceae)

TheSchoenoplectus pungenspeciescomplexischar-acterizedwithahighlevelofmorphologicalsimi-

larity among species and frequent hybridization.De-scriptionsofspeciesandvarietiesinthecomplexoverlapincharacterstates,confoundingpracticalidentification.Hybridization,prevalentinthegroup,hasledpreviousauthors toquestion the integrityof individual speciesandvarietydescriptions.Thestudypresentedhereun-dertookacomprehensivemolecularandmorphologicalinvestigationofspeciesandvarietiesintheS. pungensspeciescomplex(includingS. americanus,S. deltarum,S. pungensvar.pungens,S. pungensvar.badius,and S. pungensvar.longispicatus)toevaluatediacriticalcharac-tersforspeciesandvarietyboundaries,determineinteg-rityofspeciesandvarietydescriptions,andresolvetheoriginofS. deltarum.Weassessedpotentialdiacriticalmorphologicalcharactersincludingawnlengthandcol-oration,culmmorphologyanddiameter,bractlength,stigmalobenumber,distalleafbladelengthandspikeletnumberfrom36populationsandupto1000specimensfromthroughoutNorthAmerica.DNAsequencevaria-tionofthenuclearITSandchloroplasttrnTLFregionswere analyzed for all species, varieties and potentialhybrid combinations.Additional studies of genotypicdifferentiationwereassessedwithinandamongS. pun-

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gens,S. americanusandS. deltarum usingmicrosatellitedata.Awnlength,stigmalobenumber,distalleafbladelength, culm diameter andmorphology, and spikeletnumberwere identified as keymorphological featurefor species and hybrid identification.Awn colorationdelineatedS. pungensvar.badius fromothervarieties.Molecularsequencedataindicatedcleargenotypicdif-ferencesbetweenS.americanusandallothermembersofthecomplex.MicrosatellitedataindicatedS. deltarumisadistinctentityincomparisontoS. pungens andS. americanus,andS. deltarumandS. pungensaremorecloselyrelatedtooneanotherthaneitheristoS. ameri-canus.Resultsfromtheseanalysesprovideclearcharac-tersandmolecularevidenceforspeciesdifferentiation,helpresolvetheoriginofS.deltarum,andfacilitatetheexaminationofthevarietalstatuswithinS. pungens.1Central Michigan University, Biology Department, 180 BrooksHall,MountPleasant,MI,48858,USA2CentralMichiganUniversity,BiologyDepartment,217BrooksHall,MountPleasant,MI,48858,USA3TulaneUniversity,DeptofEcology&EvolutionaryBiology,NewOrleans,LA,70118,USA

489 HINCHLIFF, CODY*1 and ROALSON, ERIC2

A supermatrix of sedges: results from a large combined analysis of Cyperaceae

The highly diverse sedge family Cyperaceae haslongbeenatopicofinteresttoplantsystematists.

Numerousmolecular phylogenetic studies have beenconductedonthefamilyinrecentdecades,whichhaveledtotheinclusionofabroadspectrumofsedgediver-sityinpublicgeneticsequencedatabasessuchasGen-Bank.WeminedGenBankfortargetedsequencedatatogeneratethelargestsedgephylogenyyetconstructed,which consists of over 1,000 species and is based ongeneticdatafromover20nuclearandchloroplastloci(countingcpDNAlociindividually).Wealsogeneratednovelsequencedatatofillingapsinthealignmentandtoaddtaxonomicdiversitytounderrepresentedclades.The resulting phylogenetic hypotheses provide bet-ter taxonomiccoveragethananysedgephylogenyyetproduced,andrepresentamajoradvancementtowardahighlyresolvedsedgetreeoflife.Wewillpresentthesephylogeneticresultsanddiscuss their implications forsedgesystematics,andwewillbrieflyexploresomeofthe challenges andadvantagesof the supermatrix ap-proachtophylogenetics.1WashingtonStateUniversity,SchoolofBiologicalSciences,239CAbelsonHall,Pullman,WA,99164-4236,USA2WashingtonStateUniversity,SchoolofBiologicalSciences,332AbelsonHall,Pullman,WA,99164-4236,USA

490 FADEN, ROBERT*3, LAYTON, DANIEL J.1, BURNS, JEAN H.2 and WURDACK, KENNETH J.3

Diversity and Relationships in Commelina (Commelinaceae)

Withanestimated170species,thenearlycosmo-politanCommelinaisthelargestandmostwide-

spreadgenusofCommelinaceae.Itscenterofdiversityis tropicalAfrica,with about 100 species, but smallerradiations have also occurred in Madagascar, NorthandSouthAmerica,tropicalAsiaandAustralia.Withaconservativebauplan- leafybracts(spathes)enclos-ing smallnumbersofmonosymmetricflowers -- andusually mediocre herbarium specimens, due to poorflower preservation, the frequent absence of capsulesandseeds,andinadequatecollectors’notes,Commelinaisverydifficulttostudywithoutaccesstolivingplantsand spirit collections. Long term research and recentfloristictreatmentshaverevealed:1)largenumbersofnewspeciesandinfraspecifictaxa,particularlyinAfrica;2)crypticspeciesthathavebeenlongoverlooked,eveninwell-collectedareas;3)variationincommon,wide-spreadspeciesthat isresistanttoformalclassification;and4)asuiteofnewcharactersthatisusefulfordistin-guishingtaxaandevaluatingrelationshipsamongthem.Charactersthatcanbeusedtoseparatespeciesinclude:spatheandfloralmorphology;flowercolor;capsulede-hiscence;adaptationsforanimaldispersalofseeds;leafanatomy;typesoftrichomespresentandtheirdistribu-tionsonvegetationandreproductiveorgans;andbasicchromosomenumberandploidy.Theonlyinfragenericclassification of Commelina is that of Clarke (1881),whorecognizedtwosubgenera,basedonovulenumberperlocule,andthreesectionsineachsubgenus,basedoncapsuleloculenumbersanddehiscence.Preliminaryphylogeneticstudies,includingBurnsetal.(inpress),donotsupportClarke’sclassification,buttheyarenotyetfarenoughadvancedtoproposeanalternativesystem.1UniversityofMissouri-St.Louis,Biology,223ResearchBldg.OneUniversityBlvd.St.Louis,MO63121,USA2CaseWesternReserveUniversity,Biology,2080AdelbertRoad,307DeGraceHall,Cleve-land, OH, 44106-7080, USA3Smithsonian Institution, Botany,MRC-166NationalMuseumOfNaturalHistory,POBox37012,WASHINGTON,DC,20013-7012,USA

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491 AGUIRRE-SANTORO, JULIAN*1, BETANCUR, JULIO2, BROWN, GREGORY3 and WENDT, TANIA4

Phylogeny and Delimitation of the Disjunct Genus Ronnbergia (Bromelioideae:Bromeliaceae) Based on Morphology and Molecular Data

RecentphylogeneticstudiesonBromelioideae(Bro-meliaceae)suggestedthatthereportedgeographic

disjunctionswithinthemostderivedgroupsofthissub-family(alsocalledcoreBromeliodeae)maybetheresultof erroneous generic and infrageneric boundaries. Inordertotestthedisjunctdistributionandmonophylyofoneofthesegenera,aphylogeneticstudyofRonnbergia includingitsmorelikelyrelatedgenerawasdevelopedusingplastidDNAregions(matK,trnL-trnlF,andps-bA-trnH)andmorphology.AstheeventsofspeciationwithinthecoreBromelioideaemaycorrespondtoare-centrapidradiation,ourresultsbasedonindependentanalysesofmorphologicalandmoleculardataprovidedunresolvedandpoorlysupportedtrees.Analysesusingcombineddataprovidedstrongerresults,showingRon-nbergia asanon-monophyleticgroupwith its speciesdistributedinthreeclades.ThefourspeciesendemictotheAtlanticForestaregroupedinonecladewithspeciesof theAechmea lingulata complex.The remaining tenspeciesfromNorthwesternSouthAmericaandCentralAmericaaredistributedintheothertwoclades.Thefirstclade,Ronnbergia sensustricto,containsonlyRonnber-gia speciesoftheChocobiogeographicalregion,where-as the second clade is formed by Ronnbergia speciesgroupedwith speciesofAechmea subgenusPothuava alsofromthisNeotropicalbiome.Taxonomicchangesbasedontheseresultswillbesuggestedasacontribu-tionfor thereorganizationof thecoreBromelioideae.Thisstudyprovidesfurtherevidenceshowingthatgeo-graphicproximityingroupsofrecentandrapidspecia-tionismorelikelythandisjunction,afactorthathastobeconsidered for future taxonomicrestructurationofthecoreBromelioideae.1TheNewYorkBotanicalGarden,TheGraduateCenter/LehmanCollege-CUNY,PlantSciences,2900SouthernBoulevard,NewYorkBotanicalGarden,PfizerPlantResearchL,Bronx,NY,10458-5126,USA2Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Instituto de CienciasNaturales,Apartado7495 ,Bogotá,Colombia3UNIVERSITYOFWYOMING,DepartmentOfBotany,BOX3165,LARAMIE,WY,82071-3165,USA4UNIVERSIDADEFEDERALDORIODEJA-NEIRO,DEPTDEBOTANICACCSJB,Av.BrigadeiroTrompow-sky,S/n,RioDeJaneiro,N/A,21941-5900,Brazil

492 BENEDICT, JOHN

Using fruit and seeds of Zingiberales to understand character evolution and phylogeny

TheZingiberales are a diverse groupofmonocotsthatinhabittheunderstoryoftropicalandsubtrop-

icalforestsacrosstheglobe.Phylogeneticstudiesbasedon combinedmorphology andmolecules have estab-lishedthevalidityoftheeightrecognizedfamilies,andconfirmedthemonophylyoftheorder.Typically,floralandvegetativecharactersareincorporatedintodatasetstoassessphylogeneticrelationships,howeverfruitandseedcharactersarelessfrequentlyused.Inconjunctionwithmystudyofthefossilrecordofzingiberaleanfruitsandseeds,asurveyofextantformsrevealsoveradozencharacters of potential phylogenetic significance. Forexample,fruitsintheordervaryinloculenumber(1-3),placentation,andtype,frommostlyberries(Musaceae)or loculicidal capsules (Cannaceae, Costaceae, Strelit-ziaceae,Lowiaceae)todrupe-likefruits(Heliconiaceae),withsomefamilieshavingseveraldifferent fruit types(Marantaceae, Zingiberaceae). Anatomical details offruitpericarpsthroughouttheorderarenotwellknown.Seedsarealsoquitevariable.Characterssuchasthearil,embryoshape,seedcoat,micropylarcollar,andchalazalchamberpromise additionaldata for testingphyloge-netichypotheses.Together,extantfruitandseedchar-acterscanbecompared to their fossilcounterparts toenhanceourunderstandingaboutbothcharacterevolu-tionandthephylogenyoftheZingiberales.

Arizona StateUniversity, SchoolOf Life Sciences, POBox 4601,Tempe,AZ,85287-4601,USA

493 STAPAY, TARA*1, ESSELMAN, ELIZABETH2, SMITH, MARIAN3 and MCKENZIE, PAUL4

Evidence for hybridization between Schoenoplectushallii and S. saximontanus (Cyperaceae) using ISSR markers

Schoenoplectus hallii, or Hall’s bulrush, belongs toSchoenoplectussectionSupini (Cherm.)J.Raynalin

thefamilyCyperaceae.Thisannualspeciesisconfinedtowetlandhabitatswithvariablewaterlevels.Thespe-ciesisofconservationconcernwhereveritoccurs,par-tiallyduetoitsvastpopulationlossesoverthepast25years.Acontributingfactortoitsdeclinecouldbethehybridizationwithacloselyrelatedspecies,S. saximon-tanus.Thesetwospeciesdifferintheirrangesandchro-mosomenumbers;however,pastmorphologicalstudiessuggest thathybridization ispossible.This studypro-videdmolecularevidenceofhybridizationusinginter-simplesequencerepeat(ISSR)DNAmarkers.Atotalof260plantswereexaminedfrom17populationsacross

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4states.Sevenspecies-specificmarkerswerefoundforS. saximontanus,and4werefoundforS. hallii.Thesemarkerswerefoundintheproposedhybrids,support-ingthehypothesisthathybridizationisoccurring.TheISSRdatawasalsousedtoexaminethegeneticdiver-sitywithinandamongpopulations.Thelowestlevelsofdiversitywere foundinMissouriandIllinois,andthehighestlevelswerefoundinOklahomawherethetwospeciesco-occur.Higherdiversityinplantsatthissitecouldbeduetohybridizationbetweenthespecies.TheisolatedsitesintheMidwestarevaluablesincetheyarehybridfree.However,poorreportingandhabitatdegra-dationduetoagriculturaldevelopmentthreatensS. hal-lii’scontinuedsurvival.Conservationeffortsareneededtopreservetheextantpopulations.1SouthernIllinoisUniversityEdwardsville,BiologicalSciences,Ed-wardsville,IL,62026,USA2SouthernIllinoisUniversity,DepartmentOf Biology, RM 3330 SCIENCE BLDG, EDWARDSVILLE, IL,62026-1651,USA3DepartmentOfBiologicalSciences,1222Chan-cellorDrive,EDWARDSVILLE,IL,62025,USA4

494 TIPPERY, NICHOLAS*1 and LES, DONALD2

Evidence for natural hybridization between two dioecious North American Nymphoides species (N. aquatica and N. cordata; Menyanthaceae)

Outcrossinginthefloating-leavedaquaticplantge-nusNymphoides (about50species)ispromoted

byvarioussexualconditionsincludingdimorphichet-erostyly (most species) anddioecy (four species).TheeasternNorthAmerican N. aquaticaandN. cordata aredioecioussiblingspeciesthat differbyrelativelyminormorphologicaltraitsincludingadventitiousrootform,leaf texture, and overall size. Although these featuresdistinguish the majority of individuals, the existenceof morphological intermediates within broadly over-lapping ranges confounds the identification of somespecimens. Inaddition,similarfloralmorphology,re-lianceonoutcrossing,andbroadlyoverlappingrangescontributetothelikelihoodofpollentransferbetweenN. aquaticaandN. cordata.Weundertookamolecularphylogeneticstudyusingnuclear(ITS)andchloroplast(matK/trnK)sequencedataobtainedfromindividualscollectedacrosstherangesofbothspecies,inordertoascertainthedistinctnessofN. aquaticaandN. cordataandtoinvestigatetheirpotentialforhybridization.Ourresults indicated thatmost individuals ofN. aquaticaandN. cordatawerereadily identifiable tooneor theother species, and these corresponded to reciprocallymonophyleticgroups.However,someindividualscol-lectedwithin the sympatric range ofN. aquatica andN. cordata were revealed bymolecular cloning to beinterspecifichybrids.ThesedataareconsistentwiththeexistenceoftwoNorthAmericanNymphoidesspeciesthat are predominantly distinct morphologically butnonethelessoccasionallyproducegeneticallyintermedi-

atehybrids.1University OfWisconsin-Whitewater, Department of BiologicalSciences, 800WMain St,Whitewater,WI, 531902UniversityOfConnecticut,DepartmentOfEcology&EvolutionaryBiology,75N.EaglevilleRoad,Unit3043,Storrs,CT,06269-3043,USA

495 CLAY, DANIELLE*, SMITH, JAMES, NOVAK, STEPHEN and SERPE, MARCELO

Homoploid hybrid speciation in a rare endemic Castilleja from Idaho

Interspecific hybridization has played a pivotal roledrivingbothextinctionsandspeciationeventswithin

angiosperms.Thecombinationofinterspecifichybrid-izationandallopolyploidyhassignificantlycontributedtotheevolutionofthegenusCastilleja.Thediploid Cas-tilleja christiiisahighlyfertilerareendemicspecies,andwidespreadon200acresatthesummitofMt.Harrison,ID.Weprovideevidenceforthehomoploidhybridspe-ciationofCastilleja christii betweencongenericdiploids Castilleja miniata andC. linariifolia, usingmolecularandmorphologicalanalyses.SomeindividualsofCas-tilleja christii thatwere initially thought tobehybridsbetweenC. christiiandeitherC. miniataorC. linariifo-liawerefoundtobetransgressiveforseveralmorpho-logicaltraitsbasedonANOVAanalysesandCochran-Mantel-Haenszel test statistics. Using the single copynuclear gene waxy, all Castilleja christii individualswerefoundtosharethegenomesofC. miniata and C. linariifolia.AllindividualsofCastilleja christii and C. li-nariifoliasampledfromMt.Harrisonwereidentifiedasdiploidsusing chromosome squashes.Most individu-alsofC. miniatawerealsodiploidwiththeexceptionofonesubpopulationthatwasoctoploid.Thisstudyisthefirst toreporthomoploidhybridspeciation in thegenus Castilleja, adding to the understanding of thecomplex evolutionary history in this group. Further,thisresearchwillassistlandmanagerswithconservationstrategiesthatmaycontributetothespeciesprotectionofCastilleja christii,whichtodatehasnotbeenexploredscientifically.

BoiseStateUniversity,Biological Sciences, 1910UniversityDrive,Boise,ID,83725-1515,USA

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496 TANK, DAVID*1 and EASTMAN, JONATHAN2

Diversification rates, life history shifts, and chromosomal evolution in Castilleja and relatives (Castillejinae, Orobanchaceae)

1UniversityofIdaho,StillingerHerbarium,POBox441133,Mos-cow,ID,83844-1133,USA2UniversityofIdaho,BiologicalSciences,POBox443051,Moscow,ID,83844-3051,USA

497 DOUCETTE, ERIC*1, BURGESS, MICHAEL2, CUSHMAN, KEVIN3, FRYE, CHRISTOPHER4 and CAMPBELL, CHRISTOPHER1

What is Amelanchier laevis?

Amelanchier laevisWieg.ascurrentlycircumscribedoccurs fromnorthernGeorgia toNewfoundland

andwesttotheGreatLakesecoregion.ThisspeciesispartofacladewithA. arborea(Michx.f.)Fern.andA.canadensis (L.) Medik. that is strongly supported byDNAsequencedata.Membersofthiscladehavemanyflowered elongate inflorescences, normally glabrousovary summits, and (at least in some individuals) anarborescent habit. Amelanchier laevis is morphologi-callydiagnosablebythecharactersuiteofanthocyanicandglabrescentemergingfoliage,longpetals,andlonglowest pedicel. Our fieldwork revealed diploid andtetraploid individuals conforming to this morphol-ogy.Thediploidform,whichwerefertoasdiploidA. laevis,occursonlyathigherelevationsinthesouthernAppalachians,withpolyploidsoccupying the remain-derofthesampledrange.Basedonthelocationofthetypespecimen(Massachusetts),Wieganddescribedthepolyploidtaxon.InphylogenetictreesbasedonnuclearregionsETSandITS,someclonesofallourtetraploidA. laevisindividualsarelinkedtodiploidA. laevis,andother clones, depending upon the individual plant,nest with A. canadensis or have unresolved relation-shipswithothercladeBmembers.ThesetreessuggestthattetraploidA.laevisisanassemblageofgeneticallyheterogeneousallotetraploidsofmultipleoriginswhoseancestryiswhollywithincladeB.Morphologically,A. laevisisclosesttoA. arborea,andhybridsbetweenthemcanbedifficulttodetect.Hence,ETSsequencesrevealedasouthernAppalachiandiploidtobeamorphologicallycryptichybridbetweenthesetwospecies.Inflorescenceandleafcharactersmayseparatethetwoploidylevels,althoughthispotentialdifferenceneedstobeassessedwith greater sampling.We plan to obtain additionalsamples to explore the relationship between the twoploidylevelswithA. laevismorphologyandtoinvesti-

gatethetaxonomicstatusofthediploid.1University Of Maine, Department Of Biological Sciences, 261HITCHNERHALL,ORONO,ME,04469-5735,USA2UniversityofPennsylvania,USA3P.O.Box143,Levant,ME,04456,USA4Mary-landWildlifeAndHeritageService,909WyeMillsRoad,POBox68,WyeMills,MD,21679,USA

498 CUSHMAN, KEVIN*1, DOUCETTE, ERIC2, BURGESS, MICHAEL3, FRYE, CHRISTOPHER4 and CAMPBELL, CHRISTOPHER2

Morphological and molecular relationships of Nantucket shadbush (Amelanchier nantucketensis, Rosaceae)

Amelanchier nantucketensis Bickn. was named in1911basedonplantsfromNantucketIsland,Mas-

sachusetts.Thisspecies is theonlytaxoninthegenuswith andropetaly: the presence ofmicrosporangia onsmallspatulatepetals.Theexpressionofthisfeaturevar-iesgreatly,butalmostallplantsofthistaxonhavesomeandropetaly.Thisshrub isknownonlyasa tetraploidandusuallygrowsonacidic sandsand rockoutcropsfromthesoutheasternUnitedStatesthroughmuchofNewEnglandandsouthernNovaScotia.TheoriginofNantucket shadbush isunclear.Weigand, inhis1912treatment of Eastern North American Amelanchier,consideredthistaxontobeahybridofA. canadensis (L.)Medic.var.oblongifolia Michx. andA. spicata (Lamarck)K.Koch. Inhis1946monographofNorthAmericanAmelanchier, Jones lumpedA. nantucketensiswithA. humilis Wiegand,adiploid, andA.spicata,ataxonomi-callycomplextetraploid.Distinguishingnon-floweringA. nantucketensisandA. spicataisdifficult.AllpolyploidAmelanchier studied are aposporous, pseudogamousapomictscapableof creatingmorphologicallydiscretemicrospecies.Hybridizationandoccasionalsexwithinsomemicrospecieshave spawnedabewilderingarrayof formsand,over time,generated looselyconnected,morphologically similar, andwidelydispersed speciescomplexes.Amelanchier nantucketensis ismorphologi-callyratheruniform,butunlikemanymicrospeciesthatwehaveobservedinthegenus,ithasarelativelybroaddistribution.SequencedatafromnrDNAETSandITSshowthatNantucketshadbushisstronglytiedtoA. ca-nadensis andweaklylinkedtoacladethatincludesA. arborea (Michx.f.)Fern.,A. canadensis, A. laevis Wie-gand,andA.bartramiana (Tausch)M.Roemer.AnITSpseudogene shared by Nantucket shadbush and taxarelatedtoA. humilis, butnotA. humilisitself,suggestsamemberofthecladethatincludesA. humilis wasanancestorofA. nantucketensis. It appears thatA. nan-tucketensishashadacomplexhistorythathaspartiallyobscureditsdiploidprogenitors.1UniversityofMaine,SchoolofBiologyandEcology,5751MurrayHall,Orono,Me,04469,USA2UniversityOfMaine,DepartmentOfBiologicalSciences,261HITCHNERHALL,ORONO,ME,04469-5735, USA34MarylandWildlife And Heritage Service, 909WyeMillsRoad,POBox68,WyeMills,MD,21679,USA

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499 FINCH, KRISTEN*1, MEYERS, STEPHEN2 and WILLYARD, ANN1

How distinct are the geographically isolated coastal populations of ponderosa pines in the Willamette Valley of Oregon and Fort Lewis, Washington?

Incompletelineagesortingandthepotentialforinter-specifichybridizationinthegenusPinusmakeitchal-

lengingtodeterminerecentbiogeographyandperhapseventodelimitsomespecies.Westudiedisolatednatu-ralstandsofponderosapinesintheWillametteValleyofOregonandontheFortLewismilitarybasenearthePugetSoundinWashington.Severalresearchershavereported that one or both of these pine populationshaveuniquecharacteristicssuchasthetimingofspringgrowth,wooddensity,andbiochemistry.Thesepopu-lations are geographicallydistant from theponderosapinesofcoastalCalifornia(P. benthamianaHartw.),butgrowinaverydifferentclimatethanthenearerpopu-lations of ponderosa in eastern Oregon and easternWashington (P. ponderosa, North Plateau Race).Wesampled14populations(ca.350individuals)fromtheWillamette Valley, the Puget Sound, P. benthamianainCalifornia,andtheNorthPlateauRacefromeasternWashington,westernIdaho,andcentralOregon.Multi-locus nuclear and chloroplast genotypes frommicro-satelliteloci(SSRs)providedusefullengthvariationinregionsofthegenomethatharborSSRsbecauseindi-vidualsofthesamespecieshavediversenumbersofSSRrepeats.Weanalyzedthesedatainseveralframeworkstorevealrelationshipswithinandamongpopulations.Considering the large geographic distance betweenthesepopulationsandtheirapparentsisterpopulations,wetestedwhethertheponderosapopulationsfromtheWillametteValleyandthePugetSoundaremorecloselyrelatedtoeachotherthantheyaretootherpopulationsandwhethereachpopulationsharesamorerecenthis-torywithP. benthamianaorwithP. ponderosa.1HendrixCollege,BiologyDept,1600WashingtonAve,Conway,AR,72032,USA2OregonStateUniversity,BotanyandPlantPathol-ogy,Cordley2082,Corvallis,OR,97331,USA

500 SHELTON, GLENN W.K.

Sympatry without intergradation: an evaluation of the Trifolium longipes complex in northern California

TheTrifolium longipescomplexcomprisesabout12infraspecifictaxaendemictovernallywetmeadows

onserpentinesubstrates in thewesternUnitedStates,fromMontanatoNewMexicoandwesttothePacificStates.Someofthesetaxaclearlyintergrade,butothersdifferstronglybyacombinationoftraitsincludingplantheight,pedunclelength,leafletandcalyxshape,corolla

color,andtheextenttowhichthepedicelsreflexwithage.Someofthemoredistincttaxahavebeenregardedasseparatespeciesinthepast,buttheprevailingviewis that they are linked by intergradation and are bestconsideredonespecies.Currentstudyfocusesontwopairsofsignificantlydistinctsubspeciesoccurringsym-patrically in northern California: subspecies hansenii(Greene)J.M.Gillettwithssp.oreganum (Howell)J.M.GillettinHumboldtandTrinityCounties,andssp.el-meri (Greene)J.M.Gillettwithssp.shastense (House)J.M.GillettinShastaCounty.Inbothcases,thesubspe-ciesoccurinthesamemeadows,bloomconcurrently,andmaintain theirmorphologicaldistinctionwithoutintergradation, although the differences between ssp.hansenii andssp.oreganum arelessstrikingthanthoseseparating spp. elmeri and ssp. shastense. Herbariumdata are being used to locate additional instances ofsympatry.Fieldobservationsareparticularlycriticalinthisgroupbecausetraitssuchascorollacolorandthedegree towhich thepedicels reflex canbedifficult tointerpret on herbarium specimens. If additional fieldreconnaissancerevealscleardistinctionacrossabroadgeographic range, the recognition of separate specieswill be strongly encouraged.Conversely, anunantici-patedsignificantintergradationwillwarrantastudyofreinforcementofreproductiveisolationinareasofsym-patrywithoutintergradation.TheultimategoalofthisevaluationisacomprehensiverevisionofT. longipesinnorthernCaliforniaandadjacentOregonincludingup-datedrangesanddescriptionsofsomeofthetaxa.

Humboldt StateUniversity,Department of Biological Sciences, 1HarpstStreet,Arcata,CA,95521,USA

501 COMER , JASON R*1, ZOMLEFER, WENDY2, MATTE SANTOS, ALEXANDRE1 and LEEBENS-MACK, JIM3

A preliminary study of the genetic diversity in Georgia and Florida populations of Veratrum woodii (Liliales: Melanthiaceae)

Veratrum woodii grows inmoistdeciduous forestspredominately on north- and east-facing slopes,

rangingfromasfarsouthasnorthernFloridanorthwardintoOhio,reachingitswesternrangeedgeinMissouri-IowadowntoeasternOklahoma.However,moststateshaveonlyafewisolatedpopulations,whereV. woodiiisrankedendangered,rare,orthreatened.ThespeciesislocallycommononlyinMissouri,whereitoccursinmostoftheeasternhalfofthestate.Veratrum woodiiisalong-livedrhizomatousperennialspecieswithma-roonflowerswithlargeadaxialperigonalnectariesandisinsectpollinated.Basedonthispollinationsyndrome,thisspeciesisconsideredtobeoutcrossing.Thepurposeofthispreliminarystudyistoassessthegeneticdiver-sityofpopulationsofV. woodii inGeorgiaandFlorida.Leaftissuewascollectedfromsevenpopulationsfrom

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Georgiaand three inFlorida forAmplifiedFragmentLength Polymorphism (AFLP) analyses. AmplifiedFragmentLengthPolymorphismswereselectedforthisstudybecausetheydonotrequirepreviousknowledgeof thegenome,and thedata represent samplesof theentiregenome.Populationsrangedinsizefrommorethan600toasfewasfiveindividuals.Thirtyindividualsweresampledfromeachpopulationwheneverpossible.Threeprimercombinationswereselected,andthefrag-ments generated were analyzed using GenAlEx soft-ware.TheresultsshowthatVeratrum woodiihasameanexpectedheterozygositycomparabletootherrarelong-livedperennials.Whilemostofthegeneticvariationiswithinpopulations, the phi pt value indicates thatV. woodiihasbeenundergoingsomeinbreeding,aswell.1UniversityofGeorgia,PlantBiology,2502MillerPlantSciences,Athens,GA,30602,USA2UniversityOfGeorgia,DepartmentOfPlant Biology, 2052 Miller Plant Sciences Building, 120 CarltonStreet,Athens,GA,30602,USA3UniversityOfGeorgia,4503MillerPlantSciences,Athens,GA,30602,USA

502 KIRCHOFF, BRUCE

A New Type of Paper Visual Key (to the Fagaceae of the Southeastern United States)

Standard keys are terminology-based tools forplant identification,which are often supplement-

ed with images. Visual keys are identification toolsthat areprimarily visual, supplementedby some text.Traditional,terminology-basedkeysdonottakeadvan-tage of the forte of visual experts,pattern recognition.Visual keys, on the other hand, are primarily image-based,andtakeadvantageoftheseabilities.Charactersinthesetypesofkeysarevisually,notverballydefined.InthispaperasetofpapervisualkeystotheFagaceaeof the southeasternUnitedStates arepresented.Pho-tographsof theFagaceaewereobtainedfrominternetdatabases,orweretakenspecificallyforthisproject.Theimageswereprinted,andthensortedintohierarchicalgroups.Thesehierarchicalgroupsofimageswereusedtocreatethe"couplets"ofthekeys.Areciprocalprocessofkeycreationandtestingwasusedtoproducethefinalkeys.Fourkeyswerecreated,oneforeachofthefollow-ingplantparts-leaves,buds,fruits,andbark.Speciesde-scriptionpagesconsistingofmultipleimageswerealsocreated for eachof the covered species.Creation andtestingofthekeyhasresultedinalistofbestpracticesforimageuseinvisualkeys.

UniversityOfNorthCarolinaAtGreensboro,DepartmentOfBiol-ogy,POBOX26170,GREENSBORO,NC,27402-6170,USA

503 DIAZGRANADOS, MAURICIO*1, NICOLAS, RODRIGUEZ2 and BARBER, JANET1

Interactive Digital Key for the frailejones (Espeletiinae Cuatrec., Asteraceae) of the South American paramos

The paramos of the Northern Andes are largelydominatedbyagroupofcompositespeciesknown

as frailejones. These plants comprise a neotropicalmonophyleticassemblageandarefoundbetween1,800-4,700minelevationinColombia(ca.81spp.),Venezu-ela(ca.69spp.)andEcuador(1sp.).Thegroupiswidelyrecognizedasaclassicexampleofrapidradiationinthetropicsduetoitsremarkablediversity.Thenearly143namedspeciesareclassifiedintoeightgenera:Carram-boa(5spp.),Coespeletia(6spp.),Espeletia(68spp.),Es-peletiopsis(27spp.),Libanothamnus(11spp.),Parami-flos (1 sp.),Ruilopezia (24 spp.)andTamania (1 sp.).Unfortunately, only one published key (1996) existsforasinglegenus,andoneextremelyincompletetreat-mentforEspeletiapublishedin1935thatincludesonly20% of the currently recognized species.Cuatrecasas’monographofthesubtriberemainsunpublished.Thismonograph does not includemore than ten recentlydiscoveredspeciesanddescribesonlysevenoftheeightgenera (excluding Espeletiopsis); furthermore, its di-chotomouskeysareparticularlydifficulttofollowduetothelargenumberofoverlappingcontinuouscharac-ters.Wehaveconstructedaninteractivedigitalkeyforthe Espeletiinae, using the software Lucid3 v.3.5.Thekeyincludesallcurrentlyknownspeciesandincorpo-rates566features(=characterstates),scoredusingsevenconditions(absent,common,rare,uncertain,commonandmisinterpreted, rare andmisinterpreted, and notscoped),inadditiontonumericvariablesrepresentingnormalrangesandextremevalues.Thelackofconsis-tencybetweenspeciesdescriptionswasachallenge,andoften required careful re-examination of specimens.Performanceofthekeywastestedrepeatedly.Onaver-age,69featuresdistinguishanytworandomlychosenspecies,and23distinguishthemostsimilarspecies.Byusingthewizardtoolofthekeytochoosethebestdiag-nosticcharacters,userscanidentifyanyspeciesinonlyafewsteps.Thekeyincludesphotographsandillustra-tionsforspeciesandmorphologicalcharacters,glossa-riesanddistributionmaps.Itisavailableonlineathttp://www.espeletia.org/.1SaintLouisUniversity,Biology,3507LacledeAve.,St.Louis,MO,63103,USA2UniversidaddelosAndes,DepartamentodeCienciasBiológicas,ApartadoAéreo4976,Bogotá,D.C.,Colombia

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504 SWADEK, REBECCA

The Vascular Flora of the North Central Texas Walnut Formation

Political boundaries most frequently define localfloras.Thisfloristicproject takes ageological ap-

proachinspiredbyDalea reverchonii(ComanchePeakPrairieClover),whichisendemictogladesoftheWal-nutFormation.TheWalnutFormation(Comanchean)lieson thedrierwesternmostedgeof theFortWorthPrairie.Itsshallowlimestonesoils,formedfromalter-natinglayersofhardlimestoneandclayeymarl,supportawidevarietyofhabitats.Gladesofbarren limestonetypicallyappearonridgetops,grasslandsavannasformon eroding hillslopes, and seeps support a variety ofhyper-seasonalvegetation.PreliminaryresultsindicatefloristicaffinitiestoLimestoneCedarGladesofTennes-seeandKentuckyandtocalcareousApacherianSavan-nasofSouthwesternNorthAmerica.

TexasChristianUniversity,EnvironmentalScience,FortWorth,TX,76129

505 SHIPUNOV, ALEXEY

Flora of North Dakota project

NorthDakotafirstplantinventorystartedin1890swiththeestablishmentofNorthDakotaAgricul-

turalCollegeandwasreportedindependentlybyH.F.Bergman in 1918 and J. Lunell in 1915.They list ap-proximately960plantspecies.Next(andunfortunatelythelast)inventoryofNorthDakotaflorawaspublishedin1950(withsomeadditionsin1963)byO.A.Stevens,making the totalnumberofNorthDakotaplant spe-ciesover1200.In1970-80s,E.DeKeyser(NDSU)or-ganized a systematic research ofNorthDakota flora,but state inventory was not fully implemented: onlypartofNorthDakota(mostlycountiesfromMissouriPlains) was covered.The other ongoing effort is theonline database for plants of Missouri plains (proj-ect of M.L. Gabel from Black Hills State University,SD).Theprojectcovers,however,onlyahalfofstate.In all, contemporary plant inventory is highly desir-able for North Dakota. Such an inventory will notonlylistplantsintraditionalway,butalsoincorporate"non-classic"methods including plant barcoding.Weplanalsotocreateon-linedatabasewhichwillprovideinformationbothforscientistsandforlocalcommuni-ties;itwillincludedataaboutlocalandnativeplantusesanddeterminationkeys.Otherproposedoutcomesare:trainingstudentsinfloristicresearch;expandingMSUherbarium collection and making virtual herbarium;tracing invasive plants across the state; clarifying thestateendangeredandrareplantlist;andperformingapilotresearchinpatternsofheavymetaldistributioninsoils inaccordancewithfloristiccompositionofplantcommunitiesacrossthestate.

Minot StateUniversity, Biology, 500UniversityAve,Minot,ND,58707,USA

506 SAADEDDIN, RAJA

An Illustrated Guide to Wild Plants from Karak Province and Some Areas in south Jordan

Southern Jordan is rich in flora due to the greatvariations inhabitat,which includemountain ar-

eas , characterized by a Mediterranean climate, withhigh rainfall and fertile soils;Dead Sea areas , whichare depressions with very low altitudes, ditinguishedbySodanianorTropicalenvironmentalconditionsex-hibitveryhightemperaturesinsummer,andmediuminwinter,thatcouldbebecomebelowzerodegreesinsomeseasons,withvariabletypesofsoil,fromfertiletohighlysalinesoilswheresalttolerantplants(halophytes)growheavily insaltmarshes;andDesertareas,repre-sents saharo arabian regions,with very hot summer,verycoldwinterandverylowraifall.Thevegetationisrichinmanysalttolerant,anddroughttolerantplants,includingtreesandshrubsasAtriplex.Alsoannualandperennialherbaceousplants,someofwhicharegrazedbyanimals,whileothersareusedasmedicinalplants.Theseplantscouldbeusedinfutureassourceofgermplasmforvaluablesaltanddroughttolerantcrops.Dur-ing spring, anumberofwildplantsgrow indifferentpartsofsouthernJordanwerephotographedbyacan-noncamera,eitherintheirnaturalhabitatoraftertheyhavebeencollectedfortheherbarium,whiletheywerestillfresh.Twohundredandtwelveplantsbelongto45plantfamiliesand147generawereidentifiedaccordingtotheirmorphologicalfeaturesandtheirmedicaluseshavebeenrecorded.

AttilaEast,MuhammedSayelAlhusbanSt.19,P.O.Box:954016,Amman,11954,Jordan

POSTERS

507 MAVRODIEV, EVGENY*1, LAKTIONOV, A. P.2 and ALEXEEV, YU. E.3

On the new species Salix fursaevii Mavrodiev in context of the old question about rapid speciation in river plains

WeproposethatSalix serotina,anendemicoftheLowerVolgaregiondiscoveredbyPeterSimon

Pallas(1741-1811),mustbeexcludedfromsynonymyofthewidelycircumscribedS. viminalisL. andshouldbeacceptedattherankofspecies.WealsodescribeasanewspeciesSalix fursaevii Mavrodievsp.nova,anotherputativeendemicoftheLowerVolgaregion.InthepastbothSalix serotinaandS. fursaevii werewidely treatedasa"late-flood-plain-ecotypes"ofS. viminalisL.s.l.andS. triandraL.s.l.respectively.Duetodifferentfloweringtimes,theLowerVolgaplainpopulationsofS. fursaeviiandS.serotina arereproductivelyisolatedformsympat-

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ric, morphologically different non-plain populationsofS. viminaliss.str.andS. triandra s.str.Here,Salix fursaeviiandS.serotina arepresentedasanexampleoftheprocessofrapidspeciationinriverplains.BasedondetailedstudyoftheLowerVolgaplainfloraandvegeta-tiontheRussianbotanistA.D.Fursajeworiginallydem-onstratedthisphenomenonmorethan70yearsagobutthelastonewasnotinvestigatedfurtherbyotherssincethat time. Due to the presumed high levels of ende-mism,theLowerVolgaplainproposedhereasausefulnaturalmodelsystemformodernevolutionarystudies.1UniversityofFlorida,FloridaMuseumofNaturalHistory,Gaines-ville, FL, 32611,USA2Astrakhan StateUniversity,Department ofBiology,Astrakhan,414056,Russia3MoscowStateUniversity,De-partmentofGeobotany,BiologicalFaculty,119899Moscow,Russia

508 ZANDER, RICHARD

Theory-based Alternative to Axiomatic Structuralism in Systematics

1.Phylogeneticsattemptsanaxiomaticquasi-math-ematicalfoundation:(a)cladogramasfundamental

pattern in nature (structuralism), (b) all non-data-setinformationmapped(relegated)tocladogram,(c)strictmonophyly (a principle) eliminates non-axiomatictheory aspects of macroevolution, (d) explanation ofparaphyly andpolyphyly as "convergence" is theonlyexplanationifanalysisisaxiomatic.2.Phylogeneticsasdiscoveryprocess fails through inconsistencybetweenanalyses: (a)morphology andmolecular analyses, (b)paraphylyandpolyphylyonmolecularcladograms,(c)classificationsfromsynchronicanddiachronicrelation-ships. 3. Evolutionary theory allows consistency withonly apparent loss in precision: (a) Alpha taxonomybased on informal genetic algorithms providing heu-risticinitialtheoryofrelationships,(b)Morphologicalphylogenetic analyses provide natural keys (based onconservative homologous traits whose similarity im-plies close evolutionary relationships), (c) Molecularphylogenetic analyses provide genetic continuity andisolationeventsbutnotnecessarilyspeciation,(d)Het-erophylywithinmolecularandbetweenmorphologicalandmolecularcladogramsisinformativeofdeepances-traltaxa,and(e)Dollo’sLawandbiosystematicsprovideadditionaldatatohelpjudgetheoreticaldiachronicdi-rectionofevolution.4.Thephylogenetictreeoflifeisasetofcommonlywell-supportednestedparenthesesbutlackingscientificrealismamongthenodes.Theevolu-tionarytreeoflifeisacombinationofBesseyancactusand cladogram, being an approximation combiningsynchronic phylogenetic pattern and diachronic cau-listicinferencesthroughbothdeductionandinduction.Examplesaregiven.

MissouriBotanicalGarden,ScienceandConservation,POBox299,St.Louis,MO,63166,USA

509 MAYFIELD, DUSTIN*1, SMELSER, WOODSON2, NEWTON, KATHLEEN2 and PIRES, JOSEPH3

Organellar genome sequence assembly of maize lines and grass relatives using Illumina sequence data

Thescaleandeconomyofnext-generationsequenc-ingisgreatlyimprovingresearchers’abilitytoin-

vestigate organellar genomes.Here, we assemble andanalyze theorganellargenomesof rice, sorghum, twoteosintes,andothermaize lines fromgenomicor iso-latedmitochondrial DNA. In the case ofmaize, it isthoughtthatthespecieswasderivedfromZ. mays par-viglumisandthatgreaterthantenpercentofitsgenomewasintrogressedbyZ. mays mexicana.Here,weshowvariation among these teosinte organellar genomes,alongwithotherlineswithorwithoutexpressionofcy-toplasmicmalesterility(CMS)phenotypes.Thisvaria-tionmayexplainthemolecularbasisofCMSinmaize.Our results demonstrate the degree that eukaryoticplantorganellargenomescanbeaccuratelyassembledfromshallowIlluminasequencing.1UniversityofMissouri-Columbia,DivisionofBiologicalSciences,311LifeSciencesCenter,1201RollinsStreet,Columbia,MO,65211,USA2UniversityofMissouri-Columbia,DivisionofBiologicalSci-ences,324TuckerHall,Columbia,MO,65211,USA3UniversityOfMissouri,371BLifeSciencesCenter,1201RollinsStreet,Columbia,MO,65211-7310,USA

510 KAONONGBUA, WITTAYA*1 and BEVER, JAMES2

Xerospora xerophila gen. et sp. nov., a new arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus from a semi-arid region of North America

Whileinvestigatingthebiodiversityofarbuscularmycorrhizal (AM)fungi in theUSgrasslands,

we encountered a previously undescribed species ofAMfungiindesertgrasslandfromNewMexico.BothmorphologicalandmoleculardatastronglysupportthehypothesisthatthisAMfungusisanundescribedspe-ciesandamemberofadistinctgenuswithinthefamilyDiversisporaceae(Glomeromycota).Therefore,weerecta new genus, Xerospora gen. nov., to accommodatethe new species, Xerospora xerophila sp. nov. SporesofX. xerophilaareglobose,subgloboseoroccasionallyoblong; 231.2-206.4 µm in average dimensions; darkyellow,palebrown,brownordarkreddishbrownandfrequentlywithadheringdebrisandsoilparticles.Eachsporecomprisesofasinglesporewallwith2layers.Thecompositethicknessofthesporewallisapproximately25µm.Theouter layer (L1) is yellow, pale brownorbrown,5-20µmthickwith themeanof11.9µmandlaminated. Some of the outer-most sub-layers of this

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maydegradeovertimeandstartattractingsoilparticles.Theinnerlayer(L2)ishyaline,5-20µmthickwiththemeanof12.4µmandbothlaminatedandsemi-flexible.Theinner-mostsub-layersofthismaybemistakenforanadditionalsporewalllayer.Todate,X. xerophilahasonlybeenreportedfromthetypelocality.1IndianaUniversity,Biology,1001E.3rdSt.,JordanHall142,Bloom-ington,IN,47405,USA2IndianaUniversity,DepartmentOfBiology,JordanHall,1001EastThirdStreet,Bloomington,IN,47405,USA

511 VASUDEVAN, HARI*1, TELEWSKI, FRANK2, MARQUARDT, PAULA3 and WILLYARD, ANN1

How genetically distinct are the isolated ponderosa pines of southern Arizona?

We studied isolated populations of ponderosapines in southern Arizona in relation to the

continuously distributed pines of the southernRock-ies.WealsoinvestigatedpotentialhybridzonesbetweenponderosapineandPinus arizonicaintheChiricahuasand on Mt. Lemmon where these two species growin closeproximity andwhere treeswith intermediatemorphologieshavebeenreported.Lengthvariationinnuclearandchloroplastmulti-locusmicrosatellitesandmitochondrialminisatelliteswasusedtorevealgeneticrelationshipswithinandamongpopulations.SSRsnew-lydevelopedforponderosapineandanexpandeduseof mitochondrial haplotypes aided our investigation.Geneticdatafrombiparentallyinherited(nuclear),pa-ternallyinherited(chloroplastinpines),andmaternallyinherited (mitochondrial) helped us detect hybridiza-tionanddeterminethedirectionofgeneflow.Incur-renttreatments,Pinus ponderosaisdefinedtocoveranenormousrangeofgeographicandmorphologicalvari-ation.Inlightofourcurrentunderstandingofgeneticrelationships,wediscusshowthenamePinus brachyp-tera(publishedbyGeorgeEngelmannfromcollectionsmadebyFriedrichAdolphWislizenusin1846nearSan-taFe,NewMexico)fitswiththenamePinus ponderosa(collectedbyDavidDouglasin1826nearpresent-daySpokane,Washington).1Hendrix College, Biology, 1600Washington Ave, Conway, AR,72032,USA2MichiganStateUniversity,DepartmentofPlantBiol-ogy, East Lansing, MI, 48824-1312, USA3USDA Forest Service,InstituteforAppliedEcosystemStudies,5985Hwy.K.,Rhinelander,WI,54501,USA

512 FINNEY, JACK* and WILLYARD, ANN

The taxonomic status and relation of the sand hill pines of Santa Cruz County, California to Pinus ponderosa Douglas ex Loudon and to P. benthamiana Hartweg

Outlyingpopulationsofponderosapineon"sandhills" soils of coastal California have long been

recognizedas representinganunusualhabitat for thespecies.Thesepinepopulationsaresurroundedbyred-wood-mixedconiferforests,ahighlyunusual locationforponderosapine.Someresearchershavealsosuggest-edthatmorphologicalandbiochemicalfeaturesofthesandhillpopulationsmaydifferfromtypicalponderosa.Weusedmulti-locusnuclearandplastidmicrosatellite(SSR)genotypesandamitochondrialhaplotype frommorethan200individualstoobservevariabilitywithinandamongpopulations.WecomparedtwopopulationsofsandhillpinesfromSantaCruzCounty,CaliforniawithnearbysamplesfromtheSantaLuciaMountainsin Monterey County and Pine Ridge in Santa ClaraCounty.ThesecoastalpopulationswerethenanalyzedinrelationtosamplesfrominlandNorthernCalifornia(PacificRaceofP. ponderosavar.ponderosa),andwithpopulationsrepresentingP. scopulorum,theponderosapinesofthesouthernRockies,andtheisolatedponder-osapinesofSouthernArizona.WeusedourresultstoaddressthequestionofwhetherHartweg’s1847collec-tionofP. benthamianainSantaCruzCounty:i)isbestusedtosupportjustthesandhillpines;ii)isbestusedtotypifytheentirerangeofpinescurrentlytreatedasthePacificRaceofP. ponderosa;oriii)shouldremainsubsumedwithinP. ponderosa as currently treated intheFlora of North America.

HendrixCollege,BiologyDept,1600WashingtonAve,Conway,AR,72032,USA

513 SALAZAR, JACKELINE*1 and BARROS, FABIO DE2

Cinnamodendron brasiliense J. Salazar & F. Barros (Canellaceae), a new species from Brazil

A new species of the genus Cinnamodendron(Canellaceae)isdescribedandillustratedasCin-

namodendron brasiliense J. Salazar & F. Barros.Thisspeciesisashrubortreelet(upto3m)with1or2flow-ersperinflorescence,andafruitupto2cmlongandobovoid.C. brasilienseissimilartoC. occhionii F.Bar-ros&J.Salazar,butthissecondspeciesisatree(8-20mtall),withup to4or5flowersper inflorescence, andthefruitsaresmaller(upto1.5cmlong)andglobose.C.brasilienseisknownfromareasofAtlanticForestintheStateofSãoPaulo(SoutheasternBrazil),incoastal

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areasatsealevel,growinginwetlandsofthePicinguabaRiverandassociatedtomangroves.Thespecificepithetreferstothecountrywherethespecieswasfound,Brazil.1UniversidadAutónomadeSantoDomingo (UASD),EscueladeBiología,ZonaUniversitaria,SantoDomingo,DN,RepúblicaDo-minicana2InstitutodeBotânica,NúcleodePesquisaOrquidáriodoEstado,CaixaPostal3005,SãoPaulo,SP,01061-970,Brazil

514 PENAGOS ZULUAGA, JUAN CARLOS*1 and VAN DER WERFF, HENK2

Evaluation of the relationship of Aiouea with Cinnamomum, Ocotea and Mocinnodaphne (Lauraceae) using stomatal and cuticular leaf characters

Inapreviousmolecularstudy,Aiouea wasfoundintwoquiteseparateclades.Thefirstcladerelatesspecies

ofAiouea withthespeciesoftheOcotea insularis group.The second clade relates species ofAiouea with neo-tropicalspeciesofCinnamomumandMocinnodaphne.This grouping is also supported by floral characters.Methods: Cuticle and stomatal characters of fortyspecies were examined under light microscopy andscanning electron microscopy, and characters weremeasured from digital images. Samples were takenfrom herbarium collection of theMissouri BotanicalGarden. Variables with high loadings from a princi-pal component analysis were considered as themostimportant and evaluated separately to determinetheir utility from a taxonomic perspective.Multilevelanalysis was then used to determine the relationshipbetween environmental variables and these charac-ters, taking into account species-level characteristics.Results: Three groups were recognized in the PCA.The three most important characters were sto-matal rim width, stomata and aperture length.Thefirstgrouphasawidestomatalrimandincludesallthe species ofAiouea fromSouthAmerica, neotropi-calspeciesofCinnamomum,andMocinnodaphne.Thesecondgrouphasanarrowstomatalrimandincludesall the species of Aiouea from Central America andnorthwestSouthAmericaandthespeciesofO.insularisgroup fromCentralAmerica.A third group includestwo species (A.g uatemalensis and A. inconspicua)without a stomatal rim. These two species are thenortherndistributionrangeofAiouea andthe lackofmolecular information does not allow further infer-enceaboutrelationshipwithothergroupsinthefamily.Preliminary results from multilevel analy-ses show a correlation between environmen-tal variables and stomata length vary at spe-cies-level, and are do not suggest that they areconservative characters within the different clades.Conclusion:Results show that somecuticularcharac-tersarestillusefulintaxonomybeingconservativechar-acters in clades.Conversely, stomatal length canvaryas a specific response to environmental variation and

shouldbetreatedmorecarefullyintaxonomy.1UniversityofMissouri-SaintLouis,DepartmentofBiology,OneUniversity Boulevard, R223 Research Building, St. Louis, MO,63121-4400, USA2Missouri Botanical Garden, P.O. Box 299, St.Louis,MO,63166-0299,USA

515 STULL, GREGORY W.*1, JOHNSON, DAVID2 and SOLTIS, PAMELA3

A preliminary molecular phylogeny of the pantropical genus Xylopia (Annonaceae): implications for character evolution and historical biogeography

The Annonaceae, a pantropical family of trees,shrubs,and lianaswithintheMagnoliales,arean

ecologically important and diverse constituent ofwetlowland tropical forests. Although molecular studiesoverthepast10yearshavemadeconsiderableprogressin resolving broad-scale phylogenetic patterns withinthe family, several large clades within the family re-mainpoorlyunderstoodintermsoftheirphylogeneticrelationships.Forexample,Xylopia,thesecondlargestgenusinthefamily(withapproximately180spp),isaphylogenetically poorly understood group despite itsbiogeographicsignificanceas theonlypantropicalge-nuswithin the family.Herewepresentapreliminaryphylogeny ofXylopia based on the chloroplast genesndhF,psbA-trnH,trnL-Fandycf1.ThesedataconfirmthatXylopia ismonophyleticandsister toArtabotrys,ashasbeensuggestedbypreviousanalyses.Anewhy-pothesispresentedhereisthattheancestorsofthege-nuslikelypossessedstiltrootsandoccurredinswamporriverinehabitats.Additionalimplicationsforhistori-calbiogeographyandcharacterevolutionarediscussed.1UniversityofFlorida,FloridaMuseumofNaturalHistory,Dickin-sonHall,Gainesville,FL,32611,USA2OHIOWESLEYANUNI-VERSITY,DEPTOFBOTANY-MICROBIOLOGY,DepartmentOfBotanyMicrobiology,DELAWARE,OH,43015,USA3UniversityOfFlorida,FloridaMuseumOfNaturalHistory,POBOX117800,Gainesville,FL,32611-7800,USA

516 SERNA, MARCELA

Magnolias of the Neotropics

Magnoliaceae family comprises over 230 spe-ciesof treesandshrubsdistributed in temper-

ateandtropicalzonesfromsoutheastandeastofAsia,North America, West Indies, Central America andSouthAmerica, includedColombia,Venezuela,Ecua-dor,Peru,BoliviaandBrazil.Speciesbelongingtothisfamilyareveryappreciatedbecauseoftheirwood,flo-ral scents, andpharmaceutical andhorticultural uses.Thisgrouphasbeenobjectofmanystudies,especiallyontaxonomy,evolutionandconservation.OneofthelatestpublicationsaboutconservationistheRedListofMagnoliaceae,publishedin2007,inwhich110species

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frommanycountriesareincluded.Ontheotherhand,the latest synopsis of neotropicalMagnoliaceae, with45species,waspublishedin1994.Sincethen,therehasbeenextensivefieldworkandresearchleadingtoseveralpublications on conservation, taxonomy, systematics,geneticvariability;alsoseveralnewspeciesofMagnolia-ceaefromSouthAmericahavebeendescribed.ThegoalofthisprojectistoupdatethereviewoftheNeotropicalspeciesofMagnoliaceae, includingmorphologicalde-scriptions,informationaboutecologyandconservationanddetaileddistributionofthespecies.AcompleteuptodateaccountontheNeotropicalspeciesofMagnolia-ceaewouldbeavitaltoolforbothColombianandInter-nationalconservationgroupsinassessingconservationstatusandgoalsforallneotropicsspeciesofMagnolia.This project is supported by theElizabethE.BascomFellowshipprogram.

TecnologicodeAntioquia,Medellin,Antioquia,05001000,Colombia

517 ORTIZ, ROSA*1, SORIANO , SARA FUENTES1 and JACQUES, FRÉDÉRIC, M.B.2

Evaluating the phylogenetic signal and mode of evolution of continuous traits in Menispermaceae (Ranunculales): an example using endocarp size

With about 520 species, the Menispermaceaeis considered a medium-size family among

Ranunculales. The moonseed-shaped endocarps thatcharacterizemanyofthegenerainthefamilyareeas-ilyrecognized,areverydiverse,andhavethereforehis-toricallyplayedan important role in theclassificationofextantaswellasintheidentificationoffossiltaxainMenispermaceae.RecentstudiesusingDNAsequencedatahave greatly improvedourunderstandingof therelationshipswithin theMenispermaceae, and severalmorphologicaltraits,treatedasdiscretecharacters,havebeenevaluatedand their ancestral statehypothesized.Here we present preliminary results of the ancestralendocarpsizeestimationinMenispermaceae,withsizetreated as a continuous character. Measurements ofendocarplengthandwidth,aphylogenyof77taxaforacombinedanalysisofthreechloroplastmarkers,andavailabledivergencetimeestimatesforthefamilyandmajorcladeswereanalyzedusingaBayesianapproach.TheevolutionarydynamicsofendocarpsizewithintheMenispermaceaewasevaluatedbycalculatinglevelsofphylogenetic signal of endocarp size.The best-fittingmodelsofevolutionandtestsfordirectionalevolution-arychangewereevaluatedpriortoancestralendocarpsizeestimations.1MissouriBotanicalGarden,P.O.Box299,St.Louis,MO,63166,USA2NanjingInstituteofGeologyandPalaeontology,CASDepart-mentofPalaeobotanyandPalynology,39EastBeijingRoad,Nanjing210008Jiangsu,PRChina

518 OLFELT, JOEL*1 and HANDZIC, NIZAR2

A new species of North American Rhodiola (Crassulaceae)

Recent studies of the North American Rhodiola(Crassulaceae) indicate that the group’s most

widelyused taxonomic treatmentdoesnot accuratelyreflectitsevolutionaryhistory.Thisisofespecialcon-cernbecauseoneofthecurrentlydefinedtaxa,Rhodiola integrifolia ssp.leedyi(Leedy’sroseroot)isontheNewYork andMinnesota endangered, and the U. S. fed-eralthreatenedspecieslists.ThetaxonisdescribedbysomeauthoritiesasindistinguishablefromR. rosea.Tomore accurately represent the phylogenetic relation-shipsweexaminedbothnewlyobtainedandpreviouslypublishedmorphological,molecular,andgeographicaldata.We sequenced the Internal Transcribed Spacer(ITS)regionsIandIIfrom54individualsrepresentingallofthedescribedNorthAmericanRhodiola taxa.Fourof the five known Leedy’s roseroot populations wereeach represented by six individuals, and each of theotherfivedescribedRhodiolataxawererepresentedbysixindividuals.Weevaluatedthephylogeneticrelation-shipsusingMaximumParsimony(MP)analysis.TotesttherelationshipsoftheNorthAmericanRhodiola withtheirAsiancounterpartsweusedMPanalysisonacom-bineddatasetofpublishedITSsequencesfrom21AsianRhodiola taxa and thenewly obtained sequence data.PreliminaryanalysesoftheNorthAmericantaxayieldsa single treewith strong (98%)bootstrap support forLeedy’sroserootasadistinctclade.FouroftheNorthAmericantaxa,includingLeedy’sroseroot, areinacladewiththeeasternAsianspeciesR. algida.ThetaxonR. rosea, whichisnativetoNorthAmerica,Asia,andEu-rope,ismorecloselyrelatedtotheAsianRhodiola taxaR. heterodontaandR. ishidae thantoanyoftheNorthAmericanRhodiolaspecies.Themolecular,morpholog-ical,andgeographicaldatacombinetodemonstratethatLeedy’sroserootisdistinctfromR. integrifolia andR. ro-sea,andshouldbeelevatedtospeciesstatus(R. leedyi).Furthermore two subspecific taxa (subsp. leedyi andsubsp.senecana)shouldberecognizedwithinR. leedyi.1NortheasternIllinoisUniversity,Biology,5500NorthSt.LouisAve,Chicago,IL,60625,USA2NorthwesternUniversity,Physiology,1918SheridanRoad,Evanston,Evanston,IL,60208-4020,USA

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519 MOURA, TÂNIA MARIA DE*1, MANSANO, VIDAL DE FREITAS2, SOUZA, ANETE PEREIRA DE1 and TOZZI, ANA MARIA GOULART DE AZEVEDO1

Evidence of non-monophyly within Mucuna Adans. (Leguminosae - Papilionoideae) as inferred from phylogenetic analysis

Mucuna Adans. (Leguminosae, Papilionoideae,Phaseoleae) has about 100 species and a pan-

tropicaldistribution.Thehighestdiversityofthegenusis intheOldWorld,withonlyabout16-20species intheAmericas.These latter species are remarkable fortheirmorphologicaldiversityanddifferentpollinationsyndromes. Two subgenera are recognized, Mucuna subg.Stizolobium(P.Browne)BauerandMucuna subg.Mucuna.TherepresentativesofMucunasubg.Stizolo-bium differ substantially frommembers of the tipicalsubgenus,mainlyinrelationtofruitandseedmorphol-ogy.Additionally,Mucuna bennettiF.Muell.hasastrictmorphological relationship with Strongylodon macro-botrys A.Gray.However,phylogeneticrelationshipsofMucunarepresentativeshavenotbeeninvestigatedyet.Thephylogeneticrelationshipsbetweentherepresenta-tivesoftheOldandNewWorldarealsounknown.ThisstudyaimedtotestthemonophylyofMucuna andver-ifythephylogeneticrelationshipsbetweenM. bennettiandS. macrobotrys.Forthat,wesampledindividualsofMucunafromtheNewandOldWordofbothsubgen-era. S. macrobotrys,Desmodium cajanifolium (Kunth)DC., Erythrina fusca Lour. and E. speciosa Andrewswereusedasoutgroups.ThephylogeneticanalysiswascarriedoutusingtheITSspacerregion(17-26SE).Treeswereobtainedbymaximumparsimonyandlikelihoodmethods.TheresultsshowedthatMucunaisnotmono-phyleticbecause,aspredicted,M. pruriens isgroupedinapolytomywiththegenusErythrinaandaparttherestofMucuna.TheresultsalsosuggestthemonophylyofMucuna subg.Mucuna, once all specimensof thissubgenussampledweregroupedtogetherintoasingleclade.Despitethereducednumberofspeciessampledinourstudyweincludedasmuchmorphologicalvaria-tionaswaspossibleasawaytohavethewholegenusrepresented. The variation included species with thefollowing morphological variation: inflorescence no-doseandumbellate; fruitwithoutornamentationandornamented;differentpollinationsyndromesandrep-resentativesoftheOldandtheNewWorld.OurresultsshowednophylogeneticrelationshipbetweenM. ben-nettiandS. macrobotrys.1StateUniversity ofCampinas,Vegetal Biology, Biology Institute,postalbox6109,Campinas,SP,13083-970,Brazil2JardimBotânicodoRiodeJaneiro,RuaPachecoLeão,915.,RiodeJaneiro,RJ,22460-030,Brazil

520 FORTUNA PEREZ , ANA PAULA*1 and TOZZI, ANA MARIA GOULART DE AZEVEDO2

Morphological analysis of fruit of the Brazilians species of ZorniaJ.F. Gmel. (Leguminosae, Papilionoideae, Dalbergieae) and its systematic significance

Zornia comprises 80 species with a pantropicaldistribution,arrangedintwosubgenera(Myriadena

andZornia) and three sections (Zornia, Isophylla andAnisophylla).Thegenus is amemberof the informalAdesmia group of the pantropical Dalbergioidclade.It ismost closely related to the predominantly SouthAmericangeneraPoiretia and Amicia.Zornia ischar-acterizedmainlybyitsflowersarrangedinaspiciforminflorescence,withpairedpeltatebracteolesprotectingeachflower,andstipules thatresemble thebracteoles.ThisworkaimedtoamorphologicalanalysisoffruitofthespeciesofZornia thatoccurinBrazil,andasystem-aticevaluationofitsmeaning.Theanalysesweremadebyscanningelectronmicroscopyandstereomicroscopy(XL30-ESEM).Duringtherevision,inwhich36speciesofZorniafromBrazilwererecognized,morethan3,000accessionswereanalyzedthroughthevisitstoEuropeanand Brazilian herbaria and loans from elsewhere, aswellasfieldplants.Inrelationtomorphologicalstud-iesofthefruit,lomenttype,itisshownthatthedetailedanalysis of the articles provides excellent taxonomiccharacters todistinguishamong theBrazilian taxa. Inthis studywere found both smooth and ornamentedsurfaces,withorwithoutindument,bristlesandglands.Thisstudycorroboratedwithhypothesesofco-identi-fication,suchasZornia gemellaWilld.exVogelandZ. curvata Mohlenbr.,wherethesurfaceofthearticlesdidnotshowanydifference.However,incasesofrecogni-tionofdistinctspecies,suchasZ. reticulata Sm.andZ. glabra Desv.,speciesoftenconfused,thesurfaceofthearticlesshoweddifferences,suchasthepresenceofin-dumentandabsenceofglandsonthesurfaceofZ. retic-ulata andglabroussurfacewithglandsinZ. glabra.Thespecies of the subgenusMyriadena have unique typeoftrichomes:Z. myriadenaBenth.showedstellatetri-chomesinthesurfaceofthearticle,whileZ. echinocarpaMoric.presentedechinatetrichomes.Anidentificationkey,descriptionsandcommentsonsimilaritiesinmor-phology,botanical illustrationsandSEMphotographsoffruitofspeciesofZornia areprovided. 1UniversidadeEstadual deCampinas,BiologiaVegetal,MonteiroLobato,970-BarãoGeraldo-,Campinas,SãoPaulo,6109,Brazil-2UniversidadeEstadual deCampinas,BiologiaVegetal,MonteiroLobato,970,CidadeUniversitária-BarãoGeraldo,Campinas,SãoPaulo,6109,Brazil

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521 FREIRE-FIERRO, ALINA*1, SPOTILA, JAMES, R.2, RUSSELL, JACOB A.2, DORR, LAURENCE J.3, SCHUYLER, ALFRED E.1, KILHAM, SUSAN S.2 and BIEN, WALTER, F.2

Systematics of Monnina (Polygalaceae)

Monnina (Polygalaceae) is a monophyletic genuswith unknown phylogenetic origins. The ca.

230 specieswithin the genus aremorphologically di-verse and are an important element of theNeotropi-calmontane flora.The goal of this research is to usemorphologicalandmolecularapproachestodeterminethe phylogenetic relationships within the genus andbetweenMonninaanditsrelatedgenera.Thisresearchwill address thesequestionsusingmorphological andmolecularapproaches.Thestudyandanalysisoftheal-readyselected100morphologicalcharactersfromabout200borrowedherbariumspecimens(~95species)willprovideinformationregardingthemorphologicalvari-ability in the genus,while phylogenetic analyseswithnuclear and chloroplast genes will provide us withinformation about the timing and order of evolutionin this group.Material from previously hypothesizedsister genera (e.g. Polygala, Comesperma, and Securi-daca), together with specimens from Monnina fromCosta Rica,Mexico and the rest of Central AmericaandSouthAmericawillbesampled.ThemarkerstrnL-trnF,matK,andndhF-rpl32havebeensuccessfullyusedwithPolygalaceae.Nucleargenes(lowcopyand/orITS)willbetestedifcpDNAmarkersarenotinformativeattheinfragenericlevel.Thephylogenieswillbeinferredthrough parsimony and Bayesian statistics. Furthertaxonomic and ecological studies couldprovide valu-able data regarding thedistribution and conservationstatusofMonnina.1Academy of Natural Sciences, Botany, 1900 Benjamin FranklinParkway,Philadelphia,PA,19103,USA2DrexelUniversity,Biology,3141ChestnutSt.,Philadelphia,PA,19104,USA3SmithsonianInsti-tution,Botany,10thSt.andConstitutionAv.,NW,Washington,D.C.,20560,USA

522 STEELE, KELLY*1, ELLINGBO, AARON1 and WOJCIECHOWSKI, M2

Phylogenetic analyses of Medicago using plastid and nuclear-encoded molecular markers: key to understanding chromosomal and morphological evolution within the genus

Phylogenetic analyses of the genus Medicago us-ingafivemolecularmarkerdatasetofbothplas-

tid and nuclear-encoded molecular markers (plastidtrnK/matKregion,nuclearencodedGA3 oxidasegene,nrDNAITS,CNGC5,andb-cop-likegene)areusedto

developarobustphylogenytoconsiderhypothesesofchromosomalandmorphologicalevolutionwithinthegenus.ResultsofBayesiananalysesofthesedatasupportthehypothesisofasistergrouprelationshipbetweenthesectionMedicagocladethatincludesalfalfa,M.sativa,anda subsectionPachyspireaeclade that includes themodellegume,M. truncatula.AdatasetcomprisedofnrDNA ITS sequences frommore than 150 samplesincludingmultipleaccessionsofmostspecieswasana-lyzedseparately.ResultsofBayesiananalysesof thosedatasupportthehypothesisthattheputativeparentsoftwopolyploidtaxa,M.scutellataandM.rugosa (2n=30),boththoughttobetheresultofhybridizationofa2n=14parentanda2n=16parent(theancestralcondition),arewithinthesubsectionPachyspireaecladeandmayhaveatleastoneparentincommon.1Arizona State University, School of Life Sciences, Tempe, AZ,85287-4501,USA2ArizonaStateUniversity,POBox874501,Tempe,AZ,85287-4501,USA

523 RICE, JACQUELINE*1, HEANEY, JAMES2, JUDD, WALTER3, SOLTIS, DOUGLAS1 and SOLTIS, PAMELA4

Systematics of Myrica cerifera L.

Thisstudyfocusesonthecurrentlyunresolvedsys-tematics of Myrica cerifera L. (wax myrtle) and

Myrica cerifera var. pumilaMichaux(dwarfwaxmyr-tle).Thetwoentitiesaretreatedasthesamespeciesbymany researchers.However, because theirmorpholo-giesarenoticeablydifferent(M. ceriferaisalargeshrub,M. cerifera var.pumila isasmallunderstorysubshrub),othershaveproposedthattheseplantsareactuallytwodistinctspecies,M. ceriferaandM. pumila (Michaux)Small. The two entities have been observed to haveconsistentmorphologicaldifferences,althoughitisun-knownwhetherornotthesemorphologicaldifferencesstemfromgeneticdifferences,oriftheyaresimplyare-sponsetothehabitatinwhichtheplantsoccur.UsingDNAsequencesfromsamplesacrossthesoutheasternUnited States, phylogenetic analyses show small butconsistentdifferencesbetweenthetwoinbothnuclearribosomal ITS and plastid regions (psbA-trnH, trnG-trnS, trnG-trnG, psbM-ycf6, petA-psbJ, rpl32-trnL) ofDNA.Specifically,resultsofthisstudyshowthreepoly-morphicsitesbetweenM. cerifera andM. cerifera var. pumila inITS.TheseresultssuggestthatM.cerifera and M. cerifera var. pumila could indeedbedistinct fromoneanotheratthespecieslevel.1University of Florida, Department of Biology, Gainesville, FL,32611,USA2UniversityOfFlorida,DickinsonHall,MuseumRoad,Gainesville, FL, 32611-7800, USA3University of Florida, Depart-mentofBiology,PoBox118526,Gainesville,FL,32611,USA4Uni-versityOfFlorida,FloridaMuseumOfNaturalHistory,POBOX117800,Gainesville,FL,32611-7800,USA

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524 KIM, CHAN-SOO*1, MOON, MYUNG-OK2 and KIM, SOO-YOUNG3

A new species of Rubus (Rosaceae) from Korea

Rubus jejuensis,anewspeciesofRosaceaefromKo-reaisdescribed.Itismorphologicallyrelatedto R.

croceacanthusandR. sumatranusbecauseofthepres-enceofstoutandelongatestems,andpinnateleaves.ButRubusjejuensiscanbedistinguishedfromR. croceacan-thus andR. sumatranus by the presence of unarmedevergreenarchingstems,slenderpedicels,andglabrousleavesandrachis.Chromosomedataarepresented.1KoreaForestReseach Institute,Warm-temperateForestReseachCenter,Seogwipo,Jeju,697-050,ROK2JejuNationalUniv.,ResearchInstituteforBasicScience,Jeju,Jeju,ROK3NationalInstituteofBio-logicalResources,WildlifeGeneticResourcesCenter,Incheon,404-708

525 NELSON, GRETCHEN*1, BURGESS, MICHAEL1, CUSHMAN, KEVIN2, DOUCETTE, ERIC3 and CAMPBELL, CHRISTOPHER3

Morphological and phylogenetic relationships of an unusual species, Amelanchier bartramiana (Rosaceae)

Amelanchier bartramiana (Tausch) M. Roemer isthemostdistinctivespeciesofthisgenusineastern

NorthAmerica.Itsfew-floweredinflorescences,imbri-cate leafarrangement inbud, taperingovary summit,andcapacitytogrowinalpinehabitatsareuniquetothisspeciesineasternNorthAmerica.DiploidA. bartrami-ana carriestwovariantsoftheLEAFYgenethatarefarmoredivergent fromoneanother thandifferentvari-antsofthisgenearewithanyotherdiploidspeciesinthegenus.Therelationshipsof thesepresumedgenecop-iestosequencesofthisgeneinotherdiploidspeciesarestriking.OnecopyoccursintheeasternNorthAmeri-candiploidsA. arborea(Michx.f.)Fern.,A. canadensis (L.)Medik., andA. laevisWiegandthatcomprisewhatwecallcaldeTandinallOldWorlddiploids.TheothercopyfoundinA. bartramianaisalsopresentinanothereasternNorthAmericandiploid,A. humilis Wiegand,and all western North American diploids. Our sam-plingofA. bartramianahasuncovereddiploidsathighelevationfromMainetoWestVirginiaandpolyploidsat lower elevations from New England to the GreatLakes.Thesetwogroupsdiffermoreorlessmarkedlyinpetiolelength,petalsize,andleafshape.SequencesfromtheETSregionfrom A. bartramianatetraploidseithernestwithinacladecomprisedonlyofA. bartramianadiploidindividualsorareweaklysupportedassistertothestronglysupportedcladethatcontainsA. bartrami-anapluscladeT.Thistopologicalpatternisconsistent

withallopolyploidy,withdiploidA. bartramiana asoneparent.TheotherparentwasmostlikelyA. humilis,therangeofwhichoverlapsalargepartoftherangeofA. bartramiana.Onetriploid A. bartramianaplantisap-parentlytheonlyautopolyploidamongscoresofpoly-ploidsthatwehavestudiedinthegenus.1UniversityofPennsylvaia,TheMorrisArboretum,100E.North-western Avenue, Philadelphia, PA, 191182P.O. Box 143, Levant,ME,04456,USA3UniversityOfMaine,DepartmentOfBiologicalSciences,261HITCHNERHALL,ORONO,ME,04469-5735,USA

526 HEO, KYEONG-IN1, LEE, SANGTAE*2 and KIM, SEUNG-CHUL1

Systematic studies of the genus Potentilla s.l. (Rosaceae) in Korea

ThephylogenyofKoreanPotentillas.l.wasstudiedbased onnrDNA ITS sequences aswell asmor-

phology and palynology. For the ITS phylgeny, weanalyzedatotalof19speciesandonevarietyofKoreanPotentilla s.l., and additional species from GenBankdatabasewereincludedinthisstudy.TheITSphylog-eny suggests that Potentilla s.l. is monophyletic, andtwomajor cladeswere identified.One clade includestaxatreatedassegregategenera(i.e.,Comarum,Argen-tina,Dasiphora;PotentillasunsuWolf,1908)aswellasFragaria.TheothercladeincludesspeciesofPotentillas.s. andDuchesnea (Hutchinson,1964).Potentilla an-serinawhichhasbeentreatedasArgentinaisincludedintheformerclade,butinpollenandleafsurfacechar-actersithassimilarcharacterstotaxaofPotentillas.s.FragariaandDasiphoraaredivergedwithintheformerclade.Thepollencharactersandthestyleshapesupportacloserelationshipbetweentwogenera.However,P. bi-furcavar.majorofser.Bifurcae(Dasiphora)andFragar-iaxananassahavepollencharacteristicsofPotentillas.s.ThetaxaofDuchesnea,whichoftenhasbeentreatedasindependentgenus,arepartofPotentilla s.s.clade. Inaddition, thepollenmorphologysuggests inclusionofDuchesneainPotentillas.s.TheseresultsarecongruentwiththetwocladesrecognizedbyErissonetal.(2003).TheformerandlattercladecorrespondstoFragariinaeandPotentillas.s.,respectively.However,thesemolecu-lar, palynological, and morphological results supportthattaxatreatedasindependentgenera,Comarum,Ar-gentina,Dasiphora,Duchesnea,andFragaria,shouldbeincludedinPotentillas.l.ThemonophylyofsectionsofPotentillas.l.isnotsupported,butseriesaremonophy-leticexceptforP.centigranaofser.Kleinianaeofsect.Conostylae,whichisdeeplynestedwithinser.Eriocar-paeofsect.Nematostylae.1Sungkyunkwan University, Department Of Biological Sciences,300Cheoncheon-Dong,Jangan-Gu,Suwon,N/A,440-746,Korea-2SungkyunkwanUniversity,BiologicalScience,CheoncheonDong300,JanganGu,Suwon,Gyeonggi,440-746,SouthKorea

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527 TOLL, KATHERINE*1 and WHITLOCK, BARBARA A.2

A molecular phylogeny of Micromelum (Rutaceae: Aurantioideae) and observations on floral morphology using a historical plant anatomy resource

Micromelum includes nine species of shrubs andsmall trees in the citrus subfamily (Aurantioi-

deae)ofRutaceae. It has the largestgeographic rangeofanygenus inAurantioideae,extending fromSouthand Southeast Asia to Australia and Oceania, withbothwidelydistributedspeciesandnarrowendemics.AtleastsomespeciesofMicromelumhavetheunusualcharacterofconvolutedloculescausedbythetwistingoftheradialwallsoftheovary.Althoughtwistedovariesareoftendescribedasagenericcharacter,itisunclearifallspeciesofMicromelumhavethem.WeconstructedaphylogenyofMicromelumusingnon-codingcpDNAsequences andmadeobservationsonfloralmorphol-ogyusingthehistoricalSwinglePlantAnatomyRefer-enceCollectiontotestthefollowinghypotheses:(1)thewidelydistributedspeciesM. minutumismonophyletic,(2)specieswithlimitedgeographicranges(e.g.,M. ceyl-anicum)aregeneticallydistinctfromtheirmorewidelydistributedrelatives(e.g.M. minutum),(3)allspeciesofMicromelumhavetwistedovaries,andifnot,(4)specieswithtwistedovariesformamonophyleticgroup.Rela-tionships among specimens ofM. minutum sampledareunresolved,soitisuncertainwhetheritismonophy-letic.ThenarrowendemicM. ceylanicumfoundonlyindrylowlandforestsofSriLankaappearstobegeneti-callydistinctfromallotherspeciessampled.AlthoughtwistedovariesareoftendescribedasadefiningtraitofMicromelum,weobservedtheminonlythreeofeightspeciesrepresentedintheSwingleCollection,suggest-ingtheiroccurrencemaybemorelimitedthanwhatiscurrentlythought.Alternatively,twistingmayoccurinsomespeciesat laterdevelopmental stages than thoseobserved.Wecomparetheseresultstoobservationsontwo other characters important in defining Microm-elum:valvatepetalaestivationandoilglandsatthetipofeachlocule.1University ofMiami,Department of Biology, CoralGables, FL,33124,USA2UniversityOfMiami,DepartmentOfBiology,P.O.Box249118,CORALGABLES,FL,33124-0421,USA

528 LAURON-MOREAU, AURELIEN*, PITRE, FREDERIC, E., LABRECQUE, MICHEL and BROUILLET, LUC

Molecular phylogeny of Salix (Salicaceae) in order to characterize the origin of native S.eriocephala : a new perspective for biomass production

Fastgrowingwillows(Salix sp.)areincreasinglyusedinEuropeandNorthAmericaforbiomassproduc-

tion and other environmental applications.However,the phylogeny of willows is incomplete, which slowsdown the selection of suitable native species and thedevelopmentofimprovementprograms.Salixincludesaround500speciesworldwide,mainlyintemperateandcold regions of theNorthernHemisphere, andmorethan100speciesarefoundinNorthAmerica.Aphy-logeny including introduced species already in usagealongwithnativespeciescouldhelpuncovercladeswithsuitablenativespeciesforbiomassproduction,suchasS.eriocephala.Wegatheredleafmaterialfromca.50na-tivediploidwillowsandintroducedcultivatedspecies.We sequenced the chloroplastic gene matK, the ITSregion, and the nuclear gene calcineurin-likephospho-esterase. Phylogenetic analyseswere carriedoutusingparsimonyandBayesianapproaches and Populuswasusedas theoutgroup.Afirst analysisusedmatKandITS to identifyclades in thegenus.Twomajorcladeswerefoundintheanalyses,oneofwhichincludedthespecies of interest.We then focused on those cladeswherecultivatedintroducedspeciesandS. eriocephalawereincludedforasecondanalysisusingcalcineurin-likephosphoesterase.Thephylogenetictreeindicatesthatspeciesofinterestmighthaveanevolutionaryrelation-ship.Polyploidwillowswilleventuallybeaddedtotheanalysisas theyarealsopotentiallyuseful inenviron-mental applications.Morenuclearmarkersmust alsobedevelopedtoincreasetheresolutionofouranalysis.

UniversitedeMontreal,Institutderechercheenbiologievegetale,4101rueSherbrookeEst,Montreal,QC,H1X2B2,Canada

529 KING, COLIN* and BALLARD JR, HARVEY

Investigating the LEAFY Gene for Phylogenetic Analysis in the Violet Family (Violaceae)

The LEAFY gene has recently gained attentionas amarker for phylogenetic studies of vascular

plants. However, of the two dozen published studiesusingLEAFY, fewhavefocusedonfamiliesofRosids.ThesestudiesgenerallyhaveshownLEAFY tobevari-ableandphylogeneticallyinformative,especiallyatthespecies level. Given documented problems with the

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InternalTranscribedSpacerregionofnrDNAtoinferinterspecificrelationships,weareinvestigatingLEAFY for itsphylogeneticutility in theViolet family.Prim-erswere designed for usewith theViolet family andpotentiallyotherfamiliesintheRosids,byfirstaligningcompletesequencesofthegenefromGenBankforAra-bidopsis thaliana(Brassicaceae),Chenopodium rubrum(Amaranthaceae),Ricinus communis (Euphorbiaceae),Populus balsamifera (Salicaceae), andViola pubescens(2 sequences,Violaceae).A consensus sequence fromthealigned sequenceswas submitted toPrimer3on-line, and primers were identified in conserved areasofexons2and3.Aprimerpairsuccessfullyamplifiedfive genera distributed across the Violaceae: Rinorea crenata,Gloeospermum diversipetalum, Allexis cau-liflora, Hybanthus linearifolius, and Viola pubescens.ProductssequencedsatisfactorilyusingthePCRprim-ers,butpolymorphicsequenceinsometaxasuggeststhepresenceoftwocopies(confirmedpreviouslyinViola pubescens).Althoughthecodingregionswereverycon-served,intron2showedextremenumbersofnucleotidesubstitutionsandindels.Thesepreliminaryresultssug-gestthatthegenewillmostlikelybeparticularlyusefulamongspecieswithinagenusorcloselyrelatedgenera.Imminent futurestudieswill isolateduplicated lociofLEAFY anddeveloplocus-specificprimers,andwillap-plythesetorepresentativesofViola tobetterassessspe-cies-levelvariationandphylogeneticutility.OurLEAFY primersdeservefurther investigationforpotentialuseinotherRosidfamilies.

OhioUniversity,Environmental&PlantBiology,315PorterHall,Athens,OH,45701,USA

530 JOHNSON, CHRIS*1, FLICKER, BEN1 and BALLARD JR, HARVEY2

Numerical Phenetic Analysis of the Polymorphic species Hybanthus enneaspermus (L.) F. Muell. in Tropical East Africa

Hybanthus enneaspermus (L.)F.Muell.(Violaceae)is a small, polymorphic herb, commonly found

on roadsides and other disturbed areas throughoutmuchof theOldWorldTropics.Becauseof it’s highdegree of morphological variation, previous cir-cumscriptions of species complex have presented asingle,morphologically plastic species. Results of nu-merical phenetic analysis of morphological variationwithinH. enneaspermus sensu lato support 8 distincttaxarecognizablebyvegetative,floral,andfruitingchar-acters.Resultsofcononicalvariatesanalysisandchartsofcharactersusedinthedatamatrixwillbepresented.1OhioUniversity,EnvironmentalandPlantBiology,PorterHallRm.317,Athens,OH,45701,USA2OhioUniversity,Environmental&PlantBiology,315PorterHall,Athens,OH,45701,USA

531 DERESIENSKI, TESS*1 and PORTER-UTLEY, KRISTEN2

A New Molecular Phylogeny for Passiflora Subgenus Decaloba Supersection Cieca (Passifloraceae)

A newmolecular phylogeny of the closely relatedspeciesofPassiflorasubgenusDecalobasupersec-

tion Cieca (Passifloraceae) is presented. SupersectionCieca isamonophyleticgroupofherbaceoustowoodyclimbers found in subtropical and tropical regions oftheworld.The19species,includingtwosubspecies,rec-ognizedhereareprimarilydistributedinthesouthernUnitedStates,Mexico,CentralAmerica,SouthAmerica,andtheCaribbean.Thespeciesofthesupersectionarerecognized by their small, apetalous, usually green-ishflowerswiththefilamentsofthecoronamostlyintwoseries.Thesupersectioncontainstwoproblematicspeciescomplexes,P.suberosaandP.coriacea.Phylo-genetic relationships within supersection Cieca havebeeninvestigatedbymeansofcladisticanalysesofmor-phological(externalmorphology)andmolecular(ITS)characters.Thoughmany cladeswithin the supersec-tionarewell-resolvedintheanalysesofthesedata,sev-eralrelationshipsarepoorlyresolved.Additionalgenes,cytGS, ncpGS, and trnL-Fare used as additional datasourcestofurtherresolvetheevolutionaryrelationshipswithinthesupersection.ThegenedatasetsareanalyzedindependentlyandcombinedwiththeITSdatatopro-duceamorewell-resolvedphylogenyofthesupersec-tion.Themorphologicalphylogenyiscomparedtotheindividualandcombinedmolecularphylogenies.1Keene State College, Biology, 229Main St., Keene, NH, 03435,USA2KeeneStateCollege,Biology,229MainSt.,MS-2001,Keene,NH,03435,UnitedStates

532 GAHAGEN, BENJAMIN*1 and BALLARD JR, HARVEY2

A Preliminary Morphological Study of Tovomita weddelliana Planch. & Triana (Clusiaceae)

Tovomita isoneof27generainthefamilyClusiaceaeand reportedly includes approximately 45 species

distributedthroughoutCentralAmericaandtheAma-zonianregionofSouthAmerica.Thegenusischarac-terizedby1ovulepercarpel,distinctstylodia,2outersepalsenvelopingthebud,moderatelyexcavatedpetiolebases,andavascularizedariloidstructurevisiblewhenthefruitdehisces.Withinthisgenusareseveralspeciescomplexes,oneofwhich is theproblematicandvari-able Tovomita weddelliana complex.The complex isdistinctiveinthegenusinmanytraits,includingleavesclustered near branch tips; (sub)sessile oblanceolateblades with distinctly pale or glaucous lower surface;

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ovate-suborbicularsepals;numerousstamenswithlin-ear-subulatefilaments;andanoblongobtuseglabrousovarywithfourlocules.Examinationofherbariumcol-lections suggests several taxapresently subsumedun-derthenameT. weddelliana,whichisexceedinglywellrepresentedinherbariumcollections.Thepresentstudyreexamines the T. weddelliana species complexmor-phologically, uncovering correlated patterns of varia-tioninmanycharacteristicsofbranch,leafphyllotaxy,leaf shape, petiole development and leaf decurrence,lateralveins,margin,andlaminasurface;inflorescence,sepalsandpetals;andfruitanatomy,shape,indument,andlocules.Preliminaryinvestigationhasdelimitedatleast nine distinctmorphological species includingT. weddellianasensustricto.Imminentfutureresearchwillexaminemolecular phylogenetic relationships amongtheseandothermembersofTovomita.1Ohio University, Environmental and Plant Biology, Porter Hall315,Athens,OH,45701,USA2OhioUniversity,ENVIR&PLANTBIOLOGY-PORTERH,315PorterHall,Athens,OH,45701-2979,

533 SCHWARTZ, EMILY*1, NEUBIG, KURT1, JUDD, WALTER1 and BLANCHARD, ORLAND2

Molecular and morphological phylogenetic study of species delimitation in Kosteletzkya depressa and K. hispidula (Malvaceae, Hibisceae)

Ongoing phylogenetic studies of the genusKosteletzkya have revealed unresolved phyloge-

neticrelationshipsamongK. depressa andK. hispidula.In this study, multiple population accessions fromthroughoutthetwospeciesdistributionsweresampledinordertorunanalysesusingmolecularandmorpho-logical data. Two plastid loci (trnL-F and rpl32-trnL)andtwonuclearloci(GBSSIandCesA1)weresequencedforallaccessionsofK. depressaandK. hispidula.Elevenmorphologicalcharacterswerechosenforanalysisandcharacterstateswerescoredforeachaccession.Inthecombinedanalysisofallfourgeneregions,K. hispidulaisstronglysupportedasamonophyleticclade.Kosteletz-kya depressa appears as a paraphyletic group relativetotheK. hispidula clade,and,accordingtoDNAdataalone,K. hispidulaissistertotheNWMexicanK. de-pressa clade. In a combined analysis of the four generegionsandmorphology, theK. hispidula clade is re-inforcedasa strongmonophyleticgroup.However,acladeconsistingofK. hispidulaandK. ramosaappearstobesistertoK. depressa, thepopulationsofwhichalsoforma clade.Thisdiscrepancy couldbe explainedbyintrogressive hybridization between K. hispidula andK. depressaresultinginachloroplastcaptureevent.Asharedplastidhaplotype,seeninrpl32-trnL,maybeamolecularremnantofachloroplastdonationfromK. hispidulatoNWK. depressa populations(orviceversa)inthesympatricregionofnorthwestMexico,andisan

incompleteandmisleadingrepresentationoftheirtruephylogeneticrelationship.Theresultsof thestudyex-hibittheneedforfurtherresearch,withadditionalgeneloci(bothnuclearandplastid),inordertoincreaseourconfidenceintheevolutionaryhistoryoftheseplants.1University of Florida, Department of Biology, Po Box 118526,Gainesville,FL,32611,USA2UniversityofFlorida,FloridaMuseumofNaturalHistory,POBox117800,Gainesville,FL,32611,USA

534 JEFFRIES, SHANDRA K.*1, SCHULTE, LACIE J.2, CLARK, JOHN L.3, AMAYA MARQUEZ, MARISOL4 and SMITH, JAMES5

Using selected gene regions to find rapidly evolving DNA sequences of closely related species of the genus Columnea

Knowingevolutionaryrelationshipsamongspeciescanimproveourunderstandingofmanybiologi-

cal functions.Within the past thirty years,moleculardatahaschangedhowtheseevolutionaryrelationshipsaredeterminedandmademolecularphylogeneticsanimportantdiscipline inbiology.Thestandard inphy-logeneticresearchhasbeentouseDNAsequences tocompare genetic variation in gene regions.When at-temptingtoresolvephylogeneticrelationshipsbetweenspecies,commongeneregionsknowntoshowvariationarethenuclearribosomalITSregionsandthechloro-plast DNA regions, rpl32-trnl, and psbA-trnH spac-ers.Unfortunately, in thegenusColumnea thesegeneregions have not given sufficient variation to resolverelationships between and among closely related spe-cies.Certain lowcopygeneregionshavebeenshownto rapidly evolve and provide supportive variation inothergenera.Inthisstudy,weexaminedthefeasibilityoffourlow-copynucleargeneregionsandonechloro-plastregionforphylogeneticcomparisonacrosssixspe-ciesusingPCR,gelanalysis,andDNAsequencing.Theutility of these gene regions onphylogenetic analyseswasassessedandcomparedtotheresultsfortheafore-mentionedregionsbypairwisepercentdifferencesandpercent phylogenetically informative characters. Theresultsofthesecomparisonswillminimizetimeandre-sourcesneededtoresolvephylogeneticrelationshipsinthegenusColumnea.1BoiseStateUniversity,BiologicalSciences,1910UniversityDrive,Boise,ID,83725-1515,USA2BoiseStateUniversity,BiologicalSci-ences, 1910 University Drive, Boise, ID3University of Alabama,BiologicalSciences,Box870345,Tusacaloosa,AL,35487,USA4Uni-versidad Nacional de Colombia, Instituto de Ciencias Naturales,Aptdo.Aereo 7495,Bogota,Colombia5BOISESTATEUNIVER-SITY,BiologyDepartment,1910UNIVERSITYDRIVE,Boise,ID,83725-1515,USA

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535 OOI, MAGGIE T.*1, CLARK, JOHN L.2, AMAYA MARQUEZ, MARISOL3 and SMITH, JAMES4

Distinguishing Species with DNA Sequencing in the Columnea strigosa Complex

Historically,identifyingspeciesboundarieshasde-pendedonmorphology.However,morphology

aloneisoftenchallengingbecauseofconvergentevolu-tion,phenotypicplasticity,andintra-specificvariation.Newmethodslikemolecularphylogenetics,whichistheanalysisofDNAsequencestodetermineevolutionarylineages,hasbecomeessential tomoderndaysystem-aticbiologysince1981.Moleculardataare lessproneto the challenges that are found inmorphology sinceDNAsequencescanbeusedtodefinespeciesbound-arieswhenspeciesaredefinedasevolutionarylineages.DeterminingspeciesboundarieswithinthewidespreadNeotropical genus Columnea has been complicatedbasedonmorphologyaloneduetoalloftheproblemsmentioned above.The Columnea strigosa complex isone particular case.This complex has beendelimitedfromonetosixspeciesoverthepast150years.Hereweexaminemoleculardataofindividualsfromthroughoutthegeographicalandmorphologicalrangeofthecom-plex.DNAregionsusedwerenuclearregionsITSandthreechloroplastregions(rpl16x1-trnQ5spacer,rpl32-trnL spacer, and rps16 intron). Sequences were thenanalyzedtoassessrelationshipsbetweenspecieswithinthecomplex.1BoiseStateUniversity,BiologicalSciences,1910UniversityDrive,Boise,ID2UniversityofAlabama,BiologicalSciences,Box870345,Tusacaloosa,AL,35487,USA3UniversidadNacionaldeColombia,InstitutodeCienciasNaturales,Aptdo.Aereo7495,Bogota,Colom-bia4BOISESTATEUNIVERSITY,BiologyDepartment,1910UNI-VERSITYDRIVE,Boise,ID,83725-1515,USA

536 ROBART, BRUCE*, GORE, RAHUL and POLICICCHIO, BEN

Phylogeny and Biogeography of Pedicularis (Orobanchaceae) in North America

Pedicularisisanarctic/alpineplantgenusconsistingof40speciesinNorthAmericaoutofanestimated

600-800speciesworldwide.ITSandmatKDNAregionshavebeensequencedfrom32NorthAmericanspecies.We included an additional 124 ITS sequences ob-tainedfromGenBankinouranalysis.UtilizingPAUP,MrBayes,BEAST,sDIVA,andassociatedprograms,wehave inferred the evolutionary history, biogeography,andchronologyofPedicularis inNorthAmericarela-tivetoPedicularis species inAsia.TwodistinctNorthAmericancladeswereresolved,eachwithanancestral

areainAsia.Ourmolecularclockestimationforentryofbothclades intoNorthAmericaoverlaps theMio-cene(14-10Myr)epoch,atimewhentheBeringLandBridgewasopen formigrationofboreal taxa. Inoneclade,subsequentdivergenceintoNorthAmericaalsoincludesdivergenceintotheJapanesearchipelago.OnceinNorthAmerica,thiscladedisplaysadivergenceroutethatconvergesintothesouthernRockyMountainsbytwodifferentpathways,onebyanearlierdirectpassagefromthenorthernRockyMountainsandtheotherbywayoftheSouthernCascadeandSierraNevadaranges.The Furbish Lousewort (P. furbishiae) is an easternNorthAmerican relic disjunctmember of this clade.Thesecondclade,ontheotherhand,showswidespreaddivergence across most North American mountainranges and into eastern North America via multipleroutes.ThiscladealsoincludesthreeEuropeanspeciesinwhichNorthAmericaisinferredastheancestralarea.

University of Pittsburgh at Johnstown, Biology, 450 SchoolhouseRoad,Johnstown,PA,15904

537 MARTINEZ, NIRZKA*1, SANTIAGO, EUGENIO1, SALAZAR, JACKELINE2 and MATEO, AMELIA2

A preliminary phylogenetic analysis of Caribbean Tabebuia based on nuclear (ITS) and chloroplast (psbD-trnT and rpl32-trnL) molecular regions

Tabebuia Gomes ex DC. (Bignoniaceae) is an ex-traordinarily diverse plant genus that comprises

species of economical importance. Traditionally, thegenuscircumscribedca.100Neotropicalspecies(Gen-try,1992),withmany(ca.60species)confined to theGreaterAntilles,especiallytothe islandsofCubaandHispaniola. The genus exhibits great morphologicalvariabilityandadaptations toagreatdiversityofeco-logicalconditions(drycoastalscrubs,moistsubtropicalforest,cloudforest,amongothers).ThesecharacteristicsmakeTabebuiaaninterestingcasetoassessplantradia-tion in theCaribbean islands.Recentmolecular stud-iesbasedonchloroplastdataindicatethatthegenusisparaphyletic(GroseandOlmstead,2007a),supportingataxonomicrevisionthathasseparatedthe"traditionalTabebuia"or "Tabebuia sensu lato" into threegenera:Handroanthus, Roseodendron and Tabebuia (GroseandOlmstead,2007b).Still, therelationshipsbetweenthemanyspeciesintheCaribbeanhavenotbeeneluci-dated.Thepurposeofthestudyistotestthemonophylyof theCaribbeanspeciesofTabebuia,andtoevaluatetheir evolutionary relationships, diversification, andbiogeography. A preliminary phylogeny has been es-tablishedbasedonnuclear(ITS)andchloroplast(psbD-trnT,rpl32-trnL)DNAsequences.ThepositioninthephylogenyofmembersofCrescentieaeandthegenusSpirotecomaandEkmanianthe includedintheanalysisfurthersupportsthehypothesisthatthe"traditional"ge-

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nusTabebuiaisparaphyletic.Furthermore,theresultssuggestthattheCaribbeangroupismonophyletic,withacloserelationshiptopredominantlycontinentalspe-ciesT. rosea andT. aurea.Although additional sam-plingandmolecularanalysesarecurrentlyunderway,thepreliminaryresultsclearlyshowthecomplexityofthetaxaunderstudy.Financialsupport:UniversityofPuerto Rico (NSF-CREST Program, Biology Depart-ment-RioPiedrascampusandUPRBotanicalGardenHerbarium);MinisteriodeEducaciónSuperior,CienciayTecnologíadeRepúblicaDominicana(MESCyT).1UniversityofPuertoRico-RioPiedras,BiologyDepartment,POBox23360,SanJuan,PR,00931,USA2UniversidadAutónomadeSantoDomingo(UASD),EscueladeBiología,ZonaUniversitaria,SantoDomingo,DN,RepúblicaDominicana

538 SALAZAR, JACKELINE*1, SANTIAGO, EUGENIO2, MARTINEZ-MILLAN, MARCELA3, MARTINEZ, NIRZKA2 and MATEO, AMELIA1

Leaf epidermis of Tabebuia alliance (Bignoniaceae) and its systematics significance

Tabebuia alliance isaNeotropicalcladeintheBigno-niaceaefamilywith14generaandaround147spe-

cies,mostfoundinthegenusTabebuia GomesexDC.Inordertohelpassesspatternsofmorphologicalevolu-tionofepidermalcharactersanditssystematicsignifi-cance,asurveyofepidermaltrichomesandstomatainTabebuia alliancehasbeenperformed.Thesecharacterswere evaluated using Scanning Electron Microscopy(SEM) and light microscopy with epidermal peelingmacerationfollowingtheGiffordtechnique.Theepider-malcharactersweremappedonthemolecularphyloge-nyofthegrouppublishedbyGrose&Olmstead(2007).TheanalysisindicatesthatthegeneralcharacteristicsoftheTabebuia alliance include leaves thatarehyposto-maticasmostofthespeciesinBignoniaceae,aswellasglandular and eglandular trichomes. In addition, thecladehasanomocytictypeofstomata,acharacterthatisalsopresentinmembersofthePaleotropicalclade,Big-noniae,andJacaranda.ThegenusSparattosperma atthebaseofthecladepresentsanomocyticstomata,peltatescalesglandularandeglandular,andsimpleuniseriatetricomes.AlthoughTabebuia groupplusEkmanianthe mainly haveglandularandeglandularscalepeltatetri-comes,afewspecies(e.g.,HispaniolanT. bullata)haveacicularandfiliformhairs.Spirotecoma andtribeCres-centieaearealsogroupscharacterizedwithscalepeltatetrichomes.Ontheotherhand,TabebuiagroupII,nowgenusHandroanthus(Grose&Olmstead,2007),pres-entsmainlybranchedhairseitherdendriticorstellateorboth,acicularorfiliform,andglandularscalepeltatetri-comes.Thus,trichomesareimportantfordefiningtwogenera,TabebuiaandHandroanthus.However,abetterresolvedphylogenyisnecessarytodotheassessmentof

epidermalcharacterswithinthesetwogenera.1UniversidadAutónomadeSantoDomingo(UASD),EscueladeBi-ología,ZonaUniversitaria,SantoDomingo,DN,RepúblicaDomini-cana2UniversityofPuertoRico-RioPiedras,BiologyDepartment,POBox23360,SanJuan,PR,00931,USA36622130thAveNEAptD203,Kirkland,WA,98033,USA

539 ISA, SITI FATIMAH*1, TRIPP, ERIN1 and MCDADE, LUCINDA2

Comparative anatomy and morphology of the genus Satanocrater (Acanthaceae)

The aromatic and ethnobotanically important ge-nusSatanocrater (Acanthaceae) fromaridnorth-

ern Africa has been little studied. Here, we examinemorphology,phylogeny, anatomy, and ecology of allfour species in thegenus.All four share features thatsuggestadaptationstoxericenvironments(e.g.,thepos-sessionofathick-walledepidermis,thickwaxycuticle,abundant glandular trichomes, and/ or dense, gland-like scales).Twoof the specieswere alsoobserved tohavesunkenstomatawhilemassivetrichomesand/orglandsontheothertwospeciesobscuredthestomatalstructure. Interestingly, plants of S.paradoxus pos-sess bundle sheath cells indicative ofKranz anatomy.If confirmed, Satanocrater will represent the secondknownoccurrenceofC4photosynthesisinthefamily.Thisstudyisthefirsttodocumentpollenandseedmor-phologyinthegenus;traitspertainingtobothsupportitsplacementintheRuellieaelineage.WithinRuellieae,pollenmorphologyofSatanocrater is somewhat tran-sitionalbetweentwomajorlineages,andphylogeneticdataareconsistentwiththis"transitional"hypothesis.1RanchoSantaAnaBotanicGarden,1500NCollegeAve,Clare-mont,CA,91711,USA2RanchoSantaAnaBotanicGarden,Depart-mentOfBotany,1500N.CollegeAvenue,Claremont,CA,91711,USA

540 SORIANO , SARA FUENTES

Patterns of trait evolution within the tribe Physarieae (Brassicaceae): changes in morphology

Themustard family (Brassicaceae) is economicallyimportantbut theevolutionof itsmorphology is

not well understood. Here I re-evaluated patterns ofmorphologicalevolutioninBrassicaceaeandestimatedancestraltraitvaluesofelevencontinuousmorphologi-cal traitsusingthetribePhyarieaeasamodelsystem.Athree-locusdatasetforthetribegatheredfromchlo-roplast and nuclear data and newmethods tomodeldirectionalchangewereusedtoidentifythebest-fittingmodels of evolution before ancestral character valueswerereconstructedusingBayesiananalyses.Theanaly-sesincludedtraitstraditionallyusedinthesystematicsofBrassicaceae,suchasfruitsandseeds,aswellasother

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charactersfrequentlyneglectedinthestudyofthefam-ily, suchasstyle length,andpollensize.Results showrather unexpectedly that levels of morphological ho-moplasy,asdefinedbyvaluesoftraitphylogeneticsig-nal,withinBrassicaceaevaryfrombeingveryobvioustoalmostabsent.Modesoftraitevolutionweremostlyconsistentwithagradualmodel,butafewcharactersfitbestwithmodelsofpunctuatedevolution(fruitwidth,replum shape, pollen size). Historically, rates of traitevolution weremostly constant, except for the rapidandrecentevolutionofreplumshape,seednumber,andpollensize.FruitevolutionwithinPhysarieaereflectedchanges of individual components as inferred by thedifferentratesandmodesofindividualtraitevolution.Changeinpollensizeandseednumberwerepredomi-nantlydirectional.TheseresultsnotonlyhighlightedthephylogeneticpotentialofusingcontinuoustraitsinthesystematicsofBrassicaceae,butalsosuggestedthattheindividual components of single organs, such as fruitorseeds(e.g.length,width,size,numberofparts)canevolve at different rates andmodes.These results areespecially relevant to understandingmorphology andvariationofthefruits,whichisoneofthemostdiverseandtraditionallyusedcharacters in thesystematicsofthefamily.

MissouriBotanicalGarden,P.O.Box299,St.Louis,MO,63166,USA

541 NUNEZ , OSCAR TORO*1 and MORT, MARK2

Phylogenetic relationships of Mathewsia and Schizopetalon (Brassicaceae) based on two nrDNA and cpDNA regions

Schizopetalon(10spp)andMathewsia(9spp)aretwosmallgeneraofBrassicaceaeendemicfromsouthern

PerutonorthernChile.Thesegeneraarecharacterizedby their contrasting habits; Schizopetalon compris-ing annuals,whereasMathewsia is entirely perennial.MostoftheirspeciesoccuralongthesouthernAtacamaDesertwithspeciesdisjunctbetweenthecoastandtheAndes. These characteristics make them suitable forevolutionarystudiesofadaptationanddiversificationinextremelyaridenvironments.BroadstudiesofBrassica-ceaesupportthemonophylyofbothgeneraandplacethemassistertaxa;however,therehasbeennofocusedphylogeneticstudyofeithergenus.Weperformedphy-logenetic analyses of separate and combined nuclear(i.e.nrDNAITSandETS)andcpDNA(i.e.psbA-trnH andrps16introns)datasets,fromatotalof22individu-alsrepresenting13species(~70%oftotaltaxa),toas-sess the monophyly and elucidate the phylogeneticrelationships within each genus. Our results suggestthat Schizopetalon is monophyletic but relationshipsamongspeciesareonlyweaklysupported.Incontrast,Mathewsia is not resolved as monophyletic becauseaspeciesfromthehighAndes,M. nivea, issistertoaMathewsia+Schizopetalonclade.Inbothgenera,spe-cieswere placed in groups representing the northern

(southern Peru and Atacama) and southern (centralChile) areas of distribution. Also, analyses showed S. bipinnatifidumandM. biennis aspolyphyletic.1UniversityofKansas,DepartmentofEcologyandEvolutionaryBi-ology,NaturalHistoryMuseumandBiodiversityResearchCenter,1200SunnysideAvenue,Lawrence,Kansas,66045,USA2UniversityofKansas,DepartmentofEcologyandEvolutionaryBiology,NAtu-ralHistoryMuseumandBiodiversityResearchCenter,1200Sunny-sideAvenue,Lawrence,Kansas,66046,USA

542 ROLFSMEIER, SUSAN*1 and FERGUSON, CAROLYN2

Phylogeny and taxonomy of North American Lappula (Boraginaceae) in the context of Eurasian diversity

The genus Lappula (Boraginaceae) includes ap-proximately 67 species of annual and biennial

herbs.Diversity is concentrated inAsiaticRussia andCentralAsia.Inthelatenineteenthandearlytwentiethcentury,overtwentyspeciesweredescribedfromwest-ernNorthAmerica.Thesehave,atvarioustimes,beentreatedassynonymouswith(orasvarietiesof)particu-lar Eurasian species.TheNorthAmerican specimenswithasinglerowofspineshavevariouslybeenreferredto the Eurasian L. redowskii (Hornem.) Greene, andthosewithmultiple rowsof spines to theEurasian L. squarrosa (Retz.)Dumort(whichhasbeenintroducedand naturalized in North America). DNA sequencedatafromtheinternaltranscribedspacer(ITS)regionofthenuclearribosomalDNAsuggestthatthenativeNorthAmericantaxarepresentamonophyleticgroup,distinctfromtheEurasiantaxa;preliminarydatafromchloroplastintergenicspacersalsosupportthisfinding.Lappula redowskiiissistertotheNorthAmericanclade,while L. squarrosa (including samples from Siberiaand fromnaturalizedpopulations inNorthAmerica)ismoredistantlyrelated.Anoverviewofphylogeneticfindings is presented, along with discussion of taxo-nomicimplications.1KansasStateUniversity,DivisionOfBiology,Ackert115,Manhat-tan,KS,66506,USA2KansasStateUniversity,DivisionofBiology,AckertHall,Manhattan,KS,66506,USA

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543 CROWL, ANDY*2, MANSION, GUILHEM1 and CELLINESE, NICO2

Evolution and biogeography of endemic taxa within the Roucela aggregate (Campanulaceae: Campanuloideae) in the Eastern Mediterranean region

TheCampanuloideae(Campanulaceae)areahighlydiversegroupintheMediterraneanregionandin-

cludethepolyphyleticCampanula withapproximately120speciesfoundinGreecealoneandanexceptionallyhighdegreeofendemism(ca.60endemicspecies).Onegroupofparticularinterestistheputativelymonophy-letic Roucela complex, which includes approximately12 species traditionally included in Campanula.Thistaxonomically complexgroup isprimarilydistributedwithintheeasternMediterraneanbasin,withmanyofthetaxarestrictedtoasingleorafewislands.Thisworkexaminesthephylogeneticrelationshipandbiogeogra-phy ofRoucelawithin theCampanuloideae based onchloroplastandlow-copynuclearmarkers.1Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin-Dahlem,FreieUniversitätBerlin,Königin-Luise-Straße6-8,14195Berlin,Germany2UniversityofFlorida,FloridaMuseumofNaturalHistory,Gainesville,FL,32611,USA

544 TED, KIM

Variation of Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) Markers among the woody Sonchus alliance (Asteraceae: Sonchinae) in Madeira Variation of Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR)

Formanyyears,plantssystematicswasrelyonmor-phologicalcharacters.Thesedays,manymolecular

markersareavailableforphylogeneticstudy.SincePCR(Polymerase Chain Reaction) has been invented, thewindow of using molecular markers in phylogeneticstudy has beenwidely opened.There aremanywell-known and well-establishedmolecularmarkers, suchaschloroplastDNAornuclearDNAmarkers.Sequencedatafromthosemarkersareindubitablebutoftenvaria-tionsarenotsufficientenoughtoresolvephylogeneticrelationshipsamongcloselyrelatedspeciesorrecentlyradiated groups. In this case, other types ofmarkers,such as Inter-Simple SequenceRepeatMarker (ISSR)can provide further resolutions. In this research, weinvestigatedthewoodySonchusallianceinMadeiratoresolvephylogenetic relationships among taxa aswellas to determine patterns of colonization within eachtaxon. Five taxa (including one undescribed species)arewidelydistributedinMadeira.Madeira isagroupofyoungislands,locatedineasternAtlanticOceanandtheestimatedageoftheoldestislandis20millionyear.

The absolute age estimation ofmost recent commonancestoroffivetaxainMadeiraisapproximately3mil-lionyearsold.WeestimatedISSRvariationsamongfivetaxaof thewoodySonchusalliance inMadeira.Of10surveyedprimers,wefoundthreeprimersthatgaveusmostvariationsandrepeatablebandingpatterns.AndfromthoseISSRvariations,wedeterminedphylogen-tic relationshipamong thewoodySonchus alliance inMadeira.We included three outgroup taxa from theCanaryIslands:Sonchus acaulis,Sonchus congestus,andSonchus canariensis.TheISSRvariationsamongfivetaxandtheirphylogeneticrelationshipswillbepresentedindetails.Inaddition,thecolonizationpatternsofSonchus ustulatusssp.ustulatusandssp.maderensewillbedis-cussed.

SungKyunKwanUniv,Biology,300cheoncheondong ,440746,SouthKorea

545 NEUBIG, KURT*1, TALLEY, SHARON2, ABBOTT, J. RICHARD3, GERMAIN-AUBREY, CHARLOTTE4 and WHITTEN, W. MARK5

Phylogenetics and population genetics of the Mikania micrantha complex (Asteraceae)

UsingDNAsequencesfromnrITS,variousplastidloci,and16microsateliteloci,thisprojectaimsto

helpelucidatethephylogeneticrelationshipsandpopu-lationgeneticsoftheinvasivespeciesMikania micran-tharecentlydiscoveredinsouthFlorida.Thegoalsaretohelpdelimitspecieswithinthisspeciescomplex(whichincludesthenativeM. scandens),todevelopthemolecu-lartoolstoidentifyexoticmaterialand,potentially,tolocatethepointoforiginofexoticmaterialinFlorida.Preliminaryphylogeneticresultsshowthattaxonomicdelimitation in this species complex is verypoor andthatM. micranthaisnotamonophyleticspecies.None-theless, there exists strong anddistinct biogeographicsignalamonghaplotypes,notonly inthisspecies,butalsoitsclosestrelatives.Mikania micranthaisasignifi-cantinvasiveplantinAsiaanditcouldalsoposeasig-nificantthreattothefloraofsouthFloridabecauseofitsaggressivegrowthrate;therefore, it is importanttoadequatelyunderstandthetaxonomiccircumscriptionforaccurateidentificationandsubsequentcontrol.1University of Florida, Department of Biology, Po Box 118526,Gainesville,FL,32611,USA2USDA-APHIS-PPQ,CenterforPlantHealthScienceandTechnology,2301ResearchBlvd.,Suite108,FortCollins,CO,80526,USA3UniversityofFlorida,FloridaMuseumofNaturalHistory,POBox117800,Gainesville,FL,32611,USA4Uni-versityOfFlorida,FloridaMuseumOfNaturalHistory,SoltisLab.,DickinsonHall.MuseumRoad,Gainesville,FL,32611,USA5Uni-versityOfFlorida,FloridaMuseumOfNaturalHistory,POBOX117800,Gainesville,FL,32611-7800,USA

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546 MOSBY, LISA A.*1, ALBRECHT, MATTHEW2, ESSELMAN, ELIZABETH3, CLAWITTER, HELEN4 and RHODES, MATT5

Determination of Seed Viability in a Rare Species: The Tennessee Coneflower

The Tennessee purple coneflower (Echinacea ten-nesseensi)(Beadle)Small[Asteraceae])isafederal

andstateendangeredspeciesnaturallyfoundincedargladesinmiddleTennessee.Alossofhabitatandanat-urally restrictive geographic range contributed to thisconeflowerbeing listed as endangered. Conservationeffortshavebeenmade,newpopulationsofTennesseeconeflowerhavebeenestablished,andamovetodelistcertainpopulations is currentlyunderway.However,fewstudieshaveexaminedhow thedemographyandgenetics of restored populations compare to naturalpopulations. Thepurposeof thisstudy is toexaminereproductivesuccess innaturalandintroducedpopu-lationsoftheTennesseepurpleconeflower.Wecom-paredseedproduction,seedviabilityandseedmassintwenty-oneandnineteenrestoredandnaturalpopula-tions,respectively.Formostdemographicvariables,re-storedpopulationswerejustasormoresuccessfulthannatural populations. Our data highlights the impor-tanceofcomparingdemographictraitsinnaturalandintroduced populations for determining success ratesinrareplantrestorationprojects.Futureworkonthisconeflower includesgerminationstudies todeterminegerminationratesandpercentagesofgerminationsuc-cess.SuccessfullygerminatedplantswillbegrowninagreenhouseandleaftissueswillbeusedforfutureDNAanalysisofgeneticdiversity.1Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Biological Sciences,Room3330ScienceBuilding,Edwardsville,IL,62026,USA2Mis-souriBotanicalGarden,P.O.Box299,St.Louis,MO,63166,USA-3Southern Illinois University, Department Of Biology, RM 3330SCIENCEBLDG,EDWARDSVILLE,IL,62026-1651,USA4Wash-ingtonUniversity,OneBrookingsDrive,St.Louis,MO,63130,USA-5CenterforConservationandSustainableDevelopment,MissouriBotanicalGarden,P.O.Box299,St.Louis,MO,63166,USA

547 ZULUAGA, ALEJANDRO*1 and CAMERON, KENNETH2

A preliminary phylogeny of Monstera, Aracee

Monstera is a medium-sized genus of the fam-ilyAraceae,andaveryimportanthemiepiphytic

componentofmontaneand lowland tropical rainfor-ests.ItisexclusivelyNeotropical,andhastwoprincipalcenters of diversity: Costa Rica-Panama and the Co-lombianAndes.Monsteraisapoorlyknowngenus,andits taxonomyhistoricallyhasbeenproblematicduetorelatively small but overlappingmorphological varia-tion,thegreatamountofexistingnames,incorrectuseofthem,andanoticeabledeficiencyofherbariumcol-

lections.Thelastrevisionforthegenusin1977included22species,andfoursectionswereproposedbasedonmorphologicalcharacters.Thedelimitationofthespe-ciesclassifiedwithinthelargestsection,Monsterasect.Monstera,isespeciallychallengingduetothemorpho-logical intergradation of the species across their geo-graphicaldistribution.Today38speciesarerecognized,and as many as 10-15 remain undescribed. RecentphylogeneticanalysesofAraceaebydifferentauthors,butincludingonly1-3speciesofMonstera,suggestthatthe genus is monophyletic and closely related to theAmydrium-Epripemnum clade.Adetailedmorphologi-cal study isunderway,andthis isbeinggenerated to-getherwithaphylogeneticreconstructionforMonstera basedonchloroplasttrnL-Fandotherloci.Speciesfromeachof thefoursections,aswellas individualsrepre-sentingseveralpopulationsofthemostvariablespecies,areincluded.1UniversityOfWisconsin-Madison,430LincolnDrive,UWiscon-sin-DepartmentOfBotany,Madison,WI,53706,USA2WisconsinStateHerbarium,DepartmentOfBotany,154BirgeHall,450Lin-colnDrive,Madison,WI,53706,USA

548 NEUBIG, KURT*1, WHITTEN, W. MARK2, WILLIAMS, NORRIS2, CHASE, MARK3, BLANCO, MARIO1, ENDARA, LORENA1, BURLEIGH, GORDON1, SILVERA, KATIA4 and CUSHMAN, JOHN5

Generic recircumscriptions of Oncidiinae (Orchidaceae: Cymbidieae) based on combined molecular data sets

Phylogenetic relationships within the orchid sub-tribeOncidiinaesensuChasewereinferredusing

maximumlikelihoodanalysesof individualandcom-bined sequence alignments of nrITSDNA and threeplastidregions(matK,trnH-psbAspacer,twoportionsofycf1)for738individualsrepresentingca.590speciesplus 7 outgroup taxa. Based on the highly supportedbootstrapconsensus,werecognize61generainOnci-diinae. Previous classifications emphasized homopla-sious Oncidium-type floral features, phylogeneticallyintercalatedwithmanyothervariablefloralsyndromes,resulting in non-monophyletic genera. Batesian andMullerianmimicryofoil-secretingMalpighiaceae(andotheroil-secretingfloweringplantgroups)maybere-sponsible forconvergence infloral featuresacross thesubtribe.This classification based onmonophylywillfacilitatefocusedmonographsandwillclarifytheevolu-tionofmorphologicalandbiochemicaltraitsofinterestwithinthissubtribe.1UniversityofFlorida,DepartmentofBiology,220BartramHall,Gainesville, FL, 32611-8526, USA2University Of Florida, FloridaMuseumOf Natural History, PO BOX 117800, Gainesville, FL,32611-7800,USA3RoyalBotanicGardens-Kew,JodrellLaboratory,KewRoad,Richmond,N/A,TW93DS,UnitedKingdom4Univer-sityOfNevadaReno,3141TerraceDr,Riverside,CA,92507,US-A5UniversityofNevadaReno,DepartmentofBiochemistry,Reno,NV,89557-0014,USA

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549 SALAZAR, GERARDO*1, CABRERA, LIDIA I.1, VAN DEN BERG, CASSIO2, SMIDT, ERIC C.3, BATISTA, JOAO A. N.4, FRAGA, CLAUDIO N.5, BORBA, EDUARDO L.6 and CHASE, MARK7

Assessment of generic limits and floral evolution in subtribe Spiranthinae (Orchidaceae, Cranichideae) based on phylogenetic analysis of plastid and nuclear DNA sequences

Spiranthinae comprise about 400 species of terres-trial orchids largely restricted to the Neotropics,

representingoneof themajorradiationsofsubfamilyOrchidoideaeintheNewWorld.Phylogeneticrelation-ships in the subtribe were inferred using parsimonyandBayesian inferenceof over 5000bpof combinedDNAsequences(nuclearribosomalITSregion,plastidmatK/trnKandtrnL/trnFregions)forca.200individu-alsrepresenting165speciesofSpiranthinaeandsuitableoutgroup taxa. Our data show that morphologicallydistinctive,monotypicgenusDiscyphusdoesnotbelongtoSpiranthinaeandrecoversCotylolabiumassistertoastronglysupportedgroupthatincludesfourmainlin-eages, namely the Stenorrhynchos, Pelexia, Eurystyles,and Spiranthes clades.Our results reveal instances ofgenericpolyphylyassociatedwithconvergenceinfloralmorphology,eitherasaresultofindependentadapta-tiontoasamepollinatorgroup(e.g.hummingbirdsinStenorrhynchos s.l.)orof structural simplificationduetoareductioninflowersize(e.g.Brachystele).There-centproliferationofnewgenerabasedonsinglefloralcharacters or character combinations is for themostpartincompatiblewithstronglysupportedcladesinourmoleculartreesandresults inmanygenerabecomingparaphyletic.ThisproblemisparticularlycriticalinthePelexiaclade,withnolessthanfour"genera"embeddedinCyclopogonandthree inPelexia.Floral featuresas-sociatedwithhummingbirdpollination,suchasashow-ilycoloredfloraltubeandahard,pointedrostellumarereconstructedasplesiomophicinthesubtribebutthissyndrome evolved secondarily in bee-pollinated lin-eagesatleasttwoadditionaltimes.Ourstudyconfirmsprevious suggestions of evolutionary lability in floralcharactersdirectlyinvolvedinpollinationandprovidesafirmgroundforarevisedgenericclassificationofSpi-ranthinae1InstitutodeBiología,UniversidadNacionalAutónomadeMéxico,Departamento de Botánica,MexicoCity,Distrito Federal,Mexi-co2UniversidadeEstadualdeFeiradeSantana,DepartamentodeCiênciasBiológicas,FeiradeSantana,Bahía,Brazil3CentroPolitec-nico,UniversidadeFederaldoParana,DepartamentodeBotanica,SetordeCienciasBiologicas,Curitiba,Parana,Brazil4UniversidadeFederaldeMinasGerais,DepartamentodeBotânica,BeloHori-zonte,MinasGerais,Brazil5JardimBotanicodoRiodeJaneiro,Riode Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil6Universidade Federal doABC,CentrodeCiênciasNaturaiseHumanas,SantoAndré,SãoPaulo,Brazil7RoyalBotanicGardens,Kew,JodrellLaboratory,Richmond,Surrey,UK

550 ENDARA, LORENA*1, WHITTEN, W. MARK2 and WILLIAMS, NORRIS2

The preliminary phylogeny of Scaphosepalum (Orchidaceae) suggests speciation patterns strongly influenced by the Andes

TheneotropicalorchidgenusScaphosepalum(Pleu-rothallidinae)encompasses49speciesandreaches

itsdiversitypeakinthemontaneforestsofthenorth-ernAndes.Scaphospealumisanidealsystemtoexplorespeciation patterns and the effects of the Andes as adispersalbarriersinceitiscommontofindseveralnar-rowendemicspecieslivinginsympatry.Theobjectiveofthisresearchprojectistoreconstructaphylogenyusingmolecularandmorphologicalcharacters,anduseitasaphylogeneticframeworktoevaluateifthecurrentdistri-butionofthespeciesistheresultofsympatricspeciationorallopatricspeciationfollowedbysecondarycontact.The phylogeny of Scaphosepalum was obtained fromtheamplificationandsequencingofthenuclearregionsITS, pgiC, xdh and the plastid regions trnL-F, matK,andycf1.Thecongruenceofthedatasetscorrespond-ingtodifferentgeneregionswasevaluatedpreviouslybeen combined. The single and combined data setswereanalyzedunderMaximumParsimony,MaximumLikelihood,andBayesianapproachesandallobtainedsimilarresults.Theresultsofthemolecularphylogenysuggestaprevalenceofallopatricspeciationinthesys-tem and a strong geographic structure that reaffirmstheimportanceoftheAndesasadispersalbarriersincetwo almost identical cladeswere recovered by all theapproaches:amainlyCentralAmerican-NorthwesternEcuadorcladeandEasternAndes-GuyanaShieldclade.Themorphologicaldatasetiscurrentlybeengeneratedusing366herbariumspecimensandpreliminarymor-phological information coincides with the molecularphylogenyreconstruction.Funding:AmericanOrchidSociety,SanDiegoCountyOrchidSociety,Internation-alAssociationofPlantTaxonomists,NationalScienceFoundation,AmericanSocietyofPlantTaxonomists.1UniversityofFlorida,DepartmentofBotany/FloridaMuseumofNaturalHistory,Dickinson-FLMNH,Gainesville,FL,32611,US-A2UniversityOfFlorida,FloridaMuseumOfNaturalHistory,POBOX117800,Gainesville,FL,32611-7800,USA

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551 ADHIKARI, BINAYA* and WALLACE, LISA

Geo-ecological patterns of distribution among the varieties of scentbottle orchids, Platantheradilatata, based on GIS

Ecologicalanalysesprovideacomplementarymeansof studying evolutionary responses to landscape

changes. In this study, we examined environmentalvariation across populations of Platantheradilatata(Orchidaceae) identified fromherbariumrecords andfieldcollectionsusingnichemodelsbasedonnumer-ous environmental variables to understand if diver-gencewithin this species is associatedwith ecologicalfactors.Platanthera dilatata comprises three varieties,dilatata,albiflora and leucostachys, which are recog-nized based on differences in floralmorphology andgeographic range.Genetic studieshave also indicatedrecentandactivedivergence in thisspecies. If theva-rieties are geographically isolated, then allopatric di-vergence could be a leading cause of the genetic andmorphologicaldivergenceweseeinthisspecies.Here,we test the hypothesis that the varieties are ecologi-callydistinctinwesternNorthAmerica.Nichemodelspredictedsimilarlysuitableareasforvars.dilatata andleucostachys insomeareas,andmodelsforvars.dilatata and leucostachys suggest similar environmental vari-ablesareresponsibleforthepopulationsweexaminedinwesternNorthAmerica.Relativelyfewpopulationsofvar.dilatata occurinthecoastalrangesofthePacificNorthwest,whichsuggeststhatthedryhabitatbetweentheRockyMountainsandPacificCoastalrangescouldhave limitedwestward colonization from theRockiesandfragmentedcoastalpopulations,therebystimulat-inglocalizeddivergenceofthesevarieties.Someofthevariablespredictedfromnichemodelssuggestdifferentenvironmentalvariablesareimportanttovar.albiflora.ThistaxoniscommoninthesouthernRockies,absentfromcoastalareasofthePacificNorthwest,andoccursincoastalareasofCanadaandAlaska.Althoughithasbeensuggestedthatvar.albiflora maybelimitedtohigh-erelevations thaneitherof theothervarieties,wedidnotfindthisvariabletobeofgreatimportanceinnichemodelsforthistaxon.Theseanalyseswillbehelpfulforidentifying areas to target forpopulation sampling tobetter understand genetic patterns of divergence andthe underlying causes of evolutionary divergence inP.dilatata.

Mississippi State University, PO Box GY, Mississippi State, MS,39762,USA

552 GARCIA, NICOLAS*1, MEEROW, ALAN2, SOLTIS, PAMELA3 and SOLTIS, DOUGLAS4

Phylogenetic Structure InAmaryllidaceae Tribe Hippeastreae (Asparagales) Gains Resolution WithAn Expanded ITS Tree

Amaryllidaceae tribe Hippeastreae constitutes ahorticulturallyvaluablegroupofpetaloidmono-

cots;however,itstaxonomyatthegenericlevelhasbeencontroversial,with several segregates proposed duringthelast40years.PreviousphylogeneticanalysesofthenrDNAITS/5.8Sregionshowedthatcertaingeneraarenotmonophyletic, but lacked good representation ofChilean-Argentineangroups.Thehypothesisofpossibleearlylineagereticulationinthetribewassuggested.WehaveexpandedthetaxonsamplingforthisdatasetbyincludingmembersoftheChileanendemicgeneraandadditional species ofHabranthus, Rhodophiala, Rho-dolirium, Sprekelia, andZephyranthes.A total of ap-proximately110speciescorrepondstomorethan60%ofthetribe’sspecies-leveldiversity.Thetribecomprisestwomajor clades: a) Traubia, Placea,Phycella, Rhod-olirium,andFamatinamaulensis,characterizedbyn=8,lackofpolyploidy,andacapitatestigma,andb)Rho-dophiala,Habranthus,Hippeastrum,Sprekelia,Zephy-ranthes,andtheremainderofFamatina,characterizedbyseveralbasicchromosomenumbersrangingbetweenn=6-11,andfrequentpolyploidyandaneuploidy.Noclearmorphological featuresdiagnose the latterclade.Thefirstgroupappearstobecomposedofthreemainsubclades, each with high bootstrap support (>99%).Theothermajorcladeappearstobecomposedoffourlineages with unresolved relationships, as shown inpreviousstudiesbasedonITSandplastidregions,eventhoughthelatterhavebeenpoorlysampledintermsoftaxa.CertainspecieswithinHippeastrum,Rhodophiala,Placea,andPhycellahaveidenticaloralmostidenticalsequencestoothers,implyinginterspecificnrDNAcon-certedevolutionand/orperhapsrapidradiationswithinthesegroups.Wearecurrentlyworkingwithlow-copynucleargenesandseveralplastidregionstotestfurtherthisITS-basedphylogenetichypothesis.Arobustphy-logeneticframeworkwillserveasabasisforreclassifi-cationofthegroupandforstudyof itschromosomalevolution,andwillfacilitateseveraltestsoftheancientinter-cladereticulationhypothesisinHippeastreae.1UniversityOfFlorida,FloridaMuseumOfNaturalHistory,Dickin-sonHall,Gainesville,FL,32611,USA2USDA-ARS-SHRS,UNITEDSTATESDEPARTMENTOFAGRICULTURE,13601OldCutlerRoad,Miami,FL,33158,USA3UniversityofFlorida,FloridaMu-seumofNaturalHistory,Gainesville,FL,32611,USA4UniversityofFlorida,DepartmentofBiology,Gainesville,FL,32611,USA

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553 MASHAYEKHI, SAEIDEH*1 and COLUMBUS, J.2

Leaf anatomy of Allium (Alliaceae) subgenus Amerallium with a focus on the North American species

The genus Allium (Alliaceae) is distributed overmid-latituderegionsfromthedrysubtropicstothe

borealzone.Itincludesca.850speciestotal,with84spe-ciesinNorthAmerica.Themaincenterofdiversityex-tendsfromtheMediterraneanBasintocentralAsiaandPakistan.AsecondcenterofdiversityoccursinwesternNorth America. Thirteen subgenera are recognized.SubgenusAmeralliumisdividedintotwoclades:NewWorldandOldWorld.MostoftheNewWorldspeciesareinsubgen.AmeralliumandoccurinCalifornia(ca.50species)andTexas(ca.14species).NewWorldspe-cieshavebeenplacedintoeightalliancesbasedonmor-phologicalsimilarities.Characteristicsofsubgen.Amer-allium includeone-nervedtepals,onerowofvascularbundlesintheleaf,absenceofleafpalisadeparenchyma(ifpresent,secondarilyevolvedfromspongymesophyll),andthepresenceofsubepidermalleaflaticifers.Thusfarwehavesampled70NewWorldandOldWorldspe-ciesfortransectionalleafanatomy.Permanentslidesofsectionsfromthemiddleofthebladewereexamined.Thesectionsrevealasurprisingamountofvariationinbothroundandflatleavesintermsofarrangementofmesophyllcellsandvascularbundles.Aseparateongo-ingstudyinvolvesthemolecularphylogeneticsofNewWorldAllium.Theanatomicalvariantsoftheleaveswillbediscussedincontextofthephylogeny.1RanchoSantaAnaBotanicGarden,1500N.CollegeAve.,Clare-mont,CA,91711-3157,USA2RanchoSantaAnaBotanicGarden,1500NorthCollegeAvenue,Claremont,CA,91711-3157,USA

554 RYAN, SEAN* and SIMPSON, MICHAEL G.

Molecular Phylogenetic Relationships and Character Evolution of Fritillaria subgenus Liliorhiza

FritillariasubgenusLiliorhiza(Liliaceae)isanattrac-tive group of mostly North American geophytes

whoseevolutionaryhistoryhasnotbeenfullyexplored.Abundantsynonymyandinconsistentspeciesdelimita-tionneedtobeaddressedinordertomakeappropriateconservationdecisionsregardingraretaxainthegroup.Themostextensivemolecularphylogeneticstudy(Ron-stedetal.2005)includedonly12oftheapproximately20-25 species in the subgenus. Recent morphology-based classifications (Santana, 1984;Rix, 2001) are inconflict andmay be resolved by furthermorphologi-calandmolecularstudy.Mystudyaimstodeterminephylogenetic relationshipsof all described taxa in the

group, to evaluate taxonomic classifications (includ-ingquestionablespeciesandvarieties),andtoexploremorphological character evolution. To accomplishthese goals, Iwill collect several specimensper taxon,sequencetwochloroplastregions(rpl16andmatK)andnuclearribosomalITSandETS,andstudymorphologi-calcharactersofflowers,pollen,fruits,seeds,leaves,andbulbs. Preliminary results of molecular phylogeneticanalyses and ancestral character state reconstructionswillbepresented.Previouslyhypothesizedsubdivisionsbasedonmorphologyarepartiallysupportedinthemo-lecularanalysis,butacompletemoleculardatasetmustbeobtainedbeforeanydefinitivereclassificationcanbemade.Onemoderatelysupportedclade(pp=0.73)cor-respondswithSubsectionAffinesofSantana(1984)andSectionB1ofRix(2001)withafewexceptions.Anotherclade,thoughnotsupported,correspondswithSubsec-tionLiliorhizaofSantana(1984)andSectionB2ofRix(2001).Withregardtocharacterevolution,"rice-grainbulblets"appeartobetheancestralstateforthegroup,andhavebeenlostonceinaweaklysupportedcladeoffour species;whorled leaf arrangement appears to betheancestral state for thegroup,andappears tohavechanged to alternate leaf arrangement aminimumofthreetimes,withonereversal.

SanDiegoStateUniversity,Biology,EvolutionaryBiologyProgram,5500CampanileDrive,SanDiego,CA,92182,USA

555 CELIS PACHECO, MARCELA1 and SORIANO , SARA FUENTES*2

Pollen diversity and evolution in Tigridieae (Iridaceae) in the context of recent molecular phylogenetic findings

Tigridieae,adiversetribeofca.15generaand170species,isrestrictedtotheAmericas.Althoughveg-

etativelyuniform,thegroupexhibitssizeablevariationinfloralmorphology,anddifferencesintepalorientation,colorpatterning,typeofnectarproduced,andstructureof the stamens and style branches. In Tigridieae thenumber of pollen apertures has been used to delimitthetwosubtribes(Tigridiinae,2sulcivs.Cipurinae,1sulcus).InthisstudyweexpandedthephylogeneticandpalinologycalanalysesoftheSouthAmericanTigridieaebystudyingforthefirsttimethegenusCardenanthusandincreasingthesamplingofCalydorea,Cypella,Her-bertiaandSouthAmericanTigridia;makingitthelarg-estsamplingofthetribetodate.Thephylogeneticutilityofpollennumberofsulciandotherpalynologicalchar-acters(e.g.pollensize,aperturesize,patternofpollenornamentation,andluminaandmurisize)wascarefullyevaluatedwithinthetribe.Pollenevolutionwasstudiedinlightofnewmolecularphylogeniesbasedonthenu-clearribosomalinternaltranscribedspacer(nrITS)andfiveplastidDNAregions--thenon-codingtrnL-trnF,the trnLintron, thenon-coding trnH-psbAintergenicspacer,thematKgene,andthetrnK3gene.Molecularphylogeneticandstatisticalanalysesofthenewpalyno-

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logicaldatasuggestedthatdifferencesinnumberofsul-ci,luminasize,murisize,andpatternsofornamentationaretaxonomicallyandphylogeneticallyinformativeandcanbeusedtodistinguishsometaxaandcladesinTi-gridieae.Thenumberofpollenapertures(i.e.twosulci)didnotsupporttherecognitionofsubtribeTigridiinaeastraditionallycircumscribed,howeverbi-sulcatepol-lensupportedtheexpansionofTigridia toincludesevenother genera (Ainea,Cardiostigma, Cobana, Colima,Fosteria,Rigidella,Sessilanthera).Pollennumberofap-ertures andornamentation supported the recognitionofthepolyphyleticCypella lineages.Ourpreliminaryre-sultsindicatethatpollenmorphologyispotentiallyuse-fulforunderstandingphylogeneticrelationshipswithinthetribeTigrideaeandshouldbefurtherinvestigated.1UniversidadNacionaldeColombia,Apartado7495,Bogotá,Co-lombia2MissouriBotanicalGarden,P.O.Box299, St.Louis,MO,63166,USA

556 GRANADOS, CAROLINA1 and SALAZAR, GERARDO*2

Phylogenetic relationships of the Tillandsia erubescens group (Bromeliaceae) based on plastid DNA sequences and morphology

We assessed monophyly and interspecific rela-tionships of the Tillandsia erubescens species

groupofsubgenusTillandsiausingseparateandcom-binedparsimonyanalysesofDNAsequencesof threeregionsoftheplastidgenome(matK-trnK, trnH-psbA and trnD-trnT)and26morphologicalcharacters.Weanalysedexemplarsof32species, including8ingrouptaxa, representatives of various other lineages of Til-landsia and one species each ofVriesea andCatopsisasoutgroups.Thecombinedanalysisofallplastidandstructuraldatasupportthemonophylyofthegroupandprovideenoughresolutiontodiscernthephylogeneticrelationsamongitsspecies.Monophylyof theT. eru-bescens groupissupportedbytwomorphologicalsyn-apomorphies: absenceoffloralbractsanddescendingflowers.Twospeciesoftheingrouparenewtoscienceandwerediscoveredduringthisstudy.Ourresultsre-coveredmorphologicallydistinctiveT. achyrostachis assistertotheT. erubescensgroupandtheclade[T.prodig-iosa-[T. carlos-hankii-T. bourgaei]]istheirnextclosestrelative.Theevolutionandtaxonomicvalueofselectedreproductivecharactersisdiscussed1ResearchGroupSpermatophytes,DepartmentofBiology,GhentUniversity,Ghent,Belgium2InstitutodeBiología,UniversidadNa-cionalAutónomadeMéxico,DepartamentodeBotánica,MexicoCity,DistritoFederal,Mexico

557 LICHTENWALD, SAMANTHA*1, FLEMING, SAMANTHA1, SHIELS, DEREK2 and MONFILS, ANNA3

A phylogenetic analysis of North American Schoenoplectus and Schoenoplectiella (Cyperaceae)

Schoenoplectus sensu lato(Cyperaceae)isagenusofannualandperennialmonocotswithacosmopoli-

tandistribution,predominantlyoccurringinwetlands.Speciesinthegrouparenotoriouslydifficulttodescribe;speciesaredefinedbasedonfewcrypticcharactersandhybridizationisrampant.Recenttaxonomicrevisioninthegrouphasresultedinamorenarrowcircumscrip-tionofSchoenoplectusandtheerectionofanewgenusSchoenoplectiella. InNorthAmerica there are23 spe-cies and varieties of Schoenoplectus or Schoenoplecti-ella,manyof these still require taxonomicrevision todetermineanddesignategenericstatus.Toinvestigatediversity, resolve generic status and elucidate rela-tionshipsamong taxaandgenera inNorthAmericanSchoenoplectus sensu lato, we conducted a molecularphylogeneticanalysisof thenuclear ribosome ITS re-gionandasecondindependentDNAdatasetfromthetrnTLF chloroplastregions.Phylogeneticevidencewasexamined relative to morphological data from fieldcollectionsandvoucherspecimensfromacrossNorthAmerica.TheresultingphylogeneticanalysisincludingNorthAmerica’sSchoenoplectus sensu latospeciesandallGenBankaccessionswillbepresentedrepresentingthe largeststudyofSchoenoplectus sensu latodiversityyet conducted.This datawill be presented relative toproposedtaxonomicrevisionsinNorthAmericanspe-ciesandspeciescomplexesandaglobalre-circumscrip-tionofthegenera.1Central Michigan University, Biology, 217 Brooks Hall, MountPleasant,MI,48858,USA2CentralMichiganUniversity,BiologyDe-partment,217BrooksHall,MountPlesant,MI,48858,USA3CentralMichiganUniversity,180BrooksHall,MountPleasant,MI,48859,USA

558 SHIELS, DEREK*1 and MONFILS, ANNA2

A global re-circumscription and definition of Schoenoplectiella (Cyperaceae)

Schoenoplectiella Lye, is a recently segregated, cos-mopolitangenuscurrentlydefinedwith31 species

formerly recognized as Schoenoplectus. Schoenoplecti-ellaspecieswereinitiallyseparatedfrom Schoenoplectusbasedontheirmostlyannualhabit,amphicarpicflowersandclosergeneticrelationshiptospeciesinEleocharis than Schoenoplectus. Additional phylogenetic stud-ies samplingmoregenesand taxaandmorphologicalanalysisofachenesandpollenbylaterauthorsfurther

221

supported the paraphyletic nature of Schoenoplectus sensu latoandtheneedforsystematicrevision.Thedatafrom these studies reveals twomajor groups that fallalongthesamelineseparatingtwoofthefourSchoeno-plectus sensu latosections(SectionsSchoenoplectusandMalacogeton) from sectionsActaeogeton and Supini.ThereareeightspeciesofsectionActaeogetonthatre-main classified as part of Schoenoplectus sensu strictoandkeydiagnosticmorphologicalcharactershavenotbeen defined to fully delineate Schoenoplectiella andSchoenoplectus sensu stricto.Additionally, thereare14Schoenoplectus sensu stricto species from Africa thathave not been given sectional designations and ap-pear to conform to sectionsActaeogeton and Supini.Datafromaphylogeneticstudyof23NorthAmericanSchoenoplectus sensu latotaxa,taxonomicliteratureandherbariaspecimenshavebeingstudiedto(1)proposeaglobalre-circumscriptionofSchoenoplectiellaand(2)definetheboundariesandkeydiagnosticmorphologi-calcharactersofSchoenoplectiella,Schoenoplectus sensu stricto,andsectionswithineachgenus.Apreliminaryre-circumscriptionwillbepresented.1Central Michigan University, Biology Department, 217 BrooksHall,MountPleasant,MI,48858,USA2CentralMichiganUniversity,180BrooksHall,MountPleasant,MI,48859,USA

559 JUNG, JONGDUK* and CHOI, HONG-KEUN

A Preliminary Study for Phylogeny Inference within Cyperaceae Based on a Low Copy Sequence, Low Silicon Mutant Gene 2

PhylogeneticrelationshipwithinCyperaceae isnotclearyetalthoughmolecularphylogeneticanalyses

basedontheseveralkindsofsequences,suchasnuclearribosomalinternaltranscribedspacer(ITS),largesub-unitofribulosebisphosphatecarboxylasegene(rbcL), andchloroplasttrnL intron and trnL-F intergenicspac-er(trnL-F).Thethreesequencesarereasonabletoinferphylogeniesofmanyvascularplants.Incontrast,phy-logenetictreeofCyperaceaeusingrbcLhasinsufficientresolutionandalignedsequencesofnon-codingregions(e.g. ITSor trnL-F) frequentlyhaveambiguitydue tolarge inserts/deletions.Rapidconcertedevolutionwasreportedfromhighcopysequences(e.g.ITS)andoftengeneratemisleading trees.To improve low resolutionor to inhibit erroneous interpretation, nuclear singleorlowcopysequences(e.g.LEAFY)havebeenusedinphylogeneticanalysesoffloweringplantsandareveryeffectivetoinvestigatereticulateevolutionordetailrela-tionships.SuitablegeneorregionisstronglyneededtoinferphylogenyofCyperaceae,whichhasunclearphy-logenetic relationship, reportednumerouspolyploidy,andhybrid.Lowsiliconmutantgene2(Lsi2),relatedtotransportofsilica,waschosenascandidateofthesuit-able gene because silica accumulation is higher than

other flowering plants and silica bodies are observedfrequently inCyperaceae.Primerpairsweredesignedbasedonrice Lsi2andsequencesof48typeswerede-terminedfrom23Cyperaceaespecies.SequencesofLsi2 first exonhave small variance (852-861bp) in lengthwhilelengthofITSandtrnL-Fsequencesvariedfrom538bpto658bpandfrom784bpto1,050bprespective-ly.LengthofrbcLsequencesfromallspeciesexaminedwasconstant(1,293bp).Portionofparsimonyinforma-tivecharactersinalignedsequencesofLsi2 firstexonare24.4%while33.8%,4.8%,and25.1%ofalignedITS,rbcLandtrnL-Fareparsimonyinformativerespectively.Lowlength variation (i.e. small inserts/deletions) andhighproportionofparsimonyinformativecharactersshowninthisstudysupportthatfirstexonofLsi2aresuitableforphylogeneticanalysisofCyperaceae.

AjouUniversity, Department of Biological Science, San 5,Won-cheon-dong,Suwon,Gyeonggi-do,443-749,SouthKorea

560 GARRETT, PATRICK C. * and INGRAM, AMANDA L.

The utility of the plastid trnC-rpoB locus in resolving phylogenetic relationships in Eragrostis (Poaceae)

EragrostisWolfisagenusofapproximately400mor-phologically and anatomically diverse grasses dis-

tributedthroughouttheworld’stropicalandsubtropi-cal regions.DNA sequence data fromnuclearGBSSI(waxy)and the plastid regions rps16 and trnL-F haveimprovedourunderstandingofEragrostis evolution:allregionshaveprovidedinsightintothecircumscriptionof the genus, andGBSSI data produce awell-resolvedphylogenywithin Eragrostis. Cladistic analyses of theplastidloci,however,failtoresolvealargepolytomyatthebaseofacladeencompassingthevastmajorityofEragrostis species.Resolvingtheserelationshipsisessen-tialforunderstandingthewaysinwhichallopolyploidyhasinfluencedcharacterevolution,sothisstudyseekstoexplorethepotentialofthetrnC-rpoB locusineluci-datingtheevolutionaryhistoryofthegenus.Sequenceswereobtained forabroadsampleofEragrostisspeciesandwereanalyzedaloneandincombinationwithrp-s16andtrnL-F.trnC-rpoBalonedidnotvarysufficientlyforresolvingthedivergenceofcoreEragrostis,butthecombinedanalysisdidshowimprovedresolution.

WabashCollege,BiologyDepartment,POBox352,Crawfordsville,IN,47933,USA

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561 ESTEP , MATT C*1, VELA DIAZ, DILYS2 and KELLOGG, ELIZABETH3

Harvesting the cereals in search of phylogenetic signal

Somephylogeneticproblemsaredifficulttoresolve.Oftenaddingmoredatacansolvetheproblem,but

whichmarkersshouldbechosenremainsasacriticalquestion.Whilenextgenerationsequencingandwholechloroplast genomes are being used increasingly, insomegroups,particularlythegrasses,chloroplastdataisnotsufficienttoresolvecomplexpatternsofpolyploidyor rapid radiations. Alternatives towhole chloroplastgenome sequencing are nuclear encoded loci,whichhavehistoricallybeendifficultandexpensivetoidentifyandamplify.Overthelastdecade,extensivegeneticandgenomicresourceshavebeendevelopedtostudyagri-culturally important plants. Teams of plant scientistshavedissectedmanymolecularpathwaysthatinfluenceplant architecture using the most sophisticated for-wardandreversegeneticscreens.Asaresult,thereisaplethoraofnuclearencodedgeneswithknownmutantphenotypes,manyofwhichresemblethediversemor-phologicalvariationobservedinnaturalgroupsofspe-ciesandarethefocusofourcurrentresearch.Inordertoreducethehurdlesofemployingnuclearlociinhardphylogeneticproblems,wehavedevelopedafastprimerdesignmethodologyusingPhytozomeandPrimacladeand have converted the amplification, cloning, andtransformation steps toa96-well format. In less than6months,wehavedevelopedprimersandsuccessfullyamplified10novelnuclearencodedlociandarework-ing to sequence these from~120 species in the grasstribeAndropogoneae.1UniversityofMissouri-St.Louis,DepatrmentofBiology,R223Re-searchbuilding,St.Louis,MO,63121,USA2UniversityOfMissouri-St.Louis,Biology.223ResearchBuilding,OneUniversityBlvd.,SaintLouis,MO,63121-4499,USA3UniversityOfMissouri -St.Louis,DepartmentOfBiology,OneUniversityBoulevard,St.Louis,MO,63121-4499,USA

562 CARSKADDON, JILL R.*1, SPANGLER, SARA B.1, RICHARDS, TAMARA C.1, FISHER, AMANDA1, DENTON, AMY L.2 and KELCHNER, SCOT A.1

Three introns corroborate a first estimate of bamboo chloroplast phylogeny

Bamboos(Poaceae:Bambusoideae)includebetween1,200and1,400species,andarefoundintropical

totemperateareasworldwide.Theevolutionaryhistoryofbambooshasbeendifficulttoinferwithcomparativesequence analysis: problems include rapid radiationevents,relativelyslowratesofsequenceevolution,lim-itedvariationintrialednuclearloci,andlackofconvinc-

ingresolutionatkeynodesingenetopologies.Althoughsome researchers advocate a phylogenomic approachforproblematic taxa likebamboos, a reasonable (andinexpensive)alternativemightbetotargetlocithatarestrong phylogenetic performers. Three such intronswererecentlyidentifiedbytheauthorsusingmultilocuscomparisonswithacorroboratedchloroplasttopologyof14bamboospecies.Inthepresentstudy,weresamplethetaxonsetoftheBambooPhylogenyGroup(BPG)and estimate a chloroplast phylogeny using sequencedata fromtheatpF, trnG, andpetB introns.AlthoughourcombineddatasetisonlyonethirdthesizeoftheBPGalignment,itrecoversallbuttwoofthesupportedbranchesintheBPGestimation.OuranalysisprovidesthefirstindependentcorroborationoftheBPGchloro-plast phylogeny forbamboos, and suggests that thesethree intronscouldbemorewidelyusedforphyloge-neticinferenceinthegrasses.1Idaho State University, Department of Biological Sciences, 921South8thAvenue,Stop8007,Pocatello,ID,83209-8007,USA2Cali-forniaStateUniversityChannelIslands,DepartmentofBiology,OneUniversityDrive,Camarillo,CA,93012,USA

563 ATIA EISA, ATIA M.*1 and HILU, KHIDIR2

Phylogeny of PhleumL. (Poaceae, timothy grass): species and polyploid evolution

PhleumL.(Poaceae,timothygrass)comprisesabout15speciesofworldwidedistribution.Itincludesan-

nualandperennialspecieswithdiploidandpolyploidcytotypes basedon x=7.The species aremorphologi-cally quite variable, contributing to difficulties in theassessment of species boundaries. A comprehensivesystematic study for thegenus is lacking.Wepresentthefirstmolecularphylogeny for theentiregenusus-ingthenuclearinternaltranscribedspacer(ITS)andtheplastidtrnL-FandpsbJ-petAsequencestoassessspeciesrelationships.Threemajor cladeswere recovered thatcoincidewiththemorphology-basedsectionalclassifi-cation.Thefourthcladeconsistsoftwomorphologicallydifferentspecies,tetraploidP. panculatumanddiploidP. nodosum.Thesetwospeciesaretraditionallyplacedin different sections, and lackmorphological synapo-morphies.Polyploidyappeartohaveevolvedinoneofthe threemajorclade/sections,whereas theother tworemaindiploid.Wealsoconductedadetailedmorpho-logicalstudyofanumberofvegetativeandreproductivecharactersforallthespecies.Floretfeaturesaremappedonthetreetodiscerncharacterevolutionandtheirpo-tentialimplicationinthetaxonomyofPhleum.1DesertResearchCenter,EcologyandRangemangment,1mathafElmatariya st., Cairo, Egypt2VIRGINIA TECH, Department OfBiology,2119DerringHall,BLACKSBURG,VA,24061-0406,USA

223

564 DRUMWRIGHT, ABBY1, ALLEN, BRIAN2, RITCHEY, PATRICIA3, HUFF, KRISTA4 and CAHOON, AUBREY*3

Survey and DNA Barcoding of Poaecea in Flat Rock Cedar Glades and Barrens State Natural Area, Murfreesboro, TN

A surveyofgrassspeciesfromtheFlatRockCedarGladesandBarrensStateNaturalArea inMur-

freesboro,TNwasundertakenduringthe2008grow-ing seasonwith thegoalof creatinga comprehensivelistofgrassspecieslivinginasinglegladeenvironment.Twenty four different species were identified duringthesurvey.AllspecieshadbeenpreviouslyrecordedinTennesseebuttwohadnotbeennotedincedarglades,Sporobilus clandestinusandElymus hystrix,andone,Di-chanthelium scoparium,hadnotbeencollectedinRuth-erfordCounty.Thesurveyalsoprovidesinformationonspecies distributionwithin the glade, amount of sun-lightexposure,andfloweringtimewithinthegrowingseason.TheplastidmatK andrbcL genesandthetrnH-psbAintergenicspacerregionweresequencedfromthespecimens and are catalogued in GenBank. Varianceanalysis of each sequenced locuswas conductedwiththesequencesproducedinthisstudyaswellasGenBankarchivedsequencesfromothergrasses.Ourdatacon-servativelysuggest that theCBOLrecommended loci,matKandrbcL,shouldenablePoaceaespeciesidentifi-cationwith95%accuracy.1PopeJohnPaulIIHighSchool,117CaldwellDr,Hendersonville,TN,37075,USA2SiegelHighSchool,3300SiegelDr.,Murfreesboro,TN,37129,USA3MiddleTennesseeStateUniversity,Biology,1301E.MainSt.,Box60,Murfreesboro,TN,371324MiddleTennesseeStateUniversity,Biology,1301E.MainSt.,Box60,Murfreesboro,TN,37132,USA

565 JONES, KATY*1, HISCOCK, SIMON2 and CARINE, MARK1

What explains the Azores diversity enigma?

Macaronesiacomprisesthevolcanicarchipelagosof the Azores, Madeira, Canary Islands, Sal-

vageIslandsandtheCapeVerdes,intheNorthAtlan-ticOcean.Based on current taxonomic concepts, theAzoresangiospermfloraisdistinctiveinthatthereareveryfewendemictaxa(c.60taxa)andofthose,onlyasmallproportionareSingleIslandEndemics(SIEs;4%).Incontrast,theCanaryIslandshaveanextremelyrichendemicfloraofc.607specieswithalargeproportionof SIEs. Island age, lineage age and habitat diversityalonedonotprovidesatisfactoryexplanationsforthesedifferences.Severalnewhypotheseshavebeenputfor-wardtoexplainthedifferencesobserved;(i)highlevelsof undocumented extinctions in theAzores flora, (ii)

highdispersalabilityofAzoreantaxa,(iii)differencesinclimateacrosstheMacaronesianarchipelagosand(iv)inadequaciesintheleveloftaxonomicknowledgeoftheAzoresflora.Molecularanalysesofseveralendemiclin-eagessuggestthattheremaybeaconsiderableamountofpreviouslyundocumenteddiversityintheflora.Thisposterpresentsapreliminaryanalysisofherbariumcol-lectionsofAzoreantaxaworldwidewhichsuggestthathypothesis(iv)mayhelptoexplainthedifferencesinthediversitypatternsofendemictaxabetweentheAzoresandtheCanaryIslands.Futureplansforinvestigationsto help resolve the ’Azores diversity enigma’ are alsooutlined.1TheNaturalHistoryMuseum,DepartmentOfBotany,CromwellRoad,London,SW75BD,UnitedKingdom2BristolUniversity,Bio-logicalSciences,UniversityofBristol,WoodlandRoad,Bristol,Oval,BS81UG,UK

566 DIGGS, JR., GEORGE M.1, LIPSCOMB, BARNEY2 and BYERLEY, M. BROOKE*2

Ferns and lycophytes of Texas: a 55-year update

ThelaststatewidetreatmentofTexaspteridophyteswaspublished in1956byDonovanStewartCor-

rell. Since that timemuchhas changed in taxonomy.By investigating the current literature and herbariumcollectionsaroundthestate,wehavecompiledamuch-neededupdateforthisregion.WeshowthatTexasnowhosts146totalnativeandnaturalizedpteridophytetaxarepresenting138species,a28%increaseinspeciesrich-ness.Of these species, 127 arenative,more than anyotherstateinthecontinentalUnitedStates.Texashasrepresentativesfromsevenofthe11currentfernorders(Equisetales, Ophioglossales, Osmundales, Polypodia-les,Psilotales,Salviniales,andSchizaeales)and19dif-ferentfernfamilies.Alsopresentaremembersfromallthreeextantlycophytefamilies,includingtheendemicIsoetes lithophila.Biogeographicpatternsshowthevastmajority of Texas pteridophytes are concentrated inthreevegetationalregions:thedeciduousforestsofEastTexas, the Edwards Plateau region of Central Texas,andtheTrans-PecosregionofWestTexas.WeproposethatthehighspeciesrichnessinTexasisduepredomi-nantlytolatitudinalgradient,proximitytosourceflorasineasternU.S.andMexico,andhighhabitatdiversity.Additional GIS analysis is forthcoming pending thecompletion of current herbarium collection georefer-encingprojects.1AustinCollege,DepartmentofBiologyandCenter forEnviron-mentalStudies,Sherman,TX,75090,USA2BotanicalResearchIn-stituteofTexas,1700UniversityDrive,FortWorth,TX,76107,USA

Systematics Section

224

567 DEAN, ELLEN*1, THOMSEN, CRAIG2 and HARRINGTON, GORDON1

Initial Floristic Prospecting in the BLM Cache Creek Wilderness, Lake County, CA

The Bureau of Land Management’s Cache CreekWildernessisaroadlessnaturalareainLakeCoun-

tywithunexploredbotanicalresources.TheWildernessandtheadjacentBearCreekRanchtogetherformtheBLMCacheCreekNaturalArea. In2010,with fund-ing from the National Landscape Conservation Sys-tem,preliminarysurveysforspecial-statusplantswereconducted during eight visits to theWilderness.Wemapped eightCaliforniaRarePlantRank list 1B andfiveCaliforniaRarePlantRanklist4plantsintheWil-dernessandencounteredmanyrareplantcommunitiesand fascinating landscapes.Most of the special-statusplantsthatwemappedwereonserpentine-influencedsubstrates. A large serpentine barren with waterfallsandserpentine riparianvegetation ispresentnear thesouthernborderoftheWilderness,oneofmanyareasin theWilderness thatneed furtherexploration.Her-bariumspecimenvouchersfromthisstudywereincor-poratedintotheherbariumattheUCDavisCenterforPlantDiversity.TheplantspeciesrecordedduringthisstudywereaddedtotheexistingplantlistoftheadjacentBLMBearCreekRanchtocreateajointplantlistfortheCacheCreekNaturalArea.1UCDavisCenterforPlantDiversity,PlantSciences,m.s.7,OneShieldsAve.,Davis,CA,95616,USA2UCDavis,PlantSciences,m.s.1,OneShieldsAve.,Davis,CA,95616,USA

568 BOBICH , EDWARD GEORGE*1 and EWERS, FRANK2

Resurrecting, Reorganizing, and Refocusing the Cal Poly Pomona Herbarium: Creating an Active Learning Environment While Maintaining a Trading Herbarium in LA County

TheCalPolyPomona(California)Herbariumhadbuiltanextensivesynopticandteachingcollection

upuntiltheyear2000,whenmuchofthecollectionwasdonatedtootherlocalherbariaandthespecimensthatremainedweremovedtoseveraldifferentlocationsoncampus.Bythelate2000sthefateoftheherbariumwasuncertaindue toa lackof funding,maintenance,andinterest.Inspringof2008itwasdecided,attheurgingofseveralbright,diligent,andeagerstudentswhoweretakingCaliforniaFlora(BOT343)atCalPolyPomona,to save the herbarium and refocus the collection onthefloraoftheSanJoseHills,whicharepartoftheim-portantwildlifecorridorthatconnectstheSanGabrielMountainsoftheTransverseRangestotheSantaAnaMountainsofthePeninsularRanges.Since2008,ninestudentshavedevotedtheirtimetorestoringandcata-

logingthespecimensthatwerecollectedonthenaturallandsofthecurrentcampusandattheoriginalVoorhiscampus in SanDimas, California.The students havealsocollectednewspecimens,includingfivespeciespre-viouslyundocumentedinthearea.Theactivelytradingherbarium (IndexHerbariorumacronymCSPU),has763specimensrepresenting244species.Inadditiontobeing an excellent teaching toolwhere students learnhowtodocuratorialwork,properlycollectspecimens,andlearnaboutthemanyusesofherbaria,theherbar-iumwillbringmore attentiontotheneedtopreservethenaturalareasoftheSanJoseHills,whichhavebeengreatlyreducedinthelasttwodecadesduetourbanization.1California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, Biological Sci-ences,3801W.TempleAve.,Pomona,CA,91768,USA2CaliforniaStatePolytechnicUniversity,Pomona,DepartmentOfPlantBiology,3801WestTempleAvenue,Pomona,CA,91768,USA

569 APPLEQUIST, WENDY L.*1, KUHLMAN, ALYSE R.1, SOLOMON, JAMES C.2, LOWRY II, PORTER P.2, BUSSMANN, RAINER1 and MAGILL, ROBERT E.2

The Missouri Botanical Garden's DNA Bank: Expanding opportunities to serve the American systematics community

TheMissouriBotanicalGarden’sWilliamL.BrownCentermaintainsarepositoryofleafsamplespre-

served in silicagel thataremadeavailable to supportmolecular studies of plant systematics and evolution.This collection comprises over 11,000 accessionedsamples,collectedfrom55countriesandrepresenting368familiesand2502genera.About1600sampleshavebeen distributed, the majority to US-based research-ers.Fifteencountriesarerepresentedbymorethan100samples (the top fourbeing theUnitedStates,Mada-gascar,NewCaledonia,andBolivia),asare seventeenangiosperm families (by far themost strongly repre-sentedbeingAsteraceae,withover2200samples).Over400bryophytesamplesarealsoavailable.Thecollectionthereforehasgreatpotentialtofacilitatetheefficientandaffordableconductofmolecularsystematicstudies.Thedistribution of samples reflects the Garden’s interna-tionalpartnershipsandcollectors’interests;sincesuchbiases are probably inevitable, a national network ofDNAbanksisessentialtoprovidecomprehensivesup-porttothebotanicalresearchcommunity.WedescribebrieflytheMissouriBotanicalGarden’sapproachtothepractical, legal, and ethical challenges associatedwithrunningaDNAbankanddiscussoptions for furtherdevelopment. Inparticular, encouraging and facilitat-ingsamplecontributionstoDNAbanksfromcollectorsatinstitutionswithoutDNAbankshasthepotentialtoincreaseboththescientificvalueandtheutilizationofthesecollections.1MissouriBotanicalGarden,WilliamLBrownCenter,POBox299,St.Louis,MO,63166-0299,USA2MissouriBotanicalGarden,P.O.Box299,St.Louis,MO,63166-0299,USA

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570 NARRO, MARTHA*1, BOYLE, BRAD2, LU, JERRY3, HOPKINS, NICOLE1, PIEL, WILLIAM4, RAYGOZA GARAY, JUAN ANTONIO1, LOWRY, SONYA1, MATASCI, NAIM1, FREELAND, CHRIS5, MCKAY, SHELDON1 and ENQUIST, BRIAN2

The TNRS: a Taxonomic Name Resolution Service for Plants

Correcting and standardizing taxonomic namesis a major challenge for virtually every field of

plant biology. Even large organismal databases suchas GBIF, SpeciesLink, VegBank, SALVIAS, TraitNet,GenBankandTreeBASEsufferfromtaxonomicerroranduncertainty,withupto30%oftaxon-authorstringsunmatchedtoavalidly-publishedname,and5-20%ofpublished names synonymous. Despite the growingavailability of digitized sources of names1,2,3,4, identi-fiers2,4andtaxonomicopinion3,5,thetaskofcorrectingtaxonomywithinexistingdatasetsremainsatime-con-sumingandlargelyadhocprocess.Theneedfortoolsforautomatedstandardizationoftaxonomicnameshasnever been greater.TheTNRS, or TaxonomicNameResolutionService6isanonlinetoolforautomatedanduser-assisted standardization of taxonomic names ofplants.The result of collaboration between the iPlantTreeofLifeproject(iPToL),theBotanicalInformationandEcologyNetwork (BIEN), theMissouriBotanicalGarden(MOBOT)andmanyothers,theTNRSbuildsuponandextendsexistingopensourcesolutionssuchastheGNInameparserandtheTaxamatchfuzzymatch-ingalgorithm.TheprimarysourceofreferencenamesandsynonymyusedbytheTNRSisMOBOT’sTropicosdatabasewithadditionalsourcestobeaddedinthenearfuture.Featuresincludebatchparsingandcorrectionofmisspellednamesandauthorities,extractionofembed-dedbotanicalannotationsandmorphospeciesstrings,conversionofsynonymstoacceptednames,flaggingofinherentlyambiguousnames(e.g.,propartesynonyms)and the standardization of higher taxonomic catego-riessuchas family.Currentlyaccessibleasapublicly-accessiblestand-aloneversion6,theTNRSwillsoonbeavailablewithinthefeature-richiPlantDiscoveryEnvi-ronment.ARESTfulwebservicewillprovideadditionalfunctionality,suchastheabilitytodiscoverandcorrectnamesof internalnodesofphylogenies.References:[1]www.ipni.org,[2] ww.globalnames.org[3] www.tropi-cos.org[4] www.ubio.org[5] www.theplantlist.org[6]http://tnrs.iplantcollaborative.org1iPlantCollaborative,UniversityofArizona2UniversityofArizona,EcologyandEvolutionaryBiology3ColdSpringHarborLaboratory,PlantBiology4YaleUniversity,PeabodyMuseumofNaturalHisto-ry5MissouriBotanicalGarden,CenterforBiodiversityInformatics

Teaching Section

See also Grab that Research Baton and Teach: Bessey Award Winners and The fruitful outcome of graduate student-designed curricula: research modules, publishing opportunities, and outreach inspired by the NSF’s Graduate STEM Fellows in K-12 Education (GK-12) Program.

ORAL PAPERS

571 GOODWILLIE, CAROL

Ecology, evolution and undergraduate education: pulling it all together in a long-term field experiment

A long-termstudy thataddressesclassicquestionsin community ecologyprovides anopportunity

forundergraduatestoparticipateinfieldresearchcar-riedoutatalargespatialandtemporalscale.Since2003,undergraduateresearchersatEastCarolinaUniversityhaveinvestigatedtheeffectsoffertilizerandmowingontheplantcommunityatawetlandsite.Insevenyearsof sampling the plant community, we have observedsignificanteffectsofthetwotreatmentsonspeciesdi-versityandcomposition,abundanceofobligatewetlandspecies, and relative dominance of forbs, grasses andwoody plants.We are currently expanding the studyto investigateeffectsof thedisturbanceongeneticdi-versityofseveraldominantfocalspeciesandtotestforadaptationtoexperimentaltreatments.Undergraduatebiologycoursesassociatedwiththesitetrainstudentsinfieldmethods,datamanagementandanalysisandhy-pothesistesting.

EASTCAROLINAUNIVERSITY,DepartmentOfBiology,MailStop551,GREENVILLE,NC,27858,USA

572 HENDERSON, FLOR*1, VANDEBROEK, INA2, BALICK, MICHAEL3 and KENNELLY, EDWARD4

Creating botanical-cultural awareness in urban Community College students

Botanicaleducationisafieldofgreatimportancetocontemporarysociety.Withpopulationincreasein

urbanareasthereisaneedtoexplorestrategiestoen-hanceopportunitiesforbotanicalteachingandlearning.TheCityUniversityofNewYork(CUNY)isoneofthenation’s largesturbanuniversities, it includes twenty-three colleges, six of which are community colleges.Amongthese,HostosCommunityCollege(HCC),thesmallest, is located in theSouthBronx.HCCservesalargeHispanicpopulation,predominantlyfirstorsec-ondgenerationDominicanimmigrants.WedevisedaprojecttoinvolveDominicanstudentsinbotanicaledu-cationby incorporating their traditionalculturalheri-

226

tage,andincreasetheirculturalsensitivity.Dominicanscomprise one of the largestHispanic groups inNewYorkCityandhavearichtraditioninbotanicallybasedhealthcare.Thepedagogicalgoalsof theprojectweretoprovidestudentsanopportunitytogainscientificre-searchexperienceandbuildtheirculturalandlanguageskills.ThisexperiencewaspartofalargescaleprojectconductedbytheInstituteofEconomicBotanyattheNewYorkBotanicalGarden,whosefocuswasongath-eringandstudyingmedicinalplantknowledgeofDo-minicanslivinginNewYorkCityandtheDominicanRepublic.StudentsweretrainedtoconductinterviewsinSpanish,learnbasicplantidentification,andcollectplantsamplesinthefield.Inadditiontheywereintro-ducedtophytochemicallaboratorytechniquesforplantextractioninthephytochemistrylaboftheDepartmentofBiologicalSciencesatLehmanCollege.Thestudentsdemonstrated great competence in their involvementintheproject.Theirsocialandlanguageskillswereex-tremelyusefulwithsocialnormsandwithlanguagere-gionalisms.Engagingstudents fromunderrepresentedminoritiesinfieldsofscienceincollaborationwithlead-ingresearchinstitutionsprovidesuniqueopportunitiestoreinforceskillssuchascriticalandanalyticalthink-ing, interpersonal relations, communication, culturalawarenessandvalidationof traditionalknowledge,allnecessarytalentsforacademicperformanceandprofes-sionalsuccessinourcontemporarymulticulturalglobalsociety.1HostosCommunityCollege,CUNY,NaturalSciencesDepartment,500GrandConcourse,A107G,Bronx,NewYork,10451,USA2NewYork Botanical Garden, 2900 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, NY,10548,USA3NewYorkBotanicalGarden,200thStAndSouthernBlvd., Bronx,NY, 10458,USA4LehmanCollege,CUNY,Depart-mentofBiologicalSciences,250BedfordParkBlvd.West,Bronx,NY,10468,USA

573 MICHEL, JOANNA*1, KELLEY, MICHELE2, MAHADY, GAIL3, CACERES, ARMANDO4 and SOEJARTO, DR. DJAJA D.5

Ethnobotany and Youth Action Research: From the rainforest of Guatemala to the Urban Streets of Chicago

Thisprojectreportsbothstudyresultsandappliedaction outcomes of a community collaborative

inquiry to document cultural,environmental, and so-cialfactorsassociatedwithhealthbeliefsandpracticesamong the Q’eqchi Maya of Guatemala. Participantobservation, interviews, and focus groups with mid-wives,curanderos, andcommunitymembers revealedrelationshipsbetweencommunitymemberstatus,plantspeciesused,andthelocationwherecollected.Allheal-ersexpressedconcernaboutthelossofmedicinalspe-cies,thedegradationoftraditionalknowledgeandlackofinterestamongyouth.Consequently,youth-orientedparticipatory action curricula were developed. Thesecurricula,informedbyethnobotany,empoweredyouth

with the knowledge and skills to collect andpreservetheirownculturalheritagerelatedtohealth.Thecurric-ulumincludesfieldmanuals,ethnomedicalflashcards,abotany lab,asolarherbdryer,andplans foraruralherbarium.Implicationsfortheadaptationofsuchcur-riculumtourban,immigrantLatinopopulationsintheUSarealsodiscussed.1UniversityofIllinoisatChicagoCollegeofMedicine,MedicalEdu-cation,808SouthWoodStreet,Chicago,IL,60612,USA2UniversityofIllinoisatChicagoSchoolofPublicHealth,CommunityHealthSciences,1603WTaylorStreet,Chicago,IL,60612,USA3UniversityofIllinoisatChicagoCollegeofPharmacy,PharmacyPractice,833SouthWood,Chicago,IL,60612,USA4UniversidaddeSanCarlos,FacultaddeCienciasQuímicasyFarmacia,EdificioT-10.Ap.Postal1160,Zona12,GuatemalaCity,1160,Guatemala5CollegeofPhar-macy,UniversityofIllinoisatChicago,Chicago,DepartmentofMe-dicinalChemistryandPharmacognosy,833S.WoodSt.,Chicago,IL,60612,USA

574 SHIPMAN, J*1 and KAPLAN, MONTY2

The Effect of Higher Order Thinking Skills on Student Behavior and Classroom Management in the Urban Classroom

Teachinghigherorderthinkingskillsisessentialtoaneducatedpublicinademocraticsociety.Public

schools are encouraged to teach higher order think-ingwhilealsoteachingcontent.Scienceteachingisnoexception. Classroom experience has shown that astasksrequiringhigherorderthinkingareimplemented,averseclassroombehaviorsmay increaseandpositivebehaviorsmay decrease.This paper will present dataonscienceclassroomactivities involvinghigherorderthinkingandbehaviorsoccurring. It also looksat thetasksofscienceeducation,andhowtheyrelatetohigherorderthinking,intermsoftheresultingbehaviorsinanurbanclassroomsetting.1MAKTAG School, Www.read-about-it.blogspot.com, 54 BryonRoad-1,Chestnut Hill,MA, 1860 Rt 211 East, Middletown, NY,10941,USA2EmersonCollege,Boston,MA,USA

575 RYBCZYNSKI, STEPHEN M.*1 and SCHUSSLER, ELISABETH E.2

Effects of inquiry vs. direct instruction on student attitude towards biology lab

Scientificinquiryisamethodofinstructionthoughtto increase student attitude, however, conflicting

resultshavebeenreported.Anundergraduateintroduc-torybiologycourse(34sections;17teachingassistants(TAs))wasdeliveredintwotreatments,eachwithtwolevels: inquiry vs. direct instruction and explicit/re-flective(ER)discussionsvs.noER(tofosternatureofscience understanding).Threemodified subscales (12Likertquestionseach)oftheFennema-ShermanMath-

227

ematicsAttitudeScalewereadministeredpreandpostsemester to assess student confidence, perception ofusefulness,andeffectancemotivation.Participantpre-andpost-semesterscores(N=357)weresummedandrelative changes in attitudeswere calculated.All sub-scaleswerereliableasmeasuredbyCronbach’s-α(0.95,0.91,and0.90respectively).Therewerenosignificantdifferencesamongtreatmentsortheir interactionsforconfidence(p=0.50),usefulness(p=0.37),ormotivation(p=0.95)usingamixed-modelANOVAwithtreatmentand interactions as a fixed effects and demographicvariableswithintreatmentasrandomeffects.One-wayANOVArevealedsignificantdifferencesamonglabsec-tionsforconfidence(p>0.000)andmotivation(p=0.02)butnotforgender,background,orcareerplans.Confi-dencewascorrelatedwithaveragesectiongrades(Pear-son’s r=0.48).These results indicate TAs and gradesinfluenceattitudemorethaninstructionalstrategyandunderscoretheimportanceofTAtrainingwhenunder-takingcurriculumreforms.1MiamiUniversity,Botany,700EastHighStreet,Oxford,OH,45056,USA2UniversityOfTennessee,DepartmentOfEcologyAndEvolu-tionaryBiology,569DabneyHall,Knoxville,TN,37996,USA

576 RICE, STANLEY

Root Foraging: A General Botany Project that Demonstrates Plant Behavior

Manystudents thinkthatplantsarepassive.Therootforagingprojectisawayofdemonstrating

thatplantshavebehavior.Inthisproject,thestudentsputalternatinglayersofpottingsoil(highnutrients)andperlite (low nutrients) into clear glass cylinders, thenplantseedsatthetopandmaintaintheplantsforseveralweeks.Astherootsgrowintothealternatingsubstratelayers, studentscanseeandmeasure theproliferationof roots in soil vs. perlite.Theymeasure root lengthandrootweightineachlayer.Whenthestudentsusedbeanseedlings,theyfoundthattherootshadnodiffer-encebetweensoilandperlite.Theynoticedrootnod-ules.Theyconcludedthatrootsoflarge-seededplants,especially legumes, do not prefer rich soil.When thestudentsusedsunflowerseedsinstead,theyfoundthattherootshadaclearpreferenceforrichsoil.Thisprojectallowedthestudentstofigureouthowtoavoidprob-lemswithexperimentalsetup(howtowatertheplantswithoutdisturbingthelayers)anddesign(howtoavoidbiasduetothesequenceeffect).

SOUTHEASTERNOKLAHOMASTATEUNIVERSITY,1405N.FOURTH,BOX4027,DURANT,OK,74701-0609,USA

577 STUESSY, CAROL* and PETERSON, CHERYL ANN

Behind the Scenes of the Virtual PlantingScience Learning Environment

Within the Planting Science learning environ-ment, sponsored by the Botanical Society of

America, scientist-mentors engage online with smallgroupsofmiddleandhighschoolstudentswhothinkandact likescientistsas theyperformhands-onplantinvestigationsintheirclassrooms.Studentsusetheon-lineplatformtopostscientificquestions,observations,hypotheses,methods,andresults.Scientist-mentorsusetheplatformtoreviewstudents’workandrespondtostudents’postswithquestions,comments,andencour-agement.Bothstudentsandscientist-mentorsengageindialoguesthatvaryinlength,depth,andfrequency.Thispresentationexplains"whatgoeson"behindthescenesof the virtual online platform.We take our audienceintotheactualclassroomsofthreeexperiencedscienceteachers.Firstwepresentapedagogicalmodelfortheeffectiveorchestrationof theactual andvirtualPlant-ingScience learningenvironment.Themodelisbasedonteachers’classroomenactmentsthatfocusonstudents’opportunities to engage in three sense-making strate-gies: (1) "practicing" science, (2) reflective discourse,and(3)representationalfluency.Tofindsupportforthemodel,weobservedatleasttwoinquiry-basedlessons(IBLs)intheclassroomsofthreePlantingScienceteach-ers,whichwerevideotapedandanalyzedforevidenceofthethreesense-makingstrategies.Wealsoanalyzedon-lineuseofthePlantingScience platform,whichrevealeddifferencesinstudents’engagementintheplatformthatcorresponded with differences in teachers’ classroomimplementations. Results revealed associations of thethreefeaturesproposedinthepedagogicalmodelwithstudents’engagement in thePlantingScience platform.Alsoassociatedwithstudents’patternsofplatformuseand teachers’ IBLs were teachers’ beliefs; prior class-roomexperienceswithinquiry,plants,andtechnology;andperceptionsofsupportfromschooladministratorsandotherteachers.

TexasA&MUniversity, College Station, Teaching, Learning, andCulture,MailStop4232,CollegeStation,TX,77840,USA

578 BARKWORTH, MARY*1 and GILBERT, EDWARD2

SYMBIOTA: Providing tools for public engagement with collection information

Herbarium digitization enables increased access,visibility,andvaluefor individualcollections in

addition to greater operating efficiency. It also offersnewopportunitiesforengagingthepublic,k-12teach-ers,andstudentswithplantsandcollectionsbutdevel-

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oping tools for suchoutreach takes time andmoney.SYMBIOTA is open source, community developedportal software that includes several outreach tools.Thesecanbeusedwithanygroupoforganismsbuttheirgreatestusehasbeenbyherbaria.Becausethesoftwaredraws on resources provided by multiple collectionsandindividuals, thetaskofgeneratingfunctionalver-sionsoftoolsforaregionisgreatlyreduced.Thesetoolsincludegenerationofdynamicchecklistsandidentifi-cationkeysbasedonspecimendataandmanagementand publication of checklists generated from floristicresearch.Thecheckliststhemselvescanbeviewedeitheraslistsofnames(scientificorEnglish),orwithnamessupplementedby images.Theimagescanbeof livingplants or of specimens, depending on the resourcesmadeavailablebycontributors.Checklistscanbeusedtogenerateflashcardquizzesandasthebasisforgamesof"hangman".SpeciesProfilepagescanbegeneratedbyclickingonascientificnameatanystage.Thesepagesincludedescriptions((currentlyfromtheFlora of North America and/ortheVascularPlantsofArizonaproject),images(ofspecimensand/orlivingplants),adynamicdistributionmap,theEnglishname,andresourcelinks.Eachcomponentonthesepagesislinkedtotheunder-lying resource, enabling more detailed examination.The ability to create personal field guides from suchpagesisindevelopment.Clearly,thevalueofsuchtoolsdependsontheresourcesthatcontributorsmakeavail-ablebuttheimpactofeachcontributionismultipliedbySYMBIOTA,softwarecreatedandmanagedbythescientific communitybutpresenting information in amannerthatisusefultoawiderangeofusers,includ-ingnovicebotanists,students,teachers,andthegeneralpublic.1UtahStateUniversity,DepartmentOfBiology,5305OLDMAINHILL,Logan,UT,84322-5305,USA2ArizonaStateUniversity,Glob-alInstituteOfSustainability,2831E.18thSt,Tucson,AZ,85716,USA

579 SCHULZ, KATJA

Encyclopedia of Life Version 2: A Preview of New Features and a Vision for a Global Collaborative Project

TheEncyclopedia of Life (EOL, eol.org) is anun-precedented partnership between the scientific

communityandthepublic.Ourgoalistobuildafreelyaccessible,reusableonlinecollectionofdescriptive in-formation about all species known to science. In itsearlyphase,theprojecthasfocusedonaggregatingandindexinglargeamountsofmaterialsfromdatapartnersranging from natural history museums and interna-tional researchconsortia tomembersofpopular siteslikeFlickrandWikipedia.Growingandtransformingthisrichanddiversecompilationintoacomprehensive,coherent,andauthoritativeresourceforresearch,teach-ing,andlearningisamonumentaltaskthatcanonlybeaccomplishedthroughtheparticipationofmanyvolun-teercontributors,reviewers,andeditors.Tofosterthis

community,wewilllaunchEOLversion2inlatesum-mer/earlyfall2011.Alongwithamoreuser-friendlysitedesign,thenewEOLwill introducetoolsandinterac-tive technologies to facilitate collaborative knowledgediscovery,contentcreation,anddatamanagement.InordertofulfillEOL’spromiseasaglobalproject,wewillalsogreatlyimproveoursupportforcontentanduserinterfacesinmanydifferentlanguages.Tothisend,weareworkingwithorganizationsandinstitutionsonfivecontinentstoestablishglobalEOLpartnersitesfocusingoncontentdevelopmentforthefloraandfaunaoftheirparticularregion.

NationalMuseumofNaturalHistory,EncyclopediaofLife,10thSt.&ConstitutionAve.NW,Washington,DC,20560,USA

580 POULTON, JENNIFER

Evaluating the accuracy of image search engines as potential learning tools for plant recognition

Imagesearchenginesprovideeasyaccesstoanalmostendlessarrayofdigitalimagesontheinternet.These

searchengineshavethepotentialtoactaspowerfultoolsforlearningsightrecognitionofplants.However,theirusefulnessas learningaidsdependsontheiraccuracy.Theimagesretrievedmustbehighquality,relevantim-ages, iftheyaretobeusefulinspeciesrecognition.In2011,Ichallengedmystudentstolearntorecognize50commonwildflowers of the tallgrass prairie in hopesof increasing their awareness and appreciation of theplantslivingintheirlocalenvironment(therebyreduc-ingplantblindness).Thisspecieslistwasusedtoevalu-ate three popular image search engines: Google Im-ages,BingImages,andPicsearch.Usingdifferentsearchstrategies and settings, I performedmultiple searchesforeachplantspecies.Thefirst40imageresultsineachsearchwereclassifiedasuseful,marginallyuseful,ornotusefulforspeciesrecognition.Thisstudyindicatesthatimagesearchenginesmaybeeffectivetools for learn-ingsightrecognitionofplantsifrecommendedsearchstrategiesarefollowed.Whereasmostfieldguidesonlyprovideoneorafewimagesofeachplantspecies,imagesearchenginesproducemanyimages,illustratingnatu-ralvariationwithinspeciesanddifferentlifestages.Thisapproachmaybetterpreparestudentsforplantidenti-ficationinthefield.

GracelandUniversity,DivisionofScienceandMath,1UniversityPlace,Lamoni,IA,50140,USA

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581 PETERSON , CHERYL ANN*1 and STUESSY, CAROL2

Comparing Students' Online Interactions: Does Teacher Workshop Attendance Make a Difference?

Inquiry-basedlearning(IBL)encouragesstudentstothinkandactlikescientists.TheonlineIBLplatform,

PlantingScience (PS),developedbytheBotanicalSocietyofAmerica,facilitatesIBLinteractionsamongstudentsand scientist-mentors.We developed theOnline Ele-mentsofInquiryChecklist(OEIC;inter-raterreliabilityof92.1%)toassessstudents’onlineIBLperformance.|In this exploratory study we compared IBL perfor-manceoftwogroupsofstudentsdifferingintheirteach-ers’preparation.Onegrouphadteacherswhowereen-gagedinaPS-sponsoredsummerworkshop;theotherhad teacherswithout the advantageof theworkshop.WeusedtheOEICtocompareIBLperformanceof263randomlyselectedgroupsofstudentswhousedeitherWonder of SeedsandPower of SunlightPSmodulesinFall2008toFall2009PSsessions.Randomizationin-volved implicit sorting of groups by grade level andthenselectionbyexplicitvariablesofmodule,workshopteacher, and mentoring experience. Wonder of Seedsparticipantsconsistedof214teams(74middleschool),41teachers(9workshopattendees),and144scientist-mentors.ParticipantsusingPower of Sunlightconsistedof49teams(onemiddleschool),13teachers(5work-shopattendees),and42scientist-mentors.Resultsindi-catesimilarIBLperformanceinbothgroups.Studentstypicallyusedtheplatformtodiscussresearchquestions,predictions,anddesign,butrarelydiscussedotherIBLelementsindetail.Studentseitherrarelypostedorhadatendencytoengageinlengthydiscussion.ByindividualsectionsoftheOEIC,scientist-mentorspostedlessof-ten thanstudents,with theexceptionofexperimentaldesign and procedures sections, and rarely discussedotherelements.Ouronlineresultsaresimilartoprevi-ousinvestigationsexaminingstudents’inquiryperfor-manceinface-to-facesettings,whichleadstoquestionsaboutpedagogyforIBL.Wesuggestthatteachersandscientist-mentorsfamiliarizethemselveswiththeOEICanduseitasaprompttoengagestudents’IBL.Studentsshouldbeencouragedtoexamineotherstudents’workpostedonthePSwebsite,asourresultsindicateunder-utilizationofthisvaluableresource.1TexasA&MUniversity,CollegeStation,Teaching,Learning,andCulture,Mail Stop 4232,College Station,TX, 77840,USA2TexasA&MUniversity,TAMU4232,HarringtonTower443,CollegeSta-tion,TX,77843-4232,USA

582 SHIPMAN, J

Patterns of Internet Use on the Science Education and Science Literacy Website: www.read-about-it.com

Science education plays a role in effective, "Heal-ing of the Planet." People "wired or wireless,"

to the internet, are reachable by science educators.Gathering data on this use informs our e-teaching.Developing/improving e-teaching needs data: howwe use internet science sources. Data from 2004-2010 of internet use and reaction to the science lit-eracy and education website, www.read-about-it.blogspot.com are analyzed . Data presented willinclude: Countries of people frequenting the site,outreach links used most often, popular topics,and how botany topics compare to other topics.Since science outreach programs are available fromnumerous sources, including, but not limited to, theBotanicalSocietyofAmerica,NASA,andPlantsCafe,thesitewww.read-about-it.blogspot.comlinksuserstotheseandotheroutreachsites.Inaddition,itprovidesdiscussionsand toolsboth toencourage informal sci-enceeducation,botanyandothersciences inthecur-riculum, science literacy. Such tools, provided hereconveniently,fosteraknowledgeablepublicthatcanactwiselytoprevent/alleviateenvironmentalproblems.

MAKTAG School, Www.read-about-it.blogspot.com, 54 BryonRoad-1,Chestnut Hill,MA, 1860 Rt 211 East, Middletown, NY,10941,USA

POSTERS

583 GIBSON, J. PHIL* and HOEFNAGELS, MARIELLE

Tree-Thinking in Introductory Biology Evolution Education

Introductory-level biology majors are often over-whelmedbytheamountofdatasupportingevolution

thatistypicallycondensedintoonlyafewlectures"onevolution"duringthesemester.WearetestingwhetheracurriculumbasedonTree-thinkingimprovesunder-standingandacceptanceofevolution.Tree-thinkingisanapproachtoevolutioneducationbasedontheideathatthereisalinkbetweenlearningevolutionarythe-oryandunderstandinghowevolutionisrepresentedinphylogeneticdiagrams.Thiscurriculuminfusesevolu-tion throughout the semester, presents evolution as atopic forhypothesis testingandexperimentation,andgives students experiences they can use to constructtheirownconceptualunderstandingof the topic.Wepresentresultsofthefirstfoursemestersofthestudy,whichindicatesuccesswithourcurriculum,aswellaspreliminarydatafromastudyofnon-majors.

UniversityofOklahoma,DepartmentofBotanyandMicrobiologyDepartmentofZoology,Norman,OK,73019,USA

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584 SHIELS, LAURA* and MERLIN, MARK

The Neotropical Ethnobotany Field School on Ometepe Island, Nicaragua

The 3 ½-week Neotropical Ethnobotany fieldschool will be taught this summer through the

MaderasRainforestConservancyonOmetepe Island,Nicaragua from July 22-August 16, 2011.The courseinstructors are Dr. Mark Merlin and Laura Shiels,Msc Botany and Herbalist.The course will focus onethnoecology --howpeople interactwithecosystems,andmedicalethnobotany--howpeople interactwithmedicinal plants. Students will learn from a combi-nation of classroom-style lectures and hands-on ac-tivities. Students may also have the opportunity toconduct original ethnobotanical research. We willengageinseveraloutdoorexcursionsandhikesintheattractive and diverse environments of Ometepe aspart of the class.Major topics include the following:Overview of the science of ethnobotany·Naturalhistory, volcanism, botany, and ecology of Om-etepe, a world heritage site· Comparison of naturalhistory and ecology of the old” and new” worldtropics·Land management, the environment, andhealth·Ethnobotanical research ethics, methods/tech-niques,andprojectdesign·Differentperspectivesfromwhichtoexploretherelationshipbetweenpeopleandplants·Botanicalhistoryofmedicine·Howplantmedi-cineswork in the body·Herbalmedicinemaking andmedicinal specimen collecting workshops·The food-medicine-poison continuum and food/herb-druginteractions·Conduct original ethnobotanical researchin a unique cultural and ecological environmentCourse Objectives: - Gain a deeper knowledge andappreciation for the relationship between people andplants, and diverse cultures and ecosystems.-Learnhowplantshavecontributed tosocietyasweknowitand how our relationship with plants shapes the fu-turetocome.-Learnhowandwhypeoplehaveutilizedplants as medicine, for material culture, for spiritualenlightenment.-Learnhowpeopleshapeenvironmentsand the associated consequences for health and theenvironment.-Learn to conduct ethnobotanical re-search/improveresearchskills.-ContributebeneficiallytothecommunityandenvironmentofOmetepe.-De-velopmeaningfulfriendshipswithpeoplewithsimilarinterests.-Optional:Publishoriginalresearchresults.

UniversityOfHawaiiAtManoa,Botany,3190MaileWay,St.John101,Honolulu,Hawaii,96822,USA

585 YOST, SUSAN E.

Establishing a campus Arboretum: benefits and challenges

An Arboretum is being established at DelawareStateUniversityasacomponentoftheeducation-

alprogramsoftheClaudeE.PhillipsHerbarium(DOV).In2006,aCampusTreeWalkwasinitiated,comprising87 species of establishedmature campus trees whichwerelabeled,andmappedonabrochure.Thesetreesareusedinteachingundergraduateandgraduatecourses,andintheHerbarium’soutreachprograms.Mortalityoftheselabeledmaturetreeswas16%(14trees),overthefiveyearperiodfrom2006to2011.Sinceotherin-dividualsofsomeofthesespeciesexistedelsewhereoncampus,totallossofspecieswas7%.Thegreatestcauseofmortalitywasbuildingconstruction (57%,8 trees),followedbystormdamage(21%,3trees),toolarge/tooclosetoadjacentbuilding(14%,2trees),andunknowncauses(7%,1 tree).Mortalityofmaturecampustreescouldbereducedby incorporatingtreeplantings intothecampusmasterplan,andselectingappropriatespe-ciesformaturetreesizetoplantnearbuildings.In2010,anadditional57youngtreeswereplantedtofurtherin-creasetreediversityoncampus.Mortalityoftheyoungtrees planted last yearwas 5% (3 trees): 1 because ofheat/drought,1broken,and1dyingonarrival.Thesenewly-plantedtreeswereselectedfortheireducationalandecologicalvalue;61%werenativetoDelaware,and39% non-native. Natives include American chestnut(Castanea dentata), hazelnut (Corylus americanus),American persimmon (Diospyros virginiana), but-ternut (Juglans cinerea), American crabapple (Malus coronaria), red mulberry (Morus rubra), Americanplum(Prunus americana),beachplum(Prunus mari-tima),chestnutoak(Quercus prinus),Americanlinden(Tilia americana),American elm (Ulmus americana),and slippery elm (Ulmus rubra).Non-nativesplantedinclude horse-chestnut (Aesculus carnea), monkey-puzzle tree (Araucaria araucana), dove-tree (Davidia involucrata), and franklinia (Franklinia alatamaha).TheUniversity’scurriculaandcommunityoutreachareenrichedbydevelopingthecampustreesintoanArbo-retum,withtreelabels,brochure,map,andtheplantingofnewtreespecies.

DelawareStateUniversity,ClaudeE.PhillipsHerbarium,Depart-ment of Agriculture & Natural Resources, 1200 North DupontHighway,Dover,DE,19901,USA

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586 ROBINSON, DAVE* and LAU, JOANN

Involve Your Botany Students In Biomedical Research: Join The Ambrosia Project.

Upto20%ofthehumanpopulationdevelopshayfeverinresponsetoexposuretothepollenofRag-

weed.IthasbeenestimatedthatoveronebilliondollarsisspentintheU.S.eachyearonthetreatmentofhayfever,causingmillionsofpeopletomissschoolorwork.Pollen biology, therefore, is an excellent way to linkplantsciencewithmedicine.Amajorsourceofallergen-icpollenisGiantRagweed(Ambrosia trifidaL.),acom-monweedyplant.Inspiteofthehugepublic-healthim-pactofthisplanttherearecurrentlyonlysevennuclearDNAsequencesfromA. trifidaintheNCBInucleotidedatabase(asofApril,2011).Toexaminegeneexpres-sioninGiantRagweedpollenweconstructedacDNAlibraryusingmRNAisolatedfromdehiscingmaleflow-ers.OurBotanystudentshavebeencharacterizingthislibraryasoneoftheirlaboratoryexercisesforthepastfouryears.The Ambrosia ProjectisacollaborativeeffortbywhichstudentsrandomlyselectcDNAcoloniesforplasmidpurification,andperformrestrictiondigestionandgelelectrophoresisandthensendtheplasmidsoutfor sequencing. Once sequenced, the students distin-guish cDNA from vector and predict the translationproduct.StudentsdoBLASTsearches,learnaboutthegeneproduct,andspeculateon its function inplants.AlreadystudentshaveisolatedcDNAsthatarehomolo-goustometallothionein,germin,osmotic-stressproteinkinase, auxin response factor-2, and a sweet-tastingthaumatin-likeprotein.Numerousgenesforallergenicproteinshavealsobeenidentified,includinglipidtrans-ferproteinsandpectatelyase.Studentsappeartoenjoytheprospectofdiscoveringuniquegenesinthisunchar-acterizedspecies,andlikeseeingtheirnamespublishedintheNCBIESTdatabase.Atthesametimetheylearnimportant molecular techniques and concepts thatareapplicabletootherbiologicaldisciplines.Wehavealreadypublished529accessionsintheNCBIESTda-tabaseandarelookingforinstructorsatothercollegesanduniversitiestocollaboratewithusincharacterizingthislibrary.

BellarmineUniversity,Biology,2001NewburgRoad,Louisville,KY,40205,USA

587 HARLEY, SUZANNE

Using Case Studies in an Introductory Plant Form and Function Class

Case studies provide away to introduce studentstoresearchdesignandtheprimary literature. In

particular,theinterruptedcasestudymethoddescribedbyHerreidin2005(Journal of College Science Teaching35[2]:4-5)allowsforthestepwisepresentationofback-

groundinformation,experimentaldesign,datacollec-tion,anddataanalysisfromapublishedpaper.Pausingbetweeneachoftheseelementsgivesstudentstimetoworkthroughtheinvestigationastheauthorsdid.Ihaveincorporated several interrupted case studies intomyPlantFormandFunctionclass.Thisclassistheintro-ductorycourseforBotanymajorsandminorsatWeberStateUniversity,anopenenrollment,regionalcompre-hensive institution inOgden,UT. IwillpresentcasesthatIhavedevelopedonmimicry-baseddefenseagainstherbivory,autumnleafcoloration,andpossibleadapta-tionsforinteractionswithbirdsthatarenowextinct.

WeberStateUniversity,Botany,2504UniversityCircle,Ogden,UT,84408-2504,USA

588 ICKERT-BOND, STEFANIE M.*1, CICERO, CARLA C. 2, COOK, JOSEPH A.3, EDWARDS, SCOTT V.4 and LACEY, EILEEN A.2

AIM-UP! A research coordinating network to increase the use of museum collections in undergraduate education

Naturalhistory collectionsprovide invaluable re-sources fornumerousaspectsofundergraduate

education,includinginstructioninevolution,biodiver-sity,andconservation.Thevalueoftheseresourcesaseducationaltools,however,isoftenpoorlyunderstood,evenatcollegesanduniversitiesthatmaintainsuchcol-lections.AIM-UP!isanNSF-fundedResearchCoordi-nationNetwork(RCN)developedtoincreaseawarenessofnaturalhistorycollectionsascriticalresourcesforun-dergraduate instruction. Specificgoalsof thenetworkinclude(1)trainingundergraduatesinmuseum-basedresearch, (2) developing instructional tools based onfreely-accessibleonlinemuseumdatabases,(3)inform-ing educators at non-museum institutions regardingtheinstructionalpowerofmuseumcollections,and(4)interactingwiththepublictoincreaseawarenessoftheeducational importance of natural history museums.Eachyearoftheinitial5-yearprojectwillemphasizeadifferent conceptual theme: during our first year, thenetwork has focused on developing integrated strate-gies for collecting and analyzing data from multipletaxonomicgroups,eachofwhichhasdistinctresearchandcuratorialtraditions.StartingwithaseminaronthisthemeheldatUNM(andattendedelectronicallybynet-workparticipantsfromotherinstitutions),thenetworkhasdevelopedaninitialsetofeducationalmodulesthatdrawuponthepublicly-accessibleARCTOSdatabasetoprovidestudentswithhypothesis-driven,inquiry-basedlearningopportunitiesrootedinnaturalhistorycollec-tionsdata.Educators fromall institutions- thosewithmuseums and thosewithout- are encouraged to visitourwebsite(www.aim-up.org)andtoconsiderpartici-

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patinginthenetwork.1UniversityofAlaska,UAMuseumoftheNorthHerbarium&Dept.ofBiologyandWildlife,907YukonDr.,Fairbanks,Alaska,99775,USA2Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of CaliforniaBerkeley,DepartmentofIntegrativeBiology,3101ValleyLifeScienc-esBuilding,Berkeley,CA,94820,USA3MuseumofSouthwesternBiology,UniversityofNewMexico,DepartmentofBiology,Albu-querque,NewMexico,87131-0001,USA4MuseumofComparativeZoology,HarvardUniversity,DepartmentofOrganismicandEvolu-tionaryBiology,Cambridge,MA,02138,USA

589 LAU, JOANN* and ROBINSON, DAVE

A six-week laboratory project in plant molecular biology and bioinformatics with subsequent publication in the NCBI GenBank.

This project introduces molecular and bioinfor-matics techniques to students by having them

isolate and characterize a housekeeping gene fromuncharacterizedplantspecies.ThegeneencodesGlyc-eraldehyde3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (GAPDH), apivotalenzymeofglycolysis.WehavepartneredwithBio-RadLaboratoriesinthedevelopmentofacompletekit for this project, called the "Cloning and Sequenc-ing Explorer Series" (#166-5000EDU). Students starttheprojectby extractinggenomicDNA fromaplantspecies,orcultivar,whoseGAPDHhasnotbeenprevi-ouslypublished.PCRisusedtoamplifyamajorportionoftheGAPDHgene,whichisthenligatedtoavectorfor bacterial transformation. Once screened, putativeclonesareexaminedbyrestrictiondigestionandthensentoffforsequencing.Oncesequenced,studentsana-lyzetheresultingDNAchromatogramsusingiFinchTM

softwaremadeavailablebyGeospiza,Inc.throughpur-chaseofthiskit.Thissoftwareallowsstudentstoassessthequalityoftheircloned-DNAsequence,distinguishbetween vector andGAPDH sequence, and compareittoalready-publishedGAPDHsequencesfromotherplants.Studentscanalsodeterminegenestructure,suchasintronsandexons.Studentachievementwasevalu-atedusingpre-,mid-,andfinal-testassessments,aswellas with a survey to assess student perceptions abouttheproject.Studentconfidenceaboutbasic laboratorytechniquesandknowledgeofbioinformaticstoolswassignificantlyincreaseduponcompletionofthisexercise.ThisprojectdiffersfromotherbiologylabexercisesinthatthefinaldatacanbepublishedintheNationalCen-ter for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) GenBank.Thisexercisehasalreadyresultedinthepublicationofat least22uniqueplantGAPDHsequencesgeneratedby students at high schools, colleges and universitiesthroughout the country and includes species like be-gonia,coriander,thymeandspinach.Theexercisecanberepeatedyearafteryear,eachtimewithadifferentplantspecies,orcultivar.Thismakestheprojectworth-whileforbothstudentsandinstructors,andcontributes

significantlytothestudyofGAPDHbiochemistryandphylogenetics.

BellarmineUniversity,Biology,2001NewburgRoad,Louisville,KY,40205,USA

590 SCHULZ, KATJA*, HAMMOCK, JENNIFER, DEWEY, TANYA and PARR, CYNTHIA

Encyclopedia of Life: Current Content Status and Plans for the Future

SinceitslaunchinFebruary2008with30,000found-ing species pages, theEncyclopedia of Life (EOL,

eol.org) has continuously expanded and enriched itscontent.OntheEOLsite,textanddatafrommultiplesources are integrated and complemented by photo-graphs, video, maps, etc. Expert curators ensure thequalityofthecorecollectionbyauthenticatingmateri-als submitted by diverse projects and individual con-tributors.Nowinitsfourthyear,EOLhasengagedwellover one hundred data partners. Content is availablefor over 500,000 taxa, andmore than 400,000 taxonpagesfeaturematerialsthathavebeenvettedbyexperts.Also,thereareoveronemilliontaxonpageswithlinksto literature,made available through the BiodiversityHeritageLibrary(BHL).Usingtopicalortaxon-focusedthemes,we seek to galvanize communities to achievespecificcontentdevelopmentgoals.Inaddition,weareworkingwithinternationalinstitutionstoestablishre-gion-specificencyclopedias,whichwillservematerialsintheirownlanguagesandsharelocalcontentwiththerestoftheworldthroughtheEOLmainsite.Wealwaysseeknewcollaborators,andwearecontinuallyadapt-ingourpoliciesandpracticestomeetuserneeds.Weareconfidentthatourapproachwillscaletomeet in-creasingdemandsforbiodiversityinformation,andwehopethat increasedaccesstoonlineknowledgeabouttaxaandbiologicalsystemswilltransformthescienceofbiologyandthepublic’sunderstandingoflifeonEarth.

NationalMuseumofNaturalHistory,EncyclopediaofLife,10thSt.&ConstitutionAve.NW,Washington,DC,20560,USA

591 MCCONNELL, JAMES

Experiences Developing Plant Biology as an On-line Lab Course in Moodle

Theexperiencesofdevelopinganon-linecourseinPlantBiologyarepresented.Thiscoursewasorigi-

nallydeliveredface-to-face.Overthelasttwoyearsthecoursehasevolvedfromface-to-face,tobeingahybridcourse,tobeingfullyon-line, includingthelabactivi-ties.Currently,thelabactivitiesaredonebystudentsathomeusingacommerciallabkitwhichissupplementedwithon-lineimagesanddiscussionusingMoodle.

UniversityofGuam,CollegeofNaturalandAppliedSciences,Di-visionofAgricultureandLifeSciences,Mangilao,GU,96923,USA

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592 MALLCHOK, MALIA1 and THOMAS, MICHAEL*2

Applications of Mobile Cell Phone and QR Code Technologies for Botanical Education

An educational self-guided botanical audio tourwasdevelopedtoevaluatetwonewtechnologies:

Quick Response (QR) codes and mobile cell phonetechnology.ThetourwasimplementedinaUniversityofHawai`iatManoacampusbotanicalgarden.FifteenPolynesian introduced plants, commonly referred toasCanoePlants,were selected for the self-guidedau-diotour.Introductorybotanical,ethnobotanical,taxo-nomic,andhistoricalnarrativeswereauthoredforeachspecies.Narrativeswererecordedandlimitedtoaboutoneminuteperplant.Audio recordingswere createdusingAudacity-afree,open-sourcesoftwareandsavedasMP3files.Theaudiotourwascreatedusingcommer-cial audio tour servicewhichprovidesonline contentmanagement.TheQR code tour utilized two-dimen-sionalbarcodes linkedtoauniqueUniformResourceLocator(URL).QRcodesweregeneratedusingafreeonlineQRcodegenerator,Kaywa(qrcode.kaywa.com).ContentfortheQRcodetourwashostedonafreeon-linewebhostingsite(www.weebly.com).EachplantwaslabeledwithitsHawaiian,common,scientific,andfam-ilynames.Inaddition,theaudiotourphonenumber,promptnumberandaQRcodewereprintedoneachlabel.Thirtystudentsparticipatedinthe20minuteself-guidedaudiotourandparticipantscompleteda17ques-tiononlinesurvey.Resultsofthesurveyindicatedthestudentsrespondedpositivelytobothtoursandenjoyedusingthetechnologies.Alargemajority(87%)agreedorstronglyagreedthatthetechnologieswereeasytouseand86%agreedorstronglyagreedthattheywouldbeinterested inusing these technologiesagain insimilarenvironments.Thelengthoftheaudiorecordingswereconsideredtobe’JustRight’by87%ofparticipantswith10%reportingthattheyweretoolongand3%statingthattheyweretooshort.Theprojectsuccessfullydevel-opedaself-guidedaudiotourwhichhaspotentialtobeincorporatedintoundergraduatecurriculaasalabora-toryassignmentaswellastoserveasamethodologytoinformvisitorsaboutplantsinthecampuslandscape.1UniversityofHawai iatManoa,Technology&DistancePrograms,Honolulu,HI,96822,USA2UniversityofHawai iatManoa,BotanyDepartment,3190MaileWay,Room101,Honolulu,HI,96822,USA

593 BAKER, STOKES*1 and SELBY, KAREN2

Small fluorescent microarrays for use in undergraduate instruction

Oneof thegoals statedby theNationalResearchCouncilinBio2010:TransformingUndergradu-

ate Education for Future Research Biologists is un-dergraduate biology instruction should build greaterexpertise inmathematics and computer technologies.To support these goals, this project is developing af-fordablesmallmicroarraystoallowstudentstoconducthands-on experiments with fluorescent microarrays.Aninstrumentisbeingdevelopedthatallowstudentstoviewanddigitallyrecordmicroarrayfluorescencewithdissecting microscopes. The first set of instructionalmaterials will involve students assessing changes inSaccharomyces cerevisiaegeneexpressionwhengrowthconditionsarealtered.Theinstructionaleffectivenessofintegrating digital imaging analysis and statistics intothestudent’slaboratoryinstructionwillbeassessedbyacombinationofcontenttestsandfocusgroupinter-views.1University ofDetroitMercy,BiologyDepartment, 4001W.Mc-NicholsRd.,Detroit,MI,482212UniversityofDetroitMercy,De-partmentofEducation,4001W.McNicholsRd.,Detroit,MI,48221,

594 OSTRIN, ZVI*, TRACHMAN, JULIE and GILLEN, JOHN

Student-driven Urban Fieldwork in Lichenology

Organismicbiologyfieldworkbyurbancommuni-tycollegestudentsissubjecttoseveralconstraints,

includingbudgetaryissues,traveltime,andthelimitedscience and natural history backgrounds of students,andisparticularlyproblematicalinthemultilingualandpredominantlyminoritystudentpopulationatHostosCommunityCollege, located in theSouthBronx.Wedevelopedandhavepilotedastudent-drivenenviron-mentalfieldstudythataddressestheseissues;thestudyinvolvesmappingmacrolichen populations in severalareasofNewYorkCity and correlatingdiffering lev-elsofurbanpollutionwith lichenspeciesdistributionandabundance. Initial implementationof thisprojecthasbeen successful, and theprojectwillbeexpandedthissummer.Thepedagogicaladvantagesofthisstudyaremanifold.Students involved in theproject see thenaturalworld in anewway: they learn thatnature isallaround,thatpatternsofecologicalinteractionareascloseasthetreesoutsidethecollegeortheirapartmentbuilding,andthatsocietalchoiceshavedirectimpactontheenvironmentandhumanhealth.Theylearntoiden-tify treesand lichens, and learnabout symbiotic rela-tionshipsamongplants,fungi,andalgae.Theyalsolearninapracticalhands-onwayaboutexperimentaldesign,

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closeobservationoforganisms,statisticalanalysis,andthecraftofwritingascientificpaper.Costsinvolvedincarryingoutthisstudyareminimal,makingitidealforbiology departments constrained by limits on travel,equipment, andmaterials. Depending on the desiredemphasis, theprojectcanfocusonthealgal/fungalorplant/lichensymbiosis,orontheeffectofenvironmen-talfactorsonlichensuccessandspeciesdistribution.

Hostos Community College, Natural Sciences, 475 Grand Con-course,Bronx,NY,10451,USA

595 BUTTERWORTH, KARA

Showcase of Student PlantingScience Projects

ThePlantingScienceprogramhasprovidedstudentsauniqueopportunitytodesigntheirownresearch

projectswiththehelpofprofessionalsinplantscience.IhadthepleasureofattendingthePlantingScienceSum-merInstituteinJune2010andmystudentstookpartintheprogramduringthe2010-2011schoolyear.Acol-lectionofstudentprojectswillbedisplayed.

CombsHigh School, 2505EGermannRd, SanTanValley,AZ,85140,USA

Tropical Biology Section

ORAL PAPERS

596 LUMER, CECILE

Pollination of Blakea purpusii (Melastomataceae) by birds in Mexico

Pollination of Blakea purpusii (Melas-tomataceae) by birds in Mexico.

ThegenusBlakea inthetropical familyMelastomata-ceae is represented in Central America by two floraltypes.Themostcommonareshowy,opendish-shaped,pinkandwhiteflowerswithasweetscent.Theseflowersarebuzzpollinatedbyseveralspeciesofbees.However,thegenusalsocontainsspeciesinwhichtheflowersaregreen,lackscent,arecryptic,andhangbelowandwithinthefoliage.SeveralofthegreenfloweredspeciesinCos-taRicaarepollinatedbysmallratsandmice.Themostnortherngreen-floweredspecies,B. purpusii, isfoundinGuatemalaandChiapas,MexicoonthesidesofVolcanTacana,adjacenttoGuatemala.B. purpusii hasseveralcharacters in commonwith the other green-floweredBlakeaspecies.However,thereisoneimportantchar-acterwhichsetsB. purpusii apartandwhichpointstoadifferenceinpollinators.Theanthersoftherodentpolli-natedspecies aremaroon,whereastheanthersofB. pur-pusii areyellowandthebaseoftheinsideofthepetalsisdeeprosepink.B. purpusii isvisitedandpollinatedbyseveralbirdspecies,includingmigratorybirds.Allspe-ciesofBlakeastudiedwerefoundtobeselfcompatible.Todatetheevidenceindicatesthatwhilebirdsmaybeinvolvedinselfing,littleautogamyoccursinB. purpusii.

CochiseCountyHerbarium,1140NColomboAve,SierraVista,AZ,85635,UnitedStates

597 TERDAL, ERIK* and TERDAL-VANDEVUSSE, RHEA

Achioté (Bixa orellano L.) cultivation and preparation by Maya women in Belize, Central America

Annatto (Bixa orellanoL.) is a neotropical shrubcultivated world-wide in tropical regions as a

sourceofanaturalfoodcolorant.InBelize,annattoisknown by the indigenous name achioté.We presentpreliminarydataonthecultivation,harvest,processing,sale,distributionanduseofachiotéintheCayoDistrict.OurdatawasgatheredaspartofanongoingstudyofmedicinalplantusebytheMayainthisareaofBelize.Achioté-specificdataforthispresentationwasgatheredby semi-structured interviews in January, 2009, andMarch,2010.Wemetwith15people involved in theproductionandsaleofachioté inonetownandthreevillages.CultivationisprimarilybyMaya-speakersand

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entirelybywomen.Thenumberofshrubsperhouse-holdrangedfromonetoseven.Harvestandprocessingisdonebywomenasseasonalwork.Achiotéisusedintraditionalstewsforcolorandflavoraswellasforper-ceivedhealthbenefits.

TerdalFarm,15310SHarvardAve,Bixby,OK,74008,USA

598 LAGOMARSINO, LAURA*1, ANTONELLI, ALEXANDRE 2 and DAVIS, CHARLES C.3

Molecular Systematics of the Lobelioideae (Campanulaceae), with an Emphasis on the Primarily Neotropical CBS Clade

TheLobelioideaeisthelargestsubfamilywithintheCampanulaceae. It includes approximately 1,200

primarilytropicalspecies.Nearlyhalfofthespeciesinthe Lobelioideae fall within the singlewell-supportedclade including the Neotropical genera Centropogon,Burmeistera, and Siphocampylus (the CBS clade”).Relationships within the largely Andean CBS cladearepoorlyunderstood: less than7%of the species inthiscladehavebeensampled,andexistingphylogeniesarenotwellsupported.WepresentaphylogenyoftheCBSclade inferred from four rapidly evolvingplastidgene regions (ndhF-rpl32, rpl32-trnL, trnS-trnG-trnGandrps16-trnK)sampledfrom~150species.Ourpre-liminary results indicate that twoof the threegenera,CentropogonandSiphocampylus,arenotmonophyletic.This increased phylogenetic resolution has importantimplicationsfortheirclassification,biogeography,andpollinationbiology.1Harvard University, Organismic And Evolutionary Biology, 22Divinity Ave., Cambridge, MA, 02138-2625, USA2GothenburgBotanicalGarden,CarlSkottsbergsgata22A,SE-41319,Göteborg,Sweden3HarvardUniversity,OrganismicandEvolutionaryBiology,22DivinityAve,Cambridge,MA,02138,UnitedStatesofAmerica

599 AREVALO BURBANO, RAFAEL* and CAMERON, KENNETH

Phylogenetic relationships of Mormolyca Fenzl (Orchidaceae) based on chloroplast genes and ITS

ThegenusMormolycaFenzlbelongstothesubtribeMaxillariinae,whichisoneofthemostconspicuous

anddiversegroupsofNeotropicalorchids.DistributedfromsouthernMexicotoPeruandnorthwesternBrazil,the recently expanded circumscription of Mormolyca comprisesca.25species.Withnewspeciesremainingtobedescribedandquestionablespeciesboundariestobeclarified,thisnewconceptofMormolycarepresentsachallengetotheplantsystematistconcernedwithtax-onomyandnomenclatureofNeotropicalorchids.Thisgenusisalsoespeciallyidealforstudyingbroaderphe-

nomenaofbiology,sincemanyofthespeciesaredis-tinguishablebytheiruniquefloralfragranceandmicro-morphology,charactersassumedtoplayanimportantrole intheir insectpollination,throughcompensationordeceit.To furtherunderstand the structure, evolu-tion, and speciesdelimitationofMormolyca,we con-struct a phylogentic hypothesis using sequence datafromfivechloroplast regions (rpoC1,matKgeneandflankingtrnKintron,atpB-rbcLintergenicspacer,andthe3’portionofycf1)andtheinternaltranscribedspac-er(ITS).PhylogeneticanalysessupportamonophyleticMormolyca,eventhoughrelationshipswithinthecladeareatoddswithcurrenttaxonomicclassification.Theobtained phylogeny also suggestst hat species foundmostly inCentralAmericaare amonophyletic radia-tionderivedfromexclusivelySouthAmericantaxa.Wearetakingadvantageofthesephylogenetichypothesestoaddressquestionsconcerningtheevolutionofvegeta-tivecharacters,floralfragranceprofiles,andpollinationmechanismswithinMormolyca.

600 BENAVIDES, JUAN C.*1, CRANDALL-STOTLER, BARBARA2 and STOTLER, RAY3

Fossombronia peruviana and Allied Species in Latin America - A Systematic Puzzle

The northern Andean Fossombronia peruvianaGottsche&HampeistheonlyLatinAmericantax-

onincludedbySchusterinthegenusAustrofossombro-niaR.M.Schust.ThissegregatewasdifferentiatedfromFossombroniaby largeplantsize,elongateratherthanspheroidalcapsules,capsulewalls3ormorecelllayersinthickness,anditsuniquewetlandhabitat.Inmolecu-larphylogeniesthespeciesofAustrofossombroniahavebeenresolvedinmultiplecladesofFossombronia,pro-vidinglittlejustificationforitsrecognition.Ourrecentexpanded molecular analyses, coupled with compre-hensivestudiesoflivingandherbariumspecimensfromthroughouttheAndeanchainprovideevidencefortherecognitionofmorethanonespeciesintheF. peruviana clade.PopulationsthataremorphologicallyreferabletoF. peruvianaarewidelydistributedinwet,higheleva-tionsitesfromVenezuelatoBolivia.WithintherangeofF. peruviana,wehavediscoveredasecond,asyetun-described,geneticallydistinctsisterspeciesfromseverallocalitiesinVenezuela,whichis,inturn,closelyrelatedtoathirdmorphologicallydistinctelementfromTolucaVolcano,Mexico. Both gametophyte and sporophytecharacters clearly differentiate the Mexican elementfromF. peruviana,andtheVenezuelanelementdiffersfrombothF. peruvianaandtheMexicanpopulationinleafinsertionandantheridialanatomy.IntheabsenceoffemaleplantsandsporophytesfromtheVenezuelanelement,however,itsrelationshiptotheMexicanpopu-

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lationisequivocal.Asinglecollectionofasimilar,largeFossombroniamadebyJ.B.HatcherinFeugia,whichwasidentifiedasF. naumanniiSchiffn.byEvans(1898.Bull.TorreyBot.Club25:415),isnotreferabletothatspecies,butappearstobe,onthebasisofmorphology,alignedwith theVenezuelanelement.Althoughcom-binedmolecular andmorphological data provide in-disputableevidenceofspeciesleveldivergencebetweenF. peruvianaandalliedelementsinMexico,VenezuelaandFuegia,determininghow the latter are related toeach other requiresmore extensive sampling of highelevationFossombroniasalongtheCordillerasofLatinAmerica.1Southern IllinoisUniversity, Department of Plant Biology, 1125LincolnDr,LSIIBldRoom420,Carbondale,IL,62,USA2South-ernIllinoisUniversity,DepartmentOfPlantBiology,1125LincolnAvenue,CARBONDALE, IL,62901-6509,USA3Southern IllinoisUniversity,DepartmentOfPlantBiology,1125LincolnDrive,CAR-BONDALE,IL,62901-6509,USA

POSTERS

601 GARWOOD, NANCY

Neotropical seedlings: The current state of our knowledge of this important stage in the life cycle and ways to improve it

I published a review of published information onNeotropicalseedlingsinmybook,Seedlings of Barro

Colorado Island and the Neotropics in 2009. At thattimeIdidnotcalculatethepercentageofNeotropicaltaxa forwhich seedlingshavebeen identifiedbecauseobtaininggoodestimatesof thenumberof species inNeotropicalfamiliesandgenerawasdifficultwhenthatpartofthemanuscriptwasprepared.BetterestimatesofNeotropicaldiversityarenowavailable.HereIpresentdataon thatpercentageby family, genusand species.Notsurprisingly, thepercentof taxawithat leastonespecieswithanidentifiedseedlingishighatthefamilylevelbutloweratthegenericlevel.Seedlingsareknownfromonlyasmallpercentageofthemorethan75,000Neotropicalangiospermspecies.Ialsocontrastseedlingknowledgeinfamiliesdifferinginnumberofgeneraandspeciesandthosethatareprimarilywoodyversusher-baceous.Lastly,IdiscussstrategiestoimproveseedlingknowledgeintheNeotropics.

SouthernIllinoisUniversity,LifeScienceII,Mailcode6509,LifeSci-enceII,Mailcode6509,1125LincolnAve.,Carbondale,IL,62901,USA

Biogeography

ORAL PAPERS

602 SHETH, SEEMA1, LOHMANN, LUCIA2, TRISH, DISTLER3 and JIMENEZ, IVAN*4

The Wallacean shortfall: bias in estimates of geographic range size

Geographicrangesize isan importantvariable inbiogeography,ecologyandconservationbiology.

Unfortunately,thegeographicdistributionofmanyspe-ciesispoorlyknown(theWallaceanshortfall).Despitethewidespreaduseofestimatesofspecies’geographicdistributionsderivedfromnaturalhistorymuseumandherbariumspecimens,littleisknownabouthowbiasintheseestimatesofrangesizearerelatedtogeographicrangesize itself. Is thisbiasmoresevereforwidelyornarrowlydistributedspecies?Toanswer thisquestionwedevelopedtheworkinghypothesisthattherelation-shipbetweenrangesize,measuredasareaofoccupancy(AOO),andbiasinestimatesofrangesizeisapproxi-mately described by the central limit theorem.Threepredictions follow from this hypothesis: the expectedvalueofbiasisindependentofAOO,thevarianceofbiasdecreasesasAOOincreases,andtheskewnessofbiasbecomeslessnegativeasAOOincreases.Totestthesepredictionsweusedcomputersimulationsbasedonadatasetofherbariumspecimen recordsofBignonieaespecies(Bignoniaceae).Theresultssupportedallthreepredictionsand imply that,despitea similarexpectedvalue, bias in estimates ofAOOdiffers between nar-rowlyandwidelydistributedspecies.Formostnarrowlydistributedspeciesbias inestimatesofAOOwaspar-ticularlyhigh.Indeed,manyofthesespecieswerenotrepresentedbyanymuseum/herbariumspecimen,andthuswereunknowntoscience.Yet,biaswasexception-allylowforasmallproportionofnarrowlydistributedspecies,andthegeographicdistributionsofthesespecieswerebetterknownthanthatofanyother(narrowlyorwidelydistributed)species.Incontrast,forwidelydis-tributedspeciesbiasinestimatesofAOOwasunlikelytobeasextremeasfornarrowlydistributedspecies,sothatmostwidelydistributed specieswere representedbymuseum/herbariumspecimensbuttheirrangeswerenotparticularlywellknown.1Colorado StateUniversity, DepartmentOf Biology, Colorado StateUniversity, Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1878,USA2Universidade DeSaoPaulo,InsitutoDeBiociências,DepartamentoEBotânica,RuaDoMatao,277,SaoPaulo,N/A,05508-090,Brazil3MissouriBotani-calGarden,CenterforConservationandSustainableDevelopment,P.O.Box299,St.Louis,MO,63166,USA4Missouri Botanical Gar-den,Center forConservationandSustainableDevelopment,P.O.Box299,St.Louis,MO,63166

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603 MAVRODIEV, EVGENY1, LAKTIONOV, A. P.2 and CELLINESE, NICO*1

How floristic data can inform historical biogeography: an example from the Caucasian monocot, gymnosperm, and pteridophyte flora

TheCaucasusisadistinctfloristicareathatincludes42 well-defined sub-regions characterized by the

presence of over 950monocot and pteridophyte na-tive taxa. We constructed a presence-absence taxonmatrixthatweinvestigatedusingaParsimonyAnalysisofEndemicity(PAE)approachmodifiedbyanalyzingthedataset in aMaximumLikelihood frameworkus-ingasimpleMkmodelandGammadistributionratesofheterogeneity.Wepresentresultsbasedonbothpar-simonyandmaximumlikelihood.Weusedtheresult-ingtaxon-areacladogramasthebasisforstochastickeyspeciesreconstructiontosuggestthattaxondistributionmayactuallyconveyasubstantialamountofhistoricalinformation.1UniversityofFlorida,FloridaMuseumofNaturalHistory,Gaines-ville, FL, 32611,USA2Astrakhan StateUniversity,Department ofBiology,Astrakhan,414056,Russia

604 FISHER, AMANDA*1, CLARK, LYNN2 and KELCHNER, SCOT A.1

Andean radiation of the genus Chusquea (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae)

A recentphylogenyestimationofthewoodybam-boogenusChusquearecoveredfourmajor,well

supportedclades:NeurolepisI,NeurolepisII,Rettbergia,and Euchusquea. Subsequent analysis focused on theEuchusqueacladeandfoundunexpectedlylowgeneticvariationacrossmultipleloci(bothplastidandnuclear)andwasunabletoconvincinglyresolverelationshipsinthis species rich lineage. Chusquea contains approxi-mately160describedspeciesandhasawidedistribu-tion in theneotropics.All four lineageshaveradiatedintomontanehabitatsintheNorthernAndes,CentralAmerica,Mexico,ortheAustralAndes,andtherehavebeenmultipleintroductionstosoutheasternBrazil.AtleastfortyChusqueaspeciesintheNeurolepisI,Neurole-pisIIandEuchusqueacladesarefoundinopenhabitats,includinghigh elevationparamos, campos de altitudeandcampo rupestre.Inseveralcases,montanetaxamayhavesubsequentlygivenrisetolowelevationradiations.BEASTestimatesofdivergence timesplaceChusquealineagecrownnodesintheearlyPlioceneorlateMio-cene,coincidentwithuplifteventsintheNorthernAn-des.ThelargenumberofdescribedAndeanChusquea,coupled with an inferred recent origin of the group,resultsinanexceptionalspeciationrate.Chusqueabam-

boosareunusualincomparisontootherrecentAndeanplantradiations(e.g.,Espeletia,Fuchsia,Halenia,Jame-sonia,Lupinus,andMacrocarpaea)inthatChusqueaisanemophilousandamajorityofspeciesexperiencelonggenerationtimes.1Idaho State University, Department of Biological Sciences, 921South8thAvenue,Stop8007,Pocatello,ID,83209-8007,USA2IowaStateUniversity,DepartmentofEcology,EvolutionandOrganismalBiology,253Bessey,Ames,IA,50011-1020,USA

605 GILLESPIE, EMILY*1 and KRON, KATHLEEN2

Phylogeny and historical biogeography of the small, intercontinentally disjunct genera Epigaea and Rhodothamnus

WithinthetribePhyllodoceae(Ericaceae:Ericoi-deae),astrongly-supportedcladecomprisedof

Epigaea and Rhodothamnus occurs. Epigaea includesthree species:Epigaea repens occurs inEasternNorthAmerica,E. gaultherioidesoccursintheCaucusus,andE. asiatica occurs primarily in Japan. Rhodothamnus includestwospecies,R. sessilifoliusandR.chamaecistus,whicharefoundintheAlpsandCaucasus.AphylogenywasgeneratedwithinthecontextofthebroaderPhyl-lodoceae using Bayesian, Maximum Likelihood andMaximumParsimonyanalyses.Anexaminationofthehistorical biogeography of the group was conductedusingmultipleapproaches,includinganewlyavailableprogram,RASP(ReconstructAncestralStateinPhylog-enies)usingtheBayesianphylogeny.1WakeForestUniversity,226WinstonHall,WakeForestUniversity,Winston-Salem,NC,27109,USA2WakeForestUniversity,Depart-mentofBiology,ReynoldaStation,P.O.Box7325,Winston-Salem,NC,27109,USA

606 CLARK, JOHN*1, BRAMLEY, GEMMA2, ATKINS, HANNAH3 and WAGNER, WARREN4

Towards a comprehensive phylogeny, biogeographic hypothesis, and revised taxonomy for Cyrtandra (Gesneriaceae): recent progress and continuing challenges

The paleotropical-Pacific angiosperm genus Cyr-tandra (Gesneriaceae),withover600species,has

provenachallenge forbotanists since itsdiscovery in1776. Recent phylogenetic studies indicate that rapidlineageradiationsandpotentiallyinsituhybridizationcomplicateeffortstounderstandthisgenus.Arobust,genus-widephylogeneticandbiogeographichypothesisisrequiredtobetterunderstandspeciationandtoreviseexisting, inadequate taxonomy. To this end, amulti-institutional collaboration has been formed to poolresources, fieldwork, and expertise in completing this

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goal.Broad scale sampling across SoutheastAsia andthePacifichasbeenconductedwithmoderatetohighspeciessamplinginIndonesia,SolomonIslands,Vanu-atu,Fiji,Samoa,Tonga,Niue,Micronesia,Marquesas,andHawaii.RelativelyfewsampleshavebeencollectedfromNewGuineaand thePhilippinesposing seriouschallengesincompletingagenus-wideevolutionaryhy-pothesis.Currentphylogenetichypothesesarepresent-edbasedon ITS,ETSandpsbA-trnH genic sequencedata.Ongoingandfutureeffortsarealsodiscussed.1Catalina IslandConservancy,POBox2739,Avalon,CA,90704,USA2RoyalBotanicalGardensKew,UK3RoyalBotanicalGardensEdinburgh,UK4Smithsonian Institution, Botany, MRC-166Na-tionalMuseumOfNaturalHistory,POBox37012,WASHING-TON,DC,20013-7012,USA

607 WILSON, ANDREW*1, BINDER, MANFRED2 and HIBBETT, DAVID2

Evolution an biogeography of ectomycorrhizal associations in and enigmatic group of fungi, the Sclerodermatineae (Boletales, Basidiomycota)

The Sclerodermatineae is an enigmatic lineage ofectomycorrhizalfungiwhosemembersareknown

toassociatewithadiverserangeofplanthosts.SpeciesfromSclerodermatineaegenerasuchasPisolithusandSclerodermahavebeenstudiedfortheirabilitytoformectomycorrhizalrelationshipswithabroaddiversityofplanthosts,makingthemgoodsubjectsforre-foresta-tionpractices.However,relatedgenerasuchasCalos-tomaappeartohavedevelopedanarrowerrangeofhostassociations.Describingtheevolutionofhostassocia-tioninthegroupwouldgenerateabetterunderstandingofhostspecificityvs.hostgeneralityinthisgroupand,ingeneral,helpevaluatetheabilityofplantandfungalsym-bionts to diversify their ectomycorrhizal associations.Forthisstudy,phylogeneticanalysisofmulti-geneda-tasetswasusedtostudythehistoryofectomycorrhizalassociationsintheSclerodermatineaebycorrelatingas-sociationsthroughbiogeographicdistributionandevo-lutionaryco-occurrence.AsupermatrixofnrRNAandproteinsequencesconsistingof168taxawasproducedformoleculardatingusingBEAST.Thefirststepinvolvedanalysisof17Agaricomycetideaetaxa,performedusingfossilstocalibratetheSuillineaeandmycenoidlineages.Thesecondstepuseddatesfromthefirstanalysistocali-brateamoreinclusiveSclerodermatineaedatasetandtoestimatetheagesforinternallineages.TheBEASTtreefromthedatinganalysiswasusedasinputforLaGrangetoreconstructthebiogeographichistoryofthegroup.The preliminary results suggest that the basal Sclero-dermatineaediversifiedabout100MYAwhiletheCoreSclerodermatineae diversified between 40-50 MYA.

Thiscorrespondswithpreviousanalysesandindicatesthat the Sclerodermatineae is young enough to havecultivatedassociationsinbothAngiospermsandGym-nosperms.Atthetimeofthisabstractanalysistofinalizedates for the internal nodes in the Sclerodermatineaeandtodescribethebiogeographichistoryforthegrouparestillongoing.Theresultsofthesewillbesharedinthe presentation, and will be used to reconstruct theevolution of ectomycorrhizal host associations in theSclerodermatineae.1ChicagoBotanicGarden,PlantConservationScience:SoilScience,1000LakeCookRd,Glencoe, IL,600222CLARKUNIVERSITY,DepartmentOfBiology,WORCESTER,MA,01610-1477,USA

608 MARTIN, GRACIE*1, KRESS, W2, SPECHT, CHELSEA3, DRISCOLL, HEATHER4, LOPEZ, IDA5, FRALEY, SARA1 and GUPTA, SHALIKA3

An analysis of speciation modes within Heliconiacea: a biogeographical approach

Heliconiaceae(Zingiberales)containingthesinglegenus Heliconia, is a family of rhizomatous

herbswithmostspeciesoccurringinCentralandSouthAmericantropicsandafewspeciesnativetoSoutheastAsiantropics.Heliconiaceaeisarecentlydiverginglin-eageinclusiveofsome215extantspecies,andassuchprovidesarapidlyradiatinggroupfromwhichtostudymodesofspeciationandtheprocessesthatgoverndis-tributionandvariation.Basedonarecentlycompleted7-markermolecular phylogeny ofHeliconiawe com-pare distributions and ecological niches of sister spe-ciesbelongingtorecentlyestablishedCentralAmericancladeshypothesizedtohavearrivedinthislocationasaresultoftwodifferentdistributionroutesandattwodif-ferenttimes.Thisinformationmatchedwithancestraldistributionsgeneratedbydispersal-vicarianceanalyses(DIVA),moleculardatingandSpatialEvolutionaryandEcologicalVicarianceAnalysis(SEEVA)forHeliconia arethenusedtotesthypothesesonmodesofspeciationwithinHeliconia. Theresultsoftheseanalysesprovideauniqueinsightintotheroleofnicheconservatismver-susnichedivergenceinspeciationwithinHeliconiaceae.ThisstudyreliesonnewlyavailabledigitalizedherbariacollectionsandtheresourcesavailableattheSmithson-ian,BotanyDepartmentpairedwithnewlydevelopedanalyticalmethods.1UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,PlantandMolecularBiology,Col-legeofNaturalResources,111KoshlandHall,Berkeley,CA,94720,USA2SmithsonianInstitution,Botany,MRC-166NationalMuseumOfNaturalHistory,POBox37012,WASHINGTON,DC,20013-7012,USA3UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,PlantandMolecularBiology,CollegeofNaturalResources,431KoshlandHall,Berkeley,CA,94720,USA4DepartmentOfBotany,572DwightPlace,Berke-ley,CA,94704,USA5SmithsonianInstitution,NationalMuseumofNaturalHistory,Botany,1400ConstitutionAveNW,Washington,DC,20013,USA

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609 ANGELO, COURTNEY* and DAEHLER, CURTIS

Impacts of future climates on fire-promoting invasive grass distributions in the Hawaiian Islands.

Climate warming in the tropics has been docu-mented during the past century. Warming has

beenpredicted to increase invasions in tropicalmon-taneenvironmentsmoresothanintemperatemontaneenvironments, however, current researchhas primar-ilyaddressedtheinfluenceofclimatechangeonplantdistributionsintemperateecosystems.InvasiveC4andfewC3 grasses are known to change fire-frequencies,alter ecosystem processes and displace native speciesin the tropics; these species areofparticular concern.To predict changes in invasive C4 grass distributionsinresponsetoawarmingclimate intheHawaiianIs-lands, climate nichemodels were developed for fourfire-promoting invasiveC4 grassesusingMaxent.Av-erage minimum temperature during January, annualprecipitation,anddriestquarterweretheenvironmen-talvariablesusedtobuildthemodels.Forfutureprojec-tions,weincreasedtheaverageminimumtemperatureforJanuaryby1.35degreesCelsiusbasedonexpectedwarmingtrends for theHawaiianIslands for theyear2050.WefoundthatUrochloa maximaandSchizachy-rium condensatum rangesincreasedinareaby4%and6%, respectively, while, Melinis minutiflora and Cen-chrus ciliaris ranges decreased 7% and less than 1%respectively.Cenchrus ciliariswasprimarilylimitedbyrainfallratherthanbytemperature,thusitsdistributionwasnotprojected tochangewithan increase in tem-perature.AlthoughourstudyfailedtofindconclusiveevidenceforanoverallexpansionofC4grasses,wedidfindthatC4 grassdistributionsarelikelytoshiftwithawarmingclimate.Similarpatternsareexpectedforeco-systemselsewhereinthetropics,whereinvasionbyfireadaptedgrassesatlowerelevationsisalreadywelldocu-mented.

UniversityofHawaiiatManoa,DepartmentofBotany,3190MaileWay,St.JohnRm101,Honolulu,HI,96822,USA

610 RUIZ-SANCHEZ, EDUARDO* and SPECHT, CHELSEA

Phylogeography and ecological niche modeling of the Mexican endemic shrub Nolina parviflora (Nolinoideae: Asparagaceae)

Nolina parviflora is a Mexican endemic rosette-leaved shrub to tree-likemonocot,which ranges

alongof theTransmexicanVolcanicBelt. Its popula-tionsextendfromVeracruzintheEasttoJaliscointhewest,withthemostnorthernplantsreachingQueretaro

and the southernpopulations extending intoOaxaca.Thespeciesinhabitsdrytropicalandoakforestsatitswesterndistribution,butismostlyfoundinxerophyticscrub,pine-juniper,andpine-oakforestsinthecentralandeasternpartof its range.Baseduponresponse toPleistoceneclimatechange,weformulatedthefollowingquestions:Dothecurrentpopulationssharehaplotypesdespitetheirwidegeographicaldistribution?DoesgeneflowstillexistbetweeneasternandwesternpopulationsofNolina parviflora despitetheirdistance,andbetweenthenorthernandsouthernpopulationscurrentlysepa-rated by theTransmexicanVolcanic Belt?Howhavepopulationssurvivedpastecologicalnichechanges?Toanswerthesequestions,wecollected25populationsandmorethan200individualsalongthegeographicaldistri-butionandsequencedthetrnH-psbAandtrnL-Fchlo-roplastspacersfromtheseindividuals.UsingBayesian,likelihoodandparsimonyanalysis,wefoundtwocladesthat have geographic correspondence to the central/easternandwesternpopulations.Thenorthernandthesouthern populations present unique haplotypes thatappeartoberelatedtothecentral/easternclade.Thecur-rentecologicalnichemodelsbasedonthesetwocladesshowsoverpredictioninthewesterncladeandexcellentpredictionfortheeasternclade.Predictionsusingpastclimatemodelsshowedsimilarpatternstothoseofthepresent.Themolecular andecological results indicatelimitedgeneflowbetweenpopulationsacrosslongdis-tancesandacrosstheTransmexicanVolcanicBelt.

UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,PlantandMicrobialBiology,111KoshlandHall,Berkeley,CA,94720,USA

611 SARKINEN, TIINA*1, SIMON, MARCELO2, PENNINGTON, R.TOBY3, LAVIN, MATT4 and HUGHES, COLIN1

Evolutionary islands in the Andes:persistence, isolation and endemism in Andean dry tropical forests

Therelativecontributionofbiomehistoryandgeo-logical setting to species richness in biodiversity

hotspotsremainspoorlyunderstood.ThetropicalAn-desisonetheworld’stopbiodiversityhotspots,andwithitsdiversebiomesandtherelativelyrecentbutdramaticmountainuplift,theAndesoffersasettingtostudytheimportanceofbiomestabilityandgeologicalhistoryinspeciesrichbiomes.Usingdensely-sampledtime-cali-bratedmolecularphylogeniesforasetofAndeantropi-caldryforestplantlineages(Mimosa, Amicia, Cyatho-stegia, PoissoniaandCoursetia,Leguminosae),weshowthatthehighlevelsofendemismintheseforestshavere-sultedfromalonghistoryofbiomestasisanddispersallimitation.Deepdivergencesbetweensisterspeciesandgeographicallystructuredcladesofinter-Andeanvalleyendemicssuggestthatdispersalbetweenthesedryfor-estshasbeenlimitedoverthepastc.19millionyearsofAndeanuplift.SuchprolongeddryforeststasisisinlinewithMiocenefossilsfromEcuadorcloselyresembling

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extant dry forest plants.The contrasting evolutionarytimescalesofolderdry forestandveryrecentparamoplantdiversificationsuggestthattheexceptionalbiodi-versityfoundintheAndesistheoutcomeofacomplexsetofdifferentpatternsofhistoricalspeciesassembly.1UniversityofZurich,InstituteforSystematicBotany,Zollikerstrasse107, Zurich, 8008, Switzerland2Embrapa , Recursos Genéticos eBiotechnologia,PqEB,CaixaPostal02372,Brasilia,DF,70770-917,Brazil3RoyalBotanicGardens,20AINVERLEITHROW,EDIN-BURGH,N/A,EH35LR,UnitedKingdom4MontanaStateUniver-sity,PlantSciencesandPlantPathology,Bozeman,Montana,59717,USA

612 WALLACE, LISA* and DOFFITT, CHRISTOPHER

Phylogeographic patterns of Trillium cuneatum and Trillium stamineum within the Black Belt and Jackson Prairie Regions of Mississippi and Alabama

Ithasbeenhypothesizedthatthehighlevelsofdiversi-tynotedfortheSoutheastarerelatedtotherestriction

of species’ ranges and subsequent migrations duringandafterthelastglacialperiod.NumerousrefugiahavebeenproposedintheSoutheast,andmanyofthesehavebeensupportedbyempiricalphylogeographicstudiesofplantsandanimals.Trillium(Melanthiaceae),ahighlydiversegenus in theSoutheast, includesmanyspeciesthatarelocallyendemic.Giventhispattern,ithasbeenhypothesizedthatvicarianceassociatedwiththerestric-tionofpopulationsinpocketsofsuitablehabitatinas-sociationwithlocaladaptationhavebeenleadingcausesofevolutionarydiversificationwithinTrillium. Inthisstudy, we examined DNA sequence variation withintwoTrillium species,T. cuneatum andT. stamineum,ineasternMississippiandwesternAlabamatoevaluatethepotentialforlocaldifferentiation.Forestedregionswherethesespeciesoccurareseparatedbytheregionsof theBlackBelt and JacksonPrairies,which arenotconsidered to contain suitable habitats for Trillium.WehypothesizedthatT. cuneatum andT. stamineum wouldexhibitsimilarpatternsofgeneticstructureandthatpopulationsseparatedbytheprairiepatcheswouldbemostdivergent.BasedonvariationinthetrnLintronand trnL-trnF intergenic spacer region of the chloro-plast genomewe identified a high level of haplotypicdiversityinbothspecies-fiveandfourhaplotypesinT. cuneatum andT. stamineum,respectively.Additionally,thereisstrongregionalstructureforbothspecieswithverylittlepolymorphismwithinpopulations,suggestingthatgeneflowbyseeddispersalisquitelimitedinbothofthesespecies.Thispatternofstructurewasnotwhollyconsistentwiththehistoricalextentoftheprairies.Oth-erlandscapefeatures,suchasrivers,mayhaveservedasadditionalbarrierstodispersal.Theseresultscorrobo-rate previous studies and further point to survival inmultiplerefugia,possiblylocatedinsouthernAlabamaand/orsouthernMississippipriortorecolonizationof

present-daypopulations.

MississippiStateUniversity,BiologicalSciences,295LeeBlvd.,Mis-sissippiState,MS,39762,USA

613 MCCARTHY, DIANE*1 and MASON-GAMER, ROBERTA2

Phylogeography of the American basswood

ManyNorthAmericantreespeciesarewidelydis-tributedandmorphologicallyvariable,butlittle

isknownabouttheprocessesunderlyingtheirdistribu-tion and variation. Fortunately, new techniques andsourcesofdataallowusto investigatepatternswithintaxa that result fromcrypticprocessesoccurringoverspace and time.Tilia americana, the American bass-wood, is an excellent candidate for such a study. Itsrange covers the easternhalf ofNorthAmerica fromCanadatoMexico,andthoughitisnowhypothesizedtobeasinglespecies,ithasbeendividedintoasmanyas 15 species based on morphological variation. Wesequenced the non-coding chloroplast DNA markerrpL32-trnLfrom425individualsin75naturalpopula-tionsofTilia americanaacross its rangeanddetected25haplotypes.Whilewefailedtodetectaconcordancebetweenhaplotypeandspeciessensu stricto,thedistri-butionofhaplotypesacrossthecontinentshowedclearstructure.Phylogeographictoolsallowustoinvestigatetherelationshipbetweenintraspecificgeneticvariation,geography, andhistorymoreprecisely.Usinganichemodeling approach, we conduct a phylogeographicstudyofAmericanbasswoodinordertoidentifyevolu-tionaryandgeographicsourcesofgeneticstructureandtoassessthehypothesisthatthereisonlyonebasswoodspeciesinNorthAmerica.1UniversityofIllinoisatChicago,DepartmentofBiologicalSciences,845W.Taylor,MC066,Chicago,IL,60607,USA2UniversityOfIl-linoisHicago,DEPT.OFBIOLOGICALSCIENCES(M/C.066),845W.TAYLORST.,CHICAGO,IL,60607,USA

POSTERS

614 KHOURY, COLIN*1, GREENE, STEPHANIE2 and CASTAÑEDA ALVAREZ, NORA PATRICIA1

Initial Steps toward a National Conservation Strategy for Crop Wild Relatives of the United States

Aneffectivestrategyforconservationofbiodiver-sity worldwide requires a spectrum of actions

enactedfromtheglobaltothelocallevel.Agriculturalbiodiversity is no exception, and thewild relatives ofcrops(CWR),asimportantgeneticresourcesforcropimprovement, represent adual challengeof requiringconservationaswellasaccessforuse.Inmanyregions

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theseresourcesarethreatenedbyhabitatmodification,landusechanges,andotherfactors,requiringtheirur-gentcollectionand long-termavailability for researchandbreedingfromex situgenebankcollections,aswellastheiradequateprotectionin situinordertosupportanevolvinggenepoolfortheusesofthefuture.CWRre-sourcesareoftengloballyimportant,yettheirmanage-mentisdependentuponnationalpolicyandinterests.WesuggestthataneffectivenationalapproachtowardtheconservationofCWRentailsthesystematiccover-age of this diversity in a network of genetic reserves,with samplesof thisdiversity safeguarded innationalgenebanks.Wepresenttheworktodateonplanningfor a national effort to conserveCWRand economi-callyimportanttaxathatarenativeornaturalizedintheUnitedStates.WearedevelopinganationalinventoryoftaxathatrepresentCWRoftheworld’scrops,oraredirectlyusedforfood,fiber,forage,forestry,industrial,medicinal,ornamental,andrestorationpurposes,whichcurrently contains close to 3,000 taxa. Wehave alsodevelopedamethodology for identificationof thege-nepoolsoftheworld’simportantcrops.Especiallyspe-cies-richnative genepools of important crops includeAllium (onion),Carya (pecan),Fragaria (strawberry),Helianthus (sunflower), Hordeum (barley), Ipomoea(sweet potato),Lactuca (lettuce),Nicotiana (tobacco),Phaseolus(bean),Prunus(cherry,almond,peach),Ribes (currant), Rubus (raspberry), Vaccinium (blueberry,cranberry),andVitis (grape),andmanyadditionalgen-eraarealsorepresented.Weconcludebydiscussingournextstepsfordevelopinganationalconservationstrat-egyforcropwildrelatives:prioritizingtaxabyrelated-nesstocropspecies,assessingthecoverageofCWRingenebanksandinprotectedareas,andmakingrecom-mendationsforconservationactions.1International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), DecisionandPolicyAnalysisProgram,Km17,RectaCali-Palmira,ApartadoAéreo6713,Cali,Colombia2UnitedStatesDepartmentofAgricul-ture, Agricultural Research Service, National Temperate ForageLegume Germplasm Resources Unit, 24106 North Bunn Road,Prosser,WA,99350,USA

615 HOCH, PETER*1, BARBER, JANET2 and DIAZGRANADOS, MAURICIO2

Phylogeny and biogeography of Ludwigia (Onagraceae)

Ludwigiaisadiversewidespreadgenusof82speciescurrentlydividedinto23sections.Fourteenofthe

sectionsaremonotypic,andonlythreehavemorethanfivespecies.Thegenusexhibitsacomplexbiogeograph-icalpattern,with10sectionsendemictoorcenteredinSouth/CentralAmerica, three inNorthAmerica, fourinAfrica, three inAsia, two in the Paleotropics, andtwoare cosmopolitan.Polyploidy iswidespread,withgameticchromosomenumbersfromn=8ton=64.Strongmolecular andmorphological data placeLud-wigiaassistertotherestoftheOnagraceae,sounder-

standingitsphylogenyiscrucialtounderstandingthefamily. The family appears to have originated about93Ma,andLudwigiaarosebetween93and80Ma.NomolecularphylogenyisavailableforLudwigia,andtheconsiderable age of the clademakes interpretation ofthe morphology particularly challenging, so we haveundertaken a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis ofLudwigia inorder to assess the validityof thishighlyfragmentedclassification,testrelationshipsamongsec-tions and species, and elucidate the complex biogeo-graphicalhistoryofthegenus,especiallyasitrelatestotheoriginofthefamily.Preliminarydata(cpDNAandnDNAsequencesfrom24taxa)showgoodresolutionofstrongmonophylyofthegenusandofatleastsomegroups(sect.Oligospermum,andtheNorthAmericansections),although itappears that thechromosomallycomplex North American sections Isnardia and Mi-crocarpiummaybeparaphyletic.Substantialadditionalsamplingisneeded,particularlyintheSouthAmericansections.Recentexplosiveinvasions,particularlybyL. hexapetalaandrelativesinwUSA,Australia,andsouth-ern Europe, highlight the need for a comprehensivemodernrevisionandphylogenyinordertoidentifyandpossiblycontroltheseinvasives.1MissouriBotanicalGarden,P.O.Box299,St.Louis,MO,63166-0299,USA2SaintLouisUniversity,Biology,3507LacledeAve.,St.Louis,MO,63103,USA

616 LIMA , JACIRA RABELO*1, TOZZI , ANA MARIA GOULART DE AZEVEDO 2 and MANSANO, VIDAL DE FREITAS 1

Phylogenetic structure of Leguminosae assemblages in South America

LeguminosaeisfoundinvariousvegetationtypesinSouthAmerica,occurringfromseasonaltohumid

vegetation.Themostsevereconditions(highertemper-aturesandlessprecipitation)oftheseasonalvegetation,when compared with the humid vegetation, can actas strongenvironmentalfilters for the speciespresentthere. Environmentswhere the structuring forces areabioticfilterstendtopresentspecieswithsimilarniches,and thusmorephylogenetically related thanexpectedby chance (clumped). Once the seasonal vegetationpresent in SouthAmerica represents amore stressfulenvironmentcomparedtoareasofhumidvegetation,itisexpectedthattheseareashaveaclumpedphylogenet-icstructure.WecarriedoutasurveyoftreeandshrubspeciesofLeguminosaepresentindifferentvegetationin SouthAmerica basedonpublishedworks.Aphy-logenetic treewascalculatedusing the softwarepack-agephylomaticPhylocom.Therichness,diversityandphylogeneticstructure(PhylogeneticSpeciesVariability-PSV;AverageTaxonomicDistinctness-ATDandNetRelatedness Index-NRI)werecalculatedusingPAMsoftware.Ourrevisioninclued328areasstudied,result-ing124generaand780species.Thedriestareaspres-ent,ingeneral,higherspeciesrichnessandaclumped

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phylogeneticstructure.Thisresultsuggeststhat,inthesedryareas,theenvironmentalfiltersareprobablymoreimportantinstructuringthecommunity.Forsomear-easofhumidvegetation,themainstructuringforceiscompetition,whichleadstoanincreaseinthenumberoftaxaofdifferentlineagesandaconsequentoverdis-persionphylogeneticstructure.1InstitutodePesquisasJardimBotânicodoRiodeJaneiro ,Rua:PachecoLeão,915,JardimBotânico,RiodeJaneiro,RiodeJaneiro,22460-030, Brazil2Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Depar-tamentodeBiologiaVegetal,Rua:MonteiroLobato, 255,CidadeUniversitária"ZeferinoVaz",Campinas,SãoPaulo,13083-970,Brazil

617 WELLARD, BLAKE

Relict Populations of Quercus x pauciloba Rydb. (prosp.) [gambelii x turbinella] in Northern Utah

Quercus x pauciloba Rydb. (pro sp.) [gambelii xturbinella]isacommonhybridoakintheAmeri-

canSouthwestwhereparentsco-occur. In1954RudyDrobnick foundrelictclonesof thishybrid inNorth-ernUtahby;anareathoughttobeexclusivetoQuer-cusgambelii.ThenearestQuercus turbinella is foundroughly300milestothesouth.Theoriginoftherelictclonesisstilldebated,butthemostcommonlyacceptedhypothesis is that the parentsmigrated north duringtheHoloceneClimaticOptimumandhybridizedalongtheway.UntilrecentlythesehybridstypicalyoccurredasonetofewclonesbutonOctober22,2010,ahybridswarmwasfoundnearSaltLakeCity,Utah.Tounder-standhowthishybridswarmhaspersisted,thepopu-lationdynamicsneedtobedocumented.Thisisbeingdonebycollectingbasichabitatcharacteristics(e.g.soil,slope, elevation, aspect), and schlerophylly index (leafdryweight/leafarea).Isozymeanalysiswillbeusedasonemethodtodistinguishclonesfromindividuals.OnMarch18,2011,anotherhybridwasdiscoveredatper-hapsthelowestelevationyetdocumentednearOgden,Utah.Thissitewillserveasacomparisontothehybridswarm.Thedataon these relicthybrids fromvarioussitesinnorthernUtahmayprovideadditionalcluestothisregionsclimaticandfloristicpast.

WeberStateUniversity,Botany,DepartmentofBotany,WeberStateUniversity,2504UniversityCircle,Ogden,UT,84408-2504,USA

618 QIU, YINGXIONG1, SUN, YI*1, FU, CHENGXIN1 and COMES, HANS2

Molecular phylogeography of East Asian Kirengeshoma (Hydrangeaceae) in relation to Quaternary climate change and landbridge configurations

Kirengeshoma comprises two species inhabitingwarm temperate-deciduous forests in eastern

China/ southern Japan(Kirengeshoma palmata) andSouthKorea(Kirengeshoma koreana)(CKJregion).Asurveyofchloroplast(cp)DNA,inter-simplesequencerepeats (ISSRs) andmicrosatellites(SSRs) variation in Kirengeshomawascarriedouttodeterminethepopula-tionhistoryofaplanttaxonaroundtheEastChinaSea(ECS).CpDNA,ISSRsandSSRrevealedlowergeneticdivergence between China and Japan relative to theothercontrasts,inlinewithintragenericclassification.MoleculardatingsuggeststhatK. koreana divergedatthePlio-PleistoceneboundaryfromtheJapanesepopu-lations,whereasthelattermigratedintoChinaduringtheearlytomidPleistoceneviatheECSbasin.VicariantsegregationofChineseandJapanesepopulationslikelyoccurredduringthemid-Pleistocene.Mismatchdistri-butionsandneutralitytestsindicatedthatChinesepop-ulationsexpandedtheirrangeduringtheLatePleisto-cene,probablyduringacoldperiod,whereasthosefromJapanshowednosignificantpopulationgrowth.Recentimmigrants,detectedbyassignment tests, tend tode-creasefromthegrandparentgenerationtothecurrentgeneration,suggestingthepotentiallyhighlyrestrictedcurrent geneflow among fragments may render thefragmentedpopulationsofK. palmata atahigherriskoflocalextinctionseveralgenerationsafterfragmenta-tion.Weconcludethatthecurrentdistributionanddif-ferentiationofcomponentsofpresentlyisolatedwarmtemperate-deciduousforestsinChina,JapanandKorealikelyresultedfromacombinationofrelativelyancientvicariantandimmigrationevents,andthosefromJapanwereparticularlysensitivetorangefragmentationandlong-termrefugialisolationthroughouttheLatePleisto-cene.Thisstudycannotonlyprovideinformationuse-fulfordevelopingrecoveryplansthatcanmeaningfullysampleandpreservegeneticdiversity,butalsoprovidethetheoreticbasisforsuccessfulpropagationandman-agementofendangeredspecies.Additionally,thisstudywillprovidemethodologicalguidelinesforstudyingontheconservationgeneticsandphylogeographyofotherendangeredspeciesintheCJKregion.1Collegeof Life Sciences,ZhejiangUniversity,KeyLaboratoryofConservationBiologyforEndangeredWildlife,MinistryofEduca-tion,338YuhangtangRoad,ZijingangCampus,Hangzhou,Zheji-ang, 310058, China2Department of Organismic Biology,SalzburgUniversity,Salzburg,A-5020,Austria

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619 GERMAIN-AUBREY, CHARLOTTE*1, SOLTIS, PAMELA2, NEUBIG, KURT3, THURSTON, TAYLOR1, SOLTIS, DOUGLAS4 and GITZENDANNER, MATTHEW5

Testing hypotheses in a comparative phylogeography study: the case of four plants endemic to the central Florida scrub

ThehighlythreatenedcentralFloridascrubencom-passesanexceptionalproportionofendemicspe-

cies,makingitabiodiversityhotspotinNorthAmerica.However, the origins of this unique community arepoorlyunderstood.Tostudyphylogeographicpatterns,weusedavailablesequencedata,alongwithourown,toplacefourendemicplant(Prunus geniculata, Persea humilis, Ilex opaca var. arenicola and Polygala lewtonii)in their respective generic-levelphylogenies.The fourphylogenetictreesprovidedtestsofthemonophylyofeachtaxonandidentifiedtheirsisterspecies,sheddinglight on the geographic origins of the central Floridascrub.TheoriginofthecentralFloridascrubhasbeendebated,butnevertestedinaphylogeographiccontext.Here,wetakethetwomostwidelyacceptedhypothesesandbuildsimulationsof topologies foreachscenario,for each of the species.The first scenario argues fora fragmentation of the Pliocene xeric belt extendingfromFloridatoTexasandthesouthwesternUS,withsubsequent speciation leading to the sister species ofthe Florida endemics having a western distribution.ThesecondhypothesisfocusesonthePleistocenegla-cial cycles leading temperate species to take refuge inFlorida, including the scrub, resulting in theendemicspeciesbeingmostcloselyrelatedtowidespreadspeciesdistributedineasternandnortheasternNorthAmerica.Statisticallytestingthedepartureofeachobservedphy-logenyfromthesimulatedones,werejectthewesternhypothesis in three cases,while the fourthphylogenyfails to reject both hypotheses.These results provideaninitialviewofthegeographicaloriginsofthespeciesthatshapethecentralFloridascrubandsupportasinglemajormigrationeventratherthanseveralsmallerones.Theimplicationsofourfindingsfortheconservationofthiscommunityarebrieflydiscussed.1University of Florida, Department of Horticultural Sciences,Gainesville,FL,32611,UnitedStates2UniversityOfFlorida,FloridaMuseumOf Natural History, PO BOX 117800, Gainesville, FL,32611-7800, USA3University of Florida, Department of Biology,PoBox118526,Gainesville,FL,32611,USA4UniversityofFlorida,Department of Biology, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA5UniversityOfFlorida,FloridaMuseumOfNaturalHistory,POBOX117800,GAINSVILLE,FL,32611-7800,USA

620 LIU, QING

Climatic-niche structure of grasses (Poaceae) in China's nature reserves

Explainingclimate-nichestructureforgrassesoverbroad geographic scales is a central issue of bio-

geographyandmacroecology.Wedocumentclimate-niche structure for grasses inChina’s nature reservesand discuss their formation mechanisms using grassrichness data combined with climatic, physiologicalandphylogeneticdata.Ourresultssuggestthatclimatic-nichestructureofgrassesisphylogeneticallyconserva-tiveforBEPandPACCMADcladesalongtemperaturegradients and phylogenetically conservative forChlo-ridoideae and Panicoideae along precipitation gradi-ents.At thenational scale, thedivergencepatternsofclimatic-niches between twomajor cladesweremoredistinguishablethanthedifferencebetweenC3andC4grasses. High rates of climatic-niche evolution of C4grassesisshowninthenodesofthesubtropicalforestregion.Thereappearstobeastrongassociationbetweenelevation gradients and grass diversity where specificenvironmentalcondition(e.g.energy)andrapidshiftsamongclimaticregimesdrivehighgrassdiversity.Evo-lutionaryconservatismofclimatic-nichesmaybeinflu-encedbyspecies interactionswithinnodesofeachC4variant besides physiological tolerances.These resultshaveimportantimplicationsforexplainingcontinental(easternAsia)scaleofgrassrichnesspatterns,andimplythatadaptationstomajorclimatechangesreadilywillbeaccomplishedinC4grassnodesofhighratesclimatic-nicheevolutioninChina’snaturereserves.

South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy Of Sciences,Herbarium,SoChinaBotanicalGarden,XingkeRoad723#,TianheDistrict,,Guangzhou,N/A,510650,China

621 HUANG, PU* and SCHAAL, BARBARA

Phylogeography of Asian wild rice, Oryza rufipogon: a genome-wide view

Asian wild rice (Oryza rufipogon) which rangeswidely across the eastern and southern part of

Asiaiswidelyrecognizedasthedirectancestorofthecultivated Asian rice (O. sativa). Studies of the geo-graphical structure ofO. rufipogon, based on chloro-plast and low-copynuclearmarkers, reveal apossiblephylogeographic signalof subdivision inO. rufipogonpopulations.However, this signalofgeographicaldif-ferentiation is not consistently observed among dif-ferent markers and studies. Additionally, theoreticalstudiespointoutthatinadequategeographicsampling,orincompletelineagesortingduetothesmallnumberof markers, could potentially bias the detection of aphylogeographic signal. Tomore precisely character-izethephylogeographyofO. rufipogonpopulations,a

Biogeography

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genome-wide surveyofunlinkedmarkers, intensivelysampled from across the entire distribution range iscritical.Inthisstudy,wesurveyedsequencevariationat42genome-widesequencetaggedsites(STS) in96O. rufipogonaccessionsfromthroughoutthenativerangeofthespecies.UsingBayesianclustering,principalcom-ponentanalysisandAMOVA,weconcludethattherearetwogeneticallydistinctO. rufipogongroups,Ruf-IandRuf-II.The two groups exhibit a clinal variationgenerally fromnortheast tosouthwest.Different fromsome earlier studies, Ruf-I which is foundmainly inChinaandIndochinesepeninsula,showedgeneticsimi-laritywithonemajorcultivatedricevariety,O. satvia indica.Whereas Ruf-II,mainly from SouthAsia andIndochinesepeninsula, isnot foundwithin any culti-vatedricevarieties.Additionalanalysisusingdiffusionapproximation suggests potential historical gene flowfromcultivatedriceintotheO. rufipogonpopulations.

WashingtonUniversity,DepartmentOfBiology,CAMPUSBOX1137,1BrookingsDrive,St.Louis,MO,63130-4899,USA

622 KHOURY, COLIN*1, CASTAÑEDA ALVAREZ, NORA PATRICIA 1, VINCENT, HOLLY2, JARVIS, ANDY1, MAXTED, NIGEL2, EASTWOOD, RUTH3 and GUARINO, LUIGI4

Planning for Collecting the Crop Wild Relatives of the World's Major Crops

Thewildplantspeciesrelatedtotheworld’smajorcropsareplayinganeverincreasingroleinprovid-

ing traitsof value to crop improvementprograms, astechniquesforutilizationimproveandasbreederssur-veyeverwiderdiversityinordertoincreaseagriculturalproduction.Adaptationofagriculturetothemorevari-ableandextremeclimatesofthefutureislikelytorelysubstantiallyupon thegenetic resources foundwithincrop wild relatives (CWR). Like many plant species,CWRareexposedtoincreasingpressuresfromhabitatmodification,andclimatechangeisprojectedtofurtherstresspopulationsinmanyareas.AstherepresentationofCWRdiversityinex situconservation(genebanks)isfarfromcomprehensive,thegeneticresourcesthatarevitally important forcropadaptationare indangerofbeinglost,limitingtheoptionsavailabletofutureagri-culture.ItisbecomingincreasinglyfeasibletoformulateaglobalplanfortheefficientandeffectivecollectionofCWRdiversitydueto1)thetaxonomicrelationshipsbe-tweenspeciesincreasinglyclarified,2)betterknowledgeandtoolsformodellingandmappingthedistributionofplantspeciesthroughGeographicInformationSystems,and 3) a new International Treaty on Plant GeneticResources for Food and Agriculture which facilitatesinternational collection and conservation efforts. WedocumenttheprogresstodateonplanningforamajornewglobalinitiativeforthecollectionandconservationofCWR,theresultsandproductsofwhichwillbeavail-abletotheglobalcommunity.Thegenepoolsof80of

themajorcropsoftheworldarelisted,withthecloselyrelatedspeciesgivenprioritization.Ecogeographicdataforthesespecies,gatheredviacollaborationswithher-baria,genebanks,andresearchers, isutilizedtomodelspeciesdistributionsandtoexposegapsinthecoverageof thesepopulations inex situcollections.Wediscussthenextstepsinplanningforcollectingtripsworldwide,andinvitetheresearchcommunitytocollaborateinthisglobalprojectthroughdataprovisionandvalidationofresults.1International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), DecisionandPolicyAnalysisProgram,Km17,RectaCali-Palmira,ApartadoAéreo6713,Cali,Colombia2UniversityOfBirmingham,SchoolofBiosciences,Edgbaston,Birmingham,B152TT,UK3RoyalBotanicGardens,Kew,MillenniumSeedBankPartnership,SeedConserva-tionDepartment,WakehurstPlace,Ardingly,WestSussex,RH176TN,UK4GlobalCropDiversityTrust,c/oFoodandAgricultureOrganization (FAO)of theUnitedNations,Viale delleTermediCaracalla1,Rome,00153,Italy

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Conservation Biology

ORAL PAPERS

623 PALMQUIST, EMILY*1, AYERS, TINA2 and SPENCE, JOHN3

Phylogeny and Evolutionary History of Anticlea vaginata Rydb. (Melanthiaceae): A Hanging Garden Endemic

Thisstudyexaminesthetaxonomicstatus,popula-tiongenetics,andevolutionaryhistoryoftherare,

endemic plant species, Anticlea vaginata (Melanthia-ceae).Doubts about its distinctness as a species havebeen raised,whichhas implications for its status as arare species. Morphological differences between A. vaginataanditsclosestrelative,Anticlea elegans,wereassessed using Principle Components Analysis, Ca-nonicalDiscriminantFunctionsanalysis,andone-wayanalysesofvariance.GeneticvariabilityandpopulationstructurewereassessedusingtheAFLPtechnique.Non-metricMultidimensionalScaling,AnalysisofMolecu-larVariance,clusteranalyses,genediversityestimates,andStructure2.2wereusedtodeterminethelevelsofgeneticdifferentiation.Anticlea vaginata andA. elegansexhibitlargeamountsofoverlapinmorphologicalandgeneticvariability.Despitethisoverlap, thereareindica-tionsofongoingdiversification.Anticlea vaginata pop-ulationsexhibitgeneticstructuringanddonotgroupasaspecies.PopulationsofA. vaginatashowgeneticpat-ternsconsistentwiththoseexpectedforrelictualpopu-lations.WeconcludethatsincetherearenoconsistentdistinguishingcharacteristicsbetweenA. vaginataandA. elegans,A. vaginatashouldbetreatedasasubspeciesofAnticlea elegans.Itislikelythatthereislittlegeneflowbetweenthepopulationsofsubsp. vaginataandsubsp. elegans,andthepopulationsofA. elegans subsp.vagi-nata maybeontheirownevolutionarytrajectories.1NorthernArizonaUniversity,BiologicalSciences,POBox5640,Flagstaff,AZ, 86011,USA2NorthernArizonaUniversity,Depart-mentOfBiologicalSciences,POBox5640,Flagstaff,AZ,86011-5640,USA3GlenCanyonNational RecreationArea,Natural Re-sources,POBox1507,Page,AZ,86040,USA

624 KROISS, STEVE* and KNIGHT, TIFFANY

What limits the occupancy of rare plant species in restored habitats? A trait comparison between rare and widespread species in restored Missouri glades

Understanding factors that limit species presencewithinrestoredhabitatshasbeenalongstanding

goal of restoration ecology, especially interms of fac-tors that govern differences in the relative rarity andcommonnessbetweenspecies.Whilesomespeciesarewidespreadandabundant,othersarelocallyabundant,butregionallyrare.Thesedifferencesinoccupancyratesmaybeheavilyinfluencedbyspeciestraitssincespeciestraitsmaydeterminewhetherornotthespeciescouldpersistlocallywhenthehabitatbecamedegraded,andwhetherornot thespeciescouldrecolonizewhenthehabitatwasrestored.Traitsimportantforallowingspe-ciestopersistlocallyordisperseintorestoredhabitatsmayinclude:widehabitattolerances,clonality,perenni-ality,self-compatibility,winddispersal,andsmallseedsize.Todetermineifplanttraitsrelatedtopersistenceordispersalabilityexplainspeciesoccupancypatterns,Isurveyed32restoredgladesinMissouri.Iusedastep-wisemultipleregressionanalysisandAICmodelselec-tiontoassesstheextenttowhichthevarianceinspeciesoccupancyandabundancecouldbeexplainedbyacom-positeoftheaforementionedspeciestraits.Themultipleregressionanalysisindicatedthatthetraitsmostimpor-tantforexplainingspeciesoccupancyinrestoredgladesweredispersalmechanism,habitatassociation,andlife-form(R-squared:0.32,p=0.03).Theresultsofthisstudyprovide several important implications for the futureofrestorationefforts.First,ourresultsservetoindicatespeciesthatmaybeinneedofactiveseedingeffortsinrestoredareassuchasspecieswithannualorbienniallife-forms, gravity dispersed seeds, and specializationonearlysuccessionalhabitats.Conversely,specieswithperenniallife-forms,winddispersedseeds,andhabitatassociationsthatincludemid-successionalhabitatsarelikelytobecomewidespreadafterrestorationontheirown.Second,ourresultsmayalsoaidintheprioritizingofhabitatconservation.Forexample,habitatsthatarediverse in specieswithpoordispersal andpersistencetraits should be prioritized for conservation as theycouldserveasseedsourcesforotherrestoredareas.

Washington University, DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY, OneBrookingsDrive,Box1137,St.Louis,MO,63130,USA

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625 PATE, SARAH*, GODSMARK, GEORGE and MURRELL, ZACK

Phylogeography and Mating System of Spiraea virginiana Britton

Spiraea virginianaBritton isa threatenedshruben-demic to second and thirdorder drainages in the

southernAppalachians andCumberlandPlateau. Be-causelittleisknownaboutthespecies,characterizationofitsmatingsystem,potentialforsexualreproduction,andevolutionaryrelationshipswithinthespeciescouldleadtoimprovedconservationmanagement.Inordertoexaminegeneticstructureacrossthespecies’range,weconductedaphylogeographicstudyusingamulti-locusapproach.AphylogeneticanalysisbasedonmaximumparsimonyofInterSimpleSequenceRepeats(ISSRs)re-vealedsimilaritywithindrainages,aswellasmonophylyofthespecies.Toassessmaternalrelationshipswithinthe species, three regions of non-coding chloroplastDNA were sequenced, and a Bayesian phylogeneticanalysiswas conducted.Mappingof ahaplotypenet-work and themajor clades identified in theBayesiananalysis revealed little structurewithin drainages andpotentialrelatednessacrosselevationalgradients.Theseconflictinggeneticsignaturesaredifficult to interpret,butstudiesofthespecies’reproductivebiologyprovidesomeclues.PollinationtreatmentswereconductedinacommongardensettingandinthreewildpopulationsalongtheNewRiverinAsheCounty,NC.Resultsfromthese treatments tentatively suggest the species has amixed mating system, and can reproduce sexually,contrarytopriorobservations.However,seedsize,seedweight,andfruitsetwerevariableamongpopulationsandgerminationrateswerelow.Basedonourobserva-tionsandthepatternsrevealedbythephylogeography,sexual reproduction in the speciesmaybemorepos-sible thanpreviously thoughtandseedmaybewind-dispersed.

AppalachianStateUniversity,Biology,572RiversStreet,Boone,NC,28608-2027,USA

626 CHI, KATHERINE* and MOLANO-FLORES, BRENDA

Environmental and demographic effects on reproduction in the rare species Besseya bullii (Plantaginaceae)

Besseya bullii (Plantaginaceae) is a prairie-savannaforb endemic to the Midwestern United States,

whereitisconsideredrarethroughoutitsrange.Duringspeciesassessmentsinthe1980s,woodyencroachmentwasfrequentlycitedasapotentialcauseofB. bullii’sde-cline.Inaddition,decliningpopulationsofB. bulliimaybe subject to problems associated with demographicfactors(i.e.,Alleeeffects).Theobjectiveofthisstudywas

to determine if environmental (i.e., shading) and de-mographic(i.e.,numberoffloweringindividuals)fac-torsaffectreproduction in thisspeciesandcontributetoitsrarity.SiteswereselectedfromacrosstherangeofB. bullii,resultingin25populationsthatwerethenas-signedtooneofthefollowinghabitatcategories:open,semi-shaded, and shaded. Populations were visitedfromApriltoJune,anddatawascollectedonpopula-tion size and thepercent of flowering individuals.Ateachpopulation,20infructescenceswererandomlycol-lectedtoestimatefruitandseedset.Themeanpercentoffloweringindividualswashighestinopenhabitatsandlowestforshadedhabitats,withmanyshadedsiteshav-ingcompletelysterilepopulations.Seedsetwasfoundtocorrelatepositivelywith increasingpopulationsize,andincreaseinopenhabitatscomparedtoshadedhabi-tats.TheseresultsshowthatwoodyencroachmenthasanegativeeffectonreproductioninB. bullii,andconfirmtraditional conservation theory regarding the impor-tanceofmaintaininglargepopulationsizes.

UniversityofIllinois,IllinoisNaturalHistorySurvey,1816S.OakSt.,Champaign,IL,61820,USA

627 MOURA, TÂNIA MARIA DE*1 and MARTINS, KARINA2

Genetic divergence in populations of Solanum lycocarpum A. St.-Hil, in the Brazilian Cerrado

In common species that are widely distributed andwithlong-distanceseedandpollendispersalagents,

it isexpected that there isconnectivityandnostronggeneticdivergenceamongpopulations.Understandinggeneticdivergenceamongpopulationsofspecieswiththesecharacteristicsmayprovevaluableindevelopingappropriateconservationstrategies.Basedonthis, thepresentstudyevaluatedthegeneticdivergenceamongsix populations of Solanum lycocarpum separated bydistancesbetween19and128km.This species is en-demic, common, widely distributed in the BrazilianCerrado, ismostly pollinated by large bees (Xylocopasp)and theseedmostlydispersedby themanedwolf(Chrysocyon brachyurus).Bothpromotegeneflowoverlongdistances.For this study,60 sampled individualsineachpopulationweregenotypedwithfivepolymor-phicmicrosatelliteloci(SSR).Thepopulationwiththehighestnumberofalleleswas theonlypopulation lo-catedinaconservationareawiththelargestcontinuousareaofpreservednativevegetation.Thismayindicatethe importanceofprotectedareas forconservationofgeneticdiversity. Inbreedingwasnotobservedwithinpopulations (f = 0.002, 95%CI -0.122 to 0.127).Thetestof isolationbydistanceshowedamoderatenega-tivebutsignificantcorrelationbetweenthelogarithmsofgeneflowandgeographicdistancesbetweenpairsofpopulations(r=-0.745,P=0.011)showingatrendofisolation through distance.The population located inthedisturbedareadifferedthemost.Thegeneticdiver-

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genceamongpopulations(teta-p=0.068,95%CI0.039to0.097)wassignificant(Gtest,P<0.01),andthis maybeduetotherestrictionofgeneflowandgeneticdrift.OurresultsshowtheeffectofhabitatfragmentationonpopulationsofplantspeciesfromtheCerrado,suggest-ingthattheremovalofnativevegetationduetoagricul-turalexpansionisnegatively impactingonpollenandseeddispersersandthuspromotinggeneticisolationoffragmentedpopulations.1StateUniversity ofCampinas,Vegetal Biology, Biology Institute,postalbox6109,Campinas,SP,13083-970,Brazil2FederalUniversityofSãoCarlos(UfsCar),Biology,road'JoãoLemedosSantos',Km110,Sorocaba,SP,18052-780,Brazil

628 CROFT, GENEVIEVE*1, YATSKIEVYCH, GEORGE2 and SCHAAL, BARBARA3

Claytonia ozarkensis (Montiaceae): genetic variation in a rare Spring Beauty endemic to the Ozarks and its relatives

Ina2006taxonomicmonographofthegenusClay-tonia, J.M. Miller and K.L. Chambers recognized

a wide-leaved Claytonia located only in the OzarkHighlandsofArkansas,MissouriandOklahoma.Theyremarked that C. ozarkensis, known from only ninelocalities, isdeservingofprotectionundertheEndan-geredSpeciesAct.Theseplantshadbeenpreviouslyde-terminedasC. caroliniana,aspeciesotherwiseabsentinthesestates.MillerandChambersdescribedthenewspecies,C. ozarkensis,inthismonographandprovidedtwo key morphological characters distinguishing itfrom themore common, eastern, species: petal colorandbractnumber.A thirdspecies,C. virginica,hasabroadrangethat includes thedistributionsofbothC. caroliniana and C. ozarkensis, but is narrow-leavedand otherwise morphologically dissimilar. Fieldworkrevealed a notable ecological difference between C. ozarkensisandC. caroliniana.WhereasC. caroliniana is ground-dwelling, C. ozarkensis inhabits cliffs. Re-centfieldexpeditionshavebeenunabletolocateextantpopulationsinOklahomaorMissouri.Forthisstudy,C. ozarkensiswasobtainedfromthreelocalitiesinArkan-sas.Weanalyzedvariationat threeneutrally evolvinglocitoassesslevelsofgeneticdiversitywithinthesepop-ulations.WecomparedthesesequencestothoseofC. carolinianaandC. virginicafromtheeasternandMid-westernUnitedStatestodeterminewhetherArkansashasoneortwospeciesofwide-leavedClaytonia,andtocomparepopulation-levelgeneticdiversityamongthesethree groups. If the data support three separate taxa,Claytonia ozarkensis is a rareendemic speciesknownonly from three extantmetapopulations inArkansas,andaspeciesofconservationconcern.1WashingtonUniversity,Biology,1BrookingsDrive,CampusBox1137,St.Louis,MO,63130,USA2MissouriBotanicalGarden,POBox299,St.Louis,MO,63166-0299,USA3WashingtonUniversity,DepartmentOfBiology,CAMPUSBOX1137,1BrookingsDrive,St.Louis,MO,63130-4899,USA

629 JOLLS, CLAUDIA L.*1, MARIK, JULIE1, BELL, TIMOTHY S.2, HAVENS, KAYRI3, FANT, JEREMIE3, VITT, PATI3, MCEACHERN, A. KATHRYN4, PAVLOVIC, NOEL B.5 and BOWLES, MARLIN L.6

Persistence vs. extirpation of Cirsium pitcher, Pitcher's thistle, a rare sand dune endemic of the upper Great Lakes

Cirsium pitcheri, Pitcher’s thistle, is a threatenedmonocarp of dunes and shorelines of the Great

Lakes.Since2005,wehavecollaboratedtobringtogeth-erdemographicdataonmorethan12,700plantsat27sites,spanningtwoyearstomorethantwodecades.Ourgoalistobetterunderstandhowfactorscontributingtolocaldemographyandgeneticcompositioninteracttoinfluencepersistenceat thepopulation-andregional-levels.Detailed demographicmonitoring showsmostnatural populations are below replacement, includingfor9ofthe11yearsatonenorthernMIsite(stochasticlambda0.9101+0.0017).Weusedtheselong-termdatatoconstructtransitionmatricesandmodelpopulationviability in the face of demographic stochasticity, in-breedingandcatastrophes.Theinclusionofinbreedinghadthegreatesteffectonprojectedpopulationsize,notsurprisinggiveninbreedingreducesfecundityto~25%ofoutcrossedplants.Ourexperimental andempiricalwork demonstrates that size, microsite (light, litter),wateravailabilityandinvasiveplants(e.g.,baby’sbreath,Gypsophila paniculata)andinsects(biocontrolweevil,Rhinocyllus conicus) canaffect survival and fecundity.Howtheseplantresponsesscale-uptopopulation-levelimpacts,i.e.,weather,droughtandevenclimatechange,islessclear.Wedecomposedelasticitymatricestoevalu-ateplantgrowth,stasis(persistence)andfecundityonpopulation growth.Cirsium pitcheri populationsmaybeas sensitive to the successofvegetative individualsastoseedlingrecruitment.Still,themosteffectiveman-agement option for increasing population persistenceand viability of Pitcher’s thistle is enhanced seedlingrecruitment. Although populations at the southernendoftherangehavebeenextirpatedandextantonesmaybeindecline,restorationsappearhighlysuccessfulintheshortterm.Givenitsdependenceonlong-term(historicHoloceneeventsthatformedtheGreatLakesshorelines)aswellasshort-termdynamicsoflake-level,Cirsium pitcheri maybea"flash-in-the-pan"Pleistocenerelict bound for extinction in a major portion of itsrange,exacerbatedbyanthropogenicchange.1EastCarolinaUniversity,DepartmentOfBiology,HowellScienceComplexMailStop551,Greenville,NC,27858-4353,USA2ChicagoState University, DepartmentOf Biological Sciences, 9501 SouthKingDrive,Chicago,IL,60628-1598,USA3ChicagoBotanicGar-den,CONSSCIDEPT,1000LakeCookRoad,Glencoe,IL,60022,USA4USGeologicalSurvey,WesternEcologicalResearchCenter,Channell IslandsFieldStation,1901SpinnakerDr.,Venture,CA,93001, USA5US Geological Survey Great Lakes Science Center,WesternBasinEcosystemsBranch,PublicLandsEcologySection,LakeMichiganEcologicalResearch Station, 1100NorthMineralSpringsRoad,Porter,IN,46304,USA6MortonArboretum,ResearchDepartment,Rt.53,Lisle,IL,60532,USA

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630 VEDIYA, DR. SANJAY D.

Study of Plant Diversity in Jamgadh area of Meghraj Range Forest District Sabarkantha, North Gujarat, India

Biodiversity conservation ismajor problem of theday. We are trying to establishment of natural

habitateforplant.MeghrajforestisthepartofArravaliMountainssoitisuniqueexamplefromfloristicpointofview.Inpresentstudyatotalof186speciesbelong-ing to 84 families have been recorded fromMeghrajrange forest in particular zone Jamgadh of districtSabarkantha, North Gujarat, during December 2009.Theinvestigationalsorevealstheecologicalbalanceisbeingupsetduetorapidriseofhumanpopulationandtheirincreaseddemandformoreutilizationofnaturalresources.

SirP.T.ScienceCollege,P.G.CentreinBotany,BiologyDepartment,CollegeCampus,Modasa,Gujarat,383315,INDIA

631 VASUT, RADIM* and SOCHOR, MICHAL

Are the populations of Salix daphnoidesin the Western Carpathians (Czech Republic)natural?

Salix daphnoides Vill. is distributed from southernEurope to Scandinavia. Its natural distribution in

Central Europe is confined to mountain regions ofthe Alps and the Carpathians. The Carpathian Mts.extendstotheCzechRepubliconlyinitseasternmostpart(BeskydyMts.)andthespeciesisnaturallyoccur-ringonlyinthispartofthecountry.Fromtheecologicalpointofview,wecandivideCarpathianpopulationsofS.daphnoidesintothreegroups: i)occurringonrivergravelbanks; ii)WetCirsiummeadows;and iii)Ash-alderalluvialforests.PopulationsfromthefirstbiotypeareecologicallysimilartothoseonesfromtheAlpsandHighCarpathians,theyarerichinnumberofindividu-als and they are age-structured.Whereas populationsfromthesecondandthirdbiotopearespatiallylimitedandagestructureisnotwelldifferentiatedeveninlargerpopulations. We therefore hypothesize that at leastsomepopulationoftheWesternCarpathians(BeskydyMts.)arenotnatural,butof(older)humanorigin.Salix daphnoidesservesasahoney-bearingtree.Wethereforeaddress the question whether or not populations onbiotopesii)andiii)mightrepresentspontaneouslyandclonally reproducing willows for past hundred years.To test this hypothesis, we study population dynam-ics,modeofreproductionandgeneticdiversityoftheseCzechpopulations.Wecharacterizepopulationsinthefield(agestructure,vegetation,spatialstructureofpopu-lations)andconsequentlyanalyzetheirgeneticdiversity

usingmicrosatellites(SSR,simplesequencerepeats).Sofar,wefoundthatpopulationsfrombiotopei)aregenet-icallydiverted,howeverpopulationhavesignificanthet-erozygotedeficit.Population fromthebiotope ii)andiii)areconfirmedtobeformedbyoneortwogenotypesonlysuggestingtheiranthropogenicorigin.

Palacky University Olomouc, Faculty of Science, Department ofBotany,Slechtitelu11,Olomouc,CZ,78371

632 ABDULHASAN, NABEEL

The Restoration of Mesopotamian Marshlands in Southern Iraq- Botanical Perspective

Historically, theMesopotamianmarshlands cov-ered approximately 20,000km2, extended over

three provinces of southern Iraq, and presented inthree major marshes, (Hawaiza, Hammar, and Cen-tralMarshes).ThemassdesiccationofMesopotamianmarshlandsduringthe1990s,resultedinthedisappear-anceofmanyaquaticandsemiaquaticplants.There-floodingof2003broughtexceptional, significant, andrapidenvironmentalrestorationinjustashorttime.By2007,maximumrestorationofthemarshlandswasat-tained,with58%oftheoriginalfloodedarearestored.Regardingplantcover,morethan50specieswereob-served during field surveys between 2003 and 2010;totaling 50% restoration of aquatic plants historicallyrecordedinthemarshlands.In2005,Utricularia austra-lisandNymphoides indica werelistedasnon-restoredplants,butafter2006 theywereobserved for thefirsttimeintheHawaizaandCentralMarshesrespectively.There was one invasive species Hydrilla verticillata,which was recorded in all the restoredmarshes.The"Iraqi Marshlands Habitat Classification System" hasbeen developed to inventory vegetation types of thehabitatsinthesemarshlandsandtodevelopamethod-ologyforapplicationelsewhereinIraq.Climatechange,increaseofupstreamagriculturalactivities,urbandevel-opment anddambuilding continue to threaten theseimportantwetlandswithrepeatdrought.Someactions,suchasmodifyingthewaterregimeandbuildingregu-latorsattheoutletsofthesemarshlands,weremadebyIraq’sgovernmentaspartoftheconservationactivities.

NatureIraq,NatureIraq,Sulimaniya,NA,Iraq

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633 MOODY, MICHAEL

Deep divergence within a rare species complex (Myriophyllum petraeum) of geographically disjunct granite "islands" in the arid landscape of the Biodiversity Hotspot of southwest Australia

TheinternationalbiodiversityhotspotofsouthwestAustraliahasanancientlandscape,abovesealevel

anddevoidofglaciationsforover200millionyears.Theregionhasalsolackedmajorgeologicaleventssuchasvolcanismandmountainuplifting.Thishasledtodis-tinctivepatternsofevolutionatthelandscapescalewithaveryhighrateoflocalendemismandraritywithoftengeographically disjunct species distribution patterns.Whiletheregionhasseenmajoradvancesoverthepastdecadeintaxonomicdiscoveryanddescription,anesti-matedrelativelyhighproportionofthefloraisyettobeformallydescribed(>15%oftheWAflora)andspecieslevelphylogeographicstudiesarestillrare.Myriophyl-lum petraeum is a speciesof conservationconcern insouthwestWAwith its 20knownpopulationdistrib-utedovera300km2regionoverlappingfiverecognizedbio-regions.Populationsarefoundinsmallephemeralpools(<10m2)ongraniteoutcropsscatteredacrosstheregionwellknownfortheirparticularlyuniquefloras,actingasislandsinanoftenaridlandscape.ThelevelofgeographicisolationofM. petraeumpopulationswouldpredictapotentialforlowgeneflowatanancienttimescale,asonsetofariditydates>4m.a.SpecieslevelDNAsequencemarkers(nrDNAITSandcpDNAtrnL-rpl32)wereutilized todetermine level ofdivergence amongpopulationswithinthiscomplex.Deepdivergencewasfoundatageographicscaleamongpopulationwith9unique ITS genotypes and 10 unique cpDNAhaplo-types recognized from 12 sampled populations. Thelevelofsequencediversityamongpopulationsiscom-parabletothatfoundamongmanywelldefinedmor-phologicalspeciespairsinthegenus.Nodaldivergenceamongpopulationsisestimatedashighas1.8m.a.,nearthebeginningofthePleistocene.

UniversityofWesternAustralia,PlantBiology,35StirlingHighway,Crawley,WA,6009,Australia

634 MILLER, CHRISTOPHER

Population Dynamics and Restoration of Mauritia flexuosa palm swamps (aguajales) in the Peruvian Amazon

Mauritia flexuosa(aguaje)isadioeciouspalmspe-ciesfoundthroughoutintheAmazonBasinand

can form dense mono-dominant stands in wetlands(aguajales).Thisspeciesiswidelyharvestedforitseco-nomically important fruits in the Peruvian Amazon,whicharewidelyeatenbymanyforestmammalsand

birds.Inrecentdecadesthewidespreaddestructivehar-vestingofaguajehasresultedinlittleornoregenerationof theaguajal ecosystem.TheabsenceofMauritia inthesewetlandshasresultedinanapparentAlleeeffect;in turn, thiscausesawidespreadchange inecologicalsuccession.ThisstudyexaminesrecenteffortstorestoretheseaguajalesalongtheTahuayoRiverinLoretoProv-ince,Peruandastudyonthepopulationdynamicsofthisspecies.

SaintLeoUniversity,Science,P.O.Box6665MC2127,SaintLeo,FL,33576,USA

635 MCKINNEY, HELEN K.*1, HUISH , RYAN DAVID1 and MATEBOTO, JOSEYA2

Broadening implications of ethnoecology and conservation: How human influence over the past millennia may have saved a rare tree species in the South Pacific

Community-mediated management strategies forindigenousresources,employedbyvariouscom-

munities, have shown success on local levels despiteoverall trends of resource decline. While the historyof sandalwood trade in the South Pacific is rife withoverexploitation,ancientculturalpracticesandmod-ernmanagement techniques fornativeSantalum yasi byFijianandTongancommunitiesmayhaveactuallyenabledS. yasi’ssurvivaldespitethecontinuingthreatofoverharvestingandhabitatdestruction.RemainingwildS. yasi standslackgeneticinsularitytypicalofislandpopulations, suggesting significant migratory events,suchasthepre-historicmovementofseedsandseed-lingsacrossandbetweenTongaandFijiviatrade,andmarriagepracticesasdocumentedbyearlyexplorerstotheseregions.Furthermore,currentstrategiesemployedbyaFijianvillageinthemanagementofS. yasirevealfoundationalprinciplesthatcanguidethedevelopmentofeffectivemanagementofotherendangeredeconomicresourcesandcurtailcommonproblemsofimplemen-tation. Existing local leadership within the commu-nityoverseecaretakingresponsibilities,ensurecontractguidelines are followed, and see that compensationis appropriately earmarked towards village improve-ments and community benefits. The inclusion of allcommunitymembers,inthebenefitsandresponsibili-tiesofresourcetenureandstewardship,enablesbetterpreventionofpoaching,andfiscalcommunityinterests.Furtherresearchandapplicationof these,andsimilarpracticesinotherareas,mayhelpresolvecurrentman-agementchallengestothepreservationofculturallyandeconomicallyvaluablespeciesaroundtheworld.1HollinsUniversity,Biology, 7916WilliamsonRd.,Roanoke,VA,24020,USA2FijiForestryDepartment,KadavuIsland,Fiji

Conservation Biology

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636 JENSEN, HELEN*1, DREISEITL, ANTONIN2, SADIKI, MOHAMMED3 and SCHOEN, DANIEL J.1

The evolution of pathogen resistance in traditional varieties of barley (Hordeum vulgare) conserved on-farm versus in seed bank collections.

Traditional varieties of crop plants are often con-servedinseedbanks(ex situconservation).Itmay,

however,bepreferabletoconservethemintheirnativeenvironment(in situ conservation),toensurecontinuedadaptationtoevolvingpathogenvirulence.Wetestedifcollectionsofatraditionalvarietyofbarley(Hordeum vulgare ssp. vulgare) collected in Morocco and con-servedex situ for23years showadeclineinresistancetoanendemicfungalfoliarpathogen,Blumeria graminis f.sp.hordei(Bgh),comparedwithin situ collectionsthathave been continuously cultivated in the region.WemeasuredthequalitativeandquantitativeresistancetoBghofthesecollectionsusingdetachedleafassaysandfieldtrials.Ex situcollectionsdidnotshowasignificantdeclineinqualitativeresistancetoeightspecificisolatesofpowderymildew,comparedtoin situ collections.Infieldtrials,however,whereplantswereexposedtonatu-rally occurring powdery mildew inocula, there werebothincreasesanddecreasesinquantitativeresistanceinex situ versusin situ collections.Overall,inthisstudysystem, in situ conservation resulted inbothadaptiveandmaladaptivechangesinthequantitativeresistanceof the crop germplasm, depending on the collectiontested.Thischallengestheassumptionthatin situcon-servation consistently results in improved adaptationto pathogen virulence and suggests a more complexscenario, consistent with examples of plant-pathogenco-evolutioninwildsystems.Wediscussthesefindingswith regards to resistance evolution and crop germ-plasmconservation.1McGillUniversity,DepartmentofBiology,1205Dr.PenfieldAv-enue,Montreal,QC,H3A1B1,Canada2AgriculturalResearchIn-stituteKromeriz,DepartmentofPlantProtection,2787Havlickova,Kromeriz,76701,CzechRepublic3InstitutAgronomiqueetVétéri-naireHassan II,Départementd’Agronomieetd’AméliorationdesPlantes,B.P.6202Rabat-Instituts,Rabat,Morocco

637 DIAZGRANADOS, MAURICIO, WAHIDI, LILA, VINZON, PAOLO and BARBER, JANET*

Predicting impacts of climate change on future distributions of Macaronesian Sideritis

Macaronesian Sideritis L. comprises an endemicclade of 23 species of suffrutescent to woody

perennials. The species are restricted to the Atlanticarchipelagoesof theCanary IslandsandMadeiraandrepresent one of the most spectacular Macaronesianplantradiations.TheinsularSideritisclade–indeedtheentirenativeMacaronesianflora–survivesinaprecari-ousstate,threatenedbylandusepracticesandclimatechange.Onlyfourspeciesarefoundonmorethanoneisland and populations in general are small and nar-rowly restricted to specific ecological zones. Severalspeciesareconsidered threatenedorendangered.Thegoalofthisprojectistogenerateworkinghypothesestopredicthowtheseplantswillrespondtoclimatechange.WedatabasedallherbariumcollectionsofSideritisfromnineherbariaandfrompublishedliterature,atotalof222collections;ofthese,208aregeoreferenced.Model-ingwasperformedwithMaxent3.3.3aandArcMap10,usinglayersofclimate(19bioclimlayers)andelevationwith a resolutionof 30 arc-seconds available throughtheWorldclim database(www.worldclim.org). Predic-tionswere inferred using thirty different scenarios ofclimatechangefortheyears2020-2080andemployingdifferentmodels (CCCMA-CGCM3.1,CSIRO-MK30,IPSL-CM4,MPI-ECHAM5, UKMO-HADCM3,NCAR-CCSM30)fortwoemissionscenarios(A1ban-dB2a).Outcomesvarydependingonindividualspecies,yearsandscenarios.Ingeneral,mostscenariospredictadecreaseindistributionareaformostspecies,with1-8speciespredictedtobecomeextinctby2080.Unexpect-edly,somemodelspredictanincreaseinthedistribu-tionareafor2-7species,coupledwithadisplacementorconcentrationofsuitableareas.Onecaveattothesepre-dictionsisthatthemodelsdonotincorporateimpactsoflandusepractices.Overall,ourresultssuggestanactive,ongoingdynamicforspeciesofMacaronesianSideritis.Theseresultsprovideanunprecedentedopportunitytotestbiogeographicprocessesandresponses toclimatechangeandshouldleadtoabetterunderstandingofthespecificvariablescontributingtospeciesdistributionsinthisdiverseandthreatenedclade.

SaintLouisUniversity,DepartmentOfBiology,3507LacledeAv-enue,St.Louis,MO,63103,USA

251

638 SAAR, DAYLE

Red and White Mulberries (Morus rubra and M. alba: Moraceae) and Their Interspecific Hybrids: the "Real" Red Mulberry is not as Previously Thought

Morus rubra(RedMulberry)istheonlymulberrynativetoeasternNorthAmerica;onlytwospecies

arenativetothiscontinent.M. alba(WhiteMulberry)isnaturalizedfromAsiaandiswidespreadthroughouttheUnitedStates,asaresultofescapesfromcultivation,bothasastreetplantingandfromunsuccessfulattemptstoestablishasilkindustryinthiscountry(leavesusedtofeedlarvaeofthesilkworm, Bombyx mori).Bothspeciesproduceleavesofsimilarsizeandshape,andfruitsareoftenthesamecolor.Forwelloveracentury,plantkeysandotherliteraturehavedistinguishedthetwospeciesbasedalmostexclusivelyontheabundance(orlackof)and location leaf pubescence.The two species readilyhybridize,andthefairlycommontraitofintermediatepubescencehasbeenthepresumedresult.Resultsofthisstudy with DNA-identified individuals demonstratethatleafpubescenceisnotareliablecharacterforfieldidentificationofthesetwospecies.Further,hybridsarequitecommonandareoftencrypticwhen judgedonpubescence.M. albaandinterspecifichybridshavebeenlocatedinrelativelyundisturbedhabitats,misidentifiedby current morphological criteria, but confirmed bymoleculardata.M. albaappearstobemorecold-hardy,andthistraithasbeenimpartedonthehybrids.Basedonourpreliminarydata,presentmapsshowaninflatedgeographicrangeforM. rubra, includingstateswherethe"true"M. rubraprobablydoesnotexist.Inatleastoneofthesestates,itappearsthatindividualsofM. alba,misidentifiedasM. rubra,havebeendeclared"threat-ened"inthatstate.Currently,DNAidentificationsarebeingcomparedwithtreesinanefforttodiscovermorereliablemorphologicalcharactersforfieldidentification.Leafveinpatternsappeartobemuchmorereliablethanpubescence,andmoretestingisunderwaytoconfirmthis.Reliable identificationsbasedonmorphologyareimperativeforfieldbotanistsandconservationperson-nel,particularlywhereM. rubraisanimperiledspecies.

MurrayStateUniversity,DepartmentofBiologicalSciences,BiologyBuilding1112D,Murray,KY,42071,USA

639 VANDERWEIDE, BENJAMIN*, SANDERCOCK, BRETT and FERGUSON, CAROLYN

Mark-recapture analysis of herbarium data from the northern Flint Hills of Kansas, USA

Data from herbarium specimens are frequentlyused to track changes in flora, including range

shifts,extinctions,andspeciesintroductions.However,thedetectionprobabilityofaplantspeciesinafloraisoften less than one and is not constant across space,time,ortaxa.Asaresult,studiesofregionalspeciesrich-nessmayreportpatternswheretherearenoneormisspatternsthatexist.Furthermore,thenumberofspeciesinregionalfloramayoftenbegrosslyunderestimated.Capture-mark-recapture(CMR)toolsarewidelyusedto account for such problems in the study of demo-graphicpatterns inplantandanimalpopulationsandcommunities,andmaybeusefulfortheanalysisofher-bariumdata.Weobtaineddatarepresentingherbariumspecimens collected between 1892-2005 from sevencounties of the northern Flint Hills of Kansas, USA,fromtheKansasStateUniversityHerbarium(KSC)andtheUniversity ofKansasR. L.McGregorHerbarium(KANU) inOctober 2010. Robust designmodel wasused toperform the initial analysis.Thismodel com-binesopenandclosedpopulationmodelingtoestimatepopulationsize(thenumberofspeciesintheflora),ap-parentsurvival(phi),andthedetectionprobability(p),amongotherparameters.Fourperiodsofpeakcollec-tionwereusedastheprimarysamplingoccasions:thefirst from1892-1897, thesecondfrom1924-1929, thethirdfrom1972-1977,andthefourthfrom2000-2005.The initial analysis indicates that many parameters,including estimates of species richness and detectionprobability,aredependentoncollectingeffort.Further-more,comparedtoanalysisoftherawdata,therobustdesignanalysisindicatedasignificantlinearincreaseinintroduced species richness in the regional flora overtime.Despitelimitationsofherbariumdata,theseinitialanalysessuggestthatcapture-mark-recapturemethodsmaybeusedtoaccountfortheseproblems,providingbetterestimatesofchangesinregionalfloraoverspaceandtimeandvaluableinsightsintocollectionpatterns.

KansasStateUniversity,DivisionofBiology,AckertHall,Manhattan,KS,66506,USA

Conservation Biology

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640 FRANCES, ANNE*1, CORDEIRO, JAY2, KABAY, EDWARD3, OLIVER, LEAH1, YOUNG, SUZANNE1 and YOUNG, BRUCE1

Assessing Chihuahuan Desert Cacti for Vulnerability to Climate Change

We assessed 28 Chihuahuan Desert cactus spe-cies for their vulnerability to climate change

using the Climate Change Vulnerability Index.Mostcactusspecieswerevulnerabletoclimatechange:43%weremoderately vulnerable, 21%werehighlyvulner-able, and4%were extremely vulnerable.Noneof thecactus speciesassessedwaspredicted to increasewithclimatechange,although4%ofspecieswerepredictedtobestable.Fivepercentofspeciescouldnotbeevalu-atedduetoinsufficientevidence.TheIndexassessesaspecies’ exposureandsensitivity toclimatechangebyevaluatingseveralfactors,whicharethencombinedtodetermine a categorical vulnerability score. Exposuretotemperatureandmoisture(bothhistoricalandpre-dicted)werequantifiedwithinthecactusspecies’U.S.rangesusingGISanalysis.Toassessaspecies’sensitivitytoclimatechange,weevaluatedseveralnaturalandlifehistorycharacteristics.Forthecactusspeciesthatwerevulnerabletoclimatechange,nosinglefactorfullyex-plainedtheincreasedvulnerability.However,keyvul-nerability factors included the potential disruption ofinterspecific interactions, limited hydrological niches,and likely impacts from mitigation-related land usechangesinresponsetoclimatechange.Manyofthecac-tusspeciesassesseddependonotherspeciesforpollina-tion,togeneratehabit(nurseplants),andforprotectionfromherbivory (ants).Changes in climatemay resultinasynchronousphenological changesor range shiftsbetweencacti andother speciesuponwhich thecactidepend, likely increasing vulnerability. Several cactusspeciesassessedarerestrictedtodesertregionsandde-pendonsummerrainfallforgrowthandreproduction.Predicted changes in seasonal precipitation patternscoupled with increased drying resulted in increasedvulnerabilityforthesespecies.Speciesraritywasnotaconsistentpredictorofvulnerability.Theresultofinsuf-ficientevidenceforsomespecieshighlightstheneedforcontinuedresearchontheirbasicbiology,geneticdiver-sity, andmeasured phenological responses to climatechange.TheresultsofthisstudycanbeusedtobetterinformmanagementplansandconservationactivitiesintheChihuahuaDesertregion.1NatureServe,1101WilsonBlvd.,15thFloor,Arlington,VA,22209,USA2NatureServe, c/o University of Massachusetts Boston Biol-ogyDepartment, 100Morrissey Boulevard, Boston,MA, 02125,USA3UniversityofMaryland,CollegePark,ConservationBiology,0105ColeFieldHouse,CollegePark,MD,20742,USA

POSTERS

641 ORTIZ , VIVIAN NEGRON

Reproductive ecology and conservation of a federally threatened Florida Panhandle species, Euphorbia telephioides Chapman (Euphorbiaceae).

Conservationofimperiledplantspeciesrequiresanunderstandingofdemography and reproductive

biology, including breeding system and seed ecology.Euphorbia telephioides Chapman (telephus spurge) isa federally threatened herbaceous species primar-ilyendemictoxericandmesicpineflatwoodsinthreecounties of northwest Florida. Plants are long-livedandindividualsflowerandfruitprofusely,butseedlingrecruitment is rare or absent.As part of a long-termstudy to understand the conservation requirementsof E. telephioides, I am investigating the growth andreproductivebiology. In2010Iestablishedstudysitesthroughout this species' range and monitored plantgrowth (number and length of stems) and reproduc-tion(inflorescence length,gender, fruitandseedpro-duction)monthly.PlantemergencetypicallyoccursinApril,butwasdramaticallydelayedfortwomonthsduetocoldweatherin2010.IndividualsintheBayandGulfCountypopulationsaveraged1.3stemswhereasFrank-linCounty population plants averaged 2.3 stems.OnaveragetheGulfCountyplantshadlargerstemsthanplants in the other populations,withmore vegetativegrowth early in the season. Euphorbia telephioides isdiclinouswithseparatestaminateandpistillateflowerseitheronthesameplantorondifferentplants.Popu-lationsaveragedmorereproductiveplantsthansterile(mean74% reproductive),withmore females (mean40%)thanmales(mean28%);onlyoneplantwasfoundwithbothmaleandfemaleflowers.Stemheightdifferedsignificantly among the sexes,with females averaging15.7cm,males13.9cm,andsteriles11.7cm(F=3.9,p<0.02).Onaverage,fruitandseedproductionperfe-malewerehigherfortheFranklinpopulation(means=3.2fruits,9seeds)thanfortheBay(2.7,8.2)andGulf(2.3,6.8)populations.Plantsarepermanentlymarked,enablingmeto investigategrowthandgenderchangerelationshipsacrossyears.Germinationstudies,whichwillbeinitiatedinspring2011,andconservationimpli-cations,willbediscussed.

U.S.FishandWildlifeService,1601BalboaAvenue,PanamaCity,FL,32405,USA

253

642 SCHWABE, ANNA*1, NEALE, JENNIFER2 and MCGLAUGHLIN, MITCHELL E1

Analysis of nuclear DNA from S. glaucus and S. parviflorus to determine the level of directionality and hybridization between these two species

Sclerocactus glaucus (Cactaceae),theColoradoHook-lesscactus isanendangeredplantspeciesendemic

toColorado.PresentlythereisconcernthatS. glaucusishybridizingwiththecloselyrelatedandmorecom-monS. parviflorus. If there is extensive hybridizationbetweenthesetwospeciesitispossiblethatS. glaucuswill effectively become extinct. Sclercactus glaucus isfound in western Colorado and historic estimationsplacethenumbersofindividualsatabout10,000.Cur-rentestimatesofindividualspredictmuchlowernum-bersasmanyofthesiteshavenotbeenvisitedforovertenyears.ThepurposeofthisprojectistoexaminethegeneticstructurewithinandamongSclerocactuspopu-lationstoexploretheextentofgeneflowfromS. parvi-florus potentiallythreateningthecontinuedexistenceofS. glaucus.CollaboratorsattheDenverBotanicGardenhavecollectedfloraltissuefromabout800individualsfromboth species in 35distinct populations.Thege-neticdatacollectedfromnuclearmicrosatellitemarkersintheseindividualswillbeusedtodeterminethelevelofdiversitybetweenandamongS. glaucus populationsaswellasthelevelofhybridizationbetweenS. glaucus and S. parviflorus.TheDNAanalysiswillincludedevelop-mentofamicrosatellitelibrarythatwillbeusedtode-velop15lociforgenotypingindividuals.Additionally,thegeneticdatawillbeusedtoassessthepossibilitythatS. glaucus and S. parviflorusareconvergingtoformonespeciesoriftherearetwodistinctandseparatespecies.ItisourexpectationthatthesetwospeciesarehybridizinginmanyareasbuttheremaystillbesomepopulationsofS. glaucus whichareisolatedandarenothybridizingwithS. parviflorus.IftherearepristinepopulationsofS. glaucus theycanbeidentifiedandmanagedsothisrareColoradonativecactuscanbepreserved.1University ofNorthernColorado, Biology, 501 20th St, Box 92,Greeley,CO,80639,USA2DenverBotanicGardens,UniversityOfColoradoMuseum,909YorkStreet,Denver,CO,80206,USA

643 CRANDALL, RAELENE*1 and MASTERS, RONALD2

Effects of timber and fire management on the understory plant community in a mixed-pine hardwood forest

Low intensity fires were historically recurrent inmixed-pinehardwoodhabitatsinNorthAmerica.

Intheabsenceoffire,opensavannasandprairieswereconvertedtoclosed-canopyforestswithlowunderstoryplant diversity. The Pushmataha Forest Habitat Re-searchAreawasestablishedintheOuachitaMountainsofOklahomatotestanarrayofforestmanagementandprescribedfireregimesforlarge-scaleapplicationinres-torationoffire-suppressedhabitats.This study exam-inedtheeffectivenessoftheserestorationefforts17and18yearspost-treatmentbymeasuringunderstoryplantcommunity composition and species richness. Eighttreatments were replicated three times in a random-izedblockdesignandsampledusing0.1haplots.Thetreatmentswere:(1)control;(2)four-yearinterval,latedormantseason,rough-reductionburn;(3)harvestpineonlyandannualburn;and(4)fiveharvestpineandthinhardwood treatments with no burn, or four-, three-,two-,orone-yearburnintervals.Regardlessoftimberharvesting,burnedandunburnedtreatmentsdifferedinspeciescompositionandrichness.Timbermanagementalonehadnoeffectonunderstoryspeciescompositionor richness as compared to controls. Species richnesswassignificantlyhigherinburnedthanunburnedtreat-ments. One- and two-year burn intervals preventedtheestablishmentofwoodyspeciesinthecanopyandresulted in prairie habitat. Three-year burn intervalscreatedsavannahabitatwithpatchyandclumpedestab-lishmentofwoodyspecies.Inthefour-yearburninter-vals,openwoodlandsappeartobeformingatahigherdensity.Weconclude that restorationof species rich-nessinfire-suppressed,mixed-pinehardwoodforestsispossiblewithprescribedfirealoneafterextendedperi-odsoftime.However,restorationofstructureandfunc-tionintheshorttermforspeciesofspecialconcern(i.e.,woodland-grassland obligate songbirds) will requirealterationofstandstructurethroughthinningtoopenthecanopyandrestorethesehabitatstotheirhistoricalstate.Althoughathree-yearburnintervalappearstobeathreshold,shiftingcommunitystructurefromherba-ceoustowoodydominated,werecommendavariablefrequentfireregime.1WashingtonUniversity -St.Louis,DepartmentOfBiologyAndTysonResearchCenter,Box1137,St.Louis,MO,63130,USA2Okla-homaStateUniversity,DepartmentofNaturalResourceEcologyandManagement,Stillwater,OK,74078,USA

Conservation Biology

254

644 PALMER, COREY*1, RICHARDSON, SARAH C.1, MIDDLETON, ELIZABETH2, BEVER, JAMES3, SCHULTZ, PEGGY A.4 and YERMAKOV, ZHANNA5

Investigating the outward spread of benefit from vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi of varying origins into an urban prairie restoration

Background: Previous research highlights the im-portanceof integrating soil ecological knowledge

intorestorationpractices.ThereisevidencethatVesic-ular-arbuscularmycorrhizal(AM)fungibenefitcertainplantspecies inprairierestorations,andmayincreasethe rate of succession from plants of predominantlylowconservationvaluestothoseofhigherconservationvalues.CurrentresearchisaddressingtheeffectsofAMfungionanurbanprairie installationalongChicago’ssouthernLakeShoreDrive.Thisstudyaimstoquantifythemaximumdistanceuninoculatedplantscanreceivebenefitfromplantsinoculatedwitheithercommercialor native fungi. Methods: Four prairie plant specieswereusedasnurseplants,andinoculatedwithamixofeithercommerciallyproducedfungiofunknowneco-typeorfungispeciesnativetoChicagoregionprairies.The inoculated nurse plants were transplanted downthecenterlineof27studyplots.UninoculatedseedlingsofSporobolus heterolepus,agrassshowntobenefitfrommycorrhizalsymbiosis,weretransplantedintotheplotsat0.5,1.0,and1.5metersfromthenurseplants.GrowthofS. heterolepiswasconsideredanindirectmeasurefortheoutwardspreadoffungifromthenurse.Results:S. heterolepisgrowninplotswithnativefunginursesgrewbestatthe0.5and1meterdistances.Testplantsassoci-atedwithcommercialfunginursesdidnotgroworsur-viveaswellasthosewithnativefunginurseplants.Im-plications:ResultssuggestthatprairieplantscanaccessAMfungalbenefituptoonemeterawayfromaninocu-lationpointinthefirstgrowingseason.Responsewasstrongestwithnativeprairiefungi,suggestingtherearebenefitstoprairieplantgrowthandsurvivalwhenusingcoevolvedfungiinsteadoffungifromanunknowneco-system.InvestigationwillquantifyfurtherspreadofAMfungalbenefitthroughoutthesecondgrowingseason.Future studymay seek direct evidence ofAM fungalspread,andexploreothersourcesofbenefitassociatedwiththefungithatmayprecedeactualcolonization.1DePaulUniversity,EnvironmentalScience,2325N.CliftonAve,#1F,Chicago, IL,60614,UnitedStates2IndianaUniversity,1001EThird Street, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA3Indiana University,DepartmentOfBiology,JordanHall,1001EastThirdStreet,Bloom-ington,IN,47405,USA4IndianaUniversity,DepartmentofBiology,JordanHall,1001EastThirdStreet,Bloomington,IN,47405,USA-5ChicagoParkDistrict,541N.Fairbanks,Chicago,IL,60611,UnitedStates

645 KUTCHMAN, ROBERT R.*1, BROSI, SUNSHINE2 and HOWELL, JAMES1

The impact of artificial shade cloth and substrate on the establishment success of cultivated Actaea racemosa L. in western Maryland, USA

Blackcoshosh,Actaea racemosaL.,hasbeenpopu-larizedasanherbaltreatmentforsymptomsasso-

ciatedwithmenopause.Et situ conservationeffortsandcommercialcultivationareuncommonwiththisspeciestodate.Asdemandincreasesitisessentialtodetermineoptimal conditions for survival, growth, and produc-tionofactiveconstituents.Limitedinformationexists,however,oneffectivemethodsofcultivation(Fischeretal.2006).Previousstudieshaveshownincreasingacteinanddeoxyacteinconcentrationsunderincreasinglightusing78%artificial shade and forested areas (McCoyetal.2007).Questionsremainoftheidealshadeclothpercentage forproduction innon-forestedareas.Rhi-zomes from two sourceswere transplantedunder50,60,70,and80%artificialshade.Firstyearmortalityrateundershadeconditionswas35.3%.Thefull sunplotssuffered67%mortality.Thiscontrastsapreviousstudy,underirrigatedconditions,whichcorrelatedsuccessfulgrowthinfullsun(PersonsandDavis2005).Oneofthemainfactorsaffectingemergenceandsurvivalforthisstudy was initial rhizome weight. Rhizomes with aninitialweightoflessthan10gexperienced90%mortal-ity,whilerhizomesweighingabove50ghadover50%survival.Initialrhizomesizewassignificantlycorrelatedwithplantheight(r2=0.13,p=0.0446),butnotdiameter(r2=0.07, p=0.2653). Between artificial shade percent-ages therewere no significant differences in survival,height, or diameter (p >0.05). Future studies includeevaluatingthematerialforactiveconstituents.Thisre-searchwillaidinidentifyingfactorsforet situ conserva-tionandcultivationforthisimportantmedicinalherb.Fischer,J.,M.Berti,R.WilckensandA.DelPozo.2006.DevelopmentofvegetativepropagationforActaea race-mosaNutt.IndustrialCropsandProducts.24,244-252.McCoy, J., J.M.Davis,N.D.Camper, I. Khan, andA.Bharathi.2007.Influenceofrhizomepropagulesizeonyieldsandtriterpeneglycosideconcentrationsofblackcohosh.[Actaea racemosaL.synCimicifuga racemosa(L.) Nuttal].HortScience 42:61-64. Persons,W.S. andJ.M.Davis.2005.Growingandmarketingginseng,gold-enseal,&otherwood-landmedicinals.BrightMoun-tainBooks,Inc.,Fairview,N.C.466pp.1AlleganyCollegeofMaryland,Science,12401WillowbrookRoad,Cumberland,MD,21502,USA2FrostburgStateUniversity,Biology,101BraddockRoad,Frostburg,MD,21532,USA

255

646 ZANDER, RICHARD

Epistemological Extinction Threatens Rare and Endangered Taxa

Phylogeneticanalysis isproblematic,beingaxiom-atic, and long touted as a theory-free, discovery

process. The cladogram is considered a discoverablefundamentalpatterninnature,followingtherationaleofstructuralisminotherfields.Allnon-phylogeneticallyinformativeinformationis"mapped"orotherwiserel-egated to the cladogram by phylogeneticists. Becausethe axiomatic quasi-mathematical method deals onlywithsynchronic(present-day)relationships,themodelofonetaxonbeingderivedfromanothertaxonofthesameorlowertaxonomicrankiswronglynotconsid-ered,macroevolution being considered nonaxiomaticscientific theory thus mere narrative.Microevolution(descent with modification of traits) substitutes incladograms for macroevolution (descent with evolu-tion of taxa). Strict phylogenetic monophyly ensuresthatmacroevolution is nevermodeled in cladogramsthroughtaxonomicrecognitionofparaphyleticgroups.Theresultisthatsometaxathatareparaphyleticorapo-phyleticonmoleculartreesarethreatenedwith(1)com-pletelossoftheirscientificnames(underlexicalization),(2)downgradingofranktoforcethemintotaxonomi-cally and evolutionarily different ancestral or derivedgroups,or(3)burialamongaproliferationofmolecu-larlydistinguishable "cryptic" taxa (overlexicalization).Someofthesethreatenedtaxaarerareandendangeredandallareevolutionarilydistinctivebyexpressedtraits.Lossofnamesstymiesconservationeffortsbyhidingormasking important taxa,or eliminating thementirelyfromconsideration.Examplesaregiven.

MissouriBotanicalGarden,ScienceandConservation,POBox299,St.Louis,MO,63166,USA

647 SAVO, VALENTINA*1, CANEVA, GIULIA2 and GUARRERA, PAOLO MARIA3

Food for body and mind: the evolution of the idea related to traditional food in the Tolfa area (Central Italy)

InEurope, the fastchangingsocio-economiccondi-tions,especiallythelackoftimeandthedisconnec-

tionbetweenolderandyoungergenerations, threatenthepersistenceoftheremainedknowledgeaboutwildplants. In industrializedcountries there is a consider-ableriseinexpenditureforconveniencefood,butalsoarenewedinterestedforlocalortraditionalfood,sinceitisconsiderednaturalandhealthy.ThelandscapeoftheTolfaarea(centralItaly)ischaracterizedbyamosaicofpastures, cultivated land andwoodland.The areahasbeen inhabitedsince theendof theBronzeAge(9th-8th centuries B.C.).The aim of this study, developed

in awider research project, was to asses the amountofwildandcultivatedplantsusedfortraditional foodpreparationsandtodefinethepeopleideaorperceptionrelatedtothem.Atotalof45semi-structuredinterviewswere carried out in the research area between Spring2010andSpring2011.Dataonwildplants,traditionalfoodpreparationsandperceptionwerecollected.Wildspeciesusedtopreparetraditionaldishesareabout50:theyareconsumedraworcooked,especiallytopreparesoups(asforexampletheacquacotta)orassidedishes.Few species are used to prepare alcoholic beverages.Most species are still consumedby inhabitantsof theareaandthemainpartofusesisstillpresent,alittleper-centageofusesisdisappearingoralreadydisappeared.Someinformantsreportedthewidespreaduseoftradi-tionalfoodtoattracttouristsinnewfoodfestivals,wildplantsarenomorefaminefood,butusedasasortofbrandidea.Traditionalfoodisstillconsumedbylocalfamilies: generally during Feasts and celebrations butrarelyintheeverydaylife.Ontheotherhand,itisof-tenservedinlocalrestaurantsandduringfoodfestivals,whichhavebeenrecentlycreated,asatouristattraction.1University Roma Tre, Environmental Biology , Viale Marconi,446,Rome,RM,00146,Italy2UniversityRomaTre,EnvironmentalBiologyDept,VialeMarconi,446,Rome,RM,04014,Italy3IstitutoCentraleperlaDemoetnoantropologia,PiazzaG.Marconi8,Rome,RM,00144,Italy

648 BROECKER, LAUREN*1, ALBRECHT, MATTHEW2, ROMERO HERNANDEZ, CAROLINA3 and MILLER, ALLISON4

Conservation Genetics of Geocarpon minimum

Intraspecificgeneticvariationprovidesthefoundationforspeciestorespondtochangesintheenvironment,

andempiricalstudieshaveshownthatdecreasedlevelsof intraspecific genetic variation are correlated withgreaterextinctionrisk.Geocarpon minimum,anendan-geredplantspeciesnativetothecentralMidwest(Ar-kansas,Louisiana,Missouri,andTexas), islistedundertheEndangeredSpeciesAct.Astheonlyspeciesinthegenus,G. minimum isconsideredarelictspecies,onethatwasoncewidespreadinNorthAmericabutwhosedistributionhasbecomesmallerovertimeduetochang-ingclimateandhabitat.Inthisstudy,wecharacterizedtheamountandstructureofgeneticvariationin14G. minimum populationsusingamplifiedfragmentlengthpolymorphisms(aflps).Threeprimerpairsyielded237fragmentswhichwereusedtoestimategeneticvariationwithinandamongpopulations.Theresultingdatare-vealedthatG. minimumpopulationsharborlowlevelsofgeneticvariation.Thethreemostgeneticallydepau-peratepopulationswerecollectedonBonaGladeMO(MOBG),HalltownGladeMO(MOHG),andTrumanLakeMO(MOTL).Further,G. minimumpopulationsexhibited substantial population structure (GST-B =

Conservation Biology

256

0.43).ThesedatawillbeusedbytheUnitedStatesFishandWildlifeServicetorefineconservationstrategiesforG. minimum.1Saint LouisUniversity, Biology, 3507 LacledeAvenue, St. Louis,MO, 63103, USA2Missouri Botanical Garden, P.O. Box 299, St.Louis,MO,63166,USA3PhDStudent-SaintLouisUniversity,Biol-ogy,2118AClevelandPl.,SaintLouis,MO,63110,USA4SaintLouisUniversity,DepartmentOfBiology,3507LacledeAvenue,St.Louis,MO,63103,USA

Ecophysiology

ORAL PAPERS

649 CAUDLE, KERI* and MARICLE, BRIAN

Responses of respiration and photosynthesis to spilled oil in coastal wetland grasses

Thepresenceofpetroleumhydrocarboncanaffectplants in severalways, including toxicity to cells,

disruption of plant nutrient uptake, and reduced ex-changeofoxygenbetweentheplantandenvironment.Theobjectiveforthisprojectwastostudytheeffectsofspilledoilonphotosynthesisandrespirationinseveralimportantmembersof theGulfCoastplant commu-nity. Native smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora),introduced reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea),and introduced common reed (Phragmites australis)wereexposedto6Lm-2oilforsixweeksingreenhouseexperiments.Photosynthesisandanaerobicrespirationweremeasuredfollowingexposuretooilinsediments.Maximumphotosynthesisrateswere50%higherinC4S.alterniflora compared to C3 P. arundinacea and P. australis.However,photosynthesiswasnotinfluencedbyoilinanyofthethreespecies.Rootalcoholdehydro-genase (ADH) activities indicated oxygen deficiencyinrootsofP. arundinacea,butnotinS. alternifloraorP. australis.RootADHactivities increasedten-foldinfloodedP. arundinacea.Bycontrast,rootADHactivitiesremainedlowandunchangedinfloodedS. alternifloraandP. australis.Tolerancetospilledoilinsoilrelatestotoleranceofanaerobicconditionsinsubmergedtissues.Thehighlyflooding-tolerantS. alternifloraandP. aus-traliswerebetterabletotoleratelimitedgasexchangein roots compared to the relatively flooding-sensitiveP. arundinacea,whichbecameoxygenstressedbytheoiltreatment.Therefore,oilspillscouldleadtooppor-tunitiesforinvasionbyhighlyflood-tolerantnonnativespeciesincoastalmarshes.Understandingphysiologicalresponsestoenvironmentalstress,suchasanoilspill,couldleadtoecologicalawarenessandpreservationofwetlandhabitats.

FortHaysStateUniversity,DepartmentOfBiologicalSciences,600ParkSt.,Hays,KS,67601-4099,USA

257

650 DRENOVSKY, REBECCA*1, KOEHLER, CATHERINE2, SKELLY, KATHRYN1 and RICHARDS, JAMES3

Nutrient resorption plasticity in California chaparral woody species

Nutrientconservationmechanismsplaykeyrolesin plant adaptation to lownutrient availability.

Resorption (the recyclingofnutrients from senescingtissues)isconsideredoneofthemostimportanttraitsplants have to retainnutrients, but its relationship tosoil nutrient availability is unclear.Weproposed thatphylogenetic relationships andvarious environmentalfactorsmayobscurerelationshipsbetweensoilnutrientavailabilityandplantnutrientresorption.Forsixyears,wecollectedsenescedleaftissuefromcommunitydom-inantsandcongenerpairsfoundonandoffserpentine(lownutrient)soils.Inyearfivewecollectedsoilsunderthetargetcongenerpairs.Wehypothesizedthatserpen-tine specieswouldbemoreproficient atNandP re-sorption,duetolownutrientavailabilityonthesesoils.Bothserpentineandnon-serpentinesoilswere low innitrogenavailability,withnon-serpentine soilshavinglowertotalsoilN(P=0.001)andserpentinesoilshavehighersoilC:N(P<0.0001).ExtractablesoilPwas1.9-foldhigheronnon-serpentinecomparedtoserpentinesoils(P=0.0002).Non-serpentineandserpentinespecieswere equally proficient atN resorption (P>0.05), butserpentinespeciesweremoreproficientatPresorption(P<0.0001).Largeinterannualvariabilitywasobservedinresorptionproficiencyinallspeciesstudied,butthisvariabilitywasnotstronglyrelatedtoeitherseasonalorannualvariabilityintemperatureorprecipitation.Ourdatasuggest thatcontrollingforphylogenycanaid ininterpretationofresorptionpatterns.Moreimportant-ly,ourstudyclearlyshowsthatresorptionpatternscanonlybediscernedthroughlong-termdatasets,ofwhichfewexistintheliterature.1JohnCarrollUniversity,Biology,20700NorthParkBlvd,UniversityHeights,OH,44118,USA2UniversityofCalifornia,Davis,DonaldandSylviaMcLaughlinNaturalReserve,26775MorganValleyRoad,LowerLake,CA,95457,USA3UniversityOfCaliforniaDavis,Land,AirAndWaterResources,OneShieldsAvenue,Davis,CA,95616-8627,USA

651 EBBS, STEPHEN*1, WHANKAEW, SUKHUMAN2, RHANOR, THOMAS1 and TRIWITAYAKORN, KANAKPORN2

Utilization of cyanide as a supplemental source of nitrogen by plants under nitrogen replete conditions and nitrogen starvation

Cyanideisgenerallyperceivedasametabolicpoisonbothforplantsandanimals.Nevertheless,ongo-

ingstudiesarerevealingthatat thesub-toxicconcen-trations more commonly encountered in the naturalenvironment, plants transport and assimilate cyanideasanalternatesourceofnitrogen,eveninthepresenceofnominalconcentrationsofammoniumandnitrate.Hydroponic studiesusingwheat, sorghum,andotherplants have shown that exposure to cyanide (labeledwiththestableisotope15N)resultsinahighlysignifi-cant enrichment in 15Nwithout a corresponding in-creaseintotalplantN,mediatedbytheassimilatoryac-tivityoftheβ-cyanoalaninepathway.Moreover,undernitrogenstarvation,cyanideassimilationbythispath-wayincreasescommensuratewithanincreaseinactiv-ityof theprincipal enzyme, β-cyanoalanine synthase.TheseresultsindicatethatassimilationofcyanideallowsthecyanogenicNatomtobeincorporatedintoprimarymetabolism,ostensiblyasanalternatesourceofammo-nium.Singlenitrogensourcegrowthexperimentscon-ductedwiththesespeciesshowedthatwhenpresentedat the same concentration, plant growth was similarwhennitrate, ammonium, or cyanidewas the sourceofnitrogen,althoughtherelativegrowthrateofplantsgrownunderthecyanideregimewaslessthanthatfornitrate or ammonium.The results suggest thatwhencyanideispresentinthesoilenvironment,thenitrogenfromthismoleculecanserveasasupplementtoplantnitrogenmetabolism,particularlywhenothernitrogensourcesmaybelimitingorabsent.Cyanideatnon-toxicconcentrationmaythereforebebenefittoplantmineralnutritionwhenpresentintherhizosphere.1SouthernIllinoisUniversityCarbondale,PlantBiology,420LifeSci-enceII,1125LincolnDr.,Carbondale,IL,62901-6509,USA2Mahi-dolUniversity,InstituteofMolecularBiosciences,25/25Phuttamon-thon4Road,Salaya,NakhonPathom,73170,Thailand

Ecophysiology

258

652 TESKEY, ROBERT* and AUBREY, DOUG

Xylem transport of CO2 derived from root respiration indicates that tree root respiration has been substantially underestimated.

Wemeasured thequantityofCO2released fromrootrespirationthatmovedinternallyinxylem

sapinnine Populus deltoidestreesthroughoutagrow-ingseason.Wecompared thatCO2fluxwith theCO2effluxfromthesoilsurface,whichisgenerallyconsid-ered tomeasure soil (autotrophic plus heterotrophic)respiration.Theinternaltransportofroot-derivedCO2 wascalculatedfrommeasurementsofsapflowanddis-solvedCO2 concentration([CO2]) inthexylematthebaseof thestem.SoilCO2effluxwasmeasuredusingthe[CO2]gradientapproach.WefoundthatonadailybasistheamountofCO2 thatfluxesupwardfromtreerootsystemsintostemsviathexylemstreamrivalstheamountofCO2diffusingfromthesoilsurface.Overthegrowingseason,theinternaltransportofroot-derivedCO2 increased totalbelowgroundrespirationby33%.This indicates that autotrophic respiration was sub-stantially higher than previously estimated, and alsohigherthanheterotrophicsoilrespiration.Thequantityof internally transportedCO2was influencedbybothseasonal and daily environmental factors that influ-encedsapflowrates.WeobservedhighconcentrationsofCO2 inxylemsap,rangingfrom1%to20%[CO2]amongandwithinindividualtreesthroughtime.Ourresultsprovideevidencethatbelowgroundautotrophicrespirationconsumesalargeramount,andstemrespi-ration consumes a smaller amount, of carbohydratesthanpreviouslyrealized.Ourfindingshaveimportantimplicationsforourunderstandingofthephysiologicalfunctioningoftreesandcarboncyclinginforests.Ourobservationsofanalternativepathwayforroot-derivedCO2 fluxhighlightstheinadequacyofusingCO2effluxto the atmosphere alone tomeasure root respiration.Wesuggest the internal transportofroot-derivedCO2shouldbemeasuredconcurrentlywithCO2effluxtotheatmospheretomorefullyunderstandratesofrespira-tionoftrees.

UniversityofGeorgia,ForestryandNaturalResources,180EGreenStreet,Athens,GA,30602,USA

653 REINHARDT, KEITH* and GERMINO, MATTHEW

Desert shrub responses to seasonal timing of precipitation are contingent on soil depth: long-term experimental evidence, from leaves to populations.

Climatechangeispredictedtoalterthevariabilityofprecipitationandsoilwaterstorageinaridenvi-

ronments.Weexaminedhow17yearsofexperimen-tal changes inprecipitation seasonalityaffectedcover,crown and canopy volume, population density, andecophysiologyof big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata)relative tosoilwatercontent, inplotswithshallowordeepsoils.Wehypothesizedthatsupplementalwinterprecipitation (WIN)would favor shrubgrowthator-ganismandpopulation scalesvia increased soilwaterstorage, relative to ambient (AMB)and supplementalsummer(SUM)precipitation.WINincreasedvolumet-ricsoilwatercontent4-8percentagepoints(i.e.,18%to22%)relativetoAMB,resultinginabundantanduni-formlydistributedsoilwaterthroughJulyinmostyears.WINresultedingreatershrubcover,crownandcanopysize(volume),anddensity(individuals/m2)relativetobothSUMandAMB indeep-soilplots,butWINre-ducedshrubcoverandsizeinplotswithshallowsoils(1mdepth).SUMincreasedwatercontentofthetop40cmofsoilby2-4percentagepoints,butdidnotin-creaseshrubsizeandcover.Thesetreatmenteffectssug-gestastrongrolefordeepsoilwater,yetAICmodelinganalysisshowedthatwaterinboththeshallowest(0-20cm)anddeepest(>1m)soildepthswereimportantpre-dictorsofshrubgrowth.Instantaneousphotosyntheticgas exchange and plantwater potentialswere similaramongthetreatmentsthroughoutthegrowingseason,butmorenegatived13CofsagebrushshootsinWINin-dicateddecreasedwater-useefficiency throughout thegrowingseason.Ourexperimentalresultssuggestthattheseasonaltimingofprecipitationhasequalorgreatereffects compared to the amount of annual precipita-tionon this dominant andwidespread shrub species.However,strongandpredictablesoil-depthcontingen-ciesontheeffectsofprecipitationseasonalitypresagealandscapemosaicofchangesinshrubabundanceduetoclimatechange.

IdahoStateUniversity,Biology,Pocatello,ID,83209,USA

259

654 EILTS, J. ALEXANDER

An early look at the transport of mineral resources inthe clonal forb Fragaria vesca L

Themovement of resourceswithin plants is criti-cal to their growth, competition and herbivore

responses.Inclonalplantsthemovementofresourcesbetweenrametscanfacilitatethepersistenceoframetsandwholeclonesinotherwiseunfavorableconditions.Thoughthismovementorsharingofresourcesbetweenrametshasbeenshowntoprovidenumerousbenefitsforsurvival, little isknownaboutwhich tissuesactasthe pathways of long distance transport under vary-ing resource availabilities. To better understand theresponses in resource sharing between ramets I havemadeapreliminaryexplorationofthetissuesthroughwhichmineralresourcesare transported in theclonalforb Fragaria vesca. I conducted two experiments toaddress whether xylem or phloem predominates ininter-rametmovementofmineral resources.Thefirstexperiment measured gas exchange in two-ramet,clonalfragmentsundervaryingexperimentalresourceavailabilitiesseekingasignalofwatertransportregula-tion.Thesecondexperimentutilizedaradioisotopeofphosphorustoexaminephosphorusuptakeandreten-tionintwo-ramet,clonalfragmentsundermanipulatedresourceavailabilityconditionsinadditiontoaphloemgirdling treatment applied to the connecting stolon.Contrarytoexpectations,transpirationwasgreatestinrametsreceivingfertilizerconnectedtoanunfertilizedpartner.Thespecificactivityfromtheradioisotopeofphosphoruswashigheronlyintheunfertilized,labeledrametswith thegirdling treatmentapplied suggestingaccumulationwasreducedwhenphloemcouldact toexport thephosphorus.Thoughbothexperimentsarepreliminaryintheirfindings,theysuggestthatphloem,notxylem,dominatesasthetransporttissueformineralresourcesharinginthisspecies.Thisfindingcontradictspreconceived expectations about resource sharing inclonalplants.Theimplicationsofphloemversusxylemtransportofmineralresources inclonalplantswillbediscussedalongwithfuturedirectionsofthiswork.

UniversityOfMinnesota,Ecology,Evolution&Behavior,1987Up-perBufordCircle,100Ecology,St.Paul,MN,55108,USA

655 OLSEN, JACOB*1, TETREAULT, HANNAH2, GOAD, RACHEL3, MENDOLA, MEREDITH3, JOHNSON, LORETTA2, BAER, SARA3 and MARICLE, BRIAN4

Photosynthetic variation of big bluestem and sand bluestem influenced by ecotype and precipitation

Bigbluestemisaperennial,warm-season,C4 grassthatdominatestallgrassprairiesinNorthAmerica.

IthashighvariationofphenotypesamongitsecotypesacrosstheGreatPlains.Noattempthasbeenmadepre-viously tostudyecotypesofbigbluestem overa largeprecipitationgradient.Four ecotypesofbigbluestem,includingacommoncultivarKaw,andoneecotypeofsand bluestemwere reciprocally transplanted in fourlocations across the east-west precipitation gradientof theGreatPlains.Sourcepopulations for thenativeecotypes,collectedfrompristineprairiesincentralandeasternKS, and southern IL,were planted across theprecipitationgradient(400mm/yrto1200mm/yr)inColby,Hays,andManhattan,KSandCarbondale,IL.Photosynthetic measurements were taken on eachplantduringtimesearly,middle,andlateinthegrow-ing season. Sand bluestem exhibited photosyntheticrates23%higheracrosssitesthanbigbluestem,possi-blythroughdevelopmentof lowerwaterpotentialsorthroughstructuraladaptationsofleaves.TheHayseco-typeexhibitedphotosyntheticrates15%higheracrossallsitesthanKaw,theclosestrivalofthebigbluestemecotypes,showingtheHaysecotypehasadaptedtodryconditions,butcantakeadvantageofhighrainfallwhenavailable. Differences between ecotypes became espe-ciallypronouncedatdriersites,whereputativedroughtadaptationsof theHaysecotypewereparticularlyad-vantageous.TheresultsofthisprojectgiveknowledgeonthepotentialfateoftheGreatPlainsecosysteminthefaceofimpendingclimatechange.1FortHaysStateUniversity,DepartmentofBiologicalSciences2Kan-sasStateUniversity,DivisionofBiology3SouthernIllinoisUniversity,DepartmentofPlantBiology4FortHaysStateUniversity,Depart-mentofBiologicalSciences,600ParkStreet,Hays,Kansas,67601,USA

656 CARTER, JACOB*1 and NIPPERT, JESSE2

The maintenance of physiological functioning by Tamarix ramosissima across a broad soil salinity gradient

Developments of dams, stream diversions,andgroundwaterpumpinghavealteredstreamflow

regimesinriparianecosystemsofwesternNorthAmer-ica.Thesealterationshavedecreasedperiodicoverbankflooding,whichhasledtosalinizationandloweredwater

Ecophysiology

260

tableheightinriparianecosystems.Thesefactorshavesubsequentlycontributedtothedeclineofnativemesictreespecies.Ashydrologicprocesseshavechangedoverthepastcentury,theexotic,invasiveplantspeciesTam-arix ramosissima has increased in range, abundanceandcoverinriparianecosystems.UnderstandinghowchangesinripariansalinizationimpactTamarix physi-ologymay facilitatepredictionsofTamarix responsesinthefuture.Inthisstudy,weinvestigatedtheresponseof Tamarix leaf-level and whole-plant physiology toincreasingsalinityusingbothfieldandcontrolledenvi-ronmentstudies.TomeasuretheimpactsofsoilsalinityonTamarix physiologyinthefield,wemeasuredleaf-levelresponsesacrossabroadrangeofsalinityconcen-trationsattwositesinwesternKansas.Lightsaturatedphotosynthesis (Asat), stomatal conductance to water(gs),intracellular[CO2](Ci),leafδ

13C,andleafwaterpo-tential(Ψw) wererelativelyconstantoverarangeofsoilsalinities(0.5to17.65mmhos/cm).Leaf-levelresponseswerealsoassessedbycanopyposition(bottom,middle,ortopoftree),butasalinity*positionresponsewasnotsignificant (p > 0.05) for leaf-level physiological re-sponsesandδ13C.Toincreasetherangeofsoilsalinities(0,22,54mmhos/cm),Tamarix cuttingsfrombothfieldsitesweregrowninacontrolledenvironment.Tamarix leaf-levelphysiologywasconsistentlyloweratthehigh-estsalinity(54mmhos/cm).Resultsfromthisstudyalsosuggestthatacclimationtohighsalinityoccursquicklyovertimeasreflectedbyleaf-levelphysiologyanddark-adaptedchlorophyllfluorescence(Fv/Fm).Thisdatail-lustratestherobustphysiologicalfunctioningofTama-rix inresponsetoincreasingsalinity.OurresultssuggestthatthephysiologicaltoleranceofTamarixtoarangeofsoilsalinitiesisonemechanismfacilitatingrangeexpan-sionandpersistenceinriparianecosystems.1UniversityofKansas,EcologyandEvolutionaryBiology,1200Sun-nysideAve.,Lawrence,KS,66045,USA2KansasStateUniversity,Bi-ology,116AckertHall,Manhattan,KS,66506,USA

657 GEVAERT, SCOTT*1 and DONOVAN, LISA2

Spatial and temporal variation in drought induced mortality for the rock outcrop annual sunflower, Helianthus porteri

Plant communitieswhichoccur indepressionsongraniteoutcropsinthesoutheasternUnitedStates

havebeenusedtodemonstratetheroleofdroughtstressinshapingcommunitystructurebydrivingspecieszo-nation.Hereweaskwhetherdroughtmayadditionallybeanagentofselectiondrivingadaptivedifferentiationforgeographicallyisolatedpopulations.Wefocusedonanendemicannualspeciesthathastopersistthroughhot,drysummerconditionsinordertoreproduceinthefall,Helianthus porteri.Wefollowedplantperformance(heightandsurvivaltoflowering)andwaterstatusofH. porteriplantsinthreepopulations (CMR,PM,HR)that

spanneditsrangeinGA,andinrelativelywetanddryhabitatswithineachpopulation.The threeyear studyencompassedaregionaldroughtyear(2008),arelativelywetyear(2009)andayearwithapproximatelyaverageprecipitation (2010). Population differences in plantgrowthandsurvivaldependedonyear,withthefewestdifferences apparent during thewettest year, and thegreatestdifferencesinthedroughtyearwhenallplantsatHRdiedbeforeflowering.Therewasalsovariationwithinpopulations,withsitesinitiallyidentifiedasrela-tivelydryhavinglowergrowthandsurvivalwheneverhabitats differed. Survival to floweringwas correlatedwithsoilwateravailabilityestimatedbyplantpredawnwaterpotentials.Therangeofpredawnwaterpotenti-atlsforH. porteri wassimilartothosereportedforothermesicplants,suggestingthatitisnotdroughttolerant.However,thespatialvariationinplantperformanceofH. porterirelatedtowateravailabilitycoulddriveadap-tivedifferentiationindroughtavoidancetraitsamongtheisolatedpopulations.Commongardencomparisonsare being conducted to assess genetic differentiationamongpopulations for traits thatmightbe related todroughtavoidance.1UniversityofGeorgia,PlantBiology,2502MillerPlantSciences,Athens,GA,30602,UnitedStates2UniversityOfGeorgia,PLANTBIOLOGYDEPT,2052MILLERPLANTSCIENCES,Athens,GA,30602-7271,USA

658 JOHNSON , DANIEL M*1, MCCULLOH, KATHERINE2, MEINZER, FREDERICK3 and WOODRUFF, DAVID3

Xylem embolism is a primary factor in drought-induced declines in leaf hydraulic conductance

Hydraulic conductance of leaves (Kleaf) typicallydecreases with increasing water stress and re-

centstudieshaveproducedconflictingresultsastothemechanismsresponsiblefordecreasing Kleaf.Wemea-suredKleafconcurrentlywithultrasonicacousticemis-sions(UAE)indehydratingleavesofseveralspeciestodeterminewhetherdecliningKleaf was associatedwithxylem embolism. In addition, we performed experi-mentsinwhichthesurfacetensionofwaterintheleafxylemwasreducedbyallowingexcisedleavestotakeupasurfactantsolution.Finally,wecomparedthehydrau-licvulnerabilityofentireleavestotheleaflaminainonespecies.

Leaf hydraulic vulnerability based on rehydrationkineticsandacousticemissionwasverysimilar,ex-

ceptinQuercus garryana.However,thewaterpotentialscorrespondingtotheinitialdeclineinKleafandtheonsetofUAEin Q. garryana weresimilar.Midveinembolismin this species started near the center of the vascularbundle andmovedoutward radially. In all three spe-ciestested,asurfactant-induceddeclineinthesurfacetension of water caused Kleaf to decline at less nega-tivewaterpotentialscomparedtoleavessuppliedwith

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water,suggestingembolismastheprimarymechanismforKleafdecline.Microscopyimagesrevealedthatasthefraction of embolized xylem increased, Kleaf declinedsharplyforQ.garryana.MeasurementsonQ.garryana leaf disks revealed that relative reductions in laminahydraulicconductancewithdecreasingwaterpotentialwerenotasgreatasthoseobservedinintactleaves,sug-gestingthatveinembolismwastheprimarymechanismforreductionsinKleafduringdehydration.1OhioUniversity,Environmental andPlantBiology, 309APorterHall, Athens, OH, 45701, USA2Oregon State University, WoodScience andEngineering,RichardsonHall,Corvallis,OR, 97331,USA3USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station,Corvallis,OR,97331,USA

POSTERS

659 KHASANOVA, ALBINA*1, JAMES, JEREMY2 and DRENOVSKY, REBECCA3

Impacts of drought on mineral nutrition of grasses and forbs in the Intermountain West

Drought decreases plant growth and limits theirability to access soil nutrients. However, it is

unclear howdrought impacts plant nutrient budgets,resourceuseefficiencyand internalnutrientrecycling(resorption), important components of whole plantperformance.We hypothesized that droughtmay re-sult inhighergreen leafN(due to itsnegativeeffectson growth) but decreased photosynthetic nitrogenuseefficiencyandresorption.For thisexperiment theperennial grasses, Elymus elymoides, Festuca idahoen-sis, and Pseudoegneria spicata; thenative forbs,Achil-lea millefolium and Sphaeralcea munroana; and thenon-native forbs Centaurea stoebe and Linaria dal-matica,were grownunder high and lowwater avail-ability.Droughtedplantshadhighergreenleafnitrogenconcentrations(P<0.0001)butlowerphotosyntheticni-trogenuseefficiency(P<0.0001).Inresponsetodrought,senescedleafnitrogenconcentration(ameasureofre-sorption) was species specific (P<0.0001). In Achillea millefolium,Centaurea stoebe, Linaria dalmatica,Fes-tuca idahoensis, Pseudoegneria spicatasenescedleafni-trogenincreasedwithlowerwateravailability.However,Sphaeralcea munroanashowednodifferencesbetweencontrolanddroughtplantswhileElymus elymoides hadlowersenescedleafnitrogenunderdrought.TherewasasignificantspeciesbywaterinteractionforsenescedleafC:Nratio(P=0.002),withmostspecieshavingahigherC:Nratiounderdrought(P=0.0001)whiletwospecies(Linaria dalmatica, Pseudoegneria spicata)didnotshowsuch effect.Higher senesced leafC:N could have po-tentialnegativeimpactsonsoilnutrientcycling.Futureexperimentsshouldfocusontheimpactofdroughtonmineralnutrition inmore closely related species (i.e.,congener pairs) to account for potential phylogenetic

effectsonplantnutrientresorption.1JohnCarrollUniversity,BiologyDepartment,20700NorthParkBlvd,UniversityHeights,OH, 44118,USA2USDA-ARS, 67826AHwy205,Burns,OR,97720,USA3JohnCarrollUniversity,Biology,20700NorthParkBlvd,UniversityHeights,OH,44118,USA

660 WATRUD, LIDIA*1, BOLLMAN, MICHAEL1, LEE, E. HENRY1 and KING, GEORGE2

Sudangrass reproductive biomass responses under climate change scenarios in oak savannah and mesic prairie mesocosm communities

Potential climate change effects include shifts inthe distribution of plant species and changes in

reproductive output. We tested the hypothesis thatenvironmental stressors such as elevated temperatureand drought that are associated with climate changewouldincreasethereproductiveoutputofferalbiofuelcropspeciesthatbecameestablishedwithinnativeplantcommunities.Sunlitmesocosmswereplantedwithfiveherbaceousnativeplantspeciesfoundineitheroaksa-vannahorwetprairiecommunities in theWillametteValleyinwesternOregon.Asubsetofthemesocosmshad sudangrass (Sorghum bicolor [Piper]) which hasbeenproposedasabiofuelspecies,plantedatthesamedensityasthenativespecies.Threeclimatechangesce-narioswere imposedon the two types of plant com-munities, drought (20% lower soil moisture levels),elevatedtemperature(+2oC)inthesummermonths,andacombinationofelevatedtemperatureanddroughtandtestedrelativetothecontrolscenariofortempera-tureandwater.Soilmoisturelevelsinthecontrolmeso-cosmsforeachplantcommunityfollowedseasonalpat-ternsasmeasuredinnearbylocalnativeoaksavannahandmesicprairiecommunitiesrespectively.Intheoaksavannahmesocosmseachofthethreeclimatechangeconditions resulted, as hypothesized, in an increasedproportionofsudangrassreproductivebiomassrelativetototalabovegroundbiomass(P=0.06).Interestingly,acorrespondingshiftof sudangrassreproductive:totalbiomasswasnotobservedinthewetprairiemesocosms.1USEnvironmentalProtectionAgency,200SW35thStreet,Corval-lis,OR,973332DynamacCorporation,200SW35thStreet,Corval-lis,OR,97333

Ecophysiology

262

661 MILLAN, PAMELA*1, MELCHER, PETER1 and SACK, LAWREN2

Intracanopy leaf plasticity and the impact of light versus height on carbon and nitrogen isotope discrimination for five temperate deciduous tree species

The goal of this study was to determine how in-tracanopy microclimate impacts leaf-level traits.

Many leaf traits are known to vary within canopies,suchas leaf thickness, leafarea,stomatalconductanceandleafwaterstatus,andthissuggestspotentiallystrongvariationinleafnutrientcompositionandcarboniso-topediscrimination(Δ).WedeterminedtheimpactoflightandheightonΔ,nitrogen(N)andcarbon(C)con-centrationsaswellasotheranatomicalandmorphologi-calleaftraits.Wecollectedleavesusinganaerialliftfromthreecrownpositions,top-exposed(TE),basal-exposed(BE),andbasal-interior(BI)fromfivecommonmaturetemperatetreespecies.TheΔrelatedtobothheightandlightwithlighthavingastrongersignalinΔthanheightforBetula alleghaniensis(birch),Ginkgo biloba(ginkgo)andQuercus rubra(redoak),andheighthavingastron-ger signal on Δ forLiriodendron tulipifera (tuliptree)andSassifras albidum (sassafras).Wealso found cor-relationsofcarbonandnitrogenconcentrationsmea-suredona leafareabasiswithcanopy irradianceandheight (r =0.51-0.73, 0.29-0.33 and 0.50-0.73 respec-tively;P<0.05).However,whenanalyzedonaleafmassbasis theNandCconcentrationsandN:Cratioswereindependent of irradiance and height (r =0.009-0.16;P>0.10).TheserelationshipsweresupportedusinganAkaikeInformationCriterion(AIC)analysisofmodelsindicatingthatbothirradianceandheightplayedanim-portantroleindeterminingΔ;amodelbasedonbothfactorswasselectedabovemodelsbasedoneitherfac-toralone.Bycontrast,forCarea,amodelbasedonheightalonewas selected and forNarea, themodel based onirradiance alonewas selected.This variation indicatesspecies-differencesinthemodulationofcarbonuptakeandwaterlossacrossthecanopy.1IthacaCollege,Biology,953DanbyRoad,CenterforNaturalSci-ences,Ithaca,NY,14850,UnitedStates2UCLA,621CharlesE.YoungDriveSouth,LosAngeles,CA,90095,USA

662 CARINGELLA, MARISSA*1, BOBICH, EDWARD2 and EWERS, FRANK3

Seasonal nighttime transpiration in adults and resprouts of southern California black walnut and coast live oak

Nighttimetranspirationhasbeenreportedinmanyspecies, but the seasonal patterns, which may

provide insight as to the mechanisms and function,havebeenlittlestudied.Weexamineddayandnight-time transpiration in two species with differing leafhabit, thedeciduoussouthernCaliforniablackwalnut(Juglans californica)andevergreencoastliveoak(Quer-cus agrifolia).Foreachspeciestwogrowthformswereexamined, adults and2-yearpost-firebasal resprouts.Daytime (12pm-4pm) and nighttime (12am-4am)stomatalconductancewasmeasuredinordertodeter-mine ifnighttimetranspirationwasoccurring,andtocomparethelevelsofoccurrencebetweenspeciesandgrowth forms. Results showed consistent nighttimestomatal conductance for both species, although at agreaterpercentageof thedaytime rate inQ. agrifolia.Mean day and nighttime stomatal conductance werealsosignificantlyhigherinQ. agrifolia(day89.5mmolm-2s-1;night53.5mmolm-2s-1)ascomparedtoJ. cali-fornica (day49.3mmolm-2s-1;night22.4mmolm-2s-1).Withinbothspeciestheresproutshadgreatermeandayand nighttime stomatal conductance as compared totheadults.Dayandnighttimewaterpotentialmeasure-mentsshowedaslightincreaseinstomatalconductanceasleafwaterpotentialincreasedacrossbothspeciesandgrowthforms.Nocorrelationwasshownbetweensto-matalconductanceandpercentrelativehumidity.ThelevelofnighttimestomatalconductanceinQ. agrifoliasuggests an unseen benefit to nighttime transpirationinthisspeciesthatoutweighsthecostoftranspirationalwaterlosseveninawater-limitedMediterranean-typeclimate.1California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, Biological Sci-ences,3801WestTempleAvenue,Pomona,CA,91768,USA2Cali-forniaStatePolytechnicUniversity,Pomona,3801W.TempleAVE,Pomona,CA,91768,USA3CaliforniaStatePolytechnicUniversity,Pomona,DepartmentOfPlantBiology,3801WestTempleAvenue,Pomona,CA,91768,USA

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663 HESCHEL , M. SHANE*1, BOWEN, C.2, EVANKOW, A.2, BIBEE, K.2, GROSSCUP, V.2 and GIBSON, J.2

Disturbance, physiological performance, and fitness of Tamarix.

Waterrelationsinripariansystemsofthesouth-western United States can influence plant

community structure.Water use has been examinedin relation toTamarix,Populus, andSalix abundanceanddistribution;however,thestrengthofselectionontranspirationratesandstomatalconductancehasrarelybeeninvestigatedinthissystem.Here,wemeasuredsto-matalconductanceandreproductivefitnessofTamarix ramosissimaplantsofdifferentagesinanopensandbarhabitat in southeasternColorado.Wealsoperformedselectionanalysestoquantifydirectandindirectsourcesofnatural selectiononwateruse inTamarix.Wede-tected weak and inconsistent selection on stomatalconductance across two seasons indicating thatwaterusemightnothaveastrongroleinfecundityandcom-munityinteractions.1ColoradoCollege,Biology,14E.CacheLaPoudreSt.,ColoradoSprings,CO,80903,USA2ColoradoCollege,Biology

Evolutionary Developmental Biology (Evo-Devo)

ORAL PAPERS

664 WHIPPLE, CLINTON*1, BYBEE, SETH1 and JACKSON, DAVID2

Evolution of a bract suppression mechanism in the grass family

Leafgrowthisoftensuppressedafterthetransitionfromvegetative to reproductivegrowth. Inflores-

cence leaves are called bracts, and bract suppressionhasevolvedseveraltimesintheangiosperms.Wehavebegunageneticcharacterizationof thebractsuppres-sionpathwayinthegrassfamily.Severalmaizemutantswithde-repressedbractgrowth,knownastasselsheath(tsh), have been isolated. The genes responsible fortwoofthesemutants,tsh1andtsh4,havebeencloned.Interestingly, the Tsh1 and Tsh4 orthologs in Arabi-dopsis do not have a bract suppression function anditappears thatdistinctbract suppressionmechanismshaveevolvedintheBrassicaceaeandthePoaceae.Thegeneticmechanismofbractsuppressionisconservedindistantlyrelatedgrassesasthebarleythird outer glume(trd)andthericeneck leaf1(nl1)mutantsbothhaveasimilarbractgrowthphenotypeandarecausedbymu-tationsTsh1orthologs.Wearecurrently investigatingtheevolutionofNL1/Tsh1/TRD(NTT)genesingrassesandbracteateoutgroups.Ourphylogeneticanalysisin-dicates that there are threeparalogous cladesofNTTgenes in thegrasses createdby sequentialduplicationevents. Interestingly, the lineage containing the bractsuppresiongenesTsh1,NL1andTRD arosebeforetheevolutionofbractsuppressionatthebaseofthegrassfamily.WhenexpressedinlateralorgansoftransgenicArabidopsis, bothHAN andTsh1 are capableof sup-pressingoutgrowth,suggestingthatgrassbractsuppres-sioninvolvedevolutionofanovelexpressiondomainintheNTT lineage.Wearetestingforthisbyexaminingthe expression domains ofNTT and related genes ingrassesandoutgroups.1BrighamYoungUniversity,Biology,401Widb,Provo,UT,84604,USA2ColdSpringHarborLaboratory,1BungtownRd.,ColdSpringHarbor,NY,11724,USA

264

665 XIANG, QIUYUN (JENNY)*1, FENG, CHUNMIAO2, LIU, XIANG3, YU, YI3 and FRANKS, ROBERT1

Post-gene-duplication alteration in selection, co-evolution, expression, and post-transcription regulation of MADS-box B-classgenes in dogwoods (Cornus, Cornaceae) - Deciphering the genetic links to bract petaloidy evolution

TheMADS-box B-class genes have duplicated re-peatedly during angiosperm evolution. It is hy-

pothesized that the extensive duplication of B-classgenes accounts for the floral diversification observedin angiosperm and is responsible for the heterotopicpetaloidy via ectopic expression (Homeoheterotopy).However,themolecularandevolutionarymechanismsunderlying the hypothesis has not been well under-stood.ThetwoB-classgenesPI andAP3 homologswerederivedfromanancientgeneduplicationevent,andareknowntoformobligateheterodimersinregulatingpetaldevelopmentinthemodelplants.Thispredictsco-evo-lutionofgenesequencesandco-expressionofAP3 andPI homologsinpetalsandpetaloidorgans,accordingtoHomeoheterotopy.Wetestthishypothesisbyanalysesofsequenceco-evolution,comparativegeneexpressionandanalysisoffloralandbractdevelopmentforsixspe-ciesofCornusthataredivergentininflorescencearchi-tectureandbractmorphology.OurpreliminaryresultsshowedthatPI andAP3 homologsinCornus haveco-evolved.Theyareco-expressed infloraldevelopment.However,inbractdevelopment,alterationinselection,co-evolutionpartnership,andexpressionpatternhaveoccurred following PI duplication, which have likelycontributed to the evolutionofpetaloidy in theflow-ering dogwood C.florida. Our results further suggestthatbractpetaloidyprobablyevolvedindependentlyinthebunchberryC.canadensis,viaadifferentmolecularmechanism thatmaynot involvePI.Thedata raise apossibilityofAP3 functioningbyforminghomodimers.Finally,wereporttheexpressionofpetalspecificAP3 spliceisoformsnotdetectedinthepetaloidbractsthatare predicted to encode truncatedAP3 proteins, sug-gestingdeviationofthemolecularmechanisminbractpetaloidyfromthatofpetals.1NorthCarolinaStateUniversity,Genetics,Raleigh,NC,27695,US-A2NorthCarolinaStateUniversity,2214-AGardnerHall,CampusBox 7612, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7612, USA3North Carolina StateUniversity,PlantBiology,GardnerHall 2115,CampusBox7612,Raleigh,NC,27695,USA

666 PUHR, ROSEMARY*1 and MALCOMBER, SIMON2

Evolution of the flavin monooxygenase/YUCCA SPARSE INFLORESENCE1 lineage in grasses

TheYUCCA gene family catalyzes a broadly con-served pathway for production of the growth

hormone indole acetic acid (IAA), the predominantformofauxininplants.YUCCA genesfunctioninthetryptophan-dependentpathwaywheretheycatalyzetheconversionoftryptamine(TAM)intermediatetoN-hy-droxylTAM.YUCCA genesarefunctionallyredundantinArabidopsis buthavenon-redundantrolesingrassesandpetunia.OneYUCCAgeneinmaize,SPARSE IN-FLORESCENCE1 (SPI1), has a non-redundant roleduringreproductivedevelopment,butnoinflorescencephenotypeisreportedinRNAiknockdownsoftheSPI1ortholog in rice (OsYUC1). These data suggest SPI1 function and the extent ofYUCCA gene redundancymayhavechangedduringthediversificationofthegrassfamily.PhylogeneticandcomparativegenomicanalysesshowthatSPI1 orthologsarerestrictedtomonocotsandresideinsyntenicchromosomalregionswithingrasses.RT-PCRexpressionanalysesindicateSPI1andortho-logsareexpressedbroadly throughoutvariousorganswithin the plant, though to varying degrees and in astage-dependentmanner. In situ hybridization analy-sesindiversegrassesdemonstratethatSPI1 geneshavelargely overlapping, localized expression patterns thatcoincidewithsitesoflocalauxinbiosynthesisassociatedwithlateralbranching.Thesedatasuggestthattheap-parentSPI1 functionaldiversification isnotexplainedbydifferingexpressionpatternsandthatgeneknock-downstudiesareneededtofurthercharacterizetheevo-lutionofSPI1ingrasses.1CaliforniaStateUniv.-LongBeach,BiologicalSciences,1250Bell-flowerBlvd,LongBeach,CA,90840,USA2CSU-LongBeach,1250BellflowerBlvd,LongBeach,CA,90840,USA

667 ZHONG, JINSHUN

Molecular evolution of flower symmetry patterning genes CYCLOIDEA2 within Lamiales

CYCLOIDEA2 (CYC2) specifies flower symmetryandhasundergonerepeatedduplicationsthatare

presumed to be important for the evolution of floralform and plant diversification. The CYC2-regulatedpathwayhasbeenrecruitedmultipletimesintheevolu-tionofthecoreeudicots.Ourpreliminaryphylogeneticanalysis within Lamiaceae shows that the family hastwocopiesofCYC2. Inaddition, theduplication thatgave rise to twoCYC2paralogs in the family is inde-pendentoftheonesthatoccurredinGesneriaceaeand

265

Plantaginaceae(Antirrhineae).Thisstudyfocuseson(1)determiningwhentheduplicationofCYC2occurredinLamiales, (2) testingwhetherparalogsofCYC2 expe-riencedanyselectivepressure,and(3)testingwhetherselection on the paralogs correlates with transforma-tioninfloralform.PreliminaryphylogeneticanalysisofCYC2withintheLamialesshowsthatthereareatleastfourindependentduplicationeventswithintheorder,in Oleaceae, Gesneriaceae, Plantaginaceae and othercoreLamiales,respectively.Theduplicationafterthedi-vergencebetweenPlantaginaceaeandothercoreLamia-lescorrelateswiththeduplicationeventsoftwootherflower patterning genes FLO/LFY and DEF/AP3 thatindicatedanancientwholegenomeduplicationeventwithintheLamiales.

DepartmentOfBiology,ResearchBLDG223,OneUniversityBlvd,SaintLouis,MO,63121,USA

668 PRESTON, JILL*1 and HILEMAN, LENA2

Candidate gene expression provides insights into the evolution of Commelinaceae inner tepal symmetry

Flower bilateral symmetry has evolved multipletimes independently across angiosperms, and is

correlatedwithincreasedpollinatorspecializationandspeciationrates.Functionalanalysesindistantlyrelatedcore eudicots implicate independent recruitment ofclass IITCPgenes in theevolutionofflowerbilateralsymmetry.Bycontrast,availableevidencesuggeststhatmonocotflowerbilateralsymmetrymighthaveevolvedthroughchangesinB-classhomeoticMADS-boxgenefunction.Inordertotestthenon-exclusivehypothesesthatchangesinTCPandB-classgenefunctionunder-lieflower symmetry evolution in themonocot familyCommelinaceae,we compared expression patterns ofTEOSINTE BRANCHED1 (TB1)-like, DEFICIENS(DEF)-like, andGLOBOSA (GLO)-like genes inmor-phologicallydistinctbilaterallysymmetricalflowersofCommelina communisandC. dianthifolia, andradiallysymmetrical flowers of Tradescantia pallida. Expres-siondatademonstratethatbothTB1-likeandDEF-likegenesareasymmetricallyexpressedininnertepalsofC. communis.However,similardataforC. dianthifoliaandT. pallida indicatethatonlyDEF-likegeneexpressionisstronglycorrelatedwithdifferentiationoftheventralinner tepal.Togetherwithother studies, this suggestsparallel recruitment of B-class genes in the indepen-dentevolutionofpetalbilateralsymmetryinmonocots,andacomplexhistoryofCYC/TB1-likegeneevolutionacrossangiosperms.12UniversityofKansas,EcologyandEvolutionaryBiology,1200Sun-nysideAvenue,Lawrence,KS,66045,USA

669 LAYTON, DANIEL J.*1 and FADEN, ROBERT2

Stamen evolution in the Commelinaceae

Thedayflower family(Commelinaceae) isanearlycosmopolitanmonocotlineagerepresentingabout

650species.Thefamilyischaracterizedbyshortflower-ingperiodsofonlyafewhoursperday,alackofnectar,andpresentingonlypollenasarewardforpollinators.Ithasbeensuggestedthattheseinheritedlimitationshaveled to theevolutionofaccentuatedmalereproductiveorgansinordertoattractfloralvisitors,oftenresultingin the "deception" of pollinatorswith exaggerated re-wards.Indeed,modificationstothemalereproductiveorgansare responsible formuchof the family’sfloralvariation.Nearlyhalfof thegenerahave twoor threemorphologicallydistincttypesofstamens,andinturnabouthalfof thesehave stamens inwhichproducingmalegametesisnolongertheapparentprimaryfunc-tion.Theremaininggenerahavesixequalstamenswithfertilepollen, thesebeingno lessdiverse inornamen-tation. Staminodes have arisen independently in thefamily at least seven times, each representing anovelmorphology. Depending on the taxon, staminodesmaycontainreducedquantitiesoffertilepollen,sterilepollen,nopollen,nopollensacs,ornoanthers.Severalstamen morphologies found in the Commelinaceaeresemble loss of functionmutant phenotypes knownfrommodelorganisms.Investigationsareunderwayinordertosimultaneouslyclarifytheevolutionaryhistoryofthefamilyandbetterunderstandstamenevolutioninparticularbyisolatingorthologsofstamendevelopmentgenes identified inArabidopsis.ObservationsoffloraldevelopmentusinganSEMwillcomplementthesedata.1UniversityofMissouri-St.Louis,Biology,223ResearchBldg.OneUniversityBlvd.St.Louis,MO63121,USA2SmithsonianInstitution,Botany,MRC-166NationalMuseumOfNaturalHistory,POBox37012,WASHINGTON,DC,20013-7012,USA

670 BARTLETT, MADELAINE* and WHIPPLE, CLINTON

The evolution of DEF-GLO heterodimerization in the grasses

The B class MADS box genes DEFI-CIENS/APETALA3 (DEF/AP3) and

GLOBOSA/PISTILLATA (GLO/PI) play key roles inspecifyingsecondandthirdwhorlfloralorganidentity.DEFandGLOaretranscriptionfactorsthat,likeotherfloralorganidentitygenes,bindDNAaspartofmul-timeric protein complexes. GLO and DEF orthologsfromthegrassesOryza and Zea,aswellasfromtheeu-dicotsAntirrhinum, Arabidopsis, Petunia, Papaver, and Aquilegia, bindDNAasobligateheterodimersinvitro.In anumberof earlierdivergingmonocots, however,Bclasshomodimerswerefoundtobecapableofbind-

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ingDNA. InLilium, GLO homologs form functionalhomodimerswhileinPhalaenopsis bothDEF-like andGLO-likehomodimersarecapableofbindingDNAinvitro.Additionally,aGLOorthologfromtheclosegrassrelativeJoinvillea canbindDNAbothasahomodimerandaspartofaDEF-GLOheterodimer.Inaddition,ithasbeendemonstratedthatBclassproteins fromthegymnosperm Gnetum form homodimers capable ofbindingDNA.Takentogether,theseresultsimplythattheobligateDEF-GLO heterodimerizationrelationshipevolvedseparatelyintheeudicotsandinthemonocotsfromancestralhomodimerization. Wepresent resultsfromexperiments exploring the convergent evolutionofthisprotein-proteininteractioninthegrasses.

BrighamYoungUniversity,401WIDB,Provo,UT,84602,USA

671 PABON-MORA, NATALIA1, MEYER, RACHEL2 and LITT, AMY*1

The role of a FRUITFULL ortholog in the development of berries (tomato) and capsules (flowering tobacco) in Solanaceae

Solanaceae providesan excellent system for stud-ies of the evolution ofmorphology and underly-

ingdevelopmental geneticmechanisms; amongotherfeatures, the family includes extensive morphologicalvariationandisamenabletogeneticmanipulation.Aspartofanongoingstudyaimedatidentifyingthegenesthat distinguish between dry dehiscent and fleshyfruitsinSolanaceae,wehavebegunfunctionalstudiesof candidate genes. Our previous studies had identi-fied four common stages in thedevelopmentofbothfruits,basedonpreviouslydescribedstages in tomatodevelopment: (1)ovarydevelopment; (2)celldivisiontriggeredby fertilization; (3)cessationofcelldivision;(4)maturation.BasedonmicroarrayandIlluminase-quencingtranscriptomeanalysesoffruitsofNicotiana sylvestris (floweringtobacco)andSolanum lycopersicumcv Micro-Tom (tomato) at stage 2 (initiation of cellproliferation), we selected 12 differentially expressedgenesforfurtherinvestigation.qRT-PCRstudiesonasubsetof7oftheseshowedthatexpressionpatternsofallweresignificantlydifferentbetweenthetwospecies;transcript levels differed at individual developmentalstagesanddynamicallyacross thefourdevelopmentalstages. To determine the function of these candidategenes,wehaveinitiatedVirusInducedGeneSilencing(VIGS) analyses with an ortholog of theArabidopsisgene FRUITFULL (FUL). Preliminary results fromVIGS-treatedtomatoplantsshowarangeofabnormali-tiesincludingincreasedbranchingoftheplants,defectsinsepal,stamen,andovaryformation,andfruitdefectsinsize,shape,andcoloration.Someofthesephenotypesare consistent with previously recorded functions ofFULandorthologs,butothersmaybenovel.1TheNewYork Botanical Garden, 200th St and Southern Blvd,Bronx,NewYork,10458,USA2NewYorkBotanicalGarden,111E125thStreet,Apt4E,NewYork,NY,10035,USA

672 GLEISSBERG, STEFAN*, HIDALGO, ORIANE and BARTHOLMES, CONNY

Roles of a leaf polarity gene in dissected leaf development

Dissectedleavesproducelateralstructuressuchasleaflets from amarginal blastozone during pri-

marymorphogenesis.Theseprimordialmargins formalongacontact layerofadaxialandabaxial identities,henceleafdissectionreliesontheproperestablishmentofbifacialleafstructure.Medio-lateralexpansionofleafblades and tissuematuration during secondarymor-phogenesis also occur along this boundary of adaxialandabaxialdomains.Studiesinspecieswithdissectedleaves have revealed several important genetic com-ponents of leaf dissection, whereas polarity establish-menthasbeenstudiedmostlyseparatelyinspecieswithsimpleleaves.Here,weinvestigatethedisruptionofaleafpolaritypathwayinthecontexofdissectedleafde-velopment,usingvirus-inducedgenesilencing(VIGS)inEschscholzia californica.WehavecharacterizedfiveYABBYgenesinEschscholziathatbelongtothreeangio-sperm-widegenecladesknowntoactinleafdevelop-mentdownstreamofleafpolaritypathways.WeshowthatEschscholzia YABBYgeneexpressionisassociatedwithleaflets,andthatVIGS-mediateddownregulationresultsindefectsinleafpolarityandprimordialmarginestablishment, impacting bifaciality, leaflet initiation,andleafarchitecture.

OhioUniversity,EnvironmentalandPlantBiology,PorterHall500,Athens,Ohio,45701,USA

673 BAKER, ROBERT*1 and DIGGLE, PAMELA2

Making branches in Mimulus: intraspecific developmental variation inshoot architecture

Shootarchitectureisafundamentallydevelopmentalaspectofplantbiologywithimportantimplications

forplantform,function,reproduction,andlifehistoryevolution.Mimulus guttatusismorphologicallydiverseandfastbecomingamodelspeciesforevolutionarybiol-ogyandecology.Shootarchitecture,however,hasneverbeenexaminedfromadevelopmentalperspectiveinM. guttatus.We examined the development of branchesandflowersoverthecourseofontogenyinplantsfromtwo locally adapted populations of M. guttatus withcontrastingflowering times, life histories, andbranchnumbers.Wefindnoevidencefordirecttrade-offsbe-tweenflowersandbranches,andfloweringandbranch-ingarenotlimitedbymeristemnumber.Allbranchesoccuratthefirstfournodesinplantsfrombothpopula-tions.Heterochronicprocessesareresponsiblefordif-

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ferencesinbranchingandfloweringatthe3rdandmoredistalnodeswhiledifferencesinthefrequencyofbranchoutgrowth at the twobasalmost nodes are primarilyresponsible for population level differences in branchnumber.Histologicalandscanningelectronmicroscopeanalysesdemonstratethatplantsfrombothpopulationsinitiate axillarymeristems in similarnumbers, and atsimilarlocationsanddevelopmentalstages.Atthetwobasalmostnodes,populationleveldifferencesinbranchnumber are most likely controlled by node-specificmechanismsgoverningmeristemoutgrowth.1UniversityOfColorado,Boulder,EcologyAndEvolutionaryBi-ology,RamaleyN122,CampusBox334,UniversityOfColorado,Boulder,Boulder,CO,80309,USA2UniversityOfColorado,Depart-mentOfEcologyAndEvolutionaryBiology,CAMPUSBOX334,UniversityOfColorado,Boulder,CO,80309-0334,USA

674 DIGGLE, PAMELA*1, DI STILIO, VERONICA2, GSCHWEND, ANDREA3, GOLENBERG, EDWARD4, MOORE, RICHARD5, RUSSELL, JOHN6 and SINCLAIR, JORDAN1

Multiple developmental processes underlie flower sex differentiation in angiosperms

The production of unisexual flowers has evolvednumerous times in dioecious and monoecious

taxa. Based on repeated evolutionary origins, a greatvarietyofdevelopmentalandgeneticmechanismsun-derlyingunisexualflowerdevelopmentispredicted.Wecomprehensivelyreviewthemodesofdevelopmentofunisexualflowers,andask:Whenduringdevelopment,andbywhatprocess,does lossof reproductiveorganfunctionoccur?Isorganabortionmorecommonatcer-tainstagesandaresomedevelopmentalmechanismsofabortionmoreprevalentthanothers?Doesorganabor-tionvaryaccordingtosexualsystemoramongmaleandfemaleflowerswithinthesamespecies?Werecognizedfourstagesoforganabortionin292angiospermtaxa.Amongthesetaxa,lossofsexualorganfunctionoccurswithequalfrequencyateachofthefourdevelopmentalstagesinbothmaleandfemaleflowers,andinmonoe-ciousanddioecious taxa.Arrestofdevelopmentdoesnottendtooccurpreferentiallyatanyparticularstage,suggestingthattherearenokeystagesofandroecialorgynoecial development that are affected repeatedlyupontheevolutionaryoriginofunisexualflowers.Evenamong closely related taxa, there is no evidence thatlossoforganfunctiontendstooccuratthesamestage.Surprisingly,wefoundthatstageoforganabortioninmaleandfemaleflowersistemporallycorrelatedwithinspecies. Review of developmental processes that ter-minateorgandevelopmentfoundthatnoprocesspre-dominatesandseveralmaycontributetosterilityofthesameorgan.Changesinthetimingofotherwise"nor-mal" developmental processes (cell death, senescence,

terminationofcelldivision)oftencontributetoorganabortion.Clearly,diversemodificationsofdevelopmentunderlietheterminationoforgandevelopmentisuni-sexualflowers.1WayneStateUniversity,DepartmentofBiologicalSciences,Detroit,MI,USA2UniversityOfWashington, KincaidHall 24, PO BOX351800, SEATTLE,WA, 98115-1800, USA3University of Illinois,DepartmentofPlantBiology,Champaign,IL,USA4WayneStateUniversity,DepartmentofBiologicalSciences,Detroit,MI,USA5MiamiUniversity,Botany,316PearsonHall,Oxford,OH,45056,USA6UniversityofOxford,DepartmentofPlantSciences,Oxford,UK

675 HEARN, DAVID

Coevlutionary interactions among plant anatomical characters are modular, yet selection pressure for modularity remains elusive

Modularity is pervasive throughout biologicalsystems ranging frommolecular to ecosystem

scales.Despitetheubiquityofmodularity,selectionpres-suresresponsiblefortheevolutionofmodularityarestilldebated.Aconsensus,however,isthatmodularitycanimprovesystemrobustnessinthefaceofachangingen-vironmenteitherbylimitingthepropagationofdistur-bancestowithinamodule,orbyfocusingsystemchangethroughoneorafewnetworkhubs.Plantanatomicalfeaturesprovidenewlightontheevolutionofmodu-larity.Previousecological-anatomicalstudiesillustrateatightassociationbetweenclimateandanatomicalmor-phology.Usinganextensivedatasetconsistingofover65,000 anatomical measurements from 52 species ofAdenia (Passifloraceae),inconjunctionwithmolecularphylogeneticanalysisofthesespecies,Itestedformodu-larstructureamongevolutionarychangesinanatomi-calstate.Phylogenetically-informedanalysesthattookphylogeneticuncertaintyintoaccountreconstructedaweightednetworkofevolutionary interactionsamong42morphological characters.This networkwasmoremodularthanrandomizednetworks(P<0.001),imply-ingthatevolutionarycascadesofmorphologicalchangeare, themselves, modular. Next, associations betweenclimateandmorphologywereanalyzedusingmodifiedphylogeneticallyindependentcontrasts.Althoughsev-eralexpectedcorrelationsbetweenclimatechangeandmorphologicalevolutionweredetected,modulesinthemorphologicalnetworkneitherlimitedpropagationofimpactsofclimatechange,norwereeffectsofclimatechange on anatomical state focused throughnetworkhubs.Thislackofassociationbetweenmodularstruc-tureandclimatechangesuggeststhatunderlyingevolu-tionarypressuresonmodularstructuremayhavemoretodowithpleiotropyordevelopmentalconstraintthantoimpactsofexternalenvironmentalchange.

TowsonUniversity,8000YorkRoad,Towson,MD,21252,USA

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676 FRIEDMAN, WILLIAM*1 and DIGGLE, PAMELA2

Charles Darwin and the origins of plant evolutionary developmental biology

Muchhasbeenwrittenoftheearlyhistoryofcom-parative"embryology"andits influenceonthe

emergenceofanevolutionarydevelopmentalperspec-tive.However, this literature,whichdatesbacknearlya century, has been focused on metazoans, withoutacknowledgementofthecontributionsofcomparativeplantmorphologiststothecreationofadevelopmentalviewofbiodiversity.Wetracetheoriginofcomparativeplant developmental morphology from its inceptionintheeighteenthcenturyworksofWolffandGoethe,throughthemidnineteenthcenturydiscoveriesofthegeneralprinciplesofleafandfloralorganmorphogen-esis.MuchlikethestimulusthatvonBaerprovidedasa non-evolutionary comparative embryologist to thecreationof an evolutionarydevelopmental viewpoint,the comparative developmental studies of plantmor-phologists were the basis for the first articulation oftheconceptthatplant(namelyfloral)evolutionresultsfrom successive modifications of ontogeny. Perhapsmostsurprisingly,weshowthatthefirstpersontocare-fully read and internalize the remarkable advances intheunderstandingofplantmorphogenesisinthe1840sand1850s isnoneother thanCharlesDarwin,whosenotebooks,correspondence, and (then) unpublishedmanuscriptsclearlydemonstratethathehaddiscoveredthedevelopmentalbasis fortheevolutionarytransfor-mationofplantform.1HarvardUniversityandArnoldArboretum,OrganismicandEvo-lutionaryBiology,Cambridge,MA,USA2UniversityOfColorado,DepartmentOfEcologyAndEvolutionaryBiology,CAMPUSBOX334,UniversityOfColorado,Boulder,CO,80309-0334,USA

POSTERS

677 VAZQUEZ, JESSICA*1 and MALCOMBER, SIMON2

Genomic and expression analyses of THI1-like genes in plants

Thiamine derivatives are involved in diverse bio-chemicalpathwaysinplantsincludingtheCalvin

cycle, citric acid cycle and glycolysis. The thiaminebiosynthetic enzyme (THI1) catalyzes the condensa-tionof thiozole andpyrimidinesduring the synthesisof thiamine andmutations to the Arabidopsis THI1gene(At5g54770)leadtotheproductionofalbinoleavesand premature plant death. Maize thi1-like mutants(Zmthi2/bladekiller1-R) have smaller inflorescencesandleafbladedefects,buttheroleofTHI1-likegenesinotherplantshasyettobeinvestigated.ABayesianphy-

logeneticanalysisof34THI1-likegenes in taxaspan-ningtheplantcladeestimateswell-supportedvascularplant(0.99posteriorprobability[PP]),grass(1.00PP),andeudicot (0.99PP)clades thataregenerally consis-tentwithestimatedorganismalrelationships.THI1-likeparalogs in Glycine max, Mimulus guttatus, Maniho-tesculentum, Zea mays andSorghumbicolor all appearto be the product of recent polyploidization events.GenomicanalysesonMedicago truncatula,Carica pa-paya,Oryza sativa,Brachypodiumdistachyon, and Se-laginellamoellendorffiiestimateTHI1-likeco-orthologsresideinsyntenicgenomicregions.Expressionanalysesin Medicagotruncatula, Carica papaya, Oryza sativa,andBrachypodium distachyonestimateTHI1-likegenelocalizationinvasculartissue.Togetherthesedatadem-onstrate the broad occurrence of THI1-like genes inplantsandestimateagenerallyconservedrole for thegenesduringvegetativeandinflorescencedevelopment.1CaliforniaStateUniversity,LongBeach,BiologicalSciences,1250BellflowerBlvd,LongBeach,CA,90840,USA2CSU-LongBeach,1250BellflowerBlvd,LongBeach,CA,90840,USA

678 AVINO, MARIANO*1, MANKOWSKI, PETER J.2, BERNARD, KELSEY C. 2, HAMMEL, ALEX J. 2, SULLIVAN, SIERRA L. 2 and HALL, JOCELYN C.2

Evo-devo studies on fruit reveal insights inthe genetic mechanism patterning dehiscence in Brassiceae

Evo-devo studies in plants have dramatically in-creasedinthelastdecadeshowinghowphenotypes

havebeenmodifiedviadevelopment.Interestinglymoststudies have focused on floral evolution, while fruitmorphology has been largely overlooked. However,differencesinfruitmorphologygreatlyimpactseeddis-persal,whichisecologicallyimportant.ThetribeBrassi-ceaeisidealtoinvestigatemechanismsunderlyingfruitvariation as it displays significant differences in fruitmorphology. Somemembers have dehiscent siliques,similar to Arabidopsis, whereasmanymembers havesegmented fruits laterally transversed by a joint.Thissegmentation, referred to as heteroarthrocarpy, is ac-companiedbyvariationindehiscentcapabilities.Forex-ample,Cakile lanceolatahasfruitswithtwoindehiscentsegments,whichdisperseindependentlyviaseparationofthejointatmaturity.Incontrast,fruitsofcloselyrelat-edErucaria erucarioides haveadehiscentproximalseg-mentandanindehiscentdistalsegment.ThreeMADS-box transcription factor (SHATTERPROOF1/2andFRUITFULL), two bHLHgenes-like (INDEHISCENTandALCATRAZ)andaBELgene-like(REPLUMLESS)regulatethegeneticpathwaydeterminingproperdehis-cenceinArabidopsis.OurgeneexpressionstudiesshowpartialconservationinthispathwaybetweenArabidop-sisandthedehiscentsegmentofErucaria.Incontrast,

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the indehiscent segments of Erucaria and Cakile arecharacterizedbylackofexpressionofthesegenes.Thenovelanatomicalfeatureofthejointisalsocharacter-izedbylackofgeneexpressiondespiteanatomicalsimi-laritiesbetweenjointabscissionandsiliquedehiscence.Functionalanalysis,suchasvirusinducedgenesilenc-ing,areaimedtodown-regulategenesofinteresttotestinwhichway theymight affect thedevelopment andmorphologyofheteroarthrocarpy.1UniversityofAlberta,Biological Sciences,B602B,Biological Sci-encesUniversityofAlberta,Edmonton,AB,T6G2E9,Canada2Uni-versityofAlberta,BiologicalSciences,CW405,BiologicalSciencesUniversityofAlberta,Edmonton,AB,T6G2E9,Canada

679 MAZIE, ABIGAIL*1 and BAUM, DAVID2

Comparative Development of Physarieae (Brassicaceae) Trichomes

A primary goal of evolutionary biology is to un-derstand the molecular genetic basis of adap-

tive morphological features. Comparative analysesof the evolution of developmental pathway genesmay shed light on the genetic processes that un-derlie morphological diversity between species.Plant trichomes are epidermal outgrowths that mayplayanadaptiveroleinherbivoredefenseand/ordes-iccation resistance. The single-celled, non-glandularleaf trichomes of the mustard family, Brassicaceae,are a good model system for tackling evolutionaryquestions. Trichome form is highly variable acrossthe family, and trichome development is well char-acterized in the model species, Arabidopsis thaliana.Astrichomecellsgrowawayfromtheleafsurface,theirprimaryaxis (or stalk)maybranch innumerouspat-terns.ThetribePhysarieae(Brassicaceae)includesspe-cieswithsomeofthemostelaboratebranchingpatternsinthefamily.Thesestellate(star-like)trichomesappeartohaveevolvedfromdendritic(tree-like)ancestors.Animportantdifferencebetweenthesepatternsisthenum-berofbranchesthatemergefromthecentraltrichomestalk.While1-2branchestypicallyemergefromthecen-tralstalkofdendritictrichomes,asmanyas30branchesmay emerge in stellate trichomes.To understand theevolutionofstellatetrichomesinPhysarieae,weareex-ploringtherolesoftwocandidategenesthathavebeenidentified tobe important for trichomebranch initia-tioninA. thaliana-STICHEL(STI)andBRANCHLESS TRICHOME(BLT).Theresultsofacomparativescan-ning electronmicroscope (SEM)analysis ofdendriticandstellatetrichomedevelopmentacrossmembersofPhysarieaewillbepresented.ThiscomparativedatawillbeanalyzedwithinthecontextofaphylogenetictreeofPhysarieaeestimatedfromsequencesofSTIandBLT.These studieswill allow for comparisons to bemadewith theknowndevelopmentalpatternofA. thalianaandmayprovideinsightintoregionsofthesetwogenesthatarecandidatesforselectionassociatedwiththeevo-

lutionofstellatetrichomes.1UniversityOfWisconsin-Madison,Botany,220BirgeHall,430LincolnDrive,Madison,WI,53706,USA2UniversityOfWisconsin,DepartmentOfBotany,BirgeHall,430LincolnDrive,Madison,WI,53706,USA

680 BOYDEN, GERALDINE*1, HARDEJ, DIANE2, LITT, AMY3 and HOWARTH, DIANELLA1

CYCLOIDEA-like genes are implicated in development and floral patterning in Fedia cornucopiae (Valerianaceae)

Angiosperm diversification has been facilitatedin part by the independent evolution of bilat-

eral symmetry (zygomorphy, monosymmetry) fromactinomorphic ancestors in many groups of flower-ing plants.Recent breakthroughs point to the role ofCYCLOIDEA-like (CYC-like)genesinfloralsymmetryandtheirrepeatedco-optionindevelopmentalpattern-inginindependentlineages.TheCYC-likegenesbelongtotheECEcladeofclassIITCPfamilyoftranscriptionfactors andhavebeen shown to function similarly inAntirrhinum,Gerbera,Lotus,andPisum.Recently,stud-ies in Opithandra (Gesneriaceae) address the role ofCYC inestablishingstamennumber.Inthisstudy,thevirus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) strategy is usedto investigatetheroleofCYC-likegenes inFedia cor-nucopiae (Valerianaceae).Various copies ofCYC-likegenes (CYC1,CYC2A,CYC2B,CYC3A,CYC3B) andtheircombinationswillbeanalyzedtoprovidecluesfortheirroleindevelopment,establishingfloralpatternsinpetalsandtheirpossibleinteractionsamongtheothergenecopies(paralogs)withinthe lineage.Therelativelevelsofgeneexpressionwillbeanalyzedbyquantitativereal-time (RT)-PCRandphenotypic analyses by lightandelectronmicroscopy.Preliminarydatahaveshownmarked variations in development of CYC2A andCYC2B mutantscomparedtowildtype.Flowerbudsofthesemutantswereopenedprematurely(whilegreen)displayingprominentunderdevelopedstamenandthepetals acquired the customarypink colorationduringthelaterstagesofdevelopment.Flowersofthemutantswere predominantly actinomorphic withmore petalscomparedtothenormalpentapetalaeform.Inaddition,atleastoneortwocommonlyabortedstamenswerere-stored.Datafromtheseanalyseswillallowustoexplorehowduplications ofCYC-like genes correlate to evo-lutionarychangeswithinDipsacalesandonabroaderscale,howthisphenomenonleadstonovelphenotypictraitsincoreeudicots.

1St.John'sUniversity,BiologicalSciences,8000UtopiaParkway,Jamaica,Queens,NY,11439,USA2St. John'sUniversity,Pharma-ceuticalSciences,8000UtopiaParkway,Jamaica,Queens,NY,11439,USA3TheNewYorkBotanicalGarden,200thStandSouthernBlvd,Bronx,NewYork,10458,USA

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681 LIU, JUAN*1, FENG, CHUNMIAO1, LIU, XIANG1, FRANKS, ROBERT2 and XIANG, QIUYUN (JENNY)1

Comparative analyses of gene expression and sequences of LFY in Cornus (Cornaceae) - activities in floral development and inflorescence evolution

Species of Dogwood (Cornus L.) exhibits a widevariation in inflorescence structure,including

heads,umbels,dichasium,andcompoundcymes. Thegenusoffersusauniqueopportunitytoinvestigatethemolecularmechanismsunderlyingtheevolutionarydi-vergenceofinflorescencearchitectures.StudiesofAra-bidopsis identifiedthegeneLFYtobeakeyregulatorofthe pathways controlling inflorescence development,byactingonfloralorganidentitygenes. Itsactivity incontrollingfloweringtimeandinitiationof individualflowerhavealsobeenreportedinanumberofotherspe-cies.Inthisstudy,weinvestigateLFYactivityinfloralandinflorescencedevelopmentinsixdogwoodspecies(Cornus controversa, C. sanguinea, C. macrophylla, C. officinallis, C.florida, and C. canadensis) by examin-inggeneexpressionsatdifferentdevelopmentalstages.OurpreliminaryresultsshowedthatLFY isexpressedduringtheinitiationandearlydevelopmentofinflores-cences and flowers, but the expression ceased duringthebloomingstageinallspeciesexamined.Temporaldifferences of the gene expression and inter-specificsequencedivergenceinvolvingbothsitemutationsandsmallindelswereobservedinalldomains(theN,I,andC) among species. Phylgenetic analyses of the cDNAsequencesresultedinspeciesrelationshipsconcordantwiththoseinferredfromothergenes.Theresultssup-portthattheideathatactivityofLFYinfloralandin-florescencedevelopmentisconservedindogwoodspe-cies.Thepatternandrateofmoleluclarevolutionandunderlying evolutionary forces are investigated usingaphylogeneticfamework.Correlationbetweenmolecu-larchangesandinflorescenceevolutionisevaluated.1NorthCarolinaStateUniversity,PlantBiology,GardnerHall2115,Raleigh,NC,27695,USA2NorthCarolinaStateUniversity,Depart-mentofGenetics,Raleigh,NC,27695,USA

682 LOPEZ, CHRISTOPHER*1 and MALCOMBER, SIMON2

Phylogenomic analyses of the VANISHING TASSEL2 in grasses

TheVANISHINGTASSEL2geneinmaizeisessen-tialforvegetativedevelopmentandaxillarymeri-

stemformationduringinflorescencedevelopment.Phy-logeneticanalysisindicatethatVT2isco-orthologustotheArabidopsisTRYPTOPHANAMINOTRANSFER-ASE(AtTAA1),whichcatalyzestheconversionofTrp

to indole-3-pyruvic acid in one of four hypothesizedTrp-dependent biosynthesis pathways for productionoftheplantgrowthhormoneindoleaceticacid(IAA).Bayesianphylogeneticanalysisrevealsawell-supportedVT2/VT2L clade comprisedof grasses fromboth theBEPandPACCMADlineagessuggestinganoriginofthecladeatleastnearthebaseofthegrassfamilyandpotentiallydeeperwithinmonocots.VT2isestimatedhave been produced from a gene duplication withinandropogonoidgrasses,butphylogeneticandgenomicanalysesindicateVT2orthologsarerestrictedtomaize.GenomeanalysesrevealahighdegreeofsyntenyamongVT2LgenesinBrachypodium,riceandsorghum,butonlylimitedevidenceofsyntenyamongthesetaxaandthemaizeVT2andVT2Lgenes.RT-PCRexpressionanalyses indicate VT2L and TAR3/4L genes are ex-pressedbroadly,tovaryingdegrees,inleaves,stemsandinflorescencematerial,howevertheSorghumSbVT2L2andBrachypodiumBdVT2L2werenotdetectedwithinstemtissueandwereonlyweaklyexpressedinleafandinflorescencematerial.SimilartomRNAinsituexpres-sionanalysesofmaizeZmVT2,SorghumSbVT2Lwaslocalizedtotheepidermallayerindevelopinginflores-cence tissue andwasmost pronounced in areaswithinitiating lateral meristems. Together these data sug-gestageneralroleofTAA-likegenesinregulatingplantgrowthanddevelopmentinplants,butalsopointtoacomplexevolutionaryhistoryofVT2andVT2Lgenesingrasses.1CaliforniaStateUniversity,LongBeach,BiologicalSciences,1250BellflowerBlvd.,LongBeach,Ca,90840,USA2CSU-LongBeach,1250BellflowerBlvd,LongBeach,CA,90840,USA

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Genomics / Proteomics

POSTERS

683 GRASSA, CHRIS*, ANDREW, ROSE, KANE , NOLAN C and RIESEBERG, LOREN

Linkage disequilibrium in natural populations of Helianthus petiolaris

WeusedRestrictionsiteAssociatedDNA(RAD)sequencing to infer genotypes at more than

70,000 loci in one hundred H. petiolaris individualsfromtwentysubpopulationsacrossduneandnon-dunehabitatsinColorado’sGreatSandDuneNationalPark,ten additional H. petiolaris individuals from acrossthespeciesrange,andtenH. annuusindividualsfromacross the species range.We alignedRAD sequencestothedraftH. annuusgenometoidentifymarkerlociandestimate thephysicaldistancebetweenthem.Wecalculatedmeasuresoflinkagedisequilibriumforeachpairoflocicommontosubpopulation,population,spe-cies,andinterspecificgroupings.Thisanalysishasen-abledthediscoveryofgenomicregionsthatmaydifferin structurebetweenH. annuus andH. petiolarisduetomicro-chromosomal rearrangements. Additionally,RADmarkersthatcouldnotbeplacedonthedraftH. annuusgenomecouldbetentatively locatedintheH. petiolarisgenomebasedonpatternsoflinkagedisequi-librium.Despiterapiddecayoflinkagedisequilibrium,RADsequencingprovidesasufficientdensityofmark-ersforinformativeanalysis.

University Of British Columbia, Department Of Botany, 6270Uni-versityBlvd,Vancouver,BC,V6T1Z4,Canada

684 WILLIAMS, TANISHA M.*1, FISHER, KIRSTEN1, ISABEL, NATHALIE2 and THOMPSON, STACEY2

Identification of Populus species and hybrids through morphological analyses and single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping in the American southwest

Poplarisamodeltreewithapplicationsinbiotech-nology,andunderstandinginterspecificgeneflow

inPopuluscanclarifytheconsequencesofhybridizationon native systems.Thirty years ago, amorphologicalanalysisdiagnosedhybridsbetweentwonativespecies(Populus fremontii andP. trichocarpa)andoneEuro-pean exotic (P. nigra) throughout sympatric zones inCalifornia andNevada.These eight hybrid zoneswillbe revisited, and the 480 samples genotyped using a42 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) assay.Thegenotypicdatawillbeused toassess the frequencyof

eachspecies,hybridsandbackcrosses,andthedirectionofgeneflow.Inaddition,Iwillcollectleafsamplesandstatistically analyze a series of eightmeasurements todetermineifleafmorphologycanidentifyPopulusspe-ciesandhybrids.Theidentitiesofsamplesbasedonmo-lecularandmorphologicaldatawillbecompared,withthegenomicidentitytakenasindicative.Iwillevaluatewhether morphological characteristics of hybrids areintermediate between the pure parental species, andwhether advanced generation hybrids can be identi-fiedbyleafmorphology.TheresultsofthisstudymayincreaseourknowledgeofthecausesandconsequencesofgeneflowinAmericansouthwestPopulus,andcanhelpfocusconservationeffortstomaintainbiodiversity.1CaliforniaStateUniversityLosAngeles,DepartmentofBiologicalSciences,5151StateUniversityDrive,350LaKretzBuilding,LosAn-geles,CA,90032,USA2NaturalResourcesCanada,CanadianForestService,LaurentianForestryCentre,1055rueduP.E.P.S.,C.P.10380succ.Sainte-Foy,Québec,Québec,G1V4C7,Canada

685 RINEHART, TIMOTHY*1, SCHEFFLER, BRIAN2 and REED, SANDRA1

Transcriptome sequencing of Hydrangea macrophylla, a non-model woody plant and specialty crop

Transcriptome sequencing is a useful first step infunctionalgenomic studies,microarrayandgene

expression studies, single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP) surveys,quantitative trait loci (QTL)mapping,andgenomicscansofdiversity.Massivelyparallelpy-rosequencingtechnologyhasbeenusedextensivelyonagronomic crop andmodel plants.Herewe describeannotationandsequencecomparisonofanormalizedESTlibrary fromanon-modelcrop,Hydrangea mac-rophylla,which is grownas awoody landscapeorna-mentalplant,forcedgreenhousefloralcrop,andforcutflowers.Transcriptomesequencesweregeneratedusing454GS-FLXTitaniumsequencingofasinglenormal-izedESTlibrarymadefromleaf,bud,stem,andflowertissue.Mediansequencelengthwas431basepairsandsequencing generated 1.1 million high-quality reads.Assembleddatainclude46,673contigsthatbreakdowninto 42,664 isotigs and 24,201 isogroups. BLAST2Gowas used for sequence annotation. Transcriptomedata was screened for microsatellites regions, whichproduced primer pairs for 3500 new SSRmarkers tosaturate linkage map for Hydrange macrophylla.SNPdiscoveryisunderwayaswell.Hereweprovidealistofcandidategenesthatcouldbeutilizedinfutureexperi-mentstoincreaseflowering,resistpowderymildew,andenhancefloralcharacteristics.1USDA,AgriculturalResearchService,FloralandNurseryPlantsResearchUnit,TSUNurseryCropResearchStation,McMinnville,Tennessee,37110,USA2USDA,AgriculturalResearchService,Ge-nomicsandBioinformaticsResearchUnit,141ExperimentStationRoad,Stoneville,Mississippi,38776,USA

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686 JIANHUA, OUYANG*, RENCHAO, ZHOU and SUHUA, SHI

De novo assembly and analysis of transcriptome of a mangrove associate Hibiscus tiliaceus L. sequenced by Illumina technology

Hibiscus tiliaceus,amangroveassociate,hastwodif-ferentecotypesinhabitinginintertidalandinland

environments, respectively. It may represent a goodexample of differential adaptation to heterogeneoushabitats. The advent of next-generation sequencingtechnologysuchas454andIllunminamakeitpossibletoanalyzethegenomeortranscriptomeinshortertimewithlesscostandtime.WeusedIlluminasequencingtechnology to obtain transcriptome data for genomicand evolutionary researches in future. In this study,morethan30million75-ntpaired-endreadswereas-sembledinto43,899contigswithanaveragelengthof710ntbyusingashort-readassemblerABySS,andallthecontigshavetheaveragedepth54.8x.Ofthe43,899contigs,32,313weresuccessfullyannotatedusingGeneOntology(GO)termsand5,897weresuccessfullyan-notatedusingtheKyotoEncyclopediaofGenesandGe-nomes(KEGG)pathways.ThisstudywillhelpustofindnewgenesinHibiscus,whichhasmanyimportantgar-denplants but little transcirptome information.Mostimportantly,wecanconductevolutionaryanalysiswithothercloselyrelatedspeciestolearnmoreaboutadap-tiveevolutionandcodonusagebiasof thismangrovespecies.

Sun Yat-senUniversity, College of Life Science, xingangxilu 135,Guangzhou,Guangdong,Guangzhou,GD,510275,China

Molecular Biology

POSTERS

687 PRINCE, LINDA

Plastid Primers for Phylogenetics

TheavailabilityofPCRprimersfornumerousplas-tid introns or intergenic spacer regions has in-

creaseddramaticallyoverthepasttenyears,yetmanybotanistsarestillunabletoconfidentlyresolverelation-shipswithintheirstudygroup.Additionally,structuralrearrangements in the chloroplast genome limit theutility of some primer combinations.The goal of thecurrentstudywastodevelopadditionalplastidmarkersforphylogenetic reconstructionamongclosely relatedfloweringplanttaxa,ideallybetweensisterspeciesandamongsubspecies.Primersweredesignedfor32non-codingportionsof the largesinglecopyregionof thechloroplastgenomebasedonthecompletechloroplastgenomesofsixteenfloweringplantspecies.Theutilityof theprimerswasalsoassessed foravarietyofnon-flowering land plants.Most primer pairs were testedon at least two non-model angiosperms, Monardella viminea (Lamiaceae) and Agave shawii (Agavaceae).Primer sequences, taxonspecificmatch,andapproxi-mateampliconsizeisavailableforreviewanddownloadviathewww.

RanchoSantaAnaBotanicGarden,1500NCollegeAvenue,Clare-mont,CA,91711-3157,USA

688 PANES, VIVIAN

Identification and Cloning of Ribosome Inactivating Protein (RIP) Genes in Selected Species of the Euphorbiaceae

Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIP) inhibit pro-tein synthesis in eukaryotic cells by catalytically

damagingribosomes.Theyhavebeenproven tohaveanantiviralandantitumouractivitybecauseRIPscantruncatethetranslationofviralcoatproteins.Thepres-enceofRIPgenesinthe13selectedEuphorbiaceaespe-cieswasscreenedthroughgenomicDNAPCRusing5setsofprimers.TheselectedplantsincludedAcalypha hispida Burm., Codiaeum variegatum L. Bl., Euphor-bia hirta, Euphorbia lactea Haw., Euphorbia milii,Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd., Euphorbia tirucalli L.,Euphorbia trigona Haw., Exoecaria cochinensis var.purpurascens, Jatropha pandorifolia Andr., Jatropha podagrica Hook,Manihot esculenta Crantz andPedi-alanthus tithymaloidesL.(Jatropha curcas L. wasusedasthecontrolbecauseithasalreadyaknownRIPgeneasdeterminedbyLinet al.2003b).ThegenomicDNAsequencesobtainedwereanalyzedthroughBLASTsandClustaWofMEGA4.PCRproductswere also clonedand sequenced.RIP primers generatedPCRproducts

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foronlythreeplants.TheseareJ. podagrica,J. pandori-folia and J. curcas. Sequence analysis and alignmentthroughBLASTshowed87%-90%homologyofJ. pan-durifolia’sRIP genesequencetoJ. curcasprecursorgeneandmRNA,while87%-89%homologyofJ. podagrica’sRIPgenesequencetoJ. curcas’curcinprecursormRNAandgene.NucleotidesequenceanddeducedaminoacidsequencethroughClustalWrevealedpossibleORFsinJ. podagrica and J. pandurifolia’s genomicDNAPCRproductsandclonedPCRproducts.AlignmentofthededucedaminoacidoftheclonedgenomicDNAPCRproductsofJ. podagricaandJ. pandurifoliatoJ. curcas’curcin and otherRIPs revealed the presence ofRIP’sconservedregionssuchasSYFF,ALDandEAAwhicharetheputativeactivesites.GenomicDNAPCRprod-uctsofJ. podagricaandJ. pandurifoliaare674-678bp.and555-590bp.respectively.IdentificationoftheRIPgenesinJ. pandurifoliaandJ. podagricawillshedlightonthemedicinalpropertiesoftheribosomalinactivat-ingproteins(RIPs)oftheseplants.

AteneoDeManilaUniversity,DepartmentofBiology,SchoolofSci-enceandEngineering,QuezonCity,1108,Philippines

689 ALVES, FÁBIO DE MATOS1, SFORÇA, DANILO AUGUSTO1, FORTUNA PEREZ , ANA PAULA*2, SARTORI, ÂNGELA LÚCIA BAGNATORI3 and SOUZA, ANETE PEREIRA DE1

Development and characterization of a DNA library enriched on Microsatellite (SSR) of Prosopis ruscifolia Griseb

Microsatellites or simple sequence repeats (SSR)markersareavaluabletoolingeneticmapping,

genotyping,analysisofpaternity,geneflowandmarker-assistedselectioninbreedingduetotheircharacteriza-tionof co-dominant loci, high allelic variation and beeasilyusedbyPCR.Dataonmicrosatelliteabundancecomes preferentially from microsatellite enriched li-brariesandDNAsequencedatabases.Thisstudyaimedto develop and characterize a microsatellite-enrichedgenomiclibraryofProsopis ruscifolia Griseb. andsub-sequentsynthesisandevaluationofprimers.Thecon-structionofthislibraryenrichedofSSRwasdoneusingleavesfromoneindividualofP. ruscifolia,collectedinPortoMurtinho,MatoGrossodoSul,Brazil.Asaconse-quence,95clonesweregeneratedandsubsequentlyse-quenced,resultingin31sequencesamongcontigsandsinglets;besides38perfectandimperfectmicrosatelliteswere sampled. In this study, 18motifs dinucleotides,9motifsAC/AC,8motifsGT/TG,onemotifGA,onemotiftrinucleotide(CTT),andonemotiftetranucleo-tide(GCTT)weretotalized.Theremainingsequencespresentedmotifs with compoundsmicrosatellites.Theprimers designed of this library are in the process ofsynthesisanditwillgeneratedataforbiodiversitystud-

iesofProsopis ruscifolia.1UniversidadeEstadualdeCampinas,CentrodeBiologiaMoleculareEngenhariaGenética,Av.CândidoRondon,400,BarãoGeraldo,Campinas,SãoPaulo,13083-875,Brazil2UniversidadeEstadualdeCampinas, Biologia Vegetal,Monteiro Lobato, 970 - BarãoGer-aldo-,Campinas,SãoPaulo,6109,Brazil3UniversidadeFederaldeMatoGrossodoSul,CCBS,Botânica,CidadeUniversitária,CampoGrande,MatoGrossodoSul,549,Brazil

Molecular Biology

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Molecular Ecology and Evolution

ORAL PAPERS

690 HSU, SHIH-CHUNG*, OLSEN, KENNETH, PUSADEE, TONAPHA and SCHAAL, BARBARA

Global evidence suggests separate crop origins of weedy rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Severalhypothesesfortheoriginofweedyrice,theconspecificweedofcultivatedrice(Oryza sativaL.),

havebeenproposed,includingderivationfromitswildprogenitor(O.rufipogon Griff.),introgressionbetweenwildandcultivatedrice,hybridizationbetweendistinctcultivarsorde-domesticationfromthecrop.Wehaveusedgenome-widesequencetaggedsite(STS)lociandthe pericarp color geneRc to infer the genetic struc-tureandoriginofweedyricebycomparingsequenceswithbothcultivatedriceandO.rufipogon.WefoundforweedyricefromJapan,SouthKorea,ThailandandPortugal lower sequence polymorphism at STS locithanincultivatedrice.Moreover,thereisusuallyclosegeneticsimilaritytolocallygrowncultivars.Weedyricethatissimilartotemperate japonicaricewasfoundinJapan,S.KoreaandPortugal,countrieswhichcultivatejaponicarice,whereasinThailand,whichcultivatesin-dicarice,theweedyriceisgeneticallysimilartoindica cultivars.WealsofoundindicatypeofweedyriceinS.Korea,whichoncecultivatedindicarice.Interestingly,bothtemperate japonicaandindicatypesofweedyricewerefoundinasinglefieldinS.Korea.Incontrast,USweedy rice has genetic similarities to indica and auscultivarsthathaveneverbeencommerciallygrownintheUS.Ourresultssuggestthatweedyricehasarisenmultipletimesacrossricegrowingregionsoftheworld,bothwithinandoutsidetherangeofitswildprogenitor.Atleastinsomeareas,weedyricemayhavedevelopedthroughindependentoriginsfromlocalcultivatedrice.ThelowsequencepolymorphismsdetectedatSTSlociimplythateitherstrongselectionbyweedmanagementpracticesorfoundereffectsmayhaveshapedthegeneticstructureofweedyrice.AnalysisofRcgenehaplotypessuggeststhatsomeweedyricemayhaveanoriginviade-domesticationorpossiblybyparallelevolutionofaspecificRchaplotype.Weconcludethatweedyricemayoriginatefromcultivatedricebydiversemechanisms.

Washington University, Biology, 1 Brookings Drive, Campus Box1137,St.Louis,MO,63130,USA

691 THURBER, CARRIE*1, OLSEN, KENNETH2, JIA, YULIN3 and CAICEDO, ANA4

Molecular evolution of flowering time loci in U.S. weedy rice

Weedyriceisapersistentweedofcultivatedrice(Oryza sativa) fields worldwide, which com-

peteswiththecropanddrasticallyreducesriceyields.Within the US, two main populations of geneticallydifferentiated weedy rice exist, the straw-hulled (SH)groupandtheblack-hulledawned(BHA)group.Cur-rentresearchsuggeststhatbothgroupsarederivedfromAsiancultivatedrice,suchthatSHweedsaremostclose-lyrelatedtoaricevarietycalledindica,whiletheBHA-groupismorecloselyrelatedtoavarietyknownasaus.However, theweedsdiffer fromthecultivatedgroupsinvariousmorphologicaltraits.Floweringtimeisonetrait where consistent differences are seen betweenweedyriceandcultivatedrice,andtimingoffloweringisexpectedtobeimportantforpersistenceofweedsinthefield.Recently,ithasbeensuggestedthatthecodingregionofhd1andthepromoterofhd3aaretwoofthethreemost importantdeterminantsofflowering timeincultivatedrice.Inordertodeterminewhetherthesegeneshavebeenmutatedinweedyricesoastocauseaberrant flowering phenotypeswe took a phenotypicand candidate gene approach.We measured flower-ingtimeincultivated,weedyandwildricegrowninagrowthchamberunderdayneutralconditions,andwesequenced the entiretyofthehd1 genealongwith thepromoterof thehd3a gene.We show that SHweedsflower significantly earlier than cultivated rice whileBHAweeds flower slightly later thanmost cultivatedrice.AlllaterfloweringBHAsamplessharea2basepair(bp)deletion inexon2of thehd1 codingregionthatis common in tropical japonica andaus cultivars, yetisalsofoundinsome indica cultivars.Whilethe2bpdeletiondifferentiatesBHAfromSHweeds,itdoesnotdifferentiatetheweedsfromtheirputativeprogenitors.Additionally,nearlyallSHandBHAweedssharehd3apromoterhaplotypeswiththeirrespectiveprogenitors,indicaandauscultivars.1UniversityOfMassachusettsAmherst,611NorthPleasentStreet,Morrill Science Center Room 221, Amherst,MA, 01003, USA-2WashingtonUniversity,BIOLOGYDEPT,BOX1137,1BROOK-INGSDRIVE,St.Louis,MO,63130-4899,USA3USDA-ARSDaleBumpersNationalRiceResearchCenter,2890HWY130East,2890HWY130East,AR,72160,USA4UniversityOfMassachusetts,221MorrillScienceCenter,611NorthPleasantSt.,Amherst,MA,01003,USA

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692 SHERMAN, NATASHA*1, MUIR, CHRISTOPHER1, JOSEPHS, EMILY2 and MOYLE, LEONIE1

Population variation for reproductive isolating QTL in Solanum

Thestrengthof isolationbetweenspeciescanvarygreatlydependinguponthespecificsourcepopu-

lations used in interspecific crosses. This is becausegeographically separated populations that experiencedifferent selective forces or stochastic events can fixalternative genetic variants; these, in turn, can havevery different pleiotropic consequences for speciesbarriers.Underthisscenario,localprocessesaremoreimportantinfixingallelescontributingtospeciesbar-riers than forces acting throughout the entire speciesrange.Therefore, the dynamics driving the evolutionof isolatinggenesthatarefixed(invariantwithinspe-cies)versuspolymorphic(intraspecificallyvarying)areexpectedtobequitedifferent.Tounderstandtheextentandgeneticbasisofwithin-speciesvariationinrepro-ductiveisolatingloci,wesimultaneouslymappedQTLin two independentpopulations (Rilpop1&Rilpop2)of recombinant inbred lines(RILs) generated fromtwoindependentcrossesbetweenthewildspeciesSo-lanum pimpinellifolium and the domesticated tomatoS. lycopersicum.Parental Solanum pimpinellifoliumac-cessionsforeachpopulationwerefromgeographicallydistant (>380km), ecologically differentiated ends ofthewildspeciesrange.Forpollensterilitybarriers,weidentifiedthreeandfiveQTLinRilpop1andRilpop2,respectively.OnlyoneQTL,onthetopoflinkagegrouptwelve,wasdetected inbothpopulations.Our resultssuggestthatintraspecificvariationforgenetically-basedspeciesbarriers isextensive.NoQTLforseedsterilitywereidentifiedineitherpopulation.ToassesswhetherourpollensterilityQTLareassociatedwithpotentiallyselecteddifferencesbetweenS. pimpinellifoliumsourcepopulations,we are alsomappingmorphological andphysiologicalQTLineachRILpopulation,andassess-ingthedegreeofassociationbetweentheselociandourpolymorphicsterilityQTL.1IndianaUniversity,DepartmentofBiology,JordanHall325,1001E.ThirdSt.,Bloomington,IN,47405-3700,USA2UniversityofTo-ronto,DepartmentofEcology&EvolutionaryBiology,UniversityofToronto,25WillcocksStreet,Toronto,Ontario,M5S3B2,Canada

693 UFFENBECK, MICHAEL*1, LARSON, KATHERINE1 and NOYES, RICHARD2

Seedling establishment versus clonal spread in the exotic, Lonicera japonica

Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica) is a per-sistentinvaderinnaturalareascapableofnegatively

impactingnativespecies.PreviousstudiesinArkansashavefoundlowseedlevelsandpollinationrates.ThesetraitssuggestvegetativegrowthmaybethepathwayJap-aneseHoneysucklesuses to spread intonaturalareas.WesoughttoreconstructandquantifythecolonizationpathwayofJapaneseHoneysucklewithinanaturalarea.Amplified Length Polymphorism (AFLP) was usedtoidentifygenotypesinariparianareaandanuplandsiteatWoollyHollowStateParkGreenbrier,Arkansas.Cloneswere assigned based upon Jaccard’s similarityvalueswheretheclonethresholdwasbaseduponrepli-catedsamples.WefoundahighlevelofgeneticdiversitywithinourstudypopulationwheretheoverallaverageJaccardsimilaritywas0.6805andtheSimpson’sclonaldiversityindexwas0.9369intheuplandsiteand0.9206inthelowlandsite.TheG/Nratiowassimilarinbothuplandandriparianhabitatswhereitwas0.4444intheuplandsiteand0.5278intheripariansite.Theaverageclonalunitlengthalongthetransectswas7.1meters.Inaddition,wemeasuredtherateofspreadofthreegeno-types and foundone genotypewas nomore invasivethanthenativeCoralHoneysuckleLonicera sempervi-rens.AlthoughseedsetisrareinJapaneseHoneysucklethese results indicate sexual reproduction is still themost important colonizationpathwaywithin ripariananduplandhabitats.1UniversityofCentralArkansas,Biology,DepartmentofBiology,LewisScienceCenter180,Conway,Arkansas,72035,USA2Univer-sityOfCentralArkansas,DepartmentOfBiology,LewisScienceCenter180,CONWAY,AR,72035,USA

694 LAPORT, ROBERT*, MINCKLEY, ROBERT and RAMSEY, JUSTIN

The Biology of Speciation in the North American Polyploid Complex, Larrea tridentata (Zygophyllaceae)

Therelativeimportanceofecologicalandnon-eco-logical reproductive barriers is widely disputed,

evenfortaxaclassicallyidentifiedasexamplesofnon-ecologicalspeciation.Genomeduplication(polyploidy)isacommonformofchromosomeevolutionthatcauseshybridinviability(triploidblock)andstrongreproduc-tive isolation in plants. However, because polyploidsare often geographically, morphologically,and physi-ologically,divergentfromdiploids,someevolutionistshavearguedthatspeciationinpolyploidsdependsupon

Molecular Ecology and Evolution

276

ecological adaptation. One widely cited example ofpolyploidspeciationisthecreosotebush(Larrea triden-tata,Zygophyllaceae),adominantspeciesoftheNorthAmericandesertfloracomprisedofthreegeographicallyisolatedchromosomeraces(diploids(2n=2x=26)occurintheChihuahuanDesert,tetraploids(2n=4x=52)oc-curintheSonoranDesert,andhexaploids(2n=6x=78)occurintheMojaveDesert).Yet,itremainsunclearifthechromosomeracesofL. tridentata representdistincttaxonomicunits,notonlybecauseofuncertaintyoverthestrengthof reproductive isolation,butalsodue touncertaintyoverthedegreetowhichtheyhavedivergedecologically, morphologically, and physiologically.Here,weuseacombinationofDNAmolecularanalysesandfieldobservationstoestimatethestrengthofpre-and post-zygotic reproductive isolation within the L. tridentatapolyploidcomplex;determinemorphologicalandphysiologicaldivergenceamongthecytotypes;andtest thehypothesis thatgeneflow is reducedbetweenthecytotypes.WefindthatthethreecytotypesofNorthAmerican creosote bush exhibit strong intercytotypereproductive isolation mediated by largely allopatricdistributions, divergent floweringphenology, andhy-brid inviability/sterility. Furthermore, the allopatricrangesaredistinctinclimaticandedaphicfeatures,aswellasfloristicelements.Thecytotypesdifferslightlyinmorphologicalfeaturesanddisplaydifferencesinwateruseefficiencyasmeasuredbycarbonisotopeanalyses.Finally, DNAmolecular data indicates little evidencefor intercytotypegeneflow.Taken together, these re-sultssuggestecologicalisolationmayplayasignificantroleinestablishingreproductiveisolationbetweenthecytotypes.

UniversityOfRochester,DepartmentOfBiology,RIVERCAMPUSBOX 270211, HUTCHISONHALL, ROCHESTER, NY, 14627,USA

695 BECK, JAMES*1, ALEXANDER, PATRICK2, ALLPHIN, LOREEN3, RUSHWORTH, CATHERINE4, BAILEY, C. DONOVAN5 and WINDHAM, MICHAEL6

Does hybridization drive the transition to asexuality in diploid Boechera?

Gametophytic apomixis is a common form ofasexual reproduction in plants.Virtually all ga-

metophytic apomicts are polyploids, and some viewpolyploidyasanecessaryprerequisiteforthetransitiontoapomixis.However,anycausallinkbetweenapomix-isandpolyploidyiscomplicatedbythefactthatmostapomicticpolyploidsareallopolyploids,leadingsometospeculatethathybridization,ratherthanpolyploidy,istheprimarycauseofapomixis.Diploidapomictspres-entarareopportunitytoisolatetheroleofhybridiza-tion,andanumberofthesehavebeendocumentedinthegenusBoechera(Brassicaceae).Herewepresenttheresultsofamicrosatellitestudyof1400morphologicallyandgeographicallydiversediploidindividuals,evaluat-

ingthehypothesis thatdiploidBoecheraapomictsarehybrids.Withfewexceptions,diploidapomictsexhibitextraordinarily high levels of heterozygosity result-ing fromthecombinationofdisparategenomes.Thisstrongly suggests that the genomic consequences ofhybridizationallowforthetransitiontogametophyticapomixisinBoechera.1UniversityOfWisconsin,Milwaukee,LaphamHallS394,P.O.Box413,Milwaukee,WI,53201-0413,USA2NewMexicoStateUniver-sity,BiologyDepartment,248FosterHall,LasCruces,NM,88003,USA3Brigham Young University, DEPT INTEGRATIVE BIOL-OGY,275WIDB,Provo,UT,84602,USA4DukeUniversity,POBox90338,Durham,NC, 27708,USA5NewMexico StateUniversity,DepartmentOfPlantSciences,P.O.Box30001Msc3AF,LasCruces,NM,88003,USA6DUKEUNIVERSITY,DepartmentOfBiology,BOX90338,DURHAM,NC,27708,USA

696 PUPPO, PAMELA*1, CURTO, MANUEL1, PEREZ DE PAZ, PEDRO LUIS2 and MEIMBERG, HARALD1

The role of secondary contact between previously isolated species: the genus Micromeria (Lamiaceae) on Tenerife

TenerifeisthelargestandhighestislandoftheCanaryArchipelagoandhasacomplexgeologicalhistory.

Tenerife originated from three islands: Teno, Anaga,andRoquedelConde(4to12myo)thatgotsecondarilyconnectedbyasuccessiveuprisingofvolcanoesform-ingitscurrentoutline200000yearsago.Interestingly,manyoftheolderpartsoftheislandcontaindistincten-demicspeciespresumablyremnantsofanextinctflora.Genus Micromeria (Lamiaceae) is represented by 17speciesintheCanaries,ofwhicheightoccuronTenerife.Threeendemicspeciesarerestrictedtothepalaeo-islandofAnagaandadjacentareasandonetoTeno.Inthegeo-logicallyyoungercentralpartoftheislandfivemorpho-logicallysimilarspeciesgrowwithawiderdistribution.Itisquitelikelythattheyoungerpartsoftheislandhavebeencolonizedfromspeciescomingfromtheoldparts.Assuch,thecentralpartoftheislandconstitutesasec-ondarycontactzonebetweenthespeciesandhybridiza-tionisregularlyoccurringbetweenmostofthespecies,asindicatedbythepresenceofmorphologicalhybrids.Weinvestigatethemechanismsthatmaintainthemor-phological differences between the species in the faceof introgression. Post-zygotic barriers could impedegeneflowdespitehybridization.Alternatively, follow-ingthehybridzonetheory,partsofthegenomecouldbestabilizedbyselectionwhileneutralmarkerscouldbe exchanged between the gene pools. Distinguish-ingbetweenmarkersunderpurifyingselection(lengthpolymorphisms between alleles of coding genes) andpresumablyneutralmicrosatellitemarkers,wetest forgeneticdifferentiationbetweenthespecies.Thefirstre-sults indicate littlebetween-speciesdifferentiationanda surprisingly high genetic diversity of the restrictedspecies.We hypothesize that introgressive hybridiza-

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tionhomogenizessomepartsofthegenomesoftheseendemics,butthatselectionongenesimportantforlo-caladaptationareresponsibleformaintainingthemor-phologicaldifferences.1UniversityofPorto,ResearchCenterinBiodiversityandGeneticResources(CIBIO),RuaPadreArmandoQuintas,Vairao,4485-661,Portugal2UniversidaddeLaLaguna,FacultaddeFarmacia,Av.As-trofisicoFranciscoSanchezs/n,LaLaguna,Tenerife,E-38200,Spain

697 YONGMEI, CHEN*, RENCHAO, ZHOU and SUHUA, SHI

Diversifying selection in a mangrove species Rhizophora apiculata revealed by population sequencing

Mangroves live in extreme intertidal environ-mentsandareexpectedtoundergointensese-

lectionpressures.Populationgeneticsapproachhasthepotentialtoidentifygenesunderselection.Inthisstudy,weexaminedDNApolymorphismandpopulationdif-ferentiationinthreepopulationsofRhizophora apicula-ta fromHainan,China,bysequencing78nucleargenesusing Illumina technology and the Sanger method.ThirtyindividualswerepooledforeachpopulationandIllumina sequencing called 81, 109 and 77 SNPs, re-spectively,fromthesepopulations.Theaveragetheta_w and theta_pi of the three populationswere 0.000261,0.000341,0.000242, and0.000302,0.000372,0.000262respectively,whichshowed theextremely low levelofDNA polymorphism within each population. Mostgenes showednoor lowgeneticdifferentiation,while46sitesfrom28genesexhibitedstrongdifferentiation(Fst>0.15).Tajima’sDvalues of 7 geneswere signifi-cantlylargerthanzeroatthe95%confidencelevel.WefurtherusedSangersequencingtoobtainhaplotypesofabout20individualsineachpopulation.InSanyaRiverpopulation, two divergent haplotypes at three geneswerefoundwhiletherewasobviousdeficiencyofhet-erozygotes.Bothgeneticbottleneckandpopulationad-mixturemodelcouldnotaccountfortheobservedpat-terns,andwesuggestedthatthesegenesmaybeaffectedbydiversifying selection.Thismaybeassociatedwiththeheterogeneous environments in SanyaRiver.Ourstudyprovidesaprobablescenarioofplantadaptationtoextremeandheterogeneousenvironmentsbydiver-sifyingselectioninsomespecificgenes.Thecandidategenesunderlyingselectionareworthstudyingfurtheratthephysiologicalandecologicallevels.

Sun Yat-senUniversity, College of Life Science, xingangxilu 135,Guangzhou,Guangdong,Guangzhou,GD,510275,China

698 RISER, JAMES*1 and ROALSON, ERIC2

Phylogenetics of the dwarf milkweed group (Asclepias eastwoodiana-ruthiae-sanjuanensis-uncialis,Asclepiadoideae: Apocynaceae)

Thedwarfmilkweedgroupcomprisesfourdiminu-tivespeciesofearly-floweringmilkweeds(Asclepias

eastwoodiana,ruthiae, sanjuanensis, and uncialis)nativetoxerichabitatsofthewesternUnitedStates.ThreeofthefourspecieshavebeentreatedasinfraspecifictaxaofAsclepias uncialis;however,significantmorphologi-caldifferencesexistbetweentheseputativespecies.Ad-ditionally,theirdistributionsareessentiallyallopatricinallbutonecase.WeareusingchloroplastDNAmarkerstoreconstructaphylogenyofthesefourtaxa.Arobustphylogenyforthisgroupwillallowustoexaminethevalidityofcurrenttaxonomictreatments,thepotentialhybridoriginofA.sanjuanensis,andtheevolutionaryhistoryof thedwarf-milkweedgroup.Thisphylogenywill also allow us to test phylogeographic hypothesesrelatedtothisgroupofinterestingwesternplants.1WashingtonStateUniversity,SchoolofBiologicalSciences,Abel-son,Room339,POBox644236,Pullman,WA,99164-4236,USA-2WashingtonStateUniversity,SchoolOfBiologicalSciences,Abel-sonHall339,Pullman,WA,99164-4236,USA

699 GRADY, BEN R.*1 and SYTSMA, KENNETH2

Sorting out relationships in the 'capitate clade' of Eriogonum (Polygonaceae): Evolution in the Great Basin and beyond

Species-level phylogenetic inference in plants canbecomplicatedbymanyissues(e.g.introgression,

incomplete lineage sorting, polyploidy); the causes ofgenealogicaldiscordancehavebeenwelldocumented.Manyoftheseprocessesareapparentintheevolution-ary history of Eriogonum (Polygonaceae). Here wedemonstrateincongruentgenealogicalhistorieswithinthe ’capitate clade’ of Eriogonum. Extensive ingroupsampling reveals signatures of a recent, rapid radia-tion. Few specieswithin this group exhibit reciprocalmonophylybasedonourchloroplastandnucleargenetrees,althoughtheGenealogicalSortingIndex(GSI)isused to test the extent of non-monophyly of species.Specific cases of discordance arehighlightedwith ex-amples frombothrareandwidespreadspecies inthisclade.Forexample,Eriogonum shockleyi,awidespreadmemberofthe’capitateclade’,showspatternsofrecenthybridizationwithotherspeciesinthisgroup.Chloro-plastcaptureisevidentfromplastidintronsequences,and nuclear regions show similar patterns with E. shockleyi.Certainsub-cladeswithinthisradiationshowstronggeographicclusteringwithinfloristicsectionsof

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theIntermountainRegionofthewesternUnitedStates.Spatialandtemporalpatternsofcurrentspeciesdistri-butionsareinvestigatedinaphylogeneticframework,toilluminatethebiogeographichistoryofthisgroup.1UniversityOfWisconsin-Madison,Botany,430LincolnDr.,Madi-son,WI,53706,USA2UniversityofWisconsin-Madison,Depart-mentofBotany,430LincolnDr.,Madison,WI,53706,USA

700 ZAPATA, FELIPE* and FINE, PAUL

A molecular perspective on plant chemical defense evolution: Molecular evolution of monoterpene synthases in Protium (Burseraceae)

The coevolutionary arms racehypothesis (CARH)states that theselectivepressureofherbivoreson

plantspeciesislargelyresponsibleforthevastdiversityofplantsecondarymetabolites,andthusitpredictsthatvariationofplantchemicaldefensesshouldbeunderdi-versifyingselection,andassociatedwithplantspeciationevents.Althoughsomestudieshaveanalyzedtheevo-lutionofplantdefensechemistry inrelationtoherbi-vorephylogenies,nonehasevaluatedvariationinplantchemistryandthegenesunderlyingthisvariationatthegenuslevel.InthetropicaltreegenusProtium(Bursera-ceae),terpenesareamajorcomponentintheblendofdiversesecondarymetabolitesthatlikelycontributetoresistanceagainstinsectherbivores.Forasetofspeciesfromacross theProtium phylogeny,we characterizedterpenechemicalprofilesandvariationinmonoterpenesynthases(TPSb),thegenescontrollingafundamentalstepinmonoterpenebiosynthesis.Preliminaryanalysesreveali)considerableinterspecificvariationincomposi-tionandconcentrationofleafterpenes,ii)evidenceforexcessofnonsynonymoussubstitutionsonTPSbgenesconcentratedinfewcodons,andiii)variableselectionlevelsalongtheTPSbphylogeny,withsupportforposi-tiveselectionalongfewbranchesrepresentingdifferentspeciesorspeciationevents.Theseinitialresultsarepar-tiallyconsistentwiththepredictionsoftheCARH.Webelieve thatourresults, inconjunctionwithcommongarden experiments, transcription profiling, heterolo-gousexpression,andgenomicscanswillbeapowerfulapproachtofullyelucidatethemechanisticbasisunder-pinning the co-evolutionary processes driving speciesdiversification.

UniversityOfCalifornia,DepartmentOfIntegrativeBiology,3060ValleyLifeSciencesBldg.#3140,Berkeley,CA,94720-3140,USA

POSTERS

701 MAJESKY, LUBOS*, VASUT, RADIM, TRAVNICEK, BOHUMIL and KITNER, MILOSLAV

Genetic variability in apomictic clones of common dandelion (Taraxacum; Asteraceae).

Clonal reproduction through seeds i.e. apomixiscan be significant advantage for plants. Produc-

inghighnumberofseedsofgeneticallyhomogeneousplantstemporarilyincreasesthesuccessingeographicalspread.Apomicticmicrospeciescanspreadoverlargerregionsasitisknowfore.g.Rubus,HieraciumorTarax-acum.However,theabsenceofsexleadstomutationac-cumulation,decreasedgeneticvariabilityofspeciesetc.Thereforeapomicticplantsareconsideredtobeblindevolutionaryends.Theonlysourceofgeneticvariationisthroughgainingthenewmutations.Thesemutationsaretheninheritedbytheoffspringinconsequentlineag-esonly.GenusTaraxacum,whichconsistsofapomicticpolyploidsanddiploidsexualsisrepresentedby2000+taxonsaround theworld.These factsmake thegenusideal study object to address the question, whetherapomicticclonesarewidelydistributedorhavejustthelocal spread.We selected 9morphologically uniformaccessions(microspecies)andhavedonegenotypingof188individualsofTaraxacum sect.Ruderalia.WeusedsixmicrosatellitelocitogetherwiththreeAFLPprimercombinations.Analysesrevealedthepresenceofgeneticdifferencesamongandthehomogeneitywithincloselyrelatedapomicticmicrospecies.Lowintraspecificgenet-icvariabilityofapomicticmicrospeciesaswellashighinterspecificgeneticvariabilitysuggeststhatTaraxacummicrospeciescanbeconsideredasclones.Weshowedthattheseclonescanspreadover largeregionsofEu-rope. Detected high genetic similarity between mor-phologicallysimilarmicrospecies(T.amplumagg.)mayindicatemicroevolutionaryprocessofsplittingthecloneintonovellineagesbygainingmutations.

Palacky University Olomouc, Faculty of Science, Department ofBotany,Slechtitelu11,Olomouc,CZ,78371,CzechRepublic

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702 VON WETTBERG , ERIC J BISHOP*1, MORIUCHI, KEN2, FRIESEN, MAREN3, FOTINOS , TONYA 4, CORDIERO, MATILDE5, VU, WENDY3, MUKHERJEE, JAYANTI6 and BADRI, MOUNAWER1

Maternal Environmental Effects on salt tolerance in Medicago truncatula

Throughallocationofresourcestopodsandseeds,maternalplantshavethecapacitytoaffecttheabil-

ityoftheiroffspringtotolerateabioticstress.Ifabioticstressispredictable,perhapsduematernalexperienceofstressandthelikelihoodofoffspringencounteringsimi-lar conditions,maternal plants can allocate preferen-tiallytooffspringtoincreasestresstolerance.Wetestedformaternalenvironmentaleffectsonstress toleranceinMedicagotruncatulabygrowing40genotypesunderhighand lowsalinityconditions togeneratecontrast-ingmaternalenvironments.Seedgerminationratewastestedatsevensalinitylevels,andplantsweregrowntomaturityattwosalinitylevels.Resultsshowthatmater-nalenvironmentaleffectsaresubstantial,particularlyatearlylifestages,andthateffectsaregenotypespecific.1Centre for Biotechnology Borj Cedria, Legume Ecophysiology,HammanLief,Tunis,Tunisia22128DELTABLVD,Tallahassee,FL,32303, USA3University of Southern California48771 SW 214thTerrace,CutlerBay,FL,33189,USA5UniversityofCaliforniaDavis-6FloridaInternationalUniversity,BiologicalSciences,11200SW8thSt,BiologicalSciencesOE167,Miami,FL,33199-0001,UnitedStates

703 WHEELER, GREGORY L*1, MCGLAUGHLIN, MITCHELL E2, HELENURM, KAIUS3 and WALLACE, LISA2

A comparison of nucleotide and microsatellite diversity for understanding intraspecific evolutionary patterns in two California-endemic Lotus species

TheChannel Islands, an archipelago of eight oce-anic islands off the coast ofCalifornia, comprise

a geographically unique system with a high level ofplantendemism.ItisnotknownwhethertheplanttaxafoundontheIslandsarerelictsofspeciesthatonceex-istedthroughoutmainlandCaliforniaandtheChannelIslandsoriftheuniquetaxaevolvedintonewnichesontheislands.Toaddressthisquestion,itisnecessarytohave an understanding of phylogenetic relationshipswithin specieson the islands andbetween islandandmainland species. In this study, we examined phylo-geneticrelationshipsinLotus dendroideus,anendemicspecies,andL. argophyllus,aspecieswithbothisland-endemicandmainlandvarieties,usingDNAsequencesfromthreechloroplastregionsandgenotypicdatafromsevenchloroplastmicrosatelliteloci.Wecomparedtheinformationcontentof these twodata sets for recon-

structingintraspecificevolutionarypatterns,andtestedthe hypothesis that themicrosatellites would providemore phylogenetically informative characters relativeto effort compared to DNA sequencing without anincreaseinhomoplasy.Additionally,weusedthecom-bined data set to evaluate intraspecific taxonomy forbothspeciesandtoidentifythemostgeneticallysimilarmainlandspecies.Whilethemicrosatellitelociassayedthroughfragment-basedgenotypingmethodsdidpro-videadditionalphylogeneticcharacterswithlesseffortthanDNAsequencing,lengthvariationintheselocididnotalwayscorrespondtovariationintherepeatregion.Thus,caremustbetakentoensurehomologyoffrag-mentsizeswhenusingtheinformationatmicrosatellitelociforphylogeneticinference.Neitherdatasetprovid-edstrongsupportforallofthemorphologically-deter-minedvarieties ineitherspecies.Additionally,neitherisland specieswasmonophyletic relative tomainlandrelatives.Thesefindingssuggesttheretentionofances-tralpolymorphismthroughoutthesetaxa,whichcouldmake reconstructing a maternal phylogeny difficult.Nevertheless,thesedatadoallowforrobustestimationofpopulation-specificpatternswithintheislands.1MississippiStateUniversity,BiologicalSciences,295LeeBlvd,Mis-sissippi State,MS,38762,USA2UniversityofNorthernColorado,BiologicalSciences,50120thStreet,RossHall1560,Greeley,CO,80639,USA3UniversityOfSouthDakota,DepartmentOfBiology,Vermillion,SD,57069,USA

704 WARSCHEFSKY, EMILY*1, JESTROW, BRETT2 and VON WETTBERG , ERIC J BISHOP1

Patterns of genetic variation in the Chamaecrista species of South Florida

The legumefamily is the third largestplant familyand includes species important to agriculture as

well as ecological function. However, most previousresearchhasfocusedonlyonmembersofthesubfam-ily Papilionoideae, with less emphasis on the otherclades.Chamaecrista fasciculata, amemberofthesub-familyCaesalpinioideae hasrecentlyemergedasanewmodel species forevolutionaryandecological studies.ThegenusChamaecrista,whiletropical inorigin,alsoincludes species found in temperate climates. SouthFlorida’s unique subtropical climate and geographi-cal location provide habitat for both temperate andtropicalspeciesatthesouthernandnorthernlimitsoftheir respective ranges, including five native speciesand varieties as well as the naturalization of one ex-oticspecies.Duetotheirgeographicisolation,itishy-pothesizedthatthesepopulationsdemonstrategeneticdifferences from conspecific Caribbean or temperateNorthAmericanpopulations.ToinvestigatepatternsofpopulationgeneticvariancefoundinChamaecrista inSouthFlorida,samplesfrommultiplepopulationsofC. fasciculata, C. nictitansvar.aspera, andC. lineatawerecollected.The sequences of seven single copynuclear

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geneswerecomparedwithinandbetweenpopulationstodetermineinbreedingcoefficients,HardyWeinbergallelefrequencies,fixationindices,Bayesianclustering,andanalysisofmolecularvariance.Theresultsoftheseanalysesrevealedavarietyofpatternsofpopulationge-neticvariationinChamaecristaspeciesinSouthFlorida.Mostimportantly,ourresultsshedlightonthelimitedconservationoptionsavailablefortherareSouthFloridaChamaecrista lineata,afederalcandidatespeciesforen-dangered species listing that is restricted to low-lyinglandintheFloridaKeys.Withlittlehabitatatelevationsaboveexpectedsealevelrise,conservationwillhavetooccurbeyondthecurrentrange.1FloridaInternationalUniversity,DepartmentofBiologicalScience,11200 SW8th Street,Miami, FL, 33199,USA2FairchildTropicalBotanicGarden,CenterforTropicalPlantConservation,11935OldCutlerRoad,Miami,FL,33156,USA

705 LI, XINNIAN*, RENCHAO, ZHOU and SUHUA, SHI

Population genetic variation of a mangrove species Avicennia marina in Hainan Island revealed by high-throughput sequencing

Mangrovesarewoodytreesorshrubs inhabitingcoastalintertidalzoneintropicalandsubtropical

regions.Theyadapttotheirspecifichabitatswithspe-cialpropertiessuchasvivipary,saltsecretionandaerialroots.Previousstudiesreportedlowlevelofpolymor-phismsandstrongpopulationstructureinmanyman-groves.Theadventofnextgenerationsequencingtech-nologies makes population genomics studies feasibleinnon-modelorganismslikemangroves.Inthisstudy,weusedIlluminaplatformtosequence91genesintwonaturalpopulations(WenchangandSanya)ofAvicen-nia marina,amangrovespecies.100 individualswerepooledforeachpopulationandourresultsshowedthatno singlenucleotidepolymorphisms (SNPs)werede-tectedin64genesforbothpopulations,while67SNPsweredistributedintheremaining27genes.Strongge-netic differentiation (Fst>0.25) was revealed betweenthe two populations in 3 genes. By using computersimulation, thepatternobserved in this species couldnotbeexplainedbysoledemorgraphicfactorsandwesuggestedthatsomegenesmightexperiencedivergentselectioninthetwopopulationsofA. marinainHainanIsland.

SunYat-senUniversity, Life Science School,Guangzhou,Guang-dong,P.R.China

706 LONGWICH, ADAM*1, CONDON, MARTY2 and SWENSEN, SUSAN1

Neotropical Cucumbers: Molecular Phylogenetic Reconstruction of the Genus Gurania

Gurania areagenusofmonoeciousfloweringvinesthatarenativetoCentralandSouthAmerica.Early

intheirlife,vinesproducemaleflowersandclimbintothe rainforest canopy.Once they reach a certain size,malevinesbegintoproducefemaleflowersinpendu-lousinflourescences.Guraniaserveashoststofruitfliesin the genus Blepharoneura where asmany as sevendifferentspeciesoffliesmayparasitizeasinglespeciesofGurania.Currently,thereisnoclearpictureofspe-ciesrelationshipswithinGurania.Taxonomicrevisionbasedonmorphologyiscurrentlyunderway,butgeo-graphicalvariationwithinspecieshasledtodifficultiesinspeciesdefinitionsandnophylogeneticanalysishasbeencompleted.OurworkisaimedatreconstructingaphylogenyofGuraniausingmoleculardata.Prelimi-narycomparisonofchloroplastDNAregionshasindi-catedlittledivergencesuggestingthatGuraniaspeciesarecloselyrelated.Asaresult,phylogeneticreconstruc-tionsrequiretheanalysisofmultiple,rapidlyevolvinggeneregions.WehaveidentifiedusefulgeneregionsforphylogeneticreconstructioninGuraniabasedonchlo-roplast intergenicspacerregionsused inphylogeneticreconstructionofPsiguria,thesistergenusofGurania.Usingleafsamplescollectedinthefield,wehaveextract-ed,amplified,andsequencedsixchloroplastintergenicspacers: rpoB-trnC,trnS-trnG, ndhF-rpl32, psbE-petL, psbM-trnD, and ndhC-trnV. Pairwise comparisons ofthesesequencesreveal0.22-2.26%sequencedivergenceamongtheGurania speciessuggesting thatwhileGu-rania are closely related, sufficient sequence variationexists for phylogeny reconstruction. Parsimony andmaximum likelihood-based phylogenetic analysis ofmultiplespeciesofGuraniawillbepresentedandusedtointerpretmorphologyandbiogeography.1IthacaCollege,Biology,953DanbyRoad,Ithaca,NY,14850,USA-2CornellCollege,Biology,600FirstStreetSW,MountVernon,IA,52314,USA

707 SCOTT, ALISON DAWN* and BAUM, DAVID

Evolutionary history and origin of polyploidy in Sequoia sempervirens

Themajesticcoastredwood(Sequoia sempervirens;Cupressaceae)isoneofthefewpolyploidconifers,

and the only hexaploid (2n=6x=66). Coast redwoodsare long-lived trees (some over 2,000 years) and areamongtheverytallesttreespeciesintheworld(upto115meters).Theirgeographicalrangeislimitedtothecoast of central andnorthernCalifornia, but the fos-sil record suggests a broader historical distribution.

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Theorigin of hexaploidy inS. sempervirens has beena source of speculation; variousmechanismsof poly-ploidization and putative ancestral genome donorshave been suggested.The closest living relatives ofS. sempervirensarethedawnredwood,Metasequoia glyp-tostroboides, native toChina, and the giant redwood,Sequoiadendron giganteum,endemictointeriorcentralCalifornia. SouthAmericanalerce,Fitzroya cupressoi-des, is another Cupressaceous tetraploid (2n=4x=44)andismorphologicallysimilartotheredwoods.Severallow-copynucleargeneshavebeenamplifiedinS. sem-pervirensanditscloserelativesandmolecularsequenceanalysisisbeingusedtounraveltheancientpolyploidoriginofcoastredwood.

UniversityOfWisconsin,DepartmentOfBotany,BirgeHall,430LincolnDrive,Madison,WI,53706,USA

708 LI, PAN*1, WAN, YING1, CAMERON, KENNETH2 and FU, CHENGXIN1

Phylogeography of the North American Herbaceous Smilax (Smilacaceae)

The herbaceous Smilax (sect. Nemexia) exhibit aclassic East Asian-North American phytogeo-

graphicdisjunction.While thetwoEastAsianspeciesarewelldefinedbymorphologicalandmolecularevi-dence,theNorthAmericanspeciesaremoretaxonomi-cally confusedand treatedas1 to9 speciesbydiffer-entauthors.RecentstudiesofchloroplastandnuclearDNA have shown that North American herbaceousSmilax are monophyletic, but failed to resolve thephylogenetic relationships among them. To elucidatethese relationships, we reconstructed a phylogeny ofSmilaxsect.Nemexia usingamplifiedfragmentlengthpolymorphism (AFLP) data. 325 individuals from 49populations of all the nine North American species+thetwoEastAsianspeciesweresampledacrossthewholegeographicrange.IndividualsofS. jamesiifromwesternNorthAmericaformedaclusterdistinctfromtheeasternNorthAmericanspecies.Withintheeasternclade,apopulationof"S. biltmoreana"fromthesouth-ernAppalachiansformedabasalclade.Theremainingsamplesshowedapatternrelatedtogeographyratherthanmorphologyor taxonomy.To supplement thesedata we also sequenced three plastid loci (ycf6, trnG andrpoc1).ThecpDNAandAFLPresultsbothsupportourformerhypothesisthatherbaceousSmilaxfirstar-rivedintowesternNorthAmericaviatheBeringlandbridge,andthenspreadeastwards,followedbyisolationbetweenthem.EasternherbaceousSmilax mayhavelo-calizedinglacialrefugia insouthernAppalachia, thenexpandedrapidlytothenorthinordertoachievetheirpresentdistribution.1Zhejiang University, College Of Life Sciences, 388 YuhangtangRoad,Hangzhou,Zhejiang, 310058,China2Wisconsin StateHer-barium,DepartmentOfBotany,154BirgeHall,450LincolnDrive,Madison,WI,53706,USA

Pollination Biology

ORAL PAPERS

709 COLEMAN, CASSANDRA* and CLARK, JOHN L.

A revised phylogeny and study of pollinator shifts and floral traits in the neotropical genus Gasteranthus (Gesneriaceae)

ThegenusGasteranthus,with40currentlydescribedspecies, occurs in Central and South America.

SpeciesofGasteranthushavetwomorphologicallydif-ferent corolla shapes,which are suggestive of specificpollinators.The flower shapes are either hypocyrtoidwithaninflatedventralpouchorfunnelformandnon-pouched.PreviousmolecularphylogeniesofGasteran-thuswereequivocalofwhetherornothypocyrtoidflow-ers were an apomorphy or plesiomorphy. MolecularsequencedatageneratedfromnrDNA(ITSandETS)andcpDNA(matKRand trnLF)weregeneratedfor80taxarepresenting25taxaofGasteranthus and55taxafromcloselyrelatedgenera.Ourdatastronglysupportsthatfunnelformflowersassociatedwitheuglossinebeepollinationaresymplesiomorphicandthatbeepollina-tion has evolved at least three times inGasteranthus.Pollen presentation and nectar reading schedules, aswellaspollinator identificationandvideographywereutilizedtobetterunderstandtheroleofpollinatorsonthespeciesofGasteranthus.

TheUniversity ofAlabama,Department of Biological Sciences, Box870345,Tuscaloosa,AL,35487,USA

710 MEIER, RETHA

Breeding Systems, Pollination Ecology and Fragrances of Thelymitra (Orchidoideae)

The purpose of our study was to investigate thebreedingsystem,pollinationecologyandfragranc-

esofThelymitra crinita (bluelady) and Thelymitra mac-rophylla (scentedsunorchid). Greenhouseexperimentsshowedthatbothorchid"parentspecies"wereself-com-patiblebutdidnotself-pollinatemechanically.WealsofoundthatnativebeesinfrequentlyvisitT. macrophylla andT. crinita.Astheorchids’floweringperiodsanddis-tributionoverlappedbroadlyatoneofourfieldsitesinWesternAustralia,wewantedtoknowifthesebluesunorchidscouldbemimickingOrthrosanthos(Iridaceae)and/orLeschenaultia(Tachinidae).Toaddressthisre-searchinterest,fragranceswerecollectedfromallfourspeciesandsenttoDr.RobertRagusoatCornellUni-versityforanalyses.WefoundthatT.macrophyllamay

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bemimickingOrthrosanthosincolor(blue)aswellasfragrance(bothemit2-phenylethanol).T. macrophyllaandOrthrosanthos smell alikebutT. crinita doesnotsmelllikeeitherofthem.

SaintLouisUniversity,Education,3500LindellBlvd,St.Louis,MO,63103,USA

711 ICKERT-BOND, STEFANIE M.*1, RYDBERG, ANDERS 2, BOLINDER, KRISTINA2, HAN, JUN3, JESSE, SUSANNAH6, LITTLE, STEFAN4, LOERA CARRIZALES, ISRAEL5, RYDIN, CATARINA2 and VON ADERKAS, PATRICK6

Chemical composition of pollination drops in Ephedra - safe sex and other oddities.

Althoughpollinationdropmechanismsareknownfrom several extinct seed plants, within extant

gymnosperms it is restricted to four clades: conifers,Ginkgo, cycads and Gnetales. Within conifers pol-linationmechanismsarehighlyvariableduetovariedorientationsof theovuleduringpollination,presence,modificationorabsenceofthepollinationdropmecha-nism,andwhetherthepollenissaccateornon-saccate.InGnetales theovules areorthotropous andproducepollination drops to capture non-saccate pollen.Thepollinationdropthenretracts,carryingthepollenintotheovule.Ephedrapollinationdropsareproducedvianucellarsecretionandarepresentedatthetipofalongmicropylartube,anextensionoftheintegument.Anal-ysisof thechemical compositionofpollinationdropsmight give clues to understanding plant-insect asso-ciationsinvolvinggymnospermsandtheirnectarivores,pollinivoresandpollinators.Whilemostgymnospermpollinationdropscontainlowconcentrationsofsucrose(5-10%), inEphedra helvetica sucrose isnotonly thepredominantsugar,butit isfoundathighconcentra-tions (~ 25%).This goes in concertwith the lack ofinvertasesinthepollinationdropofEphedra.Asistypi-calofothergymnosperms,theproteincompositionofpollinationdropsinEphedraincludesseveraldefense-relatedproteins. SinceEphedra ovules are exposed totheenvironmentandvulnerabletopotentialpathogensduringthetimeofpollenreceptivity,apotentialroleoftheseproteinswouldbetoprotecttheyoungovulefromairbornemicrobes-it’sasafesexmechanism.BasedonaproteomicevaluationofpollinationdropletproteinsinseveralspeciesofEphedra wediscussimplicationsfor

theevolutionofpollinationbiologyinEphedra.1UniversityofAlaska,UAMuseumoftheNorthHerbarium&Dept.ofBiologyandWildlife,907YukonDr.,Fairbanks,Alaska,99775,USA2UppsalaUniversity, Evolutionary BiologyCentre,Norbyvä-gen 18D, SE-75236Uppsala, Sweden3University of Victoria, Ge-nomeBCProteomicsCentre,VancouverIslandTechnologyPark,#3101-4464MarkhamSt,Victoria,BC,V8Z7X8,Canada4Univer-sityOfCaliforniaDavis,DepartmentOfPlantSciences,Davis,CA,95616-8515,USA5InstitutoDeEcologia,A.C.,BiologiaEvolutiva,ApartadoPostal63,Xalapa,Veracruz,91000,Mexico6UniversityofVictoria,GraduateCentreforForestBiology,DepartmentofBiology,P.O.Box3020,StationCSC,Victoria,BC,V8W3N5,Canada

712 CLARK, JOHN L.*1, COLEMAN, CASSANDRA1, CLAVIJO, LAURA1, MORA, MARCELA1 and MUCHHALA, NATHAN2

Evolution of anti-bee pollination mechanisms in the Neotropical plant genus Drymonia (Gesneriaceae)

The Neotropical plant genus Drymonia is exem-plifiedbyaremarkablediversityofflowershapes

andcolors.TheclassificationofDrymoniaandcloselyrelatedgeneraisstillinfluxbecauseoftheconvergenceoffloralforms.Datafrompollenpresentation,videog-raphy,andmolecular-basedphylogeneticanalysessug-gest thatmultiple shifts from bee to bird pollinationhave occurred. Two distinctive corolla forms associ-atedwith bird pollinationhavemultiple independentorigins inDrymonia:laterallycompressedcorollasandhypocyrtoid(’pouched’)corollas.SpeciesofDrymoniawith either of these corolla shapesoccasionally retainfeaturesofeuglossinebeepollinationsuchasporicidalantherdehiscence.OurdatasuggeststhatshiftstobirdpollinationinDrymoniaareaccompaniedwiththeevo-lutionof’anti-bee’mechanisms,suchasnarrowfloweropeningsandredcoloration,thatservetoreducevisitsbyeuglossinebees.1TheUniversity of Alabama, Department of Biological Sciences,Box870345,Tuscaloosa,AL,35487,USA2UniversityofNebraskaLincoln

713 COWDEN, NANCY* and GANNICOTT, PRISCILLA

We talk to the bees: Cypripedium parviflorum var. pubescens pollination biology insights

Cypripedium parviflorum var. pubscens (large yel-lowlady’s-slipper)presentsnodiscernablereward

to pollinators, but observations in Virginia indicatethatcertainplantsconsistentlysucceedinsettingfruitswhileotherplantsexperiencereducedabilitiesattract-ing pollinators. Because fruit set requires vector-me-diated pollen transfer, we are confident that residentbeesdiscriminateamongC. parviflorumvar.pubescens

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individuals.Weproposethatfloralfragrancevariationsaccount,at least inpart, forunevenreproductivesuc-cessinlargeyellowlady’s-slippers.Duringeachgrowingseasonfrom2008-2011,weobtainedfragrancesamplesfromtwoC. parviflorumvar.pubescenspopulationsus-ing non-destructive, static headspace solid-phase mi-croextraction(SHS-SPME)employingSPMEportablefieldsamplersexposedtothefloralheadspaceandsub-sequentlydesorbedintheinjectionportofaThermo-Scientific FocusGC/DSQMS.We also captured andidentifiedtospeciesinsectsobservedwithinthelabellaof our tagged plants, enabling us to correlate floralscent characteristicswith particular visitors.Nonanal,phenylacetaldehyde, andphenylethyl alcoholoccurasmajor constituents in the C. parviflorum var. pubes-censsamplesanalyzed,andflowersranginginagefromtwotosevendaysproducefragrancesdetectablebyourmethodswhileyoungerandolderflowersdonot.Ourrecoveredfaunagenerallyagreeswiththediversityen-counteredbypreviousresearchers,and beevisitationscorrespondwithelevatedscentproduction.Whilethespecific effect of fragrance on bees’ behavior remainsunknown, evidence suggests large yellow lady’s-slip-pers’perfumesfactorinreproductivesuccess.

714 MITCHELL, RANDALL*1 and KARRON, JEFFREY2

Influence of pollinator visitation patterns on multiple paternity in Mimulus ringens

Animal-pollinated Angiosperms cannot directlycontrol gamete receipt or export. Instead, these

plantsdependonmovementsofpollinatorswhosefor-agingbehaviorsoften fail tooptimize thequantityorquality of pollen deposited on stigmas. Furthermore,thestochasticnatureofpollinatorvisitsoften leadstostriking among-flower differences inmating patterns.One factor likely to contribute to this among-flowervariation is the timing and compositionof sequentialpollenloadsdepositedoneachstigma.Eachpollenloadmaydiffermarkedlyinsirerepresentation,especiallyifsuccessivepollinatorsapproachaflower fromdistinctcompassdirectionsandcarrypollenfromdifferentdo-nors.Althoughpollendepositedduringaninitialfloralvisitmayhaveasiringadvantageduetopriority,pollengrainsdepositedduring later visitsmay also competesuccessfullyforaccesstoovules.Thismultiplematingislikelytoincreasethegeneticdiversityinasibship,whichmayinfluencecompetitiveinteractionsamongdevelop-ingseedswithinfruitsandamongseedlingsinthefield.Weexperimentallytestedthehypothesisthatsequentialpollinator visits contribute to the exceptionally highlevelsofmultiplepaternityinfruitsofMimulus ringens(Phrymaceae), a wetland perennial native to NorthAmerica.We documented all bee visits to individualflowers, quantified resulting seed set, anddeterminedpaternity for 20 seeds per fruit. Most (76%) flowers

receivedmultiplevisits,andtheintervalbetweenvisitswas usually < 30min. Flowers visitedmultiple timesproduced 44%more seeds than flowers visited once.Allfruitsweremultiplysired.Flowersreceivingasinglevisit averaged 3.12 outcross sires per fruit, indicatingthat single visits deposit pollen from several donors.Multiplepaternitywasevengreaterfollowingthreeormorevisits(4.92outcrosssires),demonstratingthatse-quentialvisitsbringpollenfromdonorsnotrepresentedintheinitialvisit.1UNIVERSITYOFAKRON,DepartmentOfBiology,DepartmentOfBiology,AKRON,OH,44325-3908,USA2UniversityOfWiscon-sin-Milwaukee,DepartmentOfBiologicalSciences,POBOX413,MILWAUKEE,WI,53201,USA

715 YOUNG, HELEN

Landscape features affect bumblebee abundance in Vermont

Since their introduction to the United States over250yearsago,honeybeeshavebecome important

pollinators ofmany plant species.The recent declinein native pollinator species diversity could be due, inpart, to habitat degradation and/or fragmentation, aswellascompetitionwithnon-nativehoneybees.Istud-iedtherelationshipbetweenhabitatfragmentationandbumblebeeabundanceinVermontintwosummers.Istudiedbeesattheflowerstheyvisitedinmeadowsandold-fieldsofvaryingsizesanddegreesofisolationfromboth other meadows and from forests. Agriculturalfields(corn,alfalfa,andpasture)andurbanizationaddstothefragmentedlandscapethatthesepollinatorsnavi-gate.UsingGIS,Iexaminedtheeffectsofland-usecoveronbumblebeeabundance.Theproportionofvisits toflowers by bumblebeeswas positively correlatedwithpercentforestcoverandnegativelycorrelatedwithper-centpasturecover.Inaddition,bumblebeeabundanceincreasedwithincreasingdistancetohoneybeecoloniesandwiththeproportionoftheplantspeciesinthefieldsthat are native.These results suggest that bumblebeeabundanceisaffectedbymanyfactors:densityofhon-eybees(competition),floralcompositioninfields(floralmorphology),andforestcover(nestinghabitat).

MiddleburyCollege,BiologyDepartment,BicentennialHall,Mid-dlebury,VT,05753,USA

716 GOODWILLIE, CAROL* and STEWART, EMILY

Consequences of cleistogamy and chasmogamy in Triodanis

The evolutionary explanation for themaintenanceof cleistogamous (CH) and chasmogamous (CL)

flowers in many plant species remains elusive. Twowidely distributed subspecies of Triodanis perfoliatahave diverged in their relative allocation to CH and

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CLflowers.Aspartofaninvestigationoftheselectivefactors responsible for this divergence, we comparedthefitness contributionofCHandCLflowers in thetwospecies.Seedswerecollectedfromeachfruit typeofeachspeciesinazoneofcontactinPittCounty,NC,andoffspringwereraisedinagrowthroomexperimenttoquantifyandcomparegermination,survival,biomassandfruitproduction.WefoundnoevidenceineitherspeciesforafitnessadvantageofCHflowersthatwouldcompensateforthegreaterexpenseofproducingthem.Infact,inoneofthetaxa,CLseedsgerminatedatasig-nificantlyhigherrate thanCHseeds.Wefoundmor-phologicalevidenceforhybridizationinCHoffspring,particularlyofT. perfoliatassp.biflora.WeconsidertheimplicationsofCHandCLstrategiesfortherateofhy-bridizationbetweenthetaxaanditsconsequences.

EastCarolinaUniversity,Biology,MailStop551,Greenville,NC,27858,USA

717 POLICHA, TOBIAS*1, MANOBANDA, ROCIO2, MCALPINE, JESSE1, DENTINGER, BRYN3 and ROY, BITTY1

Reproductive Biology of Mushroom Mimicking Dracula Orchids

Pollination biology is fundamentally the study ofinteractionsbetweenaplantanditsenvironment.

Floral mimicry adds complexity to this interaction.Draculaorchids lookandsmell likemushrooms,andarepollinatedbymushroomassociatedflies.Onehy-pothesisisthattheplantstakeadvantageofthisfungalphenotypetoovercometheproblemsofdensity-depen-dentvisitation.Likemanyorchids,neitherDracula felixnorD. lafleurii haveveryhighfruitsetrates.D. lafleurii setfruitononly5.7%ofitsbuds(n=35),whileD. felixwas somewhatmore successful, producing fruit from45.5%ofitsbuds(n=44).OneexplanationforthehigherratesinD. felixisitscapacityforinsect-mediatedselfing.Inahandpollinationexperiment,manipulated’selfed’flowers, geitonogamously pollinated, and out-crossedflowersallsetfruitatsimilarrates,butunmanipulatedflowersdidnotsetanyfruits(n=102).Insupportofadensity-dependentvisitationhypothesis,whennumberofflowersperplantwasregressedagainsttotalnumberof visitors, there was a clear positive relationship (r2=0.49,p=0.001).Thenexthypothesistestedwas:iftheseflowers aremimicking fungi, then they shouldderivesomebenefitfromtheresemblance.Whenassayingvisi-tationratesindifferentcontextswith D. felix,wefoundnot only that flowers next to other flowers receivedmorevisitsthansingletonflowers,butthatflowersnexttomushrooms received the samenumberof visits asthe ’next toflowers’ treatment(n=16reps;p=0.0199).InD. lafleuriiweaskedthesamequestion,butinsteadofsingleflowerswepositionedwholeplantseithernexttomushroomsorbythemselves.Weagainfoundthatplantsnexttomushroomshadmorevisitsthanplantsaway frommushrooms (n=6reps; p=0.0218). Finally,

lookingatnatural variation inplants thatwere eithernearto,orfarawayfrommushrooms,wefoundasimi-larpattern(n=4reps;p=0.0500).Ourdatasupportthehypothesis thatDraculaorchidsderiveabenefit fromtheirresemblancetomushrooms.1UniversityofOregon,CenterforEcologyandEvolutionaryBiology,5289UniversityofOregon,Eugene,OR,97403,USA2Quito,Ecua-dor3RoyalBotanicGardens,Kew,JodrellLaboratory,Richmond ,Surrey,TW93DS,UK

718 SUMMERS, HOLLY*1 and RAGUSO, ROBERT A.2

Intraspecific variation in floral display and breeding system in Oenothera flava (Onagraceae)

Angiospermshavedevelopeddiversestrategiesforsexualreproduction,buttheevolutionarytransi-

tionsbetweenself-fertilizationandoutcrossingarestillatopicogongoinginterest.ThetwosubspeciesoftheNorthAmericanmixed-matingYellowEveningPrim-rose,Oenothera flava (Onagraceae),varyinfloraldis-playanddegreeofoutcrossing.O. flavasubspeciesflava is a predominantly self-fertilizing annual common atlowelevationsinthewesternUnitedStatesandMexico.Itproducesyellowflowersabout2cmindiameterwithhypanthiaupto6cmlong.O. flavasubspeciestaraxa-coides grows at higher elevations on discrete moun-taintopsintheAmericansouthwestandMexico.Thisannual-to-perennialsubspeciesproducesshowyflowers(upto20cmlongwithacorolladiameterupto8cm)whichemithighlevelsofnitrogenousscentcompunds.Thesevolatiles,commoninhawkmoth-pollinatedtaxa,are not well studied. Disjunct populations of taraxa-coidesalsodisplaydiscretevariationinscentandmor-phology. Here I provide a case study of intraspecificvariationinreproductivestrategybyinvestigating1)themechanismsofpollinatorattractionusingcomparativetranscriptomics and volatile metabolomics, 2) inter-populationvariation infloraldevelopment, examinedthroughdissectionofbudsgrowninacommongardenfromfield-collectedseeds,3)adaptivevalueviafieldandlaboratorypollinatorbehavioraltrialsand4)thephylo-genetichistoryofeachsubspeciesusingnextgenerationsequencegeneratedmarkers.1CornellUniversity,PlantBiology,215TowerRd,W343MuddHall,Ithaca,NY,14853,USA2CornellUniversity,DepartmentofNeuro-biologyandBehavior,RoomW355,SeeleyGMuddHall,215TowerRoad,Ithaca,NY,14853,USA

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719 MCCARTHY, ELIZABETH W.*1, KNAPP, SANDRA2, CHASE, MARK W.3, BALDWIN, IAN T.4, LEITCH , ANDREW R.1 and LE COMBER, STEVEN C.1

The Evolution of Floral Morphology in Nicotiana Polyploids of Different Ages

The evolution of floral morphology in Nicotiana(Solanaceae) allotetraploids, ranging in age from

a few generations (synthetic allotetraploids) to ~4.5millionyearsold,wasexaminedusinggeometricmor-phometricsofflorallimbshape,corollatubelengthandwidthmetrics,andspectralreflectancemeasurementsoffloralcolor.Floral limbshapeinNicotiana iswellde-scribedbytwocharacters:theoutershapeofthelimb,whichrangesfromroundtostar-shaped,andtherela-tivesizeofthecorollatubeopeningtothefloraloutline,whichrangesfromsmalltolarge.Inflorallimbshape,youngerallotetraploidstendtobeintermediateinshapebetweenthoseoftheirdiploidprogenitors,whileolderallotetraploids have more divergent forms; however,divergence infloral limbshapecanoccur rapidly fol-lowingallopolyploidization.Incorollatubelengthandwidth, themajority of allotetraploids havewider andshorter corolla tubes, suggestingmore generalist pol-lination after allopolyploidization. In floral color, al-lotetraploidscaneitherbe intermediatebetween theirprogenitors,likeoneorotherprogenitor,ordivergent.ThefloralcolorofN. tabacumisdivergentandseemstohaveresultedfromtheinheritanceoffloralplastidswhich lack chlorophyll from its maternal progenitorandtheinheritanceofanthocyaninpigmentationfromitspaternalprogenitor.Evidenceforconvergentevolu-tionoffloralformingreen/yellow-floweredNicotianaseemstobelinkedtohummingbirdpollination.Over-all,thecombinedstudyoffloralshape,size,andcolorinNicotianashedslightontheevolutionofallopolyploidsinthecontextofpollination.1Queen Mary, University of London, School of Biological andChemicalSciences,MileEndRoad,London,E14NS,UK2NaturalHistoryMuseum,DepartmentofBotany,CromwellRoad,London,SW7 5BD,UK3Royal BotanicGardens, Kew, Jodrell Laboratory,Kew,Richmond,Surrey,TW93AB,UK4MaxPlanckInstituteforChemicalEcology,DepartmentofMolecularEcology,BeutenbergCampus,Hans-Knoll-Str.8,Jena,07745,Germany

720 FIGUEROA-CASTRO, DULCE*1, VALVERDE, PEDRO 2 and AGUILAR-GARCÍA, SANDRA1

Is reproductive success in Pachycereus weberi (Cactaceae) constrained by pollination success or resource availability?

Numerous studies have shown that floral traitssuchassize,shape,colorandfloraldisplayhave

asignificanteffectonflowerattractivenesstowardspol-linatorsandthus,affectreproductivesuccess.Recently,ithasbeenshownthatflowerangleandflowerdirection(componentsofflowerorientation)arealsoimportanttraits affecting reproductive success. It has been sug-gested that in columnar plants within the Cactaceaefamily,flowerreproductivesuccessisconstrainedbytheamountofresourcesoneachrib,sincephotosyntheticactive radiation (PAR) is heterogeneous around thestemandthereisnotcarbohydratetranslocationamongribs within the stem.Therefore, reproductive successmightbeconstrainedbyresourceavailabilityandfloralattractiveness.InthisstudyweattempttodetermineifflowerorientationhasaneffectonfloralattractivenessandonreproductivesuccessusingPachycereus weberias the study system.We collected flowers and fruitswith different orientations (Northeast vs. Southeast).Wetestedifflowerlength,corolladiameter,ovarydi-ameter, flower volume, ovule and pollen productionand pollen:ovule ratio were different among flowerswith different orientations. Seed set, seedweight andpercentageofgerminationwereusedasestimatorsofreproductivesuccess.Amongallthefloraltraitsthatwemeasured,onlyovuleproductionwassignificantlydif-ferent between flowers with contrasting orientations.FlowersorientedtowardstheSoutheastproducedsig-nificantlymore ovules than flowers oriented towardsthe northeast. Seed set was not significantly differentamong flowers with different orientations, but seedweightandpercentageofgerminationweresignificantlygreaterforflowersorientedtowardsthesoutheast.Ourresultsindicatethatflowerorientationdoesnothaveaneffectonflowerattractivenessandseedset;thus,simi-larratesofvisitationandsimilarreproductivesuccesswouldbeexpected.Contrastingly,seedquality(anes-timatorofreproductivesuccess)wasdifferent,suggest-ingthatresourceavailabilityisthemainfactoraffectingreproductivesuccessinPachycereus weberi.1UniversidadAutónomadePuebla, , EscueladeBiología, ,Blvd.ValsequilloyAv.SanClaudio,Edif.112A,,CiudadUniversitaria,Col.SanManuel,Puebla,Puebla,72570,México2UniversidadAutónomaMetropolitana-Iztapalapa,Biología,México,D.F.,México

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721 ANDERSON, GREGORY*1, CRAWFORD, DANIEL2, BERNARDELLO, GABRIEL3, SANTOS, ARNOLDO4 and PEREZ DE PAZ, JULIA5

Reproductive Biology of Island Plants

Islandspossess an intrinsic interest formost, an at-tractionthatisinordinateinthattheyconstituteless

than5%oftheEarth’slandsurface.Intheplantworld,however,theirhighregardisdeservedinthat25%oftheendemicsareinsular.Furthermore,5-10%ofinsularen-demicsarehighlythreatened;thusconservationeffortsare critical . Various elements of plant reproductivebiology(RB)mustbetakenaccountofforaconserva-tionplantobesuccessful;withoutsuccessfulreproduc-tion,onlythecurrentgenerationwillsurvive.Threeofthe four elementsofRB (i.e.,not includingdispersal)-pollination,breedingsystemsandmatingsystemsarediscussed.Respectively,theyareincreasinglydifficulttofullyunderstand,andthereisproportionatelylessinfor-mation foreachcategory.Furthermore, there iscom-prehensiveinformationonRBforveryfewarchipela-gos.Pollinatorsareoftenconflatedwithflowervisitors;thereisrelativelylittlecompliedforbreedingsystemsofislandfloras;andtoooftensuchthingsascompatibilityalonesubstituteforanunderstandingofgeneflow.Notallcolonistsarriveonnewislandsatthesametime,andthelegendarydiversificationassociatedwithmorphol-ogyandecologyofislandcolonistsmaynotapplyinthesamewaytoelementsofRB.Islandplantsmayalsore-tainfeaturesoftheircontinentalrelativesthatcanmis-leadconclusionsaboutpollination.Examplesaregivenofsomepitfallsindataandinterpretations,andofthegrowingcomprehensivepicturesforsomearchipelagos.Morecomprehensivedata setswill facilitatecompari-sonsamongarchipelagosandwithcontinentalsourcefloras,allowingabetterunderstandingofevolutionaryscenariosandphylogenies.1UniversityOfConnecticut,DepartmentOfEcology&Evolution-aryBiology,75N.EaglevilleRoad,Unit43,Storrs,CT,06269-3043,USA2UniversityOfKansas,DepartmentOfEcologyAndEvolu-tionaryBiology,1200SunnysideAvenue,HaworthHall,Lawrence,KS,66045-7534,USA3MuseoBotanico,Avda.VelezSarsfield299,Cordoba,N/A,5000,Argentina4UnidaddeBotánica(ICIA),Puer-todelaCruz,Tenerife,CanaryIslands,Spain5JardínBotánico"VierayClavijo"UnidadAsociadaCSIC,LasPalmasdeGranCanaria,GranCanaia,CanaryIslands,Spain

POSTERS

722 MILLER , ANDREW PAUL

Temporal Patterns of Pollinator Assemblage Diversity at a Neotropical Daisy (Wulffia baccata)

Little is known about pollinator assemblages ofnon-economicplants.Ithereforestudiedmember-

shipofapollinatorassemblageoftherainforestdaisy,Wulffia baccata in Guyana, South America. Insectsweretheonlypollinatorstovisitthisplant,andhadthehighest species richnessduringTimeBlock-II (TB-II;0900-1159h;23species),andsecondhighestinTB-IV(1300-1459h;22 species).Thesediurnalvisitorswererepresented by several taxa and included flies,wasps,bees,andbutterflies.ThemajoritywereobservedduringTB-II (401 insects-mostly stingless bees), and taperedoffduringsucceedingTBs.Richnesswasalsomirroredby the information-theoretic Shannondiversity index(H/)withTB-IVprovidingthehighestH/of2.32,andTB-V(1800-1900h) the lowestvalueofH/at1.71. Itseemedasthoughtheindividualflowersofeachinflo-rescencebeganfillingwithnectaratsunrise,whichmayexplainwhyonlyafewsmall-to-mediumsizedpollina-torsfrequentedtheplantduringthefirstTimeBlock.Ispeculatethatnectarlevelswereoptimal4-5hoursaftersunrise,andthatlesseffectivepollinatorspeciesvisitedW. baccataduringtheafternoonhours.ThisisthefirstdocumentationofW. baccatapollinatorassemblagedi-versity,andtheseresultssuggestedthattime-of-daywasrelatedtovariationinfloralvisitation.

UniversityofMissouri-St.Louis,Biology,1UniversityBlvd.;63121,13JoAnnPlace;63126,SaintLouis,MO,63121,USA

723 DIERINGER, GREGG*1 and CABRERA R., LETICIA2

Ecological Relationship Between Floral Thermogenesis and Pollination in Nelumbo lutea (Nelumbonaceae)

Floral thermogenesis is a well documented floraltrait.Yetthereislimitedunderstandingofhowthis

trait influencesplant reproduction.Thepresent studywasundertakentobetterunderstandtheecologyofflo-ralthermogenesisasitpertainstopollinatorattractionandconsequentplantreproductionusingNelumbo lu-tea.Weconductedfieldstudiesonfloralthermogenesis,flower sexual development, floral visitation patterns,breedingsystemusingexperimentalhand-pollinations,andfloralscentproductionusinggaschromatography-massspectrometry.ThemostabundantvisitorstothethermoregulatoryflowersincludedthePhoridae(Dip-tera) and the Chrysomelidae (Coleoptera). Chryso-melid beetles were frequent visitors to both first day

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female- and second day bisexual-phase flowers whilephoridfliesweremostcommoninbisexual-phaseflow-ers.1,4-dimethoxybenzenewasthemostpredominantcomponent of the floral scent comprising 81% of allidentifiedvolatiles followedbypentadecane (4%)andα-farnesene (3%).This study is the first to documentthermoregulationforNelumbo lutea.Whiletheflowersreceivedataxonomicallywideassemblageoffloralvisi-tors,thestudyisalsothefirsttoprovidestrongsupportthatchrysomelidbeetlescomprisethedominantportionoffloralvisitorsthatarecapableofconsistentlyaffectingcross-pollinationdespitethegeneralacceptanceoftheflower’scharacteristicsasadaptedtobeetlepollinators.We suggest that thermogenesis aids indispersing themain floral scent component, 1,4-dimethoxybenzene,while thermoregulation causes chrysomelid beetles toactivelyseekoutnewflowersforeveningresidencewiththissearchbehaviorlikelyresultinginconsistentcross-pollination.1NORTHWESTMISSOURISTATEUNIVERSITY,800UNIVER-SITYDR.,MARYVILLE,MO,64468,USA2IowaWesternCom-munityCollege,ClarindaCampus,923EastWashington,Clarinda,IA,51632,USA

724 HUANG, YA-LUN*1 and KAO, WEN-YUAN2

Does Baker's rule also apply to the invasive plant, Bidens pilosa var. radiata, in Taiwan?

Reproductionplaysanimportantroleincoloniza-tion.AccordingtoBaker’srule,plantscapableof

uniparentalreproductionaremorelikelytobesuccess-fulcoloniststhanplantsbeingself-incompatible.Inthisstudy,breedingsystemsofoneinvasive(Bidens pilosavar.radiata)and twonon-invasivevarieties (B. pilosavar.minor&B. pilosavar.pilosa)ofB. pilosawerecom-pared to test the rule. Bagging and open pollinationtreatmentsofcapitulawereconductedforthethreeva-rieties.ResultsoftheexperimentrevealedthatcapitulaofB. pilosavar.radiatainbaggingtreatmentproducedalmostnoseedindicatingofself-sterilityofthevariety.Fortheothertwovarieties,thebaggedcapituladidpro-duceseeds,however,seednumberandseed/ovulera-tiofrombaggingtreatmentwerelessthanthatofopenpollinationtreatment.Toexplorepossiblemechanismscontributingtothefailureofseedproductioninbaggedcapitulaoftheinvasivevariety,weexaminedpollentubegrowthoffloretsinbaggingandopenpollinationtreat-ments.Results suggested that self-sterility inB. pilosavar.radiatawastheresultofself-incompatibility.Thus,the contrast breeding systems between the invasiveand non-invasive varieties seem contradicting to therule.However,wefoundthatB. pilosavar.radiatahasbetterclonalgrowthabilitythanthetwonon-invasivevarieties.Theclonalgrowthabilitymightcomplementthedisadvantageofself-sterilityoftheinvasivevarietytoensurereproductivesuccess.Byavoidingselfing,the

invasivevarietymighthavehighergeneticdiversitythantheothertwonon-invasivevarieties,whichwouldben-efittheinvasivevarietyinheterogeneousenvironments.1NationalTaiwanUniversity,InstituteofEcologyandEvolutionaryBiology,Rm.1230LifeScienceBuilding,NTU,No.1,Sec.4,Roo-seveltRoad,Taipei, 10617Taiwa,Taipei, 10617,Taiwan2NationalTaiwan university, Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary biology,Rm.1230,Lifesciencebuilding,1,Sec.4,RooseveltRd.,Taipei,N/A,10617,Taiwan

725 MUIR, JENNIFER*1 and VAMOSI, JANA2

Generalization alters the probability of plant community invasion

Species-rich communities are well known to be adouble-edged sword: while often thought to be

more stable as a consequence of high redundancy inmutualisticinteractions,apositiveassociationbetweennative and exotic species richness has also been ob-served. In animal-pollinated plants, increased speciesrichnessmaydilutepollinatorvisitationinthefaceofalimitedpollinatorpool.However,thepresenceofshowyexoticplantsatlowdensitiesmayactuallyfacilitatethepollination of natives by attracting generalist pollina-torstothecommunity.Here,wemodeltheinvasionofaresidentplantcommunitywithparticularinterestinwhethertheallocationtofloraldisplayinanexoticplantaffectstheoutcomeofcompetitionforpollinationwithnative species on a disturbed landscape, andwhetherthediversity of specieswithin a community canhelporhinderitsresistancetoinvasion.Wefindthatthereseemstobeanoptimalresourcetrade-offbetweenflo-ralandseedallocationinexoticplants,asinvaderswithlowfloralallocationdonotattractenoughvisitsforfullseedset,andtoomuchfloralattractionresultsinseedlimitation.Increasedpollinatorsharingintheresidentcommunity does seem to increase the probability ofinvasion,presumablybecause the invader isusurpingpollinatorsfromnativesthatshareacommonpollina-torpool.1UniversityofCalgary,BiologicalSciences,2500UniversityDriveNW,Calgary,AB,T2N1N4,Canada2UniversityOfCalgary,2500UniversityDr.NW,Calgary,AB,T2N1Z4,Canada

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726 FAGUA GONZALEZ, JOSE* and ACKERMAN, JAMES

Consequences of floral visits by ants and invasive honeybees to the hummingbird-pollinated, Caribbean cactus Melocactus intortus

Thepink,tubular,nectariferousflowersofMelocac-tusintortus (Cactaceae) inPuertoRicoarevisited

by native hummingbirds(Anthracothorax dominicus),butalsobyinvasivehoneybees(Apis mellifera)andants(Solenopsissp.).WesoughttodetermineifthebeesandantssignificantlyalterthepollinationofM. intortusbymeasuring pollinator effectiveness. Using traditionalestimatesofeffectiveness(visitationrateandseedset),ourresultsshowthathummingbirdswerethemostef-fectivepollinatorsasexpected.Beesandantswerelesseffective, and their contributions were one-fourth toone-tenthofthatobservedforhummingbirds.Wethenmodified thismeasureof effectiveness by adding twocomponents,fitnessofprogenyandtemporalavailabil-ityofvisitors,bothofwhichrefineestimatesofflowervisitor effectiveness. With these new estimations, wefound that the effectivenessvaluesof all three animalvisitorsdecreased;however,theroleofhummingbirdsastheprincipalpollinatorwasmaintained,whereastheeffectivenessvaluesofbeesandantsapproachedzero.By thesenewmeasuresofoverallpollinator effective-ness,theinvasivehoneybeesandantshavelittleeffectonthereproductivesuccessofM. intortus.

UniversityOfPuertoRico,FacultyOfNatural Sciences,POBox70377,SanJuan,PR,00936-8377,USA

727 LOFTY, CHRISTOPHER*, STOEVA-POPOVA, PRAVDA and SMITH III, JULIAN

Microscopic Examination of Epidermal Floral Organ Cell Size in Tomato Species and the Specific Effect of Cytoplasmic Male Sterility

Cytoplasmicmalesterility(CMS)andthegeneticsunderlyingithavebeenstudiedinmanyspecies.

ThemaineffectofCMSisobservedinstaminaldevel-opment:stamensaregreatlyreduced,withanthersvoidoffunctionalpollen.OtherchangescorrelatedwiththeCMSphenotypearechangesinthesecondwhorl,affect-ingpetalsizeandcolor.Intomatospecies,CMSdoesnotoccur naturally; however, crossing Solanum peruvia-num(pistillateparent)withS. pennellii(pollenparent)successfullyyieldedCMS-pennellii (CMS-p),possessingaCMSphenotype.Herewehavefocusedonthecom-parativeanalysisofthesizeofepidermalcellsfromab-axialandadaxialsidesofpetalsandstamensofmatureflowersfromCMS-p, S. pennellii,S. peruvianum,S. ly-

copersicumandthreeS. lycopersicum X CMS-phybrids.Epidermalsurfaceprofilearea(cellsize)wasmeasuredbyconfocallaser-scanningmicroscopy(CLSM)inpet-alsandstamensstainedwithcalcofluorandadditionallyin anthers prepared for scanning electronmicroscopy(SEM).BothCLSMandSEMgavestatistically identi-calmeasurementsofcellsize.Statisticalanalysisacrossspecies and organs revealed both species- and floralorgan-specific differences in epidermal cell sizes.Theobservedsignificantreductionofthecellsizesonbothsurfacesof theantherscan largelyexplain thesmalleranthersinCMS-p.Ontheotherhand,CMS-pfilamentsareconsiderablylongerthanthefilamentsofS. pennellii,which,inviewofthereducedcellsizesinCMS-p,im-pliesincreasedcelldivisionandprobablyanalterationintheproportionsofcellsdifferentiatingintofilamentandanthertissue.TheresultsforpetalsindicatethatthereductionofthesizeofthepetalsintheCMS-pcanbeaconsequenceofreducedrateofcelldivision.Insumma-ry,ourresultssuggestthatCMSaffectscellenlargement,celldivisionandthedevelopmentalpatternofcells instamensandpetals.

WinthropUniversity,Biology,701OaklandAvenue,RockHill,SC,29733,USA

728 MURCH, SUSAN*1 and TOMLINSON, P. BARRY.2

Chemical composition of pollination drops in Gnetum gnemon (Gnetales) Suggests Gender Differences.

Introduction.Pollinationdrops(Pds)aresecretedbytheexposedovuleinthemajorityofextant"gymno-

sperms"asthesiteofreceptionforwind-bornepollen.Pdsapparentlyexistedinmanyextinctgroupsofseed-plants.Pdsarecharacteristicofall threegeneraintheGnetales,butinsectsmaybetheusualvector.In Gnetum gnemon treesaredioeciousbutthestrobiliofeachgen-derpossessovules.Only femaleplantsproduceviableseed.BothmaleandfemaleovulessecreteaPdbutthefunctionofthePdinmaletreeshasnotbeendefined;itmayfunctionasanattractantorrewardforpollinators.Pollinators(mothsinotherspeciesofGnetum)wouldberequiredtovisitseparatetreesofthetwogendertypesforsuccessfulpollentransfer.Pdsthencouldbeseenasasteptowardsanimalpollinationasseeninfloweringplants.Methods.Pollendropswerecollected fromin-tacttreesandcutbranchesfromlateJanuary-March,2009attheKampongGarden,Miami,Fla.Femaletreesset abundant viable seed, but insect visitorswere notobservedineitherdayornightstudies.Results and Dis-cussion.MaleandfemalePdsofGnetum gnemonwerechemically distinct and separated by gender in PCAanalysis.MalePdswerealsochemicallyricherthanthefemaledrops,containing2516distinctputativemetabo-litesascomparedwith2139putativemetabolitesinthefemalePds.Themajorityofthemetabolitescharacter-istic ofmalePds fellwithin thepolarity andmolecu-

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larweight range indicative of indoles, flavonoids andpolyphenols. Additionally, male Pds contained com-plete profiles of common protein amino acids whilefemalePddidnotcontaindetectiblelevelsofmanyoftheaminoacids.Conclusion.Differencesinthechemi-calcompositionofPdsmayindicatedifferentfunctionsoftheovulesinthetwotypesofstrobilisuchthatmalesmayextendtheperiodoverwhichapollinatorremainsonanystrobiliusandfemalesmaydeterlengthyvisitstoanyoneovule.1UniversityofBritishColumbia,Chemistry,3333UniversityWay,Kelowna,BC,V1V1V7,Canada2NationalTropicalBotanicalGar-den,TheKampong,4013DouglasRd,Miami,FL,33133,USA

Population Genetics

ORAL PAPERS

729 THEISS, KATHRYN*1, MATESANZ, SILVIA2, SULTAN, SONIA3 and HOLSINGER, KENT4

Genetic structure in the invasive Polygonum cespitosum

Polygonum cespitosum (oriental lady’s thumb) isanintroduced annual found throughout the eastern

UnitedStates, themid-westernUSandpartsofCan-ada.It ispresumedtohavebeenintroducedtoNorthAmericafromitsnativerangeineasternAsiawithinthelastcentury,andithasrecentlybecomeinvasiveinNewEngland. Although once restricted primarily to dis-turbedhabitatsalongshadedroadsidesandforesttrails,itisnowbeginningtoinvademoreopensitesinNewEngland.Hereweusegeneticmarkerstoinvestigatethegeneticstructureof20populationsofP. cespitosum --16fromNewEnglandandfourfromitsnativeAsianrange.Wegenotyped20-30individualsperpopulationusing7newlydevelopedmicrosatellitelociandexam-ined the levelsofgeneticdiversitywithinpopulationsandthedegreeofgeneticdifferentiationamongpopula-tions.Consistentwithhighratesofself-fertilizationinthisspecies,assignmentanalysisofindividualgenotypesrevealed high levels of genetic structure: individualsfromthesamepopulationhavegenotypesmuchmoresimilartooneanotherthanthosefromdifferentpopu-lations.WealsocompareratesofcontemporarygeneflowamongNewEnglandpopulationsestimatedfromassignmentanalyseswithestimatesof long-termgeneflowestimatedfromcoalescentanalysestogaininsightintothedynamicsofthisspecies’invasivespread.1UniversityofConnecticut,Ecology&EvolutionaryBiology,75N.Eagleville Road,U-3043, Storrs, CT, 06269-3043,USA2WesleyanUniversity, Biology, Middletown, CT, 06459-0170, USA3WES-LEYANUNIVERSITY,BiologyDepartment,Hall -AtwaterLabs,237ChurchSt,Middletown,CT,06459-0170,USA4UniversityOfConnecticut,DepartmentOfEcology&EvolutionaryBiology,75N.EaglevilleRoad,U-3043,STORRS,CT,06269-3043,USA

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730 BARRIBALL, KELLY*, MCNUTT, ERIN and ROCHA, OSCAR

Examination of the genetic structure of southwestern Ohio populations of Lonicera maackii to determine invasion patterns.

Lonicera maackii(Rupr.(Herder),Caprifoliaceae)isaninvasivehoneysuckleshrubthatisnativetoAsia,

introduced to theU.S. in1898withmultiple separateintroductions since its initial introduction. Lonicera maackiiiscurrentlythedominantunderstoryshrubinsouthwestOhio.InordertounderstandhowL.maackiiis expanding its range, it is important to determinewhether this species utilizes long-distance dispersaleventsfollowedbylocalexpansionorspreadsalonganexpandingfront.IthasbeenproposedthatL.maackiiis expanding its range throughmultiple independentdispersalevents.Totestthishypothesis,wesampledL. maackii from36woodlotswithinHamilton,Franklin,Butler,Preble,DarkeandMiamicountiesinOhio,andWayneCountyinIndiana.DarkeCountyisthemostre-centsiteinOhioexperiencingarapidcolonization,andthemajorityofthepopulationsweexaminedarewithinthis center of colonization. Geographic distance be-tweenallsamplepopulationsrangesfrom2.0kmto104km.Geneticanalysiswasconductedusingfivepolymor-phicmicrosatellitelocithatwereespeciallydesignedforthisstudy.Atotalof77alleleswerefoundacrossallloci,andaveragemeanNawas8.37witha lowermeanNeof4.97.Averageobservedheterozygositywas0.725andaverage expected heterozygosity was higher at 0.764.ThevaluesforNaandHosuggesthighlevelsofgeneticdiversity,withlowlevelsofinbreeding(FIS=0.05).AnAMOVAshowedthat90%oftheobservedvariationisfoundwithinpopulations,indicatingrelativelylowlevelsofgeneticdifferentiation.Ourdatarevealedasignificantcorrelationbetweengeographicalandgeneticdistancesamongpopulations(Mantelcorrelationr=0.65,p-val-ue0.05)suggestingthatestablishedpopulationsserveasseedsourcesforthecolonizationofnearbyuncolonizedwoodlots.FurtheranalysisusingtheprogramStructurerevealedasignificantlevelofadmixturewithinindivid-ualsandwithinwoodlots,suggestingthatlong-distanceseeddispersalalsoplaysakeyroleinthespreadofthisspecies.

KentStateUniversity,BiologicalSciences,256CunninghamHall,KentStateUniversity,Kent,OH,44242,USA

731 WASELKOV, KATHERINE*1, OLSEN, KENNETH2 and SCHAAL, BARBARA3

How does a weed arise? Genetic evidence for the origin of the Midwestern agricultural weed Amaranthus tuberculatus (Amaranthaceae)

Manyresearchersareinterestedinthequestionofhowpestplantsadapttoagriculturalpractices,

butfewstudieshaveinvestigatedtheoriginofarecentlyarisen cropfieldweed.Amaranthus tuberculatus,wa-terhemp, is a native riverbank pioneer that was firstobservedinvadingMidwesternsoybeanandcornfieldsaround1950,andhassincebecomeamajoragriculturalproblem in the region.We hypothesize that second-arycontactandhybridizationbetweendiverginggeo-graphicalvarietiesofthespeciesintheMississippiVal-leyregion,possiblyfacilitatedbylandusechanges,ledtothedevelopmentofa"weedy"�varietyofthespecies.UsingSSRmarkers,wehavegenotypedagriculturalandriverbank populations of waterhemp from across thespecies’ range. Despite little genetic differentiation atalocalscale,wefindevidenceoftwoancestralgeneticclusterswithinthespecies.Aprevioushypothesis,thatintrogression from the weedy congener Amaranthus hybridus was involved in waterhemp’s adaptation tocropfields, is not supported.Analysesusing thepro-gramIMaandSlatkin’sprivateallelesmethodwillallowustoevaluatepopulationgeneticmodelsofthehistori-caloriginofweedyA. tuberculatus.1WashingtonUniversity in St. Louis,Biology, 1BrookingsDrive,CampusBox1137,SaintLouis,MO,63139,USA2WashingtonUni-versity,BIOLOGYDEPT,BOX1137,1BROOKINGSDRIVE,St.Louis,MO,63130-4899,USA3WashingtonUniversity,DepartmentOfBiology,CAMPUSBOX1137,1BrookingsDrive,St.Louis,MO,63130-4899,USA

732 ZAVADA, TOMAS* and KESSELI, RICK

Deciphering the phylogeny of weedy/ invasive and domesticated species in the genus Cichorium (Asteraceae)

The genus Cichorium possesses two well-knowncultivatedspecies,C. endivia (endive)andCicho-

rium intybus (chicory). Endive is an annual, selfingspeciesthatisonlyknownfromcultivation.Chicoryisaperennial,outcrossingspeciesthatwasdomesticated,butalso recentlycategorizedasan invasiveplant tak-ing over theUSMidwest range.Cichorium pumilumis a self-compatible annual with unclear delineationwithinthegenus.Thereareonlyafewmorphologicalcharactersavailable for theestimationofgeneticvari-ability, thus the genetic variationwithin this genus isbeststudiedwithmolecularmarkers.Wehavescreened41,704ESTsderivedfromC. intybus and C. endivia in

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theCompositeGenomeProjectdatabase(http://comp-genomics.ucdavis.edu)and identifiedSSRswith10ormorerepeats.Microsatellitemarkersweretestedon32C. intybus individualscomingfromasinglepopulationinBoston,MAandon17differentC. intybuspopula-tions coming from the native Eurasia (6 samples perpopulation).ThesemarkerscrossamplifedonC.endiviaandC. pumilumpopulations.Thenumberofallelesperlocusrangedfrom5to11,withmarker6865showingthemostpolymorphism. Significantly lowerobservedheterozygositywasdetectedamongendivepopulationsduetoinbreedingandlowernumberofpresentalleles.FixedheterozygositypresentinseveralC. endiviaandC. pumilumlocisuggestsgeneduplicationevents.WeplantoobtainC. intybus samplesfromUSinvasiverangesofchicoryinordertouncoverallelespossiblyresponsibleforinvasiveness,andassessthegeneticdiversityamongchicoryherbariumsamplesandcurrentNewEnglandpopulationsthatmightshowthechangesinthespeciesgeneticmake-upoverthepast200years.

UniversityOfMassachusetts,Biology,100MorrisseyBlvd.,Boston,MA,02125,USA,Boston,MA,02125,USA

733 AHRENS, COLLIN*1 and AUER, CAROL2

The population genetics of feral creeping bentgrass and cultivated turfgrass on a golf course

Agrostis stolonifera (creeping bentgrass) is a pe-rennial turfgrass species commonly used on golf

courses.However,thesamespeciesisoftenfoundasaweedincultural landscapesandnaturalareas,creatingquestionsaboutthepotentialforgeneflowiftransgeniccreepingbentgrasswereutilizedinU.S.golfcourses.Intwopreviousstudies,weestablishedthedistributionofcreepingbentgrassinaculturallandscapesurroundingaConnecticutgolfcourse,andin10habitattypesspan-ning twoecoregions.Ourhabitat suitabilitymodelingstudyshowedthat36%oftheareaaroundagolfcourse(8.5km2studysite)providedhighlysuitablehabitatforA. stolonifera and related species. Our transect study(190transects)showedthatA. stoloniferahadunequaldistributionacrosshabitattypes,wasmorecommonintheinlandecoregion(especiallyinroadsidesandmead-ows),andwasfrequentlyfoundinplantcommunitiescontainingclosely-relatedAgrostis species.Theaimofthis study is to usemolecularmarkers (microsatelliteSSR)toestablishtherelationshipbetweenferalpopula-tionsandcultivatedcreepingbentgrassonagolfcourse.DNA samples have been collected from individualsin the golf course, three populations outside the golfcourse,andcommoncultivarsgrowninthegreenhouse(e.g.A4,Crenshaw).PCRwasperformedusingprimerpairsforeightmicrosatellitemarkers(seeReichmanetal.,2011)andfragmentanalysiswasconducted.There-sultshavebeenanalyzedinSTRUCTURE,NTSYS-pc,andGeneMarker.Preliminary results suggest that the

golfcourseplantsbelongtothesameconceptualgeno-typeobservedforatleastoneferalindividualfoundout-sidethegolfcourse.Furtheranalysisofallpopulations,outgroups,andcultivarswillindicatewhethergeneflow(viapollenorstolons)fromgolfcoursepopulationshascontributedtoferalbentgrasspopulationsnearby.Sup-portedbyagrantfromtheUSDABiotechnologyRiskAssessmentGrantprogram.1UniversityOfConnecticut,DepartmentOfPlantScience,111W.MainSt,#2,StaffordSprings,CT,06076,USA2UniversityOfCon-necticut,PlantScience,1390StorrsRoad,U-4163,Storrs,CT,06269,USA

734 HAWKINS, ANGELA*1, ARCHAMBEAULT, ALAN2, CANNON, BRANDI2, FAUST, AMBER2, LEVSEN, NICHOLAS3, WILLIAMS, JUSTIN2 and RANDLE, CHRISTOPHER2

Subspecific classification within Phoradendron serotinum (Viscaceae): Morphological and molecular markers for assessment of population genetic structure.

Phoradendron serotinum,(leafymistletoe)isahemi-parasitic plant of the family Viscaceae found in

theUnitedStatesandMexico. P. serotinum istheonlyspecies in Phoradendron (234) that has been givensubspecificclassification.Subspeciesmacrophyllum,se-rotinum,andtomentosum occurintheeasternUnitedStates fromsouthernNew Jersey to southernFlorida,through the Midwest south of Oklahoma and intoMexico, and on the west coast fromOregon to BajaCalifornia. Subspeciesangustifolium grows in isolatedregions of centralMexico. Subspecies are difficult toidentifybasedonmorphologyalone. IdentificationofP. serotinum subspecies in easternTexas is especiallydifficult as characters that areotherwisediagnosticofsubspeciesdonotadequatelyseparatethreeofthesub-species (macrophyllum, serotinum, and tomentosum)thatoverlapinthisregion.Molecularandmorphomet-ricanalyseswereutilizedtoresolvetaxonomicconfu-sionwithinP. serotinum andtestthehypothesesthat:1)ThefoursubspeciesofP. serotinum representseparatecohesivegeneticunitsand2)ThesubspeciesofP. se-rotinum shareasinglepopulationoforiginthatislikelywithin the current distribution. It was predicted thatthefoursubspeciesofP. serotinum wouldnotrepresentseparatecohesivegeneticunitsandthatmoleculardatawouldprovide justificationneededtosynonymizethesubspeciesasP. serotinum.ItwasfurtherpredictedthateastTexaswasthesinglecenteroforiginforsubspeciesdivergence.Morphometricmeasurementswererecord-edfornearly200vouchersthatwereanalyzedfromamajorityof thegrowth range.Microsatellite lociwereisolatedandsevenwereamplifiedandscoredfor95in-dividualsrepresentingthegrowthrangeinitsentirety.

Population Genetics

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Results,bothmorphologicalandmolecular,supportthehypothesisthatthefoursubspeciesofP. serotinum rep-resentseparatecohesivegeneticunits.Further,molecu-lardatasupportasinglecentrallocationforsubspeciesdivergence;howeverbothmorphologicalandmoleculardataequivocallysupporteastTexasasthecenterofdi-vergencewhilesimultaneouslysupportingapopulationinthewestasthecenteroforigin.1TexasA&MUniversity,BiologicalSciences,TexasA&MUniversityDept.OfBiology,3258TAMUS,CollegeStation,TX,77843-3258,USA2SamHoustonStateUniversity,DepartmentofBiologicalSci-ences,1900AvenueI,Huntsville,TX,77340,USA3TexasTechUni-versity,DepartmentOfEcology&EvolutionaryBiology,Depart-mentOfBiologicalSciences,Lubbock,TX,79409,USA

735 MCGLAUGHLIN, MITCHELL*1, BRESOWAR, GERALD2, HELENURM, KAIUS3 and WALLACE, LISA4

Isolation among islands as a driver of divergence in the endemic Lotus (Fabaceae) of the California Channel Islands

TheCaliforniaChannelIslandsrepresentauniquesystem to study insular plant evolution due to

variability in island age, size, and separation, and theproximityoftheentireislandchaintothecontinentalmainland. The evolutionary diversity created by theCaliforniaChannelIslandsisexemplifiedintheislandendemictaxaofthegenusLotus(Fabaceae).Lotus ar-gophyllus consists of five varieties, three ofwhich areendemictotheChannelIslands,andprimarilyoccuronthedrier southern islands.Lotus dendroideus consistsofthreevarietiesendemictotheChannelIslands,andprimarily occur on thewetter northern islands. Bothspeciesarecloserelativesandaremembersofthesamesubgenus,but theyarenotsister taxa.Basedonmor-phology,thetwospeciesarebelievedtohaveindepen-dentlycolonizedtheislandsandshouldindependentlyexhibit monophyly. Population level sampling of se-quencedatafromthelowcopynuclearregionAdh-A hasbeenusedtoexaminetheevolutionaryhistoryoftheislandtaxaandcloserelativesthatoccuronthemain-land.Ofthesampledislandtaxa,neitherL. argophyllusorL. dendroideusaremonophyletic.Despiteclearmor-phologicaldifferences,evolutionaryhistoryappearstobedeterminedbyislandofoccurrence,nottaxonomicdesignation. In general, varieties were found to bemonophyleticwithinislandsoramongadjacentislands,butwhentwoormorevarietiesoccuronasingleisland,theytendtohaveasisterrelationship.Interestingly,L. argophyllusvar.niveus,whichisendemictoSantaCruzIsland,wasfoundtobeverydistinctfromotherislandLotustaxa,showingastrongaffinitytothemainlandL. heermanii.Overall,thisresearchillustrateshowgeneticdatacanresolveevolutionaryhistoriesthataresignifi-

cantlydifferentthanthoseinferredfrommorphology.1University ofNorthernColorado, Biology, 501 20th St,Greeley,CO,80639,USA2UniversityOfNorthernColorado,50120thStreet,Greeley,CO,80639,USA3UniversityOfSouthDakota,DepartmentOfBiology,Vermillion,SD,57069,USA4MississippiStateUniversity,BiologicalSciences,295LeeBlvd.,MississippiState,MS,39762,USA

736 WEINGARTNER, LAURA1, HARKESS, ALEX2, BROWN, JENNIFER2 and MOORE, RICHARD*2

Contrasting patterns of polymorphism and divergent on the Carica papaya X and Y chromosomes

The sex chromosomesof the tropical croppapaya(Carica papaya) are young and consequently al-

lowfortheexaminationofevolutionaryforcesthataf-fect early sex chromosome formation.We sequencedsixX/Ygenepairsand12autosomalgenepairsfrom42papaya accessions fromnatural populations and ana-lyzedthedataformolecularsignaturesofselection.Inmostsexchromosomesystems,theYchromosomedis-playssignificantlyreducedpolymorphismlevelswhiletheXchromosomemaintainsalevelofpolymorphismcomparable to autosomal loci.However, the fourpa-payasex-linkedlocithatweexamineddisplaydiversitypatterns that oppose this trend.The X alleles exhibitsignificantlyreducedpolymorphismlevelswhiletheYallelesmaintainexpectedorgreaterthanexpectedlevelsofdiversity.Molecularpopulationgeneticanalysessug-gestthatgenesontheXassociatedwithmalefunctionhaveundergoneselective sweeps.Conversely,wefindevidenceofdivergenthaplotypesontheYthatextendacross thebulkof thenon-recombiningregionof theY.WehypothesizethattheXchromosomehasrecentlyundergoneaselectivesweepwhileelevatedYpolymor-phismisduetopopulationstructure.1IndianaUniversity,JordanHall,1001EThirdSt.,Bloomington,IN,47405,USA2MiamiUniversity,Botany,316PearsonHall,Oxford,OH,45056,USA

737 BROWN, JENNIFER*1, LAWRIE, JOSEPH1, ROCHA, OSCAR2 and MOORE, RICHARD1

Impacts of demographic history, population subdivision, and non-random mating on the genetic structure of natural populations of Carica papaya

InCostaRica,dioecious,small-fruitingpapaya,Carica papaya,havebeenobservedgrowingwithinsecond-

arylowlandforests.WithintheCostaRicanlandscape,agriculturalabandonmenthaspromotedtheresurgenceof secondary forest growth,with papaya serving as apioneerspecies.Thegoalofthisresearchistoaddress

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theimpactsofdemographichistory,populationsubdi-vision,andnon-randommatingonthegeneticdiversitywithinthesenaturalpopulationsofpapayafromCostaRica.Diversitywasassessedinusingtwodatasetsfromfivenaturalpopulations:1)twentymicrosatellitesweregenotyped for 184 accessions and2) twelve lociweresequencedforsinglenucleotidepolymorphisms(SNP)within42accessions.Analysesofmicrosatellitediver-sity indicate natural populations exhibit a deficiencyof heterozygotes (HO=0.3-0.4, FIS=0.312). Low lev-elsofsilentsitenucleotidediversity(πsil=0.00104,θsil=0.00085)wereobservedwithin theSNP loci, sup-portingpreviousreportsof reduced levelsofdiversitywithinpapaya.Microsatellitedataindicatelowtomod-eratepairwiseFSTvalues, reflecting little genetic varia-tionamongnaturalpopulations.STRUCTUREanaly-sessupportthepresenceofcrypticgeneticpopulationstructure.Twomicrosatellite-basedindiceswereusedtoassess thedemographichistoryof thenaturalpopula-tions.AsignificantvalueoftheGarza-Williamsonindex(M=0.52)indicatedtheoccurrenceofapopulationbot-tleneckwithinthenaturalpopulations.OurestimatesoftheImbalanceindexsupportarecentreductioninpop-ulationsizefollowedbypopulationexpansionforthesenaturalpapayapopulations(lnß1=2.11-2.37,lnß2=2.58-2.78).Theobservedpopulationbottleneckandexpan-sionwerepossiblypromotedby the abandonmentofagriculturalfieldsandthespreadofsecondaryforests.These insightswillprovideuseful information for theconservationandmaintenanceofgeneticdiversityforthecultivatedplants.1MiamiUniversity,Botany,316PearsonHall,Oxford,OH,45056,USA2KENTSTATEUNIVERSITY,DepartmentOfBiologicalSci-ences,256CUNNINGHAMHALL,KENT,OH,44242,USA

738 OLEAS, NORA*1, MEEROW, ALAN2 and FRANCISCO-ORTEGA, JAVIER3

Population genetics in a geographic context, the Phaedranassa (Amaryllidaceae) case study

Speciationcanbeunderstoodasacontinuumoccur-ingatdifferentlevels,frompopulationstospecies.

Therecentmolecularrevolutioninpopulationgeneticshasopenedapathway towardsunderstandingspeciesevolution.Atthesametime,thesepatternscanbebetterexplainedbyincorporatingageographiccontext,whichcannowbeaccomplishedwith theuseof geographicinformation systems (GIS). Phaedranassa (Amarylli-daceae)isagenusrestrictedtooneofthemostbiodi-versehotspots,theNorthernAndes.WestudiedsevenPhaedranassaspecies(Amaryllidaceae)fromEcuador.Six of these species are endemic to the country.Thetopographic complexity of the Andes, which createslocalmicrohabitats ranging frommoist slopes to dryvalleys,mightexplainthepatternsofspeciesdifferentia-tion.WithaBayesianapproach,weassessedthegeneticstructureofthegenusthroughoutEcuadorusingtwelve

microsatellite loci.We also used bioclimatic variablesand species coordinates under a Maximum Entropyapproachtogeneratedistributionmodelsofthespecies(niche models). Our results show that Phaedranassaspeciesaregeneticallywelldifferentiated.Furthermore,withtheexceptionoftwospecies,allPhaedranassaspe-ciesshowednon-overlappingdistributions,whichsug-gests that allopatricdivergence couldbe thedriverofgeneticdifferenciation.P. viridifloraandP. glaucifloraweretheonlyspeciesthathadabroadspeciesdistribu-tionbasedonnichemodels,butthispatternseemstoberelatedtospeciesdelimitationissuesinboth.1FIU,11200Sw8thSt.OE167,Miami,FL,33199,USA2USDA-ARS-SHRS,UNITEDSTATESDEPARTMENTOFAGRICULTURE,13601OldCutlerRoad,Miami,FL,33158,USA3FairchildTropicalBotanicGarden,11935OldCutlerRoad,CoralGables,Miami,FL,33156,USA

739 KOELLING, VANESSA*, MONNAHAN, PATRICK and KELLY, JOHN

Estimating outcrossing rate and inbreeding depression from marker data when family sizes are small

Accuratemeasuresofpopulationoutcrossingratesand inbreedingdepression are required to fully

understand the evolution of plantmating systems be-causedifferentpopulationoutcomesarepredictedun-derdifferentconditions.Oneapproachtoestimateout-crossingratesandinbreedingdepressionistoestimatethe outcrossing rate (t) and inbreeding coefficient(F)from the same geneticmarker data. Since inbreedingdepression reduces the homozygosity of adult plantsrelative to predictions based on the outcrossing rate,undervariousassumptions, themagnitudeof thedis-crepancybetweentheobservedandpredictedFcanbeusedtoestimatetherelativefitnessofinbredandout-bredplants.Thismethodisidealbecauseitallowsforestimatesundernaturalconditions.tandFaretypicallyestimatedfromprogenyarrays.TheidealexperimentaldesignforestimatingthejointdistributionoftandFistosamplemoreparentsandfeweroffspringperfamily.However, the softwaremost widely used to estimatethesevalues,MLTR,doesnotperformwellbelowfam-ilysizesofeight.Toaddressthisproblem,wedevelopedaBayesianestimationprogramfortandFthatgivesac-curateestimateswithfamilysizesassmallasfour.Webelievethisprogramwillsignificantlyadvancetheac-curacyandcost-effectivenessofstudiesintheevolutionofplantmatingsystems.

UniversityofKansas,EcologyandEvolutionaryBiology,1200Sun-nysideAve.,Lawrence,KS,66045,USA

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740 THOMPSON, KIM*1, CULLEY, THERESA2 and LENTZ, DAVID3

Genetic Diversity and Structure of a Tropical Fruit, Timber and Latex Tree, Manilkara zapota (Sapotaceae)

Manilkara zapota (L.)P.Royenisa tropical fruit,timberandlatextreeintheSapotaceaefamily.M.

zapota treeshavelongbeenprotectedbytheMayainitsnative regionofMexicoandCentralAmerica andcontinue tobevaluedasanecological,economicandscientificresource.Thegoalsofthisprojectwereto(1)quantifylevelsofgeneticvariationinM. zapotafromthePetenregionofGuatemala,and(2)describehowthatgeneticvariationisstructuredamongpopulationsfromdiversehabitattypesandhistories.Levelsofgeneticdi-versitywere analyzedwithin and among populationsfrom ancientMaya sites and indigenousMaya homegardensusingmicrosatellites.Weexpectedthatdefores-tationbytheMayawouldhaveledto(1)reducedlevelsofvariationinmicrosatellites,comparedtoneotropicaltreesfromnon-Mayaareas,and(2)geneticstructuring,(thetagreaterthan0)duetoreducedgeneflowbetweenpopulations.OurresultssuggestinsteadthatM. zapotapopulations in Maya developed forests contain highlevelsofpolymorphismwithlowlevelsofgeneticstruc-turing.Together,nuclearandchloroplastmicrosatelliteanalysiswillenableustodistinguishthecontributionsof natural patterns of gene flow from anthropogenicevents. Reduced polymorphism and increased popu-lationgeneticstructure inhomegardens indicatethatmanagementorfragmentationisinfluencingthegenet-iccompositionofM. zapota.Characterizingthevaria-tionandstructureofM. zapotawillelucidatepatternsofgeneflowinneotropicalforests,benefitstudiesofan-cientMayaagroforestrypractices,andsupporttropicalforestconservationefforts.1UniversityOfCincinnati,BiologicalSciences,RieveschlHall,Cin-cinnati,OH,45221-0006,USA2UniversityOfCincinnati,Depart-mentOfBiologicalSciences,614RieveschlHall,Cincinnati,OH,45221-0006,USA3UniversityOfCincinnati,BiologicalSciences,POBox210006,Cincinnati,OH,45221,USA

741 BRADBURY , ELIZABETH JANE*1, DUPUTIÉ, ANNE2, DELÊTRE, MARC3, ROULLIER, CAROLINE2, EMSHWILLER, EVE4 and MCKEY, DOYLE5

Genetic Differentiation of Bitter and Sweet Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) at the Global and Continental Levels: new analyses distinguish between competing hypotheses of genetic drift and migration

Cassava(ManihotesculentaCrantz),oneofthemostimportanttropicalfoodcrops,iscommonlydivid-

edintotwomainuse-categories:thosevarietiesthatareprocessedpriortoconsumption("bitter")andthosethatarecookedwithoutprocessing("sweet").Theseuse-cat-egories arebiochemicallydifferentiatedas those rootsthatcontain less than50mg/kgfreshweightofHCN("sweet")andthosewhoserootscontainmorethanthisamount("bitter").However,verylittleresearchhasbeenconducted investigating patterns in genetic structureamong"sweet"and"bitter"cassavapopulationsatscalesgreaterthanavillageornationallevel.Theobjectiveofthis study is toprovide initial insight intopatternsofgeneticdifferentiationamongbitterandsweetcassavaonthecontinentalandglobalscales.Usingeightmicro-satelliteloci,wegenotyped363cassavaaccessionsfromSouthAmerica,Africa,andtheSouthPacific.Samplingincluded139bitteraccessionsand214sweetaccessions.ResultsshowapatternofgeneticdivisionbetweenbitterandsweetaccessionsinSouthAmerica.However,thispatternisnotobservedinAfrica.Resultsareinconclu-sive regarding potential founder effect in Africa.ThelossofgeneticdifferentiationinAfricaislikelytheresultofeithergeneticdriftintheAfricanbitterpopulationsovertimeortheintroductionof"sweet"allelesintotheAfricanbitterpopulationsthroughmigration.Recentlyconducted analyses help distinguish between thesecompetinghypotheses.1UniversityofWisconsin-Madison,Botany,430LincolnDrive,BirgeHall,Madison,WI,53706,USA2CentreNationaldelaRechercheScientifique,Centred'EcologieFonctionelleetEvolutive,Montpel-lier,France3MuséumNationaled'HistoireNaturelle,Paris,France4UniversityOfWisconsin-Madison,BotanyDept,321BirgeHall,430LincolnDrive,Madison,WI,53706-1313,USA5CEFECNRS,1919ROUTEDEMENDE,MONTPELLIER,F-34293,France

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742 ESTEP , MATT C*1, VAN MOURIK, THOMAS A2, MUTH, PETER3, GUINDO, DIARAH4, PARZIES, HEIKO K3, KOITA, OUSMANE5, WELTZIEN, EVA2 and BENNETZEN, JEFFREY1

Genetic diversity of a parasitic weed, Striga hermonthica,on sorghum and pearl millet in Mali

Eleven populations of witchweed, Striga hermon-thica,were collected in four regions ofMali and

investigatedwithtwelvemicrosatellitemarkers.Exten-sive genetic diversity was observed, withmost plantsheterozygous for most markers. Allelic diversity wasbroadlydistributedacrosspopulationswithlittlegeneticdifferentiationandlargeamountsofgeneflow.Nearbyfieldsofpearlmilletandsorghumwerefoundtohaveindistinguishablewitchweedpopulations.Somepopu-lationstructurewasapparent,butdidnotcorrelatewiththelocalenvironmentorhostgenotype,suggestingthatseedtransportationorotherhuman-drivenvariablesacttodifferentiatecentralMalianS. hermonthicapopula-tionsfromsouthernMalianpopulations.1UniversityofGeorgia,DepartmentofGenetics,Athens,GA,30602,USA2International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-AridTropics,Bamako,Mali3UniversityofHohenheim,InstituteofPlantBreeding, Seed Science and Population Genetics, Stuttgart, Ger-many4Institutd’EconomieRurale(IER),Bamako,Mali5UniversityofBamako,LaboratoryofAppliedMolecularBiology,FacultyofSci-enceandTechniques,Bamako,Mali

743 KING, URSULA1, LOPEZ PEREDO, ELENA*2 and LES, DONALD2

Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci in Najas flexilis (Hydrocharitaceae) using 454 genome sequencing

Najas flexilis (waternymph) is a monoecious, hy-drophilous annual. Unlike many submerged

aquatic plants it cannot reproduce vegetatively. Al-thoughcircumborealindistribution,N. flexilis israreintheEuropeanportionofitsrangeandisprotectedunderEuropeanUnionlaw.Todatelittlegeneticinformationhasbeenavailableforthisaquaticspecies.Theobjectiveofthisworkistodevelopandcharacterizemicrosatel-litemarkersforN. flexilis.Using454GS-FLXTitaniumsequencing technology 110,358 sequence reads wereobtainedforN. flexilis,withmicrosatellitelocidetectedin5563of these reads.Primerpairsweredesigned toamplify39oftheseregionsand35oftheseprimershavesuccessfullyamplifiedinN. flexilis.Toestimategeneticdiversity,thesemarkershavebeentestedon21acces-sionsacrosstheentirerangeofthespecies.InadditionotherNajasspecieshavebeenassessedforcross-tran-

ferabilityofthesemarkers,includingN.guadalupensissubsp. olivacea, the recently reported N. flexilis x N. guadalupensis hybrid,N. muenscheri, andN. marina.Themajority of thesemarkers were transferable andamplifiedsuccessfullyintheNajasspeciestested,withtheexceptionofN. marina(theonlydioeciousspeciesinthisgenus)whereonlytwolociamplified.Asamon-oeciousspecies,ithasbeenassumedinthepastthatN. flexilis isoutcrossingand thereforepossesseshighge-neticdiversity.However,ourstudyhasfoundextremelylowgeneticdiversityinthemicrosatelliteregionstested,evenbetweentransatlanticpopulations.Outcrossingisnotguaranteedinmonoeciousspeciesandlowgeneticdiversitymay result ifmuchpollinationoccursgeito-nogamously.Indeedtherehavebeenseveralconflictingreportsonthespatialandtemporalseparationofflow-eringinN. flexilis.AnotherexplanationforlowdiversitywouldbepossibleifN. flexiliswerefacultativelyapomic-tic.Alternativelypopulationgeneticdiversitycouldbeintrinsically lowduetovicinismorpopulationbottle-necks.Studiescurrentlyareongoingintothereproduc-tivebiologyofthisspeciestodeterminemoreaccuratelythebreedingsysteminvolved.1Trinity College Dublin, Biology, Dublin, Ireland2University OfConnecticut,Ecology&EvolutionaryBiology,75N.EaglevilleRoad,Unit3043,Storrs,CT,06269-3043,USA

POSTERS

744 ARCIBAL, ERICA* and MCGLAUGHLIN, MITCHELL E

Species Diversification in Eriogonum umbellatum vars. aureum, majus, and umbellatum (Polygonaceae) in the Colorado Rocky Mountains

Eriogonum umbellatum (sulfur-flower buckwheat;Polygonaceae)isadiverseplantspecieswithover40

identifiedvarietiesfoundinthewesternUnitedStatesandpartsofCanada.Inthisproject, threevarietiesofEriogonum umbellatum (vars.aureum, majus, umbel-latum)withoverlappingdistributionsarebeinggeneti-callyevaluated.Todoso, theamplificationsofhighlypolymorphicregionswithinthenuclearandchloroplastgenomesarealigned, respectively, todetermine ifhy-bridizationisoccurring.Thisphenomenonoccurswhengeneticallydistinctindividualscrossbreedandproduceoffspring expressing genetic qualities of both parents.Over time,these hybrids may be separated from thepopulationandstarttodiversify,whichcanleadtothegenerationofanewvarietywithinthespeciesorevenspeciationitself.Bystudyinghybridizationpatternsbe-tweenthethreeselectedvarieties,wecanstarttounder-standthemechanismsbywhichspeciesdiversificationmayoccur.Furtherunderstandingwillalsoleadtonewmanagementstrategiesofuncommonspecies,sincein-dividualswithinnewlydiversifiedspeciesandvarieties

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areconsidereduncommonorrare.

UniversityofNorthernColorado,Biology,50120thSt,Greeley,CO,80639,USA

745 PAASCH , AMBER ELIZABETH*1 and FISHER, KIRSTEN2

Development of microsatellite markers to enable population assessment of skewed sex ratios and genetic diversity in Mojave Desert Syntrichia caninervis

Syntrichia caninervis isadioeciousdesertbryophytethatreducesproductionofsexualorgansunderex-

tremeconditions.Whensexisexpressed,theratiobe-tweenmalesandfemalesisskewed,withmalesbeingex-tremelyrare.IntheMojaveDesert,thesesexratiosdifferbetweenelevations,withthehighestelevationhavingaratioof14femalesto1male.Nomaleswereidentifiedat the lowerelevation.Theseratiosmaybedueto in-hibition ofmale gametangial development caused bysensitivity to environmental conditions. Populationsmaybesustainedbyclonalgrowth.WehaveidentifiedapopulationofS. caninervis growingat1800meleva-tion that contains individualswith sporophytes, indi-catingsexualreproduction.Sporophyteshavenotbeenobservedinnearbypopulationsat the lowerelevationlimit forS.caninervis.Thedevelopmentofmicrosatel-litemarkerswillallowustoassessgeneticdiversityforindividualmosses and between populations at differ-ent elevations. Currently, no microsatellite markershavebeen identified forS. caninervis.Herewe reportourresultsonthevariabilityandreproducibilityof12microsatelliteregionsinthreeS. caninervisindividuals.Thesemicrosatellitemarkerswillprovideavaluabletoolforassessinggeneticdiversityinaspecieswidelyusedasamodelformossreproductivebiology.1CaliforniaStateUniversity,LosAngeles,DepartmentofBiologicalSciences,5151StateUniversityDr.,LaKretz350,LosAngeles,CA,90032,USA2CaliforniaStateUniversityLosAngeles,DepartmentofBiologicalSciences,5151StateUniversityDrive,350LaKretzBuild-ing,LosAngeles,CA,90032,USA

746 HEYDUK, KAROLINA*1, GRADY, BEN R.2, JUENGER, THOMAS E.3 and SYTSMA, KENNETH4

Species boundaries and population genetics of Eriogonum pelinophilum: implications for conservation.

Eriogonum(Polygonaceae),agenuslimitedtoNorthAmerica, includes a number of rare species.The

conservation status of members of Eriogonum rangefromspecialconcern toendangered,bothat thestateandfederallevel.Delineationofsomespecieswithinthegenushasbeencontentiousduetodifferentinterpreta-

tions of morphological characters and the proposedrecentspeciationofthegroup.Insomecases,conserva-tionmeasureshavebeenhinderedbyconfoundingtax-onomictreatments.Eriogonum pelinophilumisafeder-allyendangeredspecieslimitedtoisolatedareaswithintwocountiesinwesternColorado.ItismorphologicallysimilartoE. clavellatum,butconsistentmorphologicalcharactersdifferentiatethesetwospecies.E. clavellatumisrestrictedtotheFourCornersarea,arangedistinctfromthatofE. pelinophilum. Eriogonum contortum,an-othermorphologicallyandgeographicallydistinctspe-cies,hasoftenbeenconsideredsimilartoE.pelinophilumandE. clavellatum.PhylogeneticanalysisofnuclearandchloroplastDNAsequencedatarevealsthatE. contor-tumisnotascloselyrelatedtotheothertwospeciesaspreviously thought.The relationship between E. peli-nophilumandE. clavellatum,however, isnotasclear;thevariousgenetreesareincongruent.UsingNextGensequencingtechnology,microsatelliteprimersarebeingdevelopedforE. pelinophilum.By implementingmic-rosatellitedata,wegaininsightintothegeneticdistancebetween these two species.Microsatellites areused toassess genetic diversity among and between elementoccurrencesofE. pelinophilum.Theseresultswillhelpguideconservationefforts.1UniversityofWisconsin,DepartmentofBotany,430LincolnDr.,Madison, WI, 53706, USA2University Of Wisconsin-Madison,Botany,430LincolnDr.,Madison,WI,53706,USA3UniversityofTexasatAustin,IntegrativeBiology,1UniversityStationStop,Austin,TX,78712,USA4UniversityofWisconsin-Madison,DepartmentofBotany,430LincolnDr.,Madison,WI,53706,USA

747 FOTINOS , TONYA *1, NAMOFF, SANDRA2, LEWIS, CARL3, GRIFFITH, M. PATRICK4, FRANCISCO-ORTEGA, JAVIER5, MASCHINSKI, JOYCE6 and VON WETTBERG , ERIC J BISHOP7

Conservation genetics of the endangered Sargent's Cherry Palm, Pseudophoenix sargentii

Pseudophoenix sargentii,onceacriticallyendangeredpalm inhabiting coastal areas of Florida and the

Caribbean,hasshownamarkedincreasesincereintro-ductionshaveaugmented thewildpopulations in theFloridaKeys.ThehabitatoftheSargent’scherrypalmhasbeendegradedbyagriculturalencroachment,graz-ing,over-harvestingandhurricaneeffects.Toassessthegenetic contribution of these reintroductions and tounderstandthecurrentgeneticstructureofthespecies,tenmicrosatelliteswereanalyzedfrom124individuals.The individuals sampledcame fromwildpopulationsonElliottKey,LongKey,andtheBahamas,aswellastheFairchildex situ collection.TheindividualsonEl-liottKey,wherereintroductionshadoccurred,hadageclasses and wild vs.reintroduced individuals analyzedseparately. Several populations displayed evidence ofgeneticdrift,inbreedinganddecreasedgeneflowwith

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all populations displaying significant deviations fromHardy-Weinberg equilibrium. All populations dis-playedpositiveFis values except the ex situ collectionand the reintroduced individuals on Elliott Key. AllpairwiseFstvaluesweresignificantexceptcomparisonsbetween certain age classes on Elliott Key. AMOVAanalysispartitioned82.3%ofthegeneticvariationwith-inpopulations.PrincipalcoordinateanalysisbasedongeneticdistanceandBayesianclusteringanalysis sup-portedthreedistinctpopulations.ThereintroductionsonElliottKeyhave contributed to an increase in theoverallgeneticdiversityofthefocalstandbyincreasingheterozygosityandloweringtheinbreedingcoefficient.1FloridaInternationalUniversity,Biology,11000SW8thSt,Miami,FL, 33199, USA2Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden, Research,1500NorthCollegeAvenue,Claremont,CA,91711,USA3FairchildTropicalBotanicGarden,10901OldCutlerRoad,Miami,FL,33155,USA4MontgomeryBotanicalCenter,11901OldCutlerRoad,Mi-ami,FL,33156,USA5FairchildTropicalBotanicGarden,11935OldCutlerRoad,CoralGables,Miami,FL,33156,USA6FairchildTropi-calBotanicGarden,CTPC,11935OldCutlerRoad.,Miami,FL,33156,USA7FairchildTropicalBotanicGarden,11935OldCutlerRoad,CoralGables,FL,33156,USA

748 HUBBARD, ASHLEY* and MCGLAUGHLIN, MITCHELL

Determining evolutionary diversification and the phylogenetic placement of Lotus subgenus Syrmatium

Species taxonomicplacement isessential tounder-standinghowindividualsandpopulationsarerelat-

ed.Taxonomicanalysesareimportanttounderstandingdiversity,managementpractices,aswellasevolutionarydiversification.Inthisprojectweareexaminingtheevo-lutionaryrelationshipwithinLotus subgenusSyrmati-um,agroupthatcontains11specieswithdistinctmor-phological, ecological, and geographic characteristics.IamsurveyingnuclearribosomalDNA(nrDNA)andthechloroplastgenomeusingDNAsequencingtogaininsight intovariationwithinpopulations, species,andgeographicregions.Datafromtheinternaltranscribedspacer(ITS)regionofribosomalDNAallowsforphy-logenetic examination of relationships in the nucleargenome.Incontrast,chloroplastDNAisinheritedfromthe seed producing parent as a single copy,meaningthat it undergoes very slow evolution. By comparingthe chloroplast genomewith the nuclear genomeweareabletoexaminethepatternsofchangeandvariationwithineach.Examiningthepatternsofdiversitywillaidourunderstandingofthephylogeneticplacementandevolutionarychangewithintaxa.Lotustaxacanbeusedtoprovideinsighttospeciationeventsandhowtheevo-lutionaryunitscontainedwithinthisgroupneedtobemanagedtomaintaindiversity.

UniversityofNorthernColorado,50120thSt,Greeley,CO,80639,USA

749 HARKESS, ALEX*1, WEINGARTNER, LAURA2 and MOORE, RICHARD1

Divergent haplotype structure on the Carica papaya Y chromosome

Themale specificregionof theY (MSY)chromo-some in Carica papaya is estimated to have di-

vergedfromthecorrespondingXregionapproximately2mya.Consistentwiththisrelativelyrecentdivergence,suppressionof recombinationbetween theXand theMSY is confined to an approximately 8Mbp regionthatspansthecentromereofchromosome1,compris-ingabout10%ofthechromosomelength.WeanalyzedpatternsofpolymorphismanddivergenceforsixgenepairsthatspantheMSYregionandfoundevidenceofelevated polymorphism on the Y chromosome. Thisis an unexpected pattern of diversity, as examples ofyoungsexchromosomesfromotherplantandanimalspeciesexhibitreducedpatternsofpolymorphism.WedevelopedhaplotypenetworksfortheMSYgenesandcomparedthemtothoseforhomologousXregionsandautosomal loci. We found evidence of three distincthaplotypesassociatedwithMSYloci,butnotfoundinXandautosomalloci.WecharacterizedthedistributionofhaplotypesacrossregionsofCostaRicaandamongcultivars and found significant heterogeneity in thispattern.ThesehaplotypesextendacrosstheMSYasevi-dencedby significant levelsof linkagedisequilibrium.WehypothesizethatthesehaplotypesaretheresultofMSY-specificpopulationstructuredueperhapstolim-itedpollenflowamonggeographicregions.1MiamiUniversity,Botany,316PearsonHall,Oxford,OH,45056,USA2IndianaUniversity,JordanHall,1001EThirdSt.,Blooming-ton,IN,47405,USA

750 MADSON, HANNAH*1, CARUSO, CHRISTINA2 and CASE, ANDREA1

Effects of non-selective mechanisms on structured population sex-ratio variation in gynodioecious Lobelia siphilitica (Lobeliaceae)

Gynodioecy- thecoexistenceof femalesandher-maphrodites in a population - is a common

genetic polymorphism in plants. Such polymorphicsystemsareusefulforexaminingvariationacrossaspe-cies’geographicrangewhenthetwosexesareunevenlydistributed.Variationinsexratiomayreflectbothselec-tivemechanisms,iftherelativefitnessofthesexesvariesamongpopulations,andnon-selectivemechanisms, ifdrift,foundereffects,andgeneflowaffectthedistribu-tionofsex-determiningalleles.Here,weusedchloro-plast sequence variation to evaluatehypotheses abouthownon-selectivemechanisms affect population sex-

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ratiovariationinLobelia siphilitica.Femalesaremorecommoninthesouthern-centralportionoftherange,wheremeanannualtemperaturesarehigher,butpopu-lationsarealsosmaller(N<100).Centralpopulationsmayexperiencehighergeneflowthanperipheralpopu-lations,whilesmallerpopulationsmayexhibitstrongereffects of genetic drift.We found substantial among-populationvariation(Fst=0.67)thatwasnotexplainedbyeitherpopulationsizeorsexratio.Althoughevidenceforisolationbydistancewasweak,fouroutoffiverarechloroplast haplotypes were geographically restricted,anddistancefromcentralpopulationsexplainedasig-nificant portion of the among-population variation.Thus,populationdynamicsmaydifferintheperipheralcomparedtothecentralportionofthespeciesrange.Ifmetapopulationdynamicsdifferattherangeedge,thismayexplainwhyfemalesarerareinperipheralpopula-tionsofL. siphilitica.1KentStateUniversity,DepartmentofBiologicalSciences,Box5190,256CunninghamHall,Kent,OH,44242-0001,USA2UniversityOfGuelph,DepartmentOfIntegrativeBiology,NewScienceComplex,50StoneRoadEast,GUELPH,ON,N1G2W1,Canada

751 MATHEWS, KATHERINE*1, PATE, SARAH2, CLEMENT, JASON3, LOONEY, PATRICK3 and MCCOY, JOE-ANN4

Use of Genetic Markers and Chemical Quantification to Identify Populations of Actaea racemosa (Black Cohosh) With Desirable Properties for Breeding a Regional Cultivar

Thefirstyearofacollaborativeprojecttocharacter-izegenetic,chemicalandgrowthcharacteristicsof

themedicinal herb, black cohosh (Actaea racemosa),hasyieldedpromisingresults.Over60individualplantsfrom20populationscollectedthroughoutthespecies’native range are being propagated in control-pollina-tionregenerationfieldcagestoprovideresearchmateri-alsforbothgeneticandanalyticaltesting.Growthdatacollectedincludemorphologicaldescriptors,emergencedates,floweringdates,andseedproductionrates.HPLCquantification of triterpenoid glycosides and otherbiologically active compounds are being performedto observe both intra- and interpopulation varia-tionthroughoutthenativerangeof thespecies.DNAsamples were collected from leaves of all individualsandusedtodevelopmicrosatellitemarkersforthespe-cies.Multiplemicrosatelliteprimersarebeingscreenedforvariabilitywithinandamongaccessions,aswellasamongActaeaspecies.Ultimately,wehopetocorrelategeneticmarkerswithsuperiorphytochemicalproduc-tion and desirable growth traits for the creation of aregionalcultivarthatcanbeunambiguouslyidentified.Given the increasing demand for high-quality herbalproducts,thecreationandproductionofacultivarwithdemonstrably higher levels of triterpenoid glycosides

couldprove advantageous towesternNorthCarolinagrowers.1WesternCarolinaUniversity,132NATURALSCIENCEBUILD-ING,CULLOWHEE,NC,28723,USA2WesternCarolinaUniver-sity,DepartmentofBiology,132NaturalScienceBuilding,Cullo-whee,NC,28723,USA3WesternCarolinaUniversity,DepartmentofChemistryandPhysics,Cullowhee,NC,28723,USA4TheNorthCarolinaArboretum,BentCreekGermplasmRepository,100Fred-erickLawOlmstedWay,Asheville,NC,28806,USA

299

Stress Tolerance

POSTERS

752 KOZIOL , ELIZABETH KATHERINE* and BEVER, JAMES

Weedy and domesticated populations of Helianthus annuus are less drought tolerant and dependant on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Weedy and invasive plants generally have in-creased reproductive potential, size, shoot al-

location, andgrowth rate.The increasedallocation togrowthandfecundityinweedyplantsmayresultfromreduced allocation of resources to herbivore defense,droughttolerance,andallocationtofungalsymbionts.To investigatewhether changes in allocationpatternsoccur during plant domestication and the evolutionofweedyplantpopulations,wecomparedthemycor-rhizal responsiveness, drought tolerance, and aboveandbelowgroundgrowthpatternsof 32populationsof Helianthus annuus consisting of 9 native ruder-als,4USagriculturalweeds,5Australianinvasiveand14 domesticated populations.We found that the do-mesticationof sunflowersisconstrainedbya trade-offbetween allocation to growth and drought tolerance.Whilewellwatereddomesticatedplantsallocatedmoreresourcestoabovegroundstructuresthannativeplants,domesticatedplantswerealsosignificantlylessdroughttolerantthannativeplantsintermsofleafwilting,main-tainingpotsoilmoisture,andabilitytoremainfecundwithwater stress.This trade-off between growth rateanddroughttolerancewasalsoevidentinthevariationbetweenpopulationswithincategories.Wealsofoundevidencethatdroughttoleranceiscorrelatedwithfinerrootsystems.Comparisonsofrootcharactersrevealedthatthedroughttolerantnativeruderalshadthethin-nestdiameterandmostbranchedroots,followedbyUSweedy,Australianinvasiveandthendomesticatedlines.WeedyHelianthus annuusplantsbenefitedmostfrommycorrhizalinoculationbyhavingfewerwiltedleaves.Inoculation increasedpot soilmoisture forUSweedyandnativepopulations,butnotAustralianinvasiveordomesticated populations. The mycorrhizal responseofweedyplants, combinedwithdrought tolerance inbetweenthoseofnativeruderalsanddomesticates,in-dicatesthatweedyplantshaveadaptedtothemarginsofagriculturallands,whichmaystillharborundisturbedsoilcommunitiesbutmayalsohaveincreasedaccesstowater.

IndianaUniversity,Biology,1001EastThirdStreet,Bloomington,IN,47405,USA

753 HALL, MITCHELL D.*, BROSI, SUNSHINE and PUTHOFF, DAVID

The effectiveness of tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum) modified with a Hessian fly-responsive(Hfr) gene against phloem-feeding and chewing insects

Manyoftheworld’scropsarelosteveryyearduetoinsectpestsfeedingonthem.Insecticidescon-

stitutethelargestformofcontrolforthesepestswithre-sistantbiotypesofinsectincreasingeachyear.Inwheat,Triticum aestivum L., Hessian fly-responsive gene 1(Hfr-1)wasfoundtokeepavirulentlarvaefromestab-lishingafeedingsiteontheleafsurface(Williamsetal.,2002).Inaddition,Hfr-2andHfr-3havesimilarpotential(Puthoffetal,2005;Giovaninietal.,2007).Thesegeneshavebeenengineeredintotomatoplants(Solanum ly-copersicum L.) viaT-DNAtransferusingAgrobacterium tumefaciens.Whiletherearealmostlimitlessnumbersofpeststhatcommonlyhostontomatoplants,someofthemostdevastatinginclude:silverwhitefly(Bemisiata baci biotypeB),fallarmyworm(Spodoptera frugiperda) andmealybugs(Phenacoccus spp.).Theseinsectswillbeintroducedseparatelytoeachtypeofmodifiedtomatoplant (containingHfr-1, -2 or -3) and control plants.Theplantsandinsectswillbemonitoredfor4weeks.Successoftheinsectswillbemeasuredbytotalweight,weightgain,timetopupation,timebetweenmolts,timetoenclosure,andfatality.Theresultingnumberofin-sectswillprovideinsightintotheeffectivenessoftheHfrgenetoconferresistance.Bydevelopingnewstrategiesto combatever-evolving insectpests, theneed for in-creasedfoodproductionworldwidewillbecomemoreofareality.

FrostburgStateUniversity,Biology,101BraddockRoad,Frostburg,MD,21532,USA

754 ZWENGER, SAM R.*1, HOFFMANN, ERICH2 and BASU, CHHANDAK2

Transformation of Arabidopsis thaliana with heat stress-related genes from a Copaifera officinalis using a novel "binary library" approach.

Planttransformationstudiesoftenrequiregenechar-acterization,cloningandligationintoabinaryvec-

tor,whichcanbetediousandsometimesunsuccessful.Novelwaysofgeneratingthousandsofgenesofinterestandligatingthemintoabinaryvectormightthereforebeextremelyusefulinplantbiotechnology.Toaddressthis issue, a small cDNA library of C. officinalis wasgeneratedusingaplantbinaryvector.Aftersequencingreactionsthe96-wellplateswereobtainedandstoredat

300

-80°C.Individualwellsfromtheseqeuncingplatescon-tainedE. coliharboringuniquevector-insertconstructsandwere laterselected(accordingtoBLASTxresults)andgrownovernightforsubsequentplasmidminiprep.IndividualAgrobacterium tumefaciens(EHA105)linesharboring individual contstructswere then generatedandused to transformArabidopsis thalianausing thefloral dip method. Many of the sequences identifiedfromthelibrarywereheatstress-related,thereforeasec-ondcomponentofthisresearchwasassessingthede-greetowhichC.officinalisheat-stressassociatedgenesprovided thermotolerance intransgenic A. thaliana.Variousstressassays,whichincludedbothin vitroandin vivo assays,wereperformed tohelpdetermine thedegreeof thermotolerance.WhileallA. thaliana linesexpressedthetransgenes,onlysomelineswerethermo-tolerant.Thefindingshaveimportantplantbiotechno-logical applications.Additionally, since global climatechange ispredicted to result inelevated temperaturesover the next century, there are possible agriculturalimplications.Takentogether,theresultssuggestthatbi-narylibrariesfacilitatehigh-throughputtransformationofplantsusingchoice-selectedgenesofinterestandcanprovidethousandsofvector-insertconstructstoinvesti-gate.Futurestudiesshouldconsiderthetranscriptionalstateofanorganismpriortobinarylibraryconstructioninordertoobtainchoicevector-insertconstructs.1UniversityofNorthernColorado,BiologicalSciences,RossHall,Room2480,CampusBox92,Greeley,CO,80631,USA2

Symbioses: Plant, Animal, and Microbe Interactions

ORAL PAPERS

755 ORTIZ , IRMA *1, SCHWARTZ, ALLISON1, SANDERS, ERIN R. 2, DIENER, ANDREW C.3 and HIRSCH, ANN M.3

A Bacillus strain isolated by undergraduate students at UCLA promotes plant growth by procuring soil nutrients and may also serve as a biological control agent.

The plantmicrobiome in the rhizosphere consistsofbothbacteriaandfungithatexhibitmanyben-

eficialeffectsonplantgrowth.ThePlant-GrowthPro-motingBacteria(PGPB)offeranimportantsolutiontothenegativeconsequencesofaddingchemicalfertilizersandpesticidesbyenhancingplantyield,producingphy-tohormonessuchasauxinorinterferingwithethylenesynthesis, controlling plant pathogens, and obtainingcriticalnutrientsincludingiron,nitrogen,andphospho-rous.Inthisstudy,weanalyzedthemechanismswhere-byaBacillus strain,isolatedfromtheMildredE.Math-ias Botanical Garden and investigated by twoUCLAundergraduatecourses,couldmediateapositivegrowthresponseonlegumessuchasMedicago truncatula,Lo-tus japonicus,andPisum sativum.Fromvariousassays,wedeterminedthattheimprovementsinplantgrowtharelikelytobetheresultofacombinationofbacterialfactors including IAA synthesis, siderophore produc-tion,andphosphate solubilization.BecausePGPBarealsoknowntoprotectplantsfrompathogenicfungiandbacteria, a co-culture assaywas establishedonpotatodextroseagar(PDA)plates.Theplateswereeitherleftuninoculatedorspottedwithanumberofdifferentfun-galpathogens,andthenco-inoculatedwiththenew Ba-cillus strainorB.subtilis,awell-knownbiocontrolagent.OurresultssofarsuggestthatthenewlyisolatedBacillus strainisaweakerbiologicalcontrolagentthanB. subtilis.We acknowledge the financial support of the Shan-bromFamilyFoundationandtheUCLAOfficeofIn-structionalDevelopmentforcoursesMIMG121AandMCDB150L.IrmaOrtizwassupportedbyNIHgrantGM55052 to Dr. Richard L. Weiss (UCLA). Otherundergraduates who participated in this research areRudy Benitez, Nigar Yusifova, Christine Kim, EthanMathews, Mary Motamedinia, Archie McCoy, HanSoulKim,KayokoHanamoto,WalterKim,JudyWong,BrittanyYee,andFaithOh.1UniversityofCalifornia-LosAngeles,Molecular,Cell&Develop-mentalBiology,621CharlesYoungDr.,South,LosAngeles,CA,90095-1606,USA2UniversityofCalifornia-LosAngeles,Microbiol,Immunol,andMolGenetics,LosAngeles,CA,90095,USA3Uni-versityofCalifornia-LosAngeles,MCDBiolandMolBiolInst,621CharlesYoungDr.,South,LosAngeles,CA,90095-1606,USA

301

756 OBERLE, BRAD*1 and ZANNE, AMY2

Seeing the forest for the fungi: plant traits and decomposition rates under changing climate

A largefractionofterrestrialcarbon(C)islockedupinwoodystems,bothlivingandcoarsewoodyde-

bris.Therateofcarbonreleasefromthesepoolsdependsontwofactors:plantsenescenceandwooddecomposi-tion.These factors, in turn, are modulated by woodtraits. Vascular anatomy and chemical compositionmayinfluencemortalityduringdrought.Theyalsomayaffect saprotroph community structure and function.Thesewoodtraitsvaryamongspecies,withimportantconsequences for the carbonbalanceof forestsunderclimatechange.Aspartofalargerprojectthatintegratesexperimentsandfieldobservationswithplanttraitsandfungalmetagenomics,weestablishedlong-termexperi-mental decomposition plots in the Ozark HighlandsEcoregion.Plotswere situatedatuplandand lowlandsitesindifferentwatersheds.Eachincludedstemsectionsfrom16locallyoccurringspecieswithcontrastingtraits.Afterthefirstyearofdecomposition,weanalyzedvaria-tioninmasslossacrosssitesandspecies.Overall,stemslost 12-50% of their mass.Mass loss varied betweensites,withmoisterlowlandsitesdecayingmorequicklythandrieruplandsites.Mass lossalsovariedstronglyamongspecies.Speciesdifferencesaloneexplained56%ofthevariationininitialdecayrates.Thesespeciesdif-feredinasuiteoffunctionaltraits, includingleafsize,specificleafarea,leafareatosapwoodarearatio,wooddensity,CandNcontent,andC:Nratio.Althougheachtrait independently explained relatively little variationindecayrates,togethertheyexplainedalmostasmuchvariationindecayratesasspeciesidentity.Inadditionto these measured trait differences, unmeasured dif-ferencesbetween angiosperms and conifers (i.e. clademembership) contributed to variation in decay rates.On thewhole, these results reinforce thewell-knowneffectofenvironmentondecomposition.Furthermore,theystronglysuggestthatplantspecies’functionaltraitsandevolutionaryhistoriesplayanextremelyimportantroleinwooddecomposition.Exactlyhowspecies’dif-ferencesinfluencesaprophytecommunitystructureandfunctionwillbethesubjectoffuturestudies.1UniversityofMissouri-St.Louis,Biology,OneUniversityBoule-vard,St.Louis,MO,63121,USA2UniversityOfMissouri-St.Louis,R223ResearchBuilding,OneUniversityBlvd.,St.Louis,MO,63121,USA

757 CANNON, BRANDI*, GARRISON, JESSICA, SOPAS, JAMES, VERASTEGUI, TIMOTHY and RANDLE, CHRISTOPHER

Presentation, aroma, and flavor: Investigation of host cues in the orientation and establishment of Phoradendron serotinum (Viscaceae)

Obligate parasitic plants cannot survive withoutthe influx of water and/or nutrients from host

plants.Therefore,successfulestablishmentofhaustoria(vascularorgansofpenetrationandtransport)isneces-saryforthesurvivalofanemergingseedling.Extensivestudieshavebeenperformedontheeffectofhostcuesongermination,orientation,anddevelopmentofhaus-toriainrootparasites.Forrootparasites,hostcuesmustbetransmittedthroughtherhizosphereandarelargelychemical.Plantsthatareparasiticontheabovegroundstemsofhostplantsmustbeable todetecthosts inamuchdifferentmilieu.Phoradendron serotinum (leafymistletoe)isawaterparasiteofbroadleaftrees.WhileP. serotinumparasitizesmanydifferenthostsacrossitsrange,populationsaremostoftenlocallyhostspecific,preferringasinglehostevenwhenotherhostsareavail-able.Theunderlyingcauseofthispatternofhostprefer-enceisunknown,andwillremainsountilhostcuesre-sponsibleforsuccessfulestablishmentofhaustoriahavebeenidentified.Inthisstudy,weexaminedtheeffectsof lightcues,physiochemical cuesassociatedwith thehostsurface,andgaseouschemicalcuesontheviability,orientation, and successful establishmentof emerginghaustoriaonhostplants.Lightandphysiochemicalcuesassociatedwiththehostsubstratehadasignificanteffectonhaustorialestablishment.Gaseouscueshadasignifi-cantpositiveeffectonviabilityandorientation.Thislat-terresultwasforeshadowedbyasimilarfindinginthestemparasiteCuscuta,whichrespondstogaseouscuesemittedbyhostplants.

SamHoustonStateUniversity,DepartmentofBiologicalSciences,1900AvenueI,Huntsville,TX,77340,USA

758 WOODARD, ANASTASIA*1, ERVIN, GARY2 and MARSICO, TRAVIS3

Defense Priming as a Mechanism to Combat Newly-Associated Insect Herbivores

Tocombatinsectherbivoryandstillachieveoptimalallocationofresources,plantshaveevolvedinduc-

ible defenses.Defense priming enhances the induceddefenseresponsesofplantsbyactivatingdefensepath-ways prior to attack due to airborne signals releasedfrom neighboring plants undergoing herbivory. Thisphenomenon allows plants to mount quicker, more

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intense responses specifically tailored to the threaten-ingherbivore.Despitethenumberofnewly-associatedinvasive insect species globally, the effects of defensepriminginasystemwithanovelthreathavenotbeenconsidered.Herewereportthatplantscanbeinducedto defend against an otherwise unrecognized, newly-associatedinsectherbivorewhensignaledbyplantsac-tivelydefendingagainstaco-evolvedinsectherbivore.Opuntia humifusa andO. stricta,twoNorthAmericanpricklypearspecies,havenotbeenobservedtodefendagainst the recently-introduced invasive cactus borerCactoblastis cactorum innature,althoughdefensessuchasmucilage production and tissue necrosis are com-monlyobservedwhenplantsare fedonby thenativeNorthAmericancactusborerMelitara prodenialis. Inarecentlaboratoryexperiment,wefoundthat47%ofplantsfedonbyC. cactorumgrowninthepresenceofplantsfedonbyM. prodenialisdefendedwithmucilageandnecrosis responses,whereas17%ofplantsgrownonlywithC. cactorumshoweddefenseswithinthefirstmonthoflarvalfeeding.InduceddefenseviaprimingoftheOpuntiaspp.increasedthelarvalperiodofC. cacto-rumby38%(fromameanof69daysto95).Innaturewherelarvaeareexposedtopredators,parasitoids,andpathogens, an increase in larval period is expected todecreasefitness.Ourresultsindicatethatdefenseprim-ing initiatedbynative, co-evolvedherbivores can cuenaïve plants to defend against invasive herbivores.Thesefindingshaveimportantimplicationsforourun-derstandingofdefensepriminginthecontextofspeciesinvasionsandtheinfluenceofevolutionaryhistoryonplant-herbivoreinteractions.1ArkansasStateUniversity,DepartmentofBiologicalSciences,POBox599,StateUniversity,AR2MississippiStateUniversity,Depart-mentofBiologicalSciences,130HarnedHall,LeeBlvd,MississippiState,MS,39762,USA3ArkansasStateUniversity,DepartmentOfBiologicalSciences,POBox599,StateUniversity,AR,72467,USA

759 SOUTHWORTH, DARLENE*1 and FRANK, JONATHAN2

Listening to roots: a new mycorrhizal fungus on Cercocarpus (Rosaceae)

Mycorrhizal assemblages characterized by mo-leculardatafrequentlydifferfromcollectionsof

mycorrhizalsporocarpsatthesamesite.Geopora (earthpore) species are frequentmycobionts of ectomycor-rhizalroots,butexceptforG. cooperi,theyrarelymatchspeciesbymolecularmethods.Amongthemycobiontsofectomycorrhizaswithcurl-leafmountainmahogany,Cercocarpus ledifolius (Rosaceae),wasafungalspecieswitha91%BLASTmatchtoG. arenicola.TodeterminethespeciesofGeopora,wesurveyedforhypogeousspo-rocarpsunderC.ledifolius at sites insouthernOregonwhere the Geopora mycorrhizas had been collectedand identified by DNA sequences of the ITS region.WefoundsporocarpsofaGeoporaspecieswith100%BLASTmatchtothemycorrhizas.Morphologicalchar-

actersofawhitehymenium,inrolledentiremargin,andlargespores,alongwithahypogeoushabitandamycor-rhizalhostofC. ledifolius distinguishedthesespecimensfromdescribedspecies.Wedescribeanewspecies,Geo-pora cercocarpi.1DepartmentOfBiology,866BlaineSt,Ashland,OR,97520,USA-2SouthernOregonUniversity,Biology,Ashland,OR,97520,USA

760 BECKLIN, KATIE M.*1, HERTWECK, KATE1 and JUMPPONEN, ARI2

Host identity has a greater impact on rhizosphere fungal communities than habitat in an alpine ecosystem

Below ground interactions can significantly affectcommunitiesandecosystems,yetthediversityand

compositionof soilbiota are still relativelyunknown.Weevaluatedtheeffectsofhabitatandhostidentityontherichness,diversity,andcompositionofrhizospherefungicolonizingthreealpineplantspecies,Taraxacum ceratophorum,Taraxacum officinale,andPolemonium viscosum.RootswerecollectedfromopenmeadowandwillowunderstoryhabitatsabovetimberlineonPenn-sylvaniaMountain (Park County, CO, USA). FungalSSUrDNAwassequencedusing454pyrosequencing,sample-specificDNAtags,andfungal-specificprimers.Wecategorizedoperationaltaxonomicunits(OTUs)asarbuscularmycorrhizal(AMF)ornon-arbuscularmy-corrhizal(NON-AMF)fungi,thentestedwhetherhabi-tatorhostindentityinfluencedthesefungalcommuni-ties.TotalAMFandNON-AMFrichnesswassimilarbetweenhabitats,butvariedamonghostspecies.With-inindividualrootsamplesAMFrichnesswashigherintheopenmeadowthaninthewillowunderstory,andbothAMFrichnessanddiversitywerehighestinT. cer-atophorum comparedtotheotherhostspecies.WithinindividualrootsamplesNON-AMFrichnessanddiver-sitywassimilaramonghostspeciesexceptinthewillowunderstorywherediversitywasreducedinT.officinale.Fungalcommunitycompositionwasinfluencedbyhostidentity,butnothabitat.Specifically,T. ceratophorum and P. viscosum hosted similar AMF communities,whileT. ceratophorumandT. officinale hostedsimilarNON-AMFcommunities.Ourresultssuggestthathostidentityhasastrongereffectonrhizospherefungithanhabitat.Furthermore,althoughhostidentityinfluencedbothAMFandNON-AMFthiseffectwasstrongerforthemutualisticAMFcommunity.1UniversityOfMissouriColumbia,1201EastRollinsRd,LifeSci-enceCenter311,Columbia,MO,65211,USA2KansasStateUni-versity,DivisionofBiology,433AckertHall,Manhattan,KS,66506,USA

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POSTERS

761 BOWLER, REBECCA, FREDEEN, ARTHUR and MASSICOTTE, HUGUES*

Investigation of carbon gain of autotrophic, mixotrophic and myco-heterotrophic species at three sites in north-central British Columbia

Mostterrestrialvascularplantsrelytosomedegreeonmycorrhizalfungiforobtainingmineralnu-

trition.Asubsetoftheseplantsalsorelyontheirmy-corrhizalpartner(s)forsome(mixotrophy)orall/most(myco-heterotrophy)of theircarbon.Manypyroloids(PyroleaetribeoftheEricaceaefamily)andsomegreenorchids(Orchidaceae)aremixotrophs.Bycontrast,leaf-lessorchidsofthegenusCorallorhizaarethoughttobeexclusivelymyco-heterotrophic.Weconductedapilotprojectwhereweassessed thephotosynthetic compe-tence of autotrophic, mixotrophic and myco-hetero-trophicspeciesgrowinginsub-borealforestsofnorth-central BritishColumbia.Gas exchange properties ofeachspecieswerenon-destructivelymeasuredin situatleastonceamonthduringthegrowingseason(MaytoSeptember)of2011usingaportablegasexchangesys-tem(modelLI-6400,LiCor Inc.). Individualsof thesespecieswere also replanted in theEnhancedForestryLabatUNBCforfurtheranalysis.Afterapproximatelyone month of acclimation to non-forest light levels,lightresponsecurvesofeachsampleweremeasuredus-ingthesamemethodsasin situ measurementswiththeexceptionofanartificiallightsource.Wewillhighlightthecurrent implicationsofourresultsandour futureplansforthisstudy.

University Of Northern British Columbia, Ecosystem Science AndManagementProgram,3333UniversityWay,PrinceGeorge,BC,V2N4Z9,Canada

762 YERABALLI, SAGAR*1, HICKS, SARAH2, GOSSAGE, ZACHARY1, SINSABAUGH, ROBERT2, SUDING, KATHERINE3 and PORRAS-ALFARO, ANDREA1

Response of plant-associated fungal communities to N deposition in an alpine tundra ecosystem

Humanactivitieshaveplayedamajor role in in-creasing nitrogen (N) availability in terrestrial

ecosystems.N enrichment facilitates plant productiv-ity,butincertainconditionscannegativelyaffectplantdiversityandsurvival.TheeffectsofNfertilizationonplant-fungal interactions in alpine tundra ecosystemsarepoorlyknown.ThemaingoalofthisstudywastoevaluatetheeffectofNfertilizationonfungalsymbionts

associatedwith two co-dominant plants: Geum rossii and Deschampsia cespitosa. Seven samples were col-lectedforeachplantspeciesfromfourdifferenttreat-ments: control, N fertilized, N fertilized/Deschampsiaremoval,Deschampsiaremoval/noNadded.ThestudysiteislocatedattheNiwotRidgeLongTermEcologicalResearch(LTER)siteinColorado.Rootswereharvestedfromeachtreatmentandstainedtoquantifyfungalcol-onization.Ninetytwopureculturesofendophyticfungiwere isolated onpotatodextrose agar. Fungal symbi-onts were identified using the Internal TranscribedSpacer rDNA. Potential functions of these symbiontswereevaluatedingerminationandgreenhouseexperi-ments.Microscopydata from2008and2010 showedanincreaseinpercentageofcolonizationinNfertilizedplotswhencomparedwithcontrolplots.Geum showedthe highest colonization with arbuscular mycorrhizalfungianddarkseptatefungiasthedominantcoloniz-ers.Preliminary identificationofculturesshowedthat GeumismainlycolonizedbyfungiintheorderHelio-tales including the dark septate fungusPhialocephala fortinii. Of five different fungal endophytes tested inthe greenhouse, two had pathogenic activity. Directsequencing from rootsusing454 technology, showedthatfungalcommunitesarehighlycomplex.Analysisofpotentialrolesofthesefungalsymbiontsneedsfurtherexploration.1WesternIllinoisUniversity,Biology,WaggonerHall.1UniversityCIrcle,Macomb,IL,61455,USA2UniversityofNewMexico,Biol-ogy,167CastetterHall,Albuquerque,NM,87131,USA3UniversityofCaliforniaBerkeley,DepartmentofEnvironmentalScience,Policy&Management,137MulfordHall#3144,Berkeley,CA,94720,USA

763 VIJAYARAGHAVAN, SRIVATHSAN*1, GARCIA, MARGARET2, LOWREY, TIMOTHY2 and PORRAS-ALFARO, ANDREA1

Plant-associated fungi: diversity and function in gypsophilic soils

All plants form symbiotic associationswith fungibutlittleisknownaboutfungalcommunitiesas-

sociatedwithgypsophilicplants.Gypsophilic soilsaremainlycomposedofcalciumsulfateandareprevalentinparchedareasofEarthcoveringmorethan100mil-lionhectares.Themainobjectivesofthisresearchproj-ectwereto:1.EvaluatefungalcolonizationpatternsinrootsofgypsophilicplantsfromNewMexico;2.Evalu-atetheeffectoffungalisolatesonplantgerminationandgrowth;3.Identifyfungalisolatesassociatedwithgyp-sophilicplantsandevaluate theirpotentialcellulolyticactivity.Rootswereexaminedforninespeciesofgyp-sophilicplantsfromNewMexico.Microscopicanalysesindicatethatplantsaremainlycolonizedbyarbuscularmycorrhizalanddarkseptatefungi.GrassessuchasSpo-robolus nealleyi andBouteloua gracilishadthehighestfungalcolonization.Germinationexperimentsshowedpathogenictomutualisticactivitiesfordifferentfungal

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isolates. Identificationof fungal isolates usingBLASTshowed that Alternaria sp. was the dominant fungusfoundintheleaves,andMonosporascus canonballuswasthedominantfungusfoundintheroots.Aleast10%ofthesefungishowedtheabilitytodegradecellulosewithpotentialapplicationsinthebiofuelindustry.Basedoncolonization rates and diversity, fungal communitiesfoundingypsophilicplantsarecomplexandadditionalstudiesarenecessarytoevaluatetheeffectoffungalcon-sortiumsonplantsurvivalandestablishment.1WesternIllinoisUniversity,Biology,WaggonerHall.1UniversityCIrcle,Macomb,IL,61455,USA2UniversityOfNewMexico,De-partmentOfBiology,Albuquerque,NM,87131,USA

764 BEAULIEU, WESLEY T*1, PANACCIONE, DANIEL G2, MILLER, RICHARD E3 and CLAY, KEITH1

New Reports of Ergot Alkaloids and Chemotypic Diversity in Convolvulaceae-Clavicipitaceae Symbiosis

Ergotalkaloidsarefungalsecondarymetaboliteswellknownfortheirroleinplantdefenseagainstherbi-

vores.Inplants,ergotalkaloidsareproducedbysym-bioticfungiinthefamilyClavicipitaceae(Ascomycota)firstdiscoveredfromassociationswiththePoaceaebutnowknowntobedistributedacrossseveralmono-anddicotyledonousplantfamiliesincludingtheCyperaceaeandmorerecentlytheConvolvulaceae.HerewereportonasurveyoftheConvolvulaceaefor(1)thepresenceoffungalergotalkaloidsinseedsand(2)theintra-andin-terspecificchemicaldiversitytherein.Ourresultsshowaworldwidedistributionofergot-positivespeciesinclud-ingrepresentativesfromNorth,Central&SouthAmer-ica,Africa,Australia,AsiaandOceania.Concentrationsof ergot alkaloids in theConvolvulaceae ranged from0.1to4700µg/gseed,whichisupto1000foldgreaterthan in Clavicipitaceae-Poaceae symbioses. Interest-ingly, ergot-positive species are restricted to the tribeIpomoeeae, a group of 900 tropical and sub-tropicalspecies,primarilytwiningvines.Whilethepreviouslit-eraturesuggestedaphylogeneticsignalofergotalkaloiddistribution,ourexpandedsurveyshowsthepicturetobemorecomplicated.Oursurveyof64speciesrevealed19 ergot-positive species, seven of which were previ-ously unreported. 12 ergot alkaloids occurred amongthesespeciesin17differentcombinations(uniqueche-motypes).Differentchemotypesweredetectedamongaccessions in several species, indicating genetic varia-tionofsymbionts.Therewereover40instanceswhenaspecificergotalkaloidwasdetectedforthefirsttimeinaparticularspecies.Extensivepopulationsamplingoftwospecies(Ipomoea parasitica andI. pes-caprae) re-vealedwithinspeciesvariationinalkaloidpresenceandconcentration,includingasignificantdifferenceinalka-loid concentrations between geographically separatedpopulationsofI. pes-capraefromtheGulfandAtlanticcostsofFlorida.Giventhatthereare900speciesinthe

tribe,ourresultssuggestthatwehaveyettorealizethediversityanddistributionofthesymbioticrelationshipbetweenClavicipitaceae andConvolvulaceae.1IndianaUniversity,DepartmentofBiology,1001E3rdSt,Bloom-ington,IN,47405,USA2WestVirginiaUniversity,DivisionofPlant&SoilSciences,1090AgriculturalSciencesBuilding,Morgantown,WV,26506,USA3SoutheasternLouisianaUniversity,DepartmentofBiologicalSciences,808NPineSt,Hammond,LA,70402,USA

765 HALLE, ERNESTINE MEFOR*1, SSALI, FREDRICK2 and GIKONYO, NANCY3

Leaf production in relation to damage of seedlings in Amani Nature Reserve, (ANR), Tanzania

ThisstudywascarriedoutinAmaniNatureReserve(ANR),Tanzaniaandfocusedonleafproduction

anditsresponsetosimulatedleafdamageofseedlingsonfourfastgrowingspecies:Leptonychia usambarensis, Chostas spiras, Piper capense and Macaranga kilimand-scharica.Atotalofsixstudysiteswereselectedintheforestgaps.Overall, theeffectofdamageon leafpro-duction was strongest in Macaranga kilimandschari-cawheretherateofleafgrowthdecreasedwithincreaseinextentofdamage.ThisimpliesthatMacaranga kili-mandscharicaismoresensitivetodamagecomparedtotheotherstudyspeciessinceitsgrowthrateslowsdownwhendamaged.Theresultsfromthisstudysuggestthatthedifferentspecieshaddifferentratesofshootgrowth,leafgrowthandleafproduction.Macaranga kilimand-scharicahad the highest rate of leaf growth, secondhighestrateofshootgrowthandthehighestrateofleafproduction.Therewasalsonosignificantdifferenceinthelevelofherbivorybetweenleavesofdifferentages.Similarstudiesonleafproductioninrelationtodamageofseedlingscanbecarriedoutonfastgrowingcanopyspecies, suchasMacarangakilimandscharica ingener-atingupto-date informationsoastoenhancefurtherunderstandingofplant-animalinteractions.1UniversityofBuea,PlantandAnimalscience,P.OBox63,Buea,SW,237,Cameroon2MbararaUniversityofScienceandTechnology,Uganda3UniversityofBremen,TropicalAquaticEcology(ISATEC),Bremen,49,Germany

305

WS01 - Plants, People & Pictures

Organized by: Kim Bridges, Retired Professor Univ. of Hawai`i at Manoa, Bill Dahl, Botanical Society of America

We are going to explore digital photography inthecontextofbothPoint-and-ShootandDigi-

talSLRcameras.Thefocusisontypicalbotanicalandethnobotanicalthemes.Theoverallaimistohelpevery-one,frombeginnertocompetentphotographer,betterunderstandthecapabilitiesandfeaturesofthisemerg-ingdigitalmedium. Special attentionwill be given tomacro-photography. The workshop includes discus-sions,demonstrationsandhands-onopportunities.Allparticipantsareaskedtobringtheircameragearastherewillbeanoutdoorphotoshoot.Twosessions:1:00-5:00PMand7:00-8:30PM.

WS02 - iPlant Discovery Environment and API: Integration of Biological Data-sets, Computational Tools, and Analytical Workflows

Organized by: Ann Stapleton, University of North Carolina

Uwe Hilgert, iPlant Collaborative, Dolan DNA Learning Center, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory

Eric Lyons, University of Arizona

With current high-throughput data collectionmethodologies, plant biologists often find

themselves overwhelmed by the amount of data toprocess.Similarly,therearemanyanalyticaltoolsfromwhichtochoosewhenprocessingthesedata,manyofwhich require knowledgeof using the command-lineinterface and high performance computers. iPlant’sweb-based Discovery Environment allows biologiststo easilymanage and share biological data, computa-tional tools, and analytical workflows. Furthermore,iPlant provides two APIs (Application ProgrammingInterfaces) toallowresearchers to integrateadditionaltools and to access tools and data through the web.Thisworkshopwill focusonusing iPlant’sweb-basedDiscoveryEnvironmenttocreateandshareworkflowstoprocessdataandonusingiPlant’sAPIstointegratenewtools.

WS03 - DNA Subway Places Students On Fast Track To Plant Genome Analysis and DNA BarCoding

Organized by: Uwe Hilgert, iPlant Collabora-tive, Dolan DNA Learning Center, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory

Genome analysis provides opportunities for stu-dentstodiscoverbasicprinciplesofmolecularbi-

ologywhileembarkingonresearchprojects.DNASub-wayisaneducationalplatformforgeneannotationandcomparison. It bundles research-grade bioinformaticstoolsanddatabasesintointuitiveworkflowsandpres-entstheminanappealinginterfaceusingthemetaphorofasubwaymap.RidingonanyoffourdifferentDNASubwaylines,userscanpredictandannotategenesinupto150kbofDNA(RedLine),identifyhomologsinsequencedgenomes(YellowLine),analyzeDNAbar-codesandconstructphylogenetictrees(BlueLine),andanalyzeRNAseqdata(GreenLine).Workcanbesavedforlateruseand/orsharedwithotherusers.WorkshopparticipantswilluseDNASubwaytouploadandana-lyzeDNAandproteindataandlearnhowtointegrategenomeanalysisintotheirownteaching.

WS03A- Applications of Next Generation Sequencing in Plants

Organized and Sponsored by Roche Diagnostics

WS04 - Sustainable Teaching: Getting started and keeping going

Organized by: Clare Hasenkampf, University of Toronto

InthisworkshopIwillconsidersomeideasaboutStu-dentLlearningPrinciplesofawell-alignedcourseand

acommonsensechecklistforsustainabilityIhopethattheideaspresentedwillhelpyoufindyourwaytoteachcoursesthatregularlyprovidearichlearningexperiencefor students and a satisfying intellectual endeavor foryourself.Workshopisprimarilyforgraduatestudents,postdocsandfacultyearlyinteachingcareers,butallarewelcome.

Workshops

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WS05 - Best Practices for Image use in Keys and Guides

Organized by: Bruce K. Kirchoff, University of North Carolina at Greensboro

Although illustrations have played an impor-tant role in identificationkeys andguides since

the 18th century, their use has varied widely. Somekeys lack all illustrations, while others are heavily il-lustrated. Evenwithin illustrated keys and guides theway in which images are used varies considerably.Duringthisworkshopwewillreviewimageuseinse-lectedkeysandguides,andpresentasetofsuggestedbestpracticesforimageuse.Thebestkeysandguidesusemultiplestandardizedimages,displayedatsizesthatareeasytosee,andarrangedinastandardizedmannerso that similar images can be compared across spe-cies.Itisnotpossibletoformanadequatetaxonomicconcept from a single photograph.The failure to usemultipleimagesforeachspeciesisthemostcommonshortcomingof illustratedkeysandguides. Illustratedkeysandglossariesshouldcontainmultipleimagesforeachcharacterstatesothattheusercanjudgevariationinthestate.Whenusedinglossaries,asingledrawingisbestusedtoillustrateseveralterms,andeachtermisbestillustratedwithseveraldrawings.Scalebarsshouldbeusedwithdiscretion.Theyarenotneededoneveryillustration and,when used indiscriminately, can dis-tracttheuser’sattentionfromthesalientfeatures.Iconicsymbolsandcoloredmarginalbandscanmakethekeyeasiertouse,andshouldbeusedwhereappropriate.

WS06 - Preparing Digital Images for Publication

Organized by: Mike Vanderberg, Sheridan Press

ThisworkshopcoversgeneralDigitalArtSubmis-sionGuidelinesforpublishingfiguresinbothprint

andonlinejournals.ItwillincludelivedemonstrationsinAdobePhotoshop and Illustrator on the followingtopics: ImagingFoundations,RGBImageSubmissionandColorManagement,PreparationTips,plusabriefdiscussiononImageIntegrity.

WS07 - Teaching Philosophy, Teaching Statements and teaching Dossiers-How to and Why

Organized by: Clare Hasenkampf, University of Toronto

In thisworkshopwewill look at theTeachingPhi-losophyandTeachingDossierasatoolforareflec-

tiveteachingpractice.WewillalsolookattheTeachingStatementandDossieraspartsofjobapplicatins,pro-motionfilesandforTeachingawards.

WS08 - Workshop and Roundtable Discussion: Successful Manuscript Preparation and Publication

Organized by: Amy McPherson, Managing Edi-tor, American Journal of Botany

Richard Hund, Production Editor, American Journal of Botany

Thisworkshop,designedforgraduatestudents,ear-ly-careerscientists,andthosenewtopublishing,is

intendedtogiveabriefyetdetaileddescriptionofwhathappensfrommanuscriptsubmissiontofinalpublica-tioninascientificjournal.Thisround-tablediscussion,withmembersofvariouseditorialteams(includingtheAmericanJournalofBotany)andyourpeers,willserveas a forum for questions and answers regarding suc-cessfulornotsosuccessfularticlepublicationinasci-entificjournal.Questionsmaybesubmittedbeforetheworkshop.Thesessionisdesignedtogivethenew-to-publishingresearcherachancetodiscussthepublishingprocessfromtheauthor’sandeditor’sperspectives.

WS09 - US Virtual Herbarium Project; Progress made, goals to achieve

Organized by: Mary Barkworth, Intermountain Herbarium

The workshop, which is also the official annualmeetingoftheUSVirtualHerbariumProject,will

focusonsharingofnewdevelopmentsandapproachestothedigitizationofherbariaandexamplesofhowsuchinformationisbeingusedorcanbeexpectedtobeusedintheverynear future.Therewillalsobeasummarypresentedofsomeof the intermediatestepsthathavebeen taken towards attainment of the overall goal ofdigitizingallspecimensanddevelopingresourcesthatenable diverse publics to benefit from access to thedigitzedinformation.

307

WS10 - Floristic projects: who does what, with Flora of North America as a case study.

Organized by: Nancy R. Morin, Flora of North America

This workshop will be useful to anyone involvedin any of the floristic projects currently under-

way and will provide an opportunity for partici-pants in various projects to compare notes. Flora ofNorthAmerica (FNA) provides a case study. It is amassive collaborative project to produce a Flora ofNorth America north of Mexico in print and elec-tronic forms. Sixteen out of the projected 30 vol-umeshavebeenpublished.Theprojectinvolvesmorethan 900 botanists in North America and elsewhere.MissouriBotanicalGardenisanFNAeditorialcenterandalsothecenterforbotanicalillustrationandcompo-sition.Thisworkshopwillfocusonabehind-the-sceneslookathowtreatmentsareprocessedandwhatauthors,regional and taxonomic reviewers, editors, andartistsdo. Breakoutsessionswillprovide timefordifferentgroups (e.g. authors, regional reviewers, editors) todiscussproblemsandsolutions.Theworkshopwillin-cludeatourofthecompositionandillustrationfacilitiesandtheMissouriBotanicalGardenlibrary.Itwillfinishwithareceptionforeveryoneinterestedintheproject.

WS11 - Professional Development: Applying to Graduate Programs

Organized by Ann Sakai

Thisworkshop isprimarily forundergraduates in-terestedinapplyingtograduateprograms,master’s

degreestudentsapplyingtodoctoralprograms,andfac-ultywhoworkwiththesestudents,butallarewelcome.Theworkshopwillconsistofabriefpresentationofthe“insandouts”ofapplyingtograduateschoolbeforeandduringtheapplicationprocess.Thispresentationwillbefollowedbyaquestionandanswersessionbetweentheparticipantsandseveralpanelists.Thelatterwillincludecurrentgraduatestudents,aswellasfacultyexperiencedingraduateadmissionsprocedures,fromseveraldiffer-entinstitutions.

Workshops

A

Abbott,J.Richard545Abdulazees,ParveezAhamed297,343Abdulhasan,Nabeel632Abler,Rebecca384Ackerman,James207,726Adcock,AudreyF380Adeyemi,TemitopeOlabisi436Adhikari,Binaya551Afredi,Sahib277Aguilar-García,Sandra720Aguirre-Santoro,Julian491AhmadPuad,AidaShafreena417Ahmad,Habib277Ahmed,Ahasan250Ahmed,Selena60Ahrens,Collin733Al-Shehbaz,Ihsan439Albrecht,Matthew5,546,648Alexander,Patrick439,695Alexeev,Yu.E.507Alford,Mac422Ali,T'shuraS.A.296Allen,Brian564Allphin,Loreen439,695Almeda,Frank432Almeida,AnaMaria125,126Alves,FábioDeMatos689AmayaMarquez,Marisol462,534,535Amorim,Andre365Amponsem,Ohene149Anderson,Gregory7,721Andrew,Rose85,683Andrew,Stephenson172Angelo,Courtney609Annamalai,Panneerselvam287Antonelli,Alexandre598Antonelli,Priscilla169Aporna,SadiaAfrin253,254,257,258Applequist,WendyL.569Arancibia,Patricia144Araujo,Alejandro160Archambeault,Alan734Archer,RobertH.421Archibald,Jenny12Arcibal,Erica744ArevaloBurbano,Rafael599Arias,Tatiana441Armstrong,Joseph97Asner,GregP.50Asokraja,Ilavarasi341Asokraja,Ilavarasi297,343AtiaEisa,AtiaM.563Atkins,Hannah606Attigala,Lakshmi483

AtíasVasquez,Gladis261Aubrey,Doug652Auer,Carol733Avino,Mariano678Aworinde,D.O.182Axsmith,Brian323,330,333Ayers,Tina623Ayodele,MuyiwaSegun182Azam,Md.NurKabidul250,347Aziz,IdrisJameel269

B

Babineau,Marielle428Bachelier,Julien145Bacon,ChristineD.421Badri,Mounawer702Baer,Sara655Bahny,Beth348Bailey,C.Donovan439,695Bailey,Maia77,192Bailey,Pamela345Bajgain,Prabin82Baker,Robert673Baker,Stokes93,593Baldini,Riccardo485Baldwin,BruceG.414Baldwin,IanT.719Balick,Michael66,120,121,212,572BallardJr,Harvey391,424,425,438, 460,529,530,532Ballesteros-Barrera,Claudia206Baloyi,Olivia247Balslev,Henrik112,113Bamshad,Maryam212BarbaMontoya,JoseAntonio400Barbazuk,W.Brad14,276Barber,Janet503,615,637Barfield,Keri100Barker,MichaelS.84,274Barkman,ToddJ417Barkworth,Mary486,578Barrett-Watson,Hanna300Barriball,Kelly730Barrington,David369Barros,FabioDe513Bartholmes,Conny672Bartlett,Madelaine670Bashir,Anbreen269,271Basu,Chhandak754Batista,JoaoA.N.549Baum,David679,707Bawa,Kamal55Beaulieu,WesleyT764Beck,James439,695

Becklin,KatieM.760Beeckman,Hans135,140,154Beine,Jaime83Bell,TimothyS.629Benavides,JuanC.600Benca,Jeffrey298Benedict,John307,492Bennett,Bradley217Bennett,BradleyC.119Bennetzen,Jeffrey283,742Benoit,Lori452,453,454Bergene,Julie303Berlyn,Graeme349,350Bernard,KelseyC.678Bernardello,Gabriel721Besnard,Guillaume459Betancur,Julio491Bever,JamesDavid43Bever,James203,510,644,752Bibee,K.663Bien,Walter,F.521Binder,Manfred607Binggeli,Casey195Bingham,Patrick323Birnbaum,Amanda166Biswas,KakoliRani256Blackman,Benjamin23Blair,Charles225,255Blake,Mitch312Blanchard,Orland437,533Blanco,Mario548Blum,Michael488Bobich,EdwardGeorge568Bobich,Edward152,355,662Bocian,Lindsey161,193Bolinder,Kristina711Bollman,Michael660Bomfleur,Benjamin316Bomser,Joshua265Bonos,Stacy270Boonchai,Nareerat308Borba,EduardoL.549Borer,Catherine359Borges-Argaes,Rocío375Borja,Guadalupe440Botts,Elizabeth262Bouamanivong,Somsanith264Bowen,C.663Bowler,Rebecca761Bowles,MarlinL.629Boyce,Charles331Boyden,Geraldine680Boyle,Brad570Bozak,Kristen355Bradbury,ElizabethJane222,741

Bramley,Gemma606Brauer,Laura148Braukmann,Thomas285Brendler,Thomas215,219Bresowar,GeraldEdward413Bresowar,Gerald735Bretzman,Jayna388Brimmer,Courtney262Brockington,Samuel398Brody,Stacy211Broe,Michael405,406Broecker,Lauren648Brokaw,Joshua173Brosi,Sunshine105,252,645,753Brouillet,Luc528Brouwer,Marieke354Brown,Beverly94Brown,Gregory491Brown,Jennifer736,737Brown,Nathalie-Ann161,193Brown,Paula216Bruederle,Leo471Bruenn,Riva398Bruneau,Anne428,429Budke,Jessica131,389Buggs,Richard14,276Bullard-Roberts,Angelle217Burgess,Michael497,498,525Burke,Bryce169Burkey,Kent83Burleigh,Gordon472,548Burns,JeanH.490Bush,Catherine408,409Bushman,Shaun486Bussmann,Rainer62,111,114,569Butterworth,Kara595Bybee,Seth664Bye,Robert23,63,237,449Byerley,M.Brooke566

C

CabreraR.,Leticia723Cabrera,LidiaI.549Caceres,Armando573Caddah,MayaraKrasinski434Cahoon,Aubrey564Caicedo,Ana691Cain,Roger108Cain,Shawna108Call,Christina439Callen,Steven201Calloway,StephanieA.236CamaraLeret,Rodrigo110,111,113

Cameron,Kenneth547,599,708Campbell,Christopher393,497,498,525Caneva,Giulia647Cannon,Brandi734,757Cantino,Philip438Caomhanach,Nuala36Cappa,JenniferJocarole352Cappa,JenniferJ.421Caraballo-Ortiz,Marcos205Carine,Mark565Caringella,Marissa662Carlini,Alfredo329Carlisle,Maureen298Carlo,Tomas205Carlquist,Sherwin137Carlsen,Monica451Carlson,Kitrina384Carlsward,Barbara148Carskaddon,JillR.562Carter,Jacob656Carter,Thomas83Caruso,Christina77,179,192,750Caruso,JosephA.300Case,Andrea77,192,750CastañedaAlvarez,NoraPatricia614CastañedaAlvarez,NoraPatricia622Castellano,Steve162Caudle,Keri649CelisPacheco,Marcela555Cellinese,Nico419,543,603Centurion-Hidalgo,Dora375,383Challagundla,Lavanya282Chamala,Srikar14,276Chanon,AnnM.265Chapman,Julia191Charboneau,Joseph442Chase,JonathanM.160Chase,Mark548,549Chase,MarkW.719Chau,John467Chau,Marian364Chen,Tina340Chen,Ying184Chester,Michael14,275,276,286,361Chi,Katherine626Chiang,Jyh-Min180Chiou,Wen-Liang366,390Choi,Hong-Keun559Chokthaweepanich,Hathairat481Chowdhury,AnitaRani253,254,257Chowdhury,MajeedulH.250Cianchini,Carlos120Cicero,CarlaC.588Clark,John165,606

Clark,JohnL.461,462,534,535,709,712Clark,Lynn38,481,482,483,604Clarke,AndrewC.22Clausen,Andrea20Clavijo,Laura712Clawitter,Helen546Clay,Danielle495Clay,Keith764Clement,Jason751Clutter,Mary6Coate,Jeremy13CoeJr,Edward41Cohen,Jim412Coleman,Cassandra709,712Collins,Hilary194Collins,Jennifer202Columbus,J.553Colwell,Alison469Combs,JosephAnthony361Comer,JasonR501Comes,Hans618Condon,Marty706Cook,JosephA.588Cook,Martha144,342Coons,Janice88,90,174Cooper,Hillary456Cooper,Ranessa138Corbett,Steve233Cordeiro,Jay640Cordiero,Matilde702Cote,Gary149Coutant,Nancy174Cowden,Nancy713Craig,Bailey467Crandall,Raelene643Crandall-Stotler,Barbara600Crawford,Daniel721Crawford,KerriMargaret208Crepet,William324Croat,Thomas450Croft,Genevieve628Cronk,Quentin288Cronn,Richard87,281Cross,Hugh263Crowl,Andy419,543Culley,Theresa80,740Cummings,Kate382Currano,Ellen332Curto,Manuel696Cushman,John548Cushman,Kevin497,498,525

Author Index

D

Daehler,Curtis609Dalling,Jim44Daniel,Thomas463,464Darbyshire,Iain465Darnowski,Douglas170Davenport,Ruth276Davis,Adam157Davis,CharlesC.598Davoodbasha,Mubarakali297,343, 344Dawodu,Abimbola246DeGezelle,JillianM.210DeLaRosa,Carlos165DePamphilis,ClaudeW279,473De-Nova,Arturo435Dean,Ellen249,567Decombeix,Anne-Laure317DelRosarioHerrera,Maria20DelTredici,Peter393Delprete,Piero443Deluca,Paolo151Delêtre,Marc741Demason,Darleen133,143Dentinger,Bryn717Denton,AmyL.562Denton,Renee200Depass,Anthony101Deresienski,Tess531Desai,ManishaN178Desjardin,Dennis120Devall,Margaret169Devore,Melanie326,328Dewey,Tanya590Dewsbury,Bryan186DiStilio,Veronica674Diamond,Hope388Diaz-Castelazo,Cecilia183Diazgranados,Mauricio503,615,637Dickinson,Tim430Die,Agathe154Diener,AndrewC.755Dieringer,Gregg723Diggle,Pamela127,134,673,674,676Diggs,Jr.,GeorgeM.566Dillhoff,Richard326Dillhoff,Thomas326Doffitt,Chris446Doffitt,Christopher612Doherty,James89Donnell,Aliya438Donovan,Lisa657Dorr,LaurenceJ.521Dossaji,Saifuddin221,228Dotzek,Jana153

Dotzler,Nora315Doucette,Eric497,498,525Douglas,Jason61Douglas,Norman398Doust,Andrew132,440Doyle,Jeff13,86Dransfield,Soejatmi481Dreiseitl,Antonin636Drenovsky,Rebecca194,650,659Dreyer,Leanne427Driscoll,Heather608Drum,Ryan260Drummond,Chloe398Drumwright,Abby564Duarte,David152Duarte,Jill473Duchicela,Jessica203Dudle,Dana262Dudley,Leah76Duncan,Kaylia287,344Duncan,Sara385Dunn,Michael312Dunn,Regan310,329Duong,Vi26DuputiÉ,Anne741Durchholz,Elaine410Duval,Ashley242

E

Eastman,Jonathan496Eastwood,Ruth622Ebbs,Stephen651Ebihara,Astushi366Edwards,ScottV.588Egan,AshleyN86Eguiarte,Luis435Eilts,J.Alexander654Elkington,BethanyG.238,264,377Ellingbo,Aaron522Emerson,John396Emms,Simon76Emshwiller,Eve19,222,259,427,741Endara,Lorena548,550English,Carol471Enquist,Brian570Eperiam,Emos120Epperson,Bryan19Erdei,Boglarka327Ervin,Gary758Erwin,Diane334Eshbaugh,W.Hardy8Espinosa-Moreno,Judith375,383Esselman,Elizabeth493,546Estep,MattC283,561,742

Estrada-Ruiz,Emilio321Eubanks,Mary24Evankow,A.663Evans,Rodger410Ewers,Frank152,355,568,662

F

FacioViccini,Lyderson276,361Faden,Robert490,669Fadiman,Maria115FaguaGonzalez,Jose726Fakra,Sirine352Falaschi,Paula318Falcon,Wilfredo207Fant,Jeremie629Fasola,Taiye.R246Faust,Amber734Feldenkris,Emily405Feltrin,Raquel169Feng,Chunmiao665,681Ferdausi,Dilara250,347Ferguson,Carolyn156,542,639Ferreira,Lucas169Figueroa-Castro,Dulce720Filipowicz,Natalia9,117Finch,Kristen499Fine,Paul700Finney,Jack512Fishbein,Mark447,448Fisher,Amanda481,562,604Fisher,Kirsten684,745Flannery,Maura292Fleming,Samantha488,557Flicker,Ben425,530Flory,Luke272Foard,Meghan189Ford,AndrewJ.421FortunaPerez,AnaPaula520,689Fotinos,Tonya702,747Foug;re-Danezan,Marie429Fourqurean,James186Fraga,ClaudioN.549Fraga,Naomi466Fraley,Sara608Frances,Anne640Francisco-Ortega,Javier738,747Franck,Alan402Frank,Jonathan759Frank,PeterA.162Franks,Robert280,665,681Fredeen,Arthur761Freeland,Chris570Freeman,Carl181Freire-Fierro,Alina521

Freudenstein,John405,406,407,476, 477Friedman,William134,145,676Friesen,Maren702Fritsch,Peter408,409Frye,Christopher497,498Fu,Chengxin618,708Fuentes-Cross,Patricia263Fuller,Dr.Rebekah231Furness,CarolFurness416

G

Gahagen,Benjamin532Gale,NigelV.192Galen,Candace188Gallagher,Joseph275,286Gandolfo,Maria324Ganger,Michael161,193,348Gannicott,Priscilla713Gao,Xin-Fen368,429GarciaMassini,JuanL.318Garcia,Margaret763Garcia,Nicolas552Gardner,Andrew427Garrett,PatrickC.560Garrison,Jessica757Garwood,Nancy601Garzon,Javier420Ge,Xijin265Gehring,Janet176,196Gensel,Patricia312Gerique,Andres122Germain-Aubrey,Charlotte545,619Germino,Matthew653Gevaert,Scott657Ghislain,Marc20Ghorbani,Abdolbaset244Ghosh,Dr.Nabarun150Gibson,J.663Gibson,J.Phil583Gikonyo,Nancy765Gilbert,Edward578Gillen,John594Gillespie,Emily410,605Gitzendanner,Matthew619Giusti,Monica265Gleissberg,Stefan672Goad,Rachel655Godden,Grant472Godsmark,George625Goffinet,Bernard131,389Goines,JillianC.296Golczyk,Hieronim32Goldenberg,Renato434Golenberg,Edward674

Gontarek,Bryan311Gonzalez,Favio58,420Goodwillie,Carol571,716Gorchov,David162Gore,Rahul536Gossage,Zachary762Gou,Xiaoping147Gowda,Bhavani283Goyal,Shaily378Grady,BenR.699,746Graham,Linda144Granados,Carolina556Grant,Marissa35GrassPhylogenyWorkingGroup II,480Grassa,Chris85,683Gravatt,Dennis362Graziose,Rocky211Green,RogerC.22Greene,Stephanie614Greenwood,David326Greg,MackH.321Greiner,Stephan32Griffin-Nolan,Robert354Griffith,M.Patrick747Groff,PaulA.444Grosscup,V.663Grusz,Amanda386Gschwend,Andrea674Guarino,Luigi622Guarrera,PaoloMaria647Guel,Anel261GuerraFilho,Marcelo427Guilliams,C.Matt414Guindo,Diarah742Gullo,Manoelle169Gunathilake,Anuradha444Gunn,Jordan377Guo,Jinyan458Gupta,Shalika608Gyllenhaal,Charlotte209,264

H

Hageman,Scott313Hahn,William29Hall,JocelynC.678Hall,Karen382Hall,KarenC.109Hall,MitchellD.753Halle,ErnestineMefor765Hamel,Paul169Hammel,AlexJ.678Hammock,Jennifer590Hampilos,KatherineE.129Han,Jun711

Handzic,Nizar518Hangarter,Roger99Hanson,Bryan262Hardej,Diane680Harding,ScottA.372Hardy,James265Harkess,Alex736,749Harley,Suzanne587Harper,Carla304Harrington,Gordon567Harris,Richard371Harrison,Patricia100Hartman,JeanMarie270,272Hartmann,JohnF.238,377Hasenstab,Kristen130Havens,Kayri629Havill,Nathan393Hawkins,Angela734Hazelwood,Donna93Hazlett,Donald230He,Hai368Heaney,James456,523Hearn,David675Heibl,Christoph427Hein,Frank165Helenurm,Kaius273,703,735Henderson,Flor572Heo,Kyeong-In526Herendeen,Patrick332Herrera,Katherine212Herrmann,ReinholdG.32Hertweck,Kate760Heschel,M.Shane663Heyduk,Karolina746Hibbett,David607Hickey,Leo320Hickman,KarenR.49Hicks,Sarah762Hidalgo,Oriane672Hileman,Lena668Hillier,Kaitlin301Hilu,Khidir474,485,563Hinchliff,Cody163,489Hirsch,AnnM.133,755Hiscock,Simon565Hoch,Peter28,615Hoefnagels,Marielle583Hoffman,Brian313Hoffman,Laurel299Hoffmann,Erich754Holbrook,N.Michele353Holgate,Leon351Holland,BarbaraR.22Holland,Marjorie184Holman,Garth393Holsinger,Kent16,729

Author Index

Honass,Loren279Hong-Wa,Cynthia459Honig,Joshua270Hooper,Elisabeth367Hoot,SaraB.396Hopkins,Nicole570Horiuchi,Junji325Horner,Harry142Horton,Tom45Hoshino,Yasuharu226Hossan,MdShahadat256,257,258House,Joshua470Hove,Alisa76Howarth,Dianella680Howell,James252,645Hoyos,Saul155Hsu,Shih-Chung690Hu,Shusheng320Huang,Kan283Huang,Pu621Huang,Ya-Lun724Hubbard,Ashley748Hubbell,StephenP.51Huebner,CynthiaD.198Huff,Krista564Hufford,Larry173,411Hughes,Mark255Hughes,Colin611Hughes,Steven169Huiet,Layne367Huish,RyanDavid106,220,635Hunt,Ken18Huston,Michael166

I

Ickert-Bond,StefanieM.387,588,711Ilori,O.J.182Imura,Hiroe245Ingram,AmandaL.560Ingram,Brian149Isa,SitiFatimah465,539Isabel,Nathalie684Ishika,Tasneema256Islam,Melissa118Iv,WalterClifford224

J

Jabbour,Florian395Jackson,David664Jacobs,Bonnie332Jacques,Frederic,M.B.517JaganathaChetty,Venkateswari143Jahan,FarhanaIsrat253,254,257

Jahan,Nusrat266Jahan,Rownak250,253,254,256,257, 258,347James,Jeremy659Jamjod,Sansanee17Jansky,Shelley20Jaramillo,M.Alejandra394Jarvis,Andy622Jeffries,ShandraK.462,534Jenkinson,Thomas120Jensen,Helen242,636Jernstedt,Judy138Jesse,Susannah711Jestrow,Brett704Jia,Yulin691Jianhua,Ouyang686JimÉnez,Iván160,479Jimenez,Ivan602Joffe,Jonah398Johnson,AnneKathleen386Johnson,DanielM658Johnson,Shani343Johnson,Chris530Johnson,David515Johnson,Jodee265Johnson,Kirk319Johnson,Loretta655Johnson,Marc33Jolles,Diana426Jolls,ClaudiaL.629Joly,Simon429Jonas,Jayne156Jones,AndrewMaxwell27Jones,Cynthia131Jones,Katy565Jones,Tristesse385Jordon-Thaden,Ingrid276,361Josephs,Emily692Judd,Walter401,408,523,533Juenger,ThomasE.746Jumpponen,Ari47,760Jung,Jongduk559Jørgensen,PeterM.160,426

K

Kabay,Edward640Kadushin,Marian209Kadushin,MarianR.264Kane,NolanC85,683Kane,Nolan23Kang,Ming280Kao,Wen-Yuan724Kaonongbua,Wittaya203,510Kaplan,Monty574Kariyat,Rupesh172,248

Karol,Kenneth29Karron,Jeffrey714Kass,LeeB35,42Kates,HeatherRose442Keene,Jeremy460Keinsley,Matthew262Kelchner,ScotA.562,604Kelley,Michele573Kellogg,Elizabeth561Kelly,John739Kennelly,Edward572Kephart,Susan7,12Kerr,LilaDale362Kesseli,Rick732Khan,Md.ShamiulHasan253,254, 257,258Khan,SarahK.236Khan,Tania256Khanal,Sujan162Khasanova,Albina659Khatun,Mst.Afsana347Khoury,Colin614,622Khudha,Md.Monjur-E-253,254,256, 257,258Kiehl,Jeff322Kiel,Carrie463,464Kieschnick,Sam295Kietlinski,Kiel21Kilgore,Jason204Kilham,SusanS.521Kim,Chan-Soo524Kim,Seung-Chul455,526Kim,Soo-Young524Kindscher,Kelly233King,Colin529King,George660King,Ursula453,743Kirchoff,Bruce135,502Kitagawa,Junko226Kitin,Peter135,140,154Kitner,Miloslav701Kitonde,Catherine221Kittelson,Pamela167Kleinman,Kim39Klymiuk,Ashley305Knapp,Sandra719Knaus,Brian87Knight,Terrell323Knight,Tiffany158,624Knouft,Jason201Koehler,Catherine650Koelling,Vanessa739Kohn,Matthew329Koita,Ousmane742Koptur,Suzanne183,186Korall,Petra390

Kouame,FrançoisN’guessan154Koziol,ElizabethKatherine752Krakos,Kyra31Kress,W608Kriebel,Ricardo433Krings,Michael304,313,315,316Krings,Nathan241Kroiss,Steve624Kroll,David380Kron,Kathleen397,408,409,605Krosnick,Shawn426Kubiske,MarkE168Kuhlman,AlyseR.569Kumar,Rohit485Kuo,Li-Yaung366,390Kutchman,RobertR.645Kuzmina,Maria430

L

Labiak,PauloHenrique365Labrecque,Michel528Lacey,EileenA.588Lachenbruch,Barbara140Lagomarsino,Laura598Laktionov,A.P.507,603Laliberte,Sylvie360Lambert,AllisonM.192Langenberger,Gerhard244Laport,Robert694Larson,Jason391Larson,Katherine693Larsson,Anders390Latvis,Maribeth468Lau,Joann296,586,589Laurance,William53Lauron-Moreau,Aurelien528Lavin,Matt611Law,Wayne120Lawrie,Joseph737Layton,DanielJ.490,669Le,Thien-Y310LeComber,StevenC.719Lee,BoRa455Lee,ChangShook455Lee,E.Henry660Lee,Namsook455Lee,Sangtae526Leebens-Mack,Jim473,501Leist,Benjamin384Leitch,AndrewR.275,286,719Lendemer,James371Lengsi,Reilo120Lentz,David23,740Les,Donald452,453,454,494,743Lesica,Peter167

Leslie,Andrew146Levin,DonaldA.373Levsen,Nicholas734Lewis,Carl747Lewis,DeborahQ.38Lewis,Walter102Li,Fay-Wei366,439Li,Pan708Li,Xinnian705Lichtenwald,Samantha488,557Lima,JaciraRabelo616Linares,Edelmira237Lindsay,ColleenElise309Lipscomb,Barney566Liston,Aaron87,281Litt,Amy124,376,671,680Little,DamonP.394Little,Stefan138,711Liu,Juan681Liu,Qing620Liu,Xiang280,665,681Liu,Yang389Liu,Yusheng335,336,337,338Locklear,Tracie381,385Locklear,TracieD380LoeraCarrizales,Israel711Lofty,Christopher727Lohmann,Lucia602Loizides,Lauren56Long,Michael37Long,Quinn233Longwich,Adam706Looney,Patrick751LopezPeredo,Elena452,453,743Lopez,Christopher682Lopez,Ida608Lorence,David120Lott,Terry308Lovejoy,ThomasE.54Lowrey,Timothy763LowryIi,PorterP.569Lowry,Sonya570Lu,Jerry570Luciano,Amelia13Lukhoba,Catherine221,228,251Lumaga,MariaRosariaBarone151Lumer,Cecile596Luna-Cavazos,Mario449Lund,Kaleb260Luton,Harold23

M

Macdougal,JohnM.426Macia,Manuel111Mackenzie,Richard120Macía,ManuelJ.110,113Madden,Richard329Madson,Hannah750Madson,HannahJ.192MagallonPuebla,Susana400Magallon,Susana435Magill,RobertE.569Mahady,GailB380,381Mahady,Gail210,385,573Maherali,Hafiz179Maida,I.Tatiana236Majesky,Lubos701Majetic,Cassie373,379Majure,Lucas401Makings,Elizabeth197Malahy,Michael132Malcomber,Simon666,677,682Mallchok,Malia592Manchester,Steven308,325,327Manchester,StevenR.340Mangan,ScottA.46Mankowski,PeterJ.678Manobanda,Rocio717Mansano,VidalDeFreitas519Mansano,VidalDeFreitas616Mansion,Guilhem445,543Maranz,Steven293Marcus,Matthew352Maricle,Brian649,655Marik,Julie629Markstiener,Patty295Marquardt,Paula511Marsico,Travis189,758Martin,Gracie608Martin,Noland284Martine,Christopher10,98,185,190, 195,202Martinez,Nirzka537,538Martinez-Millan,Marcela538Martins,Karina627Maschinski,Joyce747Masevhe,NdivhaleniAnox247Mashayekhi,Saeideh553Mason-Gamer,Roberta613Massicotte,Hugues761Masters,Ronald643Matasci,Naim570Mateboto,Joseya635Mateo,Amelia537,538Matesanz,Silvia729Mathews,Katherine445,751

Author Index

Matlaga,David157Matos,Fernando365Matsunaga,KellyK.S.128MatteSantos,Alexandre501Matthews,PeterJ.22Maughan,Jeff87Mavrodiev,Evgeny14,275,286,419, 507,603Maxted,Nigel622Mayfield,Dustin509Mayo-Mosqueda,Alberto375,383Mazer,Susan76Mazie,Abigail679Mbugua,PaulKamau243McAlpine,Jesse717McCarthy,Diane613McCarthy,ElizabethW.719McClatchey,WillC103McClatchey,Will229McClure,Katrina233McConnell,James591McCormick,Melissa48McCoy,Joe-Ann751McCulloh,Katherine658McDade,Lucinda426,463,464,465, 539McDaniel,Stuart437McDonald,Brienna196McEachern,A.Kathryn629McEwan,Ryan180,191McGee,Jervis169McGivern,James161,193McGlaughlin,Mitchell735,748McGlaughlin,MitchellE273,413,642, 703,744McHenry,Monique369McKay,Sheldon570McKenna,MilesJ.421McKenzie,Paul493McKey,Doyle741McKinney,HelenK.635McLenachan,PatriciaA.22McNutt,Erin730Measor,Kevin212Medina,Rosalinda435Medina,Tulio19Meerow,Alan552,738Mehltreter,Klaus364Mehta,Dr.Manjari356,357Meier,Retha710Meimberg,Harald696Meinzer,Frederick658Mejia-Saules,Teresa484Melcher,Peter353,354,661Meloche,Christopher199Mendola,Meredith655

Menges,Eric177Merlin,Mark584Merlin,MarkD.235Mesler,MichaelR.128Metzgar,Jordan387Meurer,Joerg32Meyer,Rachel56,242,376,671Meyers,Stephen499Miao,Sen147Michel,Joanna573Michelangeli,FabiánArmando433, 434Mickle,James151Middleton,Elizabeth203,644Mihuc,Timothy195Miles,Nicholas278Millan,Pamela661Miller,AndrewPaul722Miller,A.Raymond265Miller,Allison18,201,648Miller,Chris270Miller,Christopher634Miller,Lauren339Miller,RichardE764Miller,Tanner262Miller-Struttmann,Nicole175Mills,EmilyR.192Minchew,Kevin13Minckley,Robert694Mitchell,Randall714Mohammed,Abdul351Molano-Flores,Brenda74,81,159, 171,626Molinar,Richard249Mollik,Md.ArifulHaque250,347Monalisa,MirzaNipa256Monfils,Anna488,557,558Monnahan,Patrick739Montenegro,JuanDaniel20Montero,JuanCarlos435Montero-Arias,LuisAlberto383Moody,Michael11,633Moon,Myung-Ok524Moore,Michael129,398,442Moore,Richard674,736,737,749Mora,M.Marcela461Mora,Marcela712Moran,EmilyV168Morawetz,Jeffery141Moretti,Aldo151Moriuchi,Ken702Mort,Mark541Mortensen,Danielle219Mosby,LisaA.546Mostow,Rebecca398Motley,Timothy443

Moukarzel,Keenan474Moura,TâniaMariaDe519,627Moyle,Leonie692Muchhala,Nathan712Mudd,SamuelJ75Muir,Christopher692Muir,Jennifer725Mukherjee,Jayanti702Murch,Susan27,216,232,728Murrell,Zack625Muth,Peter742Muthukumaran,Gunasekaran287, 297,341,343,344Myers,JeffreyA.334Myers,JonathanA.160

N

Nakatani,Makoto22Namoff,Sandra747Narro,Martha570Nazaire,Mare411Neale,Jennifer642Negi,M.S.392Neill,AmandaK.295Nelson,Gretchen525Nester-Hudson,Joan363Neubig,Kurt437,533,545,548,619Newton,Kathleen509Nicolas,Rodriguez503Nippert,Jesse656Nixon,Kevin324,394Nooruddin,Thajuddin287,297,341, 343,344Norton,Kim295Novak,Stephen495Novy,Ari270,272Noyes,Richard693Ntamwira,Niranda140Nunez,OscarToro541

O

Oberlander,Kenneth427Oberle,Brad756Ocampo,Gilberto432Odhiambo,Judith228Offringa,Lisa218Ogundipe,OluwatoyinTemitayo436Ohyama,Motonari226Oleas,Nora738Olfelt,Joel518Oliver,Leah640Olmstead,Richard467Olowokudejo,JamesDele436

Olsen,Jacob655Olsen,Kenneth690,691,731Olson,Mark435Ooi,MaggieT.462,535Ortiz,Irma133,755Ortiz,VivianNegron641Ortiz,Rosa517Ostrin,Zvi594Otoni,Wagner126Owens,Thomas13

P

Paasch,AmberElizabeth745Pabon-Mora,Natalia58,124,671Pak,Sarah152Palacios-Rios,Monica183Palmer,Corey644Palmquist,Emily623Pan,Aaron332Panaccione,DanielG764Panes,Vivian688PaniaguaZ,NarelY.110,111,113,114,160Pantuso,Traci260Pardo-De-Santayana,Manuel113Parker,Christina385Parks,Matthew87,281Parr,Cynthia590Parzies,HeikoK742Pate,Sarah625,751Patel,Udeshi380,381Patzer,Jaime12Paudel,BabuRam267Paudel,Liladhar265Paudyal,Sushil443Pavlovic,NoelB.629Pawley,MelissaD.296Payyavula,RajaS.372PenagosZuluaga,JuanCarlos514Penn,Jim261Pennington,R.Toby611Penny,David22Perenic,Joseph161,193PerezDePaz,Julia721PerezDePaz,PedroLuis696Perry,Brian120Peterson,CherylAnn577,581Peterson,Paul482Pham,Shawn152Pickersgill,Barbara7Piel,William570Pigg,Kathleen326,328Pilon-Smits,Elizabeth352Pimm,StuartL.52

Pinson,Shannon358Pires,Joseph441,475,509Pitre,Frederic,E.528Plumb,Rachel442Pohlit,Adrian211Polashock,James410Policha,Tobias717Policicchio,Ben536Porras-Alfaro,Andrea762,763Porter,J.Mark404Porter-Utley,Kristen426,531Poulton,Jennifer580Powell,Elizabeth410Prabhakaran,Muthuchamy287Pratt,Donald21Preston,Jill668Prettypaint-Small,Valerie107Prince,Linda403,687Pryer,Kathleen366,367,386,390Puhr,Rosemary666Puppo,Pamela696Pusadee,Tonapha17Pusadee,Tonapha690Puthoff,David252,753

Q

Qiu,Yingxiong618Quan,Cheng335,336,337,338Quatrano,Ralph4Quave,Dr.CassandraL.214Quinn,Lauren157

R

Ragone,Diane27Raguso,RobertA.30,373,718Rahman,Fouzia347Rahman,Md.Mahafuzur250,347Rahman,Md.Taufiq-Ur347Rahman,Md.Sahidur250,253,254Rahman,Mehreen256Rahmatullah,Mohammed250,253, 254,256,257,258,347Rakel,DaveP.236Rakotoarivelo,NivoHariniaina227Ramasamy,Praveenkumar343,344Ramasamy,Praveenkumar297Ramawat,KishanGopal378Ramsey,Justin694Randle,AprilMichelle127Randle,Christopher477,734,757Ranker,Tom118Ranker,TomA.370Rashford,John240

Raskin,Ilya211Rasmussen,David23Ratnaprabha,Ratnaprabha358Rattamanee,Chakkrapong481Rauwolf,Uwe32Raven,Peter1,34Rawlins,Catherine384RaygozaGaray,JuanAntonio570Reed,Sandra685Reedy,David229Reese,R.265Rehman,TianaFranklin295Reid,Christopher487Rein,Angela447Reinhardt,Keith653Renaut,Sebastien85Renchao,Zhou686,697,705Renner,Susanne9,117,395Rerkasem,Benjavan17Reveal,James397Rhanor,Thomas651Rhodes,Matt546Rice,Jacqueline523Rice,Stanley576Richards,James650Richards,TamaraC.562Richardson,Bryce82Richardson,SarahC.644Richey,Jon306Rico-Gray,Victor183Rieseberg,Loren11,23,85,683Riley,Lynn273Riley,MaryC.264Rinaldi,Peter265Rinehart,Timothy685Riser,James698Ritchey,Patricia564Roalson,Eric163,489,698Robart,Bruce536Robert,ElisabethM.R.140Robinson,Dave296,586,589Rocha,Oscar730,737Rockwell,Timothy342Rodrigues,Anuar469Rodrigues,Guilherme169Rojas,Alfonso395Rolfsmeier,Susan542RomeroHernandez,Carolina18,648Rose,Janna213,374Rose,Jeffrey407Rosell,Julieta435Ross,Nanci15Rothfels,Carl366,386,390Rothwell,Gar68,73,136,301,305,319Roullier,Caroline741Rowland,Jeannie410

Author Index

Roy,Bitty717Ruchti,Tiranee142Rudgers,Jennifer208Ruffatto,DanielleM.171Ruigrok,Michelle445Ruiz-Sanchez,Eduardo456,484,610Rushworth,Catherine439,695Russell,JacobA.521Russell,John674Russell,Rusty294Russell,Scott147Ryan,Sean554Rybczynski,StephenM.575Ryberg,Patricia71,314Rydberg,Anders711Rydin,Catarina711

S

S,Deepa287Saadeddin,Raja506Saar,Dayle638Sack,Lawren661Sadiki,Mohammed636Safari,Sajedeh83Salazar,Gerardo206,549,556Salazar,Jackeline394,513,537,538Salick,Jan15Salt,David358Samain,Marie-Stephanie142Samarakoon,Tharangamala422Sandercock,Brett639Sanders,ErinR.133,755Sanders,Heather136Sanders,Jeffrey442Sanney,Jacob120Santiago,Eugenio537,538Santos,Arnoldo721Sapp,SarahGrace359Sarkinen,Tiina611Sartori,ÂngelaLúciaBagnatori689Sauerborn,Joachim244Saunders,N.399Savo,Valentina647Saxena,Dr.O.P.356,357Scanlon,Sarah248Schaal,Barbara17,621,628,690,731Schaefer,Hanno9Scheerens,Joseph265Scheffer,Fernanda169Scheffler,Brian685Schlueter,Jessica83,86Schnable,Patrick14,276Schneider,Edward137Schnitzer,StefanA.46

Schoen,DanielJ.636Schooley,Erika220Schori,Melanie415,416Schorn,HowardE.334Schulte,LacieJ.462,534Schultes,NeilP.67Schultz,PeggyA.203,644Schulz,Katja579,590Schussler,ElisabethE.575Schuster,Tanja397Schuyler,AlfredE.521Schwabe,Anna642Schwartz,Allison133,755Schwartz,Emily437,533Schwekendiek,A.392Schwendemann,Andrew302Scotese,Christopher322Scott,AlisonDawn707Seidel,Renate160Seifert,ElizabethK.192Selby,Karen593Seraj,Syeda253,256,257,258Seralathan,Vasu13Serbet,Rudolph313,316Serna,Marcela516Serpe,Marcelo495Seshadri,Arathi74,75Sforça,DaniloAugusto689Shafer,Deborah92Sharber,Wyatt448Sharma,Prabha392Shaw,Ruth164Shearman,Timothy190Sheffield,Carolyn294Sheldon,Nathan339Shelton,GlennW.K.500Sherman,Natasha692Sherry,Rebecca79Sheth,Seema602Shi,Tao274Shields,Christine322Shiels,Derek488,557,558Shiels,Laura584Shinozuka,Yoshitsugu226Shipman,J574,582Shipunov,Alexey505Shrestha,Sushma239Sigel,Erin386Silvera,Katia548Simmons,Mark352,421,476Simon,Marcelo611Simons,Andrew78Simpson,MichaelG.554Sinclair,Jordan181,674Sinka,Brittany379Sinsabaugh,Robert762

Sipes,Sedonia399Skelly,Kathryn650Smelser,Woodson509Smidt,EricC.549SmithIii,Julian727Smith,Carl169Smith,Don150Smith,James462,495,534,535Smith,Marian493Smith,Peter211Smith,Selena339Smith,StaceyD.478Smouse,PeterE.270Sochor,Michal631Soejarto,DjajaDjendoel264Soejarto,Dr.DjajaD.64,209,238, 377,573Solomon,JamesC.569Soltis,Douglas14,275,276,278,286, 361,401,456,468,472,523,552, 619Soltis,Pamela3,14,275,276,278, 286,361,401,456,468,472,515, 523,552,619Soni,KapilK381Sopas,James757Soriano,SaraFuentes517,540,555Sosa,Victoria449,484Southavong,Bounhong238,264,377Southworth,Darlene759Souza,AnetePereiraDe519,689Souza,ViniciusC.468Spangler,SaraB.562Specht,Chelsea125,126,456,608,610Spence,John623Spicer,Rachel139Spooner,David20Spotila,James,R.521Ssali,Fredrick765Stalberg,Gabriel398Stanfield,Ryan355Stanton-Geddes,John164Stapay,Tara493Steele,Kelly522Steele,Pamela57,475Stefanovic,Sasa285,430,469Steidinger,Brian44Stephenson,Andrew248Stevenson,Dennis40,129Stevenson,Jan40Stewart,Emily716Stockey,Ruth305,319Stoddard,Matthew199Stoeva-Popova,Pravda727Stokes,Imargobe297Stotler,Ray600

We keepWe keepWe keepyou growing

For nearly 50 years,

Conviron has been

supplying controlled

environment solutions

to plant scientists

around the world.

With Conviron as your research partner,

you will always have solutions tailored

to meet your research needs.

For more information on our growing selection of products and services, contact one of our sales representatives today at 1-800-363-6451 or visit us online at www.conviron.com

Our services encompass the entire life cycle of your project from initial conceptualization

and detailed design to installation, commissioning and on‑going service and operation.

Our extensive portfolio of controlled environment systems include:

• Reach‑in chambers

• Walk‑in rooms

• Research Greenhouses

• Our new Growth House

• Custom solutions

59198 Conviron Ad 8.25x10.875 2.indd 1 11-04-19 3:54 PM

American Society of Plant TaxonomistsPresident - Richard G. Olmsteadolmstead@u.washington.edu

Program Director - Patrick HerendeenChicago Botanic GardenGlencoe, IL 60022(847) 835-6956pherendeen@chicagobotanic.org

Local Representative - Peter C. Hoch Missouri Botanical Garden St. Louis, MO 63166 (314) 577-5175 peter.hoch@mobot.org

Botanical Society of AmericaPresident - Judy SkogGeorge Mason University Manassas, VA 20110(703) 993-1026jskog@gmu.edu Program Director - David SpoonerUniversity of WisconsinMadison, WI 53706(608) 890-0309david.spooner@ars.usda.gov

Local Representative - Allison J. Miller St. Louis University St. Louis, MO 63103 (314) 977-7653 amille75@slu.edu

Conference Director Johanne Stogran125 Connemara DriveGranville, OH 43023(740) 927-8501johanne@botany.org

July 9 – 13, 2011 The Chase Park PlazaSt. Louis, Missouri

Conference Organizers

Stromberg,Caroline298,310,329,339Strother,Paul144Strozak,VictorS.59Struwe,Lena211,270Stuessy,Carol577,581Stull,GregoryW.515Stults,Debra323,330,333Sturey,Tiffany348Suding,Katherine762Sugumaran,M211Suhua,Shi686,697,705Sullivan,SierraL.678Sultan,Sonia729Sultany,Molly12Summers,Holly718Summers,Kelley262Sun,Yi618Sundberg,Marshall96,291Sundue,MichaelA.370Svoboda,Harlan187Swadek,Rebecca295,504Swarna,Audity256Swatzell,Lucinda388Swensen,Susan706Sydara,Kongmany238,264,377Symonds,V.Vaughan14,275,286Syring,John87Sytsma,Kenneth29,699,746Szlavecz,Katalin48

T

Taing,Thang340Takata,Katsuhiko140Talley,Sharon545Tank,David496Tarpley,Lee351,358Tatalovich,Nicholas485Tate,Jennifer14Tay,David19,222Taylor,David26,320Taylor,Edith71,302,303,313,314, 316,317Taylor,Sunni284Taylor,Thomas68,302,303,304,313, 314,315,316,317Taylor,Wilson144,311Teas,Howard90Ted,Kim544Telewski,Frank511Terdal,Erik597Terdal-Vandevusse,Rhea597Teskey,Robert652Tetreault,Hannah655Thadeo,Marcela129Thayalan,MariNivetha297,343

Theim,Terra19Theiss,Kathryn16,729Thiyagarajan,Shenbagavalli297,343, 344Thomas,Michael592Thompson,Kim740Thompson,Stacey684Thomsen,Craig567Thorhaug,Anitra88,90,91,346,349, 350Thurber,Carrie691Thurston,Taylor619Tian,Hui-Qiao147Tiffin,Peter164Timko,Michael279,283Tippery,Nicholas452,494Tipton,AliceG.188Tisdale-Orr,Tracy139Toll,Katherine527Tomescu,Alexandru69,128,299,300Tomlinson,P.Barry.70,728TorresHerrera,JenniferC.230Touwaide,Alain289,290Tozzi,AnaMariaGoulartDeAzevedo 519,520,616Trachman,Julie594Tran,CuuBaoChauFlorence360Travnicek,Bohumil701TrejoSalazar,Roberto400Tremblay,Raymond207Tripathi,S.B.392Triplett,Jimmy482,483Tripp,Erin371,465,539Trish,Distler602Triwitayakorn,Kanakporn651Tsai,Chung-Jui372Tshisikhawe,MilingoniPeter247Tsukaya,Hirokazu278Tuominen,LindseyK.372Turi,Christina232Turner,Ben44

U

Udall,Joshua82,87Uffenbeck,Michael693Uniyal,P.L.392Upchurch,Garland306,321,322Utescher,Torsten335,336,338Utsumi,Yasuhiro152

V

Vaio,Magdalena427Valverde,Pedro720Vamosi,Jana725VanAcker,Joris154VanCamp,Anne294VanDenBerg,Cassio549VanDenBulcke,Jan140VanDerWerff,Henk514VanKley,James187VanMourik,ThomasA742Vandebroek,Ina121,572Vanderweide,Benjamin639Vasudevan,Hari511Vasut,Radim631,701Vazquez,Jessica677Vediya,Dr.SanjayD.630VelaDiaz,Dilys423,479,561Velez,Jorge420Verastegui,Timothy757Verhoeven,Amy76Verrico,Brittany204VeruskaC.Silva,Ana275,276,286Vickers,Amanda252Vijayaraghavan,Srivathsan763Vilela,Daniela169Vincent,Holly622Vinzon,Paolo637Vitale,Angela342Vitt,Pati158,629Voeks,Robert123Vogelsang,KeithM203VonAderkas,Patrick711VonWettberg,EricJBishop702,704, 747Voshell,Stephanie485Vougioukalou,SofiaAnthi104Vu,Wendy702

W

Wafula,Eric279,473Wagner,GailE.25Wagner,Warren28,606Wagner-Cremer,Friederike330Wahidi,Lila637Walker,Charles169Walker,JohnF47Walker,Karen234Walker,Lawrence364Wallace,Lisa282,446,551,612,703, 735Waller,Donald209Walsh,BrianM.259Wan,Ying708

Author Index

Wandersee,James95Ward,Megan185Warschefsky,Emily704Waselkov,Katherine731Watrud,Lidia660Weber,Stefan179Weekley,Carl177Weeks,Andrea435Weingartner,Laura736,749Weinmann,Sophia442Wellard,Blake617Weller,Stephen2Weltzien,Eva742Wen,Jun482Wendt,Tania491Wenzel,Aaron471Weston,Erica149Westwood,James279Whaley,Adam83Whankaew,Sukhuman651Wheeler,Elisabeth321Wheeler,GregoryL703Whelan,Christopher159Whigham,Dennis48Whipple,Clinton664,670Whitaker,Bruce376Whitlock,BarbaraA.444,527Whittemore,Alan431Whitten,W.Mark545,548,550Wickett,NormanJ279,473Widjaja,Elizabeth481Wildenberg,Amanda174Williams,Cody29Williams,Justin734Williams,Mallory410Williams,Norris548,550Williams,Sophie116Williams,TanishaM.684Williams,TimR.136Williamson,MelindaM,49Willyard,Ann499,511,512Wilson,Andrew607Wilson,Carol457,458Wilson,GailW.T.49Windham,Michael366,367,386, 439,695Witherup,Colby223Wojciechowski,M522Wolfe,Andrea470,471Wong,KhoonMeng481Woodard,Anastasia758Woodruff,David658Woods,Teresa156Wu,Chi-Chih134

Wu,Wei276Wurdack,KennethJ.490Wyatt,Sarah136Wyzgoski,Faith265

X

Xaiveu,Mouachanh264Xiang,Qiuyun(jenny)280,665,681Xue,Xinxin288

Y

Yakobson,Kendra421Yamada,Kazuyoshi226Yamaguchi,Takahiro278Yang,Michael249Yasuda,Yoshinori226Yatskievych,George367,628Yeraballi,Sagar762Yermakov,Zhanna644Yetter,Crystal352Yi-Ching,Lin180Yockteng,Roxana125,126Yoder,John279Yonenobu,Hitoshi226Yongmei,Chen697Yoon,Hana142

Yost,SusanE.585Young,Bruce640Young,Helen715Young,Suzanne640Yu,Yi665

Z

Zaidi,Mudassir268Zamuner,Alba318Zander,Richard508,646Zanne,Amy756Zapata,Felipe418,700Zarrei,Mehdi430Zarucchi,James65Zavada,Michael72Zavada,Tomas732Zedler,Joy89Zerega,Nyree223Zhang,Hongji264Zhang,Jian280Zhang,Li-Bing368,429Zhang,Yanan147Zhong,Jinshun667Zhou,Zhiyan337Zolj,Sanda296Zomlefer,Wendy501Zuberi,M.Iqbal223Zuluaga,Alejandro547Zwenger,SamR.754Zwieniecki,Maciej331,353Zylka,Jason159

Note: Abstracts, Names, Addresses and Information are presented as submitted through the Botany 2011 Abstract submission site at www.botanyconference.org

The Annual Meeting of 4 Leading Scientific Societies

July 9 -13, 2011Chase Park Plaza - St. Louis, Missouri

Healing the PlanetHealing the PlanetHealing the PlanetHealing the PlanetHealing the PlanetHealing the Planet

Society for Economic BotanyPresident - Mary EubanksDuke University Durham, North Carolina Program Director - Rainer BussmannMissouri Botanical GardenSt. Louis, MO 63166

Local Representative - Bruce Ponman Missouri Botanical Garden St. Louis, MO 63166Bruce.Ponman@mobot.org

American Fern Society

President - Michael WindhamDuke UniversityDurham, NC 27708(919) 660-7293mdw26@duke.edu

Program Director - Kathleen M. Pryer Duke UniversityDurham, NC 27708(919) 660-7380 pryer@duke.edu

Local Representative and Field Trip Coordinator George A. Yatskievych Missouri Botanical GardenSt. Louis, MO 63166(314) 577-9522 george.yatskievych@mobot.org

American Society of Plant TaxonomistsPresident - Richard G. Olmsteadolmstead@u.washington.edu

Program Director - Patrick HerendeenChicago Botanic GardenGlencoe, IL 60022(847) 835-6956pherendeen@chicagobotanic.org

Local Representative - Peter C. Hoch Missouri Botanical Garden St. Louis, MO 63166 (314) 577-5175 peter.hoch@mobot.org

Botanical Society of AmericaPresident - Judy SkogGeorge Mason University Manassas, VA 20110(703) 993-1026jskog@gmu.edu Program Director - David SpoonerUniversity of WisconsinMadison, WI 53706(608) 890-0309david.spooner@ars.usda.gov

Local Representative - Allison J. Miller St. Louis University St. Louis, MO 63103 (314) 977-7653 amille75@slu.edu

Conference Director Johanne Stogran125 Connemara DriveGranville, OH 43023(740) 927-8501johanne@botany.org

July 9 – 13, 2011 The Chase Park PlazaSt. Louis, Missouri

Conference Organizers

We keepWe keepWe keepyou growing

For nearly 50 years,

Conviron has been

supplying controlled

environment solutions

to plant scientists

around the world.

With Conviron as your research partner,

you will always have solutions tailored

to meet your research needs.

For more information on our growing selection of products and services, contact one of our sales representatives today at 1-800-363-6451 or visit us online at www.conviron.com

Our services encompass the entire life cycle of your project from initial conceptualization

and detailed design to installation, commissioning and on‑going service and operation.

Our extensive portfolio of controlled environment systems include:

• Reach‑in chambers

• Walk‑in rooms

• Research Greenhouses

• Our new Growth House

• Custom solutions

59198 Conviron Ad 8.25x10.875 2.indd 1 11-04-19 3:54 PM

American Society of Plant TaxonomistsPresident - Richard G. Olmsteadolmstead@u.washington.edu

Program Director - Patrick HerendeenChicago Botanic GardenGlencoe, IL 60022(847) 835-6956pherendeen@chicagobotanic.org

Local Representative - Peter C. Hoch Missouri Botanical Garden St. Louis, MO 63166 (314) 577-5175 peter.hoch@mobot.org

Botanical Society of AmericaPresident - Judy SkogGeorge Mason University Manassas, VA 20110(703) 993-1026jskog@gmu.edu Program Director - David SpoonerUniversity of WisconsinMadison, WI 53706(608) 890-0309david.spooner@ars.usda.gov

Local Representative - Allison J. Miller St. Louis University St. Louis, MO 63103 (314) 977-7653 amille75@slu.edu

Conference Director Johanne Stogran125 Connemara DriveGranville, OH 43023(740) 927-8501johanne@botany.org

July 9 – 13, 2011 The Chase Park PlazaSt. Louis, Missouri

Conference Organizers