Human Trafficking in Europe: An Exploratorystudy of Trafficking in Women and childrenin Europe for sexual exploitation.

University of Derby

2014-2015

By

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Kristina Kazlauskaite

100154392

Table of Contents

Literature Review…………………………………………………………..3

Introduction…………………………………………………………………4

Human Trafficking for Sexual

Exploitation………………………….......6

Human Trafficking Route, Dimensions, Traffickers and Risk

…………10

EU Response to Human Trafficking……………………………………….12

Physical,Violence and Injury……………………………………………….21

Conclusions and

Recommendations………………………….....................22

References……………………………………………………………………..23

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Literature Review

This aim of this study is to explore the traffickingof women and children in Europe for the purpose ofcommercial sex exploitation [CSE];.Women and childrenhave been victims of trafficking for the sole purposeof commercial sex and other forms of exploitation allover the world and in EU in particular; these has madethem vulnerable and also has become a potential threatto them (UNODC, 2010) Human trafficking involvestrading human beings for various forms of exploitationof which sex is one of the predominate form ofexploitation that involves women and children; womenand children are found all over EU working asprostitute for money. In some EU countries it has beennoticed that some men do consent for their wife andchildren to be exploited for commercial sex and otherforms of exploitation. Women and children that fallsvictims to human trafficking for the purpose ofcommercial sex exploitation are regarded as commodityand are used roughly by the person that has paid fortheir service. There are so many forms of exploitationthat comes with human trafficking like forced labour;begging and smuggling. It’s not only underdeveloped

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nations that are involved in human trafficking forexploitation of various forms; some of developednations are also involved. Human Trafficking have beenrecorded and witness in almost all the countries ofthe world (UNODC, 2010).

Human trafficking has been a serious crime and will bea serious crime that many European countries have beencombating today; until something concrete is done topermanently eradicate the crime completely; the crimeis going to be in the increase by the day. Accordingto O’Connell-Davidson (2006) stated that humantrafficking has been in existence for so many yearsnow, it is not a new crime; however, it is the natureand dimension of the crime that is alarming.  More so,according to United Nations Global Initiative to FightHuman Trafficking [UN.GIFT] (2008) has made effort inorganizing stakeholders of various EU countries tohelp in eradiating human trafficking; they are goingto do these by decreasing the susceptibility ofpossible victims and request for any forms ofexploitation; by protecting and supporting victims ofhuman trafficking and to persecute anyone that isfound involved in the crime. By increasing theknowledge of the public about human trafficking andgoing into partnership with stakeholders of EUcountries they will be able to achieve their objectiveand mission to combat human trafficking in EU. Therise in demand for sex and other related traffickingin the EU have unlocked a window for traffickers(Liempt, 2006)

This study will focus on human trafficking in womenand children for sexual exploitation in Europe;because this is a serious and important issue in EUand the Commonwealth of Independent State [CIS] ; notwithstanding how developed the EU has become over theyears with sophisticated technology and laws the crimetill persist. The crime has proven to be a multi-billion dollars business for traffickers in EU; andthe industry is growing by the day with as estimated$7 billion in EU (Melrose & Barrett, 2006, p 115).

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IntroductionHuman Trafficking

(Shelley; 2014) stated that trafficking in human beinghas been one of the most steady and growing business andunlawful activities that is been carried out bytraffickers in Europe. Victims of trafficking are locatedall over Europe; getting the comprehensive numbers ofpeople that are traffic to and within Europe can bedifficult; because an in-depth and comprehensive researchhas not been conducted about the study which has leads topaucity of data. (Shelley; 2014). However, theUNODC/UN.GIFT (2010) has conducted several studies thathas given a more accurate and precise figures pertainingto human trafficking all over the world

Trafficking in human being in Europe has created a lot ofattention, trafficking of human being [THB] is regardedby law as a serious crime and it is an abuse of anybodythat is involved and this is against his or her humanright (Europa, 2011) This nefarious act is being carriedout by criminal who find it as a lucrative business inthe exploitation of vulnerable individuals as commoditiesto be traded for financial profit (Europa, 2011).  Humantrafficking victims has been found all over Europe(UNODC, 2010)

Data that was collected by the United Nation Office onDrugs and Crime [UNODC] stated that about 79% oftrafficking victim were women and they were beingexploited into various countries for sex in Europe(UNODC, 2010).

According to Aronowitz (2009) women were considered to bethe most vulnerable when is come to human trafficking;and there are various reasons for targeting them forsexual exploitation; this is because they are perceivedto be innocent and not capable of protecting themselves.

Trafficking in human comprises of using force, deceptionand intimidations to make plaint and available workstrength. This is a national occurrence: it is difficult

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to calculate the magnitude of the problem involve;because of the nature of the crime. Many countries haveyet to pass their legislation on human trafficking as acrime; while some have. That is why for some countriesthey define human trafficking different; hence they failto detect victims. In 2006 there were 22,000 victims ofhuman trafficking noticed globally (UNODC, 2012).However, countries where trafficking in human are knownto be a major issues desist from reporting victims whendetected (UNODC, 2010). According to the United Nationsfor Drug and Crime [UNODC] (2010; p39) stated that therehas been numerous number of victims noticed all over theglobe by authorities of various states; and amongst themwomen were two thirds of the victims noticed; and 79% ofthe victims will be used for  commercial   sexexploitation.

Victims of human trafficking are usually employed bydeceptive means; and thus, the trust of possible victimsis vital to the traffickers. This is why recruitment ofvictims is done by people from the same country. Womenhave been known to be involved in the recruitment processof other women (UNODC, 2010). Most of the crime committedit is argued that women are less probably to be theculprit than men (UNODC, 2010). However, when it comes tohuman trafficking there is an exception; because thetrust of the victims is highly needed to lessen thepossibility of escape when they reached theirdestination.

Human Trafficking: Definition

Many authors have stated that human trafficking is themodern slavery of our time. Slavery has been in existencefor centuries now; during that period it involves thetrading in human beings and other forms. Today, it isprohibited internationally and by law; though it isregarded as activities that it illegal worldwide; and itis still in existence all over the world (Lee, 2007;Goodey, 2003).

According to Kevin Bales (2004), in today’s societypeople get rich of slaves by using them until they arementally and physically strong, before become sick or

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die. This is what Bales states “new slavery which focuseson big benefits and low-cost lives” . Kevin states thattoday, slavery is “not about owning people in atraditional sense of the old slavery, but aboutcontrolling thems life. Humans become totally disposabletools for earn money”. The International LaborOrganization (ILO)(2009) stated that approximately 2.5million persons are trafficked each year.

Kapstein (2006) published that today about 80 % ofslaves on the global market are women and that “up to50 percent are under the age of 18” (p.105). According tothe U.S. Department of State 2009 Trafficking in PersonsReport, there are as many as “12.5 million adults andchildren in forced labor and sexual exploitation…1.39million victims of sex trafficking, both national andtransnational…[and] 56 percent of forced labor victimsare women and girls.”

The reason why human trafficking exist and thereluctances in confronting the offences were because ofthe non-existence of an established human traffickingdefinition at global level (Syla..J. 2013). Differentcountries have their own knowledge of human trafficking;however, because countries involve have differentunderstanding of the matter; it has made it impossible togive a definition due to the type of crime linked tohuman trafficking (Syla. J 2013).   

Trafficking of human involve the movement, recruitment, and the supply ofmigrants from one destination to another destination across international

boundary (Shelley, 2014). However, a comprehensive definition of traffickingwas given by UNODC 2000 in the anti-trafficking protocol in Article 3a and

came into force December of 2003.

“The recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons,by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of

adduction, or fraud, deception, of the abuse of power or of a position ofvulnerability or the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve theconsent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of

exploitation. Exploitation shall include, at a minimum, the exploitation or theprostitution of others or other form of sexual exploitation, forced labour or

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service, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or removal oforgans”. (UNODC, 2004.p42)

Internet Pattern used for trafficking human being  

For so many years there has been various ways that humantraffickers have used in the exploitation and movement oftrafficking human beings. According to the US departmentof State (2007) stated that technologies has been one ofthe tools used worldwide to enhance commercial sex andrelated activities. Digital equipment that are used forcommunication; especially internet has been argued tohave tremendously expanded the activities of criminals intrafficking of human beings for commercial sex and othertrafficking exploitation. (Council of Europe, 2003;Hughes, 1996, 1999a, 2014; Latonero, 2011; Sykiotou,2007). The invention of new technologies gives thecriminal the opportunity to swiftly adopt and learn howto use them in enhancing their criminal activities.However, there have been laws put in place to fight themisuse of technology that are new in the market. (Hughes,2014). Not taking these law into consideration;traffickers still go ahead to use them to their ownadvantage. The use of communication gadgets are usedrepeatedly by traffickers, although these does not changeanything; because they still used deceit, forces toexploit the defenceless victims to compel them to work,and take part in commercial sex activities. According tothe European Union (2004) trafficking in human became acrime in the year 2004; and these led to the implementinga framework on fighting human trafficking. (Hughes,2014). Trafficking in human beings has been deemed to bea very grave crime that it violates the human right lawand it is related with slavery; that is why it has becomemandatory for the EU to exterminate it. (EuropeanCommission, 2012).  

According to the EU statistics, human trafficking isrising by the day; and the internet is seems to be themajor contributor that is used in enabling these criminalactivities. It is noted that there are about 2 billionusers of internet globally (International

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Telecommunications Union, 2010). About 75% of the worldpopulation uses mobile phone; and the number are fastspreading into rural regions (World Bank, 2012). Theseshows that as new technologies are produce and madeavailable to the public; traffickers will hastily adaptin using them for their criminal activities. This fastgrowing access of the digital communication gadgets willalso be the avenue by which traffickers use to get intouch with their victims and the process by which theyare used for commercial sex exploitation ( Hughes, 2014).The introduction of wireless device for communicationsuch as the smart phones and tablets which have access tothe internet pose a huge risks for users; because thesehave made it more easy for traffickers to reach out totheir victims; and tends to rise the numbers of criminalsthat are involve in human trafficking. As digitaltechnologies grows it is important to research into theareas and take a drastic step in combating andpersecuting those involve in human trafficking (Hughes,2014).

Human Trafficking for Sex Exploitation  

According to UNODC (2010) it has been questionablewhether victims used for the purpose of sexualexploitation is more than that of any other traffickingexploitation. However, the victims for sexualexploitation surpass the number of any other form oftrafficking and it is regarded as one of the problem bymany countries globally to be one of the greatestproblems of our time (UNODC, 2012). Most countries regardthe sexual abuse as an infuriating factor in any mannerof assault. The crime committed by using compulsorytechniques in luring victim into prostitution gathersmore outrage when it comes to comparing it to other formsof trafficking- like forced labour (UNODC, 2010). Thus,so many countries have enforced law as regarded to thiskind of practice.

Commercial sex to some people around the world seems tobe a mysterious terrain. In advanced countries youngpeople are into using illegal substances and drugs; veryfew have little experience when it comes to commercial

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sex (UNODC. 2010). This has created great problem inassessing the latitude and nature of the problem.According to UNODC (2010) stated that to have an overviewand precise figures of human trafficking for the purposeof sexual exploitation; the market size has to bemeasured. See figure 1 below for the size of humantrafficking for around the world for various forms ofexploitation including sexual exploitation. Traffickersare individuals, mostly males, who promote a victim andsale or abuse of another person’s body or sexuality forerotic purposes, or even pornographer e.g., trafficker,pornographer, brothel, madam, third party manager, talentdirector, mail-order bride agent, prostitution tour agent(Estes & Weiner, 2001; Whitbeck & Hoyt, 1999).

The pie chart in figure 2 “depicts the percentages of victimsidentified in 61 countries by state authorities as well as the distribution ofvictims according to the form of exploitation in 2006” (UNODC, 2010; p40);figure 2b  depicts all the countries covered and datawere derived  from all those countries relating to humantrafficking. The pie chart in figure 2a depicts thepercentage of victims identified in the 61 countries bygender of which women were 66%; girls 13%; men 12% andboys 9%. The other pie chart also reveal the percentageof women that are involved in sexual exploitation to be79%; forced labour 18% and other forms of exploitation3%;  these shows that women are the highest number ofvictims of human trafficking for sexual exploitation inEurope and around the world.

Figure 1: 61 Countries covered by UNODC/UN.GIFT that areinvolve in human trafficking.

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Sourced from: UNODC/UN.GIFT 2010

Figure 2: Pie Chart depicting the percentage of HumanTrafficking for by gender and there forms of Exploitationas identified in 61 countries of the world

Sourced from UNODC/UN.GIFT 2010, P 40

Figure 3: The number of victims trafficked to EU forsexual Exploitation

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Sourced from UNODC/UN.GIFT, 2010

Figure 3 depicts the number in size of women that aretrafficked to EU for sexual exploitation during 2005 and2007;

Figure 4: Countries that are involved in HumanTrafficking for sex exploitation to EU

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Sourced from: UNODC/UN.GIFT, 2010 P43

Human Trafficking Route, Dimensions, Traffickers and Risk

Traffickers used many routes in entering into EU fromdifferent part of the country. EU can be entered throughLatin American; through Asia; through North African andEastern Europe (Shelley, 2014. P6). However, due toborder control in these routes traffickers tends tochange their routes depending on the circumstance theyare anticipating to face. This has been the case when theborders between Poland and Czech Republic were tightenedup due to human trafficking into the EU by the EUnationals (Shelley, 2014).

However, the routes that leads into Bulgaria and Romaniahave not been successfully tighten and have successfullymade Balkan a human trafficking route (Kelly & Regan,2000). Most traffickers used the Mediterranean; the oldSoviet Union and Balkans as their primary routes oftransit into EU (UNODC/UN.GIFT, 2010). Their routes oftrafficking are usually by land, sea and air; and when byland they use rail and truck and sea they use boat, andthey usually entered Austria through Hungary from Serbia

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and Macedonia (Times of Malta.com, 2011). According toMelrose and Barrett (2006. P117-121) “stated that of all the 36 EUcountries in a study made in Finland; eight of them were used as destinationarea [i.e. Cyprus, Finland, Germany, the Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden,and Switzerland]; seven were used for transit and destination areas [i.e.Austria, Belgium, France, Italy, Portugal, Turkey, UK]; another seven as transitareas [i.e. Belarus, Bosnia, Croatia, Hungary, Ireland, Macedonia, Slovenia];Five were used as source [ i.e. Bulgaria, Kosovo, Moldavia, Russia, Ukraine].And another four as destination and source [i.e. Estonia, Greece, Latvia,Lithuania]; three were further identified as source, transit and destination [i.e.Czech Republic, Poland, Slovakia]”. “Two more countries that were used assource and transit were also identified to be Albania and Romania” (Lehti,2003; Melrose and Barrett 2006 P117).  

Most of the routes for trafficking are established mainlyfor the trafficking of women especially to Italy fromAlbania to United Kingdom and EU countries. Ukrainian andLithuania women also follow those routes to enter UnitedKingdom. Brazilian entered the United Kingdom throughPortugal. Women are trafficked from all over the worldinto the United Kingdom and EU countries from West andNorth African; Thailand and Malaysia (Kelly & Regan,2000; Melrose and Barrett 2006 P117).

The United Nation on Drugs and Crime [UNODC]; recorded in2010 an estimated figures of 140,000 human traffickingvictims in Europe with an annual income of $3billion(UNODC; 2010). Also an earlier study conducted by theInternational   Labour Organisation [ILO] IN 2005calculated the profit made by traffickers in Europe inthe trafficking of human beings for commercial sex andother trafficking activities to be $33.9billion annually;of which 1.4million people are trafficked for commercialsex exploitation in Europe; and a significant amount ofthese money came from trafficking of victims in Europe(ILO, 2005; UNODC, 2008).

Most of the traffickers involved in trafficking of humanbeings for commercial sex purposes and other relatedexploitation are normally West and Eastern Europe, theBalkans; Nigerian North African and Chinese; of whichmost of them are citizen of the destination and sometimethey are not. The genders of traffickers are either male

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of female; sometimes it depends on the relationship thetraffickers have with their victims that determine thegender of the traffickers. In trafficking of women forcommercial sex purposes, women are predominantly thetraffickers. “Trafficking of women from Nigeria for sexual exploitationto EU is significantly carried out by women in Nigeria; while the secondaryfunctions are being performed by the male” (UNICRI, 2010, P222; UN.GIFT,2008, P5).

                      

Table 1: Human Trafficking Route, Dimensions, Traffickersand Threat

ROUTESource: World( main origin: the Balkans and

former Soviet UnionVector todestination:

Mainly by land, also sea and air

Destination: West and Central EuropeDIMENSIONSAnnual flow of newvictims

About 140,000 victims (based on two-year turnover

Volume of market(stocks)

About 140,000 victims

Value of market(stock)

US$3 billion per year

TRAFFICKERSGroup involved Western Europe, Balkan, Eastern

European, North African, Turkish,Nigerian and Chinese groups

Residence oftraffickers

Origin and destination countries

THREAT Estimated trend StablePotential effects Human right violation

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Likelihood ofeffects beingrealized

Very high

Sourced and Adapted from UNODC/UN.GIFT, 2010. P43

Europe Response for Human Trafficking

However Every Country has connection with Human Trafficking. The UN Trafficking report stated that Europeis most affected by Trafficking Crime. Because EU doesn'thave borders to control immigration problem. It means that Traffickers with victims can easy to go from one country to next country. According Frontex has been stated that 141,000 illegal border crossings during the same year 1Also in 2008 around 1,9 million to 3,8 million unauthorised migrants entered to EU.2 The people engaging in transnational movement which includes: economic migrants, bounded labours, students, tourists and asylum seekers. Also body of persons involved in transnational movement for purpose of Sexual exploitation. (EU 2011).The European Union is confirmed to the prevention act ‘’ the fight against trafficking’’ in human beings’’,and to the protection of the rights of trafficked personsEU has 27 Member States transit and source countries. According IOM data published that 120,000 female and children are trafficked every year through the Balkans. Also Trans crime has stated that in Italy about 40,000 victims was exploited for sexual exploitation.

However EU has created plan how to control Human Trafficking. In 2009 According to Jascues Barrot ‘’ we

1 ? Frontex Annual Risk Analysis 20122 Clandestino Project ,Policy Brief ,Size and drvrlopment of Iregullar migration to Eu http://irregular-migration.net//typo3_upload/groups/31/4.Background_Information/4.2.Policy_Briefs_EN/ComparativePolicyBrief_SizeOfIrregularMigration_Clandestino_Nov09_2.pdf

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want to build EU that will be able to protect victims and against horrible crime’’. In the past five year EU was active in the field of preventing traffickers also in illegal migration, terrorism, drugs, prostitution, illegal labour.

In The European Union trafficking for sexual exploitationhas been on the programme since 1980.The first explicitresolution of the European Parliament on trafficking inhuman beings was adopted in 19893.The resolution describeda clear link between trafficking and the exploitation offemale prostitution4. Prostitution is a special categoryin Human Trafficking. In this category traffickers makemoney every time. Mostly time is a women and children areforced to have a sex with unknown person. HumanTraffickers use people to buy or sell in illegal labour,prostitution without their concern and agreement.(Council of European Union 2009).According to Aronowitz (2009)that women were most vulnerable when is come to human trafficking; and there are many various reasons for targeting them for sexual exploitation because they are want be innocent and not capable of protecting themselves.

"When we help countries to prosecute traffickers, we are strengthening the rule of law. When we bringvictims out of exploitation, we are helping to create more stable and productive communities. When we stop this crime from happening in the first place, we are preventing the abuse of those who are victimized as well as the ripple effect that caused damage throughout communities into our broader environment and which corrupt our global supply chains. We all have an interest in stopping this crime’.5

In 2008 was created plan of action Against Sex Trafficking.6The fundamental value is to protect victims, catch the criminals groups and protect human rights. Trafficking in human beings is going around all world notonly in Europe.

3 1989(European Parliament Resolution).4 The Council of Europe Convention on Action against the Trafficking in Human Beings which entered into force on 1 February 20085 http://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2013/ 6 The follow up reports on the implementation of the Plan of Action against Trafficking for Sexual Exploitation from 2009, 2010, and 2011are available at (EN) (FR): http://www.msssi.gob.es/ssi/violenciaGenero/tratadeMujeres/planIntegral/home.htm

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Another step was the adoption of directive 2011/36/EU onpreventing and combating trafficking in human beings and protecting its victims7.The directive focuses on human rights, gender and specific. Also focuses how to prevent crime and victims given an opportunity to enter to society and rehabilitation. Also another Action plan was 2009 Action Oriented Paper on support the EU external dimension against trafficking in human beings8,the strategy identified with :

Identifying, protecting victims of trafficking

Stepping up the prevention of trafficking in humanbeings

Increased knowledge and effective response to emerging concerns involved to all forms of trafficking

Increased prosecution of trafficking

Stockholm programme –serving and protecting Eu’s citezens.Also to provide strategic policy in the field of human trafficking

Sourced:http://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/doc_centre/crime/docs/trafficking_in_human_beings_eradication-2012_2016_en.pdf

7 Directive 2011/36/EU on preventing and combating trafficking in human beings and protecting its victims, OJ 15.04.2011, L 1018 11450/5/09 REV 5, 19 November 2009 and 9501/3/11 REV 3, 4 July 2011.

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Traffickers

The traffickers can be foreign nationalist and Europe’s citizens : males and females, family members, intimate partners. Often traffickers are from same national, ethnic and cultural background.9Mostly times traffickers frequently target victims and then use violence, lies, threats, false promises, control and manipulation.

In 2010 - 2012 were reported 8 551 prosecutions for trafficking in human beings.Over 70 % of traffickers weremale. This is the case for defendants, prosecutions and convicted traffickers. 3 786 convictions for trafficking in human beings were reported by Member States over the three years.10

9 http://www.traffickingresourcecenter.org/what-human-trafficking/human-trafficking/traffickers 10 http://ec.europa.eu/anti-trafficking/sites/antitrafficking/files/trafficking_in_human_beings_-_eurostat_-_2014_edition.pdf

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Searched: http://ec.europa.eu/anti-trafficking/sites/antitrafficking/files/trafficking_in_human_beings_-_eurostat_-_2014_edition.pdf

Registered victims

In 2010 -2012 in the EU were registered about 30 146 victims 80 % of registered victims were women. Over 1 000 children was trafficked for sexual exploitation. 95% of registered victims of sexual exploitation were female. 71 % of registered victims of labour exploitation were male. 65 % of listed victims were EU people.(Europa 2005)

Human Trafficking: The commonwealth of independent Stateas origin and destination for human trafficking

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After Soviet Union has been dissolved in the early 90sthe commonwealth of independences states were created;and it was through the CIS that most traffickers havebeen using in trafficking their victim; of all thevictims that uses these route the women and children arefound to be the most exposed and vulnerable and theynationals from Ukraine, Moldova, Belarus and Russia(Syla, 2013 p13)

Table 2 Ten most prevalent countries of origin allpotential victims of trafficking identified in 2013compared to those encountered in 2012 (NCA, 2013.P7)

POSITIONIN 2013

COUNTRY OFORIGIN

POSITIONIN 2012

TOTAL2013

CHANGEFROM 2012

1 Romania 1 307 +13%2 Poland 2 239 0%3 UK 8 193 +124%4 Albania 6 192 +79%5 Nigeria 3 158 -24%6 Slovakia 7 143 +39%7 Vietnam 4 138 +4%8 Hungary 5 136 +9%9 Lithuania 9 104 +35%10 Thailand 29 89 +1013%Sourced and Adapted from NCA, 2013, P7

According to National Crime Agency [NCA] (2013, P7)report on NCA strategic Assessment on the nature andscale of human trafficking. Identified 10 countries thattheir citizens are victims of human trafficking; table 2depict these.

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Human Trafficking: Children Sex Exploitation and SexualTourism

According to an earlier study conducted by theInternational Federation Terre des Hommes (2004) statedthat trafficking in children is a specific form ofexploitation when it comes to trafficking in human being;because people involved are deprived of so many sociallife that in turn influence their adulthood. Traffickingin children started to be in the increase during the last1980s during the 80s people were being exploited to workfor another person who they will see as their masters;these has been so because of the need for cheap labourduring the era. However, that does not seem to be thecase anymore because of the current technological andinfrastructural changes all over the world today;traffickers are able to use means such as transportationlike ships, airplane and cars to trafficked children to

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their destination. The demand for children for thepurpose of sexual exploitation has been in the increasebecause of the occurrence of sexual transmitted diseases(UNODC/UN.GIFT, 2010).  

The American Professional Society on the Abuse ofChildren [APSAC] (2014) defines trafficking in childrenfor sexual exploitation and stated that this crime islikely to occur when there is an inducement used toattract children to commit sexual activities like money;and these exploitation include children prostitution,pornography content on the internet, children sex tourismattractions, a place where minors are used for commercialsexual exploitation; a place where people go to pay forsex with children (United States Department of State,2006;2007). The victims of trafficking and violenceprotection act (2000) stated that trafficking for sexinvolve the recruiting of a person; hiding, transporting,and procuring someone for the sole purpose of sexualexploitation. “Exploitation includes the least possibleexploitation of all forms of including exploitation forsexual profits (UNITED Nation, 2000).   

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Human Trafficking: Nature of the Market

According to UNODC (2010) various countries citizen has been noticed to be a victim of human trafficking in Western and Central Europe than other countries, and about 84% of victims were being trafficked for the reasonof sex exploitation.  However, the rates of detecting theexploitation type are influence by the way it is been enforce.  About 150 sentences were made for human trafficking in the whole of Western Europe in 2006; and this around the same figure as in Germany (UNODC, 2010; Heike Rabe. F. P., 2009).   

Profits of sexual Exploitation

Traffiking for Sexual Explotation produces huge profitsfor criminal groups.Money can be invested in the country

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of exploitation or the other way.Or through formal andinformal banking system. According United Nations officeof Drugs and Crime Place human trafficking is the secondbeneficial place after sale of drugs.The InternationalOrganisation (IO) stated that trafficking in persons wasprofits $7 billion in 199711. According ILO statedthat the profits of commercial sex trafficking are muchhigher approximately $33,9 billion every year.12 In thesex trafficking industry, the victims are simplyunneeded, (Harvard Law Review, 2006) to be exploited forthe sole profit of their owner (Nagan & deMedeiros,2006). Sex trafficking is the profit criminal business.Unlike drugs, which can only be sold once at time (Yen,2008), the sexual services of trafficked victims can beused again and again (Tiefenbrun, 2002). Transnationalorganized crime is big business. In 2009 it was valued toaround $870 billion — an amount like to 1.5 per cent ofglobal GDP13

In Sexual Exploitation include:

Street prostitution

Window prostitution and brothel

Strip bars/clubs

Pornography industry

Escort services/modelling agencies

Massage parlours

The systematic violence of traffickers againstprostituted women is aimed not only at control, butalso highlights the victim’s weakness andinvisibility to her life.(Farley et al., 2003).

11 David Kyle and Rey Koslowski ,’’Introduction’’ in Global Human Smuggling, Kyle and Koslowski,eds.,4.12 Peter Belser,’’Forced Labour and Human Trafficking , Estimating the Profits.’’Cornell University.13 United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Estimating Illicit Financial Flows Resulting from Drug Trafficking and Other Transnational Organized Crimes: Research Report (Vienna, October 2011). Available from www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/Studies/Illicit_ financial_flows_2011_web.pdf

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International Criminal Groups

Criminal group is structured where is involved three ormore persons,which engages in criminal activities inorder to get financial benefit or committed crime.

The most active Criminal Groups in Europe : Nigerian,Russian,Romanian,Chinese,Hungarian,Turkish and Bulgarian organised groups.14

According International Organization of Migration (IOM) and the Global Survival Network (GSN)stated that Russian criminal groups controls the European sex industry. Russian organised crime group controls the prostitution industry from Israel to the United States.( Israel’s Women’s Network).In 1990 thousands of women was trafficked out of Russia to Europe ,United Arab Emirates,Saudi Arabia, China, Israel, North America.(Mary Buckley).Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe(OSCE) published that between 1992 to 2002 approximately 500,000 women were trafficked from Russia to another countries.

Connection between prostitution and Sex trafficking are closely similar excepting in some cases where a woman choose to work herself for money. The reality, though, is that most prostituted females do not want to be involved in prostitution but does of their terrible financial condition. The regular age a woman involves in prostitution is between 12 -16 years.Sex-trafficked persons are not agreeable to prostitute themselves or manipulate and force themselves into human prostitution sphere. (Pacific Alliance to Stop Slavery, 2010).

During an investigation in child trafficking involving Roma children trafficked to other EU MS, it became obvious that the traffickers had clear prospects that if the children were exploited to their maximum potential, the profits thatcould be made €20-30,000 every three to four months.

14 UN General Assembly 200127

note that human trafficking crime gives a huge profit.15

In Europe, over 140,000 victims are imprisoned in a situation of degradation for sexual exploitation and up to one in seven sex workers in the region may have been enslaved into prostitution through the trafficking.(UNODC) A profitable form of crime ,generates profits of dozens billions euro every each year.16 According United NationsOffice data stated that victims of human trafficking forsexual exploitation was 79%,forced labour was 18% and 3 %of others forms. In this data 66 % were women,13% were girls , 12 % was men and 9% was boys.17

Sourced: Conceptual framework THB 2011- Public version.

Physical violence and Injuries

15 “Child Trafficking” – Knowledge Product 2010 (law enforcement only).16 Estimated global annual profits made from the exploitation of all trafficked forced labour are US$31.6 billion. Of this, US$15.5 billion, that is 49 per cent, is generated in industrialised economies (in Patrick Belser, ‘Forced Labor and Human Trafficking: Estimating the Profits’, Working Paper, Geneva, International Labour Office, 2005)17 The Globalization of Crime: A Transnational Organized Crime Threat Assessment, UNODC, 2010.

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Women worked in prostitution , traumatic brain injuriesare the same asSuffers beatings, kicking to the head, strangled or headstriking the instrumentpanel , as the instruments of torture survivors (JacobsandIacobino , 2001) and women who are victims of domesticviolence.Valera & Berenbaum(2003)During the sexual exploitation period the women andchildren do not receive an adequate medical care (USState Department, 2012). The victims are also forced tohave unprotected sex with many men, which make the womensusceptible to unwanted pregnancy or sexuallytransmitted diseases . Such as infection with AIDS/HIV ordifferent illnesses which could affect females’ future orability to have children (Zimmerman, 2003). Also many ofvictims suffer from depression, psychiatric andpsychotic disorders. The victims’ mental reaction cantake different forms like, feeling of helplessness, self-blame, incapability of communication or even suicidalthoughts (Aronowitz, 2009). In other cases, the dangersmay not by effective to the woman (Zimmerman & Watts,2003). Sometime the can say things like “I do not carewhat happens to me, or nothing anymore can happen to menow.”. Many women who are out of prostitution are oftenunable to remember their life in prostitution time orparticular events at that time. (Raymond et al, 2002)

Many trafficked victims only survive from 2 - 4 yearsbefore they die as a homicide, suicide, HIV/AIDS, orother issues (Landesman, 2004).

According to Shared Hope International’s DMSTPractitioner Manual Guide (2009), the physical andpsychological consequences of “traffickers control” arewide. Some of the issues stemming from the trauma that atrafficked youth may face:

Anxiety and Stress Disorder

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Attachment Disorder

Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Major Depression Developmental Disorders

Eating Disorders

Acute Stress Disorder

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Dissociative Disorder

Impulse Control Disorder

Mood Disorder

Personality Disorders

Substance Abuse Disorders

Self-harming Disorders

Sleeping Disorders

Somatic Disorders

Dr. Patrick Carnes stated that trauma means that thevictims have a certain dysfunctional attachment thatfollows in the presence of danger, shame, orexploitation. There is always some form of hazard ordanger ” (Kennedy & Pucci, 2008).

The level of control exerted by a trafficker throughtrauma bonds is not yet completely understood, need moreresearch on trauma links (Kennedy & Pucci, 2008).

Trafficked youths have two types of trauma: shock traumaand developmental trauma

Hyperarousal - Signs can include: panic and phobias,anger , hyperactive conduct, everyday crying and badtemper, nightmares and night terrors, aggressivebehaviour, increase in, running away.

Hypoarousal - Symtoms can include: inability to bondwith others, inattention, forgetfulness, daydreaming.Physical symptoms can include: eyes widen, pale skin,

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complaints of being cold, flat affect (Shared HopeInternational, 2009)These effects include problems withaggression and dysregulation, to harm self and others,dissociative symptoms, somatization, and behaviourpathology (Carnes, 1997)

However the children who have been trafficked intoprostitution often survive of mental health problems,depression, hurts physical and sexual attacks, have lowself-esteem, sexually transmitted infections, post-traumatic stress disorder (Williamson & Prior, 2009).TheSurvivors often feel thankful to traffickers for notkilling them, in psychological dynamic. (Graham, 1994).

Conclusions and Recommendations

This report has demonstrate that trafficking in humanbeings is a growing and dangerous business throughoutEurope and all world. The law legislations has toconcentrate how to stop illegal emigration, illegallabour and how to help victims and to secure them life.Combating sex trafficking requires efforts at thegrassroots, academic, and national levels (Zoba, 2003)

Different legal and policy agendas have been developed toreport child trafficking in Europe, mostly in the widercontext of organized crime, sexual exploitation andmigration.

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The consequences of human trafficking include reducedquality of governance violence against victims andcorruption. The crime of human trafficking affectsvirtually every country in the world (Europol, 2005) andhas been associated with international criminal grouporganizations, small criminal networks, , violations oflabor and immigration codes, and also governmentcorruption (U.S. Government Accountability Office, 2006).

The Europe Member States has a large positiveexperience in combating and preventing trafficking inhuman beings. It is accrued witch shows itself frompractices and cooperation between the law agencies,governmental and nongovernmental organisations, politicalgroups, police and immigration’s agencies.

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