GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING FOR THE PRESERVATION OF MONUMENTSAND HISTORIC SITES III

The conservation of monuments and historic sites is one of the most challenging problems facingmodern civilization. It involves, in inextricable patterns, factors belonging to different fields (cul-tural, humanistic, social, technical, economical, administrative) and the requirements of safety anduse appear to be (or often are) in conflict with the respect of the integrity of the monuments. Thecomplexity of the subject is such that a shared frame of reference is still lacking among art histo-rians, architects, architectural and geotechnical engineers. And while there are exemplary cases ofan integral approach to each building element with its static and architectural function, as a mate-rial witness to the culture and construction techniques of the original historical period, there arestill examples of uncritical reliance on modern technology leading to the substitution from earlierstructures to new ones, preserving only the iconic look of the original monument. GeotechnicalEngineering for the Preservation of Monuments and Historic Sites III collects the contributions tothe eponymous 3rd International ISSMGE TC301 Symposium (Naples, Italy, 22–24 June 2022).The papers cover a wide range of topics, which include:

- Principles of conservation, maintenance strategies, case histories- The knowledge: investigation, monitoring and performance- Seismic risk, site effects, soil structure interaction- Effects of urban development and tunnelling on built heritage- Preservation of diffuse heritage: soil instability, subsidence, environmental damages

The present volume aims at geotechnical engineers and academics involved in the preservation ofmonuments and historic sites worldwide.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD INTERNATIONAL ISSMGE TC301SYMPOSIUM, NAPOLI, ITALY, 22–24 JUNE 2022

Geotechnical Engineering for thePreservation of Monuments andHistoric Sites III

Edited by

Renato LancellottaDepartment of Structural, Geotechnical and Building EngineeringPolitecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy

Carlo Viggiani, Alessandro Flora, Filomena de Silva &Lucia MeleDepartment of Civil, Architectural and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy

CRC Press/Balkema is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

© 2022 selection and editorial matter, Renato Lancellotta, Carlo Viggiani, Alessandro Flora, Filomenade Silva & Lucia Mele; individual chapters, the contributors

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The right of Renato Lancellotta, Carlo Viggiani, Alessandro Flora, Filomena de Silva & Lucia Mele tobe identified as the authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, hasbeen asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

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Although all care is taken to ensure integrity and the quality of this publication and the informationherein, no responsibility is assumed by the publishers nor the author for any damage to the propertyor persons as a result of operation or use of this publication and/or the information contained herein.

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A catalog record has been requested for this book

First published 2022

Published by: CRC Press/BalkemaSchipholweg 107C, 2316 XC Leiden, The Netherlandse-mail: enquiries@taylorandfrancis.comwww.routledge.com – www.taylorandfrancis.com

ISBN: 978-1-032-31262-0 (Hbk)ISBN: 978-1-032-31265-1 (Pbk)ISBN: 978-1-003-30886-7 (ebk)DOI: 10.1201/9781003308867

Geotechnical Engineering for the Preservation of Monuments andHistoric Sites III – Lancellotta, Viggiani, Flora, de Silva & Mele (Eds)

© 2022 Copyright the Editor(s), ISBN 978-1-003-30886-7Open Access: www.taylorfrancis.com, CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license

Table of contents

Preface xiiiSymposium Organizers xvCommittees xviiSponsors xix

Opening Address

Welcome address 3C. Viggiani

Kerisel Lecture

Taking care of heritage, a challenge for geotechnical engineers 19A. Flora

Keynote Lectures

The historical underpinning of Winchester Cathedral – Heroic or horrific? 57J.B. Burland, J. Standing & J. Yu

Rethinking preventive conservation: Recent examples 70P.B. Lourenco, A. Barontini, D.V. Oliveira & J. Ortega

Protecting the Sagrada Familia temple from railway tunnel construction 87E.E. Alonso & A. Ledesma

Tunnelling under the San Francisco church in Guadalajara, Mexico 116E. Ovando-Shelley, E. Botero & M.A. Díaz

Panel Lectures

Under the skin 137P. Smars

Form and construction. The domes of the Baptistery and Santa Maria del Fiore in Florence 155P. Matracchi

Understanding the mechanical history of the burial monument of the Kasta tumulus atAmphipolis, Greece: A tool for documentation and design of restoration strategy 171D. Egglezos

Structural health monitoring of historic masonry towers: The Case of theGhirlandina Tower, Modena 191D. Sabia, G.V. Demarie & A. Quattrone

Shake table testing of pillared historical stone constructions (mandapam) of South India 202A. Menon, T. Bhowmik, S. Samson & J. George

Site effects and intervention criteria for seismic risk mitigation in the ancient city ofPompeii: The case of the Insula dei Casti Amanti 214L. de Sanctis, M. Iovino, R.M.S. Maiorano & S. Aversa

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Long term strategies for monuments care: The importance of monitoring and of aproper diagnosis 234G. Russo

The Grand Canal at Versailles: Geotechnical investigation, II 254J.D. Vernhes, P. Saulet & A. Heitzmann

Geotechnical studies to optimize the protection measures against flooding ofSt. Mark square (Venice, IT) 269P. Simonini & F. Ceccato

Observed interaction between Line C of Roma underground and the Cloaca Maxima 280G.M.B. Viggiani, N. Losacco, E. Romani & A. Sonnessa

Safeguarding of the Aurelian Walls at Porta Asinaria from conventional tunnelling 292S. Rampello & L. Masini

SESSION 1: Principles of conservation, maintenance strategies,case histories

Principles and practices for conservation of historical buildings: The case history ofthe Saint John Baptistery at Florence, Italy 313M. Coli, A.L. Ciuffreda, S. Caciagli & B. Agostini

The authenticity and the integrity of the soil and the foundation of heritage structurein Angkor 325Y. Iwasaki, M. Fukuda, M. Ishizuka, R. McCarthy, Y. Akazawa, T. Nakagawa & V. Ly

Digital transformation in the visual inspection of heritage railways tunnels: Technology,artificial intelligence and methodology 337F. Foria, G. Miceli, M. Calicchio, G.M. Catigbac & G. Loprencipe

Sans-Soucis Site, Haiti Republic – A case study for a project of preservation, interpretationand highlighting of a worldwide heritage patrimony 349J. Palisse

The characteristics of “Artificial Stone Construction” used in civil engineeringstructure – A case of Doudo lumberyard 360K. Takeuchi & Y. Fujii

Subsoil characterization and stability analysis for the Bourbon del Monte Palace inPiancastagnaio (Siena, Italy) 369G. Ciardi, G. Bartoli & C. Madiai

Experimental study on the influencing factors of repairing white marble beam by MICP 379J. Qiao, J. He, X. Xu, H. Guo & X. Cheng

Shake-table tests for the dynamic characterisation of an innovative isolator for seismicprotection of statues 389F. Castelli, V. Lentini, F. Lo Iacono & G. Navarra

Parametric simulations on the stability conditions of the masonry wall of Chandakas,Heraklion City, Crete, Greece 401C. Loupasakis, N. Antoniadis, E. Grigorakou, I. Parcharidis, A.M. Tompolidi,M. Fragiadakis, V. Sithiakaki, E. Kanaki, P. Soupios, G.V. Kalousi, P. Eleftheriou & P. Elias

Low-impact mitigation measures to contrast the instability processes affecting theEtruscan necropolis of Norchia 413D. Spizzichino, G. Leoni, D. Boldini, S. Loreti & C. Margottini

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Geotechnical investigation and stabilization of the foundations of a National Heritagesite in Portugal, the Penedono Castle 423P. Chitas, S. Rosa, A. Viana da Fonseca, A. Fonseca & W. Malvar

Lateral disconnection of foundations: A respectful seismic isolation of historic building 435F. Somma, E. Bilotta, A. Flora & G.M.B. Viggiani

Restoration and renovation works for the Catacombs of San Gennaro in Napoli, Italy 447A. Flora, F. de Silva, M. Ramondini & N. Flora

Geomorphological processes and rock slope instabilities affecting the AlUlaarchaeological region 456J.I. Gallego, C. Margottini, D. Spizzichino, D. Boldini & J.K. Abul

SESSION 2: The knowledge: Investigation, monitoring and performanceMonitoring of the rock mass deformation under the Pont du Gard pier VII foundation 469J.F. Serratrice

Seismic wave dispersion in high-rise historical building by interferometric analysis:The case history of Giotto’s Bell Tower 481G. Lacanna, R. Lancellotta & M. Ripepe

Progress in digital documentation for historical sites by photogrammetry andrecent technology 491Y. Fujii & K. Takeuchi

The characterization of slope damage at the Civita di Bagnoregio plateau using aremote sensing approach 497D. Donati, L. Borgatti, D. Stead, M. Francioni, M. Ghirotti & C. Margottini

The geotechnical setting of the forts of the Saxon Shore in SE England: A recordlasting nearly 2 millennia 509E.N. Bromhead & M.L. Ibsen

Static behaviour of in scale masonry vaults under imposed settlement of the supports 521F. Roselli, M. Alforno, F. Venuti & A.M. Bertetto

Long term geodetic measurements in the Piazza del Duomo (Pisa, Italy) and itsrelevance for monitoring of Leaning Tower 530G. Caroti, A. Piemonte & N. Squeglia

Satellite and on-site monitoring of subsidence for heritage preservation: A criticalcomparison from Piazza del Duomo in Pisa, Italy 548A. De Falco, C. Resta & N. Squeglia

Cultural Heritage sites conservation and management: The case of the CircusMaximus in Rome 560L.M. Puzzilli, G. Delmonaco, F. Traversa, V. Ruscito, F. Ferri, E. Mariani, C. Quadrozzi,P. Clemente, G. Bongiovanni, V. Verrubbi, M. Buonfiglio & F.M. Rossi

Ground motion InSAR monitoring for the protection of Baia Roman Thermae(Naples, Italy) 572G. Leoni, F. Ferrigno, P.M. Guarino, L. Guerrieri, F. Menniti, D. Spizzichino,P. De Martino, M. Di Vito, E. Gallocchio, F. Pagano & M. Salvatori

Geotechnical-structural engineering for the preservation of Ninfeo Ponari inRoman Casinum 583G. Modoni, M. Imbimbo, M. Serpe, E. Polito, M. Saccucci, R.L. Spacagna,E. Grande, M. Caponero, M.L. Mongelli & M. Valenti

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Aubeterre-sur-Dronne Monolithic Church: Geotechnical and hydrogeological diagnosis 595N. Carpentier, E. Antoinet & O. Vigoureux

Effect of slow-moving landslides on a vaulted masonry building: The case of San CarloBorromeo church in Cassingheno (Genova) 607G.L.S. Sacco, C. Ferrero, C. Calderini, C. Battini & R. Vecchiattini

Assessing the causes of damages to the Osservanza Church in Bologna (Italy) 619G. Marchi, C. Cremonini, A. Mastrangelo, M. Marchi, I. Bertolini & R. Lancellotta

A geotechnical insight into the soil-foundation system of the Two Towers of Bologna, Italy 631M. Marchi, I. Bertolini & G. Gottardi

Geotechnical and structural investigation and monitoring techniques to determine theorigin of ongoing damage processes in historical buildings: The Saint Francis of PaolaChurch in Rome case history 643P. Zimmaro & E. Ausilio

Monitoring and 3D surveys for the safety fruition of a hypogeum site 655A. Scotto di Santolo, G. Bausilio, M. Danzi, U. Del Vecchio, D. Di Martire,D. Infante & M. Ramondini

An update on the Tower of Pisa 667N. Squeglia & C. Viggiani

SESSION 3: Seismic risk, site effects, soil structure interaction

Dynamic centrifuge model tests on Tumulus Mounds on cut slopes 679M. Sawada, M. Mimura & T. Udo

Effects of 2012 Earthquake on the behavior of Ghirlandina tower in Modena 690R.M. Cosentini, S. Foti, R. Lancellotta & D. Sabia

Development of a liquefaction damage assessment system based only on seismic records 702M. Kazama, K. Toyabe, T. Otsuka, A. Kamura, S. Nakamura, S. Sato & K. Matsushita

How safe is Acropolis of Athens and its monuments to low probability earthquakes? 713K. Pitilakis, S. Karafagka, A. Karatzetzou, E. Riga, M. Manakou & V. Eleftheriou

On the seismic protection of free-standing art objects by base isolation technique:A case study 725D. Pellecchia, N. Vaiana, S. Sessa & L. Rosati

Analysis of the seismic safety condition of the defensive walls of Cittadella 735E. Grande, S. Lirer, G. Conte, D. Nostrali & G. Milani

The Bordeaux “Pont de Pierre” – A study case of micropiles reinforcement andbenefits of HST method and Interaction Soil Structure design 744G. Valdeyron, S. Bonelli, P. Losset & M. Mariko

Effect of the presence of a historical underground quarry on site seismic response 756G. Biondi, O. Fiandaca, D. Aliberti & E. Cascone

Evaluation of site effects by means of 3D numerical modeling of the Palatine Hill,Roman Forum, and Coliseum archaeological area 768R. Razzano, M. Moscatelli, M. Mancini, F. Stigliano, A. Pagliaroli & G. Lanzo

Influence of soil deposit heterogeneity on the dynamic behaviour of masonry towers 780A.F. D’Oria, G. Elia, A. di Lernia & G. Uva

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An influence of the water supply in improved soil against liquefaction 792N. Özbakan & B. Evirgen

Site characterization and preliminary ground response analysis for the monumentalComplex of SS. Annunziata in Sulmona, Italy 800C. Madiai, G. Ciardi, M. Manuel, F. Galadini & S. Amoroso

A simplified method for the estimation of earthquake-induced pore pressures 812G. Boccieri, D. Gaudio & R. Conti

Evaluation of DSSI for the preservation of the Catania University Central Palace 823G. Abate, S. Corsico, A. Fiamingo, S. Grasso & M.R. Massimino

Vulnerability assessment of historical cities including SSI and site-effects 836C. Amendola & D. Pitilakis

Effects of local soil conditions on the seismic response of the historical area inSan Giuliano di Puglia (Italy) 847T. Fierro, M. Castiglia, F. Santucci de Magistris & M.G. Durante

Simulation of damage observed on buildings in aggregate after the 2016–2017 CentralItaly earthquake accounting for site effects and soil-structure interaction 859A. Brunelli, G.A. Alleanza, S. Cattari, F. de Silva & A. d’Onofrio

A large-scale evaluation of the seismic demand for historic towers laying on soft soil 871F. de Silva & F. Silvestri

Dynamic impedance functions for neighbouring shallow footings 883E. Zeolla, S. Sica & F. de Silva

A Geotechnical Study for the Historical Heritage Preservation of the City of Noto (Italy) 893A. Cavallaro

Soil contribution on the structural identification of a historical masonry bell-tower:Simplified vs advanced numerical models 904A. De Angelis, A. Ambrosino, S. Sica & P.B. Lourenco

The geotechnical seismic isolation of historical buildings through polyurethane injections:A numerical study 917M.P.A. Gatto & L. Montrasio

Conservation of ancient Zrug church after landslide 930I. Strelbitsky

SESSION 4: Effects of urban development and tunnelling on thebuilt heritage

Municipio Station Metro Line 6 in Naples: A case of urban tunnelling adopting groundfreezing and grouting techniques to underpass archaeological findings 937G. Russo, F. Cavuoto, A. Corbo & V. Manassero

The design of Venezia station of Rome Line C underground 951E. Romani, M. D’Angelo, L. Sidera & A. Sciotti

Improvement of foundation soil behavior for Gründerzeit buildings in Austria usingpolyurethane resin injections 964A. Dominijanni, M. Gabassi, F.F. Kopf, A. Minardi & A. Pasquetto

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Florence High-Speed railway underpass – Preservation of the Italian Renaissancepre-existing structures and historical sites 977R. Zurlo & R. Sorbello

Late XIX century protection: The CampiFlegrei and Velia railway tunnels 989D. De Simone & G.W. Ferrari

The use of the GIBV method for monitoring the effects of urban excavations onbuilt heritage 1000L. Piciullo, S. Ritter, A.O.K. Lysdahl, L. von der Tann, J. Langford & F. Nadim

A critical evaluation of proxy measures used to quantify excavation-induced damagein masonry buildings 1015Y. Liu, D.B. Gulen, S. Acikgoz, H.J. Burd, B. Gilson, A. Ilki & K.D. Dalgic

A macro-element model for the assessment of tunnelling-induced damage tomasonry buildings 1026D.B. Gulen, S. Acikgoz & H.J. Burd

Impact assessment study of a 150-year-old government building in Chennai, India 1039D. Nair, S. Banerjee, A. Boominathanc & A. Menon

Tunnelling effects on the Basilica di Massenzio: Computed and observed displacementfields 1043E. Romani, M. D’Angelo, L. Sidera, A. Sciotti, C. Ottaviani & S. Rampello

SESSION 5: Preservation of diffused heritage

Application of Ultrasonic Computed Tomography (UCT) technology to detect defects instone 1059Z. Li, J. Wang, K. Li, P. Zhao & F. Qi

Flood vulnerability and damage assessment of earthen architectural heritage of theIberian Peninsula 1067F. Trizio, F.J. Torrijo Echarri, C. Mileto & F. Vegas López-Manzanares

Climate change impacts on cultural heritage building foundations in Western Andalusia 1079A. Jaramillo Morilla, E.J. Mascort-Albea, R. Romero-Hernández & C. Soriano-Cuesta

The Garisenda Tower in Bologna: Effects of degradation of selenite basement on itsstatic behaviour 1088G. Dallavalle, A. Di Tommaso, G. Gottardi, T. Trombetti, R. Lancellotta & S. Lugli

A simplified approach to assess the stability of tuff cavities accounting for the spatialvariability of the shear strength and the presence of joints 1101F. de Silva, T. Lusi, M. Ruotolo, A. Flora, M. Ramondini & G. Urciuoli

Comparison of two machine learning algorithms for anthropogenic sinkhole susceptibilityassessment in the city of Naples (Italy) 1112G. Bausilio, M. Annibali Corona, D. Di Martire, L. Guerriero, R. Tufano, D. Calcaterra,M. Di Napoli & M. Francioni

Crack development in an old church building due to clay shrink-swell 1124M.A. Beroya-Eitner, M.A. Loreth, H. Zachert, M. Schneider & H. Tenbreul

The study of the geological conditions of the territory is the key to the strategy ofpreserving the underground caves of the Holy Dormition Pskovo-Pechersky (Pskov-Caves)Monastery 1135E.N. Samarin, I.V. Averin, O.V. Zerkal, I.A. Rodkina, M.S. Chernov & E.V. Shchepetova

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FEM simulation of differential settlement of Wat Krasai, a leaning brick made pagodaon soft ground, in Ayutthaya, Thailand 1143H. Ito & Y. Ishida

Bentonite based barriers for protecting offshore monuments from saltwater intrusion 1152H. Yadav & T.V. Bharat

Historic masonry churches exposed to slow-moving landslides: A critical damageassessment 1161C. Ferrero, L. Cambiaggi, C. Calderini & R. Vecchiattini

GFRP anchoring systems for soft-rock geostructures with high cultural andenvironmental value 1173L. Sandrini, M.O. Ciantia, R. Castellanza, I. Bridi, G. Balconi & P. Perrone

Probabilistic evaluation of the seismic vulnerability of rock cavities in a historicalItalian site 1184S. Fabozzi, M. Moscatelli,F. de Silva, L. Starita & E. Bilotta

Multi-scale stability analysis at San Pedro Cliff in the Alhambra Cultural Heritage 1193J.A. Fernández-Merodo, R.M. Mateos, J.C. García-Davalillo, J.M. Azañón, C. Novo,R. Castellanza, D. Spizzichino & C. Margottini

Geotechnical and historical aspects on the collapse of the Tiber embankment wallsin the centre of Roma (1870–1900) 1206F. Casini, A. Pucci, I. Giannetti & G. Guida

Author index 1215

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Geotechnical Engineering for the Preservation of Monuments andHistoric Sites III – Lancellotta, Viggiani, Flora, de Silva & Mele (Eds)

© 2022 Copyright the Editor(s), ISBN 978-1-003-30886-7Open Access: www.taylorfrancis.com, CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license

Preface

The International Symposium on the Preservation of Monuments and Historic Sites of 22-24 June2022 in Napoli (IS NAPOLI 2022) is the third of a series, the first one having been held in 1996and the second in 2013.

Drawing from the Preface of the latter, we underline that ‘TC301 is intended to provide a forumfor interchanges of ideas and discussion, to collect case histories and to promote and diffusethe culture of conservation within the geotechnical community. More specifically, it focuses ongeotechnical factors affecting historic sites, monuments, cities. TC301 searches for design criteriaand construction methods of our ancestors and reports on specific techniques adopted to preserveancient sites and constructions’.

TC301 is currently supported by AGI, the Italian member society of ISSMGE, that also orga-nized this Symposium in cooperation with the University of Napoli Federico II, and is thereforeacknowledged. Special thanks are extended to the AGI Secretary, Mrs. Susanna Antonielli, for hercontinuous and patient assistance. We would also like to express our appreciation to the Sponsorsthat helped us in making this conference sustainable.

But the true success of a Symposium is determined by the quality of the scientific contributions.After a process of peer reviewing, 80 papers have been accepted to be presented to the Symposium,written by more than 300 authors coming from all over the world. In addition, an opening address,the third Kerisel Lecture, four keynote lectures and eleven panel lectures will be presented atthe Conference. All the papers – including the invited ones - are freely available in open accesson the publisher website. The authors are therefore deeply acknowledged for having shared theirexperience, ideas, proposals, to try and set forth a reference picture of the current state of practicein the engineering approach to heritage preservation. We are confident that the discussion at theSymposium will be fruitful and stimulating and will contribute to the advancement of the discipline.

The Nobel prize poetess Wyslava Syimborska, looking at the Milkmaid, the famous painting byVermeer, wrote: ‘So long as that woman from the Rijksmuseum, in painted quiet and concentration,keeps pouring milk day after day from the pitcher to the bowl, the World hasn’t earned the world’send’. In a period of serious difficulties for people everywhere in the world, due to the Covidpandemic and to the fires of war, we believe that it is very important that there are people who docare about our past and its preservation.

Renato LancellottaCarlo Viggiani

Alessandro FloraFilomena de Silva

Lucia Mele

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Geotechnical Engineering for the Preservation of Monuments andHistoric Sites III – Lancellotta, Viggiani, Flora, de Silva & Mele (Eds)

© 2022 Copyright the Editor(s), ISBN 978-1-003-30886-7Open Access: www.taylorfrancis.com, CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license

Symposium Organizers

Under the auspices of ISSMGE TC301 “Historic Sites”

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Geotechnical Engineering for the Preservation of Monuments andHistoric Sites III – Lancellotta, Viggiani, Flora, de Silva & Mele (Eds)

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Committees

ORGANIZING COMMITTEEStefania Lirer – Chair (Guglielmo Marconi University)Susanna Antonielli (Associazione Geotecnica Italiana, AGI)Stefano Aversa (University of Napoli Parthenope)Riccardo Berardi (University of Genova)Emilio Bilotta (University of Napoli Federico II)Luca de Sanctis (University of Napoli Parthenope)Filomena de Silva (University of Napoli Federico II)Guido Gottardi (University of Bologna)Carlo Lai (University of Pavia)Giuseppe Lanzo (Sapienza University of Roma)Claudia Madiai (University of Firenze)Lucia Mele (University of Napoli Federico II)Sebastiano Rampello (Sapienza University of Roma)Gianpiero Russo (University of Napoli Federico II)Francesco Silvestri (University of Napoli Federico II)Paolo Simonini (University of Padova)Daniele Spizzichino (Institute for Environmental Protection and Research, ISPRA)Claudio Soccodato (Associazione Geotecnica Italiana, AGI)Fausto Somma (University of Napoli Federico II)

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEERenato Lancellotta – Chair (Politecnico di Torino, Italy)Alessandro Flora (University of Napoli Federico II, Italy)Jitesh T. Chavda (National Institute of Technology Surat, India)Carlo Viggiani (University of Napoli Federico II, Italy)Giovanni Calabresi (Sapienza University of Roma, Italy)John Burland (Imperial College London, UK)Efraìn Ovando Shelley (Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico)Jamie Standing (Imperial College London, UK)Ivo Herle (Technische Universität Dresden, Germany)Kari Avellan (University of Oulu, Finland)Merita Guri (POLIS University Albania, Albania)V. Ulitsky (Saint Petersburg State Transport University, Russia)Lysandros Pantelidis (Cyprus University of Technology, Cyprus)Panicos Papadopoulos (Frederick University, Cyprus)Michael Bardanis (Neapolis University Pafos, Cyprus)Christos Tsatsanifos (International Society for Soil Mechanics andGeotechnical Engineering, UK)Rui Tomásio (JETsj Geotecnia, Lisbon, Portugal)Guilherme Pisco (Tetraplano, Portugal)Antonio Jaramillo (Universidad de Sevilla, Spain)Pilar Rodríguez Monteverde (Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain)Jean Launay (Comité français de mécanique des sols et de géotechnique, CFMS, France)Jean-David Vernhes (UniLaSalle, France)Guido Gottardi (University of Bologna, Italy)Stefano Aversa (University of Napoli Parthenope, Italy)

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Masoud Makarchian (Buali Sina University, Iran)I.V. Anirudhan (Geotechnical Solutions, Chennai, India)K. Muthukkumaran (National Institute of Technology, India)Patrick Yong (Arcadis D&E)Hongwei Sun (Northeastern University College of Engineering, USA)Mamoru Mimura (Kyoto University, Japan)Chikaosa Tanimoto (Osaka University, Japan)Stephan Jefferis (University of Surrey, UK)Charles Augarde (Durham University, UK)Daniele Spizzichino (Institute for Environmental Protection and Research, ISPRA)Michele Jamiolkowski (Politecnico di Torino, Italy)John Lambert (AECOM, UK)Harry Saroglou (National Technical University of Athens, Greece)Orhan Inanir (Istanbul Technical University, Turkey)Yoshinori Iwasaki (Geo Research Institute, Osaka, Japan)Heon-Joon Park (Seoul National University of Science and Technology, South Corea)

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Sponsors

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Opening Address

Geotechnical Engineering for the Preservation of Monuments andHistoric Sites III – Lancellotta, Viggiani, Flora, de Silva & Mele (Eds)

© 2022 Copyright the Author(s), ISBN 978-1-003-30886-7Open Access: www.taylorfrancis.com, CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license

Welcome address

C. ViggianiEmeritus Professor, University of Napoli Federico II

Dear friends, welcome to Napoli. This is the third International Symposium on GeotechnicalEngineering for the Preservation of Monuments and Historic Sites organized byTC301 of ISSMGE;Napoli is an ideal location since it is itself an outstanding cultural heritage. It has a long history: ithas been founded almost 3 millennia ago. Someone says that it is the only oriental city without aEuropean district; it is indeed the only large European city whose historical center is still inhabitedby people and not only by banks, offices, shopping malls. It is rich of thousands of culturalassets ranging from remains of many centuries ago to contemporary art works; many of them havegeotechnical interest and/or are affected by geotechnical risks; many of them are very fascinatingand will contribute making enjoyable your stay in Napoli.

A review of the history of Napoli through three millennia, as seen through the lenses of geotech-nical engineering, has been presented by Aversa et al. (2013). Evangelista and Viggiani (2013)reviewed the geotechnical risks affecting the city. Borrowing from them, a bird eye view is herereported.

Greeks founded Parthenopes (also named Palaepolis, the old city) in IX century b.C. on thePizzofalcone hill, just behind this building where we are and in front of the small Megaride island(Figure 1), where some centuries later the Castel dell’Ovo (the Castle of the Egg) was built (Fig-ure 2). After the victory against Etruscan in 474 b.C. the city was extended in the plain area Eastof Palaepolis, founding Neapolis, the new city.

Neapolis was organized following a regular pattern of mutually orthogonal streets (Figure 3):three long main streets called decumans, oriented West to East, and many orthogonal car-dines. The scheme is known as Ippodameus, from the name of the Greek architect Ippodamoof Mileto, and is found in many Greek cities of that period. It largely survives in the modern city(Figures 4, 5).

Figure 5 shows one of the old cardines, now via S. Gregorio Armeno, famous for its workshopsof figures (Pastori, i.e. shepherds) for the Nativity scenes (presepio). The street is very crowdedwith tourists, but also Neapolitans, particularly around Christmas.

The pottery or wooden shepherds of XVIII and XIX century are authentic works of art: someinstances are reported in Figures 6 and 7.

But what about geotechnical engineering? Actually, some of the most famous historical nativityscenes (presepi) are exhibited in the museum that now occupies the old S. Martino monastery. Themonastery had been founded by the Angevins in 1325, at the top of a steep hill. The tavola Strozzi(Figure 8), the oldest depiction of the medieval city, shows the monastery in a dominant positionwith a huge retaining wall already clearly distinguishable below.

DOI 10.1201/9781003308867-1 3

Figure 1. The site of the Hellenic settlement of Palaepolis (the old city) (IX – V century b.C.).

Figure 2. Castel dell’Ovo on the ancient Megaride island, in a painting of A. Pitloo, 1830.

Figure 3. The network of cardines and decumans of Neapolis, superimposed to the present city.

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Figure 4. Spaccanapoli (Split Naples): one of the old decumans surviving in the modern city.

Figure 5. (left) Via S. Gregorio Armeno; (right) workshops of nativity figures.

Figure 6. (left). The “Presepe Cuciniello”, S. Martino Museum, Napoli; (right) The Crib.

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Figure 7. Some figures of the Presepe Cuciniello. Old mandolon player (G. De Luca, XVIII Century); Angelof the Announcement (G.B. Polidoro, XVIII Century); Black woman giving a baby the breast (XVIII Century);Rustic carrying a barrel (F. Celano, 1729 – 1814).

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Figure 8. The Tavola Strozzi, view of the city of Napoli from the sea. Oil on wood, 1470.

Figure 9. Bird’s eye view of the S. Martino hill today.

The vineyard contains more than 7 Km of retaining walls with a height over 3 m. The systemof retaining walls shows evident signs of degradation because of lack of any maintenance anduncontrolled runoff of water; the densely inhabited underlying built environment is exposed to ahigh landslide risk. Geotechnical engineering has thus a central role in preserving the underlyingcity, the S. Martino monastery and the Presepi!

Within the urban perimeter there are so many cultural assets of geotechnical interest, that wecan only list some of them; for instance, underground chambers excavated in different periods fordifferent purposes (Figures 10, 11, 12, 13) and still being excavated (Figures 14, 15, 16)

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Figure 10. Subterranean tumb in ellenistic style: tomba C, ipogei dei Cristallini.

Figure 11. The S. Gennaro catacombs.

Figure 12. A Roman street beneath S. Lorenzo Maggiore.

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Figure 13. The Fontanelle cemetery.

Figure 14. Excavation for a Metro station in Town Hall Square.

Figure 15. The old Roman harbour in Town Hall Square.

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If we go slightly out of the urban perimeter, another world of treasures may be found. For instance,the area of the Phlegrean Fields, east of Napoli, is unique for the beauty of the landscape keeping thetraces of its volcanic origin (Figures 17, 18), for the abundance of Roman remains (Figures 19, 20),for legendary events (the entrance to the underworld through the Averno Lake, Figure 21) andmythical figures like the hero Aeneas, founder of Rome, or the Cuman Sybil. The Phlegrean Fieldshost also the three fantastic tunnels by Lucius Cocceius Aucto (Table 1, Figures 21, 22).

If we move a little further Northwards, we find a small church in a small village, the BenedictineBasilica of S. Angelo in Formis (Figure 23), that was founded in the XI century over the ruin of aRoman temple dating back to the V century b.C. It contains an outstanding cycle of frescoes withstories of Old and New Testament (Figure 24). After the destruction of Montecassino Abbey duringthe World War II, the S. Angelo frescos are probably the most important document of the medievalpainting in Southern Italy.

Starting in 1969 some fissures appeared in the central nave and gradually opened and extendedto other parts of the Basilica. Following repeated alarms on the safety of the Basilica, geologicalsurvey of the area, subsoil investigations and geodetic monitoring of several points both inside theBasilica and outside have been carried out till present.

The subsoil of the church, as resulted from the site investigations, is schematically shown inFigure 25; it includes three horizons. The upper one is composed by made ground, for a thicknessranging from a few decimeters to some meters. Below the made ground, a layer of fractured rock(dolomite, dolomitic limestone, cemented calcareous debris) is found, with a thickness variablebetween 15 and 30 m. Finally, the base formation of sandstones and variegated clay shales is found-

The Basilica is located across a stratigraphic discontinuity, with the apses and the backward partof the naves founded on rock, and the front on the debris cover or even on the made ground.

It is known that some repair works have been carried out in XVIII century; in 1930 an earthquakeproduced the collapse of the roof, reconstructed soon after. Starting in 1969 some fissures appearedin the central nave and gradually opened and extended to other parts of the Basilica (Figure 26).

Cammarota et al. (2013) published the data available on settlement of the Basilica in 1980 and2013; prof. G. Russo kindly made available further measurements in 2021.

Figure 16. Some of the stations of the new Napoli Underground lines. Someone says it is the finestunderground system of the world.

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Figure 17. The Phlegrean Fields.

Figure 18. The volcanic origin of the Phlegrean Fields.

Figure 19. Left: the “Piscina mirabilis, an underground water reservoir for the Roman imperial fleet. Above.The remains of the Portus Julius, harbour of the imperial fleet, submerged by the sea because of a 16 m volcanicsubsidence.

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Figure 20. The Flavian amphitheater in Pozzuoli.

Figure 21. Map of the Phlegrean Fields showing the location of the Roman tunnels.

Table 1. Characteristics of the Roman Tunnels in the Phlegrean Fields.

Name Length (m) Width (m) Height (m) Notes

Crypta Neapolitana 711 4.5 4.6 ÷ 5.2 2 inclined ventilation shaftsSeianus Grotto 780 4.0 ÷ 6.5 5.0 ÷ 8.0 3 lateral ventilation tunnelsCocceius Grotto 970 4.5 4.5 ÷ 8.0 5 inclined or vertical vent. shafts

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Figure 22. The western intake of the Crypta Neapolitana in a painting by L. Ducros, 1793.

Figure 23. The Benedictine Basilica of S. Angelo in Formis.

Figure 24. The interior of the Basilica.

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Figure 25. Schematic geological section of the area around the Basilica.

Figure 26. Main fissures of the superstructure.

The trend of differential settlement of the basilica is reported in Figures 27 and 28. The reasonof the movements has not yet been understood. At present, the church is monitored and only somestructural repairs have been carried out.

In a note published on a magazine some years ago (Montanari 2018) an art historian refers tothe church as “…a Benedictine Basilica of clamorous beauty …, one of the most important andfascinating Italian monuments”. He regrets “…the unbelievable inability of our generation to repairthe structural damages threatening it” and claims that we will succeed in saving S.Angelo in Formisonly if we will go deep into ourselves to really understand the problem.

This is a challenge for geotechnical engineers!

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Figure 27. Survey on the internal measuring points: period February 1980-March 1981.

Figure 28. Survey on the internal measuring points: period February 1980-November 2012.

Finally, let me remind another aspect of Napoli: its open-minded character, its multiculturalaptitude. A famous Neapolitan song says that Napoli has thousand colors; we have seen thesecolors in the Presepe Cuciniello. This will find, I hope, correspondence in the discussions of ourSymposium, with contributions of different disciplines as structural engineering, architecture andrestauration.

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Amato L., Evangelista A., Nicotera M.V., Viggiani C (2001) The tunnels of Cocceius in Napoli: an exampleof roman engineering of the early imperial age. AITES/ITA World Tunnel Congress.

Aversa S., Evangelista A., Scotto di Santolo A. (2013) Influence of the Subsoil on the urban development ofNapoli. Proc. Intern. Symp. on Geotechnical Engineering for the Preservation of Monuments and HistoricSites, 15 – 44. Bilotta et al. eds. CRC Press/Balkema.

Cammarota A., Russo G., Viggiani C., Candela M. (2013) The Benedictine Basilica of S. Angelo in Formis(Southern Italy): a therapy without diagnosis? Proc. Intern. Symp. on Geotechnical Engineering for thePreservation of Monuments and Historic Sites, 225 – 232. Bilotta et al. eds. CRC Press/Balkema.

Evangelista A., Viggiani C. (2013) A paradise inhabited by devils? The geotechnical risks in the city of Napoliand their mitigation. Geotechnics and Heritage, 75 - 96 Bilotta et al. eds. Taylor & Francis London.

Russo G., Viggiani G.M.B., Viggiani C. (2012) Geotechnical design and construction issues for Lines 1 and6 of Naples underground. Geomechanics and Tunnelling, vol. 5, n.3, 300–311.

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Welcome address Amato L. , Evangelista A. , Nicotera M.V. , Viggiani C. 2000. The Crypta Neapolitana; a Roman tunnel of theearly imperial age. More than two thousand years in the history of Architecture. UNESCO-ICOMOSInternationl Congress, Bethlehem. Amato L. , Evangelista A. , Nicotera M.V. , Viggiani C (2001) The tunnels of Cocceius in Napoli: an exampleof roman engineering of the early imperial age. AITES/ITA World Tunnel Congress. Aversa S. , Evangelista A. , Scotto di Santolo A. (2013) Influence of the Subsoil on the urban development ofNapoli. Proc. Intern. Symp. on Geotechnical Engineering for the Preservation of Monuments and HistoricSites, 15–44. Bilotta et al. eds. CRC Press/Balkema. Cammarota A. , Russo G. , Viggiani C. , Candela M. (2013) The Benedictine Basilica of S. Angelo in Formis(Southern Italy): a therapy without diagnosis? Proc. Intern. Symp. on Geotechnical Engineering for thePreservation of Monuments and Historic Sites, 225–232. Bilotta et al. eds. CRC Press/Balkema. Evangelista A. , Viggiani C. (2013) A paradise inhabited by devils? The geotechnical risks in the city ofNapoli and their mitigation. Geotechnics and Heritage, 75–96 Bilotta et al. eds. Taylor & Francis London. Russo G. , Viggiani G.M.B. , Viggiani C. (2012) Geotechnical design and construction issues for Lines 1 and6 of Naples underground. Geomechanics and Tunnelling, vol. 5, n.3, 300–311.. Montanari T. (2018). Salviamo la Basilica; salveremo noi stessi. Il Venerdì di Repubblica, February 22, 2018. Viggiani C. (2006) Un ingegnere romano di epoca tardo repubblicana: Lucio Cocceio Aucto. Atti del IConvegno Nazionale di Storia dell’Ingegneria , Napoli, vol. 2, 785–796. Viggiani C. (2013) Portus Julius: a complex of Roman infrastructures of the late Republican age. In: E.Bilotta et al . ed., Geotechnics and Heritage, CRC Press/Balkema, 243–260. Viggiani C. Le gallerie romane dei Campi Flegrei. SIG: “1 anno dal WTC 2019: Via per montes excisa, leopere in sotterraneo incontrano architettura, archeologia e arte. Napoli.

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