French Public Debate on Nanotechnologies – Conclusion(s) and Perspectives

Public Debate on Nanotechnologies(in France)

E. GaffetCNRS / NanoMaterials Research Group (Belfort)

16 Novembre [email protected]

i) Public Debate (DP) motivations / origins

ii) DP Preparation

iii) DP schedule

iv) DP conclusions

►

v) DP perspectives, Post DP

Source : Le Monde – 3 Juin 2006

Discours du Premier ministre donné pour la clôture des Etats généraux des entreprises et du développement durableau Ministère de l’Ecologie le 31 mai 2006

Le développement durable concerne enfin chaque Français.Nous devons associer davantage l’ensemble de nos concitoyens aux grands choix de société Nous devons associer davantage l’ensemble de nos concitoyens aux grands choix de société qui sont devant nous. Pour cela, nous devons recourir beaucoup plus largement à de grands

débats publics nationaux, qui sont l’occasion de confronter les points de vue des experts et les attentes des citoyens.

[…]C’est ce que nous voulons faire aujourd’hui pour les nanotechnologies. Alors que les

perspectives dans ce domaine sont extrêmement prometteuses, des inquiétudes s’expriment en France comme à l’étranger. Je demande à François LOOS et

François GOULARD de lancer sans attendre un grand débat national sur les enjeux et les opportunités des nanotechnologies

http://www.cawa.fr/discours-du-premier-ministre-donne-pour-la-cloture-des-etats-generaux-des-entreprises-et-du-developpement-durable-article00180.html

31 Mai 2006Premier Ministre

clôture des Etats généraux des entreprises et du développement durable MEDD

….. Lancement d’un débat public national sur les nanotechnologies ….(http://www.cawa.fr/discours-du-premier-ministre-donne-pour-la-cloture-des-etats-

generaux-des-entreprises-et-du-developpement-durable-article00180.html)

19 Octobre 2006Séminaire Inter – Ministériel

Enjeux et Risques liés aux NanoTechnologies / NanoMatériaux

7 Novembre 2006Office Parlementaire d’Evaluation des Choix Scientifiques

et Technologiques (OPECST) - Audition Publique ouverte à la Presseet Technologiques (OPECST) - Audition Publique ouverte à la PresseLes Nanotechnologies : Gestion des risques et Questions éthiques

28 Novembre 20061èresRencontres Parlementaires sur les Nanotechnologies

Développer les nanotechnologies : quelles perspectives pour l’avenir

Juin 2008Rapport Conseil Economique & Social

I - ACCROÎTRE L’EFFORT DE RECHERCHE ET D’INVESTISSEM ENT DES ENTREPRISES II - UNE DÉMARCHE DE PRÉVENTION DES RISQUES

III - LES ENJEUX DE LA NORMALISATION---------------------------------

France : CPP (2006), AFSSET (2006), CNE-CNRS (2007), CCNE (2007)

Research Health Agriculture Workplace Environn. Industry / Finance

M. Moslonka – Lefebvre, M. Gonzalez, K.-Y. Lee, M. Lee, N. Oki, F. Rodriguez, P. KearnsPathologie de l’Environnement et Professionnelle (2009)

Establishing State of Knowledge Product Inventory, HSE questions

R. OWEN, M. CRANE, R. HANDY, I. LINKOV, M. DEPLEDGE - I. Linkov and J. Steevens (eds.), Nanomaterials: Risks and Benefits, 369 -Springer Science + Business Media B.V. 2009

Critical Period▼

DP : Avoid to loose Public’s Confidence

Lkapustka S. Chan-Remillard, S. Goudey, I. Linkov and J. Steevens (eds.), Nanomaterials: Risks and Benefits, 149 Springer Science + Business Media B.V. 2009 (Proc. NATO Conf.)


ii) DP Preparation

iii) DP schedule

iv) DP conclusions

►


Environment Grenelle II Meeting

23 February 2009 –► Mandate Letter / 8 Ministers & State Secretary

▼

CNDP (Commission Nationale du Débat Public)National Commission on Public DebateNational Commission on Public Debate

DP Purpose : General Options on

Development & Regulation of NanoTechnologies

DP should help shed light on the broad guidelines of the State action in the following areas:

● Terms of support for research and nano technology innovations● Characterization of exposure & assessment of toxicity to humans & ecosystems

● Information and protection of employees in the workplace● Information and consumer protection

● Control and monitoring organization, governance (extract from the letter of referral)

Mandate Letter / 8 ministers – 23 Feb. 2009

Environment Economy Workplace Agriculture

Education/Research Defense Health Sustainable Dvpt


23 February 2009 –Mandate Letter / 8 ministers

▼

► CNDP (Commission Nationale du Débat Public)National Commission on Public DebateNational Commission on Public Debate

DP Purpose : General Options on


CNDP - 3 mars 2009Agreement to organise DP on Nanotechnologies

►Creation of the Particular Commission on Nanotechnologies(CPDP)

J. Bergougnoux (The Boss)

J. Arnould

M. Pittet

CNDP (Commission Nationale du Débat Public)National Commission on Public Debate

JP Chaussade I. Jarry P. LegrandG. Cohu

Independence and neutrality of the CPDP“We are independent both of the contracting authority and all other actors in the

debate.We have been selected and appointed by the CNDP,

authority independent responsibility to organise public debates.We are personally committed to comply with the strict ethics of public debate.

About our neutrality, you might have appreciate seeing the efforts we have made for all the opinions on the subject of the debate could speak.

CPDP (Commission Particulière du Débat Public)Particular Commission on Public Debate

for all the opinions on the subject of the debate could speak.

Jean-Luc Pujol (INRA) - Leader

Eric Gaffet (CNRS)

Stéphanie Lacour (CNRS)

Jean-François Molle (Independant Consultant, Agri-Food)

Monette Vacquin (Psychanalist)

CPDP « Shadow » Support Group

Permanent and Active Scientific, Technological and Societal WatchesActualisation and CPDP Knowledge Improvement / Formation


23 February 2009 –Mandate Letter / 8 ministers

▼

CNDP (Commission Nationale du Débat Public)National Commission on Public DebateNational Commission on Public Debate

► DP Purpose : General Options on


● DP to French State

● To lighten wide orientations of State Action

● Research & Innovation Support Modalities

● Characterisation / Evaluation Toxicity & EcoToxicity

● Information and protection / worker & workplace

● Information and protection of Consumer

CNDP in listeningposition

● Information and protection of Consumer

● Governance control (organisation and watch)(extract from mandate letter)

CNDPNot supposed & Not asked to promote any project !

(objectivity, transparency, confidence)

CPDP : Maximizing the widening of the Nano DP

NanoSciences / NanoTechnologies Present and Futures Applications (even « Futurists » ones):

Points of view : scientific, technical, industrial, economic, today life, scientific, technical, industrial, economic, today life,

health and environmental risks, ethical and societal, régulations / laws , governance…


ii) DP Preparation

iii) DP schedule

iv) DP conclusions

►


April 2009 to September 2009NanoDP preparation

23rd September 2009 Press Conference

15th October 20091st Public Meeting in Strasbourg

23rd February 2010 17th Meeting in Paris (Closing Meeting)

Organisation & DP Schedule

17th Meeting in Paris (Closing Meeting)

24th February 2010 Closure of DP on Nanotechnologies

13th April 2010Public DP report by the CPDP President

& Public DP Report CNDP President

And State Answer ??

CPDP « Official » Documents

Stakeholder Contributions 51 Notebook Actors / 51 Cahiers d’Acteurs

GNO (Consumer, Research, Environmental)Association Sciences et Démocratie - 11/02/2010 / Association Française Transhumaniste -28/01/2010 / ORDIMIP -

11/12/2009 / SEPANSO - 25/11/2009 / INC - 25/11/2009 / FIDEA - 24/11/2009 / Fondation Sciences Citoyennes -06/11/2009 / APPA - 30/10/2009 / Forum Mondial Sciences et Démocratie - 30/10/2009 / AFOC (CGT-FO) - 22/10/2009 / CENG - 22/10/2009 / CLCV- 15/10/2009 / Familles Rurales- 15/10/2009 / France Nature Environnement-15/10/2009 /

INDECOSA-CGT- 15/10/2009 / Vivagora - 15/10/2009 / Les Amis de la Terre- 15/10/2009

ProfessionalsConseil National des Ingénieurs et des Scientifiques de France 11/02/2010 / SITELESC - 30/10/2009 / MEDEF -22/10/2009 / Académie des technologies- 15/10/2009 / Académie nationale de médecine- 15/10/2009 / Académie

nationale de pharmacie- 15/10/2009 / ANIA- 15/10/2009/ EPE- 15/10/2009 / FEBEA- 15/10/2009 / UIC-15/10/2009 / Leem -15/10/2009 / SFSP- 15/10/2009

Economical StakeholdersEconomical StakeholdersCESR RHÔNE-ALPES (11/02/2010) / CESR BRETAGNE (28/01/2010) / CESR Franche Comté (24/11/2009)/ CESE-

15/10/2009 / Conseil Régional d'Ile-de-France- 15/10/2009

Safety Agencies / Research OrganismsAFSSA (06/01/2010) / INERIS - 22/10/2009 / INRIA 06/11/2009 / AFNOR- 15/10/2009

AFSSET- 15/10/2009 / CNIL- 15/10/2009 /CNRS – CEA- 15/10/2009/ INRS - 15/10/2009/ INSERM-15/10/2009 / IReSP-15/10/2009

Worker UnionsFORCE OUVRIERE -11/01/2010 / CFE – CGC (24/11/2009) / UNSA (06/11/2009) / CFDT- 15/10/2009 / CFTC-

15/10/2009

Political LES VERTS (26/10/2009)

European Governance

Medical ApplicationsNanotechnologies & Environment Protection

CosmeticsNanotechnologies & Consumer Protection

Industrial ProcessesIndustrial ProcessesNanotechnologies & Workplace Safety

Nanoparticles & Atmospheric Pollution

Nanotechnologies & Textiles

Nanotechnologies & Competitivity

Informatics & Individual LibertyNanoMedecine

National Defence & Homeland Security

Medical ApplicationsNanoToxicity

Nanotechnologies & Food Safety

Buildings & Energy

Buildings Materials& other uses

Closing Meeting

Ethics & Governance

Research & Industrial DevelopmentNBIC Convergence

National Defence & Homeland Security

Ethics & Governance

European Governance

Medical ApplicationsNanotechnologies & Environment Protection

CosmeticsNanotechnologies & Consumer Protection

Industrial Processes

Disturbed

No Nano Debate Demonstration

Industrial ProcessesNanotechnologies & Workplace Safety

Nanoparticles & Atmospheric Pollution

Nanotechnologies & Textiles

Nanotechnologies & Competitivity

Informatics & Individual LibertyNanoMedecine

Disturbed

Cancelled

National Defense & Homeland Security

Medical ApplicationsNanoToxicity

Nanotechnologies & Food Safety

Buildings & Energy

Buildings Materials& other uses

Tentative

Tentative

Necessity to Secure Public Debate

Control of identity, personal bag

Ethics & Governance

Research & Industrial DevelopmentNBIC Convergence

National Defense & Homeland Security

Ethics & Governance

◄ Debate : Expert Panel + Internet et Phone Call

◄ Debate : Expert Panel + Internet et Phone Call

Tentative

Cancelled

Cancelled

Cancelled

Closing Meeting

« Public » on Invitation (only) !!

To be or not be in the debate"Participate, is accepting" (“Activist” Position)

"Participate, is willing to defend his ideas" (CPDP)Decide not to participate is an attitude respectable but unfortunate because

it means that it has no confidence in the democratic approach of public debate (“participative democraty”)

Disturbance / PertubationDisturbance of a public debate is not an exceptional phenomenon:

"serene public debate is a debate without fame and without visible issue."

The Debate in debate

"serene public debate is a debate without fame and without visible issue."As this has been the case in this debate, they attempt to interfere with the

free expression of the citizens. It is a serious violation of democracy

… Essential for otherFor whom who have requested the debate within the framework of round table

on the environment, consider, instead, that great deal remains to be and that this exercise of participative democracy arrives at time and will be very useful to

inform decisions important to takeFor the CPDP animate this debate is at this moment, a leap of faith. We can

judge its usefulness to the impact that this will have on future decisions.

A useless debate for some….The legitimacy of the debate and, more importantly, its usefulness

have been challenged by some players in the debate:" there are already more than 1,000 products on the market, this debate

comes too late“ - " all decisions are already taken, this debate is an operation of communication, even of propaganda", etc

… Very Usefull for othersThe Maitre d’Ouvrage and those who have

asked this debate in the context of Grenelle II round table, consider on the contrary : • Debate remains heavily to exercise of

participative democracy on time • Very useful for illuminating important

decisions still to take

… Very Usefull for others

• Physical participation in meetings (3216 participants) was well below the expectations of the organizers

• The disturbances does not explain everything• Attendance website debate (nearly 200 000 visits to date) is more satisfactory but the number of comments (263) and contributions

(75) on the site remained relatively modest

Low physical participation to the "general public". ..

…but benefits Media important• More than 1200 benefits media (TV/radio,

press, web)• The press national newspapers (daily press) regional weekly newspapers, specialist press) spent nanotechnologies and their substantive

articles applications• " After the debate, they speak nanotechnology

otherwise. You can see right now.“ (Philippe Deslandes, President of the CNDP)


ii) DP Preparation

iii) DP schedule

iv) DP conclusionsNanomaterials & nanostructured materials daily life

Acquisition, transmission, storage, information processing

►

Acquisition, transmission, storage, information processingMedical applications


A very rich material• 900 pages of verbatim

• 51 notebooks actor reflecting a range opinions very varied• 661 questions and answers

• 75 substantial contributions on site

• A new very powerful technology, opening up potential considerable but entailing risks still insufficiently identified

• Led too exclusively, global development at the eyes of many "market forces".

• A global governance and regulatory plans deficit in European and national levels

Global governance deficit

" In an absent regulatory environment, nanotechnologies.“ developed without public debate, leaving the field open to the industry and

researchers.“(The friends of the Earth, actor book)

• Rapid development of regulations well suited to the nanotechnology and imposing on European space is absolutely necessary

• If the cosmetic regulations is hailed as an advanced interesting, many are those who consider the explicit taking into account nanotechnology

in regulation Reach became an urgency.

European and national regulations

• “Eurocompatibility" decisions which may take the France is a delicate matter.

Is a global moratorium possible? YesFriends of the Earth considering uncertainty of any nature affecting the development of

nanotechnology, pronounce a general moratorium on non- only all applications of nanotechnology (y) including medical applications, "Trojan horse for Nanotechnology"

(Mrs Freyssinet in Toulouse)) but also research.

Is a global moratorium possible? No• This globalizing position is generally seen as unrealistic, or even dangerous. In

The question of a Moratorium (& which one ?)

particular, it was noted that the ignorance that result of the judgment of the research, we expose about severe dangers facing a world where theNanotechnology will continue whatever our decisions will develop.

• Many stakeholders are shown convinced that it cannot be part of the follow-up data to the debate by the public authorities.


ii) DP Preparation

iii) DP schedule

iv) DP conclusionsNanomaterials& nanostructured materials daily life►Nanomaterials& nanostructured materials daily life

Acquisition, transmission, storage, information processingMedical applications


►

• health risks & for the environment was pervasive throughout the debate• usefulness (or "futility") of applications has gradually emerged

• development of applications "goes too fast“-> risk management is inadequate

Health & environmental risks nanomaterials - a daily basis

Hazards, risks, prevention

Toxicology and ecotoxicology• Toxicity / ecotoxicity (!!) are still very difficult to q uantifiable.

• Opinion that prevailed during the debate is that toxicology ecotoxicology of nanomaterials and parents poor public research and that there is an imbalance caught between the

budgets are spent and those who support the development of applications

Hazards, risks, prevention• the risk is the "product" of the danger by the exhibition

• face particularly one prevention poorly known hazard, is to reduce exposure to a level as low as possible

Characterization and Metrology• Characterization of nanoparticle (the border value) (100 nanometers is not intangible)

obliged to take into. There are many factors• The count in a space given nanoparticles data characteristics still requires

today's heavy means what is scarcely compatible with the measures in situ necessary at the discretion of exhibits of the public and the environment

• It is essential to make rapid progress in this area

• The recommendations of the AFSSET concerning precautions in workshops and laboratories where are manufactured or manipulated nanomaterials are not raised

major objections nor the means (masks) (clothing, gloves) to protect themselves against the hazard they present (by inhalation or contact)

• It was stressed the importance of internal to provisions the company to ensure that these recommendations are put in work efficiently (information, training,

CHST,) occupational medicine...)

The protection of workers

CHST,) occupational medicine...)

• Concerns instead the activities of transformation that will use these nanomaterials.

Hence requirements for traceability, records information on risks, etc…

The informed consumer arises or arise many issues: in my diet products hygiene in textiles that I wear, I use in the objects of my daily life, in my car in the my home,

is there any nanoparticle materials likely to address a hazard? Is there any prevention measures to take? Should what products I prefer? exclude?

Consumer questions

Traceability, labelling, information, transparencyTraceability, labelling, information, transparencyIn some cases the labelling (which assumes the traceability) nanomaterials in the development chain (the product) is an early response but cannot suffice without

information to interpret meaningfully.In the absence of standards providing warranties, this information that is provided

by the producer or via the consumer associations, based on the transparency processes of production and placing on the market (Reine-Claude Mader -CLCV à

Strasbourg)

In principle, precautions are taken in laboratories and the workshops which are manufactured and manipulated nanomaterials to avoid except accident, release

into the environment toxic nanoscale objects in a broad sense.The protection of the environment is therefore concerned to mainly by releases of

particulate during the life cycle of materials containing nanometric objects (nanoparticles, nanoparticle aggregates, nanotubes,...)

and singularly of their end of life (recycling or destruction). Weakness of ecotoxicological knowledge

The protection of the environment

. Weakness of ecotoxicological knowledge. Difficulty in characterization and metrology,

. Still insufficient knowledge of the mechanisms of releases related wear and tear,. Current lack of traceability of products of nanomaterials, methods of recycling

and disposal recognises,...

The difficulties that FNE and others would justify a moratorium for certain applications of nanotechnology.


ii) DP Preparation

iii) DP schedule


Acquisition, transmission, storage, information processing►Acquisition, transmission, storage, information processingMedical applications


►

• The databases• The "RFID chips.

• Man-machine interface Robotics and artificial intelligence.• Individual and collective freedoms

Nanotechnologies in the acquisition, storage & processing of information

Protect the individual and collective freedoms.Ensure the dignity and integrity of the human

The CNIL and Nanotechnology…. Finally the fear to the CNIL, the use of the microelectronics miniaturized, is

that, firstly, a reinforced monitoring.... We question whether prohibition some uses, especially with regard to the

implant of communicating objects would be implanted inside the human body.

This requires of course that is developing a suitable legislative framework. This may therefore wish to say that Parliament will have to take issue.

(Gwendal Le Grand - CNIL in Orsay)


ii) DP Preparation

iii) DP schedule


Acquisition, transmission, storage, information processingAcquisition, transmission, storage, information processing

Medical applications


►

• Assistance in medical medical monitoring and diagnosis• Surgery helps

• Endoscopy• Non-invasive surgery

• Treatment of the disease and neurological disabilities• "Repair" human

Is it not better prevent than cure?"Rather than cure, could we not try to prevent “ working on environmental

issues? "(question (asked of Toulouse)• « .. Cancer is caused mainly by the pollution. Great doctors say or write, the

Professor Belpomme or others" (Niels Triede Strasbourgl)• "The majority of cancers are not created by exposure to chemicals, contrary to

the as you think. "(Jacques Grassi in Strasbourg)

An area where the benefit-risk balance makes any sense"Treatment must prove that it provides for risks than benefits. No treatment is

safe, even aspirin which may have a "side effects".safe, even aspirin which may have a "side effects".(Patrick Boisseau in Lyon)

Disease and neurological disabilities"Micro - and nanotechnology will allow processing“ diseases such as Parkinson's

disease or other disorders of the same type where the implementation of electrodes stimulating specific areas of the brain will allow cure. This is done since tens of

years. The "pioneers of these therapies are in Grenoble, France."(Jacques Grassi in Strasbourg)


ii) DP preparation

iii) DP schedule

iv) DP conclusionsGovernance► Governance


►

Associate the "civil society" governance to the development of nanotechnology?• Governance: what is it?

• Reflection on the objectives• Ethical coaching

• Expectations of "civil society".

The General Commission for terminology and Neology defines governance :• Definition: How to design and to exercise authority in the Head of a company, an

organization of a State.• Note: Governance is appreciated not only by taking into

the degree of organization and efficiency, but also and especially according to criteria such as transparency, the participation and the sharing of responsibilities

Governance: what is it?

Reflection on the objectivesPublic frequently asked about the purposes of development of nanotechnologies by

taking as a point start the interest for the company for various applications taking as a point start the interest for the company for various applications ("useful" and "useless" applications)

Talk of objectives, major issues (JP Bourgoin CEA) or intentions (J Mazodier) Although a shared belief that a reflection on the purposes is indispensable for any governance in particular for applied research, or even more fundamental research• Among the purposes considered generally as "valuable": understand, treat, save

the scarce resources, protect the environment...• Among those often considered "suspect": improve daily life ("gadgets"), stay in

the international competition (risk of forgetting ethics),...• Generally, the lack of transparency on the purposes is strongly criticized.

Ethical coachingEthics, is searching for the answer to the question:

"How live together? … The Ethics Committee embodies this decision collectively determine the criteria to guide action in a situation of

uncertainty"(JM Besnier -Orsay)I might disappoint you, but it is not for really new problems with

nanotechnology...They integrate all existing ethical problems amplifying them because they

are more powerful than the other technologies (J Bordé - Strasbourg)

An ethical issue: human "increased".Our ethics condemns "increased human."Our ethics condemns "increased human."

Is it the same in all countries?The point of view of "transhumanist":

"Nothing rational does claim to".any nature, including the human immutabilityand the world would be an integral part. The

nanotechnology must be developed for as far as their use helps strengthen the likelihood of continuation of human

thought. »

« THE CITIZEN SOCIETY »

It must be that, in the process, the public, the population are associated with the current research issues ask questions, researchers or leaders to provide explanations and if satisfactory explanations are not provided, perhaps

stop on a number of works, as it has said summer in the area of life.(Mr. Olivier, CFDT)

Expectations of the Société Civile / Citizen Society

The point of view of a high-ranking official : When we talk about scenarios for the future, the freedom of thinking the world we want, there is also the question of

who decides who has voice and how it organizes this successful round-trip between those carriers of the legislative, Executive and judiciary, and those who are those carriers of the legislative, Executive and judiciary, and those who are

Speakers for fragments of opinions in Society(Françoise Roure – Orsay)

Is there a specific "nano problem"...Four reasons identified during the debate:

• A common substrate: nanoscience• Uncertainties: "fly in the fog"

• Ethical questions and societal heavy• Adhesions and convergences

... which would justify a "nano governance."... which would justify a "nano governance."This is why some (FNE, Rhône - Alpes, CFDT, CESR…) advocate the

implementation at different levels (national, regional, or local) instances advisory (or better "predecisionnal"?) to associate the various components of the society

governance development and nanotechnology in the broadest sense, be considered as falling within a global problem

The superposition of governance• Global governance: the weight and stresses of ISO

(international standards), but also the WTO• OECD cooperation

• European governance: research programmes Community regulations, agencies, but also the principles which govern the European market

• National governance• Regional and local governance : difficultie of articulation and compatibility

problems that have were discussed during the debate

What can we expect from the self-regulation?What can we expect from the self-regulation?• Whether or not, it regrets is now putting a product on the market that is

responsible for the damages it may cause to persons and to the environment• Can The companies regulate and control everything?

• The companies also have (or have) a Ethics, a true governance (Jeanne Grosclaude CFDT).

Can The companies self-regulating individually or within a profession?


ii) DP preparation

iii) DP schedule

iv) DP conclusions

v) DP perspectives, Post DP►

Major Observations

• Complex (Scientific & Technological) Debate• A Challenged and Disturbed Debate

• Low participation level of Public (100 – 250)• Significant media impact

Conclusion : The debate Course

149 759 visits on the website , 913 articles in the media51 notebooks actor, 3 216 participants at the public meetings

655 questions, 252 views, 69 contributionsCost : 3.273.761 Euros (Source CR DP Nanotechnologies – 9 Avril 2010)

Still (!! ) waiting for (Hoping for ??)

State Conclusions ? / Decisions ? / Recommendations ?(on 16 November 2010 / End of July 2010 ?)

Expectations of the Public (Citizen Society)

• An intense flowof information• A rich harvest of arguments and views

• Public debate is only a step• How to Consolidate the Key Points of the Debate?

(on 16 November 2010 / End of July 2010 ?)

http://www.debatpublic-nano.org

Do not Forget“The real utility of the debate can only be assessed in the light

of its impact on future decisions”(one of the citizen representative remarks)

Public Debate on NanotechnologiesDébat Public sur les Nanotechnologies

“Today’s science fiction is often tomorrow’s science fact.”Stephen Hawking

Thank you for your Attention

[email protected]

QuestionsDiscussion

[email protected]

Tin Whisker (Peter Bush, SUNY at Buffalo)