Fossils of Gazella (Mammalia, Bovidae) from the Siwaliks of Pakistan

By

Muhammad Akbar Khan, Muhammad Akhtar and Allah Rakha

Zoology Department, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan (MAK, MA)

Zoology Department, GC University Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan (AR)

CCOONNTTEENNTTSS

Chapter No. Title Page No.

List of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II

List of Figures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

III

V

1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

2 MATERIALS & METHODS . . . . . . . . . . . 18

3 SYSTEMATIC PALAEONTOLOGY . . . . . 21

4 DISCUSSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

5 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

LLIISSTT OOFF TTAABBLLEESS

Table No. Title Page No.

1 3

23

Gazella

Gazella

19

4 Gazella 41

5 Gazellalydekkeri

62

6 Gazellalydekkeri

63

7 67

8 67

9Gazella

69

10Gazella lydekkeri

69

LLIISSTT OOFF FFIIGGUURREESS

Figure No. Title Page No.

1 17

2 26

3 27

4 28

5 29

6 30

7 31

8 32

9 33

10 34

11 35

12 37

13 38

14 39

Figure No. Title Page No.

15 45

16 48

17 48

18 50

19 51

20 52

21 54

22 57

23 58

24 59

25 60

Abbreviations

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION

Lower Siwalik Subgroup

et al

et al

Kamlial Formation

et al Eotragus

Eotragus noyei

Eotragus

Table 1et al

Chinji Formation:

et al

et al

Ramapithecus

Sivapithecus

et al Sivapithecus

Middle Siwalik Subgroup

et al.

Nagri Formation

et al

et al

et al

Sivapithecus parvada

Dhok Pathan Formation

et al

Gazella lydekkeri

et al

Upper Siwalik Subgroup

Equus Camelus

Tatrot Zone:

Pinjor Zone:

Boulder Conglomerates

Cetartiodactyla

i.e.

Bovidae

Gazella

Gazella

Gazella

Skull

Horn cores Gazella

Gazella

Upper dentition

Lower dentition

Evolution and fossil record

Gazella

Gazella

Gazella et al

Gazella

Homoiodorcas et al

Homoiodorcas

Gazella

Gazella

borbonica

Gazella

Gazella gaudryi

Gazella gaudryi

Gazella

Gazella

Gazella

Gazella

Hispanodorcas Gazella

Gazella Gazella soriae

Gazella baturra Gazella soriae

Gazella baturra

Gazella

Gazella

Gazella Gazella capricornis Gazella pilgrimi

Gazella

Gazella

Gazella gaozhuangensis Gazella yushensis

Gazella nihensis

Gazella gaozhuangensis

Gazella gaudryi

Gazella gaudryi

Gazella yushensis

Gazella nihensis

et al

Gazella

Gazella

et al

Gazella

Tethytragus koehlerae

Gazella

et al

Gazella

Gazella

Gazella Gazella gaudryi Gazella paotehensis Gazella

gaudryi

Gazella

gaudryi Gazella paotehensis

Gazella

Gazella gracilior

Gazella gracilior

Gazella

Gazella rufifrons Gazella thomsoni

Gazella bondi

Gazella bondi

Gazella Gazella protetraceros gaudryi

Gazella dorcadoides

Gazella gaudryi

Gazella dorcadoides

Studied SectionsGazella

et al

et al

Fig. 1.

Chapter 2 MATERIALS AND METHODS

Table 2: Gazella

Specimens Description

Upper dentition

Gazella

Gazella

Gazella

Gazella

Gazella

Gazella

Gazella

Gazella

Gazella

Lower dentition

Gazella

Gazella

Gazella

Gazella

Gazella

Gazella

Gazella

Gazella

Gazella

Gazella

Gazella

Gazella

Gazella

Gazella

Gazella

Chapter 3 SYSTEMATIC PALAEONTOLOGY

GAZELLA

Type Species

Gazella dorcas

Gazella sp.Diagnosis

Included SpeciesGazella borbonica, G. praethomsoni, G. negevensis, G. riquetrucornis,

G. capricornis, G. mytilinii, G. sinensis, G. deperdita, G. pilgrimi, G. leile, G.

praegaudryi, G. gaudryi, G. paotehensis, G. dorcadoides, G. altidens, G.

mongolica, G. lydekkeri, G. parasinensis, G. kueitensis, G. paragutturosa, G.

janenschi, G. atlantica, G. tingitana, G. psolea, G. gazella, G. erlangeri, G.

spekei, G. dorcas, G. bennettii, G. cuvieri, G. leptoceros, G. subgutturosa. G.

rufifrons, G. thomasi, G. setifensis, G. longicornis, G. rodleri, G. pilgrimi, G.

decora, G. arista, G. wellsi, G. hennigi, G. stehlini, G. gracilior, G.

vanhoepeni, G. tingitana, G. gaozhuangensis G. yushensis, G. nihensis.

DistributionGazella

New Material Collected from Chinji (Chinji Formation)

New Material Collected from Dhok Bun Amir Khatoon (Chinji Formation)

DESCRIPTIONUpper dentition

Lower dentition

Fig. 2: a bc

Fig. 3: a bc

Fig. 4: a bc

Fig. 5: a bc

Fig. 6: a bc

Fig. 7: ab c

Fig. 8: ab c

Fig. 9: ab c

Fig. 10: a bc

Fig. 11: a bc

Fig. 12: a bc

Fig. 13: a bc

Fig. 14: a bc

Comparison

Gazella

Gazella stehlini

Gazella

Gazella

Gazella

Gazella lydekkeri

Gazella Gazella lydekkeri

Gazella lydekkeri

Gazella

Table 3 Gazella

Specimens Nature Position Length Width W/L

Table 4 Gazella

Specimen Nature Position Length Width W/L

Gazella lydekkeri Pilgrim, 1937 Type specimen

Diagnosis

New Material Collected from Dhok Pathan type locality (Dhok Pathan Formation)

New Material Collected from Padri village (Dhok Pathan Formation)

New Material Collected from Hasnot (Dhok Pathan Formation)

New Material Collected from Nagri type locality (Nagri Formation)

DESCRIPTIONUpper dentition

Fig. 15: ab c

Fig. 16: a

Fig. 17: a bc

Fig. 18: ab c

Fig. 19: ab c

Fig. 20: ab c

Lower dentition

Fig. 21: ab c

Fig. 22: a bc

Fig. 23: ab c

Fig. 24: ab c

Fig. 25: ab c

Comparison

Gazella lydekkeri

Gazella

Gazella lydekkeri

Table 5 Gazella lydekkeri

Specimen Nature Position Length(mm)

Width(mm)

W/Lratio

Table 6 Gazella lydekkeri

Specimen Nature Position Length(mm)

Width(mm)

W/Lratio

Chapter 4 DISCUSSION

Gazella

Gazella

Gazella

Gazella

Gazella stehlini

Gazella lydekkeri

Gazella lydekkeri

Morphological comparison

Gazella lydekkeri Gazella

bennetti

Gazella bennetti

Gazella lydekkeri

Gazella

Gazella bennetti

Gazella lydekkeri

Gazella lydekkeri

Gazella bennetti Gazella lydekkeri Gazella bondi

Gazella paotehensis Gazella gaudryi

Gazella lydekkeri

et

al

Gazella dorcadoides

Gazella altidens Gazella lydekkeri

Gazella lydekkeri Gazella dorcadoides

Gazella lydekkeri

Gazella pilgrimi Gazella

capricornis

Gazella lydekkeri Gazella capricornis

Gazella lydekkeri Gazella capricornis

Gazella capricornis

Gazella gaudryi Gazella dorcadoides Gazella

lydekkeri

Gazella capricornis

Gazella lydekkeri

Gazella lydekkeri

Gazella dorcadoides Gazella pilgrimi

Gazella

Gazella lydekkeri

Gazella capricornis

Gazella

pilgrimi Gazella lydekkeri Gazella dorcadoides

Gazella lydekkeri

Gazella lydekkeri Gazella capricornis

Gazella lydekkeri

Gazella capricornis Gazella lydekkeri

Gazella soriae

Gazella lydekkeri

Gazella gaozhuangensis

Metrical comparison

Upper Dentition:

Lower Dentition:

Table 7N LR

WR

Teeth N LR WR

Table 8:

Teeth N LR WR

Gazella

Gazella soriae Gazella baturra Gazella paotehensis

Gazella gaudryi

Gazella paotehensis Gazella

baturra

Gazella

lydekkeri Gazella

lydekkeri Gazella gaudryi Gazella baturra

Gazella gaudryi

Gazella baturra Gazella

lydekkeri Gazella paotehensis

Gazella lydekkeri

Table 9 GazellaL W

G. gaudryi G. paotehensis G.baturra Gazella

Position L W L W L W L W

Table 10 Gazella lydekkeriL W

G.gaudryi G. paotehensis G. baturra G. lydekkeri Position L W L W L W L W

Chapter 5 REFERENCES

Estudios Geológicos

Paleobiology

Quaternary International

Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology,

Gazella gaudryi Gazella

dorcadoides Bull. Geol. Instn. Univ. Upsala

National Science Museum

monographs

The Sheffield Graduate Journal of

Archaeology

Gazella

Vertebrata PalAsiatica

South African journal of science

Palaeontologia Africana

India Geol Surv Mem

Journal of Sedimentary Research

Palaeontologia Polonica

Quaternary International

Bull. Brit. Mus. Nat.

Hist. Geol. ,

Journal of

Human Evolution

The Miocene Land

Mammals of Europe

N. Jb. Geol. Palaeont. Mh

Quaternary Journal of the Geological

Society

Mem. Geol. Surv.

India

Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology

Journal of Human Evolution

Sedimentology

Pakistan Journal of Zoology

Pakistan Journal of Zoology

Geodiversitas,

Palaeontographica Abt

Current

Science

Amercan Jour. Sci.

Ser

Cranium,

Geol. Surv. India .

Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology,

Journal of Asian Earth Sciences

Quaternary International,

Ibid

Rec. Geol. Surv. India

Rec. Geol. Surv. India

. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., :Pal. Ind N .S.,

Geol. Surv. Recs

Nature

Sivapithecus

Journal of human evolution

Annales de Paleontologie,

Regional Studies of the Potwar-Plateau Area,

Northern Pakistan,

Journal of

Vertebrate Paleontology,

Memoires De La Societe Geologique De

France

Journal of Himalayan Earth Sciences

Sedimentology

Loess and the Environment

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