ff i ff i

ChallengeMicrobe

Volumel / No.3 1999

Determine UV DoseResponse of Challenge

Microbe

UV Disinfect ionSystem Validation

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105

101

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Delermine Reactor Dose Delivery

==eMeasured Inaclivationof Challenge Microbe

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UV Reactor Validation/Gertification - Story on pages 4-9

ContentsAbstracts of Articles of UV Interest 21 .42. 41 .51-54Air Emissions With Explosives Treated with UV . . . . . 22-23Aquafine and Ecolab Sign Sales/Service Agreement . . . . . 35Atlanta Targets CSO System Improvements with UV . . . . 18Azur 'sPastelUV@Analyzer . . . . .31AWWARFPryjectsProposedwithUV . . . . . . 23-24TheBookworm's Corner . . . . . . . . .48Bui ld ingl l lness ProbedwithUVLights . . . . . . . . . 19Calgon Carbon's Aurora UVrM Disinfection System . . . . .31Capital Controls' ScorpionrM UV Disinfection System . . .36Dyne Pens and Solutions for Surface Tension Testing . . . . 33ETI Wastewater Technologies Fact SheetsFederal Pilot Studies of UV Water Treatment . . . .20The Greater Living Store in Cedar Rapids . . . . . . .21HanoviaWinsUVControlContract . . . . . .36Hawaii WaterReclamation PlantlncludesUV . . . . . . . . . .22High Intensity UV Eliminates Residual Chlorine . . . . . 24-25IndustryUpdates . . . . . .33-41InnovaveandWater logicAgreement . . . . . . . . . . . 36IOA Meets IUVA at Wasser Berlin 2000 - the Story . . 12-13IUVA Board of Directors Meeting, 10/10199 . . l0-l IIUVAaIASDWAandAWWAWQTC . . . . . . . . .42IUVANews Travels to SouthAfr ica . . . . . .25JenAct(U.K.)echnologyReport . . . . . .39-40Jenton Launches New Range ofUV Conveyors . . . . . . . . . 31Katadyne&WEDECOJointVenture . . . . .36Letters, We Get Letters . . . . 10, 16-17List of Small Water Systems Technologies Available . . . . 18TheManufacturers 'Forum . . . .24-25Meet ingsCalendar . . . .30-31New IUVACorporate Sponsors - Welcome !l . . . . . . . 14-15New IUVA Members - Welcome ! ! 44-45NSF Title 55 Standard Revisions Under Discussion . . . . . .32Peterborough, Ont., Canada Launches $1 MM UV Project 20Ultra GuardrM Lauded at WEFTEC 1999 . . . . . 37-38

Quiz Yourself on UV (from WQA) . . . 46-47SSI Agreement With Australian UV Manufacturer 40-41Upcoming in lUVAl, t rews . . . . . . . .54UV Absorption Analyzer for Coagulation Control . . . . . . . 34UVinAct ion . . .18-24Uvazone Wins U.K. MillenniumDesignAward . . . . . . . . . 4IUV Curable Inks and Coatings, Free Technical Manual . . . 38UVcuring, CustomConveyorBel ts . . . . . .39UVCuringLamps,NewServices . . . . . . . .33UVCuringSystem(Portable) . . . . .34UVDisinfect ioninCostaBrava, Spain . . . . . . . . . .20UV Encourages Fish in Wastewater Effluent . . 2I-22UVforFoodUses UFandFrui tJuices . . . . . . . .44UVlampMonitor . . . . . . .33UV Treats Golf Course Elfluent for Irrigation . . . .36UV Groundwater Treatment in Orange, County, CA . . . . .22UVlampMonitor . . . . . . .33UV Lightis Effective Against Cryptosporidium . . . . . . 26-28

UV Patents . 45.49-50UV Reactor Validation / Certif ication 4-9

353936

UV Sewage & Trade Etlluent DisinfectionUV/Vis Spot Curing SystemUV in U.K. Swimming Pool WatersWEDECO & Katadyne Joint Venture

Index of Advertisers . .

Aquaf ineCorporat ion . . . . . .2BanAssociates, Inc. . . . . . .15BoltonPhotoscienceslns. . . . . . . . .19CapitalControlsGroup. . . . . . . . . .29Carol loEngineers . . . . . . . .32etapluselectronicgmbh&cokg . . . . . . . .36Hydroqual Inc. . . . . .9IdealHor izons.. . . . . . . . . .17MalcomPirnie, Inc. . . . . . . . .9Pur i f icsEnvironmentalTechnologieslnc. . . . . . . . l1TrojanTechnologieslnc. . . . . . . . . .56UltraVioletDevices. Inc. . . . . . . . . .20UVSource.Inc. . . . . . . . . .34WEDECOGmbH . . . . . . . .55

IUVA lt{ews (ISSN in process) is published bimonthly bythe lnternational UltraViolet Association, Inc. and is fieeto IUVA members. Non-Member subscriptions areavailable liom the office of the Editor-in-Chief 1331Paturent Drive, Ashton, MD (U SA) 20861 ; T el: 301 I 924-4224; Fax: 301 1774-4493; E-mail: Rrice@IUVA.com.For IUVA membership information, contact Dr. James R.Bolton, Executive Director, International UltraVioletAssociation, P.O. Box 1110, Ayr, Ontario, Canada NOB1E0, Tel: 519-632-8190; Fax: 519-632-9827; e-mail:

sb-q8€*;l@,.f&iY"&,qggorfu $wm1e-v@S1&1,&'$gg-

IUVA's Web Page: lVlVW.IUVA.Org

Editorial BoardJames P. Malley. Jr., Ph.D.. Univ. New Hanpshke, ChairJames R. Bolton. Ph.D.. Bolton PhotosciencesKeith E. Carns, Ph.D., P.E., EPRI, CECJennifer L. Clancy, Ph.D., Clancy Environmental

ConsultantsRobeft S. Cushing, Ph.D., P.E., Carollo EngineersKarl G. Linden, Ph.D., Univ. No. Carolina @ CharlotteBruce A. Macler, Ph.D., U.S. EPAThomas H. Marshall, P.E., Malcolm PirnieMichael Murphy, Ph.D., Aquafine CorporationRonald O. Rahn, Ph.D." Univ. Alabama at BirminghamG. Elliott Whitby, Ph.D., SLTNTEC environmental

a

UV Reactor Validation / Certijication

Harold B. Wright and Yuri A. Lawryshyn, Senior Research Engineers

Trojan Technologies Inc., 3020 Gore Road, London, Ontario, Canada N5V 4T7; hwright@trojanuv.com

UV Disinfection as Best Available Technology (BAT)for Drinking Water

The removal or inactivation of pathogenic organisms in waterand wastewater is an important step toward protecting the publichealth against waterborne outbreaks associated with potable andrecreational waters. In the United States. the 1996 Amendmentsto the Safe Drinking Water Act have mandated the developmentof new regulations governing potable water treatment thatachieve an appropriate balance between disinfection byproducts(DBPs) formed during chemical disinfection and microbial risk.

To meet this challenge, the U.S. EPA has set up a M/DBP(Microbial,/Disinfection ByProducts) Advisory Committee underthe Federal Advisory Committee Act (FACA) consisting ofstakeholder groups from industry, government, public andenvironmental health groups to negotiate new rules governingDBPs and microbial risks. The first stage of this process has ledto the promulgation of the Stage I Disinfectant/Disinfection By-Product O/DBP) Rule and the Interim Enhanced Surface WaterTreatment Rule (IESWTR). The second stage, currently beingnegotiated, will lead to the promulgation of the Stage 2 D/DBPRule and the Long Term 2 Enhanced SWTR some time during2001-2002.

The negotiators are challenged to use sound science to establishrequirements that provide additional public health protection.The main issues are Cryptosporidlum oocysts and DBPs.Cryptosporidium is responsible for waterborne outbreakscausing diarrheal infections. ln some cases, infection leads todeath for the old, young or immuno-compromised.Cryptosporidium is quite resistant to chlorine and an order ofmagnitude more resistant to ozone than are Giardia cysts. Watertreatment plants that do not use ozone or chlorine dioxide mustreduce Cryptosporidium risk using filtration and watershedcontrol.

DBPs, on the other hand, have been linked to cancer and birthdefects. Reducing levels of DBPs may only be achieved bycontrolling DBP precursors, lowering chemical disinfectantconcentrations, moving the disinfectant point more toward theend of the treatment process or changing the disinfectant.However, lowering DBP levels by modifying chemicaldisinfection poses a dilemma - public health benefits achieved

through reducing DBP level must not be at the expense ofincreased microbial risk. While the present debate assumes atradeoff - reducing the risk from one agent results in anincreased risk from another - a more appropriate strategywould be to ask what combination of technologies allows one tomeet acceptable risk levels for both agents.

With the discovery that UV disinfection readily inactivatesGiardircysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts at doses well belowcurrent guidelines (see UV News, 1(1):18-22 (1999)1, UVdisinfection has come under the spotlight as a potential BAT fordrinking water disinfection. Backed by six decades of peerreviewed science and a track record based on thousands ofinstallations treating groundwater, surface water, reclaimedwater, and wastewater, UV disinfection is a cost-effective,established, and increasingly popular alternative to chemicaldisinfectants. lfV disinfection is effective against a wide rangeof pathogenic waterborne bacteria and viruses. Furthermore,unlike chemical disinfection, microbe inactivation by UVradiation is not a function of the water temperature and pH. UVdisinfection produces negligible levels of disinfectionbyproducts and no increase in water carcinogenicity andmutagenicity. Applied either as an add-on technology toinactivate Cryptosporidium and Giardia, or as a primarydisinfectant followed by a chemical disinfectant residual, UVdisinfection holds great promise for enhancing public healthprotection and solving the dilemma facing the current round ofregulatory negotiations.

The Need for UV Reactor Vatidation/Certification

While the ultimate goal of public health protection through thereduction and inactivation of pathogens is the same forwastewater and drinking water disinfection, regulationsgoverning how this goal is achieved varies notably betweenthese two media. With wastewater disinfection, regulationsspecify a target level of indicator microbes (e.g., 200 fecalcoliforms per l00mL as a 30-day geometric mean). Complianceto target levels and validation of equipment performance can beassessed easily by sampling the wastewater effluent afterdisinfection and enumerating the concentration of indicatormicrobes. On the other hand, indicator microbe and pathogenconcentrations in finished drinking water prior to disinfectionoften are at or below the detection limits of the microbiologicalassay. Concentrations after disinfection can be expected to be

A+

below detection limits, and microbial methods cannot be used toassess the performance of drinking water disinfection unitoperations. Accordingly, drinking water regulations mandate atarget reduction of waterborne pathogens and provide guidanceon how to achieve that reduction usins various disinfectiontechnologies.

Guidance fbr compliance with the disinfection requirements ofthe SWTR currently are provided in the form of CT tables (U.S.EPA, 1989). The SWTR mandates that water treatment achieveoverall 3-logs removal/inactivation of Giardia cysts and 4-logsremoval/inactivation of enteric viruses. CT tables for theinactivation of Giardia cysts and virus by various log removalsare published as a function of water temperature and pH for freechlorine, chloramine, chlorine dioxide, and ozone. In the caseof chemical disinfectants, CT is defined as the product ofmeasured residual disinfectant concentration and contact time.CT tables for UV disinfection also are published for virusinactivation. wherein CT for UV inactivations is defined as UVdose, the product of UV intensity and exposure time. These CTvalues are based on the UV inactivation of Hepatitis A virus andincorporate a safety f'actor of 3. Since rotavirus and adenovirusboth are more UV-resistant than Hepatitis A, current regulatorytalks may redefine the viral targets for UV. Guidance for theUV inactivation of Giardia and Cryptosporidium currently areunder development.

The issue of UV dose delivery by a UV reactor is controversial.Several models for dose delivery by a UV reactor exist. Thesimplest model assumes that a UV reactor performshydraulically as a plug flow reactor with complete mixing acrossUV intensity gradients. Under these conditions, each fluidelement leaving the reactor experiences the same UV dose,defined as the product of the average UV intensity within thereactor and the theoretical contact time. In a more advancedmodel (Qualls and Johnson, 1985), the residence timedistributions (RTDs) through UV reactors were multiplied bythe average UV intensity to define a distribution of deliveredUV doses which in combination with microbe inactivationkinetics could be used to define net inactivation by the reactor.In an alternative version of this approach (Scheible, 1985), alongitudinal dispersion coefficient derived from the RTD wascombined with the average intensity and inactivation kinetics todefine reactor performance. The most advanced model to datefor UV reactor performance (Do-Quang et al, 1997 Lyn et al,1997) uses computational fluid dynamics to define the flowpaths of microbes as they pass through the UV reactor. UV doseexperienced by each microbe is defined as the integration of UVintensity over exposure time. Since no two particles take thesame path when traversing through a UV reactor, each microbereceives a different dose. Dose delivery by the reactor can bepresented as a histogram of UV doses delivered to the microbesand can be combined with microbe inactivation kinetics topredict net inactivation by the reactor.

All of these models use flow rate through the reactor, UVabsorbance of the water, and UV sensor output as inputvariables. Flow rate through the reactor combined with reactorgeometry is used to define UV exposure time(s). UVabsorbance of the water is used to define UV intensity profileswithin UV reactors. UV sensor measurements are used toestimate UV lamp output and quantify any impacts of lampaging and quartz sleeve fouling.

While performance models for UV reactors are useful tools forproviding guidance in designing and sizing UV disinfectionsystems, they have limited value from a regulatory perspective.First, since the models rely on information provided by themanufacturer on the performance of various components withinthe UV disinfection system, they cannot be used to provide anindependent assessment of dose delivery by the UV reactor.Second, since the models rely on assumptions, all models needto be validated experimentally by comparing predictedinactivation to measured inactivation.

As an alternative to using models to gauge UV dose delivery,microbial inactivation performance curves for a UV reactor canbe established as a function of flow rate, UV absorbance, andUV sensor output. Performance curves can be used to identifya range ofreactor operating conditions under which the reactormeets the disinfection objectives. Performance curvesincorporated into an on-line command and control system ensureactions are taken should dose delivery be jeopardized byexcessive water flow rate, high UV absorbance, or reduced UVintensity caused by lamp aging, lamp failure, lamp sleevefouling, or power failures. Appropriate actions could includeincreasing the power setting of the lamps, initiating a lampsleeve cleaning sequence, controlling or shutting off water flow,and triggering alarms to warn plant operators. Certification ofUV reactor performance by an independent third party providesa guarantee to the end user that the UV disinfection system willprovide and maintain target levels of microbial inactivation andmeet regulatory requirements.

Validation/Certification Protocols

The German DVGW Standard W294 (DVGW, 1997) describesa validation/certification process involving four areas - supportdocumentation, UV sensors, command and control, and UVdose delivery. Support documentation supplied by themanufacturer on assembly and installation, operation andmaintenance, cleaning procedures, UV lamps, sleeves, andsensors is examined. UV lamp documentation must include thelamp type, electrical operation, and UV spectral output. WithUV disinf-ection systems using polychromatic lamps,documentation must show that UV radiation below 240 nmpenetrating the water does not exceed 27o of the radiationbetween 240 and 290 nm. Sleeve documentation must includethe sleeve material, dimensions, and UV transmittance

spectrum. Sensor documentation must include the sensor'soperating range in Wm2, spectral selectivity, measurementuncertainty, linearity, temperature and long term stability, andrecalibration requirements.

A UV reactor must have at least one on-line sensor. On-line UV

sensors must provide continuous monitoring of UV lamp outputwith measurements verifiable using a reference sensor. Theproperties of on-line and reference sensors are defined in detail(see Table 1). A sensor port with defined physical dimensionsand a quartz viewing window also is defined. If the on-linesensor provides a UV irradiance measurement that deviates fromthe reference sensor measurement by more than themeasurement uncertainty, the on-line sensor must be eithercleaned, recalibrated, or replaced. Sensors must'tie tested andrecalibrated every 15 months. The distance between the sensorwindow and the lamp being monitored must be chosen by the

manufacturer to provide a similar sensitivity to changes in UVlamp output and changes in the UV absorbance of the water.

The UV disinfection system's on-line command and controlcontinuously monitors water flow rate and UV sensor output.and responds to ensure UV dose delivery is maintained during

system operation. UV dose delivery is ensured when the UV

sensor indicates an irradiance above a set point. The set point

is defined as the sensor reading required to achieve the objectivedose delivery as determined using biodosimetry plus thesensor's measurement uncertainty. The on-line command andcontrol system must respond to lamp failure and low sensoroutput by activating safety devices and triggering alarms.

German drinking water regulations require at least a 4-loginactivation of waterbome pathogens achieved using a UV dose

of 40 mJ/cm2. Ideally, the UV disinfection system should be

challenged using a microbe that demonstrates a 4-1oginactivation at a dose of 40 mJ/cm2. Lacking such a microbe,

Standard W 294 requires UV systems to be challenged usingtwo microbes - Bacillus subtilus spores and E. coli. B. subtilusinactivation is used to demonstrate a dose of 40 mJ/cm2, while

E. coli inactivation followed by photoreactivation is used todemonstrale a 4- log inact ivat ion.

The challenge test involves seeding the challenge microbe intothe UV disinfection unit and measuring the inactivationachieved by the reactor. Static mixers are used upstream and

downstream of the unit to ensure that seeded microbes areproperly mixed and that microbial samples are representative.Challenge tests are performed at the minimum and maximumflow through the UV unit with the UV sensor reading at the setpoint. The set point is achieved using two methods - bylowering the lamp output with the water UV absorbanceunchanged and by increasing the water UV absorbance with thelamps at maximum output. A UV dose equivalent is assigned to

the UV reactor by comparing the inactivation achieved by the

reactor to a UV dose-response curve lbr the challenge microbeobtained using a collimated beam apparatus (see Figure 1). Ina collimated beam apparatus, the inactivation of a challengemicrobe is measured as a function of applied UV dose undercontrolled laboratory conditions. In the German standard, thecollimated beam apparatus may use either a low or mediumpressure mercury arc lamp as a source. Furthermore, themicrobial suspension irradiated must not be stirred and must besampled from the center of the suspension using a small volume.

All tests are performed at a facility capable of evaluatingsensors, performing challenge tests, and evaluating one-linecommand and control strategies. Validated UV disinfectionsystems are certified with a registration number and a period ofvalidity.

Leuker (1999) and Sommer etal(1997) reported on UV reactorvalidation using Austrian Standard OXORV M 5873, a standardsimilar to the German DVGW standard. The certificationprocess, performed at a test facility, identifies conditions of flowrate, UV absorbance, and UV sensor output that provide for adose equivalent of 40 mJ/cm2. Challenge tests are performedusing ^8. subtilus spores. Static mixers upstream anddownstream of the UV reactor are used and the test stand isdesigned with a 90" elbow located immediately upstream of thereactor. The UV absorbance of the water is increased byseeding the influent with a UV absorbing chemical such assodium thiosulfate or fluorescein. UV lamp intensity is reducedto the level expected at the end of its useful service life. If thesensor output falls below a target level, the system must react byincreasing lamp output, activating redundant lamps, orrestricting flow. Alarms are sounded and shutoff valvesactivated if dose delivery is in jeopardy.

NSF/ANSI Standard 55-1991 outlines a cerlification protocolthat uses B. subtilus spores to challenge UV reactors designed todeliver 38 mJ/cm2 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae to challengeUV reactors designed to deliver 16 mJ/cm2. S. cerevisiae,having a greater UV sensitivity than B. subtilus spores, is a moreappropriate challenge microbe for the lower dose requirement of16 mJ/cm2. The UV dose-response of the challenge microbe ismeasured using a collimated beam apparatus in which a stirredsample is irradiated using UV light from a low pressure mercuryarc lamp. The UV dose delivery must be challenged at the UVsensor set point, obtained either by reducing the lamp intensityor by increasing the water UV absorbance through addition ofparahydroxybenzoic acid (PHBA).

Table 1. Sensor characteristics defined in German DVGW Standard W 294Pronertv OnJine sensor Reference sensor

Output Wm2 Wm'Measurement uncertaintv < +I jVo I +57o

Selectivitv >907a for 240-290 nm >957o for 240-290 nmOpenins ansle 30' 30'

Sensitivity >90Vo over 15o<5Va from 15 to 30'

>90Va over 15o<5Vo from 15 to 30'

Linearity +5Va +5Vo

Temperature stabil i tv +107o from 5 to25"C +107o from 5 to 25"CLons term stabilitv +57a over 5000 hrs +5Va over 5000 hrs

Figure L. A UV dose equivalent is assigned to the UVreactor to a UV dose-response curve for theapparatus.

reactor by comparing the inactivation achieved by thechallenge microbe obtained using a collimated beam

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- - - Challenge Orqanism Dose Resoonse

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Issues

While UV reactor validation/certification protocols currentlyexist and have been applied successfully, advances in theunderstanding and application of UV disinfection challengesconventional wisdom. Cabaj et al (1996) showed that the UVdose equivalent obtained when challenging a UV reactordepends on the UV dose distribution delivered by the reactorand on the kinetics of inactivation of the challenge microbe.The measured dose equivalent decreases with a broader dosedistribution and decreases as the UV sensitivity of the challengemicrobe increases. However, shoulders in the UV inactivationkinetics may increase the measured dose equivalent. Figure 2demonstrates the dependency of the dose equivalent on themicrobe's first order inactivation constant for a UV reactor witha dose distribution as indicated.

A number of rules of thumb may be used when evaluating theresults of microbial challenge tests given these dependencies ondose distribution and inactivation kinetics. First, if a challenge

Equivalentby Reactor

test using two microbes of differing UV sensitivity gives thesame dose equivalent, the reactor is performing with near idealhydraulics and UV dose may be expressed as the product ofaverage UV intensity and exposure time. If a non-ideal reactoris challenged by a single microbe, microbes that are more UVsensitive than the challenge microbe will have a log reductionat least equal to that experienced by the challenge microbe. Onthe other hand, microbes less sensitive will experience a UVdose at least equal to that experienced by the challenge microbe.For example, if an MS2 challenge shows a log reduction of 2.8and a UV dose equivalent of 50 mJ/cm2, one can argue that E.coli, amicrobe with a UV sensitivity greater than that of MS2,will experience at least a2.8-log removal. On the other hand,adenovirus, a microbe more UV resistant than MS2, willexperience a dose equivalent of at least 50 mJ/cm2.

These arguments demonstrate the importance of choosing achallenge microbe with an appropriate UV sensitivity. Table 2presents a list of target pathogens and their UV sensitivity, andsuggests appropriate challenge microbes. The challenge

. UV Doset ' r . Delivered

---;-<,.502010 30 40

Dose

-

microbe used as a surrogate for UV-resistant rotavirus should

differ from the challenge microbe used as a sulTogate for UV

sensitive C rypto spo ridium.

DifTerences exist in the methodology used to obtain UV dose-

response curves with a collimated beam device. Some protocols

allow the use of polychromatic UV sources. Dose calculation

with a polychromatic source requires data on the spectral output

of the source, the action spectrum of the microbe being irradi-

ated, and the UV absorbance spectrum of the water. The dose

calculation sums the dose delivered at each wavelength weighted

by the microbe's action spectrum and normalizes that sum to

give a dose equivalent expected at 254 nm. On the other hand,

dose calculations with low pressure mercury arc lamps are

simplified by the monochromatic nature of the sburce and are

based on readily measured UV intensities. Given that UV dose

delivery requirements are based on inactivation data originally

derived using low pressure mercury arc sources, using such a

source within a collimated beam apparatus is justified andpreferred.

While some collimated beam protocols require stirred suspen-

sions, others require the sample to be quiescent. By stirring the

sample, dose delivery to all fluid elements within the suspension

is uniform. This is very important when the intensity gradients

across the suspension are large due to high UV absorbance.

Collimated beam protocols need to recognize that some waters

will have significant UV absorbances necessitating stirred

suspensions.

UV absorbing chemicals (e.g., PHBA) used during a challenge

test may significantly change the characteristic shape of the UV

absorbance spectrum of the water. Under such conditions, the

results of a challenge test on a polychromatic UV disinfection

system may not be reflective of real world conditions and an

alternate chemical then must be used.

Validation protocols without ref'erence to a collimated beam

dose-response curve have been proposed. However, UV dose-

response is a function of the culture methods used to grow the

microbes and the assay methods used to quantify inactivation.

Measuring the UV dose-response of the challenge microbes

ensures that the appropriate UV dose-response is used to

calibrate the reactor.

Prescribing an on-line sensor technology verifiable using a

reference sensor provides health inspectors a means for checking

the performance of an installed UV disinfection system.

However, specific UV sensor requirements could restrict

technology innovation and advancement. Validation/-

certification protocols should be written to allow technology

advancement that does not compromise public health protection.

Summary and Conclusions

UV disinfection is positioned to become a BAT for drinkingwater disinfection in the United States. Key to the acceptance of

UV disinfection is the development of validation/certificationprotocols that provide a guarantee to the end-user that the UV

disinfection system installed meets disinfection objectivesreliably. Certification/validation protocols for UV disinfectioncurrently are being used by Germany and Austria for UVdisinfection systems designed for municipal drinking waterdisinfection and currently exist in the United States for Point-of:

entry and Point-of-Use UV disinfection systems. Theseprotocols share many features - the establishment of UV reactorperformance curves as a function of flow, UV absorbance, and

UV sensor output and validation of low dose safeguards. While

advancements in the understanding and application of UVdisinfection has identified issues that require resolution, aframework exists whereby UV disinfection system validation/-certification can be incorporated into guidelines for drinking

water disinfection in the United States.

References

Cabaj, A., Sommer, R. and Schoenen, D. (1996) "Biodosimetry:

Model calculations for UV water disinf'ection devices withregard to dose distributions". Water Res. 30(4):1003-1009.Do-Quang, 2., Djebbar, R., Blatchley, E. and Lain6, J.-M.(1991) "Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling of UV

disinfection reactor performances: optimization of the flow in

vertical lamps open channel", CSCE/ASCE EnvironmentalEngineering Conference, Edmonton, AL, Canada IluJ. 22-26,1997 , pp. 1201-1212.DVGW (1991) UV-Disinfection devices fbr drinking water

supply - requirements and testing. DVGW Deutscher Verein des

Gas- und Wasserfaches e.V., Bonn, Germany.Leuker, G. ( 1999) "Description and application of biodosimetry- a testing procedure for UV systems", J Water SRT - Aqua,48(4):154-160.Lyn, D.A., Chiu, K. and Blatchley, E.R. (1997) "Flow

characteristics in ultraviolet disinfection channels: An

evaluation of numerical predictions.", CSCE/ASCEEnvironmental Engineering Conference, Edmonton, Alberta,

Canada, JuIy 22-26, pp. 1165-1175.

Qualls, R.G. and Johnson, J.D. (1985) "Modeling and efficiencyof ultraviolet disinfection systems", Water Research, 19(8):1039-t046.Scheible, O.K. (1985) "Development of a rationally based designprotocol for the ultraviolet light disinfection process.", 58thAnnual WPCF National Conference, Kansas City, MO, Oct. 9.

TNTERNATIONAL ULTRAVIOLET ASSOC.

Sommer, R., Cabaj, A., Haider, T. and Sch611er, F. (1997) "Newrequirements for UV plants in drinking water disinfection -Practical experiences obtained at the first Test Stand forPrototype Testing", 21st International Water Supply Congress &Exhibition, Madrid, Spain, Sept. 20-26.

U.S. EPA (1989) Guidance Manual for Compliance with theFiltration and Disinfection Requirements for Public WaterSystems using Surface Water Sources. Office of Drinking Water,U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.

able2. Tar and Su ted Challense MicrobesTarget Pathogen Dose for 4log

inactivation(mJ/cm2)

Possible ChallengeMicrobe

Dose for 4loginactivation

(mJ/cm2)Crvptosporidium <10 fxll4 phase 8.5- 10.5Heoatitis A virus 30 B40-8 phase 28

Rotavirus 36-50 PRD-1 ohase 35Adenovirus 125 MS2 ohase 60-100

Figure 2. With an ideal UV reactor where each microbe receives the same UV dose, the dose equivalent obtained with different challengemicrobe is the same. However, if the reactor delivers a range of doses, the dose equivalent depends on the shape of the dosedistribution and the inactivation kinetics of the challenge microbe. Shown in this figure is a theoretical dose distribution o.rrveand the associated bioassay dose equivalent for organisms of different UV sensitivities.

Cover Page Graphic Credit: Trojan Technologies Inc.

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UV-APopulurCure

Jim Mallev. rrlvA President

Dear Professionuls:

s we draw to the close of the 20th century, I am filledwith the hopes and excitement of new beginnings. Howfitting that IUVA is one of those new beginnings. The

membership and reputation of the IUVA continues to grow

worldwide and UV's future potential is vast as a cure for manytechnological challenges that society is facing. There istremendous excitement and diverse activity in the UV field andit is a joy to watch the IUVA and IUVA News grow with eachpassing month.

I am particularly excited by some of the recent developments in

my 'day' job as teacher and researcher with the UV Team at theUniversity of New Hampshire. I am seeing more and more UVpilot studies being planned and conducted, more and moreresearch dollars being devoted to all areas of UV technologiesand most importantly there are more and more youngprofessionals and future professionals (students) being drawn tothe field of UV.

The longevity of any organization is driven by its youth. IUVAhas an excellent blend of senior professionals and youngprof'essionals that will provide continuity and a foundation forgrowth and success as we enter the next millennium. It is myhope that as the IUVA matures it will have the resources todedicate to the international development of future UVprofessionals through programs such as scholarships and studentactivities at IUVA congresses. Also, I am more dedicated thanever to my goals of broadening the membership and theinternational scope of this organization. I believe the truemeasure of any organization is its actions not just its words.One action I am extremely proud of is that the IUVA electedthree new international members with outstanding professionalcredentials to its Board at our meeting in October 1999.

We are delighted to present this third issue of IUVA News toyou, our members, and to broaden our scope by highlightingsome of the exciting work going on in the field of UV Curing.I am a water/wastewater guy plain and simple, but I lookforward to learning about UV's role in curing. I also want toknow how IUVA can help our colleagues in the UV Curingfield. This is your organization and I will continue to push aspirit of openness where anyone can join IUVA, anyone can runfor one of the offices within IUVA and any field that employs

Sincere Regards,

)N

UV Technology can be served by the IUVA. If you need IUVA,we are here to help and we certainly need you - join us.

James P. Malley, Jr., Ph.D.

International President of IUVAAssociate Professor of Civil EngineeringUniversity of New Hampshire

Snippets From the IUVA Bourd ofDirectors Meeting in New Orleuns

n October 10. 1999. IUVA's International Board ofDirectors held its second regularly scheduled meeting.Following are some of the most significant items that

were discussed and some of the significant decisions that weretaken. For those members who may be interested, completecopies of the minutes and other pertinent IUVA documents maybe obtained from the IUVA Headquarters Office in Ayr, Ontario(see insert box on p. 3).

Bylaw Amendments: Minor revisions to IUVA's Bylaws weremade and approved. Revisions deal with changes in memberanniversary dates and e-mail voting procedures for Board issues.

IUVA Dues Structure: Changes were proposed for consultingengineering firms. The suggestions were remanded to theMembership Committee for discussion and resolution at the nextBoard meeting.

Policy Committee Formed: The Board created this committeeto provide a means for IUVA Board review of position paperson various cuffent UV issues. Mike Murphy and G. ElliottWhitby and the formative persons.

Membership Committee: IUVA will establish materials to bedisplayed at booths at AWWA and WEF Annual Meetingexhibits. /a "Membership Packet" is being developed formember recruiting activities.

Planning for IUVA at Wasser Berlin 2000: IUVA Boardmember Dr. Oluf Hoyer was appointed as IUVA'srepresentative for this activity. Dr. Hoyer will work closely withkey German International Ozone Association personnel. SinceIUVA came to the Wasser Berlin planning at a late stage, theIOA has graciously offered to share some of its reserved time

10

and to help in organizing the UV portion of this program. Ajoint IOA/IUVA committee is preparing this program. IUVAhas been invited by the IOA to submit l1 abstracts dealing withUV technologies.

Meetings and Conferences Committee Formed: Drs. JenClancy and Uday Kelkar agreed to co-chair this new committeeto set up and organize meetings and review abstracts.

Planning for First IUVA World Congress: Planning hasbegun fbr this meeting to be held in 2001. Location and datesare to be determined.

Election of New IUVA International Board Members: Thefol lowing new Board members were elected:

Dipl.-Ing. Dr. Regina Sommer, Assistant Professor, KlinischesInstitut fiir Hygiene der UniversitAt Wien (Vienna), Kinder-spitalgasse 15, A-1095 Wien, AUSTRIA; Tel: +43-l-40490-'7qL5). Fax +43- | -40490-91 94; e-Mai l :

,iir:l;l;r!:;!".,1i.'t::l:"'{:.j.:i:-i,.i,:,:1.:,1-l.j::i:,1,:,,::i":"..,.:::,i.

Dr. Sommer has worked on UV since 1987 and is Oluf Hoyer'sAustrian counterpa.rt in UV-testing. Together they are the

driving forces for UV standardization. Dr. Sommer is the No.1 Austrian expert on Water Hygiene and UV-disinfection.

Prof. Dr. Med. Dirk Schoenen, Hygiene-Institut der UniversitiitBonn, D-53105 BONN / Sigmund-Freud-StraBe 25,GERMANY, Tel.: +49(0)228-281-5531 / -5521; Fax:+49(.0)228-281 -61 63 e-mail: sn-hyg @ mailer.meb.uni-bonn.de

Dr. Schoenen also is associated with UV Testing in Germanyand has worked with Oluf Hoyer since 1981 . He is Chair of theDVGW Work Group on UV-disinfection. He is the supervisoron microbiology and hygiene in Oluf Hoyer's DVGW Test Labfor UV-devices. He is Germany's No.l expert on WaterHygiene and UV-dis infect ion.

Dipl.-Ing, Alexander Cabaj, Institut fiir Medizinische Physikund Biostatistik, Veteriniirmedizinische Universitiit Wien,Veteriniirplatz 1 , A l2l0 Wien, AUSTRIA, Tel.: +43 | 250114322; F ax: +43 1 2501 1 43 90; e-mail : *j.i:.:i,r.il.ii:::::r!,:ijit:;lj i::::rlL-,:::-:l:i..i i, ,.ii:i .,'i::.1.

Dr. Cabaj also is one of the 1987's UV-people. He is the expefifor optics and optical measurement and is a co-worker of ReginaSommer with the Austrian UV-Test Lab.

/:,ir-"

l l

. . . . . . . . . . . IOAmeets IUVA utWusser Ber l in2000 -- The Story

by Oluf Hoyer - IUVA International Vice President

he rapid appearance of IUVA this past summer is due toit's roots in water. As an advanced treatment procedure

to disinfect water, and in special applications, with high

doses and oxygen-donors to reduce levels of organic

contaminants. there is a close interrelation of UV with water

treatment processes based on ozone as the oxidation and

disinfecting agent. First attempts to use ozone treatment of

water were made some 100 years ago. when electric dischargesof different kinds produced UV and Ozone. The first 25 m3lh

UV-disinfection plant at the waterworks of Marseilles, Francegetting into operation in Sept. l9l0 working with a mediumpressure mercury lamp, and the first full-scale installation of

ozone was in 1906 in Nice. France.

For disinfection of potable water in Europe, especially in

Germany, France and the U.K., a prerequisite was filtration and

only when bacteriological needs were not met, i.e., more than

100 HPC/mL or any E coli positive in 100 mL, was disinfection

with chlorine accepted. In North America, the trend went

toward chlorination with or without filtration. Chlorine as a

cheap and easy to apply disinfectant made its way and left UV

and ozone behind.

With the industrial boom in the 1960s, the increasing waterpollution forced the need to treat water more with respect to

chemical contamination than to the occurrence of microbial

loads. Ozone as one of the most powerful oxidants started its

victorious march into the processes for water treatment leaving

UV a still exotic process for niches of application in water

treatment. As a consequence, in 1914 the IOA was founded

and, being open to other advanced processes, also dealt a bit

with UV.

In the early 1980s, Prof. G.O. Schenck, former director of the

Max-Planck-Institute for Radiation Chemistry, started to focus

the interests of the German Association for Water Supply(DVGW) on UV as a dormant princess able to counteract the

witch of chemical disinfection that promised microbial safetybut at the cost of chemical contamination from the residuals.He convinced others and, together with Prof. Heinz Bernhardt

of the Wahnbach reservoir association, initiated a 6-year

investigation program on fundamentals for safe disinfection

with UV light.

The result were the Austrian Standard M5873 and the German

Standard W 294. The basis for safe application was founded on

biodosimetric testing with B. subtilis spores under real life

conditions and monitoring the performance under use by astandardized UV-radiation measurement on the UV-Unit.

In Norlh America, UV-disinfection has gained application inwastewater treatment on a calculatory basis in the late 1980s, butwas not believed to be safe enough for application to drinkingwater treatment of contaminated surface waters. But with thefirst results of Clancy et al. on Cryptosporidlirm inactivation inI99l there was also a startup of interest in UV for drinkingwater disinfection.

It took a while for confirmation, but in the spring of 1999 IUVAput out shoots and in June showed its first blossom with a boardof directors, a certificate of incorporation, and a home page inthe Internet. In an early stage, contacts were made in Germanyand other European countries, and the idea was born to have oneofthe very first scientific and technical presentations along withthe famous specialized World-Fair and Congress of WasserBerlin 2000. Contacts were made, and with collegial friendshipand efforts, ozone met UV and vice-versa in the course of theInternational Ozone Association Conference which has a longtradition of taking place with Wasser Berlin.

Last October 10 (1999), the board directors of the IUVA in New

Orleans and the board of directors of IOA's EA3 Group at

Basel, Switzerland (Oct. 20, 1999) decided to hold the

"International Conference on Ozone, Ultraviolet Light andRelated Technologies" in conjunction with Congress WasserBerlin 2000 from Oct. 23 till Oct. 25,2000, with a special blockon UV-themes on Oct. 24,2000 under the title "State-of-the-Artof Water Disinfection with UV-Light".

The technical program is in the finalization progress and will bepublished with the other events of Wasser Berlin 2000 in the

next issue of IUVA News. Up to now we can tell you that thepresentations of well renowned UV experts will circumpass thevery tip of present knowledge and experience and that there willbe a fbrum discussion allowing all questions to be put to thespeakers and on the table.

But not only UV-themes should attract IUVA members to Berlin-- a broad spectrum of presentations on ozone and otheradvanced water treatment processes will give valuable informa-tion and the entire Congress with one of the world's largestexhibitions on environmental-, water-, wastewater- and piping

technology and trends in one of the most interesting and attrac-tive capitals of the world make it worthwhile to attend.

l2

I urge IUVA Ne)rs readers to reserve the dates (October 23-25,2000) and to plan to spend some time either before or after thismeeting in the beautiful city of Berlin. Welcome to WasserBerlin 2000 and the highlights on Ozone- and UV-technologies.

Here are two photos of the Marseilles, France UV watertreatment plant installed in 1910.

Editor's Note: By way of background on Wasser Berlin whichnormally is held every four years -- Its first meeting was in1973, in then-West Berlin, during the height of the Cold Warand only a few years after the very existence of West Berlin hadbeen challenged. The famed Berlin Air Lift shuttled suppliesinto West Berlin on a daily basis in sufficient quantities for itspopulation to survive. When that issue had been resolved, theBerlin Wall was erected (surely not by the West Berliners) to (in

the words of the East Germans) prevent the West Berliners fromentering East Germany and contaminating us!

From an economic viewpoint, the isolation West Berlin behindthe Iron Curtain became a focal point for all of Westem Europe."Whatever we can do to keep West Berlin free!" became arallying motto. And in the midst of this situation evolved theconcept of a water and wastewater oriented meeting as one wayto draw outside suppofi. The concept began with two weeks ofexhibits, coupled with 3- to 5-day meetings of German and otherEuropean technical organizations.

ln 1911 , this Editor attended his first Wasser Berlin meeting,and was captivated. Although the buildings still were a bit oldlooking, much construction was going on -- much like one seestoday in major airports, the promise of "things to come" drewme back to West Berlin in 1981 (along with another ozoneconference, of course). By this time the venue had becomesimply spectacular. Do you remember the TV program "Battle

Star Galactica"? Well -- the ICC Zenlrtm is (to me) a land-based Battle Star. When one looks at it fiom afar, the resem-blance is striking. But when entered, the resemblance isconfirmed even furlher. Battle Star ICC Zentrum sports a greatnumber of meeting halls, large and small. And the way the largehalls can be combined into one single amphitheater, or into aparty and dance hall is amazing. Also present is one of thefinest restaurants anywhere (the Pullman), with world classfoods and libations. Even the French, normally reserving theirculinary compliments only for French restaurants, praise thePullman's fare.

Over the years, the two-weeks of exhibits have been condensedto one week. And although normally, this upcoming WasserBerlin would have been scheduled (every fourth year,remember) for the year 2001 -- the Germans, very enterprisingand thoughtful people, chose not to miss the Millemriumactivities. Whatever the reasons, IUVA News readers whochoose to attend Wasser Berlin 2000 are in for a real treat. Notonly is the technical program excellent (IUVA Board membershave been quite active in planning this program), but thenumbers of exhibitors will blow your mind. If Notlh Americansmentally combine the total size of AWWA and WEF exhibits,then double that, you have an idea of what is in store.

For this American, being able to spend a day or two in theexhibits presents a unique experience. Not only do I have achance to visit booths and bone up on new equipment, as wellas meet new people, but when I get tired (and at my age, thathappens more and more frequently), I am offered a beer, somewine, cookies, chocolates, etc, at almost every booth. One ofmy favorite stops is a booth of a Munich, Germany firm aboutnoon. At that time, these folks serve booth visitors MiichenerWeisswiirst (Munich white sausages) with sweet mustard, butalso soft Munich pretzels, and a stein of fresh Mtnchener bier(there are eight major breweries in Munich and the honor oftheir beer being served in this -- and other -- booths seems torotate every meeting) to wash it all down. What an enjoyableway to spend lunchtime in the exhibits.

Well -- too much rambling. But one thing our readers will find-- whenever the words "Berlin" or "Wasser Berlin" arementioned, my calendar is marked and my flight reservations aremade early.

13

Welcome - New IUVA Corporute Sponsors

rom time to time, firms in the UV and related bustnessessee fit to join the IUVA as colporate sponsors. IUVANews is pleased to welcome such sponsors and offers

each the opportunity to describe briefly their firms and theirspecific interests in UV technologies.

Clean Water Systems International,

2322Marina Drive, Klamath Falls, Oregon 97601 USATEL: (541) 882-9993 FAX: (5al) 882-9994

e-mail: cws@cdsnetnet; web page: cleanwatersysintl,com.

lean Water System (CWS) has manufactured ultravioletwater treatment units and systems as an alternative tochemical treatment since 19'72. The firm manufactures

standard and custom designs of UV units as well as providingconsulting services, research and development for UV products.The company markets its TRUE UV meter, monitor & controlsystems, electronic ballast, small air ozone units to other UVmanufacturers and distributors nationally and internationally.

CWS is registered with the U.S. EPA and its products meet therequirements of the U.S. Public Health Service.

Key Contact: Chttrles Romary

Sp ectronics Corporution

956 Brush Hollow Road, P.O. Box 483Westbury, NY 11590, USA

Toll-Free: 800-274-8888; Fax: 800-491-6868Outside U.S. and Canada - Tel: 516-333-4840,Fax: 516-333 -4859; e-mail: UVUV@aol.com

Web site : Hm:K:.$tr-#m { g.*_fj$_q**$j&.

pectronics Corporation was founded in 1955 with theinvention and production of the world's firstUV-fluorescent leak detection system. Today, after many

breakthroughs, Spectronics produces over 650 products basedon ultraviolet technology for more than 100 different industries.

Spectroline@ UV lamps are used to cure adhesives and coatingsin applications ranging from windshield repair to splicing

fiberoptic cables. The semiconductor and electronics industriesuse these lamps for spot curing on PC boards. Spectrolineradiometers check the intensity of UV lamps for curing. Manyof the firm's UV lamps are custom-made for specific curingapplications.

Key Contacts:

Jonathan CooperGary FixelTony CovielloDave Ross

PresidentV.P. Sales & MarketingMarketing DirectorManager, UV Lamp Sales

4D Contyols Ltd., Redruth, Cornwull, UK

V spectral measurements for industrial applications arethe specialty of the Solatell range of instruments by 4DControls Ltd. from their headquarters in Redruth.

Cornwall. 4D Controls Ltd. is a UK company, established in1988 to design, develop and manufacture industrial measure-ment and control elecffonic instrumentation. In 1992, companyco-founder Andrew Ridyard invented the principle of miniatureUV spectroradiometers, which went on to become the patentedSolatell monolithic spectrograph. Four years of intensiveresearch, development and field trials resulted in the firsthandheld poftable UV spectroradiometer products being broughtonto the market in 1996

Since then, Solatell spectroradiometer products have found usesin a growing number of industries worldwide which use highpower UV as an essential part of their processes. Examples ofthis are : printing, fiber optic manufacturing, food packaging,pharmaceutical packaging, lens manufacture. UV also is usedextensively in the water industry for UV disinfection. With newadvances in the Solatell technology to make completeinstruments even more miniaturized, it is possible to see theadoption of the high accuracy and stability benefits of Solatellover more conventional radiometers in a number of industries.

Solatell instruments also are used to routinely measure thespectral power output from artificial UV light sources, toclassify them, and to establish whether they fall withininternationally agreed'safe limits'. Solatell engineers have beensuccessfully working to establish industry standard UVcalibration methods which do not depend on the spectrum of thelight source being measured.

t4

a

Key Contact: Andrew Ridyard, President, Solatell, 4D ControlsLtd., Unit 8, Pool Ind. Est., Redruth, Cornwall, TR15 3RH, UK;Tel: +44 (0)1209 214 400;Fax: +44 (0)1209 314 415; E-mail:. ' :, :t:,::1,: ' .; ' lr -. ir: :. i :"- '; i ::, i i ' i : ' i i , :, ' , : :rt,:r:

Trojan Technologies Inc.

3020 Gore Road, London, Ontario N5V 4T7 CANADATel: 519-451-3400; Fax: 519-457-3030

Internet : www.troj anuv. com

rojan Technologies lnc. is a Canadian based, hightechnology environmental company operating globally.Trojan specializes in ultraviolet light applications for

disinfecting drinking water, industrial and residentialapplications, and is the world's largest supplier of ultravioletdisinfection systems for municipal wastewater applications.Trojan's newest business is an innovative photocatalytictechnology used in air treatment applications. TheCorporation's shares are listed on The Toronto Stock Exchange.

Key Contacts:

David Tomowich,(519) 457 3400Peter Martensson,(st9) 4s7 3400David Schwartzel,2680Jim McKee, Managing Director, International, (519) 451 3400David Harbunz, Managing Director, Clean Water Products,(5r9) 4s1 3400D ic k v rm D ij k, Managing Director, Europe, +3 1 -70-3 9 1 -3 3 30Peter Daniels, Managing Director, United Kingdom,+44-1-905-11 1111

Managing Director, North America East,

Managing Director, North America West,

Managing Director, California, (101) 469

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.[rD ".uers

-- We Get Letters ,D

n our last issue [1UVA News 1(2):12 (1999)1, IUVA'sExecutive Director asked (1) if any UV equipmentmanufacturer produces a small unit that can operate on solar

cells for treating water in third world countries, (2) if not, whynot?, (3) what would it take to get such a unit to market?, and(4) how could such units be distributed to needy villages in thethird World? Here are two responses that Jim Bolton hasreceived on the subject.

Dear Jim,

Read your comments re. Potable UV. The answer to the firstquestion is Yes. We started manufacturing stainless steel UVchamber systems in I91 | and very shortly thereafter designedour first portable UV systems. Original units weremanufactured using a Mighty Mite gas generator for power. Ayear or so later we worked with a solar panel company whichwas bought by ARCO Solar. ARCO was interested but did notwant to pursue the project.

Early systems were built into a fiberglass enclosure with aweight of around 65 pounds and included a standard C-4,12VDC, 4 GPM stainless chamber UV unit, with monitor andcontrol, flow control, solenoid valve, three standard 10 inchfilter housings, pump (3 GPM), paste acid battery and a reel thatheld 25 feet of inlet tubing and a strainer. This unit wouldproduce about 120 GPH. We could not find a sustaining marketfor this product.

ln 1915, we felt the consumer and recreational market would beinterested in a small UV/filter unit for motor homes and boats.We designed, tested and marketed a 1 GPM 12 VDC UV unitwith safety features, i.e., fail-safe operation and standard 10inch filter(s) housing. The unit was thoroughly tested byvarious independent laboratories and meets all of our claims.The results and articles were published in both boating andmotor home magazines. Even with advertising, sales weremiserable. A few were sold into the third world market. Theseunits were rugged and built to last and we still supplyreplacement lamps and quartz sleeves for these early units.

In the late 70s we tried to market this system for homes. Howdo you compete with a $19.95 faucet water filter versus a

$250.00 UV/filter system. The answer appeared obvious, publiceducation. The company was small and did not have the capitalto undertake the extensive adverlising that would be needed.We still manufacture, as a special, a few units UV/Filter solarpowered systems per year for the river rafting industry.

Over the years we have approched various groups involved withemergencies, Red Cross etc. They showed little interest unlesswe wanted to give them units but we could not use their namein any advertising as a user. We have quoted emergency waterpurification UV solar powered systems over the years withmixed results.

I think your second question was answered above.The answer to your third question: $$$$The answer to the fourth question: ?????

I have been manufacturing and marketing, nationally andintemationally our UV water treatment units and systems, TRIJEUV sensing systems, monitoring and control and 12 VDCelectronic ballast for almost 30 years. We also provideconsulting services on UV product development.

The (International) UV Association has been a long time incoming. I first talked with other UV manufacturers in the 70sabout forming a UV association. There was some interest butwe could not get a consensus of how it would be organized oroperated and no one wanted to take on the responsibility.

My many thanks to Dr. Rip Rice for doing what should havebeen done some 20 years ago. And my thanks goes out to theDirectors and the board for their time and efforts. If I can be ofhelp do hesitate to contact me.

Best regards, Charles Romary, President, Clean Water Systems,Intl.

im, in the last IUVA News you've asked for comments onyour thoughts about sma1l solar UV systems. We have thiskind of a system already available. That was the result of

an R&D project together with the Fraunhofer Institut for SolarEnergy Systems in Germany. Afterwards the system was usedin the European Research study "Clean Water with CleanEnergy". This included tests in a non electrified rural area inArgentina. The results were very promising and we also havegot a lot of feedback, press releases (in Germany) and otherresponses. It seems that people have a lot of interest in thatissue.

I6

Andreas Kolch, WEDECO GmbH, Herford, Germany

ovember 24, 1999 - To Whom it May Concern: Thisletter is written in response to Jim Bolton's editorial"Can UV Solve the Potable Water Problems of the

Third World", published in IUVA News, v.I, no.2, 1999.

WaterHealth International, Inc.'s mission is to provide healthydrinking water worldwide at an affordable price. WHI sells andmaintains non-centralized water treatment systems, equipmentand spare parts. Founded by a group of individuals withexperience in international economic development and self-sufficiency, WaterHealth International, Inc. is committed toproviding sustainable technology to improve the lives of peoplearound the world.

WaterHealth International, lnc. employs the patented, award-winning UV WaterworksrM technology - high-dose ultravioletlight and a gravity-flow design - to remove more than 99.9997oof the bacteria, viruses and Cryptosporidium in drinking water.The company offers a range of systems and components capableof addressing the following conditions: bacterial, viral and cystcontamination, moderate turbidity and silt, unpleasant tastes andodors, intermittent or no power supply.

WHI's products are designed to provide reliable, low-maintenancesystems. WHI's systems offer affordable, effective alternativesto other water disinfection technologies. Significant advantages

of WHI's systems include: greater reliability, simpler operation,lower capital and operating costs, lower energy requirements. .

lower maintenance requirements, adaptable to a wide variety ofsystems and configurations, can be used in remote locations.

WaterHealth currently has distributors in several countriesaround the world and is actively seeking more. WaterHealthinstallations have been completed in countries such as Mexico,the Philippines, Honduras, El Salvador and Bangladesh.

The UV WaterworksrM technology was invented by Dr. AshokGadgil at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, apremier, internationally respected laboratory of the U.S.Department of Energy managed by the University of California.The UV WaterworksrM technology is licensed exclusively toWaterHealth International. Inc.

Please visit our website : http://www.waterhealth.comor contact me directly if you would like further information onour systems.

Sincerely,

Alice HugheyVice President for Operations

ou can deoend on usfor any germicidal ,ozone, or T.O.C.

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Atlanta Targets CSO System Improvements

he City of Atlanta, Georgia (USA) plans to spend much

of its capital improvement budget on its combined sewer

overflow system, including the move of one facility

upstream to improve its disinfection capabilities. The city also

will put money towards its wastewater treatment plants and its

sewers. The capital improvement projects for wastewaterinclude work designed to limit CSOs. Atlanta has completedprojects at four westside CSO treatment facilities. The

improvements include trash and floatables removal and

disinfection facilities. To address shorl-term remedial measures

required by a consent decree, Atlanta is planning other

improvements to the westside facilities.

As a result of a recent study conducted by an engineering firm,

it has been determined that the chlorination facilities at westside

facilities should be moved upstream in the combined sewers to

allow for additional contact time for disinfection. The city alsoplans to acquire greenways to meet additional requirements of

the consent decree. The three eastside CSO facilities, built in

the early 1980s, will be upgraded to improve their performance

and meet the Environmental Protection Agency's nine minimumcontrol requirements. Recommended improvements include

additional grit handling facilities, upgraded instrumentation and

equipment, improvements to flow monitoring and disinfection.

and structural repairs.

Wastewater Improvements

Three of Atlanta's water reclamation centers (R.M. Clayton,

South River and Utoy Creek) and its 14 pump stations will be

improved to prevent spills, meet stricter state and federal clean

water regulations and keep up with the demands of a growing

Atlanta region. The Intrenchment Creek wastewater treatmentplant also will be improved. It currently only provides primary

treatment of wastewater that is then sent to the South River

WRC for final treatment.

Once work is completed on expanding and improving the R.M.

Clayton plant, its treatment capacity will increase from 100 mgd

to 122 mgd. Ten new clarifiers and effluent filters along with a

new ultraviolet disinfection system, will be installed. Similartypes of major improvements will occur at the other WRCs.

Once the massive capital improvements are complete, thesystem's overall treatment capacity will rise from 188 mgd to220 mgd. Atlanta also is working to establish a storm waterutility and improve its sanitary sewer collection system.

From'. WaterWo rld, July/August 1999

List of Small System (Drinking Wuter)Technologies Available from EPA

he U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) recentlyreleased its Small System Technology List forCompliance with the Surface Water Treatment Rule.

The listing provides greater detail than earlier listings on thecapabilities, applicability ranges, water quality concerns, andoperational and maintenance requirements for the listedcompliance technologies. The listing also includes details onissues identified by EPA and its stakeholders in their review ofdraft materials.

The list includes information on compliance technologies listedin the original Surface Water Treatment Rule and newertechnologies that have been approved in the last f'ew years.

Newer disinfection technologies include UV radiution and

onsite generation (of chlorine). Newer filtration systems includemembrane and bag filtration technologies. The guidance alsoincludes a discussion of emerging technologies and issues forfurther consideration.

Copies of the technologies list may be downloaded from theInternet at EPA's Web site at http:/AVWW.epa.gov/safewater

ETI Fact Sheets on Wasteh)uter TechnologiesCan Be Ordered As One Package

he Environmental Technology Initiative (ETI) fact sheetson domestic wastewater technologies/practices now canbe ordered as one package, in addition to being offered

as separate fact sheets through the National Small FlowsClearinghouse (NSFC). As part of the U.S. EnvironmentalProtection Agency's ETI project, the fact sheets were designedto help people choose an appropriate wastewater

18

technology/practice for single-family residences, clusters of

homes, subdiv is ions, or communit ies.

Two versions offact sheets were developed: a 4-page technical

overview and a 2-page general overview. Both discuss how the

technology works, its advantages and disadvantages, operation

and maintenance. and cost. The technical fact sheets also

include design/process specifications, performance character-

istics, and application results in the form of case studies.

Both the technical and general packages include fact sheets on

the following topics: ultraviolet disinfection, chlorine

disinfection, ozone disinfection, fine bubble aeration, trickling

filters: achieving nitrification, intermittent sand filters,

recirculating sand filters, composting toilet systems, mound

systems, low-pressure pipe systems, septage management. and

water efficiency.

To place an order, call the NSFC at (800) 624-8301 or (304)

293-4191. For a package of all general fact sheets, request Item

#WWPKGN Il2, and for a package of the technical fact sheets,

request Item #WW?KOM34. Orders are limited to a maximum

of l0 packages each. Shipping and handling charges do apply

and are based on the actual weight ofthe order.. Orders also can

be placed on the Web at nfsc-orders@estd.wvu.edu or faxed to(304) 293-3161. The fact sheets also can be viewed online at

NSFCs Web site at www.nsfc.wvu.edu

Building Illness ProbedUV Lights May Be Solution

ZTlh" following arlicle from the London, England Guardian

I edition of May 28, 1999, reporting on a published study

I Uy scientists at McGill University, Montr6al, Canada,

indicates that the use of UV lamps can eradicate the bacteria and

fungi occur-ring in many buildings. Many thanks to Fuller UV

Corp. (Frankfort, IL, USA) for sending us this article.

Friday, May 28, 1999 "Building" Il lness Probed - UV Lights

May Be Solution, By Sue Quinn, The Guardian

LONDON -- The bugs causing sick building syndrome -- thephenomenon thought to prompt several ailments, including

headaches, tiredness and a flu-like malaise -- could be eradicated

with ultraviolet lights, researchers say. High intensity UV lights

installed in an office block in Montrdal, Canada, were found,

within three weeks, to almost wipe out the bacteria and fungi

that grew in the ducts and ventilation equipment, claim therientists from McGill University, Montr6al.

A survey of 1 13 employees, who never knew whether or not thelights were on, fbund that 20 percent fewer work-relatedsymptoms occurred when the lights were on. When the lights

were not operating, employees missed work through illness

attributed to poor air quality, but no work was missed when the

lights were on.

Eye irritation, headaches and difficulty concentrating occurredless frequently with the lights on, although skin rashes weremore common. The researchers found, however, that the

airborne concentration of microbes was not significantlyaffected in the experiment. Dick Manses, from McGill

University, said between 20 percent and 30 percent of

employees working in sealed offices with elaborate ventilation,reported non-specific symptoms including headache, fatigue,concentration lapses, sneezes and coughs. In most cases, no

cause could be found, but high concentrations of bacteria and

fungi were known to live on cooling coils, humidificationsystems and ventilation ducts. The germicidal properties of UVlights had been known for decades -- hence their use in

hospitals, food processing, and pharmaceuticals plants.

Send for your FREE copy of the Booklet" U ltraviolet Applications H andbooK'

by James R Bolton' Ph.D.

Bolton PhotosciencesInc.

Offering consulting and research services in:

Ultraviolet tec.h nolo$ies;

Ultraviolet disinfection;

Advanced Oxidation destruction ofpollutants in contaminated waters;

UV lamp testing.

92Main St., Ayr, Ontario, Canada NOB 1E0Tel: 5 I9-7 4l-6283 ; Fax: 519-632-8941

Email. jbolton@boltonuv. com

I9

In the journal, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, the

researchers say, "Microbial contamination of systems may play-

an important part in the pathogenesis of non-specific building-related illnesses. Source control remains the most important

way to prevent illnesses. However, if (these) fail, UV lights

could eradicate the contamination."

Peterborough Emburks on 81 MillionUV Disinfectio n Proi e ct

V Systems Technology has been awarded a $1 millioncontract by the city of Peterborough, Oritlrio, Canadato provide an Ultra GuardrM high-efficiency UV

disinfection system to treat 30 mgd of municipal wastewater.The Ontario Ministry of Environment agreed to the proposed

upgrading of the city's wastewater treatment plant with the

stipulation that the city switch from sodium hypochloritedisinfection of the final effluent to ultraviolet (UV) disinfection.

The city's consultant, CH2M Hill Gore & Storie Limited, was

retained to provide design and project management services.During the predesign phase of the project, the consultant and

city staff prequalified two suppliers of the UV disinfectiontechnology, including UV Systems Technology. Each

conducted on-site testing and submitted a tender for the supplyand installation of the UV system on Aug. 19, 1999 .

U M aV iolet D ev ic es, Inc.UVC Technology

ISO 9001 Certif iedFDA-QSR Compl iant Class l l ManufacturerTechnology LeaderConcept Design, Development & ValidationSolid State Power Supply Design/TestCapabi l i tyProprietary Lamp Fabrication

28220Industry Drive,Valencia California 91 355Phone. (877) PUREUVC

Fax: (661) 295-8350www.uvdi.com

Based on technical merit and 20 year life-cycle cost analysis, theconsultant recommended that the contract be awarded to UVSystems. The company's dose delivery system is unique in thatthe reactor chamber surrounding each lamp multiplies the effect

of the more intense lamp and delivers disinfection over a widerrange of wastewater characteristics and solids concentrations.The design is intended to perform to a given standard with 30times fewer lamps than low pressure low-intensity and threetimes fewer lamps than high pressure high-intensity options, saidPeter Colak, Vice President of Sales and Marketing for UVSystems.

From'. WaterWorld, Nov/Dec 1999 issue, p. 10

UV Disinfectionin the Northern Costa Bruva, Spain

recent summation by Manel Serra and Lluis Sala on"Water Resource Management on the Costa Brava(Spain)" includes the following note on UV disinfection

in five Spanish wastewater plants -

"Finally, there is another project for the installation of smallerhigh-tech reclamation treatment systems (filtration and UVdisinfection) in five of the northern Costa Brava plants. This isintended to produce a wastewater suitable for all non-potableurban uses, to cope with increasing demand and to tackle thelimited (water) supply."

From'. Water Quality International, May/June 1999, p. 13.

Federal Pilot Studies UV Wuter Treutment

study underway at the University of California atBerkeley will test the effectiveness of ultraviolet lightand filters as point-of-use water treatment equipment.

Jack Colford, principal investigator for the study, says thatfamilies from Walnut Creek, CA, will have either working ornon-working water treatment systems installed in their homesfor four months. The blind study is expected to produce more

accurate results than similar, previous research.

Funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention andthe U.S. Environ mental Protection Agency, the study will serveas a pilot project for a larger future federal research project.

Results from the pilot study are expected early in 2000.

20

From: Water Technology, Oct. 1999, p. l7 .

The Greater Living StoreCedar Rupids,IA (USA)

n a recent article which appeared in Water Conditioning &

PuriJication 14l(9):24-261, David H. Martin extols the

business efforts of two water treatment product retailers

(Bob and Jim Lysne) who run The Greater Living Store, which

opened in November 1998 in Cedar Rapids, IA (USA). The

store, located in a visible shopping strip, is a curious blend of

products that enhance the home's air and water through

chemical-free technologies whenever possible. Water treatment

devices available include some proprietary chemical-free or

nearly chemical-free devices, such as those using UV radiation

or ozone purification technologies.

The Lysnes developed the Jac Pac system -- which combines

UV light contained in a triple venturi flow chamber-for spa,/pool

water treatment three years ago. The system is manufactured by

Greater Living and retails in Cedar Rapids for about $800. Says

(Bob) Lysne, "Because traditional pool and spa dealers strongly

prefer chemical disinfectants, I believe this chlorine- and

bromine-free system offers an excellent alternative niche oppor-

tunity for water improvement dealers interested in servicing

pools, spas, aquariums and even ponds in their market areas."

Something Fishy Going on At a Water Plunt

by John Schmid, Environment Reporter.Chicago Sun Times

he following article was published in the July 4, 1999,

edition of the Chicago Sun Times. The effective use of

1312 ultraviolet lamps has created a lush environment in

and around the East Chicago Waste Water Treatment Plant.

(Our thanks to Fuller UV Corp., Frankfort, IL, USA, for sending

us this material).

What's all that stuff growing on the tanks at the East Chicago

treatment facility? It's actually good news. The use of

ultraviolet light as a purifying method is sustaining a surprising

food chain. There are only two ways a fish could end up in East

Chicago's wastewater treatment plant. Either it was flushed

down the sanitary system or it swam up the plant's discharge

pipe. At least one hardy catfish is known to have survived

getting flushed. But a salmon? "No way," said Peter Baran,

operations manager at the East Chicago Sanitary District's

wastewater treatment plant. "Salmon need pristine clean

water." That meant the salmon that started appearing in 1989

must have traveled four miles up the Grand Calumet River,

squeezed through a 16-inch discharge pipe and leapt over a

4-foot waterfall to get into the treatment plant. Baran figured.

Unbelievable. Too bizarre. That was the reaction of most

people when Baran told them his theory. But the fish -- first

adults, then juveniles -- continued to appear at the plant.

Then in 1993 things got really weird. Baran noticed that

something was growing on the sides of the tanks at the

treatment plant. He decided it was time to call the experts

and sent a sample (of the mysterious matter) to Purdue

University. The results: Freshwater sponge native to Lake

Michigan.

A wastewater treatment plant standing in the shadow of steel

mills, oil refineries and other heavy industry is about the last

place you would expect to find salmon and freshwater sponges

thriving. But it made sense to Baran. In 1988, the East Chicago

Sanitation District switched from chlorine to ultraviolet light to

treat its wastewater. Within a short time, Baran saw an

explosion in wild-life downstream from the treatment facility.

The banks of the earthen canal that connects the treatment

facility with the Grand Calumet River, once barren, sprouted

lush growth. The crystal-clear waters of the shallow canal

became popular with ducks, herons. egrets and cormorants,

where once there were no birds at all.

Chlorine attacks organic matter and is an effective and

commonly used decontaminant for wastewater. And wildlif-e

find the chemical intolerable. But ultraviolet light seems to

create an inviting environment for plants and animals. At the

East Chicago plant, 15 million gallons a day of raw wastewater

is first physically screened to remove debris. It is then treated

biologically, or oxidized, during which air and microorganisms-

break down the contaminants in the water. Then the wastewater

is filtered through 1 I inches of sand.

In the final stage, the water passes through four chambers

containing 1,312 5-foot-long, cigar-shaped light bulbs emitting

ultraviolet light. In three seconds or less, the light penetrates the

cell wells of the bacteria and disrupts the bugs' DNA, killing

them. The dead bacteria, among them E. Coli and f'ecal

coliforms, no longer pose a threat to human health, but their

now lifeless bodies provide a free lunch fbr the sponges and they

are the basis for a food chain that eventually supports fish.

With help from the Aquatic Research Institute, Baran set up

surveillance cameras at the facility's waterfall -and counted 156

salmon leaping into the plant in the fall of 1995. Salmon aregenetically programmed to spawn in their native waters and

Baranjai is waiting to see if young tagged in 1995 return to theplant.

Salmon were introduced to Lake Michigan more than 30 years

aqo to eat overabundant alewives. The fish do not reproduce

2l

a

naturally in the southern end of the lake, though some spawninghas been observed in streams in Michigan. Still, 15 millionsalmon and trout must be stocked in the lake everv vear tomaintain their numbers.

The salmon definitely are spawning in the earthen canal at theend of the discharge pipe on plant property, and may even bespawning in the treatment plant itself. When the staff from theAquatic Research Center donned scuba equipment and dived inthe treatment plant, they discovered some interesting detailsabout the sponges, too. For one thing. they're huge. In a naturalenvironment, sponges of this type might grow to be a foot across-- but in the nutrient-rich waters of East Chicago's wastewatertreatment facility, they have been found to be five.feet across.

The sponges are peculiar for another reason. Normally this typeof sponge is green or yellow because of an algae that forms asymbiotic relationship with its host. The algae can be used as afbod source by the sponge during lean times. But with so muchdead bacteria in the water, the sponges have no need for thealgae and are thus remain white.

The sponges provide a final "polishing" stage for the watercoming out of the plant. At their cunent numbers, the spongescould filter 8 million gallons of the wastewater a day. So far,the sponges and salmon pose no threat of clogging up the plant,but Baran has had to add wildlife management to his list ofduties. When he found a young beaver trapped in one of thechannels on the plant property, he rescued the animal and set itfiee. "I've got mixed feelings about the beavers," Baran said."We had a nice stand of poplars that herons used to nest in, butthe beavers cut them down. What do vou do?"

Huwaii Water Reclamution Plant Includes UV

|'Jlhis $140M public-private partnership between Honolulu

| (Hawaii) and U.S. Filter stipulates that U.S. Filter design,

r build, finance, own and operate a water reclamation plantfor 20 years. The city's water reclamation project involves theplant accepting up to 13M gallons per day (GPD) (49.2l{Lld)of secondary effluent to produce 12 MGD (45.42 MLld) forreuse. U.S. Filter guarantees the performance and maintenanceof the treatment facility and related equipment for the length ofthe contract. U.S. Filter will also market and distribute the waterto the city, as well as to commercial and industrial users.

The Honouliuli plant is the first reclamation facility on Oahu,and the largest in the Hawaiian Islands. The new facility willemploy multi-media filtration, microfiltration and RO processesto treat secondary effluent, which was previously discharged

into the Pacific Ocean. These processes will generate twogrades of water for reuse.

A high-quality water, called R0, will be treated by reverseosmosis and sold to power and petro-refining companies thatoperate at a nearby industrial park. A second grade, R1 water,will be treated by multi-media filtration and UV-disinfection.The city will buy about 6 MGD (22.11MLld) of this gradewater for irrigation, thus freeing up an equal amount of potablewater for residential use.

From'. Wnrld Water and Environ. Engr. October 1999, p. 8

Orunge Countlt, CA, aSA Chooses UVD is infe ctio n fo r G ro u n dw ater Repl enishm ent

A $4.8M contract for the developmentphase ofaproposed

A groundwater replenishment scheme for Orange County,I \Cal i fornia. USA. has been awarded ro an engineer ingand scientific team led by Camp Dresser McKee and includingBrown & Caldwell and ASL Engineering. Located justsoutheast of Los Angeles, the Groundwater ReplenishmentSystem is a joint proposal of Orange County Water District andOrange County Sanitation District. The intention is ro treattreated wastewater using microfiltration, reverse osmosis andUV disinfection at a facility in Fountain Valley.

A pipeline will transfer ffeated water up the Santa Ana River toa spreading area in Anaheim where up to 120 Mm3 (100,000acre feet) a year -- enough for 200,000 families -- will beinfiltrated, both boosting supplies and improving groundwaterquality. Water also will be infiltrated close to the FountainValley site to combat seawater intrusion. Water also may bedrawn off from the pipeline fbr other uses, such as irrigationand industrial uses.

The whole scheme recently has secured $1.5M in Federalfunding. It is anticipated that the scheme will be operating atfull capacity by 2020.

From: Water 27, Sept/Oct 1999, p. 6

UV Treats Air Emissions Containing Explosives

7-l-lools of warfare ranging from explosives and pyrotechnics

I to warheads and propellants are found at the Indian HeadI Division, Naval Surface Warfare Center, Indian Head,

MD ordnance manufacturing facility Yet, in Indian Head

22

Division, NSWC's fight against pollution, the environmentalmanagement division is using a different set of weapons. Its

arsenal includes smart engineering, research, training and public

outreach.

At a cost of $4 million, the facility recently installed low

nitrogen oxides (NOx) burners. The estimated reduction of over

250 tons per year of NOx, will be a significant factor inimproving local air quality. The facility also recently installed

an ultraviolet (UV) radiation system that treats air emissions

contaminated with volatile explosives such as nitroglycerin.

The facility is conserving water by focusing on its largest use,

the base power plant. The plant's mineralizer system wasupgraded, saving 4 million gallons per year. The changes alsoincluded reducing boiler blowdown rates, saving 1.5 milliongallons of water per year. Another accomplishment includes the

implementation of a successful recycling program that diverted4,979 tons of solid waste from landfills, avoiding tipping fees of

8298,140.

Indian Head also runs an environmental education center andwatchable wildlife trail. One of the annual events hosted at thecenter is a week-long environmental camp fbr children. Topromote environmental awareness and community involvement,

the facility also coordinates annual beach cleanups and

cosponsors Earth Day celebrations with the town of Indian

Head.

This facility has received numerous awards. In 1999, the U.S.Secretary of Defense honored the facility with the

Environmental Quality Award for an Industrial installation. In

1998, it received several awards, including the National ArborDay Foundation's Tree City USA. Award; the MarylandDepartment of Natural Resources Maryland Plant CommunityGreen Award and other awards for environmental excellencefrom the U.S. Navy.

From'. Environmental P rotection I 0(1 I ): 1 8 (1999)

AWWARF Proj ects Recommended for 2 000

fter sifting through several hundred ideas, theAWWARF Research Advisory Council isrecommending 47 projects for AWWA Research

Foundation funding in 2000. Nine microbial projects, eightchemical projects, six management projects. nine infrastructureprojects, five customer relations projects, and ten resources orenvironment projects are being proposed. Three of these arecentered around UV, and details can be accessed on theAWWARF.com web site.

The proposed agenda will be presented to AWWAT{F's Boardof Trustees in January. Because the list of projects exceeds the2000 project budget, the trustees will prioritize and fund only aportion of the submitted projects. After the board meeting,requests for proposals (RFPs) will be developed for mostprojects. The RFPs will be available in March and will be listedin the February or March 2000 issue of MAINSTREAM.However, AWWARF notes that not all of the projects proposed

may be funded due to insufficient funds currently beingavailable.

The following are descriptions of two of the UV projects beingrecommended - both are in the category, "To protect thedrinking water consumer from microbial risk".

Cryptosporidium Oocyst Repair FollowingUltraviolet (UV) Disinfection

When investigators perform Cryptosporidlum inactivationstudies, the full effectiveness ofthe disinfection process may beoverestimate d if the organism's self-repair capability is notconsidered. This project will investigate whether self-repair byCryptosporidlruru oocysts occurs following UV treatment, and ifso, evaluate the implications for use of UV technologies in

Cryptosporidium inactivation. The evaluation will includeviability studies at various times following UV treatment todetermine the kinetics of reactivation and how that relates to thestorage times in a distribution system.

Protocol for Designing and ConductingUV Disinfection Studies

Recent data on inactivation effectiveness of Cryptosporidiumparvum oocysts using low pressure, medium pressure, andpulsed UV lamps are encouraging. Undoubtedly there will bemany groups doing UV pilot studies and UV demonstrationstudies. There is need to develop guidance on how to designand conduct UV disinfection studies to be certain that eachelement critical to high quality data generation is considered.The proposed paper study would provide critical guidance onhow UV disinfection studies should be accomplished. Theprotocol in report format would provide guidance on (1)

selection of the pathogenic and sur:rogate microorganisms to bestudied, (2) methods to assess inactivation and possible

reactivation after UV exposure, (3) selection, design, andoperation of collimated beam equipment, and (4) selection,design, operation, and scale of UV equipment to be tested.

The following project is proposed under the goal : "To improveutility management to obtain optimum water quality and systemreliability" :

ZJ

-

Hydrodynamic Characterization of UV Reactors

There exists a need to better understand the hydraulics of UVsystems in order to facilitate the design of large systems. Thehydraulics ofUV system design are not well understood and arecritical to the performance of the reactor. This project woulddevelop a tool for the hydraulics of UV reactors to be used forthe design and operation of these reactors. This tool should becapable of producing designs by scaling-up existing or pilotolant svstems.

Treatment Technologies Duta Base Availuble

he National Drinking Water Clearinghouse's drinkingwater treatment technologies database is now availablefor searchine online at www.ndwc.wyu.edu. Known as

the Registry of Equipment Suppliers of Treatment Technologiesfbr Small Systems, or RESULTS 3.0, the database is a tool forsmall systems considering different technologies for replacementor upgrade of current treatment plants.

From: Water Technology Nov. 1999, p. 12

The M unufacturers' Forum

n this segment, we are providing the opportunity for thosefirms in the business of making UV and related equipmentto submit articles, notices, and other types of information

that will help further the knowledge of IUVA News readers onany aspect of UV technology. IUVA News members are quiteaware that manufacturers of UV and related equipment representa deep wealth of knowledge as to the production and control ofUV radiation, as well as applications for UV in manyapplications. It is the intent of the Manufacturers' Forum topublish such information as might be contributed by thissegment of the UV industry.

Contributions for this section should follow the followingground rules with respect to subject matter and content:

1. Material should be descriptive of something new in UVtechnology, a new application of UV technology, adiscussion oftheoretical UV issues, or any application forUV radiation in anv field.

2. Material should not be slanted toward the manufacturerand its UV product line, and should be more detailed than"press release" type of information. Press releases can be

considered for inclusion in the "Industry Updates"segment.

The Editor of IUVA News reserves the right to remove anycommercialism and to edit the English, punctuation, etc.

The Editorial Board of IUVA News must approve thetechnical accuracy of the content of submissions.

The Deployment of High-Intensity UVTechnology for the Elimination of

Residuul Chlorine Present in Wuter

3.

4.

Facility/Test Site:

Application:

Clinipad SurgicalManufacturing Facility,NC, USAChlorine Destruction

Abstract

ProductsCharlotte,

his technical brief outlines a case-study involving thesuccessful deployment of next-generation high-intensityUV technology for the elimination of residual free

chlorine present in the city supply water at a surgical-productsmanufacturing facility located in North Carolina, USA.

It had long been known that UV light has the unique ability toeliminate chlorine present in water, as evidenced by the'disappearance' ofchlorine from open ponds and pools exposedto sunlight. Research studies have been carried out in the pastto study the effectiveness of UV light for this application thatreported excellent results. Aquafine has carried out two years ofresearch with MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) inCambridge, Massachusetts (see Aquafine Technical Bulletin#002 for additional information).

In the case in point, the influent Charlotte, North Carolina citywater is first pretreated by a 5 'm pre-filter. The water thenpasses through an Aquafine SCD-HE Series ChlorineDestruction unit (24Jamps). The process flow rate ranges from40 to 50 GPM (gallons per minute). The free chlorine and totalchlorine concentrations at the inlet of the UV unit are about 0.6mg/L and 0.9 mg/L, respectively, while the values are belowdetectable limits at the outlet of the UV unit. The Aquafine UVunit is part of a fully validated, USP 23 Pharmaceutical-gradewater treatment system and has been in operation since July 2,1998. The UV effluent free chlorine and total chlorineconcentrations are'below detectable limits'.

24

Desuiption of the UV Unit at Clinipad

The Chlorine Destruction unit installed at Clinipad typical UVunit essentially comprises a cylindrical chamber featuring UVlamps encased inside quartz sleeves arranged within thechamber, with the water flowing over the sleeves. During theseveral seconds that the water stream resides within the cylinder,the targeted contaminant present in the water (free/- totalresidual chlorine) absorbs the incident UV radiation generatedby the lamps. This unit also features the Aqualogic 2000rMControl System, patented by Aquafine that monitors anddisplays the absolute, real-time UV intensity generated by theUV lamps.

Conclusions

The powerful energy of UV radiation can be success-fullyharnessed to destroy trace amounts of residual chlorine. Thisnon-chemical and environment-friendly method offerssignificant inherent advantages and benefits compared toconventional dechlorination technologies utilized thus far by theindustry. Recent advancements in UV technology haverendered this application practical and economically feasible. Itis also an environmentally-responsible method of removingchlorine and/or chloramine present in the feed water.

For more information, please contact Bak Srikanth at AquafineCorporation, Applications Engineering Department, 25230 W .Avenue Stanford, Valencia, CA 91355; Ph: 661-251-4170 (x65 1 ) ; Fax : 66 | -251 -2489 ; e-mail : bak @ aquafineuv.com

Before t and after J UV installation

Photos Courtesy of Pure Flow, Inc., Mebane, NC*

* Pure Flow, Inc. is Aquafine's regional distributor in NC.

IUVA News Travels to South Africa

Jennifer L. Clancy, Ph.D.,Intemational Vice President, IUVA

POB 314, St. Albans, VT 05478Tel: (802) 527-2460: Fax: (802) 5324-3909

jclancy@together.net

n October I had the pleasure of visiting Cape Town, SouthAfrica as the guest of the Water Institute of Southern Africa(WISA) to address a subcommittee of their members on my

favorite subject -- Cryptosporidium and UV disinfection.Seventy-five WISA members and others interested in this topicshowed up for a half day session. I had spent the previous twodays as the guest of Dr. Chrissie DeWet, Director of Water

Quality at Rand Water in Johannesburg, where I presented thesame material. International travel being what it is these days,the news of UV is getting everywhere fast!

Dr.Zia Bukhari and I will be returning to this beautiful countryin May, 2000 to present technical papers at the WISA biennialconference which will be held at Sun City, in the Norlh WestProvince (about 2 hours from J'Burg by car) from 28 May to IJune 2000. The Conference will commence on the Sunday witha social Meet & Greet, followed by three days of paralleltechnical sessions. and will conclude with a number of technicalvisits. A series of keynote and plenary sessions will bescheduled throughout the conference.

WISA was formed in 1987 when the Southern African branchof the Institute of Water Pollution Control (formerly the Instituteof Sewage Purification), which had served the water industry inSouthern Africa for a period of 50 years, was disbanded. TheInstitute keeps its members abreast of the latest developments inwater technology and research through its national andinternational liaison, links and affiliations. Currently theInstitute has almost 1000 members and is growing steadily on anannual basis. The Institute embodies a multidisciplinaryapproach, and as such, members are drawn from all spheres ofemployment and varying disciplinary backgrounds. WISA'smission is to provide a forum for exchange of information andviews to improve water resource management in SouthernAfrica.

I will be presenting the latest information on UV disinfection ofa variety of microbes from ongoing research in our lab (we'veexpanded from Cryptosporidium') andZia will discuss our workon developing methods for Cryptosporidium recovery fromwastewater and biosolids.

25

Ultraviolet Light Found to Be Effective AgainstCryptosporidium

by Thomas M. Hargy, Staff Scientist, ClancyEnvironmental Consultants, St. Albans, VT, USA

he need for adequate disinfection of drinking water withminimal reliance on chemicals has focused attentionrecently on ultraviolet light (UV) and its effect on

microorganisms. The term UV refers specifically to light in the200 to 300 nanometers (nm) wavelength region. The mosteffective UV disinfection strength is 260 nm, which correspondsclosely to the peak output of low-pressure mercury lamps. Theoutput of medium-pressure mercury lamps is spread throughoutthe 200 to 300 nm range. Because these lamps are much morepowerful than low-pressure lamps, significant bactericidaleffects can be achieved with fewer lamps.

A third type of lamp that produces UV is the broad-band pulsedlamp. While a major portion of pulsed lamp output is inwavelengths other than the bactericidal range, including visible(white) light, these lamps also produce remarkable amounts ofdisinfectant UV.

Chart 1

In vitro surrogate methodolog] - Studies using lnvitro surcogate viability techniques have indicated thatoocvst inact ivar ion requires relat ivelv hieh UV doses:

Reference

Ransome, etal,1995

Clancy, etal, 1998

Campbell,et al. 1995

Lamp type

low pressure

low pressure

low pressure

mJ/cm2

80;120

r80

8,700

Log Inacti-vation

l ;2

<I

>2

The amount of UV irradiation reaching a surface is expressed asmilliwatts per square centimeter 1mWcmz). The UV dose is afunction of irradiation multiplied by exposure duration, ormW.sec/cm2. This is equivalent to millijoules per squarecentimeter (mJ/cm2). The effectiveness of UV fbr disinfectingbacteria has been established for some time. In order to achieve4-log inactivation of most bacteria, 3 to 15 mJ/cm2 are required.For the same inactivation of viruses. 30 to 80 mJ/cm2 arenecessary.

Some existing commercial systems deliver doses in these ranges.Greater doses for higher logs of inactivation are readily

feasible. Dose-response curves for many organisms areavailable, although agreement by microbiologists, engineers andregulatory agencies on the precision and accuracy of thesecurves may be lacking. UV has the added advantage that it doesnot produce disinfection byproducts.

Measuring UV's Effectiveness

The efficacy of UV for the inactivation of Cryptosporidium haslong been doubted by microbiologists and water treatmentprofessionals. In large paft this has been fostered by the greaterresistance of Cryptosporidium oocysts to chemical disinfectioncompared to other microorganisms. The notion has beenstrongly reinforced by inadequacies in the assays, or tests, usedto assess oocyst viability following UV treatment. Studies usingin vitro surrogate viability techniques have indicated that oocystinactivation requires relatively high UV doses (see Chart 1).

A comparison of the in vitro surrogate methods used in thesestudies with the more definitive animal infectivity techniquesshowed that the surrogates do not respond appropriately to lowdoses of UV. As a result, inactivation is underestimated bythese methods.

A review of more recent studies using animal infectivity fortesting UV efficacy recognizes UV's ability to achieve higherlog activation of Cryptosporidium, but at lower doses (see Chart2). These results indicate that UV can be extremely effective atinactivating Cryptosporidium oocysrs. The notable exceptionwas the 41,000 mJ/cm2 exposure. A review of the methodologyused by Finch, et al, in this 1997 study points out that the UVlight was passed through a glass bottle before irradiating theCryptosporidium. As glass is opaque to UV, this is likely thereason for the minimal effect of such a high UV dose.

These researchers also performed the medium-pressure UV testsin the 1999 study, but without the interference of glass, andfound UV to be effective (3.2-log inactivation) at only 10mJ/cm2. In this latter study, UV also was found to be effectiveagainst Giardia muris (2 to 3logs inactivation at 20 to 100mJ/cm2).

System Selection

Choosing systems that provide the desired UV exposure -- withassurance that this exposure will be maintained over time and invarying feed water conditions -- is a difficult task. Verification

26

lof contact time -- or more appropriately, irradiation multipliedby time (IT) -- will require either accurate and dependable UVsensors, or precise monitoring of lamp output and thetransmitting characteristics of the feed water.

Major factors affecting the irradiation component of IT are UVabsorbency, turbidity (particles may shade organisms fiom UV)and dissolved ion concentrations (which contribute toabsorbency and lamp fouling). The time component is derivedfrom accurate measurement of the flow rate and considerationof the flow characteristics and volume of the UV reactorchamber. The effective residence time of any entrained particle(or organism) depends on the path the water takes to pass by thelamps. UV systems may incorporate baffles to create

turbulence, or may force the fastest moving water to pass closestto the lamps.

As the precise UV dose is difficult to pin down, final selectionand sizing of a UV system for a given location may requiresite-specific testing using challenge organisms to verify that therequired dose has been delivered. UV can be blocked byparticulate matter in water. The presence of this interferencediminishes the UV unit's capacity to irradiate a target organism.requiring longer retention time or additional lamps to achieve a

Locating UV reactors on the finished product water is morebeneficial than placing them at upstream locations in treatmentsystems.

Costs of UV Treatment

A comparison of costs determined that UV treatment at 40mJ/cm2 was cost-effective compared to ozonation (1 mg/L) andchlorination (5 mg/L) at0.024 million to 1.8 million gallons per

day (MGD). This study found a higher UV dose 1140 mJ/cm'].)also was less expensive than ozone at 1 mg/L, but slightly moreexpensive than chlorine at 5 mg/L. These comparisons do notinclude costs for secondary (residual) disinfectant costs that aUV treatment system might require.

UV long has been accepted as a disinfectant of bacteria andviruses, but has not been widely applied in drinking watersystems in the United States due to its perceived inadequacy attreating Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidiam oocysts. Recentscrutiny in bench and full-scale tests of existing equipmentsuggest that UV is capable of providing significant disinfectionof Cryptosporidium and affording lesser dependence onchemical disinf'ectants. Reproducing these studies on a varietyof waters and with a cross-section of existing UV equipmentwill further confirm that UV disinfection may play a significantrole in drinking water treatment.

About the Author: Thomas Hargy is staff scientist at ClancyEnvironmental Consultants, St. Albans, VT. He recentlyperformed the first protozoan challenge tests under theNSF-ETV Drinking Water Pilot program.

References

Z. Bukhari, J.L. Clancy, M. Marshall, D. Korich, H. Smith, J.O'Grady, N. Sykes, C. Fricker, Proceedings, AWWA Water

Quality Technology Conf'erence, San Diego, CA. CD-ROM,1998.Z. Bukhari, T.M. Hargy, J.R. Bolton, B. Dussert, J.L. Clancy,"Medium-pressure UV light for oocyst inactivation," J. Am.Water Works Assoc.. March 1999.A.T. Campbell, L.J. Robertson, M.R. Snowball, H.V. Smith,"Inactivation of oocysts of Cry-ptosporidium parvum byultraviolet irradiation," Water Resources, November 1995.J.L. Clancy, T.M. Hargy, M.M. Marshall, J.E. Dyksen, "UVlight inactivation of Cryptosporidlam oocysts," J. Am. WaterWorks Assoc. September 1998.J.L. Clancy, "UV Inactivation of Cryptosporidium,"Proceedings, U.S. EPA Workshop on UV Disinfection ofDrinking Water, Arlington, VA, April 1999.J.L. Clancy, "Ultraviolet light - a solution to theCrltptosporidiumthreat?" UV News, Vol. f . issue I (June 1999),pp. 18-22,International UV Association, Ayr, ON, Canada.

Chart2.

In Vivo Animal Infectivitv Methodolosv

Reference

Dunn, et al,1995

Finch, et al,1991

Clancy, etal, 1998

Bukhari, etal,1999

Finch &Belosevic,r999

Hargy,1999

Clancy,1999a

Lamp Type

pulsed

low pressure

low pressure

mediumpressure

mediumpressure

low pressure

mediumoressure

mJ/cm2

1,000

41,000

4,380

19

10

10

6

Log Inacti-vation

>6

,<0.6

>4

3.9

) .L

4

>4

given dose.

27

t.-J. Dunn, T Ott, W. Clark, "Pulsed light treatment of food andpackaging," Food Technology, 1995.G.R. Finch, L.L. Gyiirdk, L.R.J. Liyanage, M. Belosevic, "Effectof various disinfection methods on the inactivation ofCryptosporidian," AWWA Research Foundation and AmericanWater Works Association, 1997.G.R. Finch and M. Belosevic, "Inactivation of Cryptosporidiumpanum and Giardia muris with medium pressure ultravioletradiation," Proceedings, U.S. EPA Workshop on UVDisinfection of Drinking Water, Arlington, VA, April 1999.T.M. Hargy, "The use of ultraviolet light for inactivation ofCrltptosporidium in water," Proceedings, Water QualityAssociation Annual Conference, Fort Worth, TX, 1999.J.P. Malley, J.P. Shaw, J.D. Ropp, "Evaluation of theby-products produced by the treatment of groundwaters withultraviolet radiation (UV) and post disinfection followingirradiation," Denver, CO, AWWA and AWWARF, 1996.M.E. Ransome, T.N. Whitmore, E.G. Carrington, "Effect ofdisinfectants on the viability of Cryptosporidium paruumoocysts," Water Supply, November 1993."Very small systems best available technology cost" document,U.S. EPA, Drinking Water Technology Branch, OGWDW,t993."Ultraviolet light disinfection technology in drinking waterapplication - an overview," U.S. EPA Report 811-R-96-002,1996.B.A. Wilson, F.F. Roessler, E.N. Dellen, M. Abbaszadegan, C.P.Gerba, "Coliphage MS-2 as a UV water disinfection efficacy testsurrogate for bacterial and viral pathogens," Proceedings,AWWA Water Quality Technology Conference, 1992.

Definitions

joule'. A measure of energy, work or quantity of heat.

In vitro'. In glass. A laboratory experiment performed in a testtube or other vessel using tissues. cells or subcellular extractsfrom an organism.

In vivo'. Within a living organism. A laboratory experimentperformed in which the substance under study is inserted into aliving organism.

Source:Water Quality Association, Lisle, IL- Glossata of Terms

From: Water Technology 22(9):63-67 (1999)

UV Abstrscts

Study of Ultraviolet Light and Ozone Surface Modificationof Polypropylene, L.F. MacManus, M.J. Walzak, and N.S.Mcintyre (Surface Science Western, Room G-1, WesternScience Centre, The University of Western Ontario, London,Ontario N6A 587, Canada), J. Polymer Science. Pafi A. Polymerchemistry, 37 (l 4):2489 -250t (1999).

Chemical reactions of the surface of a polypropylene (PP) filmin the presence of various combinations of ultraviolet light andozone gas (UVO) conditions were studied. Exposure of thepolymer surface was carried out in a laboratory-scale UVOreactor in which the following parameters could be varied:ozone concentration, wavelength of ultraviolet (UV) radiation,pulsed operation of the UV lamps, the treatment distancebetween the PP film and the lamps, and water vaporconcentration. Advancing and receding contact anglemeasurements were used to monitor surface energy changesimparled by the treatment. Two spectro-scopic techniques,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and attenuated totalreflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(ATR-FTIR), were used to monitor changes in the polymersurface chemistry.

Oxidation of the PP surface is proposed to occur through twoalternate mechanisms: (1) insertion of an OrD atom to form etherlinkages, or (2) hydrogen ion by Ott, followed either bycrosslinking or by reaction with oxygen species to formcarbonyl and/or carboxyl functional groups. It was found thatreaction I dominates initially, but that its rate is reduced by theformation of products from reaction 2. It appears that the etherfunctional groups produced by reaction 1 are responsibleprimarily for increased surface energy. Carbonyl, carboxyl, andhydroxyl groups formed in reaction 2 appear to have littleadditional effect on surface energy; it is proposed that thesegroups are involved strongly in intramolecular hydrogenbonding, thereby decreasing their availability to contribute toincreased surface energy.

High-energy UV radiation was found to play only a minor rolein the surface modification of PP. Of the narrow range of ozoneconcentrations studied, no clear relation-ship was found to existbetween ozone concentration and rate of modification of thesurface; thus, the concentration of ozone must not affect therelative concentrations of products from the competingreactions. Increased surface oxidation and decreased contactangles were observed when the lamp-to-sample distance wasminimized. The presence of water vapor during ffV'O treatmentwas found to lead to greater oxygen uptake after short-termtreatments but did not result in increased surface enersv.

28

to provide awaterborne

niie-tO-'ii*$rilS#Sl:,i+i.j i ty germicidal arc lamps areprotected by quartz sleeves and positioned holizontally, inopen channel, parallel with the flow of effluent.

Industrial & CommercialThe Ultra Dynamics@ Series Gl Closed Vessel UV Disinfection System providesin excess of 30,000 micro-watt seconds per square centimeter of 254nmultraviolet energy across a fluid medium for positive inactiviation of pathogenicmicroorganisms.The Series Gl also exceeds U.S. Department of Health requirements forultraviolet disinfection of potable water. The high intensity ultraviolet lamps arerated for over 9,000 hours of continuous use.

LaboratoryUltra Dynamics@ Faucet TypeUltraviolet Disinfection Unitsare designed for high pur i tysystems and for f lows up to 1GPM. Includes a ouickdisconnect spout for easysanitizing and service.Designed to el iminate point-of-use bacteria.

ResidentialUltra Dynamics@ offers a UVdisinfect ion uni t designedspecifically for low flows of 5to 7 gal lons per minute. TheModel 8101-JD UV system iseasily installed on the waterfeed to any dwell ing or facil i tyat the Point of Entry (POE) orPoint of Use (POU). As thewater passes through the8101-JD i t is subjected to alethal dose of UV energybefore being distributed tofaucets and other ooints fordischarge and consumption.

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Upcoming Meetings

Meetings With IUVA Involvement

2000 Meet ings . . . . .

Wasser Berlin 2000, Berlin, Germany, October 23-27r 2000 -

IUVA is invited by the IOA (International Ozone Association)to participate in the technical program. Contact: IUVA, Ayr,ON, Canada (see p. 3 inserl) or IOA, EA3G office, 83 Av Foch,F-75116 Paris, France, Tel: +33 1 53 10 13 58; Fax: +33 1 53 1013 40; e-mail: IOA-Paris@compuserve.com

Meetings Of Other Organizations

2000 Meet ings . . . . . . . .

Technology Expo and Int'\. Symposium on Small DrinkingWater and Wastewater Systems, Phoenix, AZ, January 12-15,2000. Contact: Dr. Joseph Cotruvo, NSF International, Ph.202-289 -21 40 ; F x 202-289 -2 1 49 ; cotruvo @ nsf . org ; or H. DianeSnyder, RWREF, Ph. 505-843-9119, Fx 505-224-9119;

,i.-:i:i:r$:i;r.! l iltl: l.l:ti :

UV 2000: A Technical Symposium, Costa Mesa, CA, January27 and 28, 2000. Contact: National Water Research Institute,P.O. Box 20865, Fountain Valley, CA 92128-0865; Tel: 714-37 8-321 8; Fax 1 14-378-3375.

South Carolina Section of AWWA and AWWARF ConJerence,"Bridging the Gap: Practical Application of Current Research",Hyatt Regency, Greenville, SC, January 27 and 28, 2000.Contact: Clint E. Shealy, P.E., 803-254-4400; e-mail:

lr:j"::.::::.lr-:ri:1.:i,ll:,it:,11;.t,::4.,,:,.-1.:l::l Day I (Jan. 21) -- EmergingRegulations and Strategies to Comply; Day 2 (Ian.28) - DBPFormation in Southeastern U.S. Waters and UV Disinf'ectionApplications.

Water Reuse 2000, San Antonio, TX, Jan. 30-Feb. 2'2000.Contact: American Water Works Association, 6666 West

Quincy Ave., Denver, CO 80235. Tel: 303-194-7711. Tues.,Feb. t has two UV-oriented papers: (1) "Comparison of UVDisinfection Technologies for Meeting California WastewaterReclamation Criteria" (Fred Soroushian, CH2M Hill), (2)

"Disinfection Alternatives in Water Reuse Systems: Test ofHydraulic Deflectors to Improce the Efficiency of Full-Scale UVReactors" (Philippe Savoye, CIRSEE-Lyonnaise des Eaux;Valentina Lazarova)

Aqua-Tech 2000,Istanbul, Turkey, March 2-5,2000. Fax: +902r2 28r 2713.

Xth IWRA World Water Conference, Melbourne, Australia, 11-17March 2000. Contact: - ICMS Pty., 84 Queensbridge Street,Southbank. Victoria, Australia 3006. Tel: +61 3 9682 0244. Fax:+61 3 9682 0288; e-mail: worldwater@-icms.com.au

European Bottled Water Association, 6h Convention & Trade Fair,London, U.K. Call: +44 (0)1225 422 050.

Aquatech Asia 2000, Suntec Centre, Singapore, March 14-16,2000. Call: +65-212-2250.

IWRA Xth World Water Congress, Melbourne, Australia, MarchlL-17,2000. Contact: Ms. Lisa McNaught, ICMS Pty Ltd., 84

Queensbridge Street, Southbank, Victoria, Australia, Tel: +61 396820244; Fax: +61 3 9682 0288; ,1.:;'i"jl$"1i:ri:i:,i i: l:"",-,-":.---:l:

Water 2000, Auckland, New Zealand, 17-25 March 2000.Contact: - New Zealand Water & Wastes Assoc., P.O. Box 15-974, New Lynn, Auckland 1232, New Zealand. Tel: +64 9 8215757; Faxl. +64 9 821 2003; e-mail: water@nzwwa.org.nz

Water QwaliQ Association 2000,Long Beach, CA, USA, March2l-26,2000. Contact: - Water Quality Assoc., Lisle, IL. Tel:630-505-0161, ext . 210.

Wastewater Treatment: Standards and Technologies to meet theChallenges of the 21" Centttry GIWEM MilLennium Conference),Leeds, U.K., April 4-7,2000. Contact: Zena Hickinson, AETechnology Transfer, School of Civil Engineering, University ofLeeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, U.K., Tel: +44 (0)l 13 233 2308; Fax:+ 44 (0) l 13 23 3 2243 ; :",,! ti,:i,,i1.:i:a1::ir1 j.:,r. j iil.j:i:rr,:.t1,,r:i.:,

AQUA-EXPO - Water, the source of Life,Paris, France, April 4-9,2000. Contact: OREXPO, 2 bis rue Jules Breton, 75013 Paris,France, Tel: +33 | 4535 7681; Fax: +33 3 4321 5009; e-mail:

,il"i ii:.::i ::i.:,,i:i:,1 ",k:l ll:r : l ,.:,l i;:ui"t *,i.,i-1,

Ultrapure Water Expo 2000,Phlladelphia, PA, April 11-13,2000.Contact: Miriam Slejko, Tel: 303-973-6100; Fax: 303-973-5327 ;'''..: ;;i; 1; 1i.i:l l* ::l l t*",1;*'L-i:.tI www : talloaks. com

Water India 2000, International Exhibition & Congress, NewDelhi, India, April 18-21, 2000. Contact: Tel +91-ll-463-8680.

Water Asia 2000,Bangkok, Thailand, May 10-14, 2000. Contact:Tel: +662-642-69II-8.

M M

30

9'n National Conference on Drinking Water, Regina,Saskatchewan, May 16-18, 2000. Contact:<,i!:r-l-$ x.t i,'s,1;irg_1;,;i j,ia: ii 11,,1 l ,, g,:::

The 2000 WEF and Purdue University Industrial WastesTechnical conference, St. Louis, MO, May 2l-24, 2000.Contact: Water Environment Federation, 601 Wythe St.,Alexandria, VA (USA) 22314-1994; Ph: 1-800-666-0206(US/Canada); all others 103-684-2452; Fx 703-684-2471confinfo@wef.org

2'd Int'\. Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated andRecalcitrant Compounds, Monterey Conference Center,Monterey, CA, USA, 22-25 May 2000. Contact: KarlNehring, Battelle, 505 King Avenue, Columbus, OH 43201-2693; Tel: 614-424-6510; Fax: 614-424-3661nehring@battelle.com

HrO AccadueO 2000, Int'\. Exhibition on Water Technology,Ferrara, Italy, 24-27 May 2000. Contact: Paola Cestari,Ferara Fiere Srl, Via Bologna, 534, 44040 Chiesuol del Fosso(FE), Italy, Tel. +39 (0)532-900113; Fax: +39 (0)532-916001;pcestari @ fer:rarafiere. it

2"" Conference on Oxidation Technologies for Water andWastewater Treatment Special Topic: Photocatalysis,Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany, May 28-31, 2000. Contact: Dr.B. Kragert, Clausthaler Umwelttrchnik-Institut GmbH,Leibnizstr. 2l+23, D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany, Fax:+49 53 23 / 933-100; e-mail: ti.i.!,;i:i:;..:r,::,r:-i!::f-.,ii:, Internet:i:r:,i'i j,:'ji,jj,ij,:":,":,,j:.1j:. (Section "Veranstaltungen").

WISA 2000 Biennial Conference, Sun City, South Africa, May28 - June 1, 2000. Contact: Roelien-M Bakkar, WaterInstitute of Southern Africa, P.O. Box 6011, Halfway House.1685 South Africa, Tel: +2'7 11 805 6368; Fax: +21 113151 25 8 ; i;:i;;:-tlbi::i i{r:!.riti:-ii:ii:,;:,,i.-i,:-.,.:;it

ECWatech-2))) Water: Ecology and Technology, Moscow,Russia, May 29 - June 2,2000. Contact: SIBICO Int'I. Ltd.,Tel: 1-095-915-3423; or 5104; Fax:1-201-6310; e-mail:sibico.int @ 923.relcom.ru

U.K. Environment Week, Birmingham, U.K., June 6-8, 2000.Contact: Richard Miller, tel: +44 020 89101940; e-mail:. i . . ' : : . ' : . , : : : . .

' . . ,_." ,_ i : : " , . : : l t . l ,

American Water Works Assoc., Annual Convention, Denver, CO,June 11-15,2000. Contact: AWWA, 6666 West Quincy Ave.,Denver. CO 80235. Tel: 303-194-1111.

Sixth International Conference on Advanced OxidationTechnologies Jbr Water and Air Remediation and FifthI nte rnational C o nfe rence on TiO, P hoto c atalytic P urifi c ationand Treatment of Water and Air, The Hilton Hotel, London,Ontario, Canada, June 25-30, 1999. Contact: Dr. Hussain A1-

Ekabi, c/o Science & Technology Integration, Inc., UWO Park,100 Collip Circle, Suite 110, London, Onrario, Canada N6G 4X8,Tel : 519-858-5055; Fax: 519-858-5056; e-mai l :|Url,1:: i: :*,,*lji.,r".lj,j:::,li1j CaII for Pap ers.. Abstracts (not exceedingtwo pages) due by February 25, 2000. Visit the rwo web sites:.ji,!:_:j:,,iict:itl!ii,lij...ti:i.{:l"i:ij:i.{it:!g and www.tio2conference.comParis 2000 Conference -- I" World Congress of the Int'\. WaterAssociation (IWA), Paris, France, 3-7 July 2000. 20th BiennialIAWQ Conference; 8'n World Congress of the ISWA; and aSpecialized Conf. of the IWSA/AISE. Contact: Paris 2000Conference, c/o AGHTM / CFRP, 83 Ave Foch, BP 3916,15161Paris cedex 16, France; Tel: +33 1 5310 13 53; Fax: +33 | 531013 40. Poster Proposals (not to exceed 4 pages) due 15 Jan.2000.

Joint World Congress on Groundwater,Forteleza,Brazll, July 31- Aug. 4,2000. Contact: Tel: +55 85 265 1288

ReJractorlt Organic Substances in the Environment ROSE II,Univ. Karlsruhe, Germany, August 1-3, 2000. Contact: Dr.Gudrun Abbt-Braun, Fritz H. Frimmel, Engler-Bunte-Institute,Div. of Water Chemistry, University of Karlsruhe, Engler-Bunte-Ring l, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany. Callfor Papers: Extendedabstracts (3 pages maximum) by l5 March 2000.

Watertech Asia 2000, Singapore. Sept. 25-28, 2000. Call: +65-534 3588.

A q uat e c h 2 0 0 0, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Sept. 26 -29, 2000.Call: +3I-20-549-1212. Internet: :::-!lti:nj:!:j.i,*l_15411I11;;g,i1 Cal/for Papers: abstracts (500-750 words) in English by 15 January2000 to: IWA Secretariat (Aquatech 2000), Alliance House, 12Caxton Street, London, SW lH 0QS, U.K.; Tel: +44 111 6545500; Fax: +44 lll6545555; *::j;3;i:t"':r.r;r:i::.:,:.i1..::,i.*idt*:,

Ultrapure Water ASIA 2000 Technical Conference, Westin PlazaHotel, Singapore, October 2-4,2000. Callfor Papers.. One-pageabstracts Io Ultrapure Water Joumal, P.O. Box 621669, Littleton,CO 80 1 62, USA, Fax: 303 -91 3 -5321 ; ::tii,t-tri-_ii:1*j_is1iq,1;;,1i; orEnvironmental Technology Institute, Block 2, Unit 231 ,Innovation Centre, 18 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637723,Fax+65 1 92- 129 I ; ii."t:-j:l:L.ji,:1_irt:*"i":",3.,::i;_,lr_li

WEFTEC 2000, Anaheim, CA, Oct. 14-18, 2000. Contact:Water Environment Federation, 601 Wythe St., Alexandria, VA(USA) 22314-1994, Ph: l-800-666-0206 (US/Canada); allothers 703 -68 4-2452; Fx : 703 -684- 247 7 ; confinf o@ wef. ors

INTERNATIONAL I,'LTRAVIOLET A$SOC.

31

Revisions Planned to the NSF Title 55 Standard forCertifying "Ultraviolet Microbiological Water Treatment Systems"

James R. Bolton, Ph.D., Executive Director, Intemational Ultraviolet AssociationPO Box 1110, Ayr, ON, Canada NOB 180; Tel: 519-741-6283;Fax: 519-632-8941; Email:jtu*t€gp.@jgv*,*rg

emo To the IUVA membership: I had the pleasure ofrepresenting IUVA at a meeting held on Tuesday. 5October 1999 in Ann Arbor. Ml. This meetins was to

consider revisions to the National Sanitation Foundation (NSF)Title 55 Standard for certifying "Ultraviolet MicrobiologicalWater Treatment Systems". This standard covers primarily"point of use" (POU) and "point of entry" (POE) UV systems.Two systems are recognized:

CLASS A SYSTEMS: Class A POE, and POU systems aredesigned to disinfect and/or remove microorganisms fromcontaminated water, including bacteria and viruses, to a saf'elevel. Systems covered by this standard are not intended for thetreatment of water that has an obvious contamination source,such as raw sewage; nor are systems intended to convertwastewater to microbiologically safe drinking water. Thesystems are intended to be installed on visually clear water (notcolored, cloudy or turbid).

[The current standard for Class A systems is a minimum UVdose under "worst case" conditions of 38.000 microwatt-sec/cmz(38 mJ/cm2) as determined by B. subtilis biodosimetry.l

CLASS B SYSTEMS OR COMPONENTS: Class B POUsystems covered by this standard are designed for supplementalbactericidal treatment of treated and disinfected public drinkingwater or other drinking water which has been tested and deemedacceptable for human consumption by the state or local healthagency having jurisdiction. The system is designed to reducenormally occurring nonpathogenic or nuisance microorganismsonly. The Class B system is not intended for the disinfection ofmicrobiologically unsaf-e water.

[The current standard for Class B systems is a minimum UVdose under "worst case" conditions of 16,000 microwatt-sec/cm2(16 mJ/cm'z) as determined by B. subtilis biodosimetry.l

The following recommendations were made, subject to finaladootion:

I The new revised standard will use mJ/cm'?, rather thanmicrowatt-seclcm2 for UV dose (this was adopted at mysuggestion).

Either MS2 phage and B. subtilis can be used as surrogatesfor UV dose testing (the current standard only allows B.Subtilis).

"PerJbrmance- based" standards will be set (e.g., for ClassA systems about 2-logs inactivation for MS2 and 2.S-logsfor B. subtilis), and UV dose will be mentioned only as acomparison (I initiated this change).

4. Two types of apparatus can pass the test -

a. UV reactors containing a sensor fbr setting of a"fai l -sale" point .

b. UV reactors without a sensor will be required to have"safety factors" of increased UV power and timedwarning devices to indicate when lamps should bereplaced or quartz sleeves cleaned.

There were a number of other minor changes, but the abovewere the principal changes.

These new changes will be incorporated into the Draft Title 55standard and will be presented to the Committee for finaladoption at the next meeting on 24 January 2000.

2.

3.

t1JZ

a

, t . . . . . . . . . INDUSTRY UPDATES aaaaaaaaaaa

Disclaimer: Much input to this section comes llom press releases provided by suppliers of equipment. AlthoughlUYA l,{ews isvery grateful for these materials, publication implies neither verification nor endorsement by the IUVA of these products.

IJV Process Supply OffirsNew Services For UV Curing Lump Buyers

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T TV Process Supply@ (Chicago,lL) Poftable 2 UV Curing

| | System is a compact, low-cost UV' curing lamp

\-/ specifically designed for color matching, laboratorytesting, small part manufacturing, demonstrations, and prototypework. It is also a low-cost system for those companiesinterested in learning more about UV clear coating, adhesives,casting/potting, and conformal coatings.

This standard 110 V, 200 Winch starter unit f-eatures produc-tion-level performance, and a patented irradiator design whichprovides a2-tnch effective curing area and low heat build-up.The detached irradiator measures 9"L x 6"W, weighs 5 lbs, andcan be mounted easily in nearly any position. Each unit alsoincludes a standard 6 ft power cable to permit mobile scanning.Priced at only $1,300.00, the Portable 2 is an economicalalternative to expensive conveyorized curing systems. "ThePortable 2 introduces a new, significantly lower price point inUV curing equipment," stated Stephen Siegel, president of UVProcess Supply. "By greatly reducing the cost ofbringing UVcuring systems to market, we can work more effectively inopening new markets and in developing new UV curingapplications."

Contact: Tom Heffernan: UV Process Supply, 1229 W.Cortland Street, Chicago, IL 60614. Tel: 800-621-1296;l1 3-248-0099. Fax: 800-99FAXUV; 773-880-6641 . E-mail:info@uvps-com. Web: www. uv process. com.

Improved Coagulation Control -A New Solution from ABB

new approach to improving coagulation control onpotable water treatment plants follows a majorbreakthrough by ABB Instrumentation in the use of

ultraviolet light sensing technology for monitoring the reductionof dissolved organic materials in the process.

Three versions of the new ABB 7320 UV Absorption Analyzerare available - a "low-range" instrument for relatively cleanwater applications, such as final drinking water; a "high-range"unit for monitoring typical river water quality, particularly atabstraction points, and an optimized analyzer designedspecifically to help improve efficiency of the ultraviolet lightsensing technology for monitoring the coagulation process inpotable water treatment plants.

As demonstrated during end-user field trials, the superiorperformance of ABB 7320 analyzers in policing the plant'sintake water - providing reliable predictive feed-forward controlof the coagulant dosage and the ability to assess the resultingimprovement in water purity - enables operators to anticipate theoptimum coagulant dosing rate under varying conditions. Thechemical wastage that often occurs through over-dosing tocompensate for less reliable monitoring techniques therefore,can be eliminated.

For furlher information contact: Glenn Taylor, Tel.: (01480) 47532 I ;Fax: (01480) 211 948.

From: p. xviii AQUA News 1999IWSA. J. Water SRT-Aqua 48,I-xx

lOO% soLtD cuEE

GneEN SporUV Seor Cune

Fnom YouB UV SounceUV curing is a pnoven winner! Maximrze pfoducti0n, efficiency

& quality We do business the old fashioned way. 0n time

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Technical

difficulties? Call

us toll fnee.

Demo Systems Availableaoo.7a3.154a

Jrom f j \r SOIJRCE, INC-TEL: 31O.787.14AO . FAX: 310.320.9541

World Leaders in UV Spot-Curing Solutions!Visit our website ar, wtArytv.uvsource.com

34

Aquafine and Ecolab SignSales & Service Agreement

quaflne Corp., Valencia, CA, has signed a multiyearsales and service agreement with Ecolab Inc.'s food andbeverage division. The dollar value of the contract was

not disclosed. Ecolab will market Aquafine's ultraviolet watertreatment equipment and service the company's installations infbod-processing and beverage plants in the United States andCanada.

New Sewage & Trade Effiaent DisinfectionModule from UV Systems plc

he new EFF36 effluent module frorn UV Systems plc isdesigned to disinfect industrial and sewage effluents withthe help of UV technology. This module offers several

patented design features, all of which imply greater benefits toprospective clients. The packaged modular constructioneliminates special concrete channels and other civil works andsimplifies installation and servicing requirements, whilereducing costs significantly.

Ultraviolet water disinf'ection is a process operating without theuse of chemicals. Simply put, it destroys the DNA ofmicroorganisms such as Legionella, and E coli, and preventsthem from replicating. UV Systems designs and manufacturesbespoke units for trade and sewage effluent disinfection. Thesystems are tailored to specialized needs of the site and foundedon a carefully executed site survey by the engineers.

The EFF36 has a patented flow balancing system that ensureseven treatment from zero to maximum flow and eliminates"channeling". It has gravity or pumped flow options, offeringgreat flexibility in supply. The footprint is extremely small, infact only I m2 to cover a flow up to 60 m3 /hr. EFF36 isdesigned to be fitted below ground with a lockable stainlesssteel cover to prevent damage.

UV Systems provides reliable automatic and chemical freecleaning systems for fouled quartz sleeves. The automatic andadjustable wiping system has been developed and improvedupon since early 1994, and accordingly it offers uniquerobustness. This solution eliminates the need for usingaggressive chemicals or acid polishing to clean lamp sleeves,and is therefore preferred by environmentalists. The EFF36 alsohas a remote data acquisition facility with full instrumentationand recording systems to comply with Environment Agency

requirements. Other innovative and practical features include anintegral cleanable screen to prevent fouling by ingress of foreignmaterial and a built-in suction cleaning connection.

Treating sewage or trade effluents with UV light reduceschemical levels, especially if UV is combined withbiotechnology processes and/or oxidants. It can achieve betterbathing beaches and inland recreational waterways, protectingthe public and tourism industry. Unacceptable discharges ofbacteria and viruses are prevented. UV Systems hasconcentrated on designing small to medium scale plants forsmaller communities. These have very low running costs, flowfrom single buildings and small communities can be treated veryeconomically.

For further information, contact Colin Lutz, Sales & MarketingDirector, at UV Systems at Constitution Hill - Sudbury - Suffolk- CO10 2QL - UK, tel +44 (0)1787 3i6259; fax: +44 (0)1787881452: EMail: info@uvsystems.co.ukwww.uvsystems.co.uk

Website:

:* - ,*

J)

UV Systems' effluent model

Innowave and Waterlogic Agreement

nnowave Incorporated, Omaha, Nebraska, reached an

exclusive agreement with Waterlogic International Ltd.,

U.K., for the manufacture of the Innowave uvflM, its newest

ultraviolet water treatment system.

From Water Conditioning & Purification, Iuly 1999, p. 12.

Hunoviu UV Win

anovia has won a contract to supply a UV control plant

to the States of Guernsey Public Services Department.Using a technique called UV-enhanced oxidation, the

plant will eliminate odors produced during sewer tanker

unloading at the Fountain Vinery sewage pumping station. The

UV plant is compact, silent in operation, and is said to be simpleto operate, as well as requiring minimum maintenance.

From Water 21, July-August 1999, p. 53

More UV in UK Pool Water

Aqua Process Engineering has installed the 50th ultravioletdisinfection unit at the Littledown Centre near Bournemouth(UK). Sales Director David Clare said "When Aqua Processreintroduced ultraviolet into the commercial pool industry fiveyears ago, many of our competitors voiced misgivings as to theprocess. Now all our major competitors have installed units oreven chosen to manufacture their own, a compliment indeed toultraviolet. "

More on \|/EDECO & Kutadvn Joint Venture

erman water treatment company WEDECO AG WaterTechnology, formed by WEDECO GmbH of Germanyand Katadyn of Switzerland, is to become a public

company, with shares of the joint venture due to be introducedlate in 1999.

UV Treats Golf Course Effluentfor Irrigation

J Jarleyford Golf CIub in Buckinghamshire, UK, has

l{ overcome a water shortage problem by using UV-I Idisinfected effluent for irrigation. The effluent origi-nates from a number of privately-owned lodges in the grounds

of the club and is treated with a Hanovia ultraviolet light (UV)

disinfection system before being pumped into a reed bed foradditional purification. The club has a reservoir to supplyirrigation water, so at low levels, effluent from the reed bed ispumped through a UV chamber and then into the reservoir. TheUV disinfection systems are ideally suited to applications inwhich irregular disinfection regimes are necessary. Duringoperation, maximum power consumption is only 80W.

From: WorldWater and Environmental Engineering, Oct. 1999,o. -74

Cupital C ontrols' Scorpionrw

apital Controls has introduced its ScorpionrM ultravioletdisinfection system, which is designed for wastewaterflows of less than 5 mgd. It has high-efficiency, plug-in

electronic power supplies, Iightweight stainless steel lampmodules, a UV intensity monitor, and user-friendly automaticcontrol options.

We manufacture according to your needs!

r efficient and powerful UV light sourcesr electronic ballasts for UV lamps up to 8 kWr electronic & electro-optical components for

control and adjustment of UV installations

contact: Anne Schoen

eta plus electronic gmbh & co kgNuertingen / Germany i:i!: Tel:+49 7022 6002 B0Fax:+49 7022 658 54 r::ir e-mail: eta.plus@istuv.com

subsidiary of the IST METZ Group

36

Capital Controls Company, Inc., 3000 Advance Lane, Colmar,PA 18915 Tel: (215) 997-4000: Fax: (215) 991-4062

Calgon Carbon's Auroru UWM

algon Carbon's Aurora UVrM disinfection system isdesigned to destroy the DNA in waterborne bacteria,viruses and other microorsanisms found in municioal

wastewater by exposing them to ultraviolet light. The keyfeature is the system's patented DeltarM mixing technology,which uses delta wings to create vortices that direct the watertoward the UV lamps, thereby increasing treatment efficiencies.The system incorporates streamlined graviti' flow forlow-pressure drop. The system uses a high-power,medium-pressure lamp which is up to 75 percent more powerfulthan other lamps in the industry, meaning that fewer lamps areneeded.

Calgon Carbon Corporation, P.O. Box 717, Pittsburgh, PA15230-0117 Tel: (800) 263-2416

Azur's Pustel UV@ Analvzer

he Pastel UV@ Analyzer from AZUR Environmentalmeasures BOD, COD, TSS, nitrates and surfactants. Theanalyzer uses a deterministic approach which involves

analyzing a sample's UV spectrum and comparing it to a seriesof reference spectra. Performance testing at POTWs has showna correlation of the measured test parameters at 90 percent orbetter when compared to traditional methods. The analyzer canbe deployed throughout the treatment process for a variety offunctions including biomass protection, bioaugmentation.optimization of aeration levels, improving treatmentperformance, reducing oxygen consumption. evaluation ofwastewater from industrial contributors. identification ofpolluters, and influent and effluent screening.

AZUR Environmental, 2232 Rutherford Rd., Carlsbad, CA92008; tel: 1-(800) 642-1629; Fax:760) 438-2980

Jenton Launches New Runge of UV Conveyors

enton International Ltd., of Whitchurch, U.K.. has launcheda range of 'Cont-I-Cure' UV Conveyors at Radtech 1999 rnBerlin, Germany. Designed to accommodate a wide range

of modular lampheads from major UV equipmentmanufacturers, the 'Cont-I-Cure' range is ideal for laboratoryand production applications. Because lampheads can be changed

so easily, laboratories can match UV cure conditions to theircustomer's plant on one system. Lamps can be mounted on alight shield assembly which is adjustable for focal height and toallow products of varying heights to pass underneath. Thelamphead mounting brackets on this assembly can be easilychanged to allow the use of lamps from different supplierswithout requiring any adjustment to the lamphead positionsettings.

There are two derivatives. The CC-hi conveyors are designedfor lamp systems with bulb lengths up to 250mm, operating atpowers up to 250watts/cm. The CC-lo conveyors are suitablefor 500-W flood lamps and elliptical reflector lamps with bulblengths up to 200mm, operating at powers up to T5watts/cm.Belt stop - lamp out interlocks are standard on CC-hi models.

Both derivatives can be specified for bench top or free standingoperation. Lamp orientation can be adjusted by 90 degrees andlamp relative intensity monitors are available as an option. Beltwidths, speed and even conveyor color can be matched tocustomer specifications and all Cont-I-Cure conveyors are CEcompliant !

Technical queries: Richard Little, rlittle@jenton.co.uk WebPage: wwwjenton.co.uk Fourways Cottage St Mary Bourne nrAndoverHants SPl1 6DG; Tel: +44(0)1264738145; Fax:011-44 (Ur2641385s2.

Ultru GuarcfM Luuded at WEFTEC '99

ANCOUVER, British Columbia- October 22,1999:Service Systems International Ltd.'s (OTCBB: SVSY)subsidiary, UV Systems Technology Inc, exhibited at

one of the world's premier wastewater technology expositionsand forums, WEFTEC '99. The 1999 New Orleans meeting seta new record in the number of exhibitors renting floor spacewith over 800 companies exhibiting. Almost half of itsmembership (11 ,511 out of 40,000 members) attended thisyear's event.

Ultra GuardrM's unique ability to disinfect wastewater withsignificantly fewer lamps than alternative UV systems, whetherconventional low-pressure low-intensity, 1ow pressure high-intensity or medium-pressure high-intensity alternatives, wasreferenced in the technical paper presented by Dr. Karl Scheible,HydroQual lnc: "Alternative UV Disinfection TechnologyDemonstration Study on Low-Grade Wastewaters at theRockland County Sewer District (RCSD) No.1 WWTP(Orangeburg, NY)". During the presentation, Dr. Scheibleoutlined the performance of five systems tested as follows: "Thisshows the results of the design analysis for each of theconfigurations. The conventional system would require

a-) t

approximately 9200 lamps. About 380 quadritube (UltraGuardfM ) lamps would be needed, and about 1500 low-pressure, high-output lamps in another unit. A low-pressure,high-output unit would require 3800 lamps, while the medium-pressure unit needed 880 lamps." One of the significantfindings of the Rockland study was that systems with a smallerspacing between the lamps performed significantly better thanwider spaced systems in wastewaters with relatively high 'solidsloading'.

Besides the higher germicidal per lamp output, Ultra GuardrM'spatented reactor chamber removes the 'distance effect' that sapsenergy from other systems. It brings contaminants to the UVsource through induced turbulence. Contaminants that arefurlhest away from the lamp are diiected through design-inducedhydraulics into intimate contact with the UV source rather thandissipating energy by traveling through a UV absorbing mediumto get to a distant particle.

WEFTEC also hosted a meeting of the EnvironmentalTechnology Verification (ETV) Committee, that is developingthe testing protocol for evaluating technologies in wet weatherapplications such as Combined Sewer Overflow (CSO). Theapplication ofUV technology in this sector represents an area ofacute need with vast potential. Ultra GuardrM looks forward toconfirming the findings of other projects through the EPA-sponsored ETV program. Testing is expected to begin early in2000.

Summary Sizing for Alternative UV ConfigurationsBased on Testing at Rockland County Sewer DistrictNo.1, Orangeburg, N.Y.

Certain of the foregoing informationstatements regarding future events or

are fbrward-lookingthe future financial

performance of the company, and are subject to a number ofrisks and other factors which could cause the actual results todiffer materially from those contained in the forward-lookingstatements. Among such factors are: general business andeconomic conditions, customer acceptance of and demand forthe Company's products, the Company's overall ability to design,test, and introduce new and improved products on a timelybasis, regulatory constraints, and the risk factors listed from timeto time in documents liled by the Company with the SEC.

Contact: UV Systems Technology Inc., 2800 Ingleton Avenue,Burnaby, BC, CANADA, V5C 6Gl; tel: (604) 251-4256; fax:(604) 608-2949 Email: rc@rcomm.com Web site:' ; r , ' ,1.1,, ; r ; ,1 1' 1 '1r- i1" 'e. . : r : : : t l . i . ! : i ' , i ; i1, . i t . { rr ; i ; , . i

Free Technical Munuul on Selecting PumpsCompatible with UV Curable Inks and Coutings

ctober 25, 1999: UV Process Supply, Inc. (Chicago,IL), a leader in the UV curing industry since 1979, hasreleased a new free technical manual entitled "Selecting

the Right Pump for UV Inks and Coatings". This 24-pagemanual discusses the basic chemical characteristics of UV inksand coatings, and the special handling needs these materialsrequire when transferring from the storage container toapplication system.

The manual includes descriptions of pump designs, theirapplications, and details pumps considered "Best for UV".Methods for controlling line pulsation, and a glossary ofpump-related terms also are featured.

"Due to their chemical make-up, UV curable inks and coatingshave specific fluid handling requirements," said Tom Heffeman,Director of Product Marketing Services for UV Process Supply."This free manual explains those needs and answers manyquestions as to why certain pumping methods are better fortransferring UV-curable materials than others. "

To receive a free copy of UV Process Supply's "Selecting theRight Pump for UV Inks and Coatings" manual, call, write orjump on-line at: 1229 W. Cortland Street, Chicago, IL 60614.Phone: 800-621-1296; 113-248-0099. Fax: 800-99FAXUV;113-880-6641 . E-mail: info@uvps.com. Web:

No. ConventionalSystem Total No. of Lamps Replaced

Lamos bv I Lamo

Low-Pressure (LP)

Conventional

LP High IntensityUltra GuardrN1

Quadritube

LP High IntensityPCI-WEDECO

LP High IntensityElsag Bailey /Fisher&roner

Medium-PressureHigh Intensity -Aquionics

9216

384

i536

3840

880

2.4

38

The New EFOS LiteUV/Visible Spot Curing System

he all new EFOS Lite is a versatile. economical smallarea UV curing system ideal for use in manual precisionassembly environments. The system has an ultra-small

footprint and long lamp life, which saves both bench space andoperating costs, and was launched at Radtech99 in Berlin,Germany by Jenton International, U.K. agents for EFOS.

User changeable optical filters allow the unit's broad spectraloutput to be tailored to specific applications while protectingheat sensitive substrates. This gives the unit the versatility tocure a broad adhesive range. Filter changes are made externallywithout having to turn the unit off, enabling test work to becarried out without having to wait for lamp cool/warm-upcycles.

The entry-level EFOS Lite is the product of over a decade anda half of spot curing innovation. It combines features fromconstant in-house R&D with years of custom requirementsdeveloped for clients. The EFOS Lite has a typical power

output of 1l,OOOmWcm'] 1320-480 nm) and a bulb life of 2000hours plus. An all-new electronic control system includes: Hotlamp strike prevention, an IC chip on the bulb to efficientlycontrol cooling and a finger touch panel with LED display tomake the system easy to use.

For further information, contact: rlittle @ ienton.co.uk,

Custom Conveyor Belts

for UV Curing Applications

ovember 5,1999: UV Process Supply's (Chicago, IL)custom line of CON-TROL-CURETM ReplacementConveyor Belts are designed for use with any

conveyorized UV curing application. Each belt is available inany length tp to 72" wide. Standard Replacement ConveyorBelts withstand UV light, ozone, solvents, and temperatures upto 5000F. Fiberglass mesh is impregnated and coated withTeflon@, and features sewn-and-sealed edge reinforcement.Alligator splicing provides excellent tracking.

Heat Dissipating Replacement Conveyor Belts are speciallyengineered to withstand the high levels of UV radiation and heatfound within the UV curing process. Fiberglass mesh is coatedwith a special PTFE that contains carbon black to dissipate heat

rapidly. ldeal for short UV curing conveyors that providelimited cooling time. Sewn-and-sealed edges are stitched withKevlar@ threads for added durability. Alligator, Clipper andSoft Seal splices available.

"As conveyorized UV curing applications expose substrates tounique environmental conditions," notes Tom Heffernan,Director of Product Marketing Services, "CON-TROL-CURETMReplacement Conveyor Belts are designed to meet UV curing'sspecial requirements to ensure that substrates are handled andprocessed without fail."

Contact: Tom Heffernan: UV Process Supply: tel:800-621-1296; 113-248-0099; fax: 800-99FAXUV;713-880-6641 . E-mail: info@uvps.com. Website:www.uvprocess.com.

JenAct Technologlt Report

enAct Limited of Whitchurch, Hants (U.K.) is delighted toreport that they are working with Southampton Universityto further the development of their new UV sterilization

technology. Ultraviolet light at a particular frequency killsbacteria and is widely used to sterilize products such as waterand food products.

Conventionally, UV light is generated with germicidal bulbsvery similar to strip lights in appearance or with higher powerbulbs using electrodes. The fluorescent tube approach is quiteefficient in the germicidal UV (about 30%) but can only operateat low power, typically 50 to 70 watts max. Arc lamps operateat high powers, (1000 watts plus.) but also at higher internalpressures -- resulting in much heat and a drop in germicidal UVto about 5 - l%o. These bulbs have to allow clear passagebetween their electrodes and virtually always have to becylindrical in shape. Consideration has to be made of the effectof the internal plasma materials on the internal electrodes.Electrodes break down over the life of a bulb and cause UVoutput to fall gradually.

JenAct has developed a system in which microwaves are usedto energize an UV-emitting electrodeless bulb. There are norestrictions placed on the bulb design by electrodes and thesebulbs can operate as low, medium or high-pressure bulbs. Asthere are no electrodes, bulb life is extended almost indefinitely.(JenAct has never had a bulb fail).

By controlling power and volume, JenAct has been able toproduce similar UV outputs to low pressure lamps (high ingermicidal UV) from microwave powered lamps running atpowers up to 800 watts. This is new technology, offering lowpressure wavelengths at about 10 times the power of

39

conventional systems -- with the additional advantages of longbulb life and the ability to make bulbs virtually any shape.

JenAct has financed a project at the University of Southamptonto investigate bulb fill possibilities and output characteristicswith a wide variety of fill elements. Many possibilities suited tomany different applications are emerging. One possibility is theproduction of an On Line Bottle Sterilization system, for whichJenAct received a DTI 'SMART' award. By a new process,bulbs can be energized by microwaves outside a conventionalmicrowave oven, thus enabling on-line application. The Hgplasma emission spectrum is high in germicidal UV (254 nm).In tests, 6-lo9 bacterial reduction of levels of common "bugs"

has been achieved in three seconds.

In addition, JenAct has conducted extensive research anddevelopment of microwave power supplies, with the aims ofincreasing efficiency; controlling power (and thus UV outputand temperature) and reducing power supply size. Improvementshave been made in each of these three areas.

A true variable power microwave power supply has beenconstructed able to feed continuous power from 50 to 800 watts.This has enabled data to be obtained on the relationshipsbetween fill criteria and output UV and temperature.

A 200watt power supply is in the design stage, which will notneed a standard transformer and thus will be much smaller andlighter. This will have application in the 'porlable' and lab fieldswhere it will still offer four times the power of the mostpowerful low-pressure lamps.

In addition, JenAct and its parent company R.A. Jenton havepatent applications on various parts of the above technology.

Strategic alliances are sought with companies who would like tointroduce and exploit JenAct technologies in their chosen fields.

Applications Include: - Sterilization of water, food surfaces, airconditioning ducts, medical devices, implants, hospital rooms,and food factory air, curing ofthin coatings for lenses, silicones,printed arlicles, visible lighting.

JenAct Limited, 9/10 Ardglen Industrial Estate, Evingar Road,Whitchurch, Hants., RG28 7BB, U.K., tel: 011-44-(0)1256892194; fax: )11-44-(0)1256 896486; E-mail:rl i tt le@ ienton.co.uk

Service Systems Internationul Signs AgreementWith Australiun UV Eqaipment Munufactarer

ANCOUVER, British Columbia-November 9, 1999:Service Systems International Ltd.'s (OTCBB: SVSY)Service Systems International (SSI) recognizes the

market need and sales potential in areas not presently serviced.These include small to intermediate scale UV projects formunicipal and industrial clients as well as clients requiringtreatment solutions beyond disinfection whether small or largevolume. SSI continues to actively pursue complementarytechnologies and/or strategic allies to build on the strengths ofits high-efficiency, Ultra GuardrM UV Disinfection line.

Ultra GuardrM's focus to-date has been in the municipalwastewater sector. The new technologies/companies andassociated markets have been targeted with the purpose ofproviding a global service model with compelling economics infavor of SSI's offering in the treatment of potable water,wastewater, and industrial effluent.

Australian Ultra-Violet Products Mfg. fty. Ltd (AVP ) has beenmanufacturing UV water and air disinfection units since 1987and is the market leader in the Southern Hemisphere. AVPclients include a number of municipalities and Fortune 500companies. The equipment line incorporates low-pressure andmedium-pressure UV lamps. The medium pressure units haveautomatic programmable wiper systems that minimizeequipment maintenance.

40

Low Pressure MediumConventional Pressure JenAct Micro-

Germicidal Convent ional wave PoueredLamos Lamos Lamo Svstem

TypicalEfficiencyfor Germi-cidal UV

Max PowerPossible for12 inchLamp (ca)

Require-ments for300 W ofGermicidalUV

30Vo

50w

20lamps @50w

67o

5000 w

l lamp @5000 w

30Vo

1000 w

t lamp @1000 w

One of the distinguishing features of the licensed AVPTechnology is that it incorporates lamp chambers withphotocatalytic liners. These liners inhibit lamp fouling andenhance the catalytic effects of UV energy when applied to theremoval and destruction of organics and inorganic contaminants.This advanced feature allows economical treatment of largevolume streams such as decontamination of a water table orindustrial effluent.

The alliance with AVP is synergistic in that it will give SSI animmediate entry into growing potable water and industrialtreatment markets in North America & Europe. It enhancesSSI's ability to service the Southern Hemisphere and capturemarket share in wastewater treatment throughout Australia, NewZealand and near Asia. AVP benefits from'the agreement bycomplementing its product line with the addition of UltraGuardrM's unique, high processing rate, low cost, wastewaterdisinfection system and network of agents across NorthAmerica.

The use of UV equipment is growing rapidly. Demand is drivenby legislation, favorable economics based on advancements inUV technology and health concerns associated with chemicalsand chemical by-products. The emerging global trend istowards the application of more stringent standards for thecontrol of bacteria, viruses and chemical by-products in potableand process water and municipal wastewater. A reportpublished by Mcllvaine Company suggests that by the end ofthe year 2000, annual global expenditures will be more thanUS$500 billion for the treatment of these fluids. Yet, the samereport concludes, this is far below the level needed for goodhealth around the world.

This agreement positions both AVP and SSI in a manner thatsignificantly strengthens each others' ability to reach distantmarkets at minimal cost while giving maximum value to theclient through superior technology coupling.

Contact: SSI at 2800CANADA V5C 6G7 Tel:

Ingleton Avenue, Burnaby, BC,(604) 251-4256; Fax: (604) 608-rrc@rrcomm.com Website:2949, Emai l :

www. servlcesystems.com

Uvuzone Wins U.K. Design Award

he British Design Council has granted MillenniumProduct status to Ozonia Triogen's Uvazone system.This award is granted in recognition of the innovative

nature of the product and of the success it has achieved,particularly in swimming pool water treatment applications.

Uvazone utilizes the Advanced Oxidation Process of thecombined simultaneous action of Ozone and Ultraviolet (UV)radiation in a series ofcost-effective, compact package units, toachieve high water quality together with bacteriological control;reduction in combined chlorine levels; clarity of water; noaccumulation of reaction by-products; proven ability to safelylower the free chlorine residual; reduced skin and eye irritation;improved pool hall air quality-, and reduced plant room spacerequirement.

It is now two years since the completion of extensive trials andrigorous testing of prototype installations of the UVAZONEsystem for Swimming Pool water treatment, and during this timeOzonia Triogen has obtained contracts across the range ofmodels for installation in many countries.

For further information contact: Ozonia Triogen, TriogenHouse, Craigton, Glasgow G52 1BD, Scotland U.K. Tel: +44(0) l4 l 810 4861, Fax: +44 (0)141 810 5561.

41

From'. RecreationNov.1999, p. l5

IUVA Gets Out the IIV Word ut ASDWA und the AWWA

Jennifer L. Clancy, Ph.D., International Vice President,IUVAPOB 314, St. Albans, VT 05478

Tel: (802) 527-2460: Fax: (802) 5324-3909: jclancy@together.net

WQTC

he IUVA presented two technical workshops this fall.

The first session, sponsored by the American Water

Works Association Research Foundation (AWWARF)

was on October, 6 1999 at the annual meeting of the Association

of State Drinking Water Administrators (ASDWA) in Lake

Buena Vista, FL. Rick Karlin of AWWARF moderated the

session. IUVA lnternational President Jim Malley presented an

overview of UV disinf'ection, followed by Tom H*gy, Senior

Scientist at Clancy Environmental Consultants, Inc.(CEC) who

discussed Cryptosporidium inactivation with UV light. Rob

Grob, Vice President of Engineering at Aquionics showed how

UV is used in drinking water applications in Europe where it is

widely accepted. The wrap up speaker was Dan Schmelling

with the U.S. EPA Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water

in Washington, DC who presented EPA's latest thinking on UV

and its incorporation into the upcoming rules as a best available

technology (BAT) for Cryptosporidium control. This workshop

was very well attended in spite of it being held on the last day

of the conference and on the first sunny day after several days

of rain.

The second IUVA event took place on Wednesday, November

3, 1999 at the American Water Works Association's annual

Water Quality Technology Conference in Tampa, FL' IUVA

International President Jim Malley and International Vice

President Jen Clancy organized and moderated the session and

several IUVA members were speakers. Karl Linden, Assistant

Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Duke

University presented information on UV dose measurements for

monochromatic and polychromatic light and how to compare

doses in different UV technologies. Jen Clancy, President of

Clancy Environmental Consultants, Inc. presented the latest

information on UV inactivation of Cryptosporidium, showing

that low pressure UV in a small systems application designed for

treating l0 gpm for bacterial inactivation was highly effective

(>6-logs) for oocyst inactivation. Jim Malley, Associate

Professor of Environmental Engineering at the U. of New

Hampshire discussed the operational aspects of UV systems and

issues faced in full-scale plants. Alex Mofidi, Associate

Engineer in Water Quality Monitoring at the Metropolitan Water

District of Southern California, presented MWD's latest data on

inactivation of C ry p t o s p o ridium p arv um w ith polychromati c UV

systems, showing that the response was similar to that seen in E.

coli, with 2-logs inactivation achievable at doses less than 15

mJ.cm-2. Mark Sobsey, Professor of Environmental Science and

Engineering at the U. of North Carolina presented data on

inactivation of Cryptosporidium panur? oocysts and coliphage

MS-2 using low doses of either low or medium pressure UV

light. The final speaker was Dan Schmelling with the U.S. EPA

Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water in Washington, DC

who presented EPA's latest thinking on llv and its

incorporation into the upcoming rules as a best available

technology (BAT) for Cryptosporidium control.

The session also was the last of the conf'erence, but was well

attended by a variety of water professionals including regulators,

manufacturers, academics, and utilities. The subject of UV fbr

the disinfection of surf'ace-derived drinking water continues to

be a hot topic as we close this millennium and move to the next.

Degradation of Nitrogen-Containing Organic Compounds by

Combined Photocatalysis and Ozonation, M' Klare, G'

Waldner, R. Bauer, H. Jacobs, and U.A. Broekaert (University

of Dortmund, Department of Chemistry, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6.

44221 Dortmund, Germany; Vienna University of Technology,

Institute of Physical Chemistry, Getreidemarkt 9. 1060 Wien,

Austria; University of Leipzig, Institute for Analytical

Chemistry, Linne-Str. 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany),

Chemosphere : (Oxford), 38(9) :20 1 3 -2021 (.1999).

The combination of TiO, -assisted photocatalysis and ozonation

in the degradation of nitrogen-containing substrates such as

alkylamines, alkanolamines, hetero-cyclic and aromatic

N-compounds has been investigated. A laboratory set-up was

designed and the influence of the structure of the N-compound,

the TiO, and ozone concen-tration on the formation of

breakdown products were examined. The experimental results

showed that a considerable increase in the degradation

efficiency of the N-compounds is obtained by a combination of

photo-catalysis and ozonation as compared to either ozonation

or photocatalysis only. The mineralization of the model

substances was monitored by measurements of the TOC and

ion-chromatographic determinations of the formed NO.* and

NO.,*. The temporal changes of concentrations of breakdown

products, such as NH**, short chain alkyl- and alkanolamines

were determined by single column ion chromatography (SCIC)

and as well as by electrospray mass spectrometry (EI-MS).

42

UV Light Provides Alternutive to Heat Pasteurizution of Juices

n the last issue [1UVA News 1(2):18 (1999)1, we ran a noricethat appeared in the Federal Register announcing that theU.S. Food & Drug Administration had received a Food

Addition to approve the use of UV radiation fbr the reduction ofpathogens and other microorganisms in juice products. Here wereproduce a more detailed story which appeared in FoodTe c hno lo gy 53 (9) : 1 44 ( 1999).

To overcome possible loss of f'lavor and nutrients resulting fromheat pasteurization ofjuices but still reduce the possibility offood-borne illness, California Day-Fresh Foods, Inc. (CDFF),has installed a processing system based on ultraviolet light andis awaiting Food and Drug Administration approval for its useto enhance the safety of its products.

The company, a subsidiary of Chiquita Brands Internationalbased in Glendora, Califomia, manufactures all-natural fresh andfresh-frozen fruit and vegetablejuices andjuice blends under thebrand names NakedrM juice and Ferraro's@ Eafth juicerM. DaveSperry, CDFF's General Manager (phone 626-852-2500), saidthat the company began looking at alternatives to heatpasteurization after the 1996 Escherichia coli O15i:H1 outbreakinvolving a competitor's unpasteurized apple juice (Odwalla).Independently, and prompted by the same situation, Salcor Inc.,Fallbrook, CA, a company specializing in UV treatment of waterand wastewater, developed UV equipment that could be used totreat juice. This led to a working arrangement between the twocompanies. CDFF developed a delivery and control system foruse with Salcor's modular UV unit and monitoring system.

According to James E. Cruver (phone 760-731 -0145), Salcor'sPresident, the system exposes the juice to UV light at 253.7 nm,binding the bacterial DNA strands so that the bacteria can'treproduce. The system significantly reduces levels ofpathogensand other microorganisms in juice while preserving the flavor,color, texture, and enzymatic activity of the product.

The FDA requires a warning statement on labels of fruit andvegetable juice products that have not received at least a 5-logreduction in levels of pathogenic bacteria. The UV system, inconjunction with CDFF's hazard analysis critical control pointprogram, meets this requirement, while maintaining juicetemperatures below 41'F. The company submitted a foodadditive petition to FDA in May 1999, proposing that theregulations in 21 CFR (Code of Federal Regulations) parr119.39, "Irradiation in the Production, Processing, and Handlingof Food," be amended to provide for the safe use of UV light forthe reduction of microorganisms in juice products. The petition

was accepted for filing on June 9 and announced in the FederalRegister of June 25, 1999. The petition is being consideredunder FDA's expedited review process, and the company isexpecting approval as early as October. In addition to producinga greater than 5-log reduction in levels ofpathogens, the systemmaintains the levels of vitamins A, C, E, riboflavin, thiamin, andfolic acid, as well as enzymatic activity.According to Dominic Marlia, Director of Quality Assurance atCDFF, the UV module, for which Salcor has a patent pending,consists of a specified length of coiled fouling-resistant TeflonrMtubing surrounded by UV-generating lamps. The juice is passedthrough the tubing under turbulent flow, so that alt of the liquidis exposed to the UV light. A positive-displacement pumpassures that the flow is turbulent, not laminar, so that all of thejuice molecules are exposed to the UV light. This is importantbecause UV light penetrates only a very short distance into thejuice. He added that various safety factors are built into thesystem. The amount of UV light is monitored, and the systemshuts down if a light goes out or diminishes significantly inintensity. Similarly, the flow pressure is monitored, and thesystem is shut down if the pressure is too high or too low. Thesystem provides a written record that all juice has been treatedsuccesstully.

Sperry described the UV technology at a symposiumcosponsored by the Institute of Food Technologists and theNational Center for Food Safety and Technology on May 12-13in the Chicago area. The symposium, entitled "MinimallyProcessed Fruit and Vegetable juices: Scientific Issues toAchieve a Safe Product," also included discussions of such otherminimal processes as high pressure, pulsed electric field, pulsedlight, and others.

CDFF has trade-marked products produced by the overallsystem as Light ProcesseilM and plans to initially use the UVsystem on vegetablejuices, once FDA approval is granted.

Salcor conducted successful testing on its pilot-scale unit atCDFF in spring 1997 and installed production-scale units atCDFF a year later. Salcor shipped a pilot unir ro NCFST lastmonth for UV dose testing. The pilot unit then will be sent toFDA's Apple Hill test facility in Placerville, CA for resting onapple cider. Salcor also will send another production unit thisfall to the National Food Processors Association in Dublin. CAfor testing on a variety ofjuice products.

tr

A1+J

WELCOME - lYew IUVA Members . . . . . . . . . . . .

The IUVA takes great pleasure in extending a heartfelt "welcome !!" to the following new members:

From ARGENTINA

Mr. Hector./. Re, Moreno 8190Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires 7600Tel: 54 223-411-4815Email : ir :,-l li ':r.t,ltt: lilr i il i ll l i..;,:, r r':

From,4uSTRALIA

Dr. Jeremy LucasPrivate Mail Bag 3Salisbury, South Australia 5108Tel: 61 8 8259 0365; Fax: 61 8 8259 0228Email : ;1-iil,:i.',:*i,.:-l.lrIzla,ir;' :i :::i.:i .::,i1,:,!..1:i]: i ;.,,i]"i,i.

Mn Norman PilkingtonPrivate Bag l0Clayton South MDC, Vic 3169Tel: 6l 3 9545 2389; Fax: 61 3 9545 2446Email: "il:,ii:ti.:*.tj.,.!,]jli*:.1j.*ll1':.i.:t!:lll;j;'.,i:1"1i,,ll-t:

From BELGIUM

Dr. Willy J. Masschelein32 Av. des Tourterelles1150-BrusselsTel:32-2-613 90 04 combi tellfax

From CANADA

Mr. David Harburn, Mr. Jim Cosman,Ms. Maftha NeLson, Mr. Bill Cairns,Mr. Peter MartenssonTrojan Technologies, Inc.3020 Gore RoadLondon, Ontario N5V 4T7Tel: 519-451-3400; Fax: 5 19-457-3030Emai l : : . . : i , . , , . . : , : . . . . . .

Dr. Susan A. AndrewsDept. o l ' Civ i l Engineer ingUniversity of Waterloo200 University Ave.Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3GlTel: 5 19-888 -4561 ext 3344Fax: 519-146-1499Email : :i.!,ii i iili} "-1:: :.r irt:.| ::: i:;;-,!il:i.i.1.i:

From GERMAII{Y

Dr. Wolfgang WeiblerIn der Sackpfeif 38Heddesheim D 68542Email : :i-,1!:;:li::"t*:il:r:tl"t,,: "l**;i,,l*

Antje ScholerUniversittit Stuttgart, Bandtale 2Stuttgart, Baden-Wurltemberg 70563Tel: +49 111 685-5410Fax: +49 ll l 685-3129Email: iiili.i"i 'r:,{ -i::.ii:iii:t;.:,:i:::,":::.:l-*,1':,:i::::l.i,i"il.l!l:;lil":..,1.,-iil:

From IYORWAY

Mr. Andrew CampbellDynal ASPO Box 158 Sutoyen, Oslo N-0212Tel: +4'/ 22964831;Fax: +4J 22964814Email: i::.r!i::iriii.::1.:ii;:ii.ii;::iti:lii :,:,''"si":,lllli,,:::",i,.i

From SWEDEN

Ms. Johanna BlombergStockholm Water Co.Torsgatan 26, Stockholm 10636Tel: +46 8 522 12497 Fax +46 8 522 12482Email:;i:;i;;;11l]Li:i,i:i,*.:i:i"i-rlti,r!-i":"::.:,::iii:::,jj,i!,iliilii-l:,ji:"i:i.:i:.11",.:r.r:

Mn Ulf ErikssonBox 1302, Uppsala S-75143Tel:+46 1 8-5621 0l ; F ax:+461 8-696328Email: l ti-i,:,r,l i.f:.:.lilr::: i:i.::.tiil:r;:i:"Lii*i:,j.',i ti

From UNITED KINGDOM

Mr. David Andrew HowsleyKennicott Water Systems Ltd.Kennicott House Well LaneWednesfield Wolverhampton WVl I - 1 XRTel: +44-1902-867311Fax: +44-1902-867310Email: ,*:l;:.1i.i;!,1i.::j;iii:'i:,ti:,!,til:l.li.i:iill.,i':i;r.,ir!i'

Mr. Omar Legrini245 Kingsheath AvenueGlasgow, Scotland G73 2DA'Tel: +44 l4l 643 1302Fax: +44 l4l 4019322E,mai l : . ' . , . . . , : , . : : ' :

Mr. Nonnan Harrl- Babbedge1 Brookleigh Avenue, HeavitreeExeter, Devon EX1 3BYTeI'. +44 01392-211906Fax: +44 01392-442035norman.babbedge@-environment-agency. gou.uk

Mr. Richard LittleJenAct Ltd.Ardglen Industrial Estate Evingar RoadWhitchurch, Hampshire RG28 7BBTel: +44 01256 892194;Fax +44 01256 8q6486Emai l : ' " , , .

Mr. Andrew RidyardSolatell,4D Controls Ltd, Unit 8Pool Ind. Est., Redruth.Cornwall TRl5 3RHTel: +44 1209 214400;Tel: +44 1209 31441Emai l : . . : : : . . u ' . ' : . . . ' : . ' : '

From UNITED STATES

Mr. Dionysios D. DionysiottDepart. Of Civil & Envir. Eng.University of Cincinnatr741 Baldwin HallCincinnati, OH 45221 -001 1Te1: 5 13-556-3637; Fax: 5 13-556-2599Email : :.}.i:it,ilt.::,:,lll-l':1, l .lt"|,i:;i .,,:.,.,,,.i:r.ri,!i

Mr. Peter Hutwelker, Mr. Doug Anderson,Mr. Douglas GumpThe Capital Controls Group3000 Advance Lane, Colmar, PA 18915Tel 215-991-4000; Fax: 21 5-991 -4062Emai l : l i i : t : i , ' , ' i i : l ; . : . , i ' : : '1. i : . ; ; r1; ' j ; ;q!1; ;11; ; ' , . , r i ! . r i ; r : : ;

44

t-Mt Michael Donaway1l Maxal St.Greenbrook, NJ 088 12-2609T eI: 1 32-424-2089 ; F ax: I 32 - 426-0 591Em ail : iiii_r*:_il"*-::.i::::jil !j1"r'ili".i'jt,ltXiii*,,"{*i.i-! i

Mr. Bert Paul, Mr. George MinottBarr Associates, Inc.2 Lyberty Way, Westford MA 01886T el: 97 8-692-1 5 13 ; F ax 91 8-692-1 443Email: i:iqr- r il" !r;r l ' 'r';ll;5i|{-',!i.*{.ri:.."{llfri

Mr. Ferdous Mahmood1 1832 Rock Landing Drive, Suire 400Newport News, VA 23606Tel 7 51-813-4362; Fax: I51-873-8123Emai l : : ; ' . , ; i . , . . ' , i ; : , , , " , r . . . , i

Khoi T. Nguyen221 tJpland Drive, Hampton, Y A 23666Tel: 575-873 -4412; F ax: 51 5 -81 3 -81 23Emai l : I . . i .1, ' . . ' ; . . . . i ' , r : , : ; ' . . ' . '3; '

Dr. Samuel S. Jeyanayagam11832 Rock Landing Drive, Suite 400Newsport News, VA 23606T el: 7 51 -81 3-8700; F ax: 81 3 -81 23Email : :**:t_:l*:1:_r;';;lj;t:ii j-i$-i:r.": r,S j.,jji

Mr. Alexander A. Mofidi700 Moreno AvenueLa Verne, CA91750-3399T el: 909 -392-5463 ; F ax 909 -392-5 166Email : :i.lJ ji.1i.t*j."ii;] *:1li* ,"!: i.n i;1,Ui9i

Mr. Don SegalPurePulse Technologies, Inc.4241 Ponderosa Ave., San Diego, CA 92123Tel: 858-503-5035; Fax: 858-51 6-1311Emai I : gi lrll*,,11:i.lm;-q{iil i;ti:.::qi*

Ms. Christine Cotton11832 Rock Landing Dr., Suite 400Newport News, VA 23606Tel: 151-813-4364: Fax 7 51-813-8123Email: ;j"r:i{i ?:il;}fi"i1ut#:i,1rji

Mn S. Edward Nei,sterP.O. Box 219 54 Old Bay RoadNew Durham, NH 03855Tel: 603-859-2500; Fax: 603-859-2501Email: ii;tl;:$jlitj.it-;i-tfujjr*:

Dr. Ronald Rahn1665 University Blvd 317 Ryals BIdgBirmingham, AA35294T eI: 20 5 -93 4-1 29 5 ; F ax 205 -91 5 -63 4lEmai l : , ; : . i : , : ; : , ' . r i ' r :

Mr. Meredith C. StinesAmerican Ultraviolet Company212 S. Mt. Zion RoadLebanon, IN 46052Tel:165-483-9514 ext 201; Fax: 165-483-9525Email: "i:ij:jjj.ill J,:j*i.itils.{i

Mr. John M. Walsh IIIWaltron Ltd., PO Box 70Whithouse, NJ 08888Tel: 908-534-5 100; Fax: 908-534-5546

Mr David L. McCarty, Mr. Robert L.Grob,Mr. Matt J. Granitto, Mr. Ralph L. LopezAquionics Incorporated21 Kenton Lands Rd., P.O. Box 18395Erlanger, KY 41018Tel: 606-341-0710; Fax: 606-341-0350Email : d*:!.j j,+-;-*.*-i*j:! i.:t *{1$;::i

Mr. James BenderPulsar Inc., 1 1802 Kemper RoadAuburn, CA 95603Tel: 530-823 -1434; Fax: 530-823-1446Email :j,ii.-tl,i**i:-ti f "t*,::e-tl l::^l-liLt].,*.itji isi .iiiiilt

M .s!$:lr

ft - ' . ) {6

How do you do?Comment ga va?

Wie geht's?

Recent UV Patents

Water Purification Process

Inventors: Gary O'Neill, Kitty K. Siu, Jeffrey p. Denoncourl;Assignee: Millipore Cory. @edford, MA, IJSA); patent No.:U.S. 5,935441, issued: Aug. 10, 1999; Application No.: IJ.S.708,625, filed Sept. 5, 1996.

Summary: The patent details a method for producing highpurity water with less than 10 parts per tritlion total ions otherthan hydrogen and hydroxide ions. The water is purified bypassing deionized water through a system with an ultrafiltrationstep, an oxidizing step whereby water is exposed to UV light,and an ion-exchange step. The water is recirculated through theoxidizing and ion exchange steps.

WQA : Qaiz Yourself on (IV Article

he September 1999 issue of Water Technology lpp. 63-

67) contains a good article by Thomas M. Hargy of

Clancy Environmental Consultants, St. Albans, VT, USA

entitled "Ultraviolet Light Found to be effective Against

Cryptosporidium" (reprinted elsewhere in this issue of IUVA

News). Just followingthatWT article, on page 68, is a "Quiz

Yourself" list of challenging questions dealing with UV

technology based on this article. WQA-certified individuals

were requested to answer the questions and mail them to the

Water Quality Association by 1 December 1999. Those who

scored J07o or better could earn 0.1 CPD (Continuing

Professional Development)credit. WQA-certified parlicipants

who failed were to be notified by mail.

Choose the one best answer for each question:

Ql. According to this article, what is one reason it has been

believed that ultraviolet (UV) treatment was ineffective Jbrtreating oocysts in water?

A. Milwaukee was using a lot of UV equipment before the

Cryptosporidium outbreak.B. One testing method used surogates that did not respond

appropriately at some light levels.C. Virtually no testing has been done to determine effectiveness

on oocysts.D. It was assumed that since UV is not effective for particulate

removal, it would not be effective for use on oocysts, which are

round and hard-like particles.

Q2. Why do dissolved ions in the water frequently aJfect the

performance of a UV system?

A. Strong ionic substances may have a corrosive effect on the

reactor chamber walls.B. The physics involved in the process ofionization can change

the wavelength of the UV light.C. Ionized substances can change the acidity or alkalinity ofthe

water, thus changing the chemistry involved in the irradiationprocess.D. The ionic substances can coat and foul the lamp.

Q3. What is the main rertson particulate matter in the water can

negatively affect the pedbrmance of a UV lamp?

A. The particles can block the UV light and prevent enough

irradiation fiom reaching the target organisms.B. The dirt will coat the lamp.

C. The particulate matter can work its way into the workingparts of the lamp and clog them.D. The particles can change the basic wavelength of the light,

making it less effective.

Q4. Which of the terms below is equivalent to the term

mW.sec/cm2?

A. nm/cm2B. mW60cm2

A. 254 milliwattC. 3 - 15 milliJoules/cm2

B. 300 nmD. 30 - 80 milliJoules /cm'7

Q5. t,/ltraviolet light falls into what range of wavelengths?

A. 100 to 200 nanometers (nm) B. 200 to 300 nrn

C. 300 to 400 nm D. 400 to 500 nrn

Q6. The important UV formula "IT" stands Jbr what?

A. Illumination times turbidityB. Irradiation times (contact) timeC. Interference times turbulenceD. Illumination times temperature

Q7. What is the most effective UV disinfection strength?

A. 254 mn B. 275 nrnC. 290 nm D. 300 mn

Q8. To bring about a 4-log inactivation of most kinds oJ

bacteria, how much UV light is needed?

A. 200 nm8.225 nm

C. 250 nmD. 300 nm

C. NTU/cm2D. mJ/cm2

Q9. Dosages for UV lamps are measured in what units?

A. Nanometers per secondB. Mi l l iwatts per square cenl imeterC. Nanometers per square centimeterD. Mi l l iJoules per square cent ime{cr

Ql0. The top (peak) output of a lorv-pressure mercury UV lamp

is about what level?

46

- more -

Answer the following questions with "true" or "false"

11. Dissolved ions in the feedwater have very little effect on theeffectiveness of a UV lamo.

12. It requires more UV light to inactivate bacteria than it doesto inactivate viruses.

13. One reason why UV is being reconsidered as a disinfectantis the fact that UV requires no chemicals.

14. Refinements in dosage precision measurements in UVsystems have made it possible for most manufacturers to designan off-the-shelf UV product that will work reliably in a verywide variety of situations.

15. Some UV systems are designed to create water turbulenceto increase the effectiveness of the UV lamo.

16. Testing UV using animal infectivity testing methodsshowed that UV light may be more effective againstC rypto s p o r idium than previously shown.

I7. Use of UV light for disinfection does not producedisinfection byproducts.

18. Viruses in water are harder to inactivate than bacteria.

19. An advantage of the broad-band pulsed UV lamp is thatalmost all of its output falls into the bactericidal wavelengthrange.

20. One advantage of UV treatment is that the use of a strongUV light requires almost no pretreatment.

IUVA News congratulates the Water Quality Association forhave the interest in UV technology to draw up this special quizfor readers of Water Technology.

Ltrazine Removal by Ozonation Processes in SurfaceWaters, F.J. Beltriin, J. Rivas, and B. Acedo (Departa-mento deIngenieria Quimica y Energetica, Universidad de Extremadura,06071 Badajoz, Spain), J. Environmental Science and Health.Part B. Pesticides, Food Contami-nants, and Agriculturalwasres, 34(3):449-468 ( I 999).

Atrazine (6-chloro-N-ethyl-N-isopropyl- 1, 3,5-tri-azinedyl-2,4-diamine) was treated with ozone alone and in combination withhydrogen peroxide or UV radiation in three surface waters.Experiments were carried out in two bubble reactors operatedcontinously. Variables investigated were the ozone partialpressure, temperature, pH, mass flow ratio of oxidants fed:

hydrogen peroxide and ozone and the type of oxidationincluding UV radiation alone. Residence time for the aqueousphase was kept at 10 min. Concentrations of some inter-mediates, including deethylatrazine, deisopropylatrazine anddeethyldeisopropylatrazine, also were followeo.

The nature of water, specifically the alkalinity and pH, werefound to be important variables that affected atrazine (ATZ)removal. Surface waters with low alkalinity and high pHallowed the highest removal of ATZ to be reached. There wasan optimum hydrogen peroxide to ozone mass flow ratio thatresulted in the highest ATZ removal in each surface watertreated. This optimum was above the theoretical stoichiometryof the process. Therefore, to reach the maximum removal ofATZ rn an Or/H.O, process, more hydrogen peroxide wasneeded in the surface waters treated than in ultrapure waterunder similar experimental conditions. In some cases. UVradiation alone resulted in the removal of ATZ higher thanozonation alone. This likely was due to the alkalinity of thesurface water.

Ozonation and UV radiation processes yield different amountsof hydrogen peroxide. Combined ozonations (O,/H,O, andO3/UV) lead to ATZ removals higher than single ozonation orUV radiation, but the formation of intermediates was higher.

Chemical Decomposition of 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol by Ozone,Fenton's Reagent, and UV Radiation, F. Javier Benitez, JdsusBeltrdn-Heredia, Juan L. Acero, and F. Javier Rubio(Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain), Industrial andEngineering Chemistry Research 38(4) : I 34 1 - I 349 Q999).

The kinetics of the decomposition of 2,4,6-Irichlorophenol byozonation, by Fenton's reagent reaction, and by a polychromaticUV radiation is investigated from experiments performed in abatch reactor. In each oxidation system, the degree of removalof the organic compound from water is evaluated and theinfluence of the operating variables is established. Theozonation process is conducted at pH = 2 and in the presence ofradical scavengers. Under these conditions the kinetic constantsand reaction orders for the direct reaction between ozone and theorganic compound are deduced by using a model based on thefilm theory. The oxidation by Fenton's reagent (Fe*2 ion andHrOr), a generating system of hydroxyl radicals, leads to theevaluation of pseudo-first-order rate constants for the globalreaction and to the determination of the kinetic constant for thedirect radical reaction. Finally, the quantum yields in thephotodecomposition process are determined from the rateequation, with the radiation flow rates absorbed previouslycalculated by means of a radiation source emission model.

47

a

The Booleworm's Corner

r1-rha microelectronics, nucleal, and pharmaceutical

I industries have been driving a renewed interest in theI determination of Total Organic Carbon CIOC) in water.

In addition, new EPA disinfection by-products nrles requireTOC monitoring of drinking water. A new publication fromASTM Committee D-19 on Water, AS|M Standard TestMethods on Total Organic Carbon in Water, compiles nineTOC methods (most based on the use of UV radiation) in oneconvenient sour@.

For designation and standard titles, see Check the Contentsdetails regarding each standard follow:

D5904, D6317, and D5997 use similar instrumentation basedon persrlfate and/or UVoxidation followedby a high sensitivitymembrane conductivity detector, but have been applied to TOClevels above I ppm, below I ppm and on-line applications,respectively.

D4839 andD4779 are again similar in instrumentation usingUV and/or persulfate oxidation followed by infrared detection,but difler in the levels of analyte detected.

D5173 contains on-line TOC methods that have not beensubjected to interlaboratory studies.

It4l29 is a high temperature combustion method mostapplicable to higher level TOC measurements.

D513 is not for TOC but for total and dissolved CO2 tlnt isoften measured when determining organic carbon by difference.

D2579, the original high temperature combustion infrareddetection metliod, is no longer in print (discontinued) but isreprinted here.

This book will be useful for plant rnanagers, quality controlpersonnel, and laboratory directors at nuclear power plants,pharmaceutical companies, and utilities involved with drinkingwater: microelectronics manufacturers.

60 Pages (1999); Soft Cover; $53 North America; $58Elsewhere ISBN: 0-8031-2723-5 Stock #: CARBON

Check the Contents

D 4839 Total Carbon and Organic Carbon in Water byUltraviolet, or Persulfate Oxidation, or Botlt, and InfraredDetection

I) 5904 Total Caftoq Inorganic Caftor\ and Org;anic Cartonin Water by Ultraviolet, Persulfate Oxidation, and MembraneConductivity Detection

D 4779 Total, Organic, and Inorganic Carbon in High PurityWater by llltraviolet (JV) or Persulfate Oxidation, or Both, andInfrared Detection

D 4129 Total and Organic Carbon in Water by HighTemperature Oxidation and by Coulometric Detection

D 2579 Total Organic Carbon in Water

D 5173 On-LineMonitoringofCarbon Compounds in WaterbyChemical Oxidation, by W Light Oxidation, by Botlq or byHigh Temperature Combustion Followed by Gas Phase NDIR orby Electrolytic Conductivity

D 6317 Low Level Determination of Total Carbon, InorganicCarbon and Organic Carbon In Water by Ultraviolet, PersulfateOxidation, and Membrane Conductivity Detection

D 5997 On-Line Monitoring of Total Cafton, Inorganic Carbonin Water by Ultraviolet, Persulfate Oxidation, and MembraneConductivity Detection

D513 Total and Dissolved Carbon Dioxide in Water

To order (USA or U.K.):

ASTM Customer Service, 100 Ban }larbor Drive, W.Conshohocken, PA 19428 USA; tel: 610-832-9585; fax:610-832-9555; e-mail: service@astm.ore website:www.astm.org

American Technical Publishers, 27-29 Knowl Piece, WilburyWay, Hitchin, Herts SG4 0SX, United Kingdom, tel: +44-(0)1462437 93 3 ; fax: + 44-(0)146243367 8

AStM,Si dard,TestrMethoOs..on t at.O*fiic

' ' : ' : ' ' ' : ' : : : ' ' ' : : : ' ' ' . ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '

.Spon$ored..:byi , Sll!..Cofi tt€r: D;f l on,[VCtCi

48

a

Putents of UV Interest

Water Disinfection Method

Inventor: Amos Korin (Weston, CT, USA)PatentNo..' U.S. 5,935,431, issued Aug, 10, 1999Application No.; U.S. 184,210, f i led Jan. 15,1997

Summary: The patent highlights a method for water disinfectionthat includes an ultraviolet (UV) lamp placed in a UV-permeablesleeve so there is a gas conduit between the outer surface of thelamp and the inner surface of the sleeve. Also, there is a filterabout the sleeve placed in such a way that a permeate chamberis formed. Additionally, the unit has feed chambers for liquidand gas feeding chambers, a gas removal line for ozone, and amixing device for mixing water fiom the permeate chamber andozone.

Device for Efficient UV Disinfection andDecontamination of Wastewater

ASSIGNEE: Forschungszentrum Mittweida e.V., GERMANPATENT: Germany Offen. ; DE 19801705 A1DATE: 19990122.APPLICATION: DE 19801705 (199801l7), 4 pages.

Apparatus and Method for Photolytic Decompositionof Residual Ozone in Treated Waters

INVENTOR(S): Rie Kagami; Hiroshi Noguchi; and ShigeoSato,ASSIGNEE: Meidensha Electric Mfg. Co., Ltd., Japan,PATENT: Japan Kokai Tokkyo Koho ; JP 9933567 A2,DATE: 19990209.APPLICATION: JP 91199546 (19910125), 1l pages, inJapanese. Ref: Chem. Abstr.: 130(13)172703a

Method and Apparatus for Disinfection of Seawaterby UV Radiation with Ozone to Be Used in Ice Making

INVENTOR: Masamichi Kikuchi (Japan)PATENT: Japan Kokai Tokkyo Koho, JP 11119349,DATE: 19990706.APPLICATION: JP 91354543 (19911224) PAGES: 9 pp. (InJapanese) Ref: CA: l3l(4)49136m

Water Purification Apparatus by Ozonizationand Ultraviolet Treatment for Domestic Use.

INVENTORS: Masanori Morito; Osamu Asaoka; and NorikoTakasi.

ASSIGNEE: Arusoa Osho K. K., Japan,PATENT: Japan Kokai Tokkyo Koho ; JP 99197656 ,A2 ; JP11191656 DATE: 19990121,in Japanese.Ref: CA: l3l0)120545b

Method for Treatment of Wastewater ContainingOrganic Chlorine Compounds Using Ozone and UV Light

INVENTORS: Sota Nakagawa; Toshihiro Tanaka; YoseiKazura; Hiroshi Sakuma; Saburo Ito; and Manabu IkeguchiASSIGNEE: Ebara Corp., Japan,PATENT: Japan Kokai Tokkyo Koho ; IP 9933569 A2 ; JPI 133569, DATE: 19990209,APPLICATION: JP 97190136 (.19910715) 14 pp (in Japanese).Ref.: CA: 130(13)112104b

Method and UV Radiation Apparatus forRemoving Contaminants from an Air Stream,

INVENTORS: Jerry Nelson and Craig AndrewsASSIGNEE: Eco-Aire Company, Inc., USA,PATENT: PCT International :WO 9913956 A2DATE: 19990325,APPLICATION: WO 98US18482 (19980915) *US 932101(19970911),46 pp. Ref: CA: 130(17)226955o

Apparatus for Oxidation Reaction of WaterUsing Photocatalyst,

INVENTORS: Hiroshi Noguchi, Rie Kagami, Shigeo Saro, andMiyoko Kuzumi,ASSIGNEE: Meidensha Electric Mfg. Co., Ltd., Japan,PATENT: Japan Kokai Tokkyo Koho ; JP 99244813 A2;JP1 1244813, DATE: 19990914,APPLICATION: JP 9852592 09980305), 9 pages, in Japanese.Ref: CA: 131(14)189431d

Apparatus for Oxidative Decomposition of Liquidsby Ozonization and UV Irradiation,

INVENTOR: Noburo SakanoASSIGNEE: Clear Eco Kyodo Kumiai, Japan,PATENT: Japan Kokai Tokkyo Koho ; JP 99221581 A2 JPll22l58l, DATE: 19990811,APPLICATION: JP 9823533 (19980204), 7 pp. in JapaneseRef: CA: 131(1 1)148614x

49

Method for Increasing Dissolved Oxygen in Waterfor Disinfection and Purification by Light Radiation,

INVENTOR: Kaizutoshi SakutaASSIGNEE: Technocrast K. K., Japan,PATENT: Japan Kokai Tokkyo Koho ; JP 99114588 ,{2 ; JP11114588, DATE: 19990421APPLICATION: JP 91320241 (.19911011), 6 pages, inJapanese. Ref: CA: 130(22)301430k

Method and Apparatus for Improving OxidationTreatment of Water bv Ozone and UV Contact.

INVENTORS: Shoichi Sameshima and Hiroshi ShimazakiASSIGNEE: Meidensha Electric Mfg. Co., Ltd., JapanPATENT: Japan Kokai Tokkyo Koho ; UP 9942481 A2,DATE: 199902 | 6, APPLICATION : UP 91 20201 1 0991 01 29).6 pages, in Japanese. Ref: CA: 130(14)186943r

Apparatus for Improving Oxidation Treatment of Waterby Ozone Contact Device and UV Light,

INVENTORS: Soichi Sameshima, and Hiroshi ShimazakiASSIGNEE: (Meidensha Electric Mfg. Co., Ltd., JapanPATENT: Japan Kokai Tokkyo Koho ; UP 9942486 A2 ; UP1142486, DATE: 19990216,APPLICATION: UP 97202016 (19910129), 3 pages, inJapanese. Ref: CA: 130(14)186942q

Ultraviolet Lamp Used for Air Purification Devicewith Ozone Generation and Decomposition,

INVENTOR: Kenzo ShimazakiASSIGNEE: Okays Electric Industry Co., Japan,PATENT: Japan Kokal Tokkyo Koho ; JP 99104224 ,A2 ; OP11104224 DATE: 19990420,APPLICATION: JP 97284510 (19910930) 6 pages, in Japanese.Ref. : CA: 130(21)286109s

Method for Control Injection of Ozone in WaterPurification Using UV Absorbancy,

INVENTOR: Tetsufumi Watanabe.ASSIGNEE: Meidensha Electric Mfg. Co., Ltd., Japan,PATENT: Japan Kokai Tokkyo Koho ; IP 99201369 A2, IP11201369 DATE: 19990803.APPLICATION: JP 9812191 (19980126), I I pages, inJapanese. Ref: CA: 131(g)106571a

Recent Abstracts ofUV Technicul Articles

From NTIS

rder these products from NTIS (Natl. TechnicalInformation Service) by: phone at 1-800-553-NTIS(U.S. customers); (703)-605-6000 (other countries); fax

at (703)-321-8547; and email at orders@ntis.fedworld.gov.NTIS is located at 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA,22161, USA.

On the Degradation Behavior of Chlorinated OrganicCompounds in Aqueous Solution During UV/OxidizingAgent Treatment, I. Bachmann (Technische HochschuleAachen, Germany, Lehrstuhl und Inst. fiirSiedlungswasserwirtschaft), 1996, 171 pp, in German.Gewdsserschutz, Wasser, Abwasser, v. 155.TIB/497-0017IWEP. Price code: PC E14.

Degradation of the model compound 3,4-dichlorophenol wasstudied as a contribution to define and optimize conditions forUV-induced wet oxidation of sewage prior to a biologicaltreatment stage. Degradation kinetics were followed varyingconcentration, oxidizing agent (HrOr, Q ) and radiationparameters (energy, wave length, intensity, inadiator geometry).Degradation occurs via photooxidation, while photolysis andpure oxidation are of minor importance. Highest rates ofphotooxidation were achieved with HrQ using helical radiationelements. Dehydrochlorination is assumed as the first reactionstep of 3,4-dichlorophenol degradation. Optimized treatmentconditions were applied to the degradation of 3-chlorophenol inwater as well as to the treatment of sewage water containingchlorinated and fluorinated organic compounds.

Evaluation of the Technical Feasibility of PhotocatalyticOxidation and Phase Transfer Catalysis for Destruction ofContaminants from Water, J. Crittenden, D.W. Hand, Y.Zhang, and M.E. Mullins (Michigan Technological Univ.,Houghton. MI), Jun 96, 64p, ALIEQ-TR-1996-0013,ALIEQ-TR-1996-0013, AD-A317 926/4WEP, Price code: PCAO5/MF AO1.

Present efforls have developed photocatalysts best suited for thedestruction of hydrophobic and hydrophilic organiccontaminants. Using Solqr Insolation with Pt-TiO2 supportedon silica gel, the best supported photocatalyst identified in a

50

systematic evaluation, can mineralize trichloroethylene (8 mg/L)completely in a short time of

.l .3 minutes. The destruction rate

using this supporled catalyst is four times greater than that usingthe optimized slurry made with the best photocatalyst identified,and sixteen times greater than using a slurry made with the bestcommercially available catalyst. Catalyst supports aresuccessfully surface-modified to increase adsorption capacityand in turn the overall destruction rates. Using solar insolationor artificial light sources for the applications in both water andair phases, the fixed-bed processes utilizing the supportedphotocatalyst have successfully mineralized other compoundswith a wide range of adsorbabilities and photoactivities. Presentefforls also have developed an adsorbent regeneration strategy:using saturated steam followed by photocatalysis to regeneratethe spent adsorbents, and to destroy the desorbed organiccompounds in the steam or steam condensate. Limited effortshave been made to model photocatalysis and steam desorption.The technologies have been tested successfully in the field atTyndall AFB, FL and K.I. Sawyer AFB, MI and ar a warertreatment plant in Wausau, WI.

Photocatalytic Oxidation and Reduction Chemistry and aNew Process for Treatment of Pink Water and RelatedContaminated Water, D.M. Blake, Woltrum. and J. Boulter(National Renewable Energy Lab., Golden, CO), Oct 96, 108pp, NREL/TP-430-21580. Sponsored by Departmenr of Energy,Washington, DC. DE96013073WEP, Price code: PC AO7/MF402.

The objective of this project was to develop new photocatalyticor other innovative process chemistry for the treatment of pinkwater and related contaminated water.

Spectroscopic UV Imager Systems for Study of AtmosphericContamination, J.L. Lowrance (Princeton ScientificInstruments, Inc., Monmouth Junction, NJ), 15 Aug 96, l2p,PL-TR-96-2234. AD-A318 651/4WEP. Price code: PC A03/MFA0l.

Rockets generate pollutant species in their flight through thetroposphere and stratosphere. To assess the environmentalimpact of such species, it is necessary to know theconcentrations and the lifetimes of the foreign species and thechemistry which they undergo in the atmosphere. This programwas to design and use instruments to gather data to determinethe species, concentrations, and lifetimes of these foreignspecies. The measurement program was based on measuring theemission and absorption spectrum of the exhaust gases todetermine the components in the gas cloud. This final reportcovers the first phase of a multi-year contract to develop thespectro sc opic altraviolet imager instrument sy stem.

Report on Treatability Test of Groundwater by Ultraviolet(UV)/Oxidation, Umatilla Depot Activity, Hermiston,Oregon, E. Ritchie, W. Ballard, S. Lemont, M. Ochsner, and K.Parrett (Dames and Moore, Linthicum, MD), Jun 95, 395p,SFIM-AEC-BC-CR-95046. AD-A3 1 8 00419WEP. Price code:PCA 1B/ i \4FAO4

The Report on the Treatability Test of Groundwater byUltraviolet (UV)/Oxidation has been prepared for the U.S. ArmyEnvironmental Center (U.S. AEC), to document the results ofthe treatability test performed at Umatilla DepotActivity-UMDA), Hermiston, Oregon, during the Site 4(Explosive Nashout Lagoons) pumping tests. The objective ofthe treatibility test was to gather data to evaluate whetherUV/ozone is a feasible alternative for effectively removingexplosives from groundwater at Site 4. The report presentsdiscussions in the treatment technology, field setup,sampling/analyses, results, and useability. The results indicatethat most explosives were effectively treated by UV/ozone, butthat 1,3,5-trinitro-benzene (1,3,5-TNB) was difficult to treat.Projected costs for a full-scale treatment system are provided.In addition, an evaluation of a field method for analyzingexplosives groundwater which was performed in conjunctionwith the treatability testis presented.

Abstructs From Other Sources

Effect of Fe '* on UV-Illuminated Ozonation of Nitro-phenolic Compounds, Keiji Abe and Keiichi Tanaka (NationalInstitute of Materials and Chemical Research, Tsukuba, Japan),Chemosphere 38(12):27 47 -21 52 (1999).Five nitrophenolic compounds were degraded by ozona-tion.UV illumination enhanced the degradation, particu-larly TOCelimination. The addition of Fer* further enhanced andcompleted the mineralization. The largest effect of Fe3* wasobserved with 2,4-dinitrophenol which is most refractory toozonation. UV and Fer* were effective on the degradation ofaliphatic rather than aromatic intermediates. Some organic acidintermediates were found to be UV photosensitive in thepresence of Fe3* and their photodegradation rates werecorrelated with the effect of Fer*. Hence the principal effect ofFe3* on the UV-illuminated ozonation is attributed tophotodegrada-tion of aliphatic intermediates by Fer* complex.

Ozone Depletion and Increased UV-B Radiation: Is Therea Real Threat to Photosynthesis? D.J. Allen, S. Nogues, andN.R. Baker, (USDA/ARS Photosynthesis Research Unit,Urbana, IL, USA). J. of Experimental Borany, 49(328):1775-1788 (Nov. 1998).

This critical review of recent literature questions earlierpredictions that photosynthetic productivity of higher plants is

51

vulnerable to increased ultraviolet-B ruV-B) radiation as a resultof stratospheric ozone (O.) depletion. Direct UV-B-inducedinhibition of photo-synthetic competence is observed only athigh UV-B irradiances and primarily involves the loss of solubleCalvin cycle enzymes and adaxial stomatal closure inamphistomatous plants. However, even under these extremeUV-B exposures, acclimation (e.g., induction of UV-Babsorbing flavonoids) can protect the photosynthetic processes.

In plants irradiated with UV-B throughout development areduction in productivity usually is associated with a reducedability to intercept light (i.e., smaller leaf area) and not aninhibition of photosynthetic competence. Finally, a review of'field experiments utilizing realistic UV-B enhancement is madeto evaluate whether the mechanisms involved in UV-B-induceddepressions of photosynthesis are likely to impact on thephotosynthetic productivity of crops and natural vegetation inthe future.

Predictions of plant responses to ozone depletion are suspectliom square-wave irradiance experiments in the field andcontrolled environments due to the increased sensitivity ofplants to UV-B at relatively low photosynthetically-activephoton flux densities (PPFD) and ultraviolet-A (UV-A)

irradiances. Realistic modulated UV-B irradiances in the fielddo not appear to have any significant effects on photosyntheticcompetence or light-interception.

It is concluded that ozone depletion and the concurrent rise inUV-B irradiance is not a direct threat to photosyntheticproductivity of crops and natural vegetation.

Aqueous Degradation of VOCs in the Ozone Combinationwith Hydrogen Peroxide or UV Radiation Processes. l.Experimental Results, Fernando J. Be1tr6n, Manuel Gonzalez,Javier Rivas, and Benito Acedo (Universidad de Extremadura,Badajoz, Spain), J. Environmental Science and Health, Part A:Toxic/Hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering34(3): 649-67r (1999).

Trichloroethane (TCA) and trichloroethylene (TCE) were usedas model compounds to study the elimination of volatileorganochlorine compounds (VOC) present in surface waterswith ozone combined with hydrogen peroxide or ultravioletradiation. The effects of gas flow rate, water type, hydrogenperoxide concentration, and oxidation type were investigatedduring VOC elimination. The rates of VOC elimination followpseudo first order kinetics and can be represented by thecontribution of four terms due to volatility, hydroxyl radicaloxidation, direct radiation with ozone and direct photolysis.

Aqueous Degradation of VOCs in the Ozone Combinationwith Hydrogen Peroxide or UV Radiation Processes. 2.Kinetic Modeling, Fernando J. Beltrdn, Manuel Gonzalez,Javier Rivas, and Benito Acedo (Universidad de Extremadura,Badajoz, Spain), J. Environmental Science and Health, Part A:Toxic/Hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering34(3'): 61 3-693 ( I 999).

A kinetic model for the removal of trichloroethylene and tri-chloromethane from natural waters with ozonation processes hasbeen proposed and tested at different conditions implying thepresence of hydrogen peroxide or UV radiation. The model isconstituted by the mol balance equations of the organo-chlorinecompound, ozone (both in water and gas phases) and hydrogenperoxide and predicts the concentration of these substances withreaction time at different conditions. Main variables that affectthe oxidation late are gas flow rate (volu-metric mass transferand volatility coefficients), concentration of hydrogen peroxideand intensity of UV radiation. The kinetic model predictsreasonably well experimental concentrations of TCA during theozonation at low gas flow rate (thus minimizing the importanceof volatility) but overestimates the experimental concentrationswhen UV radiation or hydrogen peroxide are appliedsimultaneously to the ozonation of TCE, especially at 20 Lh I

gas flow rate. The presence of natural substances different ofcarbonates can be the reason of these deviations because oftheir hydroxyl free radical scavenging potential character notaccounted for in the kinetic model.

The Use of a UV Lamp for Control of Odor Decompositionof Kitchen and Vegetable Waste, E.M. Biey and W. Verstraete(Centre of Environmental Sanitation, University of Ghent,Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium), J. EnvironmentalTechnology, 20(3):33 | -335 ( 1 999).

Laboratory-scale tests have been conducted to reduce odor fromdomestic garbage waste kept for two weeks in a container. A5W UV lamp (OSRAM HNS 5 / UOZE21 inducing ozoneformation was used at a rate of 7 hours per day. Using theElectronic nose FOX 3000 technique, the odor expressed asSensorial Odor Perception (SOP) units, was 19470 SOPav/L gas,while in the non-treated control it was 132000 SOPav/L gas.The results showed that off gases fiom domestic waste becameless charged after having been subjected to a UV lampproducing O.. This technique offers potential for the storage ofwaste, avoiding odor and flies breeding during summer intemperate climates and during all seasons in warm countries.

The Effect of Ultraviolet Irradiation, Heat, pH, Ozone,Salinity and Chemical Disinfectants on the Infectivity ofWhite Spot Syndrome Baculovirus, P.S. Chang, L.J. Chen, andY.C. Wang, (National Kaohsiung Institute of MarineTechnology, Taiwan), Aquaculture, 166(Vz):1-11, July 1, 1998.

52

aThe virucidal effects of ultraviolet (UV) imadiation, heat, pH,ozone, salinity and some chemical disinfectants on white spotsyndrome baculovirus (WSBV) were investigated by infectivityassay using juvenile black tiger prawn, Penaeus monodon.WSBV became completely non-infectious after 60 min UVirradiation (9 x 105 mWs/crlr ). WSBV was renderednon-infectious by 55'C and 70'C heat treatment within 90 minand 5 min, respectively. WSBV also was completely inactivatedby high acidity (pH 1) fbr l0 min, pH 3 for t h and by highalkalinity, (pH 12) for 10 min ar room remperarure (25'C). Theeffective concentration for ozone to reduce WSBVs infectivityto zero was 0.5 micrograms/ml as a total residual oxidant for l0min at room temp. WSBV was inactivated by contact for 10min at room temperature with a final concentration of 100 ppmof sodium hypochlorite and povidone iodine and i5 ppm ofbenzalkonium chloride. Sodium chloride in concentrationsranging from 0-107o had no virucidal effect on the infectivity ofWSBV.

Degradation Products of 2,4-Dichlorophenol by UV/O.System, Chiu-Wen Chen, Chengdi Dong, Yu-Ling Liao,Kuo-Jui Chen, Hui-Min Liu, and Jen-Chuan Tu (Natl KaohsiungInst of Marine Technology, Kaohsiung, Taiwan), in Proc. 199931st Mid-Atlantic Industrial and Hazardous Waste Conference,Storrs, CT, USA, 1999,06/20-23, pp. 103-110.

The degradation products of 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,a-DCp) byUV/O3 processes in aqueous solution have been studied usinggas chromatographic/mass spectrometer and acetylationtechnique. Five aromatic intermediate products including4-chlorocatechol (4-CCA), chlorohydroquinone (CHO),3,5-dichloro-catechol (3,5-DCCA), dichlororesorcinol (DCRES)and dichlorotrihydroxybenzene (DCTHB) have been observed.Degradation rates of 2.4-DCP and formation rates of chlorideions increase with the increases of solution pH and ozone dose.

Susceptibility of Estuarine Crab Larvae to UltravioletRadiation, K.A. Hovel and S.G. Morgan (Marine SciencesResearch Center, State University of New York at Stony Brook,Stony Brook, NY 11194-5000, USA), J. Experimenral MarineBiology and Ecology, 237(l):I07-125 (1999).

Estuarine crab larvae are often hatched into shallow salt marshesand may remain near the water's surface while dispersing fromshorelines. Residence in surface waters or entrapment inshallow backwaters of marshes may expose larvae to damagingultraviolet radiation-B (UVBR, 280-320 nm). To determine theeffects of UVBR exposure on larval survival, larvae of threespecies of salt marsh crabs, Uca prygnzrr (Smith, 1870), Sesarmareticulatum (Say. 1817), and Dyspanopeus sayi (Smith 1869),were reared for 4 days in UVBR-transparent and UVBR-opaquecontainers that were suspended 10 and 25 cm below the seasurface in a shallow salt march located on Long Island, Ny,USA. UVBR, UV-A radiation (UVAR, 320-400 nm) and

photosynthetically active radiation (PAR, 400-700 nm) weremeasured from the surface to the bottom of the water columnduring the course of five replicate trials.

UVBR, UVAR and PAR all were rapidly attenuated in the turbidsalt marsh. Nevertheless, UVBR decreased larval survival of allthree species. Survival of Sesarma reticulatum larvae decreasedas UVBR exposure increased during the course of theexperiment. Survival of Uca pugnax larvae initially declinedbut stabilized thereafter. Survival of Dyspanopeus sayilarvaedid not decline during the first day of the experiment but itdecreased each day thereafter. Therefore, UVBR may quicklykill newly hatched larvae that become trapped in the marsh orremain within 1-m of the water's surface. However, larvae inFlax Pond were released during nocturnal ebb tides, and 9l .7Voof newly-hatched larvae were flushed from the marsh beforedaybreak. Thereafter, larvae may avoid the top I -m of the watercolumn during the daytime (U. pugnax and D. sayi) or mayreside at depth throughout the day (S. reticulatum). The twosurface oriented species also may be protected from UVBR byphotorepair mechanisms or mycosporine-like amino acids(MAAs). Though larvae remaining high in the water columnmay be exposed to sublethal doses of UVBR. larvae of thesethree species may not be killed directly by short-term exposureto UVBR while dispersing from temperate shorelines.

Surface oxidation of Cellulose Fibers by Yacuum UltravioletIrradiation, Koichi Kato, Victor N. Vasilets, Mikhail N. Fursa,Masashi Meguro, Yoshito Ikada, and Katsuhiko Nakamae (KobeUniv. Kobe, Japan), J. of Polymer Science, Parl A:p polymerChemistry 37(2):357-361 (Feb 1, 1999) (in English).

Vacuum ultraviolet irradiation was used for oxidizing cellulosefibers. The use of chromic acid and nitric acid to introducecarbonyl groups which most probably belong to carboxylic acidswas effective, while treatment with ozone gas and hydrogenperoxide was insufficient to activate cellulose oxidation underthe cerlain reaction conditions. Compared to wet process usingthe chromic acid and nitric acid solutions, VUV irradiationprovided a dry, clean process which was the most effective insurface oxidation of cellulose fibers with unchansed bulkmechanical properlies.

Effects of Photolytic Ozonation on Biodegradability andToxicity of Industrial Wastewater, W.S. Kuo (Natl Lien-HoColl of Technology and Commerce, Miao-Li, Taiwan), J.Environmental Science and Health, Part A: ToxiclFlazardousSubstances and Environmental Engineering 34(4):919-933(reee).

Two industrial wastewaters containing pesticide anddye-auxiliary organics, respectively, from BASF Co., Taiwanwere used as the model wastewater and treated by photolyticozonation to investigate the potentiality of photolytic ozonation

53

a

as a pretreatment step by measuring biodegradability(BOD./COD), toxicity (ECru), and mineralization efficiency. Itwas found that as treatment of industrial wastewaters by UV/O,process for one hour, COD just reduced 6.27o, l8%o, TOC alsomerely decreased 2.47o, 9.57o fbr pesticide and dye-auxiliarywastewater, respectively, resulting in the value of BOD./CODenlarged significantly to be an easily biodegradable level, andtoxicity declined obviously. At this time, ozone consumptionfor one gram COD removed was merely 1.375 g, 1.552 g forpesticide and dye-auxiliary wastewater, respectively, indicatingextremely efficient with UV/O. process. On the basis of theresults, a photolytic ozonation unit with conditions of UV lightintensity 3.0 mWcm2, ozone supply rate 400 g/m'/hr, and I m'reactor volume is appreciable for allowing wastewaters to haveone hour reaction time and then be oxidized 'to be morebiodegradable (BOD./COD greater than 0.4), less toxic (EQoreduction greater than 507o), and the most part of mineralizationwork of wastewater is intended to be done by a followingbiological unit rather than photolytic ozonation. Thecombination of photolytic ozonation and biological processesenables the process designer to have a good approach toindustrial wastewater containing xenobiotic organics.

Description and Application of Biodosimetry-a TestingProcedure for UV Systems, G. Leuker (Katadyn Products Inc.,Water Treatment, Birkenweg 4, CH-8304, Wallisellen, Zirich,Switzerland), J. Water SRT- Aqua 48(4):pp. 154-160 (1999).

Biodosimetry is a new testing procedure for UV systems used todisinfect water. It is the first standardized test method for suchsystems that has been proven in test stand comparison withrespect to practicality and reproducibility. The method is uniquein that the reactor geometry and the different types of UV lampsare objectively incorporated into the determination of themicrobiological performance. All results that fbllow this reportare the result of practical experiments with the biodosimetry: testbetween two laboratories, the comparison of different reactordesign and different types of UV lamps.

Inorganic Fouling at Quartzmater Interfaces in UltravioletPhotoreactors-I. Chemical Characterization, Lian-Shin Lin*,Cliff T. Johnston**, and Ernest R. Blatchley III*(xEnvironmental and Hydraulic Engineering Area, School ofCivil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette. IN41901-1284, USA and **Department of Agronomy, PurdueUniversity, wesr Lafayerte, IN 47901, USA), Wat. Res.33( 15):3321-3329. 1999.

Fouling of quartz jackets around mercury arc lamps representsa performance limitation in photochemical reactors used intreatment of aqueous streams, such as those used in disinfection,photocatalysis and UV-based advanced oxidation processes.These fouling materials are generally comprised of inorganicconstituents, though little is known about their specific

chemistry. The goal of this paper is to characterize inorganicfouling on quaftz surfaces in photoreactors by evaluation of thecomposition of fouling materials and chemical analysis ofcorresponding waters. Results showed that the fouling materialswere predominantly amorphous inorganics. Fouling materialcomposition was found to be site-specific. Cation compositionin the fouling materials was found to be highly complex, withmany metals being common to all samples; in all cases, iron,aluminum and calcium were found to represent the majority ofthe metals present. Predominant anions included carbonate,sulfate, hydroxide, chloride and phosphate. In the absence ofUV radiation and heat from UV lamps, the extent of inorganicfouling was substantially diminished. Thermally-inducedprecipitation of inorganic species and impaction of preexistingcolloidal particles were hypothesized to be the primarymechanisms responsible for inorganic fouling; accumulation ofmaterials due to direct ion exchange reactions with the quartzsurfaces was shown to be of negligible importance.

In addition, we have turned up the following citations for whichwe have neither an abstract nor a fuli article. If any of ourreaders happens to have access to either the abstracts or thearticles, please send them on to the IUVA News Editor-in-Chief(see insert box, p. 3 for contact details) and we will be glad toreproduce the abstracts in future issues. Many thanks.

Using Computational Fluid Dynamics to Improve Chlorine,Ozone or UV Disinfection Processes, A. Cockx and Z.Do-Quang (Centre International de Recherche sur 1'Eau etI'Environnement, Lyonnaise des Eaux, France), L'Eau,I'Industrie, les Nuisances, 1999 (222):41-45. (In French -

summary in English).

Reduction of Surface Recombination in InGaAs/InPHeterostructures Using UV-Irradiation and Ozone, RachidDriad, Zheng-Hong Lu, Sylvain Laframboise, Donald Scansen,William McKinnon, and Ross and Sean Patrick McAlister(Institute for Microstructural Sciences, National ResearchCouncil of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Can., KlA 0R6), Japan J.Appl. Phys., Part I, 38:1 124-1121 (1999).

Upcoming rn IUVA News

here has been much debate across the e-mail channelsrecently and at the AWWA/WQTC in Tampa, FL on theuse of cell culture vs animal infectivity for measuring

viability/infectivity pf Cryptosporidium p arv um oocysts. Thereappear to be two (perhaps more) camps out there, with widelydiffering views on just which method should be used to conductdisinfection studies and why. IUVA News will address this hottopic, with comments from all sides, in an upcoming issue.

Jen Clancy

54

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