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Me th o d G a spey- O t t o - S au er
for the study of modern languages.
E n g l i s h E d i t i o n s .
G e rm a n Conv ersation -Grammar by O ll
to . 26 . E d.
K ey to the German Conv .
-G ram1n ar by O tto . E d .
S upplem . Exerc ises to the G erm. G ramm .
8 .
by O tto 2. E d.
E lementary G erman G rammar by Otto . 7 . E d.
F irst German B ook by Otto . 8. E d.
German R eader I. 6. E d , II. 4. E d" III. 2. E d. by Ot to . 8.
Materials for tr. Engl . into Germ . by Otto-Wright. Pa rt . I .K ey to the Mater . fo r tran s l . E ng] . i . Germ . I. by O tto . 2. E d .
Materials for tr. E ng] . in to G erm by O tto . Part . II . 2. E d.
G erman D ialogues by Otto . 4. E d.
Acc iden ce of the G erman langu age by Otto-Wright . 2. E d.Handbook of E ngl ish and German Id ioms by Lange
Fr e n ch Con v ersat ion-G rammar by Otto . 11. E d.
K ey to the French Co n v ers .-Grammar by O tto . 6. Ed .
Elementary Fren ch Grammar by Wright . 2. E d.
Materia ls for trans l . E ngl ish into Fren ch by Otto . 4. E d.
Fren ch D ialogu es by Otto-CorkranConv .
-B ook in French, German and English by Connor. 12.
It a l ia n Con versat ion-G rammar by Sau er. 6. E d.
Key to the I ta lia n Con v erts -Grammar by Sauer. 5 . Ed .
E lementary Ita l ian G rammar by Mott iIta l ian Reader by CattaneoIta l ian D ia logues by Mott i
Du t ch Con versat ion -Grammar by ValetteKey to the Du tch (lea v ers -Grammar by V a letteDutch Reader by Va lette
R u s s i a n Con versat ion -G rammar by Mott i . 2. E d.
Key to the Russ ian Con v ers .-Grammar by Mot ti . 2. Ed .
E lementary Russ ian G rammar by Mott iKey to the Elementary Rus sian Grammar by Motti
S p a n i s h Con v ersat ion G rammar by Sauer . 5 . E d.
Key to the Span ish Conv ene G rammar by Bauer. 3 . Ed .
E lementary Span ish Grammar by Pa v iaSpan ish R eader by Sau er-Rohrich . 2. E d .
Span ish D ia logues by Sau er-Corkran
E lementary S w e d i s h Grammar by Fort
G e r m a n E d i t i o n s .
A r a b i s ch e Ko nversations-Grammat ik.
v .
‘ H'
a
rde
rSchlu s sel da zu v . H arder
a spey a u er
for the study of modern languages.
G e r m a n E d i t i o n s .
E n g l i s ch e Kon v ersations -G rammat ik v . G aspey. 22. Aufl.
S ch lfi s se] dazu v . R 1111ge . (N11r fiir Lehrer u nd zum Selb s tun terricht.) 2. A 116.
E ng lisches Konv ersations-Lesebu ch v . G aspey. 5. A ufl.
K le ine engl ische Sprach lehre v . Otto-Runge . 4. A ufi .
Engl ische G esprache v . R 1111ge
Mater ial ien z . Ubersetzen in s E ngl ische v . Otto-Runge . 3. A ufl .
E ngl ische Chrestoma th ie v . 81’
ipfle-Wright . S . A 11fl .
Fr a n z iis i s ch e Konv ersations -G rammatik v . Otto . 26 . A ufi .
S chliissel dazu v . Runge . (Nur Lehrer und zum Se lbstun terricht .) 3 Anti .Franz . Kon v .
-Le sebuch I . 9. A ufi . , II. 5. Aufl . v . Otto- .R 1mge a .
Franz . Kon v .-Lesebu ch f. Madchensch . I. Ku rs . v . Otto-Runge . 4. A ufi.
Franz . Konv .-Lesebuch f. Madchen sch . II . Kurs v . Otto”R ange 3. Aufi .
K le ine franzfisische Sprach lehre v . 0 tto-R 11nge . 6. Aufl .
Franztisische G eSprache v . Otto-R 11nge . 7. Aufl .
Franziisisches Lesebu ch v . S iipfle . 10. A 11fl .
Fran z .-deutsch-eng lisches Konversation sbiichlein v. Connor. 12. Aufl.
I t a l i e n i s ch e Kon v ersation s-Grammat ik v . Sauer. 10. A 116 .
S chltis s el dazu v . Catta neo . (Nur fur Lehrer 11nd zum Selb s tun terricht.)3. A ufl .
Ital ien isches Konv ersations-Lesebu ch v . Bauer. 4 . A ufl .
Ita l ien ische Chrestomath ie v . Cattaneo . 2. Aufl .
K le ine ital ien ische Sprach leh re v . Sa11er 7. Aufi .
Ital ien ische G esprache v . Sau er-Motti . 4. A 11fi . .
fi bungsstiicke zum Ubera. a . d . Deutschen i. Ita l . v . Lardel h. 3. A .11h
N e u gr i e ch i s ch e Konv ersation s-Grammat ik v . P etrarisS chl ijs sel dazu v . P etraris
N i e d e r l iin d i s ch e Kon versations-G rammat ik v . Va letteSch lii s sel da zu v . V a letteNiederlandisches Konv -Leshbuch v . Va letteK le ine n iederlandische Sprachlehre v . V a lette . 2. A 11fl .
P o l n i s ch e Konv ersation s Grammatik v . Wicherkiew iczSchlii ssel dazu v . Wich erkiewicz .
P o r t u g i e s i s ch e Konversations G rammatik v . Kordgien . 2S chlfissel da zu v . K ordgien . 2. A 11fl
K leine portugies ische Sprach lehre v . Kordgien . 3. Aufi .
B u s s i s ch e Konvereations—Grammat ik v . Fuchs . 3. Aufl .
Schlussel dazu v . Fuchs . 3 . A nti . 1Kle ine russ ische Sprachlehre v . Mott iS chhis sel dazu v . MottiS ch w e d i s ch e Konversation s-G rammatik v . Wa lterS chltis s el da zu v . Wa lter .K le ine schwed ische Sprach lehre 17. FortS p a n i s ch e Konv ersations G rammat ik v . Sau er-Ruppert .Schl tis sel dazu v . R 11ppert. 2. A ufl .
Span isches Lesebu ch v . 8au er-R 6hrich. 2. A 11fi .
K le ine span ische Sprachlehre v . Sau er
Span ische G espr‘
ache v . Sa11er. 3. A 11fi .
Span ische R ektionaliste‘
v . Sau er-Kordgien
a s p e y a u e r
for the study of modern languages.
G e r m a n E d i t i o n s .
S u a h i l i Kon versations-Grammat ik v . Se idelS chlii ssel dazu v . SeidelT ii rk i s ch e Konv ersation s-Grammat ik v . Jeh1itschkaS chl lis sel da zu v . Jehlitschka .
K leine u n g a r i s ch e Sprach lehre v . Nagy
F r e n c h E d i t i o n s
Gramma ire a l l em a n d e par Otto . 16. Ed.
Corrigé des themes de la Gramma ire alleman de par O tto . 5. E d .
P etite G rammaire al lemande par Otto . 8.
Lectures a l lemandes par Otto. I. part , 6. Ed.
Lectu res a l lemandes par Otto . II. part. 4. Ed.Lectu res a l lemandes par Otto . IIL part 2. Ed.
Con versat ion s a l lemandes par Otto . 4 . Ed.
G ramma ire a n g l a i s e par Mau ron -V errier . 8. Ed”Corrigé des themes de la Gramma ire angla ise par Mauro n V errie rPetite G rammaire angla ise par Mauron . 4. Ed.
Lectu res ang la ises par Mau ron . 2. Ed.
Conversations angla ises par CorkranManue l de conversation en franc”allem. et anglal s parConnor .Gramma ire i t a li e n n e par Sauer . 9 . Ed.
Corrigé des themes de la Gramm . i ta l . par Sauer. 5 . E dP et ite Grammaire ita l ienn e par Mott i . 2. d .
Chrestomath ie ital ienne par Cattaneo . 2. Ed.
Conv ersations ita l iennes par Motti
G ramma ire n é e r l a n d a i s e s par V aletteCorrigé des themes de la Grammaire n éerlan da ise par V aletteLectu res néer landa ises par Va lette
G ramma ire r u s s e par Fuchs . 3. Ed. .
Corrigé des themes de la Gramm russe par Fuchs . 3. E d .
P eti tegrammaire ru sse par Mott iCorrigé es themes de la petite grammaire ru sse par Motti
G rammaire e s p a g n o l e par Bau er. 4 . Ed.
Co rrigé des themes de la Gramm . espagn . par Bauer . 3. EdPeti te gramma ire espagn o le par T an tyLectu res espagnoles par Sau er-Rohrich. 2. Ed.
Pet ite gramma ire s u éd o i s e par Fort
G r e e k E d i t i o n .
K le ine d e u t sch e Sprachlehre fil t G r iechen v on Ma ltosDeutsche G espr’
ache fur Gr iechen von Ma ltos
Me th o d G a spey- O t t o - S au e r
for the study of modern languages.
I t a l i a n E d i t i o n s .
Grammat ica t e d e s ca d i Sau er-Ferrar i . 6. E d.
Chiav e della Grammatica tedesca di Saucer-Ferrari . 2. Ed .
G rammatica e lementare tedesca d i Otto . 4. E d.
Lettu re tedesche d i Otto 4 . E d.
Conversaz ion i tedesche d1 Mott iAvv iamento al t rad . dal ted. in ita l . d i
.
Lardel l iG rammat ica i n g l e s e d i Sau er-P av ia . 4. E dCh iav e della gramma tica inglese d i Bau er-P av iaG rammatica e lementare inglese d l Pa v i aGrammatica fr a n ce s e d i Motti . 2. E d.
Chiav e della g rammatica francese d i MottiGrammat ica elementare fran cese d i Sauer-Motti . 2.
Grammatica s pa g n u o l a di Pav iaChia v e della Gramma tica spagnuola di Pav iaG rammat ica elemen tare spagnuo la d1 Pav1a
D u t c h E d i t i o n .
K le ine H o o g d n i t s ch e G rammat ica door S chvvippertP o r t u g u e s e E d i t i o n s .
G rammatica a l l em a por Otto Prev ot . 2. E d.
Chav e da Grammatica a llema por O tto -P rev otG rammatica e lementar a llema por O tto P rev ot . 2. E d.
G rammatica fr a n ce za por T antyCh av e da Grammatica franceza por Tan tyR o u n i a n E d i t i o n s .
G ramatica g e rm a n ii de Le istCheea grama ticii german e de Leis tE lemente de gramat ic‘a germana de Le ist. 2. E d.
Con versatiuni’
german e de Le istG ramat ica fr a n ce s ii. de Le istCheea gramaticii francese de Leis tE lements de gramati ca fran cesa de Le1st. 2. E d.
Conversatiuni’ francese de Le ist
S p a n i s h E d i t i o n s .
Gramat ica a l em a n a por RuppertClav e de la Gramatica a lemana por RuppG ramat ica e lementa l a lemana por Otto-Ruppert . 3. Ed.
G ramat ica i n g l e s a por Pa v iaClav e de la Gramatica inglesa por P av iaG ramat ica suc inta de la lengua inglesa por Otto. 3. E d.
Gramatica su cinta de la lengua fr a n ce s a por Otto . 3.
Gramatica sucinta de la leng ua i t a l ia n a por Pavia . 2.
Me th o d G a spey- O t t o - S a u er
for the study of modern languages.
« A s long as B el lamy’
sestate of the fu tu re’ is no fact yet as long as
there are m i ll iona ires and Socia l Democrats , u nti l every cobb ler can stepon to the scene of hi s hand icraft, fitted ou t w ith an academ ic edu cation ,so long w i l l pr ivate tu it ion be a n ecess ity.
S in ce no pedagogi c con s ideration s fetter the pr ivate tu to r, one shou ldthink that the choice of a classbook cou ld n ot be a d ifficu lt matter for him ;
for it is understood , and j ustly so , that any book is u sefu l if on ly the
teacher is of any u se . B u t the number of those who w rite grammars , fromthe late respected Dr . Ahn down to those who mere ly w r ite in order tolet the ir own sma l l light shine is too large . T he ir aim , aft er all, is toplace the pup il as soon as poss ib le on his own feet i . e . to render a teachersuperfluou s, and to sav e t ime and money.
T hen the saying holds good : « T hey sha ll be known by their works » ,and for that reason w e say here a few words in fa vou r of the books of theG aspey
-Otto-Sauer Method wh ich hav e been publ ished by Mr . Ju l iu s Groos ,of Heidelberg.
V a luab le though these books have proved themselves to be for theu se at school , it is for private tu it ion that they are ab so lute ly ind ispensab le .
T hey j ust con ta in what I cla im for su ch books , not to o mu ch and not tool itt le . T he chapters of the var iou s v o lumes are eas i ly comprehended and
arranged in su ch a way that they can w el l be mastered from on e
lesson to the other ; besides , the subj ect-matter is w orked out so as to leadthe pup i l from the commen cement to conv erse in the foreign tongue .
What success these books hav e met w ith w il l best b e seen from the
r in creas ing number of the ir pub l icat ions wh ich comprise , in d ifferentgroups relating to G erma ns , Frenchmen , E ngl ishmen , Ita l ians , and Span iards ,not less than 160 w orks the fo l low ing v o lumes of wh ich I have su ccessfu l lyu sed myse lf and am st i ll u s ing for the ins tru ct ion of G ermans : the Frenchgrammar ed it ion), the E nglish grammar ed it ion), the Span ish ,Ital ian
,Dutch , and Russ ian grammars ; for E ngl ish and Fren ch students :
the G erman grammar, not to mention m inor auxil iary w orks by the same firm .
It is surpr is ing what splend id resu lts on e can obtain bymean s of th ismethod in a period of 6 to 12 months . After su ch a cou rse the studentis enabled to instruct h imself in commercia l correspondence in a foreignlanguage w ithou t a master’s he lp ing hand .
»
Extract from the Frankischer Courier“ .
T he P ubl isher is u ntir ingly engaged in extend ing the range of educationa l w orks issu ing from h is P ress . A number of new books are now in
cou rse of preparat ion .
T he new ed it ions are con stantly improved and kept up to date .
METHODGASPEY-OT T O -SAUER.
ELEMENTARY
RUSS AN GRAMMAR
PIE TR O MO TTI ,P ROFESSOR O F MODERN L ANG U A G ES A T T H E ROY AL P IACENZ A
TECH NICA L INSTITU TION .
SECOND EDIT ION IMPROVED AND ENLARGED.
LONDON.
DAV ID NUTT, 57—59 Long Acre . DULAU a Cc . , 37 Soho Sq uare .
SAMP SON LOW, MARSTON Co . , Fe tter Lane , Fleet Street .NEW YORK .
B RENTANO 'S , F.W. CH R IST E RN , T H E INTERNAT IONAL31Un ion Square . 254Fifth Avenu e . NEWS COMPANY , 25 Park P lace .
83 and 85 Duan e Street .B OS T ON.
T . H . CASTOR Co ., Succ. to C. S cho en h of, C . A. KOEH LER dz Co .
,
23 School Street . 149 A Tremon t Street .HEIDE LB ERG .
J U L I U S G R O O S .
1901.
T he method of G aspey-Otto -Sauer is my own priv ate property ,hav ing been acq u ired by purchase from the au thors . T he text-b o oks
made after this m e thod are ince s san t ly improv ed . A ll rights . es pecially th e right of issu ing n ew edit io n s , and the right o f tran s la ti o nfo r all langu ages , are reserv ed. Imi ta tio n s an d fraudu lent impre ss ion s wi ll be pro secu ted according to law . I am thankful for anycommun ication s re lating to these m at ters .
H eidelberg .
5816 5 3
5-
4
PREFACE TO THE NEWEDITION.
T he presen t l ittle work,exh ib it ing in as clear and
conci se a form as poss ible the ma in fea tu res of Ru ssianacciden ce an d syn tax
,may be lo oked upon as an
in trodu ctory abridgem en t to the au thor's larger Conversation -Grammar o f wh ich a secon d improved an d
en larged ed it ion has l ikewise recen tly been publ i shed .
Th i s E lemen tary Gramm ar is in ten ded to faci l itatethe study
,
of the language for begin n ers , and wi l l inmany cases suffice
,especially for those who Wi sh to
learn the R u ssian language for pract ical pu rposes on ly ,wi thou t any preten s ion to l iterary or scien tific study .
In sp ite of its modest a sp iratio n s,i t is however to be
hoped that th i s short gu ide wi ll n ot be found en t irelyundeserving o f even the ph i lologi st
’s a tten t ion .
By go ing through it , learn ers wi ll soon perce ivethat R u ss ian is by far
i
n o t so d ifficu l t as it is gen eral lybel ieved and tha t
,if n ecessary
,it can as well as any
other dead or l iving language , be stu d ied and learn twi thou t the ass istan ce of a teacher . To th i s end a K ey
o f the Exerci ses has been i ssu ed . It wi ll also be seenthat even the mu ch dreaded ru les of pronu nciation are n ot
beyon d the reach o f d i l igen t self- tu i tion .
V I P REFACE .
Th i s n ew ed i t ion has been carefu lly revised and
the pract ical part more largely developed . A shortd ialogu e has been added to each lesson
,an d from the
twelfth lesson onward ,a lso read ing exerci ses relating
for the most part to R u ssian h i story and cu s tom s havebeen in serted . A R u ss ian -E ngl i sh and an E ngl i sh -R uss ianvocabu lary have been added at the en d of the book.
Dr . J . in O xford had the kindn ess to revisethe book.
p—a
01
p
CO N T E N T S .
T he Russ ian A lphabet. C las s ification o f Le ttersSyn O psis o f the Ru ss ian A lphabet
P ronun ciation of v owe lsP ronun ciation o f semi-v owe ls cons onan tsT he ita lic and written alpha
’
w t
L aw o f permu tation
G en de r o f sub s tan tiv esDeclen sion o f hard mas c. n ouns
s o fthard fem .
s o fthard and s oft n eu ter n oun s
G e nera l v iew of s ub s tantive inflection sN oun s w ith prep os ition sAuxi liary v erb 6im . to b e
H in ts o n the regula r conj ugationcon tin ued
In te rrogative , n egative and con d itiona l forms1311111111 11 ueaonhus
P e rsona l p ron oun sCrapu ii dmuocodis
P oss ess ive p ron oun sO fipasésauuu l
’
i ueuoshns
Refle ctive and demon s trative p ron oun sKopowaa penyrania
Relative and in terrogative p ron oun sCaduipi , iia 0611111;
Defin it iv e and in defin ite p ron oun sOxéra 11a rurpa
,I.
Adjectives with ful l term inationsO xora iia rfirpa, II.
Adjectives with apo copated te rminati on s‘Iacsi
V III Co nrs s 'rs .
2oth L ess on . Degrees of comparis on
22nd
B unnauie n crpérocrs Runes IIorezuan s a
Card in al n umb ersT pn s onpéca
Ordin a l numbe rsYdiiicrs o Hapés nua llnmnrpia
Adve rb s 1
B opncr. I’
onys oss
P repos ition sIO uocrb Herpa Rem’
une ro,I .
Con jun ction s and In terj e ction sIO nocrs Herpa B eminaro , II .
A spe cts o f the v erbIlyremécrs ie H erpa B ennmro 3a rpannny
Formation of the presen t pas t and futu reH a qas o H erep6ypra
P age .
69
72
73
77
78
81
82
84
86
88
89
9 1
92
96
97
100
Formation o f th e imperat . gerun d and participle 1011106131111 npu H ouras is
Irregu la r v e rb s w ith a regu lar term inationH ofiiiua npn 110 111 511111
Irregu lar v erbs w ith an irregu lar terminationCemé iicruo Derpa B euuaaro
A p p e n d i x1. Se lection o f u sefu l wordsII . E asy Con versation a l E xercis esIII. Supplemen tary Reading E xercis esIV . P oems
V o c a b 11 1a r y.
E nglish -RussianRu s sian -E nglish
104
105
108
108
112
INTRODUCTION.
1 .
T H E RU SSIAN ALPH AB E T. CLASSIFICATIONOF LETTERS .
(S ee the tab le pages 2 and
T he R u ss ian Alphabet may be con s idered as an
en larged Greek alphabet . T he many letters added haveren dered it as n early phon et ic as can be desired , becau seit n o t on ly expresses each soun d by mean s o f on e
character , bu t it has also the practical advan tage of expressing
'
even complex sou nds by m ean s of on ly on e
character . Its large n umber o f letters i s therefo re n o t
to be regarded as an inconven ience by begin n ers , bu tas a real an d u sefu l s impl ificat ion ,
both with regard too rthography an d pronu n ciat ion .
‘
Certa in letters are in deed somewhat pu zzling at
fi rst sight on accoun t o f the i r s im i larity to Engl i shletters having a d ifferen t valu e . Such are :
Deserv ing of part icu lar atten t ion are also the italicized form s of the following letters
u i n p m t .In books prin ted before 1840
,the an cien t R oman
form 111 is frequ en tly met with in stead of T . The greates t care is therefore requ i red n o t to confu se it with m .
1 L earn ers who hav e n o t the ass is tan ce of a teache r shou l dcopy the ru les o fpron un c iati on be fore comm itting them to memory;bu t b eing ye t un acquain ted with the Ru ss ian written alphabet(s ee page th ey may imitate as we l l as they can the prin tedtypes . This is the bes t way o f learn ing them .
El emen tary Russian Grammar.
SYNOPSIS OF THE
31 a in father JI 11 in dol lar
b in bu tter bey m in man
v in vein n in note
F g in gon e gh ey o in n ot
d in don e II p in pit
ye in yet yey r in hurry
z in azure zhey C s in safe
z in zon e T t in t urn
H i in sick o o in moon
i in iota
fl i in o il
R k in kin
f in fin e
ee s'
kritkoy X (f) in QOQ
ts in w its
4 CLAS S IFI CATION or LETTERS .
It is of the u tmost importance,even for begin n ers ,
that the following Classificat ion s of R u ss ian Letters becomm itted to memory .
1 They greatly facili tate theproper un ders tan d ing of the ru les of pronu n ciation and
also pla in many apparen t an omal ies of declen s ion an d
conjugation .
The R u ss ian alphabet con ta in s th i rty six letters ofthese twelve are vowels ; three are semi-vowels ; thetwen ty-on e others are con sonan ts .
V owels : a,e , 11
,i,o,y,
”s,e,10
,11,v ;
Semi-vowels : a,s,it ;
Con son an ts : 6, B , r , 11, 111,3,11, u ,
11,n,11, p, c
,1,
(ii . x, u.11,m.
111. 9 .
V owels and sem i-vowels are d ivided in to hard and
soft,wh ile con sonan ts may be classed in to strong and
weak,as in other languages .
H ard vowel s : a, 9 y, o, 11 ;Soft vowels : a
,e, (is), 10 ,
62, n
H ard sem i -vowel : a ;Soft sem i -vowels : E , E1;Strong con son an ts : 11, d), x, 11
,T , 111, c ;
Weak con son an ts : 6, B,r , 11, as
,
B es ides th i s,when regarded accord ing to the organ s
that give rise to the variou s con son an ts , a secon d andmoreimportan t classification is obtain ed wh ich extends tothem all
Lab ials : 6, 11 ; B , (I) (e); M;Guttu rals : 11, r , x ;Den tals : r
, 11; 3 , c, 11;
Palata ls : at , 111 ;I1,111;
L inguals : .11, 11, p.
The vowel v and the con son an t e have n o t beencomprized in the above classification s , the ir u se being
1 For the pre sen t they may be o v erlooked , if foun d toodifficu lt ; bu t th e s oon er they are stud ied the be tter it w il l b e .
2 Pron oun ced yoh. S ee page 7, pron un ciation of E .
3 Neither the liqu ids 11, 11,11, p, n or 11, u
, m,have a corre
sponding weak cons on an t ; they hav e th e refore n o t b een comprizedin th is clas sification . T he weak con s onan t 1 corresponds to the
strong con s on an ts 11 and x,accord ing to circum stan ces .
P RONUNCIATION or vows ns . 5
extremely rare and restricted to words o f Greek origin .
The first i s employed for u,the secon d for 6 : E vanreuie ,
Aei’
i nm (Edawéh ov, Such“ words are n ow
gen erally written with s and (I) : E sanreuie , Adam .
2
PRONU NCIATIO N OF V OWE LS .
a)H ard vowels.A, a .
Its proper sou n d is that of a in father ; but whenat the end of words and n o t accen ted‘, it is pron ouncedvery rap idly so as to approach a in fat :
3111151111. 6apf111'
1. 6d6a rara
zah -
padd ba-rahn n bah -ba géh-
gan es t mu tton o ld woman cider-du ck .
The hard vowel a has the soun d of e in met, whenoccu rring after a palatal con sonan t (see page providedit be n ot accen ted an d n ot at the end o f a word .
q ac'n ina y
'
ats e'
n asc'ro nyma
cha i -stee-tsa cc-zhess chah- sto doc-shahsma ll part terror o ften sou l.
In the accen ted gen i tive term in at ion aro 2, the vowela is pron ou nced 0 ; bu t in th i s case also 1 is pronoun cedirregularly . See therefore page 10 ,
pronunciat ion o f r .
9 , a.
It has u n iformly its proper soun d of e in met Th i sletter occu rs mostly in words of fore ign origin
ensan em. aramépna 11061111ek-zah-m en n ai-ta-zhair-ka po
-ai-maexamination cupboard poem
H , H .
The .proper soun d of th i s vowel is that of cc th ickand gu ttura l . To catch the right pronu nciat ion of
learn ers ought to u tter with a gu ttu ral affectat ion thefinal y o f such words as pity, witty, etc.
1 T he ton ic accen t is n o longer prin ted in Russ ian ; but toas s is t b egin n ers all words o ccu rring in th is grammar are accen
tuated , when formed with m ore than o n e syllab le .
2 Now gen era lly w ritten and prin ted 0 10 .
6 P aonuucu mon or v owrt s .
After the lab ials (see page it i s pron ouncedmuch sim i lar to wi in wig :
cum. 1111 111111 rpn61£1
syn n tsyn-
gah mwee-10 gree—bweéson s curvy s oap mush rooms .
O , 0 .
When accen ted,i t soun ds l ike 0 in not: when unac
cen ted,its pronu n ciation greatly resembles that of a in
father, bu t at the end of word s i t gen erally preservesits proper soun d
110 1111. npecrdu'
r. nou os oua uy’
ge
domm pra i-stoll ka- la-ka- lah choo-doh ou se th ron e b e lls w on der .
Y,y .
It has un iformly i ts proper sou n d of 0 0 in moon
mm fi lm 11111110 Minaroo -kah oo- shee door-n o moo-kahan d ears b adly tormen t .
R epetition . Banana , 6apau's
,6a6a
,rara
,s acruna,
yatac's ,
sacro, nyma, easement ,
eraatépna , nosna,91 0 1 's ,
en nf
s , nu s ra, rpn6s’
1, 1101111 , npec
'rou'
s ,1101 01101151
,
113610 , pyne, ymn , nypno , nyna .
F IRST READING EXE RCISE .l
Banach , crananfs
,Manna, uana, uacn
'
i , manuapns ,stap
110 , napa, ecs aupén'
s,en6uéna
,no-srony, exo , CLIp
'ZB , uurann ,
cnomi , 06a , Mona , 0116 , .uyna, VXO , xy
‘uo , nysa.
b)Soft vowels .
H, a (soft a).
When accen ted,i t has its proper soun d of ya in
yard. When n o t accen ted and at the end of words itssoun d i s that of ya in yap
11m m 0 11
0 11111111 aenua Bpena
yahf-ka sta-yahn -ka zyem
-lyah vryé-mya .
n otice ha lt earth time .
1 T he figu red pron un ciation and literal trans la tion of th isan d the fo llowing ‘Reading E xercises are given in the Key to this
G rammar .
P s oxns cmmon o r V OWELS .
In all other cases , when n ot accen ted,i t is pron oun
oed like ye in yet :
anpo 1111116 11611111 1. B us tyyai
—droh yair-moh dyé-vyet
’
vyai-zhoo
bul let yoke n in e I tie .
E e (soft E , e (softA t the beginn ing of words and syllables
,when n ot
accen ted , it soun ds n early l ike ye in yet, i . e . i t has itsproper soun d :
egna meuaeru. B ern inoe ecu .
yed-vah zha i - lah-yet vai-lee-ko -
ye yest’hardly he w ishes great (n euter) h e is .
When accen ted it has very often the soun d of yo
in yoke (or that o f 0 in note, if preceded by a l in gu alor palata l con sonan t
,see page In su ch cases how
ever, it i s cu stomary to mark i t wi th two dots :1116m 1111511111. 116111111 11
yol-ka tvyor
-do sho llk chor-n eefi r-tree firmly silk b lack.
In'
all other comb in ation s,and especial ly after a
con son an t belonging to the same syllable , the soft vowelc has the hard soun d o f e in met :
oepor'
r. n épetrend ceué
bai-reg mob - reh cha i - loh sai-loh
shore s ea forehead v il lage .
Ti ,"h (soft
The same ru les stated for e apply equ al ly to 11,wi th the except ion that th i s n ever has the sou n d o f o
an d on ly very seldom that of yot en . 111111611 B
’iipa t111111.
yest’ yez-dah nye
-moy vyé-ra chemm
to eat jou rn ey dumb faith than .
I
H , 11,I, i (soft
The proper sou nd of both these soft vowels is al
ways that of i in s ick and iota . The secon d o f them ,i ,
1 Among the words in wh ich is has the s ound o f yo , ob s ervethe fo llow ing and the ir de rivativ es : ctaua sadd le , 311113111 s tars ,rut saa birds ’
n ests,1111131 1. he flourished , o6pis.1'1. I (thou ,
he)foun d .
8 Pxoruxcu riox or smu -vowzrs .
mu st in variably be followed by an other vowel or sem ivowel , whereas 11 is employed exclu s ively before a con
sonan t ‘:MHp
'
B B l'
mun tm fl a npifiszr'
r, c'
11i1‘
1
meerr V in -n ee -chee-n a pree-yezd seé -nycepeace bun ch o f grapes arriva l b lue .
IO, (soft y).
The compou nd soft vowel IO has in most R u ssianwords the soun d of u in tube. In words o f Fren ch orGerman origin ,
IDwas form erly pron ounced as Fren ch u
German it, bu t n ow th i s d ifferen ce is gen eral ly n eglected :150 115110 1661111 610 0 1 1, Bploccesn s
ka-
pah-youb yoop-ka byou st bryons- sel
I dig petty-coat bus t B rus se ls .
R epetition . aB Ra, croauaa, S eMJIJi , sperm, airpo, apmo,aés ars , Bamy, em ,
meflaers,B GJIflR O B , ecrb , rasp
110 , q epnm‘
i,6éper
's , Mope , ve116, ce116, isc
'
rs,1331111,
H'ISMéfi , B i pa, mnp
'
s , B l’
mnuq naa, npi'lssirb , cfinifi ,
ao uam,1661523
,610mm,
Bploccem) .
S ECOND READING EXERCIS E.
Mace cs’
rrn aa 111’
1111a. 5 211111111 311 00 5 21, 1113111111121 111131121.
JIfmia 6131121,n ion ia apacna, Raioasa 111
’
1c11aa arogta. lléfipoecépzrue yB amaefrca 110111111 . H éq n Tonarca aposamu . llymaHama 6escmépraa.
3 .
PR ONU NCIATION OF SEMI -V OWELS ANDCONSONANTS .
a)Semi-vowels .
T), 1 .
The hard semi-vowel 1, has n ow n o sound whatever ,bu t it serves to gi ve to the con son an t that precedes ita s trong and harsh pronu n ciat ion as though th is weredou ble . B efore 1 ,
a weak con son an t has always thesoun d of its correspon d ing strong , 6 11, B etc . :
cram , 11110 111, meow , crown
stahn n kro ff shesstt sto l ls tage roof perch tab le .
1 T he on ly exception is Mlp'
b world , to d is tinguish it frommaps peace .
P RONUNCIAT ION O F CONSONANTS . 9
T he soft sem i -vowel B may to a certa in exten t beregarded as a half u ttered 11
, giving to the preced ingcon sonan t a soft and l iquid reson an ce som ewhat s im ilarto the Fren ch 11 mouz'lle’ or the German 1:
cram E PO B L mGCT B CT O JII)
stahn ’
krov’ shest’ stol’ 1begin (thou) b loo d s ix so mu ch .
fl 11 .
T h i s secon d soft sem i -vowel i s a very sho rt 11
occu rring on ly after a vowel and pronoun ced very rap idlyalong with it , so as to form on e syllable :
11a]? 1110 11 n efi cJIy'
q afi
dah l moh i pai1 sloo-chal
give (th ou)! my (mas c .) drin k (thou)! o ccas ion .
R epetition . Cram),xpos1 ,
mec'n ), craub
,
KpO B b , mecrs , CT O JIL , nail , moa, neii , cxyq afi .
b)Consonants .
Labials : II, 11 ; B , 6 ; (I), (I); B , B ; M, 11.
These five letters have the same sound as the irEnglish equ ivalen ts (p , b , f, v , m), observing howeverthat the weak 6 and B are pronounced l ike the strong11 and (11, when followed by a strong con son an t or by
n aB Juiu '
L 61i 'rB a (bouzipb marl,
pa-v leén n bit-v a fa -nahr’ maht’
pea-co ck battle lan tern mother .
666119. 1136 1.
bahp-ka d00pp
kn uckle o ak
G utturals : E , 11 ; X, x ; I‘
, r .
The con sonan t 1: is gen eral ly pron oun ced as in
English ; bu t when it occu rs before x, T or a , it has
the spiran tal valu e wh ich i s heard in German SDacI).
1 T he pronun ciation of the s e fou r words may als o he figuredthus : s tahnyé
,krovyé, shéstyé
,etolyé .
10 P RONUNCIATION or coxsom xrs .
Such is always the soun d of the R u ssian 11,often tran s
cribed in Engl i sh by Zak:npe31 1 xq emy xpam ,
kresstt kh -cha i-moo khtoh khrahmmcros s to what who temple .
The proper soun d of r i s that of g in G od ; bu t
before R ,T,
11,an d in a few other cases 1, it i s pron oun
oed as a very soft sp iran t R u ss ian x (Germ an cb); andwhen followed by 1 its soun d i s that of k in kin
rep01 Jl erm'
) 116M B Impor1
ghairp lekh-koh nokh-tee pee-rokcoat o f arms easily (finger)n ails pie .
The gen it ive term in at ion aro i s pron ou nced ova
when accen t-cd, t wo when u n accen ted ; 11m and em al
ways soun d yevo :
grypnaro2
pyccnaro ero
door-n ovo rooss-kavo see-nyevo yai-voh
o f the b ad (man) o f the Rus sian o f the b lue o f h im
Dentals : T, T ; IL, 11; C, c; 3, 3 ; II, 11.
The sou nd of these five con sonan ts IS ey ctly thatEngl i sh t , d, s
,z and ts
1 11111 1 61 1111 llom . 11111151
tahmm tyott-ka don n dya
’
h -dyathere aun t Don un cle
cecrpa 3110 111
sahdd ses -trah zvon n
garden s ister s oun d
napb n épeln. 1111116 111 1111
tsar’ pai-rets li-tsoh tsa i -nah
emperor (king) pepper face price .
Such are 150 11 G od , H erepfiypr'
s S t. P etersbu rg, and othe rprope r n ames en d ing in 6ypr1 . It mus t also b e n oted h e rethat r s ounds l ike he h in h e r o in all foreign words hav ing in the iro rigina l form an in itia l aspirated h , such as rocnm ans , rep6fi e tc.
,
and in a few Rus sian words , among which mus t be especia l lyn oticed I‘ocnons L ord (G od), I‘ocynaps Sov e reign , E mpe ror, 61amwell , and a few others .
2 S ee n ote 2 page 5 .
12 ITALIC AND WRITTEN ALP H AB ET .
FOU RT H READING EXERCI SE.
IIIJIJIIIA .
0 116111 60 151111 ynaJI'B 01111611111111 B 1 pt ny
’
. H a rp6M
11111 eré 111111111 npu61111a1m 11101111 11 c1 B eJn'
muM1 1py116u1
B 111 a111111m 61 6 1131 B 011111. 0 111 npoci'
1111,
1116611 noc1apa
JIR GI) 1101311511 1) ero 11111111131,B 016pa11 mIw Ia yflié 110 B6111 110
11a11e116, 11 061111511 1 11a1 1> 3a 1 0 B 0 3Harpa11111611ie . 0 116111
pm6éx1 110 131161111 111111i11y 11 11p1111'
éc1 ee B 1 H eMy. B oraq 111am) eMy3a 1 0 11011111111111111
,a 11 111
,B 016pu e eré cauoro
B 1511a111111m 1131 B OJIL'
I, flame 11 B e no611aroi1ap1
’
1111 .
B HIIH O , 111 0 60151111 110 1111151111 CB O 10 111111111y110p611¢ e ce61i .
4 .
T H E ITALIC AND WR ITTEN ALPH ABET.
% fl 4l
Immc AND WRITTEN ALPH AB ET . 13
FO U RT H READING EXERCISE. (Italic)
IIIJu i/n a .
0022111, (Ionian Mada/00m yndm, 67) mm] . H a 119611171112
(4 6 711mm) npuO’
nolcci/m mbdu u 01) fie/11311111111; mpg/003111) 661
maum/m 1137) 80061 . 0111 117116611 n ocnmpafixzq730 1711117711; 616 uwwmy,
7107116171111 ym bmd ywcé 00615a 0 004 8766,u 0031d 0mm 3a mo eosuazpaO/cdénie . 0022117, pmaim 11012
11d wa v ing u 11111111601 61? m 190112117; 0am; my 301
mo nonmzinnum , a 17mm,110171619118 0215 011111026 Gamamu m
1131 60061, (Mame 11 H e n oO’
xzazodcqn inb .
13120710,umo 60mm; n ow md/Lb u mflnydopéwce 60031.
14 READING EXE RCIS E .
FOU RT H READING EXERCISE. ( W'r itten)
fl fi MM fl
6 20 M8 6
READING EXERCISE. 15
16 L AW OF P E RMU’I’AT IO N.
r
o .
LAW OF PERMU TATIO N.
In the variou s changes that words un dergo thdeclen sion
,conjugation ,
final letter o f the roo t is frequ en tly changed accordingto fixed phonetic ru les , which it is o f the u tmost importan ce to commit to memory as soon as po ssible
C o n s o n a n t s1. r
, 11, 3,
2. 11 1 H ’ before a,e,11,IO ,
1 change i n to3. x
,c,
4 . 1311, CT ,
LAW or P ERMUTATION . 17
V o w e l s .
after 1,11,x,111
,q, 111
,11 change in to
» 1‘
R x m q m m» m q m m n» i
S em i -vo w e l s .
1 . 1 after a vowel changes in to 11
2. 1 or 11 before a con son an t with 1 eo3. 1 before two con son an ts
1 When the accen te d vowe l e is pro n o un ced 0 (after 11,11,
m, m, m), the vowe l o is n ow gen erall y prin ted an d written in steado f e . Thus they s pe l l xopomo an d n o t xopomé we l l , 0 1 116111 be tterthan 0 1 1112111 b y the father, an d so on .
E lemen tary R uss ian Grammar.
FIRST LESSON.
GENDER 01‘
R U SSIAN SU B STANTIV E S.
The Ru ssian language has no article, n eith er defin ite n or in defin ite . Thu s 0 1 é111 sign ifies indifferen tlythe father
, a father, father .
Number and case are distinguished by m ean s o f in
flection s a lon e . H en ce the n eces sity of a carefu l studyof the Russian declen sion s .
There are three genders in Ru ssian ,as in E nglish ;
bu t this distin ction applies in Ru ssian also to in an imateobjects . In many cases howev er, the gen der of sub
stan tiv es may be known either by their signification or
by their termination .
Mascu line by their sign ification are all appellation so f men
,whatever may be their term ination :
T B Opé111 Creator. span , l iar.
naps E mperor (kin g). n ass aq éfi treasurer.
nopom, king . 11111111 un cle .
Mascu line by their termin ation are all n ames of
an lmate or inan imate obj ects en ding in 1 or fi :
B or1 G od repofi hero .
6pa1 1 bro ther. capaii cart-shed .
op1x1 wa ln ut . 01151a o ccas io n .
Feminine by their signification are all female ap
pellation s :
mars m o ther. 1111111111111 prin ce ss .
110 111. daughter. cecrpa s is ter.
T éTKa aun t . mesa wife,woman .
Fem in in e by their termin ation are all n ou n s endingin a or a (n ot ma):mui ra bo o k . 13111111111 cherry .
nz'
uma s tick . 11511111 n urs e -ma id .
rpyma pear. repons a h erome .
20 LE SSON 2.
SECOND LESSON .
DE CLENSION OF MASCU LINE NOUNS.
(H ard fo rm .)
General remarks. There are in Ru ssian three
declension s, which may be arranged according to th egen ders : the first
,mas cu lin e ; the secon d , femin in e ; the
third,n eu ter.
B esides the u su al cases, common with o ther langu ages (n ominative, gen itive, dative, accusative), there arein Ru ssian two more cases : the instrumental an sweringto the qu estion s by whom ? and with what in the sen s eof by what 1 and the prepositional, so called
,becau se
it is always preceded by one of the prepo siton s o,no ,
B'B
,npu ,
H a , as will be seen farther o n .
E xamp l e s o f h a rd m a s c u l in e n o u n s .
a)An imate objects .
N . 30mm. the warrior. sonnm the warriors .
G . Bons a o f the warrior. BéH H O B '
L o f the warriors .
D. Benny to the warrior. BouuaM'
b to the warrio rs .
A . Bonna the warrio r. Bens on '
s the warriors .
1. 13011 9 0 1111, by the warrio r. sonnamu by th e warrio rs .
P . (0)Bean’s (abo ut)th e warrior. (0)sénuax'
b (abo ut)the warrio rs .
In the same man n er as 13611111. are declin ed the
greatest n umber o f mascu lin e n ou n s of an imate objectsen ding in su ch as :
crouapr. jo in er. gen itivezz cronapa.
nysaéut b lack sm i th . nys s eua.
s opt thie f. sépa .
croatért subje ct . 3 cromera .
Gymnanm. baker.
‘ 6Yr0 q auna .
1 When the prepo s i tion w ith den o tes com pan y o r be in gtogether i t is n o t rendered by the in s trumen tal alo n e ; the pre
po s i tio n 01. (page 33)mus t precede it . E x : 13011110111. by the war
rio r,C
’
B 3 611110 111. w i th the warrio r.
2 T he gen itive is indicated to show the d isp lacemen t o f theton i c accen t thro ughout the declen s io n .
3 Fo reign n o un s in 1 are decl in ed as i f they where trueR us s ian n oun s .
It mu st b e co n stan tly bo rn e in m ind , that acco rd in g towha t has be en s tated (page 17) co n cern in g the u s e o f Ru s s ianl etters
,after a lab ia l o r palata l (1 , ft, x ; IR
,111,
tr, m)the p lura l
i n flectio n is n an d n o t 51 : 6331 0 9 9 111111, and n o t Gyno q auw ; 611111 ,
611 1111,e tc.
H ARD MASCULIN E norms . 21
6apaut sheep .
l gen i tive : 6apasa.
6mm. bul l . 6515 21.
ox.
b)Inan imate O bj ects .
N . 01 0111, the table . mount the tables .
G . o f th e table . cronoin . o f the tab les .
D. crony'
to the table . cronaafl . to the tables .
A . CT O JI'
L the table . the ta bles .
I . 01 0 10111. w ith the table . cronamn w i th the tab les .
P . (0) (abo ut)the table . (0)croraX'
b (abo ut)the table s .
A s it is seen , the declen sion o f masculine n oun s
den o ting inan imate objects differs from that o f an imateobjects o n ly in the accusative o f bo th n umbers
,which
in the former is the same as the nominative,whereas in
the latter it is the sam e as the gen itive.
In the sam e man n er as crows are declin ed amongo thers :”61. o ak. gen i t ive : nyoafisanoa '
b law . sanoaa .
port . ho rn . pera .
11111361. bread,loaf. m isoa .
debt . nonra fl'
C)’K
'
B bran ch . cyna.
S ome n oun s elide in all o ther cases the v owel eor 0 of the n ominativ e singular : 3amorc1> the castle , saunao f the castle
,sanity to the castle
,etc .
, 11113103 1) flower,us
’lsrrta of the flower,etc .
,synéu
'
b merchan t,nynua of
the merchan t,etc .
WO RDS .Jla ii give (tho u). Méjl b‘m ii
'
b th e boy.
raffl e give (you). yq em’
arfl . the pupi l .nrpaerr. h e , she , i t p lays . paooranat th e wo rkman .
s limy I s ee . xo aeat the skate , gen . noabna.
origami. tho u s ees t . nuueparopt the emperor.
a ro s opib I speak . 1m ros opr’
rms thou s pea kes t.EXERCISE 3.
Samoan B ora . P O 11. Hora. Cy’
q sa“
Moon'
s . Xriiaot
A n ima ls are co n s idered as an ima te o bjects w i th regard tothe ir declen s ion .
2 T he dis p lacemen t o f the accen t begin s in this n o un fromthe gen . p l ur. AYOOB
'
B down ward s .
3 T h e d i s placemen t o f the accen t begin s from the n om.
p l ur. 1103 111.
T he n om ina tive p l ura l is n o t cyan bu t cy' q ba in th is ca se ,becaus e i t is be taken in a co l lective s en s e .
22 L E S S O N 3.
emoq anaoa's llouri
’
i B opos'
b . jlaii mam. paoom nay. H
B r’
iaty 6apaaos 1. . jlafire CT O JI'B paoorrmaam
'
B . Minim um.
urpaerb 01. (with)yq es uaaun . H ros opio 0 01 0m, a
rO B Opfire o s onsnéxn .
TRANSLATIO N 4.
The laws o f G od . The horn of the oxen . Thebran ch of the oak. T he loav es of the baker. T he
debts of the thief. G iv e (thou)the table to the baker.
Thou Seest the pu pil ; he plays with (CT. instr .)the boys .
Thou seest the skate o f the workmen . G ive the pupilsth e tables .
CO NVERSATIO N .
P111. Ryanéut ? Kyanen'r. art
ifi ce .
l11 0 B 1. 1161111. Kynua? B 1. 11611115 Rynua 1131161 .
II'ro 3 1111141115 ? H Busty croau.
fl q ro Busty? T H B fIJLmIII. opisx'b .
Roma Marm ara . mm ? Minim um. Aorta ceroiraa .
TH IRD LESSON .
DE CLE NSIO N OF MASCU LINE NOUNS .
(So ft fo rm .)
S o ft mascu lin e n oun s hav e a two fo ld termin ationsome en d in L ; Others in 11.
E x am p l e s o f s o ft m a s c u l in e n o u n s in b .
a)An ima te o bj ects .
N . nap'l. the Tsar (Czar). napfi the Ts ars .
G . napsi o f the Tsar. irapéfi o f the Tsars .
D. uapro to the Tsar. napanu . to the Ts ars .
A . naps the Ts ar. napeu the Ts ars .
I . uapém'
r.’
by the Tsar. napa’
mu by the Tsars .
P. (0)mph (about)th e Tsar. (o)uapa’
x'l. (abo ut)the T ears .
Thu s may he declin ed :import. king.crécapr. lo cksm i th .
yqarear. teacher.
upiarerr. frien d .
neupiarenr. en emy .
laurel" . inhabi tan t.oréar. s tag.
n exasnt bear.
Sorr nxscoms s nouns . 23
b)Inan imate O bje ct ..7 (boaapr. the lan te rn .
(pouapti o f the lan tern .
(boaapli) to the lan tern .
(11. 0 11ap1. the lan te rn .
(bouapeu'
r. w i th the lan tern .
. (o)(boaap'h (abou t)th e lan tern .
S u ch are
cao sapi. d ictio n ary .
nopaoar. ship , bo at .1 13031 1. iro n -n ai l .rocuuraar. ho sp i tal .
1
H
>
p
p
(bouapli the lan tern s .
(pouapéii o f the lan terns .
(po s apsim'
r. to th e lan tern s .
«bouapli the lan tern s .
(pouaptimu with the lan tern s .
(0)(boaapsix'
r. (abo ut)the lan tern s .
gen itive : crosapa.
xopaojra.
1 30 31111.
récrmraaa .
E xam p l e s o f s o ft m a s c u l in e n o u n s in ii.
a)An imate Be in g.report the hero .
repon o f the hero .
reporo to the hero .
repoa the hero .
repoeu'
r. by the hero .
P . (o)repoii (about)the hero .
S u ch are :
aaas aaéfi treasurer.
anont fi ras ca l .
fi
b
U
Q
Z repon the hero es .
repoeB'r. o f the h eroes .
repoan'
r. to the hero es .
repoeB'
I. the hero es .
repoami by the hero es .
(0)repoax'
r. (abo u t)the hero es .
gen i ti ve : s ass aq éa .
31 0111151.
b)Inan imate O bject .cay
i qaii the o ccas io n .
cay'i aa o f the o ccas io n .
cay‘q aro to the o ccas ion .
cay’
qali the o ccas io n .
cay’
uaem'
b w i th the o ccas ion .
P . o ccas ion .
S u ch are :
capal’
t cart-shed,coach-ho u se .
noxoli room .
fi
b
U
CD
Z 0 .1 3?a the o ccas io n s .
cayqaen'
r. o f th e o ccas ion s .
ca aam . to the o ccas ion s .
cay’
rvan the o ccas io n s .
cryq aamn with the o ccas io n s .
(o)cayq aax1.(ab0 ut)the o ccas ion s .
gen i ti ve : capaa .
nos es .
WO RDS .O xoruum. the hun ter.
ronopr. the hatche t .B't pr. be l ieve (thou).stpt re be l ieve (you).as n o t
,n o .
111 61 1111111. the carpen ter.
s crpt aeas he was met .
nocrén . b ed,beds tead .
renépr. n ow ,at presen t .
‘l’hM‘
b w i th what ; 0 ‘l éM'
b abo utwha t .
1113111. by whom .
uoaaan saen . he,she , it show s .
EXERCISE 5.
Crosapr. npiaT eJm.
Hapa.
I‘
Boaim paoomns osn .
T n 13131141111. aopoaéfi . E 'liph npifirejuo , 11 H e B’hpi.
H Bamy
24 Le sson 4 .
oxo'rimay. O xornnm. ecrr. BpaJIb . HpiflT eJib noaaabrs aerr.
meirBBna mareJIaM'
B . H e R'ISp e H ellpitlT eJlJIM
'L . IIO CT éJIII
B 1. B orzoi . H reue'
pr. B 1. capais. 0 111. paooraer'B 1 0
IIOp6M'B .
TRANSLATIO N 6 .
The diction aries of the frien ds . The toothed plan eof the workman . Thou seest the ki ng and I see thehero es . Do n o t believe (tran s . B eliev e n o t)the en emy .
The en emy is a liar. Thou speakest wi th the teacher(C1. instr .)abou t the bedsteads and ships . Th e Tsarwas met by the inhabitan ts . With what do es the boyplay (transl. plays the b oy)? With an iron -nail .
FOURTH LESSON .
DE CLENS ION OF FEMININE NOUNS .
(H ard form .)
E xamp l e s o f h a rd fem in in e n o u n s .
a)An imate o bjects .
N . mesa the woman , th e w i fe . menu the w omen .
G . mean! o f the woman . area'
s o f the women .
D. mes 'li to the w oman . meaaM'
I. to the wom en .
A . meay’
the woman . meal . the women .
I . meaoro ( or)by the woman . meaamu by the women .
P . (0)mea’li (abo ut)the woman . (0)meaaxn (abo u t)the women .
S u ch are
lIapi'
ma E mpress (o f Russ ia). plurall : uapfmu .
B oponésa queen . B opoaésu .
Bro sa widow. Bnosn .
u q ena b ee . m ean .
cooaaa dog. cooaan .
KOPOBa cow . B opos u .
n'lssr
'
ma girl . 1133111151.
In the same mann er are declin ed also the few
mascu lin e n ou ns in a, su ch as :
crapocra headman .
11a s inger.
b)In an imate objects .
N . aaprr'
i aa the p i cture . aapri’
mm the p i cture s .
G . Kapruum o f the p icture . Baprria'
l. o f th e p ictures .
D. Baprria'h to the p icture . aaprnaam
'
i. to the p ictures .
1 W i th femin in e n oun s the d isplacemen t o f the accen t israre and l imi ted to the p lural .
H ARD FE MININE N OUNS . 25
A . B apruay the p icture .
I . Baprr'
i aoro ( o il)w i th the pict .P . (0)Baprr
'
ra'h (abo ut)the p i ct.
napri'
i su the pictures .
B aprasamn w i th the pictures .
(0)B apras ax'
r. (abo ut)the p i ct.S u ch are :
posa ro se . pl ura l : p63u .
1pasa grass , herb . rpasn .
Bonsara ro om . B on s aru .
B asra bo ok . B aum .
A s to the accusative of femin in e n oun s,there is
n o distin ction between an imate and inan imate obj ectsin the singu lar ; bu t in the plural the sam e distin ctionis made as with mascu lin e n ou n s (page
S u ch femin in e n oun s the fin al v owe l of which ispreceded by two con so nan ts
,or by a con son an t and a
soft sem i-v owel, in sert in the gen itiv e p lural e or 0 ,to faci
litate pron u nciation : marina the stick ,narrow}. of the sticks ;
csae 6a the marriage,cBaire61. o f the marriages
,etc .
WORDS .a nail) I give .
B bl raere yo u give .
nremans nua n ie ce .
a Burk”. I saw ,I have s een .
m ? is i t n o t ? ( in terr. particle .)r’
mu e i ther,o r.
yspamaeri . o rn amen ts .
aacro o ften , frequ en tly .
0 601111111111. upho ls terer.
tapestry , wa l l -paper.
11111. me,to me .
nomaayiicra if you p leas e .
caymas sa s ervan t-maid .
noper’
raaa basket .graft give (tho u)!raffl e gi ve (you)!
EXERCISE 7.H BHJI
’ISJI'B co6a1ty. Co6a1ta nrpaer'
r. qacro 01. 110116
B 0 10 . llafi cooaB 'B . llafi 11111. B opsiiaay ii'BB i
’
iuu .
llafi B oponam. Tpas iii . O 6ofimnn1. yapamaer'
r. B oMB aT Bi
060m m 11 B ap1 fla ann . llafire 111111; B aury u B onéfiBy, no
atéuryficra . H BRIL’ISJI'B KOp l HRH naew ias uur. u B a iiry
JI'EB IIIUJ .
TRANSLATIO N 8.
G iv e bread to the dog, and grass to the cow . Thebro ther ornamen ts the ro om w ith papers an d pictures .
I saw the basket of the n iece and the book o f the girl .G ive the widow the kopeck . Thou spe akes t o f thedog ,
and I speak o f the cow . Do you make (trans .
make you ii isaaere .nu BH)a basket or a bo ok? [ o ftensee the picture .
26 Le sso n 5 .
CONVERSATIO N.I‘
0B 0p1511111. 1111 0 cooani‘. H 10B 0p10 o 110p6B is.
111111 0 1101111113?
llimaere 1111 B LI B op31’
11111y Mu 111111ae111. B 0p31’
11111y, a B e
111111 111111151. B anry.
R1 0 nrpaerr. 06BIB H 0B éH H0 Maq nB u O OH E H O B éHH O 111
C1 11611111010 ? paro 1 1. c'i. 11611111010 a C1.
0061111010 .
1101131 B L1 irasre posy? H iraiopésyaten i. 6y‘
110 11111111a .
FlFTH LESSON .
DE CLE NS ION OF FEMININE NOUNS .
(So ft form .)
S o ft femin in e n oun s hav e,like softmascu lin e n oun s
,
a two fo ld termin ation . S ome of them end in 11 ; o thers in B .
E xam p le s o f s o ft fem in in e n o u n s in 11 .
a)An imate obje cts .
N . 11111111 the n urse -ma id). 11111111 th e n urse s .
G . 11111111 o f th e n urse . 1111111. o f the n urs es .
D. 11111111 to the n urse . 11111111111. to the n urses .
A . 11111110 the n urse . 1111111. the n urses .
1. M acro -ci1)by the nurse . 111111111111 by th e n urses .
P . (0)1111111. (abo ut)th e n urse . (0)11111111111. (about)the n urses .
Su ch are :
1111111111111 prin ces s . gen . p l ur. : 1111111151111 .
60 1111111 goddes s . 60 111111 .
rpaqn'
i na co un tes s . rpatbaus .
rep0 1'11111 hero in e . repous t .
b)In an imate obj e cts .
N . "yea the bullet . 1155111 the bul le ts .
G . ny’um o f th e bullet. o f the bul le ts .
D. 1151111. to the bul le t . 11311111111. to the bul le ts .
A . h j'
ulo the bulle t . ujum the bul le ts .
I. rlynelo (ei’
1)wi th the bul le t . nyaa n a w i th the bul lets .
P . (0)11511111 (about)the bul le t. (0)"yua n . (about)the bul lets .
S u ch are :
11111111 me lo n . gen . pl ur. :
6y’
p11 tempes t . 6yp1..
11611131111 week . s eams .
There are also a few n ou n s in 11 which in sert e or0 to facilitate the pron un cia tion , su ch as : 6111111111 thetow er, 6ame111. ‘ o f the towers
,etc.
In stead o f -e111., many grammarian s wri te accord ingto pro nun ciatio n .
28 LE SSON 6 .
E XERCISE 9.11q 1111111 111111 B rpae
'r'
r. 01. 111111e10 rpa1111’
11111 . F111. 1 6111a1111 0B e11p6B 11 ? J16111a1111 CBe OB H B 1. 1101110111111
, a 1 6
111111111 Marepn 3111301 . 81 11 11601 11 npnnairjieaiar'
r. .l110 66B 11.
Bmcora 6ame111. 16p011a (town)orp6M11a . 0 111. 1 0B op11'r1.
0 601111111, a B e 0 repor’
anis. Rémaa nrpae'm. 01. 11111111 10
,
a 116111 1111111 nrpae'm. 01. 11611111111 10 .
TRANSLATION 10 .
The daughter plays with the mother,and the boy
plays with the n u rse . The Tsar speaks of the prin cess,
an d thou speakest of the coun tess . These horses belongto the mo ther-in -law . The horses [are] in the s table of
the mo ther. Idlen ess is the mother of v ices . Coachman,
giv e me the bu llet !CONVERSATION.
F111; T enépB 0Be11p6B B ? 0 1111 cer6111111 B 1.
A 1111. 006111111? Co6a11a 01. B anero 11a TpaB ia.
Romy npnnamemarfs {9111 0 111. npnaamemarr. p1.16a11y.
1 61111 ?
B rmfim 1111 B LI yiaé nomalren fl B illl’lSJI'b Jromazréifi 1111111 111111
1111111111111 ? B 1. 110 11101111111111 .
Romy B H 11ae1 e 61 11 11601 11 ? H 115110 {91 11 11601 11 00611111. 11
1161111113.
S IXTH LESSON .
DE CLE NS ION 0 1‘
NEUT ER NOUNS .
(H ard and s o ft term in atio n .)
E x am p l e o f a h a rd n eu t er n o u n .
N . c.16Bo the word . 01 0 811 the words .
G . 01 6311 o f the word . 01 0 111. o f the wo rds .D . 0116By to th e wo rd . 0110 1111111. to the wo rds .
A . 01 6110 the wo rd . 0110 1111 the wo rds .
1. 0116110 111. w i th the wo rd . cao sfimr w i th the wo rd s .
P . (0)0116111. (abo ut)the word . (0)caosfix'
r. (abo ut)the words .
S u ch are :
1111 0 body . gen . s ing . n om. p l ur.
01 11110 herd . craga craga.
63epo lake . 630pa oaépa .
sépnano m irro r. sépnana sepsa iia.
1111116 w ine . B nna Bnua .
111110 bus in e s s , affair. 11111111 11112111.
1111110 beer,ale . 11111111 not used i n the p lur.
1111116 perso n . 11111121 n om . p lur. .nfiua.
1 In n euter n oun s,the accen t very o ften d i stingu ishes the
gen . s ing. from the mom . p lur.
H A RD AND SOFT N E UT E R NOUNS . 29
E x am p l e o f s o ft n e u t er n o u n s in e .
N . 1161113 the s ea . mopsi the s eas .
G . Mopa o f the sea . nopéfi o f the s eas .
D. Méplo to the s ea . mopflM'
b to th e seas .
A . nope th e sea . Mopsi the s eas .
I. by the sea . mopsh m by the seas .
P . (o)m6p1 (abou t) the sea . (0)110p1'
1x1. (abo ut)the seas .
S u ch is also :116.1e the fie ld .
Noun s in is , su ch as 1 ep11111ie patien ce,hav e in
their prepo sitional singu lar the te rmin ation in (in stead of0 1 ep11111i11 abou t the patien ce .
Also som e n eu ter n oun s in sert a v ow el i n the gen itive plu ral to facilitate pronun ciation : 0 11116 the win dow ,
0 116111. of the win dows , 01 e11116 glass , 01 15110111. of glasses .
There are ten n eu ter n oun s in 1111 (some are of v eryfrequ en t u se), which hav e a pecu liar form of declen sion .
E xam p l e o f s o ft n eu t er n o u n s in 11111 .
N . Bpemr th e time . Bpenena th e times .
G . BpéMQIH I o f the time . Bpeuén'
b o f th e tim es .
D. Bpénen u to the time . BpeMeH AM'
I. to the time s .
A . Bpénm the time . BpeMeHa the tim e s .
I. Bpémen em . w ith the time . spemenanm w i th the tim es .
P . (o)Bpémerm (about)the time . (0)Bpemenax'
r. (abo ut)the time s .
S u ch are :
6pém1 burden . 111111 s in ciput .111111 n ame
,n oun . 311511111 flag .
1
flame . 011111 s eed .
2
111161111 race . Bt fl udder.
crpéua s tirrup .
The word 11111 11, child , exhibits the fo llowin g irregu larities :Sin g. N . 11111 11, G . 11111 111 11, D. 11 1511 11, A . 11111 51, I . 11111 111 e10 , P . 0 11111511 11.
Plur. N . 111 11, G . 1111 éi1, D. 111 11111 , A . 1111 611, I. 1111 1 1111, P . o 1111 11x1 .
WO RDS .31 0 10 o f thi s .
11111 511 1. to read .
B syc1. tas te . ce16 o f that .11y1111
'
1111. peas an t . 111111 1. co lour.
cm xorsopés ie po e try . 11am. 30 1351 1 ? how do they ca l l ?EXERCISE I] .
81 010 e.116Ba 1111 1. B 1. 0110 Bap11x1 . IIB11 1. 311ame1111 upi
11mm 11111 B paB B Tca ,a 111 111. 311a11e111. 11e11pi111 e11e1
‘
1 M111
11e npaBm ca . H 1 0B 0p10 0 a 10 B 0p1211111. 0 c111e1111 .
1 In the n om . p lur. ,i t is pron o un ce d auaMeBa and auau eua .
2 In the gen i tive p l ural , i t has 01 1111111. in stead o f 0111611 1 .
30 L assox 7.
11111 1.11111 ,nomaJyficT a , 01pe11e11a npiaT eJm . B 01 1. (here is)
311511111 11 c1pé11a . 0 1 6111. 111pée1 1. c1. 1111 1 1111.
TRANSLATION 12.
These wo rds [are] no t in the dictionary . The co lou rof this ale do es n o t please me
,bu t the co lour of that
win e p leases me mu ch . In Russia (B 1.prep .)[there aresome] lakes . Thou speakest of the flags of the en em ies ,and I speak of the frien ds’ stirrups . The ta ste of theeggs do es n ot please me . The u n cle speaks abou t thevillages
,an d thou speakest abou t the seas .
CONV ERSATION.q T O B 1
’
111111111.? fl B 171111y 1111111 11 B 11116.
‘I1 0 B LI 11111ae1 e ? H nrpaio c1. 6112511 0111 .
F111 1 enép1. 11111 11? ll111 11 1 enép1. B 1. yq 1’
111111111 .
O q e111. 1 0B opfim1 ? {I 1 0 B 0p10 o 1111111111111 1111611 .
Ita111. BO BYT'B {11 0 11111 11? 81 01 0 11 B e 3115110 .
R 1 0 11a 1101111111 ? H a 1101111111. 1115711111111 .
111mm .1111 B LI y111é 001 11 H 311116 11111 251111. B 01 01 111101
B én ia 91 01 0 110591 11? B opénia (91 01 0 311a11e111’
1
Taro c c11aro uoéT a .
SEV ENTH LESSON .
GE NE RAL V IEW OF SUB STANTIV E INFLE CTIONS .
From what has been hitherto said con cern ing thedeclen sion s of su bstan tiv es
,and from the fo llowing
syn optical table,we may easily draw a few hin ts of a gen e
ralcharacter, wh ich will n o doubt greatly assist the learn er.
H ard fo rm . S o ft fo rm .
ea
10
eem. em. 11e11e111.
1 Menu
11 a
- cii 1. s ix efi
11111. 11111. 11111. 11111.
(oil) (mm) (b) (9 11) a
aMH awn a nu
11111. am. 11111.
G E NE RAL V I EW o r SUBSTANTI V E 1x1 1.1201 10 1<s . 31
1 . Though each of th e three gen ders has its own
declen sion , yet we may state that the singular inflection sof neuter n oun s are in the main like tho se o f the mas
cu lin e gen der, wh ereas theirplural inflection s do n o t in
gen eral differ from tho se of the femin in e gender.
2. The prepo sitional singular a lways ends in 1,
except in a few fem in in e an d n eu ter n ou ns (pages 27and 29)
3. The dative, in strumental and prepo sitional ofthe plural take withou t any dis tin ction of gen der, th einflection s aM1 , amn
,ax1 , in hard n oun s ; and 11111
,1111111
,
11111,in so ft on es .
Remarks on the gen itive case .This case mu st a lways be employed in all negative
sen ten ces and after the fo llowing adverbs of quan tity1111010 much , man y . c111
'
1111110 1u1 to o,to much .
l ittle , few . erOb o as much , as many .
60.11e m ore . un q ero (pr. n it—cha i-voh)n o thing .
n és1e les s .
111 0 B uoy'
nb s omething, somewhat .cxonbao h ow much
,h0w many . 1110 110 111 110 some
,any.
110 110111 110 e nough . 11131111010 a l ittle, some .
E x am p l e s .
1111010 01 0 1 6111 . man y tab les .
pa661 1111110 111 ? ho w man y wo rkmen ?
110 1101 1 110 neuén . (n om. pl. lléfl b l‘
fl). mon ey e nough .
a s e 1111111 1. napa. I did n o t s e e the Ts ar .
1 11 B e Bunnms 01 61101 1 . tho u do es t n o t se e the pan es .
z111c1. ué aomanu . here was no ho rse .
Macufim. butcher.
sexaan Bae1 1 to ki l l,to s laughter.
Byxapaa co ok-woman .
Hypnua h en .
n11y’
x1 co ck .
ryc1. go o se .
y'
rna duck, gen . p l . y10111 .
ryaae1 1 he , she , i t wal ks .
npyr1 frien d ; plu r. npysmi .oorarcreo riches .
upu q nsurb to caus e .
EXE RCISE 13.
130 11 He 001 aB .11ie1 1 cup01 1 . 11011111 9. 0 .110 11y'
116510 110 .
Crca1111511 e , nomaflyficm , 01131 1 6a11111’
1pa ,111 0 a 311 01. B 1
WORDS .cocro 1
’
11 1 he , she , i t co n s is ts .
0 110 1 1 cattle .
Bep61 1011 came l .6e31 nacryxaw itho ut shepherd .
ocrasmien . he,s he , i t aban don s .
eupora orphan .
imam. b ox,cas e .
exami ne te l l me .
cnyra s ervan t,foo tman .
6a 1m1’
1p1 banker.
Bpem. damage .
32 Les son 8.
1161111a11 06011111n11a . (51 1111 6e31 nacryxa 611Ba10 11 106111e10 (become the v ictim)B O JIKOB '
B . 81 0 1111 0 11001aBJ111e1 1
11111 1111610 y110B0111 c ia . 11111 1. 11111 eme as1111oro x1 16a.
TRANSLATION 14.
The bu tcher slaughters cows and bu lls,goats and
sheep and the cook [kills] hen s an d cocks,
gees e and du cks . The teacher walks with the boy,the
mo ther (walks)with the daughter, the bro th er wi th thesister, the frien d with the frien d . The riches of the
Kirgise con sis t (sing) o f (B 1 instr .)cattle : of camels,
bu lls, go ats , sheep an d horses .
CO NVE RSATION .
Cnyra y111
'
11 e1111 311101 , a
cayra 6an1111pa B a nocry.
F111 cayra yqr’
i'reaa ?
H e mefiaere 1111 B 11 06111a1 1.
ce161111a B 1 10p0111 ?
E T O 611111 1 a1i1 11a
01 111101 111 6111 ?
0116111 110 01 61101 1 B 1 511 0111
0 1 H1?
H e 11p111111111’
111a .1 11 oyipa 11116
10 Bpe11a111051111 11 ca1a111 ?
E IGHTH
C1 y110B61 1c ie111 .
H 611111 11a 110111 01 111mm116111 .
B 1 (511 0111 011111 01111601 9 11110.
Hyps upntmm
'
ma 1111610
Bpe11a 111051111 11 ca1a111 .
LESSON .
NO’
UNS WITH P RE I’O SIT IONS .
1
A . Prepositions which always gov ern the same case‘
a)With the gen itive6e3'1 w ithout.1 1 1 fo r.
10 ti l l , up to .
1131 from,out o f.
0 1 1 from ,away from .
palm for the sake o f.
y at,by
,n ear.
1)With the dative111
,110 2 to , towards .
1 Very o ften th e cas es o f n oun s are go vern ed by prepo s itio n s (as in Greek
,Latin
,German
,e tc), which o ccur so frequen tly
in mo s t s en ten ce s,that they mus t be learn t as early as po s s ible .
Fo r the presen t o n ly tho s e prepo s i tion s are given,which are mo s t
n eces s ary,th is part o f s pee ch be in g fully treated in les son 23.
2 T he fin al 0 (in stead o f 1)is frequen tly met with in manyprepo sitio n s , in order to so ften pron un ciatio n .
Nouxs W ITH PB E P O S IT IO NS . 33
c)With the accusative
upo o f,about, con cernin g.
through , througho ut.ape31 , q épea1 durin g, acro ss
,
through .
d)With the instrumental113111 abo ve , o ver.
e)With the prepositionalnpn n ear
,in th e time o f.
E xam p l e s .
B 01 1 10 111 0'
e37. 0 110111 .
11m m “, yfim 01117. 0 11111!
Rnnra y yq rireas .
H omire 111 na sonapy, nomaayiicra !
npoaerima CK60 3b cream .
[11 111111 1 11ae1 1 wade 101 0 1010
11piare1111.3 1 0 01 31
11111 0 01. npa Aaeacannpis
B 1 0p0111 .
There is a house witho ut windows .
B oy, go away from the fire !
T he bo o k is at the teacher’
s .
G o to the brewer,p leas e !
Th e bulle t flew thro ugh the
pan es .
T he b ird fl ies o ver the head o f
the frien d .
This happen ed in the time of
A lexan der the Seco nd .
B . Prepositions which govern two cases :
a)With the accusative and instrumental
now. un der, be low .
népe11 , npe11 before , to .
3a behin d,after.
These three prepo sition s gov ern the accusative , whenthe v erb of the sen ten ce con v eys an idea of motion or
direction ; whereas they are fo llowed by the in strumen talif den o ting a state of rest :3 op0e1ia1 Rai ny n odz.
Romaa 0111111 1 n odz 1101 110 10 .
I threw the book un der the table .
T he cat l ies under the s to ve .
b)With th e accusative and prepositional
B 1 in, in to . to , at . 11a o n
,upon , aga in s t, to .
When implying motion with the accu sativ e , whenimplying res t w ith the prepo sitional :0 1111 110 1111 11 6 3 maoay.0 111 11a y
'
.111111 .
They wen t to s choo l .H e was in the s tree t .
The preposition o,001 , 060 gen erally gov ern s the
accusati v e when taken in the sen se of again st, and theprepo sition al when employed for abou t, concern ing0 111 ynapm 1 ay1 a110111 061.
fl ronopx'
) 061. 0 1 111, a 1 11 1 0110
prim . 0 011111 .
E lemen tary R ussian Grammar.
H e s truck (again s t) the tablew i th his fi st. ’I s peak (about) o f the fatherand tho u speakes t o f the son .
34 Les so n 8.
C. Prepositions which govern three cases 1a)With the genitive, accusat ive and instrumental
01 from ,abo ut
,with .
G en erally speaking, C1 gov ern s the genitive when
it sign ifies from,the accusativ e when it sign ifies abou t :
and the in strumen tal when it sign ifies with :Ca yrpa no Béq epa. From mo rn ing to even in g.
H anna 1 01 1111111010 01 nanen1 . A s tick about o n e finger thi ck .
31 110 1110311 ryaarb ca men0to . I wen t and too k a wal k withmy w ife .
b)With the dative, accusative and prepositionalno in , on ,
til l,after.
This preposition is u sed with the dative to expressmotion ,
time and manner ; it is fo llowed by the accu sativ e ,when sign ifying till
, as far as ; with the prepo sitional ,when correspon ding to after :
H ryJu'
m n o r0p011y. I wal k in the town .
H sr0 1 11110311 n o ar0pnnaam1 . I s aw him o n (every)Tuesday .
0 9 1 out aaerca n o M0111 . H e dres s es fashion ably .H o s t ays) crépo ay. A s far as the left s ide .
H o upomécrain 113 1 13 1 11 1 . After the lap se o f fi ve years .
WORDS .Ryna where (mo tion). 0 111 Home“ , he wen t .er
'baa wa l l . 0 111 npaméu h e came,he may
aepcra vers t 2. come .
£11151 rive r. no 31111 to me .
311111 1 to go , to dri ve , to onacao (it is)dangero us .
a npiisxam I s tarted . npiarao (i t is)agreeable .
orcraas '
re l keep away ! pascaa31 ta le .
nomanre go (you). caymarr, to l is ten , to hear.
Bafl né, (she)took . yotmaiia (she)ran away.EXE RCISE 15.
H q pa npiisxam) 1131 Mocasn. ll'li 'rn 0 1 01aa 1 1 e
01 1 mocra ; 0 11310110 153111111 no 1100151111 ! Ceroiiaa a 061
112110 y cocisira . Pascaas's 0 rep01 M31 0neas apaam ca ,
er0 npiarno caYma'
rL . Homm’
ire E'h naéranny n oam aT e
em ,111 0 a 1 enép1 B 1 r0p0111 .
1 A s i t is s ome times d iffi cul t for begin n ers to d isco v er at
firs t s ight which case mus t be emp loyed , i t has been thought advisab le to as s i st them w i th practical h in ts , whenever n ecessary ,in the tran s latio n s o ccuring before the 23th les so n , where mo re de
tai led exp lana tio n s are given .
3 A Rus s ian vers t is equal to 3500 E nglish fe et .
36 L essox 9.
Fu ture .a 6yny I shal l be . 1111 6y1e111 we sh a ll be .
1 11 6y’
1em1 tho u w i l t be . 1 11 6y11ere yo u w i l l be .
0 111 , 0 1151,0 110 6Y1e1 1 h e , she, it 0 111
,0 1111 6y1y1 1 theywill be .
w i l l be .
Imperative Mood.
P resen t .6y111. be (thou). 6Y1 11 e b e (you).
Condition al and Subjunctive Mood.
l
Presen t and P ast .
51 6111 1 611 I should be . 1111 611 we sho uld b e .
1 11 611111 611 tho u wo ulds t b e . 1 11 611 yo u wo uld be .
0 111 611 he wo uld be . 0 111 61111111 611 they wo uld be .
The v erb to have may be ren dered by 1 11111,which
mean s rather to possess . B u t the u sual way of ren dering it in to Ru ssian is by the v erb 6111 1 , expressed or
u ndersto od , and accompan ied by the gen itiv e of thepo ssessor (n oun or pron o un).
It mu s t here be observed that the presen t ten se of6111 1. is almo st always suppressed . It mu st farther ben o ticed that the po ssessed object s tan ds in Russian inthe n ominative
,an d n ot in the accu sativ e as in E nglish .
Presen t .37 mesa (com)I have . y aac1 we have .
y 1 e61’
1 tho u has t . y 1a01 yo u have .
y ner0 he has . y 1111111 they have .
y H eir she has . y c0c111a the n e ighbo ur has .
y aer0 i t has . y 110111a1111 the hors e has .
P as t .
Y Mesa 6pa1 1 . I h ad a bro ther.
y 1 e61'
1 anara . tho u hads t a bo ok .
y 1 9 10 161 0 1 0 . he had an app le,etc.
Fu tu re.Y mesa 6y11er1 110 1111 . I sha ll have a kn ife .
y 1 e6i1 6Yaer1 110110. tho u w il t have an egg.
y ner0 6y11y1 1 caoaapa. he w i l l have th e d iction aries , etc.
WORDS .3 11111 , 11 11110 e tern al ly . ponarean paren ts .
110c111 3a1 1pa the day after to csasaaa (s he)sa id , to ld .
morrow . cer0zias B éq epom1 this even ing.M 3011 back . Tam e a l so , to o .
npasaa truth , righ t . anaer0 n o thing.1 These mo o ds whi ch are wan ting in Russian , may be sup
p l ied by the form s o f the In d i ca tive pas t fo l lowed by the particle 611.
1111 1 8 on 1 1 1: RE GULAR 0 0 1 11 0 1 1 10 1 . 37
EXERCISE 17.
B éme 1 11 e01 , 1 11 6111 1,1 11 6y1em1 1 11 1 0 ! P111
111 1 1 q pa 1 0 y1py‘
? M1I 1 e 31 51e111 1111 0 1 6 611110
q pa 110 y1py, a q pa B éq ep01 1 0 1 6 611310 1 1 311031. Y000111a 0111 1 1 110 111 . Y 1 1101 1 6mm 1 00611 1 . Y 1 1 01
1 111 00611 1 . Y 1 1 1 1 61 110 1 1 610 00611 1 . Y 1 e1 1
1 11m 00611 1 .
TRANSLATION 18.
G od is,was and shall be eternally . Where w il l
the paren ts be the day after to -morrow? Where wereyou yesterday morn ing? Y our sister (Ce01p11awas at home and to ld m e : My sister (Ce01pa 11 01)willbe back this ev en ing ; she is n ow at [her] mother’
s . She
to ld the truth : I was there . I have the bread , and
thou has t the basket .
CONVERSATION.
Y 1e61 311 111 1 e 00611 a? Ila, y me i co6a1 a 1 1 61mm.
I11 0 y 1 e6fi ec1 1 1 e1 ép1 ? T enép1 y 11e1 1 1 1 1 016 1 11 1 .
E 01 1 .11 y 1 e1 H 111 , y 1 e1 1 1 1 1 01 01 1 .
B 111J11 111 1 11 yme’
3511 01 1 H111 ,a He 1 11111 1 31111 1
IIapa? Hapa, 1 0 1 1 11111 1
111 0pé111 1 0p01 1 .
E 01 1 1 1 y 1 1 01 1 01 1 1 1 Y 1 1 01 1101 1 1 1 rép011 .
nepé1 1 1?
Y B ac1 .11 JIéHBI‘
H ? Y 1 1 01 111110 11é1 er1 .
TENTH LESSON.
1 11 1 s ON 1 1 1 RE GULARAl l Ru ssian regu lar v erbs are div ided in to two
conjugation s , according to th e inflection s of the secon dperson singu lar and the third person plural of the indicative presen t . 2
1 T he comp le te theory of the Russ ian verb is given farthero n (Lesso n H ere o n ly the mos t n eces sary paradigms are givento learn ers, who w i l l n o doubt be impa tien t to kn ow the me
chan ism o f th e mos t importan t o f all parts o f speech .
2 Pro perl y speaking,there is but on e regular co njugation in
Rus s ian ,as w i l l b e seen in the 27m les so n . This d i visio n in to
two co njugation s has been pro viso ri ly adop ted here , because o f
great an d unquestionable practical u tili ty .
38 L E S S O N 10.
T o the first regular conjugation, which embraces
the greates t n umber of v erbs , belong thos e which hav e thesecon d person singu lar of the presen t en ding in 011 1 ,
and th e third person p lural in y11 or 10 11 .
T o assist beginn ers , it may also be added that thefirst conjugation comprizes the greatest part of thosev erbs which in the infinitive presen t end in 1 1 1 , 1 1 1
or 1 y1 1 .
E x am p l e o f t h e firs t c o n j u ga t i o n .
1 1 111 1 to read .
Presen t .1111 1 1 1 1em1 we read .
1 11 1 1 1 101 9 you read .
0 1 1 1 1 1 110 1 1 they (m .)read .
0 11 1 1 1110 1 1 they (f.)read .
0 1 1 1 1 1110 1 1 they (n .)read .
P ast .1111 we read .
1 11 yo u read .
0 1 1 1 1 1 1111 they (m .)read .
0 1 1 1 1 1 1111 they (f.)read .
0 1 1 1 1 111 1 they (n .)read .
1 1 1 1110 I read .
1 11 1 1 1 1em1 tho u reades t.0 1 1 1 1 11e1 1 he reads .
0 1 1 1 1 11131 1 sh e reads .
0 1 6 1 1 1101 1 it reads .
1 -aa, I read.1
1 11 1 1 11111 ,-.na
,-1 0 tho u readst .
0 111 h e read .
0 1 1 1 1 1 1.1a she read .
0 1 6 1 1 111 0 it read .
Fu ture .
11 11 6y'
11e111 1 1 1 11 1 we shal l read .
1 11 6y'11e1 e 1 1 111 1 you w i l l read .
0 1 1 6y11y1 1 1 1 111 1 they wi l l read .
0 1 1 6y1y1 1 1 1 111 1 they w i l l read .
0 1 1 6y’
11y1 1 1 1 1 11 1 they wil l read .
1 6yz1y 1 1 1 11 1 I sha l l read .
1 11 6y11e1111 1 1 111 1 tho u wi l t read .
0 1 1 6y11e1 1 1 1 111 1 h e w il l read .
0 1 1 6y11e1 1 1 1 111 1 she wi l l read .
0 1 6 6y,11e1 1 1 1 111 1 it w i l l read .
Imperativ e .1 1 111 read (tho u)! 1 1 111 1 0 read (you)!
In the same man n er as 1 1 111 1 are a lso conjugated :011511111 1 1 to l is ten ,
to hear. 6011111 1 to cha t.pa661 a1 1 to work . np1irar1 to jump , to s pring.p1 301 131111 1 1 to te l l , to n arrate . to w ish
,to des ire .
01p1m1 1 1 1 1 to ask, to deman d . 111111 1 1 to make,to do .
0 1 11 1 11 1 to an swer, to reply . 31 1 1 1 to know .
11031 03111 1 to permi t , to al low . ry1111 1 to wa l k .
1 0 1 1 1 11 1 to un ders tand .
WORDS .1311 1 1 1 to thin k .
1 01 1 151111 all s cien ces .
0 1161 1 0 wi l lingly.
1611y61 (mas c .)p igeon .
1111 111 b ird .
1 1 101 1 1 1 to bo as t.01011111 ycn1xa111 o f his s ucces s .
.1e1 11 1 to fly .
111 1 1 (fern )bran ch (o f a tree).1 A man says 1 1 1 111 1
,a woman 1 1 1 111 1 , a thing a 1 1
and so o n . S ee fo o tn o te 3,page 35 .
H mrs 0 1 1 1 13 RE GULA R 0 0 1 10 0 1 1 10 1 . 39
EXE RCISE 19 .
I11 0 1 11 6yrre1e 111111 11 cer6111 1 B é1 ep01 1 ? M1I B 1 ep1
1 1 1 e16 1 e 11mm .
I511 0 1131111 10 1 1 1 errpi11 e111 ? 0 111 1y’
1 1311 B 1 ep1 110 y1py’
,1 1 0 011 1 enép1 311110 1 1 1 01 1 1y
’
1 1 .
11111 1 111 101 1 111 6p1 11 ? 0 1 1 111 101 1311 01 0111 1 ycn1xam1 .
I11 0 111 1 1111 1 10 11 1 1 1 1 01161 110 ? 0 1 1 CJIYIHaYO T'
R c1 01 1
y1 11 e1 1 .
‘11 0 16313761 111111 111 ? 0 1 1 .21e11111 110 111 1 1 1 1
flépeB a .
TRANSLATION 20 .
What do est thou there? I work,and you do n o th
ing. H e thinks that he kn ows all scien ces and in
cessan tly boasts of his su ccess . We wil lingly listen [toyou ], when you tell [som ething]. What d id you [do ] yesterday? We do n o t know (transl. we kn ow n o t). T o -dayI shall an swer, and you will an swer to -morrow or theday after to morrow .
CONVERSATION.
1101 1 1 1111 .711 1 11, 1 1 0 1 H Bcé 1101 1 1111 1
, 1pyr1 11 01 .
131 1 1 p1 301 13111 1 1 1 ?
P111 0 1 1 6y’
11y1 1 061111 1 1 81 010 01 1 He 31 110 11 ; 01 1
311 1pa ,'
1 1 1cpé1 1 1 1 1 1 6Y1y1 1 061111 1 1 01 upi
B 1 r6p011 ? 11 e111 1 1 .
R0 16 1 1 1 a 111 61113 : H 11111 111 6p11 1 1 cec1py.
111 ,1 0 1111 a B ac1
H 01 1M1e1 e 1 1 B 11 1 enép1 H enre 61 e1 1 1 1110 110 1 1
110 c c1 1 ? 1 110 1 0 py'ccrm.
111 0 1111111 ? 0 1 1 11111111 1 0 111 111 1
népeBa .
111 0 111 1 0 1 1 1 1 61 0 1135111 111 ,1 0
B ce1aR1 He 1 1 0
1111 1 1 1 .
ELEV ENTH LESSON .
H INTS ON T H E RE GULAR CONJUGATION.
(Con tin ued)T O the second regu lar conjugation belong tho se
v erbs having the secon d person singu lar of the in dicative presen t in 1 11 1
,and the third person p lural in 1 11
or 1 1 1 .
This i s mostly the case with v erbs hav ing in theinfinitive presen t the terminatio n s 1 1 1 , 11 1 1 1 , 1 1 1 1 , ma1 1 ,
11 1 1 1 and 1 1 1 .
40 Lass ox 11.
E xamp l e o f t h e s e c o n d c o nju ga t i o n .
PO B OpliT L to speak,to say.
Presen t .a ronoplb I speak , I say.
m rO B OpIimL thou s peake st.om, ros opri
'r
'l , he s peaks .
os a roaopli'r
'
b she speaks .
o n () rosopl'
l 'r'
b i t speaks .
mu ros oplim'
r. we speak .
B H rosopli'
re you speak .on ]; ros opfi
'r'
L they speak .
out ro sopsi'r'
b they speak .
can ros opzir'
b they speak .
P ast .
3 ros opiiJrL , aria,-JIO I spoke .
T H rosopfm'
s,-11a
,-.uo tho u spokest.
om, ros opnM , he spo ke .
osa ros opfma she spo ke .
ono rosopr’
mo it spoke .
M b] ros opliml we spo ke .
E H rosopr’
mu yo u spoke .
0 1m I‘
O B Op H they spoke .
cal; rocopr’
mn they spo ke .
os fi ronopfim they spo ke .
Fu ture .a 6yay ronopnrb I sha l l speak .
T H Gyiremb ros opr’
m tho u w . sp.
O B'B Gwen , rosopr
’
ars he W. sp.
one. fine“ ros opfirs sh e w . sp.
0 116 657mm ronopr'
irb i t w . sp.
MH 6y11em, ro sopfirs we sh . sp.
BH oynere ros opfm , you w . sp.
can 6y’
1yn l‘
O B Opf i they w . sp.
our. 6yzxy'
r1, ros opi'
i rb they w . sp .
om’
i oynym ros opnrb they w . sp.
Imperativ e .
rosopfi speak (thou)!Thus are conjugated :
xynfirb to b lame .
xsam'
rb to pra ise .
roronars to prepare .
1
Xpannrb to preserve , to pro tect.Tpemarb to rattle , to crack .
roplm . to burn .
cmorpim , to lo ok , to gaze .
ros opr’
n e speak (you)!
xypfirb to smoke .
6naronapfirs to than k .
nosfirs to catch .1
crpénrb to bui ld .
curlers to s it (a cnmy, m cannulaan d so on).
WORDS .P ii6a fi sh .
nésapr. co o k .
spens o prejudicial , n oxious .
npémne formerly .
pufiaa's fi sherman .
rmo imoron o , n o n e , n o t a single .
cuasarb to say , to te l l .
rem. day gen . ns a .
no q emy'
? why?
mars to l ive .
noromy’
q ro because .
ropasno much , very much .
Rypés be the smo king .
nyna where (mo tion).
1 Verbs in RB T L in sert .II in the first person o f the presen ta rorosmo , a .rowno. S ee Les son 27.
H ixrs o n T H E REGULAR CONJUG AT ION . 41
EXE RCISE 21.
B orn xpanfi'r
'
s cnpor'
s . O ren'
s n mars xpany’
mn cmua
11 J10W) . Om. He B’lipHT
'
b B'
B T O,
two 0111. T eIIépB I‘
O B OpflT'
B .
Hos ap'r. ro
'ros fir'
r. a pmoam. JIa r'
b puoy. Tm
c'rpomrs 1mm , B
'
b Ro'ropom) T H He 6mm . mars an 011
Horo mm (n o t even on e day). H oq emy T H He Ry'
f
pnmb?
H oromy q'ro mas pom
’
rreJm rO B OpflJm : Rypénb e T aoany‘
BpélLH O . T O npamia, os o ori ent Bpéjmo .
TRANSLATIO N 22.
G od,sav e the Tsar ! The paren ts pro tect [their]
son s and daughters (camos éfi n noq epéfi). Thou doestno t believ e what tho u sayst . The teacher blames thepupil . The cook-woman prepared the dinn er. We catchfi sh in the river. There is too mu ch to bacco
,do you
n o t smoke to -day? I thank you ,my frien d ; formerly
I smoked frequ en tly , bu t n ow I do n o t smoke .
will smoke .
They
CO NVERSATIO N.
Roma r0pl31n > lion'
s cociaiia ?
C'rpowr
’
b 3m our. T eHépb
Hosmfi lion'
s ?
IIT O T H 13mm . B'
L pianist?H oq emyorem. n n
’
aJi'
b China?
Hoq emy B LI He Kypi’
i'
re ce
roam ?Ityna rm cmo'rpnmb
?
Koro XB aJIfiJIa y‘IflTeJIBHH IIa?
110m. coci na rcpm'
f. Tpn
voila T onyHawaii 's .
S roro a He 3112110 ; 0111) MRI)061. 13mm. m meré H e
cs asamb .
H 1315111133 1) pi£roy B'
I) phat .
O 'réu
'
s xym’
urs China, 110
ron y in c 0111) H e 611aro
napkin , q em .
Rypénb e T aoasy ri al; H e
Hpasnrca ; a H unorna H e
Kyplo.
fl cmorpro H a 6211111110 .
0 3 51 xsam’
ma cecrpy a xyanaa 6pa'
ra2
Certa in mas cu l in e n o un s which are o ften taken in a par
titive sen s e such as qafi, caxapt , M 6513}. and a few mo re havein the ir gen i tive s in gul ar the end ing y or 10 .
2 Learners ass is ted by an e fficien t teacher, may afte r eachless on ,
s tudy o n e o f the read ing exercis es which w i l l be fo undat the end o f this bo ok .
42 LE SSON 12.
TWELFTH LESSON .
INTERROGATIV E AND NE GATIV E FORM.
a)Interrogat ive form.
Presen t .auras) .m a ? do I read ? e tc. aaraem. 1m u s ? do we read ?unraems m m ? unraere m m ?
unraem m on ? auramrs M ! can?
q aras '
u 1m o sa? w ramr'
f. an o ut ?amaerr. 1m ouo? ‘“ Halon . 1111 omi ?
mm“ . m u ? did I read ? e tc.1 sm a
'
um m rm? d id we read ? e tc.
unran'
r. .m T u ? ‘mrfum 1m S H ?
m a n. an our ? smam as can?
mw a an oua? am as s an out ?unrano M1 0 116? “ ram .nu o s fi ?
Fu ture .
6yny m a smart ? Sha l l I read? oyrem. m mm m m ? Shal l weread ?
6ynems .m m smart ? Gynere .m E H smart ?
Gyner's .m m an ? Jm omi aurarb ?
6y11err. Mi 0 1121 smart ? 6y’
nyr1. an o ut m am6yner
'
b 3m 0116 smart ? fij'
myr'r. 1m om
’
i unrars ?
This is the u sual stru cture of an in terrogativ e senten ce in Ru ssian . B ut
,when there is at the beginn ing
an in terrogative pron oun or adv erb , su ch as : E T O who ,n o what
,Roma when
, mi; where , and o thers,the inter
rogative particle JIH mu st be suppressed,and the verb
may in differen tly be placed before or after the subj ect :q 'ro rosopi
'
ma ona? Wha t did she say?
Roma. cm 6ynems mam ? When w i l t tho u b e at home ?
Negative form.
a H e “ ran . I do n o t read .
m H O q n'
raemb . thou do es t n o t read .
o ur. H e a aer'
b . he do es n o t read .
rm H e unraems . w e do n o t read .
s e aural!) .m a ? do I n o t read ?S e quraemb m m ? do es t thou n o t read?
T h e usua l dis tin ction o f gen ders (s ee pag . 35)takes p lacea lso in the in terrogative
,n egative and co n d i tion al forms : “ ra m
m a (woman)? aaras o .m a (thin g)?
44 LE SSON 13.
CONVE RSATION.
H oayq fiJm 1m BLI yiaé macsMo O T
'
b Marepn ?
Roma o'ren
'
t ros opfum ,In c
owner}. H a
I‘M) paoo
'
raJm 11116111a
cerolma?
A HIT) ate omi Gmym pa
66'ra'ri. sasrpa?
IIOHHMaJm Jm BH s ee , n o
ya em. B am'
b pascnasm
BaJI’
b ?
H eme He noayqfia'
s nucs
Ma on Marepn .
O T éII'
b Hanorna He rO B o
prim,
q'ro om. 6mm
H a
IIJIOT H l/IRPI He xorarr. paooT aT b
,H O S q epa O H fi pa
OOTaJIH co c'roaapanm B
’
B
capais 11 FL nOrpeOis.
0 1113 657mm. paOOT aTL H a
JLB Op'ii .
H 'hT '
b,MLI He norm norm
mam. B oero ; om) ros opfim.
cafimnom. caopo .
READING EXERCISE .
B ’hnumfi q IO B'im'
L . The poor man .
Omani , Oinumfi q eaop'lm'
b,Hafimi pa3i> B OpOB
’
b B'
B
CB O eM'
B mini , crasajm mm. 6e3'r, ncnyra: « a He ssaro ,‘IT O
BH HO‘IL IO r’
nnere B’b MO SM’
S item’s,mount a B
'B H éM'
b n
linen s H uq ero H e moryS ari na fin din g .
nonart to loo k for.
ncnyrt fear.
uafinrfl to find.
TH IRTEENTH LESSON .
P E R S O N A L P R O N O U N SFirs t Perso n .
S in gular. Plura l .a I .mes s o f me .
mn'l; to me .
mesa me .
MB OIO by me .
(660)Mid; (abou t)me .wh
b
p
mz
Seco ndT H thou .T e6a o f thee .
T eGi; to thee .
reoa thee .
TOCOK) by thee .
(o)reOi; (abo ut)thee .Wb
b
b
m
rm we .
s aw. o f u s .
11am. to us .
nacr. u s .
Harm by u s .
(0) s aw. (abo ut)u s .
Person .
am yo u .
Sac'
L o f you .
3am. to you .
s acs you .
Sana by you .
(o)BaC'
b (about)you .
PE RSONAL PRONOUN S . 45
Third Person (mas cu l in e)Singular.
ons he .
eré o f him .
ear)? to him .
ero him .
EMT; by him .
(o)H éM'b (about)h im .“
U
H
IP
U
CD
Third Personone. S he .
ea o f her.
ei’
r to her.
eé her.
élO by her.
(o)nefi (abo ut)her.“U
H
b
U
Q
them .
on’l; they .
nxs o f them .
nu s to them .
axs them .
mm by them .
(0)s axs (abo ut)them .
Third person (n euter).0 116 it .
G . ero o f it .
D. say to i t .A . ero it.
I . HM'
L by it, w i th it.P . (o)Hens (a bo ut)it .
onr'
r they.axs o f them .
wa s to them .
nxs them .
mm by them,w i th them .
(0)rmxs (about)them .
When preceded by a preposition , the person alpron ou n of the third person takes an in itial H
,to so ften
the pronun ciationa 6513 s y an d.
y neii macro réners .
éro 111m mm .
rsr ro s opr'
ims 0 item .
I was at his house .
She has much mon ey .
This is for them .
Tho u speakes t of him .
O bserv e,that the accusative is always like the
gen itive, except in the third person feminin e singu lar.
WO RDSH npomy I pray.rearps theatre .
npnxasn sars to o rder, to com
mand .
sc S s (gen . nj'
cazi)b it, piece .
cups cheese .
ncropm his tory, s tory .
m s exism two weeks , a fortn igh t.M6mers Ours (i t)may be .
O fiuns osés s o us ua l l y .
(Stres s xopomo very we l l .us repécs u fl in teres tin g.
EXE RCISE 25.
Ilpomy'
s acs , cn
’
aatfire mas, nomajryiicra, CROJIBRO
n iacaues s B H 611mm y H HX'
L . H ours y H ero H'fiCRO JIb RO
Mscaues s , a y s ea a Osmis T OJIBKO 1113s s exism . O sa
can they .
HX'
B o f them.
wa s to them .
uxs them .
mm by them .
(0)a s (abo ut)
(femin in e).
46 LE SSON 13.
nrpaaa cs s ums . H ups sassi saro eMy paOOrars , no os s
eme He xopomo pa66rae'
rs . T H MHOPO'flymaemb o s ens
,
no os s H ns orna He nymae'rs o reos . 8ro wearers Ours,
a ero (mes s xopomo snaro .
TRANSLATION 26 .
What did the teach er tell thee abou t me ? Theb oy works with me . Din e to day with u s
,I pray you !
The mo ther kn ows me, thee , him and her. Thou wilthav e many books . Where wert thou with [thy] sister?I was with her at the theatre . What are the childrendo in g (transl. do the children)? They [are] in the garden ,
we play with them . G iv e to him and to her a bit o f
bread . Do you still kn ow me? Y es , I kn ow you still .
CONVE RSAT IO N.B asin s JIH T H vaté ee?
RT O éro I‘
O B OpfiJI'B,T hI {um
os a?II'ro y s acs 6s ms
,a q ro y
nuxs .
O 'rs s oro éro ns csné?
Cs resins s sr ra iJm cerolrna y
'rpoms ?
O q ems os s s ans T ans
ro paSCKé3H BaJI'
b ?
H eme H e 3mm ee ,no
03 21 s emi s fnrlsaa , B orgia
a Osmis s s Tea 'ls.
O sa aro ros opi’
ma .
Y s acs Os ms iron s , a ya s Os ms calls .
H e snap ,no a “ man q ro
0 116 on Hero .
Mu ryarim cs H HM'
L ; a
Basrpa os i'
i oyzry'rs ra irs
cs sans .
O s s s an s pascsassrsaas
s s repécnyro s crépiro .
RE ADING EXERCISE .
Crapsrfi (bna océdrs . The o ld philo sopher.
Om’
ms crapn fi (bHJIOCOtb'
L , ysmas s oss oro maaolraro
q ios‘li s a
,s orépmfi Os ms Oq ens ros opafi s s , cs asaas eMy
°
mos e yrs ,arc npspoiia saJra H ams irs a Yxa
a seru m omi s s pors , ma roro q T OOsI mu caymajm s wima ros optum Mano » .
yss nass having s een .
sardrrs rs remark .
yxo ear.
rosopar'
rsuii ta l kative .
npspéna n ature .
pors mouth .
P o s s s s srvs PRONOUNS . 47
FOURTEENTH LESSON .
P o s s s s sw s P R O N O U N S .
F irs t Perso n . Singular.
Mas c and n eut . Sing .
1 Femin in e s in gular.
‘
N mofi ,noe my, min e . n os my, min e .
G . n oero o f my. n oeli o f my.
D. noeuy to my. moéii to my.
A . n oero, mo i’i , MO S my. n o t) my.
I . moan s by my, w i th my. MO élO by my, with my.
P . (o)moen s (abo ut)my. (0)noéfi (abo ut)my.
Plural for the three gen ders .
1
n on my, m in e .
monxs o f my.
n orms to my.
n onxs , n o t! my.
moan s by my, w i th my.
(o)n onxs (abo ut)my.
In the same man n er are m odified and declin ed T s ofi ,
thy, cs oii his own,her own , its own etc .
The pronou n cs oti o ften correspon ds a lso to my,
thy, our , your, their , becau se it is the po ssessiv e pron o unreferred to the subject of the sen ten ce withou t any regardto the gen der
,person and number of the possessor :
wU
O
Z
V mesa coca smira . I have my bo o k .
y reoa 060 12 iron s . tho u has t thy ho use .
y nero caoe‘ s epo. h e has h is pen .
y s ea coon q n s s . she has her s to cking .
y s acs caoit s Omans . we have o u r horses .
y s acs econ nficsna . yo u have yo ur letters .
y s axs ceoé séps aao . they have the ir mirror.
”When n o t referred to the subject of the sen ten ce
,
the same po ssessiv e pron oun as in E nglish is employedalso in Russian :
y refiri .uori as s’
i ra. Tho u has t my book .y mes a meoa irons . I have thy ho use , etc.
Firs t Pers o n . Plura l .Masc . an d n eut. s ing. l Fem in in e s ingular.
‘
N . H am'
s , same o ur,o urs . sama o ur
,o urs .
G . s amero o f our. Hamel? o f o ur .
D. samemy to o ur. s amefi to our.
1 O f the po s ses sed o bject .
2 Compare the Greek : O i’m u m as t s ; robg éa oro b vikoog.
48 LE SSON 14.
Mas c. and n eut. Sing. Feminine s ingular.
A . samero , Hams,s ame o ur. samy o ur.
I . s amsms by o ur, w i th o ur. s ameio by o ur, w i th o ur.
P . (o)namens (about)o ur. (0)namei‘
r (abo ut)o ur.
Plura l o f the three gen ders .
l
S alim our, o urs .
s amnxs o f o ur.
namu s to our.
samnxs,B aum our.
nams nn by our, with our.
(o)s aumxs (abo u t)o ur .WH
I>
U
CDZ
According to the abov e paradigm is modified and
declin ed also the po ssessiv e pron oun of the secon d person plural : s ams
,same
,sama
, samn , your, yours .
The po ssessiv e pron oun s of the third person are in
the s ingu lar
ero his , its , fo r mascu lin e and n eu ter possessors ,ea her ,
for femin in e po ssessors .
In the p lura l
nx's their
,withou t any d istin ction of gen der.
E x am p l e s .
3 1315111s eio'
s ons. I saw h is horse .
T H swi ms ei é s s firn . thou saws t his bo oks .
os s sym’
ms efi iron s . he bo ught her house .
B H npOnann a rcs nopsns n . you s o ld the ir bas ke ts .
A s it is seen,the pron oun s erO, efi, uxs ,
are n o t
declin ed at all. They remain always unchanged whatev ermay be the gen der, number an d case in whi ch thepo ssessed object is employed 2. B u t the greatest care isrequ ired in their cho ice
,becau se they mu st at any rate
strictly agree in gen der and n umber with the possessor,u n less seriou s misun derstan dings may arise :
s saas erO s s r’
ary. H e took his bo ok (o f a man).o s s 333 3 7) eri s s r
’
rry. H e to o k her boo k (o f a woman).
Remark a lso :O ns s saas rs os
’
o amiry. H e too k his own bo ok .
1 O f the po s ses sed object.2 It mus t b e born e in m ind that , properly Speakin g, the
words er6, ea
,axs are but th e gen i tive (po s se ss ive) cas e o f os s
,
0 1151, can,jus t as in Greek a broa is th e gen i tive o f a bt ég.
P o s s s s sxv s PRONOUN S . 49
WO RDS.‘Iacsi (plan) watch . nomaayficra p lease , pray .
npoxars to se l l . s s Mas s t ems in the mon thspafi co un try . o f May.
my6a fur, pe l is s e . aropOs s e hea l th .
l imo bus in es s ; thin g. sas s nozsnsaere ? how do you do ?
EXERCISE 27.
MH Bas i ns cs oro s s i’
i ry. B si mi ls nosassrs a m cs ocs oasno. Moe 31rop6s s e T enéps Oq ens xopomo. MsI ros oprim o ero spars , a ons ros opr
’
ms o Hamens spars . B sr
T enéps a aeT e co cs onns yqr’
ireaens ncrépiio namero
rOpoaa . B s Mai; Miscans s s Harn es s rOpOJLs MH OI‘
O u'rims .
O Hs yspamae'rs n os iron s , a TH yspamaems erO irons .
V nefi no'
e s epé , a y Tess csoe nepo.
TRANSLATION 28.
H ere is my hat, where is thin e ? My sisters are
n ow at (B s prep .)schoo l . Chi ldren,do n o t play w ith
my watch ! I play with my sister. I so ld my fur. Wen ow read with our mo ther your book . In the mon thof May, it is v ery p leasan t (npiri'rno)in our coun try .
Thou embellishest thy hou se . Do est tho u kn ow myteacher? I saw hi s hou se an d her garden .
CONVERSATION.Kas s same 31rop6s se? Baarozrapio s acs
,T enéps
Oacs s s opowo .Cs aau
’
i're sins , nomaayficra, H He swi ms samei
’
r IIIJIHIIH ;
ms MOH marina? a He 3115110 ms os a.
3saere as sm E T O sym’
ms H synaso, q ro s ams 6pa'
rs
ea irons ? EYIIflJI’b es irons .
II noq enys sr T ans iry'
naere? H T aR’
B JLYMO IO ,noromy
’
q ro
s ams (Spars cerézrna upo
sas s cs ofi iron s .
Kas s 3110p6ss e samero co E ro siropOs s e T enéps (Stres scsna? xopomé .
0 s ons os a ros opfma co O sa ros opi’
ma o cs oens
es osio cec'rporo
? 6pars .
READING EXERCISE .
O GpasOs annmi q roB s s s . The educated man .
Cnpamns as n Apncrfinna s asaa pass nua néaizry 06pa
36sans sni s s neoOpasOs as nnns q eaosfis on s . O H s o'rs ia
E lemen tary R us sian Grammar. 4
50 .LE SSON 15.
runs : « nomm’
i uxs oOOnxs s s niolrans , s orOpn e nxs Hesnaiors ,
n O H fi ero ysnarors ».
péssnna diflerence . uonum’
a uxs lead them .
FIFTEENTH LESSON .
s s rs sxrvs AND DEMONSTRAT IV E PRONOUNS .
a)Reflexive pronouns .
(Reflexive verbs .)
The reflectiv e pron oun for all gen ders and n umbersis cefia, whi ch ,
according to circumstan ces,corresponds
to myself, thyself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves , etc .
It n atural ly has n o n omin ativ e form ; its declen sionis as follows :
ceos o f himse lf, o f hers e lf,etc.
ceos to himsel f, etc .
ce6a hims e l f,etc.
c06610 by himse lf, etc .
(o)ce6s (about)hims e lf.Z
H
b
U
Q
Z
Combin ed with v erbs , it is con tracted in to ca aftera con son an t or semi~vowel, and cs after a v owel , and
forms the so -called reflexiv e conjugatio n .
Conjugation of a refl exive verb .
cassarsca to dres s on eself.P resen t .
a onssaiocs I dres s myse l f, e tc . rmorssaencs w e dre ss ourse l ves .
T H cassaemsca . s sr oassaerecs .
os s,o sa
,os o onssaerca. can
,our. onssalorca .
Past .11 onssarca I dres sed myse lf, etc. nu orssarncs we dressed ours e lm orssanca . nu cassam cs . [v es .
os s ors saaca . om’
i cassam cs .
o s a onssanacs . o s s ons sanncs .
ono orssanocs . can orssam cs .
Fu ture .
a Oyry orssars cs . I Shal l dress myse lf, etc.
ru Gynems onssarsca, e tc .
52 LE SSON 15 .
raB Oii su ch .
Masc . and n eut . sing . Femin in e Singular.
N . ranch, ranée such . rasaa such .
G ranOro o f s uch . ras Oli o f such .
D. ras ony to such . ras éfi to such .
A . ras Oro , ras Oi’
r,made such . Tanya) such .
I . rasun s by such , w i th such . T aKOIO by s uch, w ith such .
P . (o)T aKOM'
B (about)s uch . (0)Taxes (about)such .
Plura l for the tree genders .
N . T as ie T ania (f. and n .)such .
G . rasnxs o f such .
D. m ai n s to s uch .
A . rasnxs,ras ie
,T ania such .
I . rais in s by such,w i th such .
P . (o)rasnxs (about)such .
WORDS .Mus samerca i t seems
,it ap upyréfi an o ther.
pears to m e . sannnarsca to o ccupy o n ese lf.crpasa coun try, region . xocrasaars to pro cure .
T oprOsna trade, commerce . rocuouuns gen tleman .
uecrs hon our . rocnoaia lady .
s o ii na war.
EXE RCISE 29 .
B s érux'
s c'
rpasaxs su’
rreau sas nuaio 'rca T OprOsnero .
B s T oii annrs MHOI‘O nap'rnns .
‘IT O B H usnajm sgs T on
s ennars ? Mn né 6mm s s rofi nOnnars ,cyuaps ; nu ons
sanncs s s i ron s nos es . O s s ceou s e as sess ,no os s
MH OrO ujiuaers 0 ceos . Bursar! nu ma yaté Tanjho nunry?H enre ne 3mm Tas on s nuru . Roma s sr synaimcs s s
T on pinch ? S roro a s e snaio . Bas nuae'rca as sure rocuo
ruins N . N . T as c'
no pa66roro ? JIYMafi o ceos, upyrs n on !
TRANSLATION 30 .
In this coun try,the inhabitan ts o ccupy themselves
with commerce and in du stry (Nam.
Trade pro cures to these inhabitan ts riches and hon our.
In tho se books [there are] many tales . These picturesbelong to that young lady . T he glasses o f these w in
dows do n ot please me,bu t the glass of that w in dow
pleases me mu ch . Didst thou n o t already bathe in
this river? No,I did n ot yet bathe here , but I shall
soon bathe in that riv er. We do n ot kn ow ourselves .
R E LA T Iv s AND INT ER ROGAT I V E PRONOUNS . 58
CONVE RSATION.
‘Isns sannnarorca mnreau
SHMOIO ?
A trims can oyuyrs . 3anu
Mars ca nirron s ?
3naere an s sr sryrocnoaty?
‘IT O é'ro T aROe?
Cs énss o s énn ars s s érous
rams ?
ms urpajm em Assn cc
réns a yrpons ?
Roma in s osspari'
wacs uss
Poccin ?
314111610 onr’
i sannnarorca Ta
snnn paOOraMn .
Jlisron s onr’
i Oy’
uyrs sann
Mas ses llpyl‘
iinn paoo
T ans .
Hsrs ,a ea H e 3115110 , no
nus sauterca ,q ro a
ee sunsas s s T ons ro
pens .
B ro pyccs in atypnans .
B s érou s 11611113 uncro ROM
nars .
3m ns'
rn nrpann H a Tons
as ops .
H B osspa'rr
’
macs nss Poccin
s s T O T’B ate rons ,
s orna
Osmia s oiina.
READING EXERCISE.XopOmaa peny'
rauia . G ood reputation .
Cospars ,s oréparo 011a ms ll séfi cupanms ans
,
s as Oe ecrs cpéncrs o uocrasu'
rs ceos xopOmyro penyrauiro ,
orssruus : ( s sr ee npiO OpsT eT e , écnn s sr nocrapaerecs Ours
T hu s,qsms s sr arenae're upencrasnrsca .
cpéucrso way, mean s .
npioOpscrn to acquire .
rsms,s inus such as .
iro’
crasnrs ceos to gain .
uocraparsca to en deavo ur.
npercrasnrsca to appear.
S IXTEENTH LESSON .
RE LATI V E AND INTERROGATIV E PRONOUNS.a)Relative pronouns .
n 'ro who
, a'ro which , what .
N . nro who .
3. acre o f whom .
s orry to whom .
A . s oro whom .
I. S i ms by whom .
P . (0)s ons (abo ut)whom .
nro which .
trert‘
) o f which .
neuy to which .
uro which .
ai ms with what.(0)‘IéM'
L (abo ut)what.
54 LE SSON 16.
ueii whose .
Mas c . and n eut. s in g.ueli , use who s e .
us ero o f whose .
usenyto who se .
us ero, uei’
r,use whose .
s t un s by who se .
(o)aseus (about)whose .
Plura l for the three gen ders .
N . usu whose .
G . nsuxs o f whose .
D. q snus to whose .
A . usuxs , as s whos e .
I
P
Femin in e Singular.
usa who se .
us efi o f whose .
useit to whose .
q sro whos e .
uséro by who se .
(o)uscii (about)who se .ww>
b
mz
asunn by who se .
(o)asuxs (about)who se .
E x am p l e s .
I‘
ocuornns , ta ro cecrpy nu su T he gen tlemen whose s is ter you
O dmuéps , uvuxt nomaréfi s u sy T he o ffi cer whos e horses youbought .
Ropouésa , fo' uvem; rsopus 3 r0 T he queen Of whos e palace I
s opro SpeakR orépu fi who
,which , that .
Masc . and n eut . s ing . Fem in in e s in gular.
s orOpn i’
i,s orOpoewho , which . s osopan who
, whi ch .
noréparo o f whom ,ofwhich . s orOpoi
’
i o f whom, o f whi ch .
norOpony to whom,etc. norOpo i
’
i to whom,to which .
norOparo aorOpnfi , s orOpoe no'
r6pyro whom, etc.
whom,etc.
s orépnms by whom, etc.
(o)nor6p0 11s (abo ut)whom , etc.
s oroporo by whom ,etc.
(0)norépoi’
r (about)whom ,etc.E
H
>
u
m
Plura l for the three gen ders .
norOpue (m), s orOpna (f. and m .)who , whi ch ,e tc.
norOpuxs of whom,etc.
norOpun s to whom,etc.
norOpne, s or6ps1xs , norépna whom,e tc.
norOpuMu by whom ,e tc.
P . (o)norépnxs (about)whom ,e tc.
E xam p l e s .
Rousuo, s orOpoe s sr synnuu . T he ring which you bought .Bors cams s uas , noréparo s u H ere is the garden er whom you
s nepa sunt an . saw yes terday .
P‘
b
U
Q
Z
b)Interrogative pronouns .
B art on? which ,what?
Mas c . and Deut . s in g .
N . aaaOii ? s as Oe ? which ? what?G . nanoro ? o f which ? etc.
Femi n in e s in gular.
Raflé fl ? which ? what?Ranch? o f which , e tc.
R E LA 'ri v E A ND iNrE s s o oAri v s PRONOUNS . 55
D. sakony? to which ? etc. [etc. Ra nch? to which ? etc.
A . nasyro ? which ? etc.
I . KaKIIM'L ? by which ? etc. xaxOro ? by which ? etc .
P . (o)s as Ons ?(abou t)which ?etc. (0)Ea s es ? (about)which ? etc.
Plura l fo r the three gen ders .
E s s ie,aania ? which ? what ?
nannxs ? o f which ? e tc.
Ka nsa s ? to which ? etc.
nas ie ? sa ssxs ? Rania ? wh ich ? etc.
Kansas ? by whi ch ? etc.
(0)nasuxs ? (abo ut)which ?wfi
p
b
mz
E xam p l e s .
0 namixs smiraxs s sr rynaere ? O f what books do you think ?Rais in s oopason s ? In what man n er?
The o ther Russian in terrogativ e pron oun s are bu t
the relativ e pron oun s are , s'ro
,ueii , s orépn i
’
z,when em
ployed in in terrogativ e sen ten ces :t {s ero opary npns annemnrs srors T o who se bro ther be lon gs thisson s ? hous e ?
0 s sés s 1611s s n ros 0pnre ? O f who se house do yo u s peak ?Rorépn i
’
i renéps s acs ? What o 'clo ck is i t n ow ?‘Im cecrpnuy rs sausas ? Who se Sister dids t tho u see ?
WORDS .
IIosaOsirs to forge t. nasusnrs to pardon,to forgive .
nana lady. crapns s o ld man .
s earopOsa (She is)unwe l l . no s uéprs con cert .san s sa1106s o you wan t . s acs hour, O ’clo ck .
caacrsms s (he is)happy. osn si s syrs they l ive .
36mm “ umbre l la ; paraso l . npuamo q és ie adven ture .
comaasrs to p ity . uorepars to lo se .
s ears (he to o k). oosmars to prom ise .
EXERCISE 31.
um,o s ordpuxs a ros opio, npu s auaeaia
'rs nameuy
cocsny. H os umaere an su,s ro a s ans ros oprO? Tors ,
s ro nos OJIes s , csacmn s s . O s en s T H reuéps nyuaems ?‘Iero npocfins (Spars s ams ? O s s npocr
’
ins s s nry, s orOpyro
s sr euys uepa 0615111511114 . B Ons a,o s orépous s sr ros 0pn
're ,
s s'rs siim . O s s npocfmu mesa pascs asars nu s (to tell
them)nos npnsmos é s ia , uro a n cusaans cs yucs éus
c'rs iens . B os s ns isrs
’
r, s orépu e s aris Oq es s s pas s rcs .
Crapns s , s s ss és s 11611115 1111 uOnro , stuns renéps s s Au épnss .
TRANSLATION 32.
T o whom did you giv e (Ornans s sr) you r ring?
Which woman spoke with you ? T he ladies who were
56 LE SSON 16.
yesterday at my aun t’s, [are] the daughters of this gen t
leman . Do you kn ow the lady who was to day at the
con cert? The letter which I receiv ed from my frien d ,[is] very beau tifu l . Who is there? Whose dog is this?T o whom did you write a letter? With whom did yourm o ther speak? Abou t what did she speak? Which of
(ass)your si sters is unwell ? Loui sa Which of
your frien ds return ed to America?
CO NVER SATION.
Hos euy T H s e Jrjiuaems o
TOM’
B,s ro T H 06mm
s as s ?IIs ero cocsira é
'ro IlOJIe ?
Ennt as an T H yis é irons ,
s orOpsIfi npouz’
wm?
Romy s sr 11513111 cs oé nucsn é?
OT O s e T a use s s r’
rra, 0 no
Topofi a ros opr’
ms ; a
u s T a?
Itas fuo nap'ri
’
isys ani s o
'
réus ?
Iias éfi Odinuéps Osmi s na
muis?
nys sas
H as ns fire mesa,a n03a6s
'
urs .
Oro mine upns auneis r’
rrs
noenycoc'hiry.
H s'rs
, nofi upyrs ,a ero s e
sunsas .
B ors ciyra, s orOpony a
llaJI'B cs oe uncsno.
‘Ienossns ,aorépsifi firm s
Buses , s saas e'
e.
H s e asaio , synuns 11s os s
s aprnsy furs si ns .
O dinuéps ,norOparo cooany
s si s q epa synr’
urn,Ours
na Ynnuis.
READING EXE RCISE .
Cadir'
rps n a 0 6m.
om nana s s B epnus s npnrnacr’
ma ousais iius as a
Mes i'
rraro Cadinpa R’B oosiry. Y s eii cros s Omns 06cra
s irens cnnms ons cs jino .
s osanna Catliupa :liars , 1110 6é3s s1ii Catln
’
lps?»
w as room .
na 0613111; at d in ner.
oOcrasues s served,la id .
ouars again .
IlOcus 06131131 cnpamns ae'rs
« Roma n3s611n're ona'rs y mes a oos
OxOrs o ceiis acs ors ii
npumacnrs , to in vite .
osyno , avaricio us ly .
roers gues t .
wP‘
b
U
Q
Z
“d
'H
b-
U
Q
“U
H
D'
U
GD
DE rrNrrE AND 1NDEF1N1'
1 E PRONOUNS . 57
SEV ENTEENTH LESSON .
DE F INITE AND INDE FINITE PRONOUNS .
a)Definite pronouns .
cans self.Mas c . and n eut . s ing .
cams,cano s e lf.
canoro o f . s e lf.canouy to s e lf.cauoro
,can s , cauo se l f.
camims by s el f.(o)caucu s (abo ut) s e lf.
Femin in e s in gular.
cana s e lf.canOii o f se l f.canOii to s e lf.canoe s e lf.cas es) by se lf.(o)canon (abo ut) se l f.
Plura l for the three gen ders .
WH
b
U
Q
Z cairn se l ves .
caunxs o f .
canr'
ms to
cansxs s e l ves .
cannus by se lves .
(o)cansxs (abo ut) se lves .
s el ves .
se l ves .
canu ii the same .
Mas c . and n eut . Sin g.
cas m‘
i,can oe the same .
canaro o f the same .
canony to the same .
canaro,cams
,cano e the same .
cinemas by the s ame .
(o)canons (abou t)the same .
Femin in e s ingu lar.
cénaa th e s ame .
can on o f th e s ame .
cas es to the same .
canyio the s ame .
cas es) by the same
(0)cauo ii (about)the same .
Plura l fo r the three genders .
N . cansis Cas sia (f. and n .)the same .
G. causixs o f the same .
Cas siu s to the same .
chum by the same .
DA . Cas sie
,camuxs
,cé us a the same .
I .P (o)cas nxs (about)the same .
s ecs all,whole .
Mas c . an d n eat . s in g .
s ecs s ce (n .)all.s eero o f all .
sceuy to all.
scero,s ecs
,s ee all .
s c'lms by all.
(o)s cents (about)all.
Fem in ine s ingular.
s ca all .
scefi o f all .
s ceii to all .
s cro all.
s eero by all.
(0)s ceii (about)all.Plura l fo r the three genders .
N . not all.
“6
5
>
U
G3
scisxs o f all .
s csu s to all .
scsxs,s ets all .
sc‘Sus by all.
(o)s csxs (about)all .
58 LE SSON 17.
m m each,ev ery.
Masc . and n eut . Sing . Femin ine s ingular.
N Ram a 's, aamnoe each
,every . samnaa each
,every .
G . aamaro o f each . samuoii o f each .
D. samnony to each . Ma rch to each .
A . samuaromamns fi, namroe each . aamryro each .
I . s amnun s by each . aamuoro by each .
P . (0)Ma rcus (about)each . (0)58221111011 (about)each .
Plura l for the three genders .
samirs e namirsm (f. and each,every .
Kamnnxs o f each .
RHEUIHM'
B to each .
samuuxs , s amns e, Kariss a each .
assa s sin by each .
(o)aamrnxs (abo ut)each .“U
H
P
U
Q
Z
b)Indefinite pronouns .
s t n 'ro a certain (used on ly in the n om inative).
u’hs '
ro something (u sed on ly in the n omin ativ e and
accu sativ e).H
's s oropsrii some on e (declin ed like s orOps fi , page 0 4)s us
'ro n obody (declin ed like E T O
,page
mm'f o n o thing (declin ed like s
'
ro , pagenoé-s ro, E T O -T O somebody (declin ed like n o , page 53 .
R oe-um ,‘IT O -T O something (declin ed like s '
ro,page 53)
E T O -JH lOO , B ro-m oyus who ev er.
s T o-JDiOO , s T O -nnoyus whatev er.
The words and s noyirs are in declin able,where
as RT O and s ro combin ed with them are declin ed as if
they were alon e .
0 11a on e,som e
Masc . an d n eut . s in g .
cras s , orso o n e .
ous oro O f o n e .
ous onyto o n e .
ous oro, ous s s , case o n e .
ons fims by on e .
(oos)ous Ous (abou t)on e .
Mas c . and n eut . s ing .
onus on es .
onsuxs o f on es .
ons r'
ms to on es .
ous rixs , onus o n es .
oi s snu by on es .
(oos)ousnxs (about)o n es .
“U
H
>
U
CD
’Z
a
s
s
u
mz
on e,a certain
,alon e .
Fem in ine Singular.
ous a on e .
canon o f on e .
cas es to on e .
oasyo n e .
01111610 by o n e .
(oos)ornok (about)on e .
Femin in e p l ural .ous t o n es .
ous sxs O f o n es .
ors i ms to o n es .
ons s xs , oas is on es .
onnsu s by o n es .
(06s)ous txs (about)o n es .
60 L E SSON 17.
papers with something ! S ome on e spoke abou t thataffair
,bu t n obo dy believ ed him . I myself was in the
city. The mo st diffi cu lt of all things (p us ise s eero)is to know oneself. Do you know the weight o f our
earth ? These objects belong to herself. I n ev er again(s naorira enré)spoke with him self. I shall Show that ton obody . E very man is mortal . Nobodv can say,
thathe n ever erred .
CO NVERSATIO N.
Romy npns aiuiemi’
rrs sT ors
iron s ?‘I'ro ros opfmn
(jinnécoqi si ?rpéq ecs ie
Cs ai ms rsr oynems rynars
cerous a s és epons ?
s oao s ero spamae'
rca
senns?Il ian s B H s anps
’
uru cros s ?
Fos opi’
mn nu ma yaté cs s n
nu cannnu?
E reM61s ers cs asars , s'ro os s
s ns orna s e omnoanca?
Rania c'rpas si mum s n ?
Gros s iron s npns ameatr’
irs
unis canomy .
0 1m rO B Opfms : p auiiescer6 noss asars cas oro
ceos .
H em ryinirs cs HéIO ca
111610 .
S enna spaniae'rca
cOJIs na .
Mu s asps’
rnn ero s i cs oas
s uns m oras s Oynarn .
Hsrs ,a enre s e ros 0pfins
nu cs s ous .
H us r6 s e Mowers cs asars ,s ro os s s s s orira s e omn
oanca .
H sunsas s oars s cro E sp6ny.
Onouo
RE ADING EXE RCISE .
O x 6 'r a n a r ur p a. I .
B s cpéns eii Asin cymec'rsye'rs ocooes s as ox6ra na
Turpos s . O xo'rs ns u s anassi s aro 'rs upesécs sie Juicrsa
urns s ns s m éens n pasOpacsi sarors s o imports, rirs
11106n'rs xoin
’
rrs Tarps . Roma T arps npoxoiru'rs no JIfirI
nuns Jn’
icrs s ns ,T O os i
’
i npununaiors as er6 aanans n
Mismaio 'rs enyxom
’
i'
rs .
cymecrs osars to ex is t .s amaausars to grease .
sacs glue,l ime .
Jana paw .
(Hpodoaolcéuie oy'
dems .)
oc66es s aa parti cular.
pasopacs sars to s trew .
anus iii gluey .
nsmars to preven t .
ADJ E CTI V E S wrrs rum. TE RM INATIONS . 61
E IGHTEENTH LESSON .
DE CLENSION OF ADJE CTIV E S WITH FULLTERMINATIONS .
Adjectives in Russian maybe divided in to two classesI. Qualifying adjectiv es , su ch as : 1166pn ii good ,xpa6ps1ii brav e .
II . P o ssessive adjectiv es,su ch as : HeTpOB s P eter
’
s .
o'ru6s s of the father.
1
B o th agree in gen der, n umber and case with then oun with whi ch they are coup led .
Qualifying adj ectiv es hav e a twofold termin ation :the full and the apO O Opated.
2
The full termination is u sed when the adjective isemployed attribu tively
,i. e . when it qu alifies a substan
tiv e which gen erally fo llows it : xpa6ps1ii s Ons s the bravewarrior.
The apocopated or abridged termin ation is u sedwhen the adj ective is employed predicativ ely i . e . aftera v erb expressed or un derstood : s 6s s s xpa6ps the warrioris brave .
E xam p l e o f hard fu l l t erm in a t io n s .
Mascul in e : xpa6ps fi s6ns s the b rav e 'warrior.
N . xpaOpsrii s6s s s . xpa6psre s 6s s u .
G . xpéOparo s 6s s a. xpaopsrxs s 6us os s .
D. xpaopony sonny. xpa6psm s sOs s au s .
A . xpa6paro . s 6nua . xpaopu xs sous oss .
I . xpaOps m'
s s os s ons . xpaOpH ml s6s s au s .
P . (o)xpaopoms s6s s s . (o)xpzi OpH x's s6us axs .
Femin in e : 1166paa mesa the goo d woman .
N . 1166paa mesa. 1166psm mes s .
G . 1166po ii mes si . 1166psrxs mes s .
D. noopofi mes s . u66ps ms mé s as s .
A . 1166py10 noopmxs atiéus .
8
I . 1166p0 10 mesO ro . 1166ps ms més asm .
P . (o)x66pofi mesh. (0)roopu xs mé s axs .
1 This kind o f adjectives is d iscuss ed in the n ex t les son .
S ee page 18,fo o tno te 1.
3 When accompan ied by n oun s den o tin g inan imate objects ,the accus ative fo rm o f the adjective do es n o t differ from the
n om in ative , as i t has been seen .
62 LE SSON 18.
Neuter : upiars oe M’fiCT O the agreeable p lace .
N . upiars oe mi cro . npiarsu a n t cra.
G . npiixrsaro nt cra. 11pi1irs srxs rat ers .
D.
‘
npiars omy s t cry. upiars sm s Mscraus .
A . l H’
I‘
HO O mi cro . npisrns a nscra.
I. npi1’
1rs s ms mi crons . npiars s mu n iacranu .
P . (o)npisrs oms s hort . (0)npir’
rruu xs Mscraxs .
In the same mann er may be declin ed :s 6su i
’
1 r6pors the n ew town .
orpOMs aa crpasa the immen se region .
s r’
rcro e 116.11e the clean field (leve l gro un d).Adjectiv es having the accen t on the last syllable
take in the n ominativ e S ingu lar of the mascu lin e genderthe termination (iii ; in o ther respects , they are declin edaccording to the models given above .
Su ch are :
60nsm6fi i on s the grea t house , 60as u16ro i on s , 6011sm6uy116uy etc.
Ooasmaa piasa the great 60 .1 s 1116e cea6 the grea t village .
E xam p l e o f soft fu l l t erm in a t io n s .
Mas cul in e : ncapes s il’i npiareus the Sin cere friend .
N . scapes s iii npiarens . ricspes s ie 11p1sres s .
G . Ecapes sa ro npifirera. scapes s nxs npiarenei’
i .
D. S capes s eny upiaremo . scapes snns upiarerams .
A . Ecspes na ro upiareaa . ric11pens uxs npiareaefi .
I . Ecspes s s n s upiareues s . scapes s nsm npisreuaus .
P . .(06s)ncspeus en'
s upiarers . (oos)ncapes s uxs npiares sxs .
Femin in e : nrpés aa 11611131111. the so rre l hors e .
N . nrpésa a 116111aus . urpés ia .1 6n1ars .
G . nrpés efi .nOmauu. nrpés nxs uomaréi’
r.
D. nrpés eii Aomau . nrpés n ars .romarrins .
A . urpésroro x61na11s . nrpés nxs nomaréi’
r.
I . nrpéuero 116111a11s 10 . s rpés n nu nomars s s .
P . (oos)s rpéue ii .1 61na11n . (oos)s rpés uxs uomaraxs .
Neuter : upéis s ee 0111311110 the former co verle t .N . upéms ee 0111311110 . upéars ia onsaua .
G . npéats aro origins . npézs s ux'
s orsaas .
D. upéms emy orsfiay. npéms s ms oasiuran s .
A . npéms ee 011111 0 . upéms ia Ori ana .
I . upémsrm s ort r’
mous . npémsm m orisi uamn .
P . (o)upés aen s own s . (0)npéms s xs cataraxs .
S uch are :
atirsifi sens the summer day.
ann uaa so ns the w in ter n ight .cns ee 11660 the blue Sky (p lur. of 11660 s e6eca).
ADJ E cr iv s s wrrs FULL rE smNA'rIO Ns . 63
It mu st be n o ted,that n ot all qualifying adjectiv es
having the n omin ativ e singular of the mascu lin e gen derterminating in in, belo ng to the soft form .
A con siderable n umber of hard adj ectiv es hav e anapparen t mixed declen sion for the simple reason thatthe law of permu tation (page 16)do es n o t permit theu se of H after a gu ttural or hissin g con son an t (pageSu ch is e . g . nérs ifl , light , which has in the femin in es ernas and in the n eu ter ners oe (and n o t ners s a , uérnee).
Foaosa head .
ryaossme body, rump .
s anasnsars to pun is h .
ocssmars to l ight, to en lighten .
ciris ie l ight, Sp len do ur.
S os s fi n ew .
11101101161? yo un g .
Ooraru l’
i rich .
Okrs n i’
r po o r.
rpés s ii’
i an cien t, former.
s enass o recen tly .
uo s urars to ado re .
criua force,s tren gth .
upouormars to co n tin ue .
xnms s a hut .(biti asa vio le t.
0”6
EXE RCISE 35 .
Cs 6J1ss o nsrs npoaonzaauacs s ofina? B isns sie mmatnsyrs s s s riss oi
'
i xr’
iatns s . H a ns ops 6s’
111n npenpacs sia
nomans . Swissair 66asn1ero sacrsro s enous fiass sra m a.
Mars pa66raers cs upunéis s s mu uos epsnn. ll6q epn ys pamaiors cs or
’
i crom cunumu (biannann . Hpunéis s sre yq e
s uns uocras nalors ponnreaans s s 6ro yuos 611scrs ia . O rpOM
s oe,u6pe orirlsaaers E sp6ny ors An épuan . ll66ps1a usru
nrpanu cs s ris ero . IIacrvxs s ossparfinca 110111611 co cs or’
ins
Manes ss un s cranon s .
TRANSLAT IO N 36 .
The widow of the good P eter gav e (sans)the poorman a bit of bread . What is the goo d child do ing inthe large yard? T he horse has a beau tifu l head
,a long
bo dy , and high and S len der legs . B ad actio n s are
pun ished (transl. pu nish themselves , ins tr.)with rigorou s
WO RDS .ynpacnrs to ado rn .
apacns n fi beautiful .mt
’
rs s s i’
r lo ng .
s ucéniii high .
r6s s ifi n arrow ,S len der.
s opOrs ifi Short.crpOriii rigo ro us .
O'Sseps n ii n orthern .
npenpacuu i’
i handsome .
psuniii rare .
crapu ii o ld .
susaiii low .
s enoussms s fi immobile .
npuaéats u ii d i l igen t.cns iii b lue .
maaes s s ii’
r Smal l,l i ttl e .
ms pémi’
i large , broad .
64 LE SSON 18.
laws . Win ter n ights [are] o ften en lighten ed (ocssnrarorca)by the aurora borealis (transl. n orthern light). In the
han dsome room s of the un cle [there are] man y rarethin gs .
’
I kn ow perfectly well your old friend. H e
shewed the high room to u s with great pleasure .
CONVERSATION.
111m yspacnan Gos s
myro‘
s 6ns ary?‘Iro TH nony
’
s uns s s epa?
Rro HSH B GT'
L s s éron s 6011s
m6n s Jr6ns s a mup6nofiyunus?
IIro s sI sunsnn na 6eperaxs
(lipasuyscsznxs pss s ?E s s sxs s 6s s1xs s s nrs na
nys sas ys es ss s ?
A s ro os s q urans ceroirs a
s s s 6s s1xs‘
cB onxs smi
raxs ?
Rro sans reos srors 60 11ss ior
‘
i sycons xopOmaro
xas6a?
H s
yspacnns Oorsmjho 11611;
s ary cannula 066mm .
H nouysnns rs oe nop6rs oe
nncsno.
Ms oro crapsrxs n stru m .
11101161? nis s'
ers s s s’
éns .
H 13111115111. Tans s u cOnie n
npenpacssi e saints .
Ys esus s nys sas s 6sy1o
rpanMarnsy n s 6sy10
ncr6p10 .
O s s s nrars o xpaopsixs
s apénaxs ,mus smxs B
's
upéssnxs spés es axs .
mesa 60 .11s s 6ro pa66rsns a
rana nus srors sycos s
xns6a .
RE ADING EXE RCISE .
O x 6 r a n a . r ii r p a . I I .
8s isps crapaerca s cas ecsu ors s uxs nsoas s rsca n
usnaers cnnss s a usumés ia . Jlr'
icrsa npncrarors as H enrys s 66mmens s onns ecrss . Pass apes smfi ss isps na
s unsers s as os éus s anrirsca no semis ,s s s s op6rs oe
s perm cos epmés s o nospsisaerca ascrsaim . O su sam en
s arors eMyrnasa n yum . Terra rnrps s as s saers crpam
no pes isrs . Oxors ns n yss aiors ,s s s en s 1113110 , s uxo
liars n3s sacansr n y6nsa10rs ssspa .
craparsca to en deavour.
s ens ecnn in every way.
nps crarsca to attach o n es e l f.saufirsca to wa l low .
sacara am bush .
s 36as arsca to de liver o n eself.usuzs énie mo tio n .
pass apes ssri’
a enraged .
pest rs to ro ar,to how l . .
y6nsars to kill .
ADJ E CT I V E S W ITH APOCOPATE D TE RMINAT IONS . 65
N INETEENTH LESSON .
DE CLENSION OF ADJE CTIV E S WITH AP O
CO P AT ED TE RMINATIONS .
The apocopated termin ation s are,what the n am e
plain ly in dicates,shorten ed or mu tilated term ination s
which the adjectives take in certain cases alon e .
1
A s it has already been stated (page the apo
O O pated termination s are employed when ev er a qualifyingadj ective acts as a predicate of a v erb .
Their2
declen sion wou ld therefore seem qu ite unn ecessary . B ut they som etim es o ccur in po etry instead o f the fu l l termin ation s . B esides this , their termin ation s are adopted bypossessive adjectives . S ee page 66 .
E x am p l e o f hard a p o c o p a t ed t erm in a t io n sxpa6ps , xpa6pa, xpa6po brave .
Mas c . Neut.N . xpa6p
'
s . xpé6pa .
G . (xpft6pa).D. (xpét6po ii).A . (xpaopy).I . (xpa6psi us). (xpzi6poro).P . (o xpa6pous). (o xpa6poii).
P lural .xpa6psr. xpa6psr. xpa6psr.
(xpa6pnxs). (xpa6psixs). (xpa6ps1xs).(xpa6ps1us). (xpa6ps1us). (xpaopm is).
(xp66ps1xs ,xpéGpn). (xpa6ps1xs , xpéi6ps1). (xpa6psr).
(xpa6pus s). (xpaopunn). (xpa6ps1un).
(o xpa6ps1xs). (o xpa6ps xs). (o xpa6pnxs).
Thu s may he declin ed , for the sake of practice :no6ps , 1106116 , 1106116 go od (1166pu ii).s os s , 110 311
,116110 n ew (116mm.
aucrs , s ucra, mi cro clean (Wors t).
1 It is deri ved from the Gre ek 61116 away , and xém w I cut.2In pro se
,o n l y the n om in ative forms o f each gen der an d
n umber are used .
E lemen tary R uss ian Grammar.
66 LE SSON 19 .
E x am p l e o f soft ap o c o p a t e d t erm in a t io n s :cus s cus s cas e b lue .
Mas c . Neut .cus s .
G . (cus s ).D. (cri sm).A . (cus s ,
cus s).I . (Cas s ius).P . (o caucu s).
N . cus s . cus s .
G . (cns uxs). (cus sxs).D. (cus uus). (Cas s ius).A . (cus sxs , onus). (cris nxs ,
cus s).I . (cns unu). (Cas s ius).P . (o cri s nxs). (o cnsnxs).
In forming the apocopated termin ation o f the mas
cu lin e gen der, the v owels e and o are o ften in sertedfor euphony’
s sake . Also s and ii become e :ful l : cs smS Oi’r rid i culous . apoco pated : ca ismé s s , u lna,
-ms 6.
csEran i’
i bri l l ian t. cs isrens,
-raa,
-r.1 6 .
6oass 6ii s i ck,i l l . 6611 es s ,
arses,
-.1s116.
spsnaii’
i s tron g . Epsn6as ,-uaa
,-u1to .
cno s O iis n ii tran qui l . cuoao es s ,- l
’
1s a,
~ iis o .
.upés s iii an cien t . upés es s-s s a
,s s e .
The n ame o f possessive adjectiv es is giv en byR u ssian G rammarian s to tho se adjectiv es which poin tou t to whom an obj ect belongs .
They are deserving of particu lar atten tion ,bo th with
regard to their use and to their declen sion : as to theiruse, we must state that they do n o t correspon d to anyE nglish adj ectiv e
,but to an E nglish substan tiv e em
ployed in the gen itiv e (possessive)case ; as to their declension ,
it mu st be n o ted that,ev en when u sed attri
bu tiv ely (page they always take the apo copated termination s .
E x am p l e s o f possessive a dj e c t iv e s :H erp6s s irons Pe ter's hou se .
‘
N . nerp6s s irons . nerpOS s irons.
G . s erposa roua . uerp6s s1xs 110 116ss .
D. nerp6sy irony. uerp6s sms nonau s .
1 It is quite as good to say irons IIerpa, sro sa 6para , e tc.
cus s .
(cus efi)(cus efi)(0151(cus eafl.(o cus efi)
P lural .
68 LE SSON 19 .
m is6s os sus xop6u1s ,
'
a T o s us 6 611es s ujips o . Csrs s
H erpés s 61m. ns epe cs npiiirenauu H sas osnuu as B acil
Ji ies ous carry . I‘
6poirs Mocusa ripenes s ,s o ara crorfiua
s e T aR'B apesua, s as s r6pous lIapi
’
ns s . B uns cs eruxs
6ameus npeuécres s .
TRANSLATION 38.The teacher was satisfied with the pupil
,because
he was diligen t . In summ er (instr) the days are v erylong . This pen is bad . This castle is picturesqu e . T he
warrior whom you saw on the bridge is v ery brav e .
H ave you seen the bro ther’s sword ? The pronu n ciationof the E nglish langu age is v ery difficu lt . The O ceanis v ery deep . The feathers (H éps a)which you boughtat you r n eighbour’
s the m erchan t are v ery dear,and
n evertheless they are n ot goo d . T hy bro ther is v eryid le . The shoes of the teacher are too n arrow .
CON V ERSATIO N.
linus sa an era nopora ?
Rattan sals a JIOIIIaJIB ?
B orsru nu samu yq es us r’
r?
3,110p6s s .i s s ams 6parsrenéps ?
Kas s 116poro cr6ars samu
s os sie sacs’
r?
Jliss us s nu renéps srors
Maus suns I'
l j1u npuué
mes s ?Ras osa era ys es i
’
iua?
Itas oso ns os s o , noropoe s srs s epa uouyq snu ors s a
mero 6arron1nu?
Ora uop6ra 6s es s unus sa.
M611 .uOmans npespacs a .
H srs , osu 6s es s 6sus s1.
Moi’
r 6pars reneps 3,110p6s s ,
s o os s 11611ro OH JI’B
6611es s .
MO 1’
1 s acsi s e s essi ; os u
6q es s craps .
O s s renéps npunéates s ;s o npéatue os s 61.1.rs
6s es s'
1rlasuss .
Ora yq es uua npunéai s a .
Hucsuo, a0r6poe a manysuns
,orrens .npifirs o .
RE ADING EXE RCISE .
IIacs'
r.
O nus s uss s aupauos s rsapniu (bpr’
rapuxa B enus aro
uocuas s acosyro nianés sy, a s usoro s acés s npusasmsans
synsro . Roma (Dpuirpuxs B enunifi , ysuua s anpaua , no
carnaro usuotnty, er6 npocuns nonasars euy, rors orss
qaa s,s ro y s er6 suscro s ac6s s s ynn ,
s auouusas ia
DE GR E ES o r COMPARISON . 69
ror6, s ro os s Roastes s Ramuyro unsyry Ou rs ror6s s
yuepérs as cs oero rocyrapa .« Bro noxsans s o »
, cs a
sans Rop611s u sans euycs on s acs’
I ocs’
mas s sre opurias
rauu . « T enéps rsI u61s e1us s i’
msrs rors s acs R oma rsr
ynpems 3a mes s . »
B s cpautés iu npu P6c6axis IIYJIH ynapuna s s s acs'
I
coniara u yuana H a 36111110 , Imus u cuacua er6 amas s .
Raupaas corpora l . rorOS n i’
I ready .
s ocuns (h e)wore . noxsars s u ii prais eworthy .
usu6s sa watch-chai n . ocsiuaunu ii s tudded, orn amen ted .
upumisu sars to attach,to fix . cpamés ie battle .
s ocsmifi w earin g. yrapnrs to b low,to s trike .
s auou usanie remembran ce . ynara , (i t)fe l l .cuacra (i t)s aved .
TWENT IETH LESSON .
DE GRE E S or COMPAR ISON.
T he comparative is formed in three differen t Ways-1 . By changing the terminatio n of the po sitive
preceded by any con son an t except a gu ttural in to sfimifi '
for the fu ll, and in to”b e for the apocopated termin ation :
curs s s ii s trong. cunsu’fsiimi ii , cus s s
’fie s tro nger.
cra6n i’i weak . crao'humiu,c.1a6's e weaker.
S ome adj ectiv es form the apo copated comparatives imply in e changing the preceding co n son an t :6orars 1
°
1 rich . 6ora '
risi’
11u1u,6o ras e richer.
uemé su ii cheap . nemessi’
rmiii, remésue cheaper.
rycr6i’
1 thi ck,dark . rycrt iimiii , rycrt e (ry1ne)th icker.
l
npocrOfi S imp le . npocrsfimifi, np6n1e s impler.
rsepnu fi hard , fi rm . rs eput fimiii , rsépzae harder.
uncrn ii pure , clean . s ucrisiimiii,same purer.
2. B y changing the termin ation of the positiv e preceded by a guttural con son an t (r, R ,
x)in to aiiuIii’
I for
the full, and e for the apocopated termin ation ,with a
con son an tal change :my66aii
’
1 de ep. ray6os amii ifi , ruy6ure deeper.
crp6rii’
1 rigo ro us . crpouraiimiii , crpOme mo re rigo rous .
spsus ifi s trong . Epa afimiu,
Rpiinq e s tron ger.
A great n umber o f adjectives in riii,R iii
,xiii do
n ot hav e the fu ll termin ation o f the comparative ; whilst
1 T he form rynre is pro perly s peaking the comparative o f the
correspo nd ing adverb rycro thi ckly .
70 LE SSON 20.
others of v ery frequ en t u se form their comparatives indifleren t waysnarews d is tan t .a6nrifi lon g.
noporofi dear.
6russ ii‘
i n ear.
a0p6raii’
1 Short .psus iii rare .
mupORiii broad .
s eaunifi (6oasm6i’
1)great .suc6ai1
’
1 high .
Huss it’
i low .
O bserv e also :
E arns (treasures)smal l . n és smiu , Més sme smal ler, les s .
11103101163 yo ung . m ama,110 .161Re younger.
crapu i’
r o ld . crapmiii , crapme o lder.
xop61niii goo d . .Iytuuiii, rytnne b e tte r.
xe ii bad . xyrmiu, xyzs e‘
wo rse .
3. B y placing the adverb 66.71'lse
,more
,before the
positiv e :pairs pleased . 66.1
'B e pars more p leas ed .
A6s 1ti1°1 clever. 66 :1’B e JIOB KIR more clever.
The superlative of the attribu tiv e adj ectiv e (fu lltermin ation)is also form ed in three differen t ways
1 . By placing caus ii, the same,before the po sitiv e :
crims i ii cuns s n ii s eaossas . the s tron ge s t m an .
czimaa cus suaa arena. the s tro nges t woman .
can oe cuas s o e aura. the s tro nges t chi ld .
2. By u sing the comparativ e form in isiimiii and
afimiii ; bu t in this case the words u3s s csxs,o f all
,
must be u nderstood,as in E nglish :
P occia (ecrs)cuus u’hnmee rocy Rus s ia is
.
the mo s t powerfulrapcrso ss calms}; m on archy in the world .
3. By prefixing sce or npe to the po sitive and
uau to the comparativ e :uper66puu. very good , bes t .B ceU O ROpuu i
’
x. very humble , humble st.s aunytrmiii. the very bes t .The predicative (apocopated)adjective forms its super:
lative by adding scer6 or s csxs to the comparative :B rors irons .ny'ame B ciixs . This house is the bes t o f all.H ecrs rop6111e s cer6 . H on our is deares t o f all.
nans s iflimlu , nausme more dis tan tnormafimiii , nonsme lo n ger.
npamafimiii, nopo1ns dearer.
6.1 uzaaiiui iii , 6.11'
Izne n earer.
sparqai’
imifi,R0p6q e Shorter.
pa afimifi, psme rarer.
mupo safimifi, mupe broader.
s enusaiimiii, 66.1s 111e greater.
s uco sai’
imifi, s b’une higher.
sw arms,snare lower.
DE GRE E S or COMPAR I SON . 71
WORDS .seine -m, asus than . s t ro summer.
sa ro goo d . uouésnufi us e ful .cepe6p6 s i lver. s isps sl ii fa i thful .measso iron . Iparouss sm
‘
i co s tly .
cpércrs o mean s . caxaps s s rpocrsuns sugar-can e .
saues s s to n e . E era ms m e ta l .rlousuas s tul ip . am ass d iamo nd .
cap6u s s1ii mo des t . o6s as o sés s o u sual ly .
yuureas s uua s cho o l -mis tre ss . s ecpass és s o in comparabl y .
Tes sa the Thames . 6ce11s autum n .
suua w in ter. ceuéiicrso fam ily .
s ecs a Sprin g .
EXE RCISE 39 .
Tes sa cauaa 6631sn1aa pssa s s A uralu . O s s cs acr
JIEBEi’
IInifi s enos sRs s s css'rs . H r0pa3uo cq acrnus ise ,
usns s sI uYuaere . Moii nepes éus unus es s , s auIs mus
s ize,
.
a nepesous samero 6para cann ii unus s nfi (nepes6irs).T s oa cecrpa npuaéis s se moéi
’
r. B ecs a’
. npiarsse Ocean 11
3nus'
1, s o upirirss e s csxs nsro l . P63a s ecpas s és s o spa
cuss e npyruxs ussr6ss . Bs;Is s1e JIIOJIH s acro cs ac'rJII
’
Isse
6orars1xs . O ra Jana crapnIe samefi cecrps'
I. Mon" crap
mifi csi s s 6s es s npuné ates s .
TRANSLATIO N 40 .
Y our house is high,the hou se o f you r n eighbour
is higher, bu t the hou se of your frien d is the highesthou se in the whole street . T o - day the weather is morep leasan t than yes terday . G o ld an d silv er are co stlierthan iron , bu t iro n is more u sefu l than go ld and silver.
This win e is worse than water. The mo rn ing was beautifu l, bu t the ev en ing was more beau tiful . The richestpeo ple are (use the comparative here) n o t always thehappiest . S imple m ean s are the best [mean s]. The dogis more faithfu l than the cat . S to n e is harder thanm etal . I am more diligen t than tho u and he . The cowis more u sefu l than the sheep
,the horse is more u sefu l
than the cow ,but the most u sefu l of all is the e lephan t .
CONVE RSATION.
Ras éssl ii r6p011s B epaus s? B epuus s causifi spacssmii
r6p011s s s l‘
epuas iu .
llro rs épste cram ? Anuass rs épate cram .
1 In s tead o f ecrs a dash is Sometimes emp loyed .
72 L E SSON 20.
It'ro u ss s acs crapnIe , s sI
I’
IJIu s anIs 6pars ?
l smee nu éro s us 6?
Hpiars oe nu spe’
us
samero npe6s1sas is s s
H erep6yprsRor0ps1fi uss r0pon6s s s e Ilapr
’
ns s rcpasno s eauao
nus onsus se,
JIos IIos s s t unse .lIOs iIos a .
tum Hapr’
ns s ?
Rro 6sIJ1s s enusaiimuus H o moeu y u s iss iio, Ilésaps
repOeMs upés s uxs spe s erusafimuns re
Mes s ? p6ems npés s uxs speues s .
RE ADING EXE RCISE .
B uunaui e u crp6rocrs R unsa IIorerIR u ua .
IIpu ocaus O sas osa Rs ass I‘
purépifi Anes caunpos us s
HoreuRus s ,ocuarpus as s ci; nocrsI cs ouxs napaynos s s s
crpas s o r'
éusyro nos s , npu xouoits oii nor611s u cs iaats oi’
r
narénu , npumeus Rs s oory ons oro us ures éps aro s anu
ras a ,u,s e s axouii -ero ryrs
, yranfmca .
Mémay ri ms Ranuras s s e oatuuasmiii uocisiués ia
Iloréus us a, s s'
InIeJIs Ryua-ro
,npenopysa nocrs csouu s
rosapunraus . H a o6pars ou s nyru os s s crpssaerca cs
Es aseus Il oreus us sius ,Rorua nocn
’lsus ifi O R6s q Is s ecsocu6rps nocros s y O saRos a.
« Rro rsI rasoii ?» cupocuus s s ass .
« H us ate'
s épun ii Ranuras s H .
« A ! éro rsI,cs asaus Iloreusus s ,
spess s acs rsI nu s
s e 6y’11en1s » .
Crasas s ST E crosa, Horeus us s yuauunca . H Ass
crsureas s o s pess s acs Ranuras s OH JI’B yuan'
és s ors
érofi r61111ts ocru .
o cmarpu sars to in spect. Rapayas sen try .
crpas s o réMs u i’
I exceptiona l l y H e ozs uré smiii n o t expe cting .
dark . Iipeuopysacon fiding, en trustin g.cusa maa u s réus sn ow -s torm . yaauurs ca to go away .
s axoua find ing . 116mas ocrs charge .
ut ficrs’
fi renss o indeed , real ly .
H uon6ate er6; a canal?unanniiii uss s cero s a
nIero ceu éiicrsa.
8ro s us o KYJRO npyréro,T O s pes a can oe npi
Srs oe s s moes JRHBHII .
CARD INAL NUMB ERS . 73
TWENTY FIRST LESSON .
CARDINAL NUMB ERS.
onus s , orsa, 0 11116 (page 58)o n e . c6poas forty.asa, 1181} (page 71)two . narsuecars fifty .
rpu three . mecrsnecars S ixty .
s ersipe fo ur . céa snecars s even ty .
nars fi ve . s6cer1s1ecars e ighty .
mecrs s ix. nes as 6cro n in etv .
ceu s seven . cro hundred .
s 6cen s e ight . cro 0mm. hun dred and o n e .
nesara n ine . cro nsa hun dred and two .
nécars ten . ast ers two hun dred .
onus s aruars e leven . rps cra three hun dred .
rat sauuars twe l ve . s ersipecra fo ur hundred .
rps saruars thirteen . narscors fi v e hun dred .
s ersips auuars fo urteen . mecrscors S ix hun dred .
narsaunars fiftee n . ceu s cors seven hun dred .
mecrsauuars S ix teen s 60eus cors e i ght hundred .
ceu saruars seve n teen . rés arscors n in e hun dred .
s oceu sanuars e igh te en . rsica sa tho usan d .
resarsaruars n in e teen . 11111; rsica s u two tho usan d .
rsauuars twen ty. recart rsicas s ten tho usand .
mannars cras s twen ty o n e . cro rsica s s hundred thousand .
Esauuars rsa twen ty two . 1111.1.116s s a mi l l ion .
rpuuuars th irty. syi s n o ught .In forming n umbers the copu la is suppressed :
T sicasa s o ceu scOrs socei isuecars O n e thou san d e ight hundred ands6ce11s . eighty e ight .A ll cardin al numbers
,with the exception of omis s ,
us a, rpu ,s ersipe , cOpos s , uesas écro , cro , rsicas a and
uu s s ions ,are declined like the singu lar of femin in e n oun s
in s,su ch as 116ma11s (lesson witho u t any regard to
the gen der o f the n ou n that fo llows them .
E x amp l e s o f t h e d e c l e n s io n o f n u m b ers .
N . Dars fi v e . s 6ce11s e i ght .G . naru o f fi v e . Ro om s o f e ight .D. naru to fi v e . s ocsm
’
r to e i ght .A . us rs fiv e . s 60e11s e ight .I. narssb by fi v e . s ocsu s io by e ight .P . (0)E arn (abo ut)fi v e . (0)socsm
’
r (about)e ight .N . crus s aruars e leven .
G . onus s aruaru o f e leven .
D. oufis uauuaru to e leven .
A . ouuus anuars e leven .
I . crus s aauarsp by e leven .
P . (o6s)onunuaauaru (abo ut)e l even .
74 LE SSON 21.
D e c l e n s io n o f usa, rpu , s ersipe .
N . rsa (1n . an d 11st (f.)two . rpu three .
G . nsyxs o f two . rpexs o f three .
D. rsyu s to two . rpeus to three .
A . sea , m , nsyxs two . rpu, rpexs three .
I . rsyna by two . rpeua by three .
P . (o)usyxs (abo ut)two . (0)rpexs (abo ut)three .
s ersipe fo ur.
s erupexs o f four.
s ernpens to four.
s ersipe , s ers1péxs four.
s erups ua by fo ur.
P . (o)s erupexs (about)four.
D e c l en s io n o f c6pO Rs , ues as ocro , cro , ushcru ,etc .
H
b—t?
N . cOpoas 40. uesas Ocro 90.
G . copO Ra o f 40. aes as Ocra o f 90.
D. coposa to 40. nes s s Ocra to 90.
A . copons 40. nesas Ocro 90.
I . copoaa by 40. .1esa s 6cra by 90.
P . (o)copons (about)40. (o)res s u6cra (about)90 .
N . cro 100. i sscru 200.
G . era o f 100. rsyxs cors o f 200.
D. cra to 100. rsyus cras s to 200.
A . cro 100. 11sscru 1 200.
I . cra by 100. 11sy111'
1 craun by 200.
P . (o)cra (abo ut)100. (o)rsyxs craxs (abo ut)200D e c l en s io n o f rs
’
rcas a , ass r1icusu, us urious .
N . rsicas a 1000. 1131 rnca s u 2000 .
G . rsicas u o f 1000. rsyxs rsicas s o f 2000.
D. rncas 'ls to 1000. rsyu s rsicasaa s to 2000.
A . rsicasy 1000 . 31st rsica s u 1 2000.
I . rsica s sso -e10)by 1000. ;111y111i rsica sauu by 2000.
P . (o)rhicas s (abou t)1000. (o)1111yxs rsicasaxs (abo ut)2000.
N . uu.1.1 i6s s a m i l l io n .
G . u s aaiés a o f a m il l ion .
D. mus s iOuy to a m i l l ion .
A . mum iOs s a m il l ion .
I . 1111.11 i6s on s by a m i l l io n .
P . (o)nu miOss (abo ut)a m i l l ion .
D e c l e n s io n o f aggrega t e n u m b e rs .
rsicasa s oceus cérs sOceu srecars 8006 315 1888.
rsica sa s oceu scors a6cs 11uziecaru s ocsuu O f 1888.
rsica sa s oceMscors s 6cs11u11ecaru s oebau to 1888.
rsicas a s oceu scors s6ce11s11ecars s6ce111. 1888.
rhious s s oceu scors s ocs u s rbrecarsro s ocsu srb by 1888.
P . (o)rsica sa soceuscors s ocem’
rrecarn s ocsuu (about)1888.
H
P
U
G
Z
1 In the case o f an imate be in gs,the gen i tive fo rm is em
p loyed accord in g to the gen eral rule .
76 L E SSON 21.
When the age is stated,the Russian s u se : E ither
the dative o f the person , and the n ominative o f the number of years , in which case 6rs -pouy, s ince birth
,is
mo st frequ en tly un derstood , as :
Mus renéps rpi'
umars rpII r6na . I am n ow thirty three years o ld .
Mo euy6pary ca6po 6y11ers xs is My bro ther w i l l so o n be twe lves auuars .It rs . years o ld .
O r the n ominative o f the person and the gen itiveof the n umber o f years
,as
0 116 IIBaIIIIaT I'
I JI'lsrs . S he is twen ty years o ld .
-WORDS .Cocrasuars to compo se
,tomake . 3a rpasuuero abroad .
us ers a leaf, a Shee t o f paper. diyurs pound .
MACAO o il ; butter. uyas po od (40 R ussian po unds).s ro crours ? what co s ts ? apmuns ars heen (R ussian meaoyR1I6 clo th , wo o len ~clo th . sure yard).dipas as frank . Buco a6c11u ii rons leap year.
uposszsars to dri ve , to trave l . caurus s cen time .
pass time (with n umbers). soo61ué in gen eral , al together.
npucsars to s en d . 6yuers m ake (with n umbers).
r6s s ufi exact , pun ctual .
EXERCISE 41.Harsuecars JIB
'I; ueusuu ,’
I’
IJIu rpI’
Icra mecrsnecrirs
nars nueI‘
i CO CT aB JIHIO T '
b rons . 3m s ers’
rpecra Ronéeits co
CT aBJIHIO T ’B T OJIBRO s ers
'
Ipe py6nii . B s Brous roponi‘. ors
Coposa 110 nursnecaru rscas s attIreJIei’
I. B s oass s s acsusI
-
npoissatanu 66nse us isuanuaru sepcrs . CE OJIBRO éro
COCT aB JIHeT ’b B ooonIé? Bro cocrasmiers rpncra nyilés s
IIB a diy'
usa . 111111 13 r111s apnII'
Is s xop6n1ar0 cyusa.
‘ITO’
crours (bys rs nacna s s B aptists ? (bys rs uécna crours
s s llapi’
nss rpr’
I I’
mu s eriipe dipas ka . Cro cas ri’
ru os s
COCTaB JIHIO T ’
B dipas Rs . Ks arusis usaunarfi rpeu s JIucraus
upus annemars enIé OKO JIO nars ajtuaru JIucr6s s .
TRANSLATION 42.
Twelve mon th s make a year. Fo ur weeks make amon th . Three chicken s w ere in the yard . In o ur schoo l[there are] fiv e diligen t pupils . We liv ed (615mm)tenyears in P aris . Twen ty fo ur pupils were to -day in the
scho o l . In the mon th o f Ju ne (B s IIOH 'I‘) [thereare] thirty day s . H ow many years were you abroad ?My au n t has two dogs and fi ve cats , and thy mo therhas two cats and five dogs . In your copy -book [there
CARD INAL NUMB E RS . 77
aree] stil l thirty two clean sheets .
[are there] in thIee poods ?a hu ndred and twen ty pou nds .
H ow many poun dsIn three poods [there are]
H ow o ld is your bro
ther? H e is forty years o ld .
CONVE RSATION.
Csonsno rpyIIIs u Opsxos s H a cros s neura'
rs uecrirorts
restars na CT O JI’B?
CROJIBKO y re611 niaréfi .
CROJIB KO s op6s s , 6sIR6s s ,
nonranéii,
u oséus y sacss a
CROJIs RO uepnséu s s MocE s t ?
rpm s u IIO JIT Opa (bys raOpsxos s .
Y Mes s rpu nos epu u asa
cds a .
Y s acs na E s ops rpusar
uars E OpOBs ,mm .
R6s s,
.ceMsauuars JIonIa
11611 E s eriipe osus'
I.
B s Mocs ss uesaru
cors IIepRB éfi .
A cr6.Is E 0 .III uxs as He B s Herep6y’
prs s ecpas s és
rep6ypr'h? s o Mésse IIepRB éi
'
i,
s o
se - ro ropasno 661rlse
AB OpROB s .
Ms 6r0 1111 Rs IIO JIvs I’
IJIu H ués ers nouys I'
IJIs H e
Iés ers ? Ms 6ro,
u s s npucnairu
T OJIBKO Irécars pyoaéii .
READING EXERCISE .
T pu B onpoca. The three qu es tion s .
(I’pll llpHX'
B B enus ifi uMsJIs o6s111s os és ie,BCHRIH pass
s as s cougars nocrynans Rs er6 rsapuiro , nianars euycasnyIO IIIie rpn s onpoca: ( CKOJIBR O Bans .Isrs ? CE OJIBRO
spéues u ,s as s s sI na Moéii c.iy'1a6s ? Jloséns s u an B sI
samuMs manosas s eus u samuMs couepmas ieMs ? »
s ro 01111111. 11011011611 coai ars , pO JKlIOHH LIfi s o
(1111511111111 nomeaans nocrymirs na npyccsyio cuyatoy. B uns
er6 sacras uas npusars er6 H OMéJIJIGH H O , s o os s cos epInés s o s e 3mm s isue
’
mcaro 113111151,
u er6 Ranuras s ,
npeuyupeuus s er6,
s ro Ropéus eras ers sanasars eMys oupocsi s a érous H S LIK
'E s s néps sIu pass ,110r11a os s
er6 ysuuurs, nocos isrosaas euy’
s s ro are speMa s s'
I
ys urs s ausycrs rpu ors sra, Ror6ps1e os s newnes s 61.111scaisuars . B cnsncrs ie ror6 O s s s s
'
Iyq Is uxs 1i a ent ry'
IonIiii nes s ,11 scans T OJIs Ro O s s noa sunca B s crpO IO , (bps
npuxs npuos usunca , s r66sI uonpocurs er6 ; s o as srors
78 LE SSON 22.
pass 0 11s cayqafiao Haqaas co Br0p6ro B onpoca 11 cupocfms : « 0116115 110 Bpémes n s as s B 11 11ax61111rec1. 11a moé ii
c11Y1116s ?» 01111111. roirs » orBsrm s coma'rs .
H op6rs , nopames s sifi er6 116110110 c'rs 10 , Ho
'r6paa 110110 1101151
31.1B a.71a,q ro He T aK'
b 11aBH6 011s H ocful s myms é'
rs, cs asafi s
emy 6q s y11uB11iéH 11si i’
1 : 0116115 110 B arns Mars ?» « Qasas
ro,11s , 1101101151111. B amemy (bpi
’
urpnxs ,
em'
e 6611’lse ymm és nmfi , B ocm fis syns : « B u 12mm 3,
B as isps o norepam paacynos s ». Goma'rs ,
110'
r6pufi HpH
B aJI'
I) 151 0 3a Tpé'rifi B 0 11p6cs , o
'
rBs'
rmis cs yBspes s ocrsro
H T O 11 e yr6e B spao , 10110111111 1. BamemyB eJn’
i q ec'rBy.
cay’m6a s ervice .
conepmanie treatmen t .pomnéauufi bo rn .
sacrasm s to caus e .
B emémeimo immed ia te ly.no cossro sars to advis e .
nopaméns s ii s truck .
cuislo 110 3 0 711111 1. p lease .
maaosas s e pay.
cryq r'
mocs i t happen ed .
Bans figure,appearan ce .
lipamirs to a ccep t .npenynpemrs hav ing in formed.
crpoi’
i ran k .
ymsaens ufi as to n ished .
pascy116as reas o n .
TWENTY SECOND LESSON .
01111111111. NUMB E RS .
H és u‘
i firs t .Brop6fi s econ d .
Tpéri’
r’
i third .
uers éprn fi fourth .
nam i’
a fi fth .
meer61°
i s ix th .
censm6i’
1 s even th .
B ocsm6fi e ighth .
nemirnfi n in th .
xecarufi ten th .
ozui s uaimam fi e leven th .
nssuaruaru l‘
i twe lfth .
Tpmlanuam i’
r thirteen th .
v erbipuanuam li fourte en th .
narnanuarufi fifteen th .
mecrnamarm‘
i s ixte en th .
cemsamam fi seven teen th .
B ocen uaimam i’
i e igh teen th .
neB arHanuaru i’
i n in e teen th .
nBamam fi twen tieth .
népsm‘
i twen ty firs t .B ropéfi twen ty secon d .
rpunuam i’
i thirtie th .
cop0 s 0 B 6fi fortie th .
narnnecaru fi fiftie th .
mecmzrecam ii s ixtie th .
cemanecarufi s even tie th .
B ocs rmneca'm i
’
i e ightie th .
JreBa116crm’
1 n in e tieth .
1
c6m i’
1 hundred th .
cro néps srii 101-Qt
.
nayxs-c6ru i’1 200th .
rpexs-00 1 1113 300th .
q erupéxs-c6r11
'
1’
1 400111 .
narncorufi 500th .
mecrac6ru i’
1 600th .
T hicaq s u i’
i
AB)’X
'
b -T l§0fl ‘l fl blfi
crorbicaq uu ii 1000000 1 .
mam iém mii
O rdin al numbers do n ot differ in their declensionfrom qualifying adjectives having the same term in ation s .
1 Jleasrr’
uecam ii is also frequen tly emp loyed .
O RD INAL NUMB s B s . 79
They agree therefore in gen der, n umber and case withthe n oun with which they are u sed :H épsu
‘
fi yp611s .
B r0paa vacrs .
F irs t les so n .
Secon d part .
O bserv e also the fo l lowing adverbial expression sform ed with the help of numerals :01 11131111111 on ce .
11mm twice .
rpr’
xmnu thri ce .
rpn pa3a three times .
cro pass hun dred t imes .
B O népsuxs firs tl y .
B O B T Opl’B s eco n d l y
B s rpérsuxs third ly .
B s necrirsixs ten thly, etc.
In expressin g dates and years the last n umberon ly receiv es the o rdinal form and inflection sB 1. 1 151011113. 1esarac6roms rozry
".
Mapra nsamararo 111111.
In the year 1900.
March,the twen tie th .
T he hours of the day or n ight are expressed thu sKor6p11ii s acs ?C11611s 110 11p66m o aac6s s ?
B sers ‘IeT B épT H ll s acs .
E bers uersipe s aca.
H a 110121111. uacaxs censM6i’
1 11acs
or cems q ac6ss .
113111 11111 1. 311111571 1. rpérs aro .
Emé ae 11p661mo uerupexs uac6ss .
T enéps rpu uéraepru rpérsaro .
Ca6po upo6sérs 111m . s ac6as .
O s s npisners B s q erripe oe3suérseprn .
fl npitxans B s lléBfl T b cs
1311110 10 .
What o ’clo ck is i t ?What o 'clo ck d id i t s trike ?It is s tri king fo ur o
’clo ck .
Accord ing to my wa tch it iss even o
’clo ck .
It is twen ty m inutes pas t, two .
It has n o t yet s truck fo ur.
It is n ow a quarter to three .
It is go in g to s trike fi v e .
H e comes at a quarter to fo ur.
I came at hal f pas t n ine .
WORDS .H usaps Jan uary .
(Despai r. Feb ruarv .
Maprs March .
A npisas Apri l .Mafi May.
116111. Jun e .
July .
Bryc'
rs Augus t .Ces raops Sep tem ber.
O m sfips O ctober.
No vember.
De cember.
B ocspecéns e Sunday .
H ouensas s axs Mo nday .
B r6p1m1ts Tue sday .
Gpana, Cepera Wedn esday .
Friday .
Cy6661a Saturday .
m accs c lass .
namarua s s mon umen t .nai nucs in s cription .
casnymmifi fo l low in g .
pozuémca (he)was born .
ymeps , caouqanca (he)d ied .
8 11pm)" I com e .
a npisxaas I came , I arrived .
rorna then .
B ceMipuufi un i versal .6e3cuéprs u i
'
1 immo rta l .11061111111 1. to van qui sh .
nomaps con flagration .
Hacxa E as ter.
paapymurs to destrov .
80 L s ssox 22.
EXERCISE 43.
H a 1111111111111“ Derpa Hem’
maro H aoopamesa (is en
grav ed)czriszrymmaa 115111111105 : H erpy uéps omy E s arepfisa
Bropaa . 111111111 Herpa népBaro ,(bpr
furpuxa Brop6ro n
I‘
éspaxa ue'rB
'
epraro 6e3cMéprr111 B s 1101 6pi11. Il és i i’
r 11e111.
s exism B ocspecés s e , B T Op6fi Houezris.1s s u11s , rpérifi
B r6p111111s ,q ers épm fi Cepeiia, 11111 11151 ‘IeT B éprs ,
mecr6i’
1 11111 11111111, ceasmofi Cy666'
ra . H erps B em’
mifi1106111111 1. (vanqu ished) 11s t 11a;mararo , 110p01 s IIIBéllcs ar0
,11p11 1101 1111. 13s rucs q a ceMBcors llGB flT OM
’I) roiry.
Hacxa B ocr6q H 0 11 (eastern)nepKB11 oygre'
rs (this year)‘
uépB aro Anpsra 110 116B 0my 01 111110,111 11 gesaraagxuararo
MapT a 110 crapomy.
TRANSLATION 44.
The first m on th in the year is Janu ary,the secon d
February,the third March
,the fourth April
,the fifth
May,the sixth Jun e
,the sev en th Ju ly
,the eighth August
,
the n in th S eptember, th e. ten th O ctober, the elev en thNov ember, the t elfth December. John is n ow thetwen ty third pupil in the class
,and G regory (I
‘
purépifi)the thirty first . T o day [it is] the fifteen th o f May.
was born the ten th of No vember in
the year on e tho u san d sev en hun dred and fifty n in e .
P eter the G reat was born the eleven th o f Ju ly in theyear on e thousan d six hun dred an d sev en ty two
,and
died at S t . Petersbu rg the eighth of February in theyear on e thou san d seven hun dred and twen ty five inthe fifty third year of his life .
CON V ERSATION.
poiriiaca Barns 6pars MO11 6pars B acfmifi p0
B acimifi? 111mm uer’
s'
ipriaiiuararo
Mas rmcaq a B6cemsco'rs
naruzrecs'raro r611a .
Raa6eys acs cer61111a q acn6? Y s acs nesaroe 11e11a6p1i
Tmes s a ireBa Ts cors nepB aro r61a .
110111 YMGp'B nmueparops O s s YMGp
'B mecrs 1 1m .
Aaes camps Tpérifi ? ros y Hassirs ; o11s YMeps1 31111111 1110
caq a B6cemscors s es a116cro uersepraro r611a.
O RD INAL NUM BE RS . 8]
E s 11ari 6a1s 11 01 1111. 11111 Mm mus ems B s 1 331111111 01 1.
B QM'b croaia'riu .
Baaere .111 B H B s 11016p011s 118 11111111 1. ce111.1116r0 cearam y 601 1.1116fi nomaps 1720 r611a ,
nostaps
paBm H Jl'
B B s B os cras paapymmis B s Roac'ras
1 111161101 1. 1111610 110 116B s ? 1 111161101 11 12000 110116B s .
READING EXERCISE .
Yoiiicrs o Hapémrua llum irpia .
H6ejrl‘. rpen611u1aro Bpémenrr E BaHa Fp63s ar0 Hac'ry11111 0 Taxoe napc
'rB os auie er6 c1.
'
111a 6 e6110pa (1584H 6BH 1
’
1 naps 110py111
’
111s 1111 s npaB JIéH ia B oyipcs oii
a B s (31 011 11011110B 11acri11111s 1 1111611s c1111 a1 ca B opr
’
1cs I‘
ozry116s s ,6pars napcaofi cynpy
’
ru I/Ip1’
11111 . 3711111111
11 6tie111. oc'rop611111111
’
1 I‘
oiryB 6B s npaB H Jis rocyirapcrs oms
T aE'
B ncsy‘
cs o , uro'
Poccia 110 111 11 B ce ue'
rslps aima'
rm srs ee
O e6110p0 B 0 napCT B O BaH ie 116111 30 B a1 ac1. cno116iicrs ie11s Bayrpu 11 n1i
'
1ponas cs 0001111111111 .
H o B s éro mfrpuoe napc O B aH ie c1yu111 0c1. c061.'
irie ,Ror6p0e nocjiysafmo 110
'
r6ms ucr6q111111011s 601 sn11’
1xs cmyrs
11 6s1c ifi P OCCIH . 6 e6110ps Ioas s oa s 6111 s oes
111mm ; CJI'IiJIO BaT eJIb HO npecr61 s 1160111 11er6 11611111e11s
611 1 '
s nepei’
i'rr
’
i i1s Mflairmemy 6pary, Hapés uuy JLHMfi Tpiro .
110 151 113 111 1 sums,cs cB oe
’
10 Marepsro B s yirajrés iu o'
rs
flaps , B s r6poirls 37111111111. HapéBq 1160111 1. 1131s
,
Roma sr6 uocruma Buesauaaa cmeprs . 01111511111 11 1zs
npaairsuuasifi ,zier11. o i1s B 1.’
1111e11s 11a lumps nonrpars cs
cB 011M11 cs épc'rsmcamu . Tyrs
,s as s paacsaamsamrs ,
B irpyrs
1101101111 11 rpu q eaos i ma i13s MéJIRHX’
I) 11p1111116p1111xs q u
H OB HHKO B ’
B (E nrar6Bc11ifi , Raa mB s 11 B o1 6x0 Bs ). 0111’
1us
1113s 1111xs cupocfms IIapéBuq a ! « Y re611, I‘
ocyiraps , 116B oe
omepéfl se?» « Hsrs crapoe » , o'
rBsTrms HapéB u q s ,
110111111B s 161 0By. B s éry musy'ry 31 01111 yzrapm s er6
110111611s B s r6p110 11 6p6c111 0a 613111511 5 ; nsoe lip)"
rfixs 1 0116111 111 11 yoific'rs o ,
11 rasme 01111111111 11 caps’
rrs ca .
Ilp01130m1 6 crpams oe cngs'réuie
,3a3B 0 11151111 B s 1i a
6ars ; 1:61.11c mfirem Ye ua,11 pac
'repaajm yoifius .
llaps noc aJis Hscs oasno oo iips nscnsiros ars 61 0 1113110 ;0 1111 1 0s ec1 1
’
1,
q'ro llnmfirpifi cams ce61i 3a1101 61 s
B s 11111 111111 1 11313511911 60111331111, 11 1 1 0 11101111 06311
s es s u e B s 316111c 11, uorfifiim 11e111
'
111110 . Toma 1111’
1're1 eii
Ye qa H as asam s as s maréms uao s s,11 11116r11xs cocmijm
E lemen tary R u ssian Grammar. 6
82 Lesson 23.
B'
b Cnoflps . 01111511 0 napéjrs He noebpm s fioapauf
s ; pas
s ecaacs 110111331 , q ro yoifium flumfirpia 6111111 nosocaafmFonynosmmn ,
Ko'ropua cam) crpeMMca m. npecréfly.
rpeséms n i’
t agitated .
Hacrynnrs to come .
nénssosarsca to profit .
coonrie even t.6e31111res 1, chi ld les s .
cs épcrs nm con temporary .
TWENTY 1 lim LESSON .
ADV E RB S .
Russian adv erbs are,like those of o ther languages
,
div ided in to differen t classes according to their mean ing ;there are :
1. Adverbs"ram, s o
,thus .
xopomo we l l .xyiro ill, bad ly .
caopo quick , rap idly .
s anpacuo in va in .
'
1'
111aq e o therwise .
quality or manner, asB apos s o in ten tio n a l ly.
s ayram, at random .
311011510 by agreemen t, j o intly .
no -cséemy in o n e'
s own way.
1111111110111. o n fo o t .B epxoms o n horseback .
2. Adverbs-cer611aa to
-day.
B ‘Iepé. ye sterday.
rpérsaro 111111 the day beforeyes terday .
easrpa to-morrow .
11001111 sasrpa the day after to
m orrow .
3. Adverbs3111101, here .
rams there .
B arns n owhere .
s een; everywh ere .
0 10 11551. h ither.
T yne. thither.
4 . Adverbs quantity, asrasme a lso .
1 0115110
no urn n early .
Beebna, os es e very, much .
apean qai’
i s o excess i vel y .
aro-ro somewhat .
Mano l i ttle .
1111010 much .
abcs onsuo some .
1 0 130115110 en ough .
c.11'
1ms om> to o , too much .
Bosce en tire ly.
of time , as :1115111211, renéps at presen t
,n ow.
116311110 late .
yrpom, in the morn in g.
eéq epoms in the even in g .
Torq ac'
s,céfiq acs d irectly .
npémne be fo re , fo rmerly .
11001111 afterwards .
of place, as110mmat home .
110 1110111 home .
11331111 from W ithout.o roacrbny from all s ides .
orc1011a from here .
orry11a from there .
84 L s s sox 23.
r0 B 0p11'r1. 11 1151110 ny
ina'rl. ec'ri. npnanaB
'B nernoms
’
rcnia .
Hoq emyHe B ijiyq nnn B 11 0B oer0 ypona? Y B aez. e'roro
nosonsno Bpémenn .
TRANSLATION 46 .
Y our servan t clean ed my boo ts early in the morn
ing,thinking (1131115111)that I might start for (a ornpa
13111110 01. B’b acc.)Warsaw . Formerly they kn ew n either
railways n or electric telegraphs ; the latter were in v en tedo n ly towards the firs t quarter o f o ur cen tury ; the ihv en tion of the former took place at abou t (B '
B T O
the same time . The Win ter Palace (311mmJLB Opis extraordinarily large . Y o u Speak too rapidly for me .
In vain you related to her su ch terrible ev en ts . Did
you [ev er] see anywhere su ch a man ? In deed,he is
v ery fat ! Dress yours elf soon er,my ch ildren ; n ow
it is late !CO NVE RSATION.
Ram. nfimy'r'r. mnorie 11101111? Maorie 11101111 nnmy'r'r. nq e
1111111. ros opfim , a 11pyr1’eHanpo
'rnm. 1
‘
0B 0pflT‘
I. 113111
me 11111111. HfIIlIYT’
B .
Xopomo .111 nB isJu’
i (bpyaToB BIa nepés sa ?
Ram. T B oi’
i 6pa1 1. ros opnrr.
T enépr. no pyccs n ?
E c'rr. .111 E T O -H I/IOYJH.
Ram. 1101110 napc O BaJrf.
Hmneparop'
f. 11.11.01 s I. ?
Roma 0111. Bc'rynnJrB 1i a
npecron'
B ?
II aorna 0 111. ynepfs ?
11a , nB iaJn'
i ny‘ime 1113111.
B'B npémnom. Pony .
T enépr. 0111. ros opfi'r'r. 1113
01101 5110 ny’
qme t11111 1. rom.
Ton y nasans .
lla. nocryq r’
rre ne
réns no B 1. nB eps .
0 111. napc os an'
r. Tpr’
innaT'B
Mars .
0 111. B CTn lJI'B B a npecrén
'r.
E'
h nesaépis 11110111115 1825
rona.
O H ’L y
imepfr. B
'
s (beBpaJrl.1856 réna , B O Bpéms
Bps'
mcs ofi B ons ai .
READING E XE RCIS E .
B o p fi cm T o nyn é nm.
C'
f. 1101111113 010 Geonopa Ioannoa a npenparnnacr.
annac'ria B nanimipa CB a'
roro 11a Mocaoscs om. npecron'ls.
AD V E RB S . 85
Méatny 601ipa1111'
MB 61 ie 1131. pona 3111131 a 111. c01111111. B B ase
’
fi,czr
‘lanonaT eJi BB o ,npim s
'
ie n01 0111111 B nanimipa
CB B 1 61 0 , B B ianmopn e 1131. a 1. B anana MG‘IT éT B o Bap0110111. B i a is. H o B ap0111. yate a B IJIB '
B B 1. ynpaBnéB iio
I‘
onynéna ; B oénB oe 000.16B ie 11B0p11B 1. 11 11111 1111 fioapcs nx'
s
eMynpe’
nano B B B éB B B B B nocraBneB B B e 11111. ycépBB o
mon01a1 n B 1. ero néxs sv. Mnrpon01 n1 1. IO B 1., 01. ero
nomommo B oaseneB B n fi B 1. caB 1. népB aro pyccnaro nar
piapxa, p iMO yaasn B aJrB B apény B a Ponynos a. Toma 11
60 1ipe , 1101 11 B 1. Bymia B eB aBBB’linn I
‘
onynos a, B e 0 011111111
.11101. B Bmiacrl“. 01. B ocnéncs nmn rpam
JLéH aMI/I npennomr’
im e B opony. X1’
11p1.11‘
1 FoxyB 0B 1.cnaqana cabaan . BHJL
’
B,
I11 0 0 1 s é3msae1 ca . Méaury 111111.
B 1. Mocs s is coopanncr. snoom e 11101111 1131. npyrnx'r. ropo
116m. 11 cOCTaB B Jm 1 am. B aamBaemyro Bencayro jly'
fmyCooép
f
s, B orépn i
‘
i 00 311 13511 011 OCH KH O BéHH O B 1. 0511111111.
BamBmx'
r. cay'
f
q aaxs . Bencnaa flyma no 00 11111y na1piapxa
Tasme Bmopana I‘
onyB éB a . O H1. eine'
B iacnons s o pa31.
0 1 Ba3B BaJrca ,B B aB O B éirr. cornacnnca
,11am. ycrynaa
1101 5651111. ni naro B apona . B npoq’
f. y 01ap11x1. P iccB B X
’
B 611110 B 1. 061111111 B e Bnpyr1. a B BMaT B B anoe B 11
6yln. B n conoe 111111 noq ecm ; npnn i’
mia TpéooB aJIB
n0601 11e IIO RJIOH O B '
B 11 np0 01.61..
HapCT B O B aB ie Ropi’
1ca I‘
onynésa B ecqacm nso .
O H 1. 13111113111. B éB aB ncrr. B 1. H emy'
3Ba1B 11x1. oonp'
s,ona
canes rafiB B XB BasB efi , paacmnam. mni0B 0B 1., 11 no 11111.
nonocam'
f. 111101111 1. monéfi 01npaBB Jr1. B 1. Baroq éB ie . T a
nia ll’l‘afiCT B lfl B aB onr
’
wm 01pax1. 11 cmynréB ie . Upnrom.
Poceiro nocbrfmu crpamnmfi 101 0111. B MopO Boe nonbrpie .
H apoirs craB O B i’
jnca some 11 601 13e B enoeonB B H B'
B,11 01111
1 21111. 51 11 61.1101 B ia B anaaaB ieMB 3a y6iéB ie
Hapem’
ma JIBMBTpia .
npenparnrsca to cease , to fin ish . 0 011111 111 5 01 to dare .
YI‘IMLB HR apanaged prin ce . 3éncsaa iii/11a Co un try Co un cel.
norouom. succes s o r. 00 66p1. A s s emb ly .
n onsfia supp l i catio n . ycrynari. to yie ld .
"0 111 0111. reve ren ce . noq ecrr. d is tin ctio n .
aaroq énie ban i shm en t . 110 11001. den un ciatio n .
cayménie in surrection .
86 Lesson 24 .
TWENTY ‘
FOURTH LESSON .
P RE P O S ITIONS .
‘
Prepo sition s are divided in to separable and inseparable .
The separab le prepo sition s govern the obliqu e casesn o ted below :
1 . the G en itive : oes1., 6é30 withou t , 111111 for,for the sake of
, 110 up to, 1131. ou t o f
,01 1. away from ,
y at,1131.- se from behind
,1131 4 10111. from un der ;
2. the Dattue : It'
s,110 to ,
towards ;3. the A ccusative : npo co n cern ing
,Bpe31. , nepe31.
through ,acro ss
,a oa1. through ;
4 . the Instrumen tal : H aJL'B
,1151110 o v er ;
5 . the P rep ositional : np11 n ear,in the presen ce o f;
6 . the G en itive or Instrumen tal : Mémny, mean . bet
ween,am ong ;
7 . the A ccusative or Instrumental : 3a behin d , fo r,110111. un der
,at
,npent , ne'pe111. before ;
8 . the A egusattue or P reposz’
tional : B 1.,B 0 , in ,
in to,
B a o n,upon
,again st
,0,
060 abou t ;9 . th e G enitive, A ceusatz
'
ue or Instrumen tal : c1.,00
from, with ,
together with ;10 . the Datiue
,A ccu satz
'
ue or P repos itional : no by,up to
,after.
T o th e class o f separable prepo sition s belong also
certain adverbs of place which go v ern the gen itive case .Such are : 6111131. n ear to
,beside
,116111113 along
,
abou t,np61 11B 1. oppo site to
,1111110 by ,
n ear, opens
in the midst of,B nepegmin fron t of, nosam
’
r behin d,etc .
T he inseparab le prepo sition s (prefixes) are : B 0 3,
B 30 o r B 3 up, BH o u t,H H S down
,nepe ov er
, pas asunder.
They are used on ly in compou n d words and requ ire n o
particu lar case after them ; bu t they alter the m ean ingof the word to which they are prefixed :I‘élmbl il s uitable . 6 321011111111 profitab le .
B isna ex change . nepen iss a a l tera tion .
crponrs to bui ld . pascrponrs to d isarran ge .
H ere o n ly a gen era l V iew o f R uss ian prepo s it io n s is ex
h ibited . T he mo s t n eces sary rules co ncern ing the ir use have al
ready been given ln the 8th les son .
88 LE SSON 24.
011m m 1 1 ycuisxn 11a ,110 110 ci11z1 110p1 a
B 1 pyc0110 111 11311111? 113q ero 6631 yq firefl a
01 1161110 1111 10 rpamnaras a11 caoaapfi .
1111111 1 1 11a H npi1xa11a 11a 1 61 111 , a
pé11. 111111 11a 11611111 ? 11011 T éTKa upi1xa11a B1
Rapérfi .
READING E XERCISE .
10 110 01 1. 11811111 B em’
maro . I .B 1 napCT B O B aH ie Geonopa Axeacisesaq a, 110 11111 roc
11611c1 130 11a11a napria MH JIO CJIc anm,11111 11 13 Rnpfim os aa
110111111111 61.111a 110 111 11 y1a111f11 1 0a 01 1. 1 1101151, 11 111mm 01
0110 11111 Ma1 e1111111111 0151110111 B 1 1101 110 011013110 111 081 1IIpeo6pa111éac110111 . H 0 91 0 yzraJIéH ie 01 1 npnzrsopaofi
1111131111 11p1111e0116 Ile1py 60111 1111110 11611 1 3y. O 61111110 1 é11110
mocaoscnie uapéa a 11011y11a1111 110 116111110 113111111e11110e B oc
nnraa ie . 0 1111 p0 0111’
1 i1a pyuax1 1111110 111 11 111111e111 ; 11011
1 11 H e 1 1111011111 11 1131 B HYTpeH H HX'
I) 110116e111 11
1 a1c1’
1ha1 66pa30111 11p11111.111aJ111 111 1 1111011 01111006pa31101'
1
1111131111 , 111111 111 011111 1 111‘
p1 111 1111111 npncras flam cs
csép01 11111111 1131 0001 611111 601ip1 11 upnzrsopsmm t1121110 111 ;
rpam01 1 11111 5711111111 111011311111 111111 1 1111111 . Il erp1 11a11p61ma1
poc1 11a 013066111 ,11a 111101 01111 0151110110 111. 1 63113
7111 . Emy11a6pa1111 T osapumefi 1131 1111 e1
‘
1 11p1111116p1111x1 011y1111‘11 e11e1'1,11 0 111 1110611111 .nrpa1 1. 01 11111111 B 1 001111111 11 . H aj106110
311111111 111 1 , 111 0 111111 11 o1 e’
111 ero 11e 3a601 11111101. 061
ynq éa in c caaro Boficna,11 H ananam B 1 013010 0115
1111
6y 11110 01pa111111x1 01111111ép0131 ,110 16p11e 1101111111151
06y11a1 1. Pg
‘cc1111111 esponéficxomy B oé11110 11y 110113
1001 131 ; 1151
6pa11111.1e 11111 91 010 1101 1111 11011y11a1111 Haasaa ie coaddmcmxz.
Ilo 11111 06pa3113" lIéTp1 1131 0110 11111 T osapnmefi y01p011111
11111 6111 1106 136110110 , 110 1 6poe H a3mBaJIOCI. n onnbw numa ; B 1.
110 01 1101 1111 1131 s emi 06pa30 13a111101. 1 8a népsu e rB ap
11é1‘
10111e 110111111: Hpe06pa111é11011i1°
1 11 Cen éaoscaifi . Kpo1r1
i1a Hepeacxascaou1 63ep1 HeTp1 n001p611111 1111
0110111 110 MéJlImX'B cy116111 ,
11 00 01 211 111 1 1 31 1111111. 11011111
111111 (111101 1 . (Houéub 6ydemv.)113111111e11111111 efi
‘
emin ated. manna n urse,chi ld n urse .
s ocuaraa ie education . 1111111 11a keeper, ass i s tan t .upacraanfirbca to be appo in ted . cocaos ie co n d i tio n .
rpauora read ing and wri ting . 111 11111. deacon .
aa6pa1 1. to cho o s e . 3a601 111 1ca to o ccupy on ese l f.uanumarb to hire . no.1 111. regimen t .110 1111111111 for p leasure , amus ing . 11651 11111 l i ttle
,fi n e .
Coxw xcrmxs AND INT E RJ E C’
I‘
IO NS . 89
TWENTY FIFTH LESSON .
CONJUNCTIONS AND INTE RJE CTIONS .
The conjunctions mo st frequ en tly u sed in Russianare the fo l lowing :a and
,but . "pama truly.
65111 0 , 65111 0 as i f. nycuafi o r nycrb let .
1311116q 1 as for the res t. C110 .11. whate ver.
11a and, but . culsnosarezms o co n sequen tlv .
name even . raame a ls o .
1111611 in o rder tha t . 1 0 then .
11111 ror6 111 0 becaus e . 1 0 16 paw there fo re .
émem, 601 11 if. 1 61ii e to o .
emé again , s till, yet. o n l y,mere l y.
me (1111)then , a lso . xorfi (110 1 1)a l though .
11 and , a lso . xora e ven tho ugh .
1160 because .111 0 that .
or.111 6611 (1 1 061)in o rder that .
111 a111 there fore .lr1111. than (compar).
ria1 1 as,when . 11111111. jus t, as s o o n as .
11a111 -ro as , for ins tan ce . as . 110 11 n o t o n lywhen , when ever. but a l s o .
1111 i f, whe ther (in terrog). aémem than .
1 1160 e i ther,'
o r.111 111 the mo re the
1111 1111 n either no r. more .
110 b ut . 11 bo th and .
0 1 11511 0 but, howe ver. 1 0 sometimes some
nocen i then . t imes .
1 1 0 becau se .
The conjun ction 1116611 or 111 061,when u sed de
penden tly is fo llowed by the infin itive, as :
lflnueparopr. Rap1 1 V . oraaséuca T he E mperor Charles V . abd i ~0 1 1. 1101 111 110 116111 , 01 1 1111. cated a ll his crown s , in o rder
1 1 061 o 11611a r. 111111 131. 110 tha t he m ight end his dayss acrapcs om. yeziauéaia . in the s o li tude o f a clo is ter.
The prin cipal interj ections are :
11011 ! 130 111 ! see there , lo ok !ypa! ra ! express joy.
ax1 ! 0x1 ! yB 1.'
1 ! ax1 11 ! express pain .
afi ! yx1 ! ofi l express fear.
ruby ! expresses aversio n .
311111 ! expresses fatigue .
011 ! 1 01 ! to impose silen ce .
311! rei’
1 ! hi !
Hy ! mime ! come on !
90 L s ssos 25 .
H a ! there yo u hav e .
ma n ! what a pity !npoq b ! away !
WORDS .110 011 11 1 to v is i t, to s ee . a 110 11 I could .
H anncarb to wri te . c1yn61 avari cious .
xoq er1 (he)w i l l , des ires . x0 1 11 e you wil l , des ire .
npnumiarr. to accep t. npemoméaie pro po sa l .6J a10pon1111i
’
1 n ob le . ropnocrr. pride .
ynépmnsarb to refra in , to s t0p .11111 01 1 0 van i ty.
EXERCISE 49 .
B JIaropézmaa 16p11001 1 11101 0 y1pam1e1 1 q 101 11 a 1
1 1cm yllépfliHB aeT’
I) ero 01 1 1 1 611 111 nop61 0 1 1 ,H 0 11111
c1 1 0 H e 1 61 1 110 01111111 6, H O 1 H epMKo 1pe1111 1 1 am. na
Hamem. 3e111 6111 nonpnnfls, 160 01 6 0 01 11 1 1e1 1 (it dazzles)1 ac1 1 am
,111 0 1 11 He 1 1111 111 01 01111 nop61 01 1 1 AYP
'
1 11111 np1 1 1'
111e1 1 . I‘
épzxoc1 1 Méme1 1 1 1 1 1 1 111 0 111 511 1116111 1 1106p01111 e31110 ,
1 0 1111. 1 am. 1 1 11 01 1 0 B cerjré. nop61 1 .
(3111 c1y1161 01 1 13111 ae1 1 ceo1 1 1 110311531 0111 1 1 31111 0 1 1 ,
111 0 emy 1100131111 0 (accessible)110 ero c001 011 i10 . 1 0 ero
01 31110 01 1 1111ae1 c1 113111001 1 10 .
TRANSLATIO N 50.
Although he was in town ,he did n o t v isit u s . I
could no t write the exercise , because I had n o dictionary .
H e is rich , bu t he is v ery avariciou s . [E ither] thou or
he mu s t (161 11 e111)remain at hom e to day . They speaksom etim es in the (Ha prep .)Ru ssian ,
sometimes in theE nglish
,bu t n ev er in the G erman language (plur . in
R uss). L et him do what he desires ; that is n ot myaffair. What do es this boy desire? H e desires some
tim es o n e [thing], sometimes an o ther. If you hav e n otthem ,
then I shall giv e them to you (11 1 ahi 1 Do
you desire [them]? I thank you ; [it is] with pleasu re[that] I accept your propo sal .
CONVERSATION.
B 11 cerézma He 311 1pa1 a111 ,fl npémra He 311 1pa1 a1 1 ,
p1311 1 11 He 16110111111? 1 0 a 1 311 1 yc1aJI1 01 1
CB O ero nyT eméCT B is ,111 0
1 61 ce He q y'
1 01 1y10 161 01131.
H e x01 1’
11e .7111 1 11 1 11111 1 1 B JIal‘O llapIO 1 ac1 ,a 60150c1
CT aRaH1 x0J16111 a10 1i 1'
11 a? 11p001y1111 1ca ,éCJIH 1
1 11111 10 1101 6111 2110 1111 3 .
92 L ussox 26 .
TWENTY S IXTH LESSON .
A S P E C T S 0 1 1 1 1 v 1 1 1 .
A feature peculiar to the S lavo n ic languages is thesubdivision o f v erbs in to various aspects . These aspectsare differen t fo rm s of on e an d the same v erb with regardto the time required for the performan ce o f an action .
The Ru ssian v erb has four aspects v iz. four differen t conjugation s , which fact amply aton es for theapparen t po verty of moo ds and ten ses it exhibits at
first sight .These four aspects are called : imperfective, perfective,
semelfactive and item -tive.
T he imperfect ive aspect gen erally ends in 1 1 pre
ceded by any of the v owels a,e,1,o , y, 11
, 1 ,a . It
den o tes that the action has n o t altogether ceased,o r
that it will n o t finish ; 01 31 111 1 to kn o ck,0 1 1 0137111 1
he was kn o cking .
T he perfect ive aspect shows that the actionhas been qu ite completed , or that it will defin itely cease .
The term ination of this aspect is likewise T 1 precededby on e of the abov e vowels ; bu t it is easily recogn izedeither by a prepo sition al prefix or a qu ite differen t (irregu lar)form : 110 0131 11 1 to kn o ck ; 0 1 1 11001y1 1111 hekn ocked ; 0 1 1 1 001y1 111 he will hav e kno cked .
1
The s eme lfactive aspect which shows that theaction has taken place , or will take place
,o n ce and
rapidly,en ds in 1 y1 1 : c1y1 1 y1 1 to kno ck ,
0 1 1 01 311 1 31 11
he kn ocked (for that time o n ly,and then n o more), 0 1 1
crY1 1 e1 1 he will soon kn o ck , he is go ing to kn ock .
The iterat ive aspect, den o ting that the action hastaken place sev eral times , en ds in 1 1 211 1 and 1 1a1 1
n ocTy1 1 1 a1 1 to kn o ck”; 0 1 1 11001 11 1 1 1 11 he u sed to
kno ck,he o ften kn o cked .
It mu st be observ ed that on ly a few v erbs hav eall fou r aspects . In this respect they are n early all
defectiv e . Nor does the distin ction o f the aspects em ~
T he pres en t fo rm o f the perfective aspect co rresp onds tothe 2110 future o f E ngl ish verbs .
2 No t al l verbs end ing thu s are o f the iterative aspect ; the irn umber is very smal l .
A svs ors 0 1 1 1 1 v sas . 93
brace the who le conjugation : the past ten se alon e exhibits all four aspects
,bu t the fu tu re has n o iterativ e
aspect , whereas the presen t admits o f n o distin ction of
aspects at all .
The wan ting aspects are howev er easily expressedhav ing recourse to a circum lo cu tion
,as in E nglish
when ev er a n ecessity arises . L et u s take for in stan cethe v erb 1 1 111 1 :
0 111 pa31 H e read o n ly o n ce .
0 1 1 1 1cm 6y1e1 1 1 1 1 11 1 . H e w il l o ften read .
Thus are expressed the ideas con veyed by the pastten se o f the sem elfactiv e aspect an d the fu ture o f theiterativ e aspect of 1 1 111 1 , which are bo th wan ting .
The proper u se of the aspects can on ly b e learn tby practice .
WORDS .T y
'
puia Turkey . 1110 611 1 to lo ve .
01 1 111 1 8. po rk . 1pa111 medica l man .
1 321 1p1 1 1 to ro as t . 1ap1'
11 1 to prepare .
mapsoe ro as t meat . 16111 111 go od , s ui tab le .
apl iapxa fair, an n ua l market . B és rpia H ungary .
1 an1 ca1 1 to wri te . lH B éltlH Sweden .
Marep11 1 co n tin en t . H ops éria Norway .
EXERCISE 51.
H a111me1 e-111 1 11 111 01 116 1 1 P occ1'
10 ? H yaté 1 a
1 1 c1111 11 0 111 01 1 6,1 enép1 1 1 31111 11 37 111 01 116 caoemy
6pa1y, 1 016p111 Beebma11a1 1 6 111 1 121 1 1 1 031 1 1 1 e1 ep6yp11 .
O crp0 1 1 111 Inseam01 H opse’
riero ? H1 '
1 1,661 11 1 c1pz
’
11 11
c001 a1 1m'
10 11 1101y601p0 1 1 1 c0 e111 1 e1 1'
1 c1 marep1 1 6111 .
I‘
os op1’
um JIH 1 11 01 1 1 11ep11 0p0 1 1 B cepocc111c1 1 1 1 (of allthe Ru ssias)? H111
,1 01 1 1 1 1 He 1 0 1 01111 1 ,
1 e16
1 1 1 0 1111 1 e 1 11111 1 . F111 Rym’
mu 1 11 01 01 1 ac1'
1? H1yn1J11 1 x1 1 1 Moc1 11 , 61 1 1 1am1 1 1 nép1 111
pa31 . H éma Ryxéprca 0 1 1111 1 0 1 ap1’
11 1 oyri1 . Cream’
ire
CJ1y11 , 1 1 061 01 1 111 1 np1 1 elc1 c1 1 1 11y, a 61 e1 1 161 011e1 1 .
TRANSLATION 52.
Were yo u already in Turkey? Does your fatherlike pork? G o (CXOJIIIT B), please to the medica l man
,
an d tell him that my s ister is ill. O ur co ok u n derstands better [how] to make soup than to roast the roastmeat . Did o ur children already take a walk? No
,they
LE SSON 26 .94
éao
sms
iao
M
ao
.
oeaamm
iao
Em
.
azowms
iau
12
.
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fib
emo
dama
ge—inc
E.
.
Qamzzw
fio
1
cm
.
u
giao
Em
12
.
H
SWF
SO
A
Eo
e
ggs
E.
.
qr
fio
w
.
fia
iao
ES
dem
i
se
Em
Ag
gie
as
.
fim
iao
emo5.
.
bz
fib
w
min
i
s
mmo
.
mimms
fio
Em
min
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s
mm
.
e
immweo
A
ES
.
mimieo
mm.
.
e
im
ig
m
.
mm
fiio
o
m
mmo
.
mme
iaoo
m
mm
.
mmmv
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96 LE SSON 26.
did n o t yet take a walk,they played in the yard with
the son o f our goo d n eighbour. I bought yesterday[some] paper ; bu t it is n o t go od ; I must (a 16.7131 e1 1
buy to-day [some] better (genetive). Did these girls
weep? Did you already see the fair of Nizhny-Novgoro d(H1 1 terop61c1yro 1p1 ap1y)? I o ften saw the fair of Fran kfort . Will you n ot buy an estate in H u ngary? No
,I
shal l n ot buy (Ryum'
o)an ,
estate in H ungary,I bought
a hou se in V ien n a (1 1 E 1H1).
READING EXE RCISE .
IIyT eméCT B ie IIe1pa B eJn iR aro 3a rpanimy.
Il’
éTp1 3ax0111 1 1 1y1 1 11 ca 1 01c 1 1y c1p61 1 1 ooji bmi’
e
Ropaonfi 1 noc1 01p11 1 1 0pc1 i1 efum 9 1p0 1 61c1 1 x1 xep31 211 1 . C1 61 01 111 1 10 0 1 1 npe1 1 p1 1 11 1 101611
H ecmiixaimoe 1 1 1 py’cc1 1x1 ; Ilapb cam1 no1xa111 11 qy
51 11 seMJu’
i 1 1 p1 1 61 1 6e31 1 011 01 1 1 1111 00 11 ; 1 0111
11 e1 e1 1 npO CT6ro 1 1 0p1 1 11 a Herpa M1xa11 0 1a 0 1 1
1 p1 coe1 1 1 11 ca 1 1 1 1 0c1pa1 1 1 1 1 111 opa1 1 . F.1a1 6io a1 0mnoc6Jn>c1 1 a 1 10611 e1 1 er6 JIedi6p11 .
1 130131 511 1 0 Fep1 a1 i1 , Ile1p1 yce'
p111 0 oc1 a1p1 1 a1 1ropogia, 1 111 1001 1 ,
3a1 6111, (baopnm 1 1 . 1 . 0 0161 1 1 1
MéJUIeHH O 1 01 1 1 1a1meec1 1 0061 1 11 1 0 , 01 1 01 1 11 01 0p111 1
1 01 01 1511 1 3110111 1 1 01xa1 1 1 1 epezi1 1 1 1‘
0 J1J1a1 1 iio ,1 01 6pa1
01a1 1 1 a01 1 0 11121 01 011 1 d)1 61 01 1 1 o61m’
1p1 010 1 0pc1 610
1 0pr61 11eio . TmaT eJi o c1p111a1 CB oe 11 1,01 1 HalI
'IBJI'B
1 0 01 161 1 romamcriaro un61 1 1 1 a,1 . e . cbp130 1y10 1 Yp1
1y, 1 nocejn’
mca 1 1 r6p0111 Capnaml; 1 1 1 0 1 111 01 1 0 16
1y31 e11a, 1 c1 1 01 0p61 1 1 1 py1 1 np1 1 aJIc1 pa661 a1 1 na
1 0pa661 1 1 01 B épdm. H o Roma Capnamum y31 aJ11 ,1 1 0
61 011 1 11061 11 ,1pac11 1 1 1 1 61 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 16 1 1 61
1 a1 1 pyccmfi Hapb ,0 1 1 Hatzajm co61pa1 1ca 1 01 1 311 1 ,
1 1 061 1 a 1 e16 noc1 01p11 1 . E ep f H acawm o 1 a1 6e mo
601 1 1 01 1 0 ; 01 1 yfixaa1 1 1 A 1 c1 ep1a1 1 ,1 upoxoxmam.
311m) y1 11 1c1 1 0pa61 ec1poéfl iu). 110 161 1 0 1 1 1 06m m
1 1 $61 101 1 ; 01 1y;ra no1xa1 1 1 1 B 11 y; 1 0 1y1 1 yum
mi1 0 1 61 01 1 1 031 ym61 i1 c1p’l31111 0 1 1 1 110 01 111 1 0
1 0p011J1c1 1 1 Mommy .
CTpiajmum6111 1 ycmmpemi 110 1 pi1311a Ilapfi 1 rJIa1 1 11e
3aq f11 111 1 1 1 a31 e1 1'
i ; 1 0 HeTp1 1 1111 1 1 1 0 mmmmc1
1 61 a1 1 01 110 c1 61p1 1 1 na 1 1 npeoopasoBaH ia ,1 01 6p1 m
FORMAT ION OF 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 , PAST AND 1 1 1 1 1 1 . 97
0 1 1 Haq ajm 1 1 0111 1 1 1 P occi1 ; noéT OMy 01 1 np0 1 3
1 6311 crpéroe 0.111101 1 ie 0 631111 ,1 1 a31 11 '
1 eme1 1 6r1x'
1 c1p11 1161 1 ; a 1 01 61 1 c0 1 01M1 01 1 1 1 11 1 c1p1
JIeILKie 1101 1 1 .
TWENTY SEV ENTH LESSON .
FORMATION OF T H E P RE SE NT,P AST AND
FUTURE .
With regard to their inflection,Ru ssian regu lar
v erbs had been pro visorily divided in to two conjugation s(10 . lesson). B u t this division
,which will n o doubt
hav e pro ved v ery advan tageou s from a practica l po in tof v iew ,
mu st n ow be given up as u nn ecessary and
un scien tific .
B esides what has alreadybeen said con cern ing regu larverbs
,there are a few o ther ru les an d exceptio n s . B u t
to assis t learn ers withou t embarassing them ,o n ly tho se
ru les wil l be given here which are the m o st importan tand admit o f the least n umber o f exception s . The resteasily learn t by practice and analogy.
Fo rmation of the present .
S ome v erbs in a1 1 preceded by a co n so n an t,or in
1 1 1 preceded by a v owel,lose their a or 1 thro ugho u t
their presen t :11 1 1 1 to thaw . 1 1140
,1 11 vi ew}. 0 1 1 1 110 1 1 1
011 1 1 to s ow . a 0110 , 1 1 c1em1
V erbs in a1 1 preceded by a labial (6, 1,M
,II,(1)
insert JI before the i n flection s o f the presen t ; whereasthose in 1 1 1 (and also a few in a1 1)hav e the in sert iono f 11 in the firs t person alon e :npemarr. to s l umber. a npeauno, 1 11 npéunem11110 611 1 to love
,to l ike . 1 1110 61 16
,1 11 1 1661 11 1
1 0 1 11 1 to h eat . 1 1 11 1 6111 111
fl1 0p1 111 1 to kil l . mepmsmo, 1 11 mep1 11m1man to s lee p . a cnmo , 1 1i c1 1m1 .
O bs erve in meprm'
m . the 111, in s tead o f 1 in the firs t pers on .
1 T he third pers o n p lura l h as the same vowe l as the in
flectio n o f the. firs t pe rs on s ingular ; the o ther perso n s have the
same vowe l which is exhib i ted by the seco n d perso n s ingular :0 1 1 Men
,1 1 Taem1 , 1 11 1 1ere .
E lemen tary R us sian Grammar.
98 L s ss ox 27 .
T he co n son an ts 11, 3 , 1 , c, 1 , c1 , c1 , 1 which precedethe termin ation a11 , are v ery frequ en tly changed for at ,1, m,
11 , throughou t the presen t :1 1 311 1 to lick . a m ay, 1 1! 11121 em1
1 111 1 1 1 1 to ca l l . 1 11 1 1 33 1 11 1 1 1 1 em1
1 0 1 111 1 to tread . 1 1 0 1 153 1 11 1 61 1 eiu1
1 1 011 1 to wri te . a "may, 1 1! n1mem1
1 0111 1 to s eek . a may, 1 1 1 1 mm
This chan ge is restricted to the first person in tho sev erbs which en d in 111 and 1 1 1 :
1 ep1111 to turn . Bepay, 1 11 1 epr1m10 1 111 1 to s it . camy, 1 1 01 111 111
1 1 011 1 to hang . 1 1my’
,1 11 1 1 01111
1py111 1 to twi s t . 1 py1y, 1 11 1pj1 1m11 1 01 1 1 1 to flatter. 1 1 1137, 1 1 1 1cr1m1m
m
m
m
m
Most v erbs en ding in s 1 a1 1 an d 0 1 a1 1 u n dergo thefo llowing con traction
1 0pr0 111 1 to trade . 1 1 0pr§rro , 1 11 1 0pryem1rope1 11 1 to be affl i cted . 1 ropr
’
oro , 1 1 ropioeum
V erbs in epe1 1 are likewise liable to con tractio nrepér1 to rub . a rpy, 1 1 rpeun.
mepérb to die . 1 Mpy, 1 11 mpem1
Formation of the past .
The form o f the pas t is properly an an cien t participle past with an active sign ification . H (ec1 1)1 10 611 1
I (am he that has)lo ved , 1 (ecm1)1 10 611 a I (amshe that has)lov ed . T he distin ctio n o f the three gen dersbecomes thus eviden t .
Tho se v erbs which in the formation o f th e pastdepart from the gen eral ru le will be ranged among theirregu lar on es (29 . and 30 . lesson).
A few regu lar v erbs in epe1 1 and ny1 1 un dergohowev er a con traction in the mascu lin e singu lar :
ymepé1 1 to die . m . imep1 , f. ymepna’
t,n . yiaep1 6.
c6x1 y1 1 to dry. cox'
1,
c6x1 a , c6xao .
6y1 1y1 1 to sprin g . 6yx1 ,1161 571 1 to p eri sh . 1 1 61
,r16ira, r161 0 .v
v
v
Formation of the future.
In s tead o f 6Y1y, 6Y1em1 the presen t o f e1a11 ,
to become , is sometimes employed to express the fu ture .
This is gen erally the case,when the Russian fu ture
correspon ds to the E nglish to be going :
100 L E SSON 27.
M1 610 111 1 21 111 6pa1 1 3a
1 1 1 ée1 01 1 31 1 1 010 ?
‘11 0 1 1 111m m 001611 1 1 1
11 1 61 1 ?
READING EXERCISE .
11 1 1 1 1 0 II e T ep Gypr a .
Mémjry 31 1 1 1 1 1 H e1 1 fl t I'
lT'
I) 1 1501 01 1 1 0 0 01p0161 1 .
0 1 1 61 1 1 1 01p1 1 1 1 1001 1 11 1 1y01 1p1 1 1 01 1 1 1 p1
01 0é1 1 131 1 11 01 1 0 1 épx1 001 1 H ept iuco 3a1 omniJm cb 1 0
11610 ,H aromiemmo 1 11p0 1 1 01 Mopfl . T 0 111. 1 1 11 0 1
ny01 1 1 1 01 1 101 1 001 1 1 01p1a 11 01 p1 6a1 11 x1
1 1 1 1 : a H eIIOJLaJIeRY na 6eperyH e1 1 1 axom’
ma01 IIIBéJInaa 1 pi51 001 1 H ie1ma1 11 . ll é1p1 1 11 1 0 1 31 111 eé 1
1 01 111 31 111 1 BaJIO HtPlJI'B 06601 1 e1 1yro Rp'lsnocmy na
0111 61 1 1 31 0 01p0 1 61 1 H éBCRaI‘O Ye1 1a B 1 1 11
61 1 1 1 0 0.1p6e1 a uép1 0 1 1 1 0 111 1 1 1 601 01 0 1 1 1111 111 1
Dia na,0 1 1 e16 camaa Rpi mocma 1 a31a1 a He1ponaB J10 1
01 0 10 . 1131 61 131 1 1 10 ) c 01 1 x1 0611a01 éii 1 1 31 a1 0 01011.
1 1 61 0 1 1 61 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 11 1 11 11 1 1 0 1 1 ; 1 1 1 1 01 0 11a 00 1
1211 1 ; II’
é1p1 0a1 1 paCHOpfl fi tftJICH pa661 a1 1 1 31 1 1 1 1y11
1 1 irep61 1 1 1 0 1 1 1161 1 1 15 00 01 01 1 1111 1 1 1 31 anyx'
b 1 61
1 1 1 1 (0 1 1 coxpa1 1e1 0a 1 enép1 11011 1 a1 e1 1 1 n1 1 21 1100 1 1
1 1 a31 1ae1 01 H erpa B 01 6p'l3 1 01
pYP’b 10 1 1 11 1 1 0 31 11 1 111 1 1 ropoirb , H emepo
’
gjpzb , nyira
1 0 1 61 1 llapr, nepefl éc'
b 01 0 10 01 01 11 37. B 1 1 0 rate BpéMH
0 1 1 0 01 0 1 11 1 na p1 1 1 CB i’
ipn B eptbb 111 1 1 00111311 1 cy161 1 ; 01 0101a 1 51 0 1 1 1 1 1. 63ep0 1 1 1 H 1 1 010 0 1 1 01 37
0151 11 01 1 1 (1111 0111 3a3111 1 . T a111 1 66p130 1 1 II'
éTp1
1 211 911 1 rpom'
irb [111151101 1 1 H a Mopia.
H 1 3J10 31 11 1 A 1 1y01 a II , Rapms XII 1 0p6J11 IIIBéJL01 11 ,
1 0 311 11 1 a 1 61 1 01 1 npe01 6J11 CT aHMCJIéBa .llemfiH01 am , 1 01 61 a o6pa1 1
’
mca np61 1 1 1 Il eTpa; 1 0 61 1 0 yate1 63111 0 . (3110 1 1 01a3a1 1 1 1 Il e1p61 1 1 601 1 Hapncxaro 1 0
paméa ia ,1 01 61 1 1 1 1 01 1 a 1111 1 : « 111161 1 ,
10 1 0m 0 1 1 ,
1 61 e1 1 61 1 1 , 1 061 1011 1 ac1 1 emé 1 e paa1 l 1 0 y 1 1x1
me H ayqnmca 1 1 1 0611 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 0am’
1x1 .»
jLa ,0 1 1 ero 1 1 610 3a1 1 1 fi
e1 01, 1 0 He 0161 1 1 0
,
01 61 11 0 61 0 1 1 1 0111 1 .
M1 y1 11 1 01 1 1 0161 1 1 1
1 1pa1 1 ; 1 1 He 1 1 1 511 1,
1 1 0 v 1 a01 116561
1 0 1pé1 e1 1 .
FO RMAT IO N o r 1 1 1 IMPE RAT I V E , 1 1 1 1 a AND PART IC IPLE S . 101
TWENTY E IGHTH LESSON .
FORMATION OF T H E IMP E RATI V E , G E RUNDSAND P ARTIC IP LE S .
(Pas s ive and imperso n a l verbs .)
Formation of the imperative .This mo od has on ly the second person o f bo th
n umbers . Their termination s,when accen ted
,are
1,n1 e ; when un accen ted th ey are ii
,t he if preceded
by a v owel, 1,m e if preceded by a con son an t .
T he wan tin g third perso n o f bo th n umbers mayb e expressed by m ean s o f 1y01 1 (let)fo llowed by the
presen t . T he fi rst perso n of the plural is supp lied bythe in dicativ e presen t .
We hav e thu s a Ru ssian imperative j ust as com
plete as in E nglish :1 0 1 0p1 , 1 1p1 . s peak , kn o ck , be l ieve (tho u)!nycrb 0 1 1 ro aop11 1 , etc . le t h im speak, e tc.
1 0 10p1 1 1 , 01y1 11 1 , 11p1 1 1 . let u s speak , kn o ck , bel ieve .
roaopnre , 01y1 1 1 e , 1 1p1 1 e . sp eak, k no ck , be l ieve (yo u)!won . 0 1 1
'
10 1 0p11 1 , e tc. let them speak , etc.
S ometimes 1 c is added to the first person plural,
an d the particle 1a is employed before the third persono f bo th n umbers
,to express th e imperative :
0 1y1 11 1 e . le t u s kno ck .
11a let h im kn o ck .
1a cryqa'
r1 . le t them kn o ck .
T he infin itive is a lso sometimes employed in steado f the imperativ e
,bo th po sitiv e and n egative :
cry-1511 1 ! kn o ck !
10 1 0p11 1 ! speak !H e 11p1 1 1 ! do n o t be l ieve !
Formation of gerunds .
In Ru ssian,there is a gerund present an d a gerun d
pas t . T he termin ation o f the former is a,1 o r y1 1 , 10 1 1
preceded by the v owel which o ccu rs before the inflectiono f the third person plural o f the presen t of the same v erb1 1 1 11 , unraro q n . in read in g .
mama, nrimylm . in wri ting.T he termination s of th e gerund past are 1 1 o r 1 11 1 :
1 1 1 5111,1 1 1 511 111 . having read .
1 1 02111,1 1 011 1 1 . having wri tten .
102 Le ss o n 28.
It must be observ ed that the termination s a,a and
B'
B are gen erally preferred in wri ting, whils t in co llo
qu ie l language ytm , roan an d s u m are m o st gen erallyin u se .
It n eed n o t be added that gerun ds are in variable,
whereas participles are declin ed like adjectiv es .
Formation of participles .
The active participle present ends in mm (masmee)preceded by the sam e vowel which o ccurs beforeth e termination T I) o f the third person plural in th epresen t of the same v erb °
a aiomiii , -uiaa, aris e . (he , she , i t)that is read ing .
mimymir'
i,
-m,aa , -uiee . (he , sh e , i t)that is writing .
The active participle pas t en ds in 13mm (smaa ,
Bmee):aurasmm ,
- smaa,smee. (he , sh e
,it)tha t has read .
uncasmifi,
-Bmaa,
-Bmee . (he , sh e,i t)tha t has wri tten .
The passive part iciple present en ds in MH fi‘
or
M’
b preceded by the same v owel o ccurring in the firstperson plural o f the presen t . T he former is the fu ll,the latter is the apo copated term in ation :
q n i‘aen nfi o r aaraemy. that is be ing read .
xsamnu i’
i o r xsaai'
ms . tha t is be in g pra i sed .
T he apocopated form o f the passiv e participle presen t is sometim es combin ed with the v erb OH T L (expressed or u n derstood)to form the passive conjuga tion :H xeam
’
ms . I am prais ed .
T u xsannns,e tc. tho u art pra is ed
,e tc.
In th e presen t this mode of form ing the passivev o ice , is n ow rather obsolete . It is u sual to con v ertthe passiv e in to an active form :
mes a xsanars . They p ra ise me .
re6a xnaaart , e tc. They pra ise thee,e tc.
The pass ive participle past ends in H abi ii or H'B
preceded by the same v owe l which o ccurs before theterm ination of the infin itive :
nncaa s ufi , inseam. wri tten .
ti r'
i'
ramm ii,s arau'
b read .
S ome v erbs,fo r the mo s t part irregu lar (29 . and
30 . lesson)have in their pass ive participle past the ter
104 L E S S O N 28.
people that hav e in cessan tly wished (to themselv es)something n ew
,were u nhappy .
CONVERSATION.
Ri m. o6nraema aaaa Ba B a. Heii T enéps acus érr. moamero mini . cecrpa.
Cicaaci'
rre 111113, noacéayiicra, Om. noctmaers T6J11.1co 116
1cor6 uocismaerf
f. B aum. 6pnxr. amen, moron)?
apyr'b ? q ro cm. 33cm
Bnuy,R O T OPaH macfir'
s :
Cicaaci’
i n ab er. R’lSM'
b m3H aHOM’
B,11 a Te6is cicaacy,
E T O Tm.
8a1cp1.’
rr1.1 an Tarmac 6icH a ? H is'rr. 011171 enie oricpnm ,
XO T Jl a B GJI'
B JI’
B rm . 3a
s purs .
‘lro niaaaan Maas q nan 116 Maasq ns n 1160111. 06131121cais o6s
‘
11a ? raan no nonans .
Rarc6s '
1. 61m . raaB H isnmn i IIepB O H aqaaLHmfi n raas nt fi
H créq nmc'r. o6oramés ia miii nc'r6q 11111cr. o6ora
Pfina? méa ia Pama B ofis a,
JLO CT aB JIHB lIIafl orpémm a
rconrpn6yuin or. same
B anamxr. crpaum.
H oq emynupr1’
13m6oa'
rca Kaa Rnpri’
csm6oarca aaanmicos s ,
mas ons ? B t ps eicas icams ,q ro icaa
Mmicn 13min . q eaos isq e
crcoe mice .
RE ADING EXERCISE .
'
IIooffnra npn IIoa'
raB ii .
17131. H OJIBIIIH Rapa'r. renames D’
L Maa0p6cci10 . Maséna
,ré'r1s1am. xr
’
rrpmii q ecromo61’
1
crapfinr. 11 ymiajrr. sacnyacn'rr. ao shpie Derpa; a Mémny
T ism. cs oci’
mca c'
r. er6 Bparamn n xorissrr. 0mm. s epori’
crs
Ma.11op6cci10 n6J11.crcoe nomas crs o . Tmém o H isao 'mpme
Jioaoci’
um uapio,t1T o rem ain . Banmmaam. nsn iasy. H e
3a11611ro 110 H amécrs ia liapaa cat aam. n6s u i’
1 110 11601.
0 111113111. 1131. maaopoccii’
ccnnx'r. crapmans ,
Itoqy6éem. ; H O
Il‘
erpi. He nos tpnaf
f. Koay6éro 11 er6 rosapmuv n0 111c6s
army Iflcspis, n B IJIJLaJl'I. 066mm. rérmany; a T O T
’
b B en in.
mm. orpy6ar1. r6J10 131.1. Bapyrr. M. B eJn’
ncomy csoenyr
yan
B JIéH lIO naps ysna‘
ers,q ro Masena coeanm
’
mca cs. Hap
IRR EGULAR v s a s s . 105
3101121. 11 npnsn saerr. 111. noscras ho BCK)Maaop6cciio . H erpr.
cei’
macr. B eams 3 1.16p apyr6ro rém as a ,a Masény, 11am.
nsnt nnnaa, npeirarr. nep1c613110111y nporcaarno . Ma11op6cciaocraaac1. B iipH O io nap io. Rapm. ocam
’
un . Hoarasy; no
0101151 annaca c'
1. cs oéfi apn iefi , yace Banaaeas ofi B'
B
110x611ax1. 11 6fiT B ax'
b,11 11am. ms éaam . pismi
’
ireabnoe cpa
scenic (27 1161111 1709 om. 0 11151311.
B6i’
1c1cy,111113 yKéSLIBaJIT. coagia
'
ram. H a T O,qro
npmu'
em. q acr. ptmnrs cy111.6y oréq ecrs a . « A o Herpic,ros opfmocs 131. B iaaafire q ro eny a mas s B e 110
pora, aci’
ma T OJIBHO P occia B 0 11 611arociés crs i11.»
E spm. XII 116115 10 nonn’lsxam. m. py
'
ccnony aarepio ,
q r661.1 ocnorp’srs er6. JIopor610 om. Bcrpiarmn . niscnoas
no 1ca3a1c6 81. , 1cor6p1.1e 0110 1c6i‘
1110 cnaiajm B Op P’
b orsa;1c0p6111. 11 nos aai
’
m'
f. oas or6 1131.
1mm ; ocraab ame nasarc1’
1 B cs oq i’
nm n ors iam an pyacén
HH MH Bucrp’lsaann ; Itae f. 1101151
116111. pany B’
b fi6ry.
(It'
onéut 6y'
demz.)
TWENTY N INTH LESSON .
IRRE GULAR V E RB SWITH A RE GULAR INFINITI V E TE RMINAT ION.
The so called irregular v erbs are in Russian lessn umerou s
,and easier to be learn t than in many modern
lan guages . They amou n t to 65 in all,an d their an o
malies are gen erally restricted to the presen t , imperativeand passiv e participle past .
T o facilitate their s tudy they are exhib ited hereaccording to an alogy an dgraduated difficu lty ,
and agen eralalphabetical list o f them is appen ded to the 30th lesso n .
They have also been d ivided in to two groups accordingto their regular or irregu lar infin itiv e term in ation .
The seven fo l low ing u n dergo v ow el chan ge in
the presen t an d imperative . Tho se o f them,which are
u sed in the participle pas t , form it in T n ii (in s tead of
Their past being regu larly fo rm ed , it will n o t
be giv en :1. 6p11
'
r1. to shave 11 6111116 , w 6pice1111. 6pe i’
1 6pr’
11u i’
1.
2. 111m . to s ing a 110 16, T H noeun. 116 i’
1 nicrbi ic.
3. B bIT b to how l a 13616,
ru n6em1. Bo ii wa n ting .
106 L s ssox 29 .
4 . R pm'
r l. to co ver a npéio , icp6eu11. 1cp0 i’c Kpbl'
l‘
blfi.
5 . 11mm . to wash a 31610 , W 116e1111. mo ii mim ic.
6 . to ache a 11610,
T hi 116e1111. 110 1? wan ting.
7. pm“ . to d ig 3 p610 , T H péemt po ii pbirm‘
c.
T he fi ve fo llowing u n dergo bo th v owel and co n
son an ta l m odificatio n s in the presen t an d imperativ e .
Their past ten se an d participle past are regu lar, bu t thelatter is also given to prev en t the learn er from beingmislead by false an alogy8 . (31am )to build (11 T n sriacgemb . 31mm 3116111151131.
9 . Ju an . to te l l l ies a .i ry, T hl amen”. J I‘
H (M as erati).10. Ch art. to s en d 11 1111110 , rm 1111101111. 111m crans u i
‘
i .
11. c'rJI aT I. to spread a creaio, T H créaems . crean craas s n ii .
12. “ can . to weave a ray, r1.1 T icémb . T HE rnas s n ii .
T he four fo l lowin g un dergo vowel in sertion in the
presen t and imperativ e :13. 6pars to take a 6epy, m 6epém1. 6epr
’
i 6pas nnfi .
14 . I‘
H a'l‘b to drive a T n roneun. (rsaunn fi).
15 . apart. to tear a nepy, T H nepémb repa npas s n i’
c.
16 . 3B a'r 1. to cal l a cosy, T n 30 1361111. suaas u i’
c.
The six following in sert a con son an t in the presen tand imperativ e :17. min }. to live a acn sy, T H JRH B é lU b amen (mam a).18 . 11: 11am. to swim a nan ny, T H 1111111301111. wan ting.
19. to b e reputed a canny, rm 0 1111 1301111. 01151311 wan ting.
20. man . to pres s a may, rm acmémb 1111111 K arma.
21. man . to reap a acny, a men“ . 1mm mam a.
22. 11t to put away a T u nisnemr. 1111111. nicrufi .
The four fo llowing exhibit several irregu larities intheir presen t :23. xo '
ric'rr. to de s ire (w i l l): a xo ay, ru x6aems,cm. xoq er'b ,
XO T I'
IM'
B, xornre
,xorars .
24 . 61313 5111 . to ru n : a N J 613211111115,0 111. fitmnrs
,M b! 6133 13111
5
Mis fire, 0 11151 61min .
25. aa'rb to give : a 11a11
'
5'
2, T H rams , 0 111. nacrs , Jiaiu
'
nc'
s,3 11 11a
Jwre,
26 . T he verb t xa'r l. to dri ve , to ride
,to trave l
,to go , is qui te
irregular and de fective . Its wan ting ten s es are supp l ied bysome circum lo cution s .
Pre sen t : a isny, m Mews , 0 111.Men , Men'
s , Mere,
isnyrs .
Pas t : a Mas s,e tc.
Future : a (nofi ay, T H etc .
Imperative : o r
1 This presen t has a future s i gn ificatio n .
.
2 Thi s pre s en t has a future s ign ifica tion . T he pres en t o f
to gi ve is rendered by a na il), T H naémb , e tc. from nasars .
108 L essox 30.
H a Kanéfi plan’s Jiemfi'r'
b llpésziem, Jiemfxm 1i a pizals
JIpéagieH'
b ? 8115613.
YB P'
IJRy 1111 a B ac’
h eme 110 H aB lspHo He mory’ 13am ,
Bamero 01 3 133151? 061311151“ éroro .
READING EXE RCISE .
110 611113 npu IIO JIT fiB ’h .
(Houéub)
lloéromy B O BpéMH nomaacaofi 61111311 H0p0JIb B e moreC’lBCT B H a R OM 11 HpH H flT L 131, H efi 111111110 9. yqac
'rie ; er6
1103111111 131) 110 111101115 110 paxam'f, B éi
‘
icma. B ofi l1p11 11011
TaB is 611 111) éq B ynépenf
b . H éTp’
B,131) IIp0CT OM
'
B caism oseJI
’
eH OM'L mymu
’
ipfls
,i1a 11 113110 1111) 1501113 B eaziis pacn0pf1
111511 011 111111110 H eflpitlT eJIbCIfl /IM'L orH eM'
b . E re TpeyI‘0JIBHaH mw ina npocrp
’fmefla Hy'
JIeIO .
'
H anonéu'
b
1111363111 61511111 caém enm 11 06pa'r1
’
11111c1) 131) 6’BI‘CT B O . 116
61'
1T 13m naps 110313511 1) 141) caoeMy,CT O JIY HJI
’EH HH X'
B
IllB é-JLCRHX'I) reH epaJIO B
'b 11 B O BpéMH o6'lalia HpO B O BI
‘
JIaCfiJI'B
T O CT’B 3a IIIB élLO B
’
B 11am 3a caofnx'r, yq i
’
irefl efi B'
B B O éH H OM'
L
ncnyccra'h . Rae b C
'I) H emnérnmn 11101151111 yéiamama B
’
I)
T y‘
puiio 11 B ea apmia er6 noxomma opyme .
H oncréacnom 11061111010 MO I‘YIIIGCT B O HIB énin 6151110
yanqrémefl o , 11 py’
ccaie npoaoxmam‘
cnofi 3aB oeBaaia Ha
6eperax1> B am i’
i’
icaaro Mepa . H 0 Kapay 31112111601) 130 363
7
Typénaaro cyM aaa 111) C'
b Pocciefi ; [IéTp'
b
110 1116111, 11a T YPéR'
B ; rocnoiiapn npaB ocnaBH O fi Momae ia11 B aflaxin 0615111511111 B O BCTaT b npérmm Typéuaaro lira 11
coeiinm'
rrb B oficaa C’b c cxnmu . R I, uaxémnl
‘
, H a
éry 1161101111) Il’
e'rpn B c'rynfum B
'
B MO JIJLéB iIO 01) 40000
1361101111. H o my new npncoeimmfmca 1 6115 110 MO Juiaacaifi
rocnonapb Ram emflpr C'
B (311112111111 ; a
B aJIfLXCKifimonograph B pamtonezi irb , ycamxam) o npnfijmménin
60115 1116r0 Typéimaro B éfiCKa , He pismi’
mea 110mm“ B oacraaie .
THIRTIETH LESSON.
IRREGU LAR V ERB S WIT H AN IRREGU LARINFINIT I V E TERMINATION.
Mos t verb s hav ing the infin i t iv e term ina t ion 111) are
liable to con son an tal change in the presen t , imperat iv eand part ic iple pas t .
IRR EG ULAR V ER BS . 109
A ll of them are con tracted in the pas t ; and themascu lin e form of th is ten se does n o t ev en take thecharac teris tic inflec tion .H
'
b .
27 .
28.
29 .
30 .
31.
33.
34.
35 .
36 .
37 .
38.
39 .
40.
They are fourteen in n umber :6epé'm to preserve . Pres . a Gepery
'
,TH 6epemem1> 0 11151
6epery“ . Past 11 Gepers , -r.i a,-r.i c. Imp. 6eper1’1. Part . 66
peméaau fi.
MO ‘IB to be ab le (can , may). Pres . 11 story,rm Momemb
0 H1'
1 moryrs . Past 11 mo rn . “ a,-r.io. Imp. morn (rare ly u sed).
The partic iple i s wanting.aanpsi tm to pu t (the horses) to . a sanpfl rj, T b! zia llpa
s emi. our’
r sa ilpary'
r'
b . Past 11 aanpen ,“ a
,-r.10. Imp.
3a11p1'1r1'1. Part . aaupaai eauu ii .
c'repé lm to guard . Pres . a crepery, m crepeai eun.
crepery’
vrt . Past 11 creper'
b,
-r.ia,-r.i o. Imp. crepcrr
'
r. Part .crepemé imu i
’
l .
c'rpn 'u . to shear . Pres . a crpa ry, m crpnmems om
’
r
crpnrg’
rr'
b . Past 11 crpnr'
b,
-r.i a ,-r.10 . Imp. crpm fi . Part. C'rpu
meus u fi.
n ew , to l ie . P ut . a nary, TH mimems .1 1iryr1). Past11 new
,“ a
,-r110 . Imp. J ars . The part. i s wanting .
m et" , to d raw . Pres . a B JleBS’, rm Bneq emb . om’
i strewn .
Past 11 “ a,
Imp. mean. Part . B JIQ‘Ié lH IH fi.
130mm, to train . Pres . a 130 .10 1ty'
,rm B oné q emb om
’
a 130110
BYT E) . Past 11 30mm ,m a
,° Rll0 . Imp . 130 .10 1i r
'
1. Part .venau fi .
new . to bake . Pres . a new, TH neq ems 0 1mPast a men'
s,q u a ,
-E J O . Imp. H enri . Part . H P ‘IQH H H R.
u éq w a or n emficn to be anx ious . Pres . a neay’
cs , ru ne
aémrca nexyrca . Past 11 neuca,-1uracr.
,-K.JIO Cb . Imp.
lleRfiCb . The part . i s wanting .
011111, to whip , to hew . Pres . 11 chaff , rm ci nema . om'
i cis
uy “ . Past a clas s,a nd
,Imp. cisar
’
r. Part. clsq es uu i’
l .
T en] , to flow . Pres . 11 Terry, rm re q éms res in . Past11 rem ,
- 1u a ,-K110 . Imp. rem. Part . wanting .
1 0 210115 to pound . Pres . a T o n y, T b! ronqeum 0 3 11 T 0 1
syn ) . Past 11 roaos s , q u a,
Imp. roam. Part . T oa q emm i‘
i .
me t“ . to burn . Pres . a wry, m museum 0 11151 mrym . Past11 men
,-rna
,-r.i o . Imp. am t . Part . mmeuuu fi.
The fou r follow ing en d ing in are or am are con
jugated as follows :41.
42.
B een , or B ean i to lead,to dri ve . Pres . a seay , m s eaeun .
0 11121 Bessy“ . Past 11 seat,
-3116. Imp. Beau. Part . B eaé s au fi .
mu m}. to gnaw . Pres . a rpusy, ru rpuaemb ca i’r rpu
ay’
r’
s . Past 11 rpu ss ,-s.aa
,Imp. rpu31
'
1. Part . rphiaeuuu ii .
43.
44 .
L assox 30 .
1111311 , to cl imb . Pres . a s t ay,m 111mm. 0 1111 111mm .
Past. 11 1 133's , -3.1a,
-3.rlo . Imp. 111335 . Part wanting .
110 3 3111 to creep . Pres . a 110 .113y, rmnonaems 0 11121
Past 11 "0 113'
s,
-31a, Imp. Part . wanting.
E igh teen verbs en d ing in CT L or cm exhibi t thefollow ing an omalies :45 .
46.
47.
48.
49 .
50.
51.
B ec or B eCT lI to lead , to guide . Pres . a rs B eaems
0 11151 Beni n . Past 11 0 13,
Imp. s emi . Part . Benennufi .
61110 0111 to observe , to keep . Pres . a m 6.1mném1.0 1111 Past 11 61110 113
,em
,Imp. 6111011151. Part .
neunmfi .
Gpec'rb o r Gpecn '
l to ramble , to trai n Pres . a 6pe11y, m6pe11é 1111. 6pe1yrs . Past 11 m
,Imp. 6pe111
'
1.
The part. i s wanting .
151121c to l ay . Pres . a 111 m anemb , m any“ . Pasta m ans , ‘ JIR
,Imp . m am. Part . manens ufi .
npa c'rb to sp i n . Pres . a npany, T u npanéms upam‘n .
Past 11 npan'
s,
-.1 a, Imp. npann. Part . npfuieuum
‘
i .
11:1c to fal l . P u t . a nary , TH nanems 0 1111 h airy“ . Past41 ll aJl
'
B,
-.1a
,Imp. 113111. Part. wanting .
u lcers or rn ec'rr
’
i to press . Pres . a f aery,m ruerems
The past i s not i n use. Imp. ruer1'1. Part . me
T emmi’
i .
. Mec'r li to sweep . Pres . 3 110151
, m merenu. meryrs .
Pa st 11 110115 ,~jia
,-110. Imp . merit . Part . Meré asm‘
i .
n JIec'I‘b or Im ec'r l
'
l to p lai t,to chatter . Pres . a mieTS', TH Ime
réms 0 11151 nreryrs . Past 11 -110 . Imp . m erit .Part . nnerés nn ii .
111111c or un'iso'
n’
i to b loom,to flower . Pres . a 1 11
naisrémb iwisryr'b . Past a v ia
,Imp. 1111131 11.
Part . nat reaau i’i .‘ICCT B to repute
,to think . Pres . a ary, 1 11 q remb
Pas t a s eam,m a
,li .1o . Imp .
111 11 . Part . s réunufi .
1119 011 , or rpe c'r l'l (rpe6cr1’1)to row . Pres . fl rpe6y, 1 11 rpe
6em1> rpe63‘rs . Past 11 rp'
e6s , ma, 43110. Imp. rpeon.
Part . 1‘
pe6e11nu iz’
1.
cnpec'rb or Ce CT lI to scrape . Pres . a w cxpeoeun.
capefiy”. Past 3 cnpcfis ,-61 a
,
-6110 . Imp . cape61'1.Part . capefiéunu i
’
i .
11118 011 . to curse . Pres . a m any , 1 11 m anemr. 0 1111m any”.Past 51 KMlll ’L
,-.i a
,-JlO . Imp. 1111111111. Part . mam fi .
H ee'mi to carry . Pres . 11 B eef, m aecems Hecyrs .
Pa st 11 s ecs,
-cna, £ 110 . Imp. H BCEI. Part . necenun i’
i .
n ac'n
'
l to pasture . Pres . 3 m et, m nacems 0 11151 11210331 1 “
Past 11 11am),
-c.1 a,
-eno . Imp. nacfi . Part. nacefl s u i’
i .
112 L ESSON 30 .
sheep Dids t thou sweepmy room? Iw ill sweepit immed ia tely (perf. Where does t thou go ? I
go home . Where does t thou bring these books? Wheredoes t thou driv e thy horse ? In the s treets they driv ean elephan t for show . T he shepherd feeds (pas tures)the herd on the pas turage before the town . In thetown s they often sweep the s treets . To morrow I shallgo sporting wi th mv frien d . G ive your frien d a sheetof wri ting paper.
READING EXERCIS E .
(3011017101 3 0 Il eTpa B emiuaro .
H e1p1. B eJmRm 611111) mes a“ . 113a pa3a . IIép3y10
03 0 10 cya Py, E 3110 111’
10 .lIynoxnny, 0 111 311111 10 1101 3 31.
11011a01 11p3 ,11 3 11001131101 3 i11 3 01y111
’
111'
3 3 1. opa3 1. 01. upe
Rpacno ii naisnnuneii E RaT epfiHmo . Pa30111’
13313a10 1'3,
111 0
E 11a1 ep1’
111a p01 1’
131a03 3 1, 6311110 111. 1 111 03 0110 111. 0eméi’
101 311
C11a3p01103 11x'
3 11 3 11331301 1103 npéatzre Map1 010 . B 1. 11111
031. 03 00111. 0 1151 110 01y111'
111a 3 1. 110 111. 1110 1 epa11011aro 115101 0pa ,
111 10111 3 1. 1111103 03 0 111. répoids Mapieu63’
1pr’h . B o 3pé1111
3 031131 DeTpa 01. 1113 631 111111, Mapies oyi
pm) 631111. 0 0a131€3 1
pyccs umn . I‘
J110 R1 00 3 013111. 0e1xéii01 30 111. 030 13111. 11 01»
Map1 0 10 3 111111e111. 1133 10p011a 11 011011011 3 1 111115111. (beamMapmaay IIIepeMéT eBy. H
'
e1p1. 0.1yqaiz’
i110 y3 1’
1111311'
3 1101 0
11Y10 11113113 3 1151 0 1 111111113my10 0a Rpa0010fi 11 1111133211111. 1121
paRT epom'
n . Hap3 1101 10 611111. ee 11 3 01y111’
1111. 01. 11010 3 1.
6111 1 1 . E RaT epfiHa 3 11211131121 3a11111101 e113113111'3 y11’l1113e113
5710 1311511 3 rocyaap10 , a 0 111. 10 110 111151 111031111 coxpam
’
wn .
R1. 11e'
1’
1 H euaufiauym 11p113113a1111001 3 .
031111. 9 10 0 11. uépBaro opaRa , napéRq b AJIeRcfifi H e
1110 611111. 110 3 0 33 e1ré11i1‘
2’
1 lIeTpa, 11 Roma 010111. norp0 31’
1111.
11001p1¢m3 er0 3 1. 110 111'
1x11, nape
’
3w11. 3761311111111. 3a rpa111
’
111y.
IIo 3 0 33pamé11i11 3 1. P0 001’
10 0 111, 611111. 0 03113110111. 11a 11113113,
110 YMGp'
I) 3 1. 1 e11111’
1nls, 0 0103 1133 0e61’
1 110110 3 33 1110
031113. HeTpa A 1 e3 03e3 11 11a . O 11. 3 1 0p01’
1 030013 03111113
31 11,
E 11a1 ep1’
11131, HéTp'
B B em’
mifi 111131 1. 11331111. iroq epéfi : Anny11 E JmaaBéTy.
IRR EG U LA R V ER BS . 113
ALPHABETICAL LIST
B epéq 3 27}
61mcrn 46.
6pa1 3 13 .
6pe013 4
6p3 1 3 1.
otmar3 24 .
131 3 22.
ma1 3 20 .
ma1 3 21.
meq 3
$ 3 1 3 17.
aanpaq 3 29 .
33a1 3 16 .
saa1 3 8.
3 1 13 63.
31 a013 48.
3 1 8 01 3 58.
Rpur3 4 .
1 e1 3 32.
1 1a1 3 9 .
1 331 3 43.
moorn 52.
1 Th e figure i nd i cates the number of each verb i n the lessons29 and 30.
E lemen tary Ru ss ian G rammar.
OF IRREGULAR V ERBS .
M0 q 3 28. c1 a1 3 10.
murn 5 . c1 u1 3 19 .
H ee1 fi 59 . CT epéq 3 30.
nu1 3 6 . c1 1 a1 3 11.
nac1 fi 60 . 01pn q 3 31.
na01 3 50. 031 3 37 .
ne q 3 35 . 1 9 1 3 38 .
né q 3ca 36. 1 aa1 3 12.
n1 e01n 53. 1 0 1 61 3 39 .
n1 u 1 3 18 . 1 p1 c1 fi 61.
1 0 1 311 44 . x0 111 3 23.
np1 01 3 49 . nai cTA 54 .
1 31 3 2. q ec1 3 55 .
pac1 fi 62. yma6fi1 3 65 .
pu 1 3 7 . 301 3 64 .
CEpeCT fi 57 . 3xa1 3 26 .
114
APPENDIX.
I.
-A S ELECT ION or U S EFUL WORDS .
1 . 0 3 001 63 1103 . The U n iverse .
5 0 13 G od. 0331 3 , Mip3 the world .
T 30péu3 the Creator . 30131 3 the earth .
00313130 , raap3 creature . 061mm the sun .
11660 heaven . 1yua, 3 301 33 the moon .
.3 e60 031 63 3 the sky . nnas ém the p l anets .3 13 he l l . 3333131 the stars .pail parad i se . 30 01 63 3 East.q 3 01313me purgatory . West .3 3 1 91 3 angel . 10 13 S outh .
1 31301 3 ,l10p1 3 the devi l . c3sep3 North .
2. O Bpémelm . Time .
B iatmocrr. etern ity .txa03 an hour .
3333,01 0131 ie a century. 110 1 a half an hour .
1013 a year . mnay’ra a m i nute .
33 00 3 603 3 3 1013 a leap -year . 0er61 3 1 to-day .
31301 113 a month . q pé. yesterday .
3 0131 1 a week . sasrpa to-morrow .
new a day . 1pér3aro 1 3 1 , uoaas q epa the day,npa313 3 33 a hol iday . before yesterday .
3 0 3 3 a night . 36013 saarpa the day after toyirpo the m orning. m orrow .
3éq ep3 the evening . 01313130133near. the fo l low i ngday .
1161103 3 noon . Haqa1 o the beginning .
3 0 3 én3 the en d .
3 . O crflxiax3'
3 up.
0 163 3 fire .
3015. water .30131 51 earth .
s6s1yx'3 air .
0 331 3 l ight .T emnora darkness .rennora, 33 03 heat .3161 013 , cry
'
fma cold .
331 ep3 the wind .
661 as o,15138. a cloud .
1 51 133 3 fog .
1 03 1 3 rain .
rpan3 hai l .
The E lemen ts etc .
03313 snow .
mop633 frost .1 6513 i ce .
nor6na the weather.6)‘p1 , rposa a storm .
yparé s 3 a hurricane .
1pom3 thunder .1361 331 l ightning.
9 1 e31 p3 t1e01 30 e lectricity .
Mars err'
rm magnetism .
paAyra the rainbow .
3371 333 3 a volcano .
sem erpacés ie an earthquake .
116 U SEFUL worms .
16113 3 3p.
1130p3 the door .111 10 3 3 the key .
3 01 0 3 61 33 3 33 the bel l .0 3 3 6 the window .
36313 a1 a the room .
nyxna the ki tchen .
nepé13 3 3 the antechambe r .31 a1osaa the store -room .
01 01 63213 the d ining-room .
cna1 3 3 (a)1 the sleep ing-room .
10 0133 a3 the drawing-room .
110 363 the chamber .01 333. the wal l .3am
’
13 3 the chimney .
7 . 0 110601 3 113 3 up. Furn i ture etc .
01 01 3 the table .
e1y1 3 the chair .sépuairo the m i rror .3 013613 the chest of drawers .mas 1a1 '
3 the cand lestick .
1 613 33. the spoon .
331 3 3 the fork .
3 0 1113 the kni fe .
3ap133a the p i cture .
3 0 01 01 3 the bed .
3p0 3a1 3 the bedstead .
Marpa113 , 1 10 135133 the mattress .3 01Ym3a the p i l low .
8. O 3 01 0 3 33 003 03 3 11613 .
t101 0 333 3 a man (L a t. homo).1 1613 men , peop le .
mym333a a man (L a t. v ir).mésma na a woman .
crap333 an old man .
crapyxa an old woman .
13 151 a child .
13 111 3 3 3 3 3 a boy .
9 . 0 3 1101 3113
I‘
ono sz'
t the head .
1 3 116 the face .
mania the eyes .6p633 the eyebrows .p30331131 the eyel id s .1 063 the forehead .
361 0 031 the hair .méi m the cheeks .
3 330 1 0 321 the p i l low-sl ip .
3 61 0 13 the curtai n .
3 0 3 363 0161 3 33‘the night -table .
01331 0 the coverlet.3 110 01 3133 the sheets .py3 0 316i
’
13 3 3 3 the washstand .
3133 1113 the cupboard .
caérepr3 the tab le-cloth .
110 1 0 103 110 the napkin .
1 apé1 3a the plate .
01 a333 3 the glass .6yr3
’
11 3a the bottle .
03 1 1301 113 the towel .
Mankin d .
1330 3 3a , 133 3 35. a girl .01 3110113 a bl i nd man .
xpomofi a lame man .
11yx6ii a d eaf m an .
3 31363 a dumb man .
3 01 3 3513 3 a giant .3ap1 3 a3 a dwarf.npenpacunfi the fair sex .
The hou se etc .
110 113 the stove .
1 scranna the s ta ircase.
the s torey.nfimaifi 3 1 511 3 the ground-floo r.
110 1 3 the floor .110 1 01 6113 the ce i l ing .
1101‘p063 the cel l ar .1101110113 the garret .1101 61033 the wel l .110 1110111111 the stable .
nsop3 the yard .
can the garden .
(bpys rosm‘
a can the orchard .
nap113 the park .
The parts of the110 03 the nose .
Yum the ears .110 313 the brain .
po1 3 the mouth .
W631 the l ips .100 1 31 the gums .3y
‘
631 the teeth .
6opo1,a the beard .
U SE FUL worm s . 117
333133 the tongue .
3 0160p610 3 3 the chin .
16p1 o the throat .11103 the neck .
111033 the shoulders .pyna the arm ,
hand .
1 63 0 1 3 the e lbow .
3 31 3 1131 the fingers .3 611 3 the nail s .3 0 13110 the knee .
3 0 111 the foot,leg .
10 . O 1 0 01 63 3 01 3 33 3 . Titles .H u nepa1 0p3 the Emperor.Hapi. the Emperor of Russia .
Hmneparpfiua the Empress .Ilapi
‘
ma the Empress of Russia.Hecapé33 33 the Ru ssian CrownPri nce .
1111013133 113 11p001 61 a the hei r tothe throne .
nu népia the empi re .
3 op61 t the king .
3 0p0 .103a the queen .
3 0p01 03c1 3 0 the kingdom .
3 3 1 33 , upanu3 the prince .
3 0131131 3 3 3 33 the grand-duke .
3 3 3 133 1,npnauécca the princess .
répiior3 the duke .
repuorr’
ma the duchess .3 ap111
’
133 the marqui s .mapmiaa the marchioness .
11 . 0 mime 3 1131 33 .
3a31pa33 break fast .0 6313 d i nner .s ail tea .
$3 3 3 3 supper .neccépr3 dessert .eyn3 soup .
11330 bear .36138. b randy .
p0133 rum .
ny3 1u3 punch .
33 36 wine .
3 016. wate r .03 1p3 cider.361110 codee .1110 3 0 1 5113 chocol ate .
0 13333 cream .
caxap'
b sugar .
rpad>3 the earl , count .rpatbr
'
i ua the countess .1130p1 111
'
13 3 the nob leman .
nana the Pope.11yx0 3é3 01 30 the clergy.3ap13 3a1 3 the card inal .0 11303 0 113 the b i shop .
033 1110113 3 3 3 the clergyman .
1110 33113 the friar.MO HftXH HH the nun .
3 3 01 0511 01 3 the prior .3 157110113 the abbot .3 13
31110 113 3 the abbess .nacrop3 the parish priest.11p01 ar3 the prelate .
narpiapx3 the patriarch .
apxuma3 1p31 3 the archimandri te .
3 0 113 the Russian priest .
miraa the heel .0 33 3 51 the hack .
rpy1 3 the breast .1 63 0 the bosom .
60 33 the side .
1 0min the l ungs .3 1 03 31 the m embers .3 601 3 the bones .a61sa the ski n .
11300 the flesh .
3p03 3 the blood .
E atables and B ev erages .3 01 3 3 3 6. bacon .
ro sanana b eef.613111111 0303 beef-steak .
111 363 bread .
13 13101 0 butter, oi l .6y1 0p6p6113 bread and butter .cup3 cheese .
Bape'
noc 1115100 boi led meat.map 36e roast-meat .6apa113 3 a mutton .
033 3 33 a pork .
1 0131 3 3 a veal .3 0 1 1 ér1ta 3 outlet .
6110p0 1£3 a ham .
3 0 1 6aca sausage .
3 13330 31300 fowl .Yrs a a duck .
118 U s nrur. woans .
1613163 pi geons .icrpnuu oysters .111 1 eggs .333 3 3 3a an omelet.p3
'
i6a fish .
301 03 3 vegetab les .aany
icra cabbage .
cnapma asparagus .rop6x3 peas .3 ap1 6tbe1 3 potatoes .ca1a1 3 salad .
12. O 33 3 3 61 3 313 3 .
Itéuma a cat .1 6ma113 a horse .
0 001 3 an ass .3 0p63a a cow .
1 01 0110 113 a cal f.3 01 3 an ox .
631113 a bul l .osua a sheep .
3 13 03 0 113 a l amb .
0 33 3 33 a p ig .
3 0p0 00110 1t3 a sucking p ig.3 0 351. a goat .3 031 0 3 0 113 a kid .
co6as a a dog .
ejaa a b i tch .
1110 11633 3 young dog .
r63 3aa co6asa a hunting dog.303 113 a hare .
0 1 0113 a stag .
cépaa a chamois .ct s eps u fi 0 10113 a rei n -deer .1 0 33 a l ion .
1 eonap13 a leopard .
1 3 1p3 a tiger .riés a a hyena.6apc3 a panther .01 0 113 an elephant.06033311a an ape .
11101133113 a b ear.
301 3 3 a wolf.1 3 03113. a fox .
631 38. a squirrel .606p3 a beaver.31311113 a mouse .apbica a rat111 3118. a b ird .
1 01 3'
13a3 1131313 a bat .9. stork .
crpayc3 an ostrich .
111113 301 3 spinage.001 310p01
°
1 celery .
oryp113'
1 cucumbe rs .xp33 3 horse-red i sh .
1 31113 ,1 331033 331 on ions .
3 003 63 3 garlik.
nerpymsa parsley .
pisna turnip .
népen3 pepper.001 3 sal t .Ya0y03 vinegar .
A n imals .3 0 1 36p3 a hummi ng b i rd .
1 0601 3 a swan .
1y03 a goose .
y'
raa a duck .
11a3133 3 a pea-cock .
nt ryx3 a cock .
Kypmra a hen .
1131111 03 0 113 3 pul let .161 5163 a p igeon , a dove .
3y3Y313a a cuckoo .
ayponarxa a part ridge .
3y1 333 a snipe .
nepeném a a quai l .1aero3 sa a swal low.
0p01 3 an eagle .
36p0 113 a raven .
03 30péii3 a starl ing.
no nyrai’
i a parrot .30p0 6éfi a sparrow.
00 1 0 300 3 nightingal e .
3a3 apéiiaa a canary b i rd .
3 19 0110 110 111. a lark .
p3’
i6a a fish .
113 1 3 a whale .
a 11y'1 a a shark .
pa1t3 a crab .
3311151 a snake .
amepaua a l izard .
3 0penaxa a tortoi se .
y1arita a snai l .1 3 151111118. a frog .
13 1163 a toad .
3 0p33113 a worm .
ni1'
133a a leech .
111137113 a sp ider .
nypaséi’
i an ant .15100113 110. 3 caterpi l lar .606mm a butterfly .
Myxa a fly .
1 20
napamiam . a pencil .3 eqar3 a s eaL
3 63 3 3 1. a penknife .
nuaéfika a l i ne .
633133 the le tters (o f the alphabet).331330321, 63 11033 a note .
orkph'
iro e 3 3 03136 a post-card .
3 0 3 3épr$ a cover .the date .
anpem, the d i rection .
3 0 3r63a3 mapua a stamp .
man n a the paper folder.3 00631. sand .
paco nanie drawing.23330 3 3 03 pai nting.0 63 ar3 3 wafers .
3 33m a book .
16 . 0 r0p63'is 3 3p.
Hpenwkcrie a suburb .
xpi mocrb a fortress .neopém, a pal ace .
M'liCT é‘IKO a borough .
63p23a the exchange .
IlépKO Bb a church .
0066p'
b the cathedral church .
rearpfi the theatre .
r603 3 ra3 3 the hosp i tal .paryma the town hal l .1 213 623 3 3 the custom house .
3 0 33331 the pol ice.3 63 111 the post .noaramrm the post-offi ce .
anafl ie a bui ld ing .
anmapanréficrao the admi ralty .
17 . 0 una'ry l;
Cauorn the boots .621313 3 33 the shoes .T idum the sl ippers .3 301631. the stocki ngs .wrana a hat .mm
'
mxa a bonnet.inraubi trowsers .nyro suua a button .
ceprykm a coat(lipam. a d ress-coat .naaurb a great-coat .3 213 3633 , z anert a waist-coat.3 0p0r333 1> the col l ar .pykaa
'
b the sleeve .
U SE FUL worm s .
T he town etc .
T paKT fip'
B the eating room .
umbéi’
ma the coffee-house .
3 :16am, a tavern .
mocm a bridge .
rocn’
mn fi 330m. the bazar.Bopora (pla n) the gate-way.
the to wer .raaafl b , 3 0pm. the harbour .3a66pi . a wooden wal l .Yu ma the street .rporyap
'
s the foot-path .
nepejuxom. the cross- street .pb
'
lHO li'
b the market.3 a6epemuaa the quay .
ryab63 310 the promenade .
Tmpbma the prison .
crpa333a a page .
6y3 amuam a pocket-bo ok .
331 3 3 03 513 3 333 33. a note - boo k .
3 acm, Gymam a sheet of paper.a newspaper .raséra a gazette .
Ranennapb a calendar .0 3 013 , a bi l l .y3 é3 ie teaching.
ufipnyan a compas s .3 33131. the l anguage .
CJIO Bépb a d i ctionary .
03630 a word .
rpammarana a grammar .3 T éH ie read ing.
3 3 0a3 ie wri ting .
nayka science .
3 3p . Dres s etc .
3 63 3 the skirts .13 3 3 03 3 the cloak .
(bypamaa a cap .
raacrym. a cravat.3 0 1 31313 3 3 33 drawers .naarb e a gown .
maa¢>p6m a night-gown .
10633. a petti coat .nonraman braces .pyéamna a shirt .3 0 3 363 3 03 363 1. a n ight-cap .
KOpCéT'
L a pair of stays .man a shawl .Byanb a vei l .
U SEFUL
3 01133333 the garters .3ap3 03 3 the pocket .3 0 13 011033 a purse .
ra6a3épaa a snuff-box .
m36p31 the spurs .rpocr3 a (walking)sti ck .
363 1 3 33 3 parasol , umbrel la .
3 0130333 3 3 an apron .
6pacxé'm bracelets .
00p3r3 earrings .st ep3 a fan .
3 0p3 ar33 gloves .3 a36m3 galoches .
18 . 0 1303 113 3
I‘
eaepan3 a general .ammon ium an aid -de -camp .
3 011363 3 3 3 3 3 colonel .3 033 03 3633 3 3 3 a l ieutenant 0010 3 01.
mai6p3 a major .Kan3 rau3 a cap tai n .
mra603 -3 3 3 3 r03 3 a second capta in .
poruficrp3 a captai n in a horseregim ent .
3 0 13 03 11513 “ the commander .3 0py33 3 3 a l ieutenant .3 03110pi 33 3 3 a second l ieutenant .3panop133 33 an . ensign .
opymie a weapon .
19 . O 1103 003 3 133 .
H opr3 6i’
1 a tai lor .noprm
'
ixa a dressmaker .331110113 a merchant .3 3 3 ronponaaeu3 a bookse l ler .r3 norpa¢ m3 3 3 a pri nter .066131311133 an upho l sterer .3 3 p3
‘3 33 3 33 a barber .
c'
romip3 a jo iner .3 36r3 3 3 3 a carpenter.cnécaps a locksm i th .
01136313 3 33 3 shoemaker .311133 0 3 3 3 33 a b atter .T onapb a turner .3 0 3 33r0p3 a confectioner .
woans . 121
3 0 00363 3 3ar633 a handkerch ief.inf/ (bra a 11q .
omepéns e a necklace .
3 3 0151 a watch .
6331033 3. 3 p i n .
3 r6n3a a n eed le .
m0r3a a brush .
rp0603 3a a comb .
6p3r3a a razor .3 613 3 3 1131 sci ssors .3 31110 soap .
11313 3 perfum es .3 3r3a thread .
Trades .31303 a seam stress .13 3 0333 an embroiderer .3pa3 3a a laundress .cre3 63 3m3 33 a glazier .3 33513 3313 3 3 3 money-changer .3pa033 3313 3 3 a dyer .0 301311333 a furrier .3 3361113 33 3 hackney-coachman .
cayra a servan t, a guide .
110 3 3 111363 3 3 postman .
336p3 3 33 a porter .apa3 3 a med i cal man .
a33 0 3ar3 an attorney.
anr03ap3 an apothecary .
1 An ex tensive m il i tary term i nology and phraseo logy aregiven i n the author ’s larger Ru ssian Conve rsat ion-G rammar w i than Append ix for Tradesmen , Trave l lers, A rmy and Navy O ffi cers.
3p. War etc .
‘
mnara a sword .
33 01113 3 flag .
mra332’
1pr3 a standard .
pymb é a gun .
a broad sword .
a bul let, b al l .357313 3 a cannon .
a3p6 a canon bal l .aprnrnépia the arti l lery .
3 33 613 the i nfantry.363 3 3 113. the cavalry .
3 a00 36fi the sentine l .110 36p3 the patrol .map3 peace .
paaa the wound .
3 6p0x3 the gun-powder .
122
20 . 063 opy'
11i33 3
U 3yr3 a p lough .
113 1131 3,op3r3 to p lough .
03111 3 to sow .
033 11 the seed .
133 1 3 to reap .
mama the harvest .03 0 33 a sheaf.11103 0r3r3 to thrash .
1133 3 a flai l .ry1113 6 a thrash ing floor.
to gri nd .
1101133 3 33 3 m i l l .
CO NV ERSA TIO NA L EX ERCISES .
II. EA S Y CONV ERSAT IONAL EXERCISES .
‘Iro y 33 03 ?
Y 1103 11 3 11313
Y 33 03 113 rerpan3 ?113 , 0 3 3 y 110 311.
Ry111’
1113 113 331 3 1 0 3 3 6y’
113 ?
lla, a 3y113113 3 60-3 1 0 .
Il ro 3y33113 ?
H 3y33113 33113y.
E 01 3 113 y 33 03 3 303 01133 0 npyaéi’
r?
113 , y 11033 3303 01133 0 npyséfi.
Ilpi33 3 113 113 33 313 npyr3 P . ?
0 3 3 3piiax3 113 0 016113 11 yrp03 3 .
E 033 113 y 33 03 03 p3 ?
113 , y 13 03 11 ecr3 cup3 .
11133,y 1101111 3 31 3 cfipy.
E 0r3 113 y 33 03 xop6mee 33 3 6?
jla , y 1110 3 51 x0p6mee 311116.
110 36113 3 0 113 3 31 nmisere 1103 013 ?
11 3 113 110361133 0 3 0
‘I'
ro 331 3 0 13 1 0 3y3 1'
1r3 ?
H nyu3'
r3 3 310 ?
0361133 0 01 033 3 (by3r3 ?(Dyan . cr03r3 rpn 31311111113 .
fl 3 3 11013 31, 3ro ero nopéro .
Bro 11031030 .
U pona m 113 331 03010 11613 333?
113 , a 00 3p011311'
3 ?
33 333 3 3 31 00 3p01133 3 ?
fl 3 33 111311011 3 3 1103 3 13 113 .
H ave yo u any good wine ?Yes
,I have some good w ine .
H ave you money enough?I have n o t enough .
What do yo u wish to buy ?I wish to buy some tea .H ow much (costs)a pound ?Three shil l ings a pound .
I fi nd thi s very dear.This is cheap .
H ave yo u so ld your horse?Yes, I have sold i t?Why have you sold i t?B ecause I wanted some money.
3 3p. Tools etc .
3 0 113 1111363 to bake .
11336113 11 3 0 3 3 an oven .
3 3 11 3 a saw.
ro116p3 a hatchet .3 61103 3 a hammer .ay6ap3 a toothed p l ane.11
3 0 3113 a nai l .31101113 the p incers .3 0 11006 3 Whee l .3 01111633 3 horse shoe .
mrénop3 the cork-screw .
3py1333 3 the spring .
What have you ?I have a hook .
H ave you a writingo book?
Yes,I have .D id you buy something?
Yes, I have bought something.
What have you bought ?I have bought a cane .
H ave you any friends ?Y es
,I have some friends .
H as your friend R . arrived ?H e arrived thi s morning .
H ave you any cheese?Yes
,I have some cheese?
No,I have not any cheese .
124 CON V E RSAT IONAL 3113 3 0 133 3 .
Cny033i’
11 003 ! G o down (stai rs)!H1i31 0 3311103 110p61
‘
03 ! G o your way !57110113 ! 371101131 0 ! G o away ! B 0 0 5 !
$1 63 03 3 110 363 03 3 . I am very glad .
M33 03y33 0 . I am annoyed .
M3 3 63033 1113113 . I am very sorry .
31p3301 3y31 0 !
1166p313 303 0p3 l
031131 003 . Hp3 01’
11131 0 .
Ram 331110 31101163 30 !
3 03 3 x0p0 1116, Gnaronapfi) 3 303 .
A 331110 113 33 ?
Moe 110 361133 0 x0po1116 .
Kaa'
b 3 31 110 13 3 3301 0 ?
H 0 63 03 3 x0pou16.
110 36113 3 0 xopom6.
0 3 603 0 .
03 3 1331 0 111113,1101331y1
°
101 3 .
03 3 3131 0 13 113,a 33 03 npomy
’
.
011311331 0 13 33 y110 36113 01 3i0 .
Baaronapio 3 3 03 .
31 63 03 3 0 611333 3 33 113 .
36113 .13 10 0110133 3 N . ?
113 , 0y113p3 , 0 3 3 116313 .
Ii or6p313 3 3 03 ?
116311110 , 00133 3 3 0633 .
331 3313101 0 ?
fl 3 31311y 33 360013 3 33 0633 .
B 3 1101 0 33 113 3 0 03111610 .
13033 3 éraep1 3 0 01113 .
q 01 3 0p1 3 111001 610 .
P 633 0 33 0 01113 33 0633 .
B 3 11333311113 1 3 3300 33 .
Il o 110 11331113 .
B 3 113333111131 3 3 3 0633 3 63 3 .
DO 110 1 51110 3 3 .
B 3 ep3 y1p0 313 .
B 3 0p3 3 é3 0pom3 .
T pé1 3aro 113 3 , 110 33 330113.
0016113 3 , 3331113 .
1160113 333 1pa .
1101131111 113 33113 .
llal; 3 01131 3 romy 113 33113 .
‘Ipeu3 13 001 3 110113H 30110 1133 0 113 03 113 33113 .
By'
11ymei’
1 3 01131103.
B 3 11p631.1013 3 1011y.Co 11113 3 3 110 3 3 .
G ood morn ing !G ood even ing !B e seated . Take a seat .H ow i s your heal th .
V ery we l l , thank yo u .
And yourself?I am to lerabl y we l l .H ow do you do ?I am not qui te wel l .Pretty wel l .Not so we l l .Tel l me , please .
Tel l me,pray .Do me the pleasure .
I thank you .
Much ob l iged to you .
Is Mr. N . at home ?Y es
,S ir
,he i s at home.
What o'clock is i t?It is late
,i t i s seven o ’cloc’k .
When do you go out?I go out at e ight o 'clock .
A t half past seven .
A t a quarter to seven .
A t a quarter past five .
A t seven preciselv .
A t twe l ve o'clock .A t noon .
A t twe l ve o ’clock in the night.A t m idn ight .Yesterday morn ing.Yesterday evening.The day before yesterday.
Tod ay . Tom orrow.
The day after to -morrow .
A week ago .
A fortnight. ago .
In six weeks.
S ome days ago .
Nex t week .
L ast year .From one day to another .
RE AD ING 3 3 3 3 0 1s s s . 125
R3 333 00 16113 3 110 16113 ?
001611113 1101161113 11 110 16113 .
3 3 333 11p011p303 3 11 110 16113 ?
T 03 1 6. K611O 11H O .
11031113 3 1101 3 .
U p03 3 33 63 110 13113 3 110 1 3 .
M puo 113 33 313 ?
X61 0113 0 113 33 3 3 ?
I‘
p033 611101 3 . I‘
p03 3 1p033 1 3 .
K3 333 npe3p303 3 3 p311yra l
M6113 i3 03 0133310 1 3 . E 31 0p3 11101 3 .
M0p633 13 .33 113 11p3 6113 3 301 03 .
0 3313 3 1101 3 . 0 3 313 11313 01 3 .
06113 110 0 331 3 1 3 .
061 3 30 30 011613 1 3 .
33 1161 3 1 3 .
H ow is the weather to -day ?T he weather is fine .
What sp lend id weather !It is hot . I t is co ld .
I t rains .We have a shower .A re yo u hot ?A re you cold ?We have 3 s torm . It thunders .What a beautiful rainbow !It is l ightn ing. T he wind blows .Wi n ter approaches . I t free zes .It snows . T he snow fal l s .T he s un shi nes .T he sun rises .T he s un sets .
III. S U PPLEMENTARY READING
EXERCISE S .
1 . 3333110 3 31 3 . T he A s trologu e .
B 3 1 0 BpéMH ,3 33 3 33331103 01 3 113 31131103 3 3 11y6111
’
13 3 03
3 116313113 ,31 0 03 3 33 301 3 6111y1113 001 3 , 3 op3 y3p3113 010
3p03p31103 33 0 16 110113 . 01133 3 3 33 3p1’
11 01103 , 3 016p313
33113113 ,3 1 0 011y3 1
’
111003 , 03 333113 3 3331011111 131131 01110 :
« 3 106033 313 , 11333 mory3 11033p3 13 , 3 1 0 1 31 11pe1133113 1113
613111313 0 01 3 , 3 01113 11 06601 303 3 313 3 1113333 3 333157,3 1 0 1 31
3 0 33 301113 11313 0 3 301 0311131 0 ; 1101 0 3 1? 3 1 0 , 00113631 1 31
33 3113 016, 1 0 3 0 01131113113 631 33 0303 1103 3 ,3 1 0631 upo
1331 3 36p3 ,3 016p313 3p03p31103 1y113» .
1133 1131 3011 to boast.6y
'
11y111110 01 3 future .
np0 3p301 303 to steal onesel fthrough .
13 3313 313 imaginary .
110 011311131 3 to hasten .
111161113113 p l ace .
y3p31130 10 stealthi ly .
3p1'
11 e113 spectator .13 1131 0113 prophet .3 3 01 0311100 present .np0 1 331 3 to drive .
2. Xp36p313 Mym33 3 .
R01113 (bp3 3 111'
1
331 11p36113 33 1mc3 3 3 E 3H1.2, 116113103 3
631113 01133 3 3p001333 3 3 3 11p03 0013 3 113 3 63 310 3041033
3 3 3 3 033 336111710 13301 3 001 3 . Rp001 333 3 3 3 01 3 3331103 .
E 3 1 1p033113 ,3 0 03 3 3 0 11011131333 03 . T O 113 11pe11110313113
1 In th e year 1809 .
126 PO EMS .
xop6111y10 3 31p311y, 1133333 , 3 1 0 3 01110110 33 03 3 011363
113113 11513 310 3 01133013331 3 3 3 113113 3 3 33. H 0 115113 3 303 3
3 0 3131103
0
03 1103 313113 . M01311y 13313 1101100113113 111333 313
3301 3 363 03 3,3 01 6p31x3 1133 31133 3 33 63 03 3 11330031133 03 3 3
3 3 33 13p113 0 1110 3 0 113113y1103 3 110p0113 . E 11y 110
110133113 11p3 3 1’
13y, 3 03 3 3 0113113 11p3 3 0013 313113 3 33 1 « P111 3
1 31 3 3 03 1103 01101113 33113 3 3113 3113 3 0 , 11113 3 1 063 upn
pa301p3111’
113 ! » 03 333113 011151
3 01133 113p3 .« Xopomé » ,
01 331 3 113 my1333 3 ,« 1 01113 3 ympjr 3001 3 31113 116111133 313 3
3 110 631151 3 33 33 3 3 3 0113 . F03 0p3113 110113113 311001333 3 331
py3y 11 03 333113 . « 01y3 33 , 3 0013 113 113113 3
,11111 3 331103 3
110p6ry 6033
np03001 1’
1 to lead , to guide . 0 1 3 3331 303 to take refuge .
1po31’
11 3 to threaten . ycrpam31 303 to be afraid .
3 0 1110 11033 purse . 3 ep363 0113 ducat .110110 0 1131 3 to arrive. 3 3 3 3113113 33 commander ,p3300p1131 303 to grow angry . np3 3333 cause, reason .
p3 301p31131 3 to shoot . 11611113 3 313 subject .3 31133 3 1133 traitor . 01 3
11133 go , begone .
P O E MS .
A 3 1 0113 .
IIo 1106y 1101133 03 3 A3 10113 11013113 ,
H 13115110 11303 10 03 3 113113 ;14 11303 113 3 33331131, 3 1y3 3 1 0111103
B 3 3M3113 1 03 113033 033 163 .
0 3 3 33113 0 61131303 01 33 6031p31113 31x3
110113 3511113113 p3303 3x3 0311633 ,
0 13613 3 01133 0 113 03 3 113113,11 113 3113
E 16 3 03p3 1 36p3 3 631113.
0 3 3 11m 11113113110 3 3 063 3 11 3 33 3 003
Mipa 110331111 11
M 335313 016 3 303 3 3 3 1133113 11101101163
0 0131103 6033 011033,3 0 13 11363 .
H 1161110 3 3 03313 1 011133 303 033
3K01133 i03 3 3 3313 311113 110113 3,H 333
53 033 1106003 331133 31 3 3 0 110 1113
E 3 03513 3 313 11303 3 301133 .
fl épmonmoeb .
128
V OCABULARY.
I. ENGLIS H-RUS S IAN.
A bandon (to)ocramars .
abo ut ( mono .
ab ov e nan .
abro ad 3a rpam’
me io .
absen ce orcjrcrs ie.
abun dan ce naofix’
mie .
accept (to)npnnnmarb .
acciden t H ecaacrie.
acciden tal ly cayqafino .
accompan y (to)conpos omnarb .
accomp l ish (to)acnoanarb . [un itaccom p l ished (po l i te)oopaaosanaccord in g to comacno cm.
acco rd ingly caiumsareass o .
accoun t ca '
e’
rm.
acco un t (to)c‘mrars .
acco un t (to for)ornfiaarb 3a.
accuse (to)oGa ars .
accus tom (to o n e’
s s el f)npaB u aars .
ache 6oim.
achievemen t co sepméuie .
ackn owledge (to)npa3nasarb .
acquain tan ce anaxomcrso .
acqua in ted snaaomnfi .
acro ss canon ; nonepém .
act (to)nkficrsosarsaction ni ficrs ie .
active nimreabnnfi .
actua l niaiicrnr'ireiisnn ii .actual ly B
'
L canon s 11131145.acute ocrpnfi .
add (to)npnoasnfin .
addres s (d irection)anpecs , nannncs .
address (to) anpeco sa'rs ; oopa
mart en .
ad ieu npomafi ; npomai’
i re .
adm in is tration ynpasaénie .
adm irab le ynusnrens s nfi .
adm ire (to)ynnsnfirb ca .
adorn (to)yapamarb .
adven ture npnanio qénie .
advice co sism .
advis e (to)co st rosars .
affa ir Mano .
affl iction oropaés ie, neaaas .
afford (to)nocramarb .
afra id (to b e o f)60m m .
after 116m,cuycra.
afterwards norom,s nocnhacrs in .
again ousrs , csosa .
aga in s t "permit .
age Beapacm .
ago (s in ce)romy’ naaaimagree (to)cornamarb ca .
agreeab le npiarnnfi .
ague anxopazxaa, ropii'w a .
aid nomomb .
aid (to)nomorarb .
air Bosnyxm.
alas ! ys b'l .a le m
'
wo .
all s een, s ex, race.
al low (to)nossonarb .
a lm o s t ucari'i .
already ymé.
a lso raame,Tome .
a ltho ugh xora.
a l ti tude B ucora,B uumsa.
a l toge ther co scismm.
a lways s cerna.
ambassador nocoim, nocnanaau .
amb itio n q ecromooie.
ambi tio us aecromoonsufi .
Am erica Amépmca .
am iable .n io 6é3un ii,minu ii .
amid,am ids t cpezui , mea ny.
amon g, amongs t memny.
amoun t (to)cocramfirb .
am ple oomnps u ii , nonnn fi .
amu se (to)3a6asafirs .
an chor aaopb .
an cien t npéaniii .
an gle (corn er)y'ron'
s .
an gle (ho ok)ino asa .
an imal mn eérunfi .
answer orsiarp .
VOCA BULARY.
an s wer (to)O T B'iB‘l éT b .
an t mypaséii .
an vi l aaaosaasua .
anybody arc-s nows .
an ythin g q ro-
unGy‘
ab .
anywhere rat-
aaGyu .
apartmen t non s ara ; asapri'ipa .
apo logize (to)o npasnnsarr .
appear (to)a saarb ca , aaaarb ca .
appearan ce napy’
a mocrb .
app le aoaoao .
app l y (to fo r)non orarb ca .
apprehen d (to)onacarbca .
a pprehen s io n ouacéaie .
appren tice y'i eur'
i afs .
appro ach ( to)onacarb ca .
Apri l anpism).
apro n nepéns as s .
Arab ia A pas ia .
Arabian A pasaranun'
b .
archb isho p apxienncaous .
ari se (to)noraBarb .
arm pyxa.
army apa ia, Béficao .
aro un d s oapy“ .
arrival npnéhirie, npiiiaii'
b .
arri ve (to)upnon sarb ; npiisamarb .
art a cayccrao .
artis t xynozfl aas t .
as ma i n,ram ,
ram Karts .
as i f Ka in , oynro .
as to aro aacaerca no .
A s ia Asia .
ashes néuem .
as ide B’
b cropoay.
ask (to)cnpamasarb .
as s oees t .
as s is tan ce Honours .
ass o ciati o n rosapnmecrs o .
as to nishing ynam’
arenw ufi .
as to n ishmen t asynaéuic.
as tro loger enhano aer'
b .
atro city mecroaocrb .
atten tio n anamanie .
attract (to)npasaesarb .
augm e n t (to)yaeaaaaaars .
Augus t asrycr '
b .
aun t rem a .
Aus tria Ascrpia .
author asropp .
autumn oceab .
E lemen tary R ussian Grammar.
129
ava i l (to o n es e l f)B O CU éJ b SOavari cious cxynoi
‘
i . (Bart on .
awa i t (to)avian .
awa ke (to)pas fiyarirs .
awake (to b e)s e cnarb .
away ! npo ab ! B O H '
b i
axe ro uops .
azure canii’
i .
B ack (backwards)Basal t .
b ad xyaofi ; l ypsoii .
badly nyps o , m oxo .
bag nomeaéas , u tmos t .
baggage 6araats,nou ama .
bake (to)near.
baker op o s s um .
barberbarga in noni naa .
barley aw éub .
barrack xaaapna .
bas ke t Kopaas a , aopaanaa .
ba the (to)ayuarsca .
battle cpaaténie .
bear (to)nocars .
beard 60p011a.
bearer (o f a letter, e tc.) 110
rares t .
beas t as t ps , ma soraoe .
beat (to)Garb , ynaparb .
beau t i ful upacnsm‘
i,npenpacmi ii.
beauty Kpacora.
becaus e noromyarc.
become (to)cn'lsfl arbcab ed (be ds te ad)nocréas , aposarb .
b ed (flower us isruxiks .
bedro om cnaab na .
b e e naena.
be e ch 63ln .
be e f B O J '
B .
bee fs te ak 6a ¢ créacsbe er nas o
be fo re npen'b,npémne .
b eg (to)upocarb , moaarb .
beggar Bamiii .
begin (to)na q naarb .
begin n ing s a qaao .
behave (to)B ecrfl ce6a.
behavio ur nos eaéa ie .
behin d 3a , uoaaiu'
i .
be l ie f ntpa .
be l ie ve (to)B ispan .
be l l acaoaou ; aoaoaéabaam .
130 VOCAB ULARY .
be long (to)npnuannemarb .
be lo ved amoama n.
b en d (to)rnyrs , cm sm .
bes ide menu's, 8631115.
bes ides csepxs , s pews .
bes iege (to)ocamaarb .
bes t Jiy'qmiii , s anay'
qmifi .
better nq e .
be tween Mémny.
b ig oonsmoi’i ; roac'
rn ii .
b il l (o f a b ird)H O C'
b .
b i l l (accoun t)caers .
b in d (to)Basars , coennm’
ars .
b ird nrfi ua .
b irth pomzxés ie .
b it s ycoivs , aycéaem .
b i te (to)sycarb , sycarsca .
b i tter ropbaifi ; mecroniii .
b lack aépnn i’
i .
black sm i th ayas éu'b .
b lame (to)xynars , nopnuars .
b les s (to)6aarocaosnars .
b less in g oaarocao sés ie .
b l in d cat noi’
f.
b lin dn es s ocaclsmiés ie .
blo ssom us'lar'
b .
b lo s som (to)ns t cra.
b low yxaps .
b low (to)JIYT B , s t ars .
b l ue caniii .
bo dy rime ; TYJIO BH IIIG .
bon e aocrs .
bon n et (méucnaa)marina .
bo ok aufira .
bo okb inder uepennerq nm .
bo oks e l ler nanronponaseus .
bo o t canon ) ; oorauaa .
bo o tmaker cauomanat .
bo o ty no6uaa .
born pomnéuau i’
i .
born (to b e)ponfirbca .
bo th 66a,oo'k
,o6a .
and
b oy mailm an .
brace le t 6pacaért .
bran ch cya'
s,s i res .
brave xpa6pn ii .bre ad 11111361“
breadth mapana.
breakfas t 3asrpaa'
s .
breakfas t (to)sasrpaaars .
breath Jinxas ie, nyxs .
breathe (to)m inars .
bridge mo cra .
bright caism n ii,apaiii .bril l ian t 6aecramii’i .
brim apafi .
brin g (to)npnnocars .
bro ad mapoxii’i .
bro om mema.
bro ther 6pars .
bru ise (to)ymuoars .
brush méraa .
brush (to)s hiaacrnrs (uieraom).bui ld (to)crponrs .
bui ld in g crpoéa ie .
bull 6m mbul le t nyaa , anpo.
burden 6péma .
burdo ck penéi’i , Ji énra .
burn (to)mean.
bus in es s 1111110 .
busy sanarn i’
i, at arenw m
‘
i .
but a,H 0
,casas o .
butcher MHCB fIB '
b .
butter Macao (RopéB be).buy (to)noaynars , ayuars .
Cabbage aanycra .
cabman aaaémaa'
s .
ca l f reneuom .
ca l l (to)sears ; aaan sars .
came l B epfimou .
can (I)a mory.
can d les tick noncnbaunm .
can e rpocrs ; manna .
can n o n “Yuma .
capable cnoco6sm‘
i .
care (to take 6epéq b .
carpen ter naoruns 'b .
carry (to)s ocr’i rs , a serr’
i .
cart-shed capati .cas tle san om .
cat s omaa .
cattle CRO T'
L .
cause npa qas a .
ce lebrated aaan eui'
im il.
ce l lar norpeo'
b .
cen tury cron'lsrie .
ceremo n y uepenos ia .
certa in Btpsn ii ; nas iacrs n ii .certain ly aoncano .
chain ai ms ; n’hnéq sa .
cha ir cry“ .
chamber itomaara .
132 VOCAB ULARY .
Da i l y emerués s n i’
i .
danger onacs o crb .
dan gero us o nacs n i’
i . (mdarkn e s s T en s ora.
daughterday nea t .
dead n’
éprsn fi.
deaf rnyxoii .
death cmeprs .
deb t roars .
December JLesaopb .
decis ion p'lsmés ie .
deep myoos ifi .
depart (to)ornpasnarnca .
departure ors’hant .
de pth rayonna.
des cribe (to)o uacn sarb .
des crip tion ouncas ie .
de sert nycrfima .
des erve (to)aacayamsars .
des ign s amispenie .
de s ire (to)mesa“ .
des tiny cyma.
de s truction paapyménie .
de te s t (to)s es animis'rb .
d ia lo gue paaro sop'
s .
d iamo n d a irman .
dictio n ary cno saps .
die (to)yu apart .
d iffere n ce pasnmia ; paszu‘
mie .
d ifferen t pasau ii , pasiui as ufi .
d iffi cult p ,wu ii .
d i l ige n t npm éms u ifi.d i ne (to)ooimarb .
dinn e rdirection naupasaés ie .
d irectly rorqacs,ceii aacm.
d irty rpaaim i’
i .
d is co very orapsirie .
d iseased 6oas s oi’i .
d i s p lea se (to)H e lipasarb ca.
d i spo s i tio n pacnopamés ie .
d is suade (to)orro sapa sarb .
d is tance paacroi mie .
d i s tan t naaé uiii , ornaa eunu fi .
d is tinguis h (to)pass a qarb .
d is tracted paacisans u ii .
d is tractio n pas sae q é s ie.
d is turb (to)6e3noa6nrs .
d itch Ranasa.
do (to)smart .
do cto r Bpa lmi, noarops .
dog cooasa .
do o r nsepb .
doub le nso i’
i sofi.
doubt connt nie .
do zen Montana .
dreadful crpamuu i’i .
d res s M an e .
dre s s (to)oat sarlxca).drin k (to)mars .
dry cyxoii .
duck yraa .
dwe l l (to)0 6mm ; mars .
dwe l l in g mal aise .
E ach naman i’
i,s caam.
eagle open ).
ear YXO .
earl y pas o .
earth sem a.
eas i ly ynoos o , cnos ous o .
eas t B O CTOK'
L .
eas tern Bo croq an i’
i .
easy neraiii, ynofinn fi.
eat (to)t en », aYmarb .
egg a i’
i uo.
e i ther fu n T O T'
L f un npyréi’
i .
e i ther o r mm mm.
e le ctri c snearpaaecs ifi .
e lectri ci ty aaearpnqecrso .
e lephan t mos s .
e ls e fi liaae ; n s oa .
e ls ewhere B'
b npyros'
b user’s.
embe l l ish (to)yapamarb .
empero r mi neparopi ; naps .
emp ire un uépia .
empres s a n neparpiiua ; napalm.
en clo se (to)smn aarb .
end ao aéut ; ao s aaua .
e nd (to)aos qarmca).en emy spars
,s enpiareas .
E ngland s raia .
E ngli sh aum ificaii’i .E n glishman A umaaauna'
b .
en l ighten (to)o cs ismarb .
en o rmo us o rpoimmii .
en ough no soab s o .
en ter (to)sxo iu'
i rb , scrynarb .
e n thus iasm B O CT OpP'
b .
en vy (to)aas i'u o sarb .
err (to)omaoarbca , Gaymnarb .
erro r o un'
i oaa,3a61ymaéuie .
espe cia l ly oco6eaao .
essay ous ri .
V o cxs vm ar .
ess en tia l cymécrses un i’i .
e s tate amt uie , a nymecrso .
e s teem (to)5 9am”.e te rn a l ly st q ao
,s e
’ism .
E uro pe E spona .
E uro pean espo né iicaiii .
E uro pea n E spo néeu'
b .
even in g séaep'
b .
ever s cerna.
e very scaaiii , nam e " .
e verybo dy, -o n e Kashm ir.everything s ee.
everywhere Beans .
exam p le npnntps
exce l len t npes ocxoran i’i .excurs io n nporyaaa , ascaypcia .
e xcuse nasaaéaie .
exercise ynpamnéaic.
exhibi tio n B bicras aa .
ex is t (to)ours , cymecrsosan .
ex is ten ce cymccrs o sanie .
expect (to)s mart . omanars .
express -train xypbépcaii’
i notax'
b .
expres s ion supaméuie .
exterior, extern a l Ham ubifi .
extrao rd in ary qpeasu qai’
mu i’
i .
eye raaa'
b,oao .
eye bow 6po s b .
e ye lash p'lscufnra .
Fabl e 6acna .
face m c.
fact mo .
fair (marke t)apnapita .
fa ir (beauti fu l)upcapacs n i’i .fa ith sspa .
fai thful stps u i’i .fal l (to)nanars .
fami ly ceu éficrs o .
famo u s as au enarn i’
i, cnas s n i
’
i .
far naaéaifi, nanb uu fi ; nancao.
farther i axbme .
farthes t nanbme scero.
fashion a ble uémn i’
i .
fas ten (to)npnsp’hnaars .
fat roacru ii .
fa te cynboa.
father O T é ll'
b .
faul t omaoaa .
favo ur mfiaocrs , ycayra .
fear (to)ooarsca .
feas t npaaixs nn .
February (b espaas .
133
fe eble omen s .
feed (to)xopm’
ars,unrarb
,nacri
'
i .
fee l (to)uyscrs oaarb .
fe l low ro sapnuis .
fe tch (to)npn s ocfrrs .
fever s axopaxxa , ropaq aa .
few H en sorie,Mano .
fie ld none .
fight (to)cpamarbca , aparbca .
fi nd (to)naxoin'
i rb .
fi n e npe icpacun ii , apacfi sn fi .
finger naaeus .
fin ish (to)oaaaq a sars .
Fin lan d (Dauaas iria .
fi re oros s .
fi rs t (at)cnepsa.
fi s h pfi fia .
fi sh (to)Jio s i'
irb phi6y.
fi s t ayaaas .
fi t (adapted)cnocooau i’i .flag 39 am .
fle s h Mace .
flo o r "on,9mm .
fl o ur mysa.
flower l lB’bT ’
b, us
’lsroas .
fly mixa .
fly (to)aerarb .
fo l low ( to)casnosarb .
fo l low ing ca’isxyromii
’
i .
fo o d mania .
fo o l nypam ,mynéu
'
s .
fo o t (l im b)H ora.
fo o tman cayl'a.
fo rce cil i a .
fo rehead 11065 .
fo re igner s nocrpas eiu) .
fo rge t (to)saou sarb .
fo rk Baaaa .
fo rmerly npémre, aisaorira .
fo rtre ss xpsnocrb .
fow l xy'pmia .
fox imménia .
Fran ce Qpaauia .
Fran cis (Dpauu'
s .
Fren ch dipaauyacs ifi.
Fren chman Qpaauyms .
frequen tly tlacro .
Friday nar s ana .
frie nd npiarens , rpyr'b .
friendship npymoa .
frigh te n (to)ncnyrarb .
fro n tier rpam’
ma .
134 VOCABULARY .
fru it m oat .
fulfil (to)ncnoasarb .
ful l nénnn i’i .fun era l noxoponn .
fur myoa , Misxsfurn i ture MéGe .
fusil pyms é .
future 63‘11ymm.
G a l lan t xpaopu i’i .
garden car'
s .
garden er caaos s a s t .
gate 30 pora (plan ).
gen e ra l 66min.
gen tleman rocnonaat .
German H iaii eu'
b ; a'isnéuuiii .
Germany I‘epmas ia .
get (to)nocrasarb , ci i marbca .
girl assouna .
give (to)m m , llét l‘
b .
glad pairs , no soab s u i’i .
glas s (pan e o f)creme.
glas s (drin king)crakan'b .
glo ryglo ve uepaarka .
go (to)mm . xonarb , isxarb .
G od Bort .
go ddes s oorns a .
go ld BGJ O T O .
go od noopu i’
i ; xopomi i’
i .
go o d -na tured i ofiponfmuu ii .go o se ryes .
go spe l esaurenie .
go vernmen t npasnreabcrs o .
grammar rpamnaraaa .
gran dfather n’hnymsa .
gran dmo ther Gaoymsa .
grapes su itorpan .
grave (tomb)noraaa .
great BeJ i'mii‘i , oonbmori .Greece I‘péuia .
green aenés u ii .
grin d (to)monore, ro ams .
grow (to)pacri'i .
H ab i tua l o6uxno s éusn ii .ha i l rpau .
ha i ls (it)rpaa'
b mien .
ha ir sos o om (pla in).
ha lf nonosr’taa,nosy
hand pysa.
han dkerch ie fs (s ocosoi‘i)us aron .
handsome xpacr’
mu i’
i,asaman fi.
happ in ess cqacrie, mari a.
happy cq acrs i'
i su i’
i .
hard ly C'
b m mm , ersa.
hare 351mm.
haste cn'lsx'
b , nocnizmnocrb .
hat marina , manna .
haughty rcpm i’
i,aaw és sufi.
have (to)M it re .
haze l-n ut opiax'
s .
head roao sa; raasa.
heal th snopOBLe .
healthy anopOBn i’
i .
hear (to)cabiiua'
rb,csymars .
heart cépzme .
h eaven s éfio .
he ight B ncora, su itia ua.
he ir uacnt i nam .
he l l airs .
he lp nomomb .
he lp (to)uoxo rars .
h en xypnua .
herd craao .
here si t es .
hero repoii.h igh B ucoaii’
i,B eai
’
ntii’
t.
hil l xo iim i .
hire l ltl éhl 'b .
h ire (to)nauanarb .
hi s to rical acropaaecaii’t .his to ry acropia .
ho ld (to)repa i nt .
ho l y csaroi’
i .
H o ly Virgin Boroxarepb .
home lion'
s,mari time .
ho n e st aécrs u ii , npasnr’
rsn i’
r.
hon ey men .
ho nour aecrs ; no qréuie .
ho o k spams , KpD‘l éK'
b .
ho pe Hai ca na .
horn po r'i, pl . pora.
ho rrible crpams u ii , yatacnnfi .
ho rs e aos b , roman ).
horse back (o n)nepxéns .
ho sp i ta l rocnaranb .
ho t mapaiii, ropaaiii .
ho ur q acs .
house now ),mnaume .
h ow Ram) .
how much caoamo .
humble no s éps u ii , caponnu fi .
H un gary B éarpia .
hunger roao i t .
136 VOCAB ULARY .
learned yq enu i’i .
leas t (at)no npakaei’
i mispli .
leas t (n o t in the)nacnonw o .
leather Kéma .
leave oruycm .
leave (to)noannart ; aas ismart .
leech niasna .
leg H ora.
less Meat s .
les so n ypéat , nennis .
let (to)nycsars , uoas onart .
le tter nacsno.
l iar spans , aryat , ass ent .
l i brary 6n6nioréaa .
lie 1i ow ),H e lipasna . [marb ca
lie (to down) J etsam),
no
l ife maas t .
l ight cs isr'b,ciaaie .
l ighten (to)ocstmarb .
l ightn ing Moauia .
l i ke (1)mai; ripasurca .
l i kely s ispofirs o .
l imi t (to)o rpam’
ma sars .
l in en oli ii b'
e,noaorno.
l io n Jie s'
s .
l ip ry6a.
l is ten (to)cay’rmarb .
l i terature e eparjrpa .
l i ttle mam a,s eooii smOii .
l ittle (a)Mano , nemeéro .
l ive (to)mars .
loan BaéM'
b,ccyna.
lo ck 3am6at .
log opens o.
lo ng Mammii , gonn a.
lo ngtim e noi ro , nas no.
lo o k s ans , 133m m .
lo o k (to)I‘JIHJL’fiT b , cnorpisrs .
Lo rd (o ur)l‘ocnoii b , B ore .
lo s e (to)repart .
lo ve an GOB'
t .
l uck caacrie,cayaai
’
i .
l uggage 6araia'
b .
l un ch BaKYCita .
Madam rocuoma,cynaps aa .
m agn ificien t B eanaoas lmmfi.
magp i e,copoua .
m a id n’ksymna .
ma id -s ervan t caymauaa .
maje sty s emi aecrso .
make (to)man men Jubiiu .
mankin d q eaos i wecrno .
man n e r cnocoot .
ma n tle m a ins , mauéas .
man y maorie .
March Maprt .
mare ao fis’
ma .
marke t pri s ons .
marriage (Spam, csant oa.
ma so n Kanes bmaat .
mas terxoaiias t , dapani . [Benéaiem as ter-p iece o6pa3noso e uponamatch es cm
'
mnn .
matter (n o)s ee pamio.
May Ma ii .may be 6mm Moxi e“ .
meadow ayrt .
m ean (to)ny‘nars ; asaam s .
m ean s cpéi crso .
mea t M2100 .
m ee t (to)scrplsqarb(ca).m ee tin g s crplsqa , csaaauie .
merchan t xynéu'
s .
me ta l meraaat .
m idn ight HGJ’IH O ‘l L.
m i ght mory'ui ecrso .
m i ld npornii’
i,Marti ni .
m i l i tary Boés nn ii .
m i l k M0 .i oxo.
m i l l méasamia .
m i l ler MéJl LH H R'
B .
m in d yi n ) ; ayma; nyxt .
m in d (to)3a66rnrt ca .
mingle (to)Mismars .
m in ister n as fi crpt .
m in ute ma uyra .
mirro r 3épaaao .
m is erab le necq acrs u i’
i .
m is fo rtun e nec‘iacrie.
m is take omr’
roxa .
m i s tre ss (scho o l )y'i i'irenb nmia .
mo des t capon s u i’i .
momen t mrs o séuie , MH HYT a .
Mon day noaent ns uaat .
mo n ey néusra .
m o n key ooeatas a .
m o n th Miscau'
s .
mo num e nt nanarnam .
m oo n .ziyna, Miacaut .
mo rn in g y'rpo .
m o rrow (to sas rpa .
morta l cn éprau ii .
Mo scow Mocasa.
V o cas um ar .
mo s t sense s cero, s ecsna.
mo stly no Goabmeii qacrn .
mo ther mars .
mo ther~in ~ law csekposs .
moun tain ropa.
mou se n umb .mo uth port .
much micro , oaeub , ropa’
u o .
mul ti tude muomecrso .
murderer yoii‘uia .
mus t (I)a reasses s .
m s tery Taii ua .
ail (fi n g er)s orort .
n ail (iro n rsoanb .
n ame mm; (panama.
n apkin caadiéraa .
n arra t i ve pascaa'
st .
n arrow Yaaiii , r'kcs bii
’
i .
n atura l ecrécraes sn ii .
n ece s sary s eooxo iuinn ii .
n eck méa .
n ecklace omepéxse .
n eedl e aroma .
n e ighbo ur ece‘srb .
n e ither n o r a s an
n ephew nnenfinnax'
b .
n es t m imic.
Neva H esa.
n ever as s ori a.
n ew Hosu fi .
n ews nosocrs , m siacrie .
new spaper B’bAOMO CT b , raséra .
n i ce xopémii’
i,apacaanfi .
n iece m onas uaua .
n ight B O ‘IB .
n ightinga le coaoséi‘
i .
n o H i nt .
n ob le 6aaroponun fi .
no b leman rs opas fmt .
n obody name.
n o ise myn'
s .
n o n e naaaxoi‘
i,an onam) .
n o o n "omens .
n o rth C‘
B B ep’
b,aopnt .
n o rthern ci mepim ii .
n o s e s ocs .
n o t as .
n o th ing na s eré .
n o tw i ths tan d ing aecn orpa na .
No vember s oafipb .
n ow renépb , s hins .
n umber w ere.
137
n umero us n uoro aficaennn ii .
n u t op'lsxs .
O ak”6'
s .
ob l i ge (to)upaaymaarb .
o cca s io n cayq ai‘
i .
occupy (to)cananarifca).O cto ber oxrafipt .
o ffi cer odmuéps .
o ffi cial annos s am .
o ft , o ften sacro .
o il Macao
o ld crapu i’
i ; apés uii’
i .
o n ce (o n e day)oaaamau , at aori a.
o n ce (a t)pasom).
o rder (to)iipaxaan sars .
o rder (in to)m m.
ord in ary ofinxaosénuu fi.
o rnamen t (to)yspamarb .
orphan capora.
o ther npyrofi , rmé i’
i .
o ught (I)a noiiment 6am on .
o verco at Has bro.
o versho e raréma .
o verwhe lm o6peMesarb .
own coficrses uu ii.
own er co6crs ens aas .
ox B O JI'
b .
P acke t nakért .
pa in ter a nnounce“ .
pa in ting sapras a .
pair napa , aera.
palace naopéa'
b .
pan e crem e.
paper Gynara .
parad ise pa ii .paraso l napaconb , soarnu'
b .
parce l (packe t)jaeat .
pardo n (to)npomars , nasnnn'
rs .
paren ts pomreim .
part q acrb .
particularly oc66es uo .
party cropo sa, uapria .
pas s (to)npoxonarb , npo l‘
fimarb .
pass enger naccami'
ip'
b .
pas s io n crpacrb .
pass port uacnop'
rs .
pas time yseceaénie .
patien ce repn'lmie .
pa tie n t repn'lsmw ii .peace naps .
peaco ck nasaaat .
pear rpyma .
138 V o cxs vm ax.
p easan t specrbamint .
pe cul iar csoi’
icrs enun i’
i .
pe l is se my'oa .
pen nepo.
pen ci l xapas i am'
b .
pen kn ife (nepo qns us n)Romans .
peop le s apéu ,11mm.
pe pper népeu's .
perce i ve (to)ycnarpnnarb .
perfect co s epménnu i‘i .p erhap s wearer'
s 6mm .
perm is s ion noss one’
s ie .
perm i t (to)noes oaars .
Pers ia Il épcia .
Pers ian H epcias ant .
Pers ian nepcr’
uicaii’
i .
persuas io n yoismiiéuie .
pe ttico at iooaa .
philo so pher (bnaocoqyb .
philo so phy (bimocomia .
phys i c neaapcrs o .
phys ician Bpa‘l
'
b,néaapb .
phys i cs (Manna .
p i ck (to u p)nonhuman ).
p i cture xapr i’
ma , misouncs .
pi cture sque mas o nficau i’i .p iece sycoas , sacrs .
pin 6ynas ita .
p ipe rpy‘6xa .
pi ty comaat s ie ; mars .
p lace Misero .
p lain (leve l gro und)pas nfiua .
p la in (clear)acau l’i , npocroi‘
i .
p lan e (to o thed)3y6apb .
p lay (to)nrpars .
p leasan t npiars u i’i .p lease (to)npaimrb ca .
p l ease (if you nomanyi’
i cra .
p leasure yirosoat crs ie .
p lum cansa .
po cke t aapmans .
po em noéma .
po e t noér'
s .
po e tica l noarr’mecmn .
po etry noésia .
po in t reti na ; uyani s .
po is on airs .
poor fiss iinfi.
po pe nana .
po pulous muoroa ioimn ii .po pulo us n es s n uoroa ioacrs o .
portrai t uoprpért .
Portuga l IIopryraJi ia .
po s i tio n noaoaténie .
po s s ess (to)po s ses s ion unt rue.
po s s ib i l i ty B oanoa mocrb .
po s s ible soanéman i‘
i .
po s t~o ffice no araar'
s, uo'i ra .
po tato Kap'
ré tbell b .
praise (to)xsaaarb .
pray (to)upocarb ; moafirt ca .
prayer momma .
precise l y roimo .
pre fer (to)npeanoanrars .
prepare (to)rorénnripre s crip tion npeiinacas ie .
pres en t (n o t abs en t) npac cr
Bytomiii .pres en tly rorqac'
s ,cen s é es .
pre sume (to)npeiiuoaarart .
pre tty mam a, xpacfi sn i’
i .
previo us npémn ii’
i .
previo u s l y npéatiie .
pri ce u'lma.
pride ropnocrb .
pries t cs améunnm ; ilom).
prin ce amiss ; llpH H ll'b .
prin ces s m arries ; npas aécca .
prin ci pal mas uu ii .
pro cure (to)nocras inirb .
pro ductio n nponas eaés ie .
pro fe s sor npoqiéccopt .
profit (to)B ocnoabaosarbca .
pro gres s ycnisxs .
prom is e c6imanie .
promi s e (to)0 6mm .
pro n o un Miscronménie .
pro nun cia tio n uponanomés ie .
pro perly céficrs enuo .
pro po s al npenaomés ie .
pro po s e (to)nperaarart .
pro ve (to)no sasn sarr.
p ro verb nocaosnua .
publ isher nanarcab .
pun ctual roq nn ii .
pup i l (s cho lar)y‘l eIIfiR'B .
purchas e (to) nosyuars , aynarb .
purchaser noxynareas .
pure ancrn i’
i ; nesmmuu .
purse s omeaés '
s ; mtmORt .
put (to)mac/rt ; erasure .
Quadruped aeraeponérii’
i .
qual ity kaaecrs o .
140 VOCAB ULARY .
scho lar (learn ed man)yq ean ii .s cho o l yanaume .
s cho o l -fe l low coyaeuaat .
scho o l -master yufireas .
s cho o l -m is tre s s yqfireasnnua .
s cien ce nayaa .
scis so rs nemnaun .
s crew B H HT'
B .
s ea nope .
sea l neaarb .
s ea l in g-wax cypryq t .
s eaman MOpfl R’b .
s eams tres s ms ea.
seaso n spéna roiia .
s eat (co un try)noniscrse a
s eate d (to be)canars ca , cn i t rb .
s econ d s ropoii, npyroii .
see (to)3mm ,cxorp
'srt .
s eem (to)nasart ca .
se ldom pi ano .
s e l l (to)nponasars .
s en d (to)nocm arb .
s en timen t afrscrno .
Septem ber ces raops .
s ervan t cayra.
servan t -ma id caymansa .
s erve (to)cuymars .
service cnymoa ; ycnyra .
se vera l paaan e, macric.
severe crporiii , mecré s iii .
s ew (to)mars .
shade , shadow ri ms .
shal l (I)a scari es t .
sharp ocrpn fi, plasmashave (to)6pars .
shear (to)crpuab .
shed capai’
i .
sheep o sua.
she l ter nonpbimsa .
she phe rd llacryxsshi ft pyoams a (até s cnaa).shin e (to)cisrs , 6aecrisrs .
ship nopafias , cyano .
shipwreck xopaoneapyménie .
shirt pyoamna (nymcxaa).shoe Ga la tians .
sho em aker 6ammaq nnkt .
sho p .i as sa .
shore 6épert .
short noporaiii .
sho rtly scx6p'ls.
sho t s b’icrpt at .
sho uld (I)a néflmeB '
B
shoulder m e tro.
show (to)nonasn sarb .
shut (to)sarsoparb , aanapars .
s i ck 6o .i t H6ii .
s ickn es s 60 41133115 .
s ide 60m,cropo sa.
s iege o caira .
s igh saxox'
s .
s igh (to )Banoxny'rt , cro s arb .
s ign as aa'
s,npass axt .
s ign ificatio n anaaés ie .
s il k menu'
s .
s i l ver cepeopo.
s imp le npocr é i’
i .
s imp l i city npocrora.
s ince c'
s risxs nops .
s in ce re ficnpenniii .s in g (to)Mars .
S ir synapb .
s is ter cecrpa.
s it (to down)caaarb ca, cant rb .
s i tuated (to b e)naxoiuirbca .
s i tuation miscrouozi oatés ie .
s ka te R O H éK'
b .
skin Roma .
s lave pafis .
s leep (to)cuart .
s len der Tons ii’
i,msmu .
s low ly Memens o .
_
sma l l mas s if, Méasm.
sm i le (to)yanoarbca .
sm i th aysnéut .
smo ke w a s .
smoke (to cigars)sypi'irb .
sn ake sa lsa.
sn ow out”.s n ows (i t)cn‘lsrt fl i ers
so rant,T a lifi hl ’b oopazsom .
s o ap Mano .
so cie ty 66mecrs o .
sojourn npeon sanie .
s o ld ier comart .
s ome ass oropuk; nt cnoatxo .
s om ebo dy "t aro .
some thing ut q ro,arc-s aoyi t .
som etimes a noraa.
somewha t ni mro , ace-arc .
s omewhere l‘
Jl’IS -T O , rn
’ls- lmfifub .
s o o n esopo , pano .
s orrow neqaas , rope .
sorry cepiinrn ii ; neaéaunn i’
r.
V o cxs uu s r .
sorry (to b e mant ra.
so ul ayma.
so urce H CT éq tT), M IO ‘I'
B .
so uth 10 1"
I> .
so uthern iiiat nn ii .
s pace npocrpancrso .
s pacious oomnps n i’
r.
Sp a in c as ia .
Sparrow B opooéi’
i .
s peak (to)ro sopars .
s pe ech pal ms .
Sp in (to)npacrb .
s p iri tua l nyxosnn ii .
s po i l (to)néprnrs ; rpa6nrs .
spo o n M anta .
s po rtsman oxérs nsp .
s po t (p lace)misero .
s pread (to)pacrarnsa'
rb .
s prin g (seas o n)B ecna.
sprin g (to)nphirars .
square (place)anomai s .
squeeze (to)man (may).s tabl e nonibmna .
s tad'
(s tick)naxna .
s tan dard (ban n er)seams .
s tar as t saa.
s tart (to)ornpasaarsca .
s tay npeofl sanie .
s tay (to)o crasarbca .
s teambo at , s teamer napoxoirs .
s team -engin e naposaa mamnaa.
s tee l cras s .
s tep mars , xom).
s tep (to in)sxonnrs .
s tick Hanna, ayoaua .
s ti l l (yet)eur'
e ; ornano .
s tir (to)ner’rrardca), misma'
rb .
s tirrup crpéma .
s to cking ayaokm, nocont .
s tomach meayiron'
s .
s to n e Kans as .
s to re sa iiact , naooi'
mie .
s to rm 6ypa .
s tra ight upano .
s tree t yrnua .
s trength cr’
ma .
s tri ke (to)6am, ynapars .
s tring B epes aa , mnypoas .
s tri ve (to)craparbca .
s tro n g spisnaiii , cfiasnn i’
i .
s tuden t crynénrt .
s tudy (to)yqars ca .
141
s tupid mynn i’i .
s ubj ect (to)no i seprars .
succes s ycn’sxs , yzia'ra .
succes s i ve nocaiaiio sareaw m‘
i .
success or nacnmnnm .
s uch raaofi .
sudden l y miesanno .
su fier (to)crpanar isufficien t nocraro aan u.
suffi cien tly Jioc'
raro 'm o .
sugar caxap'
s .
s um cy‘
n na, arors .
summer Miro .
sun CéJIH lLe .
Sun day s ocapecénse .
s un ris e B ocxontnénie (1641 11113 .
sun se t saxomréuie Ces sna .
s un shin e cons e q no e cias ie .
s up (to)ymnnarb .
superb s eankoaisnnn ii .
superio r B ricmiii, npes ocxomm ii .
supper ymnns .
s upp l y (to)nocrasaars , cna6iaars .
suppo rt nomépzana .
s ure sspnn i’
i,oesonacnn i
‘
i .
sure ly nas ispao;
surface no sépxnocrs .
surren der (to)cnasarb (ca).s urro un d (to)oapymars .
sus pect (to)nonospizsarb .
susp icion noiioapianie .
s wa l low aacroaaa .
sweep (to)Mecrn.
swe e t cnarxii‘i .
sw ift finicrpn ii .sw im (to)W asarb .
Sw i tzerlan d ll lseiiuapia .
sword MG‘I‘
B .
T ab le crows .
tabl e -clo th cnareprb .
tai l xsocrs .
ta i lor noprnofi.
take (to) 6pars , s sars,no iinars .
take (to care)fiepéq sca .
ta le csaaxa , pascnass ; float ers .
tapes try coon (pla n).tavern aaoam .
tea aafi .
teach (to)yafirs .
teacher yanrea t .
tear caeaa.
te l l (to)csasars ; paacna'
sn sars .
142 VOCAB U LARY .
tempes t 6ypa .
temp le xpans .
temporary spémens n ii.termin ate (to)ortos 'mrb .
terrib le ymacs nfi, crpamimfi.
terro r Yatac'
b , crpax'
b .
Tham es T éM3a .
than ai ms,némeaa .
than k (to)Gnaronapnrt .
that T O T '
B ; aro .
theatre rearpt .
then T oma; moron s .
then ce orryna .
there rams .
there is RoT'
b .
therefo re casinosareabno .
thick (big)roacrn i’i .
thie f B op'
b .
thin g 1115110 , nexus .
thin k (to)Jiy'ua'
rb .
thirs t malaria .
thoro ughl y co scian '
s,cosepménno .
though xorii, onsano .
thought mu ons .
tho usan d T hica qa .
thread (to s ew)nnrxa .
threat yrpéaa .
threaten (to)yrpozsars .
thro at ropao .
thro n e npecron .
thro ugh ‘l épQB'
B,cs soas .
througho ut no scrbiiy, DO s ecs .
thun der rpon's .
Thursday aers éprs .
thus Tannin , 66paaon t .
ti cke t om en .
tiger ra rps .
til l 110 , noxa.
tim e (duration)Bpéua .
time (repe ti tion)pass .
t ime s (at)s aori a.
toba cco rafias 'b .
to bacco -p ipe rpyoaa .
to -day ceronaa .
toge ther Bakers .
to ld (to b e)cay' inarb .
to -morrow sasrpa .
to ngue s atires .
to o rasme,Tome.
to o much canmaont .
to o th 3y6s .
tower Games .
town ropons .
tra in norm .
tran s la te (to)nepes omrs .
tran slatio n nepesogs .
trave l nyremécrsosarn.
travel ler nyremécrs es nns t .
treas urer xasnaq éfi .
tree népeso .
tremb l e (to)npomars .
true B iipnn ii, npaszinsn ii .
trumpe t p sa.
trun k (o f a tree)crs on .
trun k (co fi'
er)cynzij’
s'
b .
Tuesday Bropnaxt .
Tu rk Ty’pons .
Turkey Ty‘pais .
Turkis h rypéus ifi .
turn ouepers ; nepemisna .
turn (to)B epriirt (ca).tw i ce ream s .
ugly rankii’
i , nypnoii .umbre l la souras t .
un ab le necnocoonn i’
i .
un cle 11am.
un dergo (to)nperepn'lssars .
unders ta nd (to)nonnnars .
unders tan d ing ynt , pasyms .
un dertake (to)npennpnsm iars .
undertakin g npeirnpiiirie .
un fortuna te necaacrnn i’
i .
un happy necqacrs n fi .
un in terrupted 6e3npepii s s n ii .un i te (to)coenanars .
un i ty enfi ucrs o ; comacie .
un i versal s cen ipnn i’i ; s ceoomiii .u n i vers e Bcerénnaa .
un ivers i ty ynnnepcnrérfs .
unkn own nenss‘s crs n i
’
t .
un le ss écm H e ; pass is.un p leasan t nenpiarnn ii .u nwe l l H BBJIOpén'
b .
un w i l l ing neoxérs n i’
i .
u pho ls terer oooi‘
imuut .
u se ynorpefiaénie .
us e (to)npa sn sars ; ynorneGJars .
u s eful nonéann i’i .usual oon as o sénnn fi.
u tterl y cos epmés no , p'lzmareii b s o .
V a lley noaasa .
van quis h (to)noG'lsmaars .
vary (to)namtpars .
vea l remirnua .
144
II. RUSSIAN
A an d ; but .aBrycrs Augus t .am ass diamo nd .
amen an ge l .A nrm qanant E ngl ishman .
auraii’
i caii’
i E nglis h .
Anm ia E nglan d .
aupisin. Apri l .apmnni . yard , arsheen .
B acna fable , ta le .
6amman'
s sho e .
6amnaas ans sho emaker.
6amsa to wer.
oesnpecranno in co n s tan tly.6e3'i. w i thout.6éperi . shore , co as t.our}. to beat .fiaaronapfirs to than k .
Graropoi nu ii n oble .
6aarocao saars to bles s .
mass if: n ear.
6aisnnn ii pa le .
6oram ii ri ch .
B o rn G od .
s ick , i l l .fioabme mo re .
60 115 111611 great , large .
Gonsans il ln es s .
60po ira beard .
6oarbca to fear.
6pars bro ther.
6pars to take .
6péna burde n .
6pars to shave .
6pocars to throw .
Gyrymii’
i future .
Gyno q nnm. baker.
Gynara paper.
oypa s to rm , tempes t.6mm. bul l .6am . to b e .
Gi ann i? po o r.
613mm to ru n .
61m i n white .
B amnn i’
i impo rtan t .138t fo r ever an d ever.
mesa w idow .
ENGLISH.
snos éuf
s w ido wer.
Beans everywhere .
s eanaii’
i great .B eanaonsnnu i
’
i mag n ificen t .s epé uka ro pe .
s ecéau ii joyful .s ecua Spring (s easo n).s ecs all, who le .
s eem s. m uch , very .
B éaeps e ven ing .
Benin th in g .
Bans face , a ir, shape .
B fin’i fl‘b to s ee .
B i'
w lta fo rk .
s nno w in e .
minim! cherry .
smisero in s tead o f.
as sert toge ther.
s nesans o sudden l y .
s aunas ie atten tio n .
B oga water.
Bogart. (scorn)to lead .
s oaspamart ca to re turn .
s oanyxs air.
s oan émnu ii po s s ible .
B o fina war.
Boas t warrio r.
soiicno army .
Romain . s tatio n ,termin us .
s ome}. wo lf.B O JIllé. wave .
soaocn ha ir.
s oar. ox.
scan w i l l,des ire .
nonpéc'
s que stio n .
B opo ns raven .
B opora ga te .
s opt thief.s ocspecéabe Sund ay .
B ocuaranie educa tio n .
B ocrt'
m'
r. eas t .s nepem. fo rward .
spars en emy .
spans l iar.
spars to lie , to te l l fa lsehoods .
spa s s phys i cian , do cto r.
spéas n i’
i hurtful .
V o cxs um ar .
spent . damage .
spéna time .
s cerra a lways .
s een) o n the who le ; o f all.s cen ipan fi un i versal .ace-ram n o twiths tan d ing.s crasars to get up , to ris e .
s crpisqars to mee t .arops ax
'
s Tuesday .
s aepa yes terday .
B'
b in , in to .
s bixyn'
s ran som.
s n coaii’
i h igh .
uncora he ight .mi cras aa exh ibi tio n .
sfi aacrars to clean .
s hit xars to ride o ut ; to s tart .
Bt s éu'
s crown .
Bianca'
s garlan d .
slapa fa i th .
s isparr. to be l ieve .
B'lipnn ii fai th ful .131;e bran ch .
B iarepi . wind .
s t ann ii e tern a l .mi; where .
repoli h ero .
mass eye .
rayfios ifi deep .
ray’
nu ii stup id .
rayxofi deaf.ro sopars to speak .
ron year .
roro sa head .
roron hunger.
roao cs vo ice .
ronyfis p igeon .
ropa mo un ta in .
ropziocrs pride .
réprn i’
i pro ud .
ropon'
s town .
ropss ifi b i tter.
ropt rs to burn .
ropaaii’
i ho t .
rocnoxna'
s gen tleman .
rocnoata lady .
rocrannnna inn ,ho te l .
rocrs gue s t .rocyiiapcrso empire .
rorosn fi ready.
rpamnasnn'
s ci tizen .
rpasaua fron tier, bo rder.
E lemen tary R uss ian Grammar.
145
rpadm'
i aa coun te ss .
rpatb'
r. coun t , earl .I'
pénia Greece .
rpéaecs ii’
i Greek .
rpom. thun der.
rpyma pear.
rpiax'
s s in .
ryaars to wal k .
rycs goo se .
Jia yes .
nanars to give .
name e ve n , al so .
nai’a, iraii re give !iraaeaiii d is tan t .iisepi. do or.
mops co urt, yard .
nekaops December.
116 115 day.
lléHb I‘H mo n ey .
nepés ua v i l lage .
népeso tree .
nepmars to keep .
nemé sn i’
r cheap .
anaii’
i s avage,wi ld .
nara child .
nans nn i‘
i lo n g.mm fo r.
nooponsreii s v irtue .
nofipn i’
i goo d .
roonq a prey .
nosoas no en o ugh .
nosérsnnfi satisfied .
110mm ra in .
aoxaaareu crso proo f.roarifi lo n g .
manna va l ley .
iroa debt.a I must .
now . ho use .
ropéra way.
noporol’
i dear.
nocrofinn i’
i worthy .
iro ns daughter.
npés s iii an cien t .npo sa wo o d .
apyrofi o ther.
l )'
l"
b frien d .
nyoi. oak.
Aymara to be l ieve .
nypaoi‘
t bad .
nyma soul .smoke .
146 VOCAB ULARY .
nimars to do , to make .
bus in ess ; thing .
ram un cle .
er6 o f him ; h is ; h im .
circa s carce ly,hard l y .
écaa i f, whe ther.
eme s ti ll , yet .mam a thirs t .maxim . to p ity , to regret .mapnrs to roas t
,to fry.
mapsoe ro as t m eatfmenars to w ish .
IKéJ T H fi ye l low .
measssaa aopéra ra i lway .meri no iro n .
arena w ife .
menmn s a woman .
ma sornoe an imal .manos na j ewe s s .
mans jew .
mire“ . in habi tan t.mars to l i ve .
3a fo r; behind .
aaon sari. to fo rget .zasrpakars to breakfas t.sasrpa to -morrow .
camararb to l ight .na tions law .
sanoas cas tle .
canons lo ck .
sanns art ca to o ccupy on ese lf.sanazrs wes t.aacaymasars to des erve .
saints bare .
n ew s tar.
313t beas t .anopos be h ea l th .
saopOBn ii hea l thy .
si t es here .
seaénn i’
i green .
semis earth .
sepnaao lo o king-glass .
anna w in ter.
aroma ras ca l .sa lsa sn ake .
snares s ign,mark .
seams flag .
sears to kn ow .
sonoro go ld .
sonrnm. paraso l ; umbrel la.
spi nn ii ripe .
ayot to o th .
n an d .
aroma n eed le .
nrpart to p lay .
1131. o u t,from .
thi n or.
an ueparopt empero r.
anneparpana empre ss .
ma i ns to have , to po s sess .
mm n ame .
a norna s om e times .
n s ocrpannn i’
r fo re ign .
ncsarb to lo o k fo r.
ncspes uii’
i s in cere .
ncxyccrso art .
ncropia his to ry .
acros s as s s ource .
irons July .
irons Jun e .
B an ana each,e very .
xaaart ca to s eem .
aass aq éi‘
i treasurer.
kas oii which .
11am. how , as , l i ke .
Barrens s to n e .
s apaui ams lead - pen ci l .napnas t po cke ts aprns a p i cture .
saaecrso qual i ty.namezu. cough .
infl ows key.
s urira bo o k .
s naronpoaaseut bookse ller.
as arnna prin cess .
xs ass prin ce .
aoaeco whee l .s oreness we l l , p i t .xoabuo ring .
Koms ara room .
KO HéR '
b ska te .
no s én'
s end .
ico ns hors e .
s on iomna s tab le .
s opaoas ship .
KépeB b ro o t.s opsiis sa baske t.xopoaésa queen .
Ropoab king .
kopors iii sho rt.s ocrr. bo n e .
aoropn i’
i which , that .mine co ffee .
s émaa cat .
148 V o cxs um nv .
H es oanoms n fi impo ss ible .
H enn a week .
nenons i'
ns nn ii immo vable .
ncnpiiirezis en emy.neupii
'
rrnnk d isagreeab le .
s eepas s és s n i’
i in comparable .
Haakiii low,in ferio r.
nas orna n ever.
s n are n o body.anaero n o thing .
Bandit beggar.
no n o .
nonu ii n ew .
H ora fo o t ; leg .
noms kn ife .
s ocs n os e .
noas n ight .s cenrs to bring , to carry , to
wear.
noaops No vember .
s pasnrsca to p lease ; to l i ke .
Hymnarsca to wan t .nymnn ii n e ces sary .
Hana n urs e .
nsn énnii’
i Germ an .
H sn eus German .
“snort mu te , dumb .
s tars n o t ; it'
is n o t.
66a bo th .
0 6essana mon key,ape .
66nano cloud .
O fiéfi tapes try .
ofié iiumas upho ls terer.
oomecrs o so cie ty, com pany .
66min common .
oGn anos és ie habit.oonanosés no usua l ly .
oonnno séann fi ord in ary .
0 6mm din e .
0615111. d in n er.
Osman . to prom is e .
ofiaaannocrs o bl igatio n , duty.os iia sheep .
orons fi re .
onssars to dress .
oaepo lake .
O kanan sars to fin ish .
os s o w indow .
caoao ro und , about ; n early.oupécrs ocrs en viro n s .
onra6ps O ctober.
oaéns s tag .
onacnocrs danger.
o uacnn i’
i dangerous .
onars aga in .
opens eagle .
opymie weapo n .
opsxs nu t, waln ut .
ocnoGoatJta'
rs to de liver.
ocssmars to prom i se .
coens as s,do n key .
cces s autumn .
ocmsm sarsca to dare .
ocooenno parti cularl y .
ocrasrars to abandon , to leave .
ocrasars to abando n,to qui t.
o cropomnn i’
i care ful .ocrposs is land .
ocrpn i’
a sharp .
ors from ,out .
oréns fa ther.
oréq ecrs o n ative coun try .
ornpnsars to o pen , to d is co ver.
oxorsmts s po rtsman .
oxorao wi l l ingly .
oaes s very much , greatly.oq epens turn .
omnoaa m is take .
Ilancas finge r.
nanarnas s mo numen t .nanars m emory .
napoxoiis s team er.
naps s team.
nacry’
xs shepherd .
usneas ashes .
néps n ii firs t.nepesonnrs to tran s late .
népeas be fore .
nepo pen ; feather.
neaaas so rrow .
near. to bake .
nnso beer, ale .
uncart to wri te .
nncs no le tter.
min . to drin k .
nnasars to sw im .
naas ars to weep , to cry.
naana flame .
naari'
irs to pay.
naarse dress .
naén a tribe .
naen fis nas s n ephew.
naenannnua n iece .
naoxo hard ly ; bad ly .
V o CA B U LA R Y .
naomans p lace , square .
no after ; by ; o ut o f ; abou t.noBaps cook .
no sropiirs to repeat .norona weather.
uoenr’
i s oas due l .nomaiiylicra i f yo u p lease .
noss oaars to al low.
nosnno late .
noaaan sars to show .
noxpn sars to co ver.
nonynars to buy .
none fie ld .
noaéann i’
l us e ful .nonosnua hal f.nory
riars to receive .
nomorars to he lp , to as sis t .nonoms as s is tan ce .
nonei snsnns s Mon day.
mounta i ns to un ders tand .
no -nonjus n aftern o on .
nonpasiiars to correct, to men d .
no ns pries t.nopnnars to b lame .
nopons vice .
noprs oi‘
i tai lor.
nopanoas o rder.
nocasiwili las t .after.
nocas-aanrpa the day after tomo rrow .
nocénscrso embassy .
mocoas ambassado r.
nocréas bedstead .
liocsmars to vi s i t .noc
'isménie vis i t .nocnaars to s en d .
norepars to lo se .
uoromy q ro why; because .
moron s then ,afterwards .
no srr’
r n earl y .
not ans tra in .
npasm s nn fi regular.
npaaiinnas fes ti val .npeiwarars to o ffer.
npe’
mzxe be fo re , so o ner.
npesnpars to desp ise , to re
gard with co n temp t .npennymecrno advan tage .
npeapacnn fi beauti ful .npemircrs ie obs tacle .
upecroas thro ne .
149
npn at,n ear
,on
,by .
npaoaamarsca to approach .
npnosirs to arri ve .
npns bituta cus tom
,hab i t .
npnrorosnars to prepare .
npmi éatnn ii d i l igen t .npnn isps examp le .
npn s ocnrs to bring .
npaxoiuirs to come .
npn qnaa cause , reason .
npisxars to arrive .
npiareas friend .
npiarnn i’
i agreeab le .
npooo sars to try.
nponasars to se l l .npocnrs to b eg.
npocroi’
t s imp le .
nporn ss aga in s t .npomars to pardo n .
nrnua b ird .
nycaars to le t, to le t go .
nycroii empty .
nycrsiua des ert.nyremécrsennnns trave l ler.
nyremécrs osars to trave l .nq ena b ee .
n'lzryxs co ck .
nt rs to s in g .
narun lia Friday .
pafiora wo rk .
pooorars to work .
paoornnas w o rkman .
pas nnna p lain ,leve l ground .
pano sa'
rsca to rej o ice,to be glad.
parocrs joy.
pans glad .
pass i; perhaps , then .
pasrosapasars to d is suade .
pasro sops d ia logue .
pasnnq nnfi differen t, d is tin ct.pass a lia d i fferen ce .
pass n i’
i d ifferen t .paacsass ta le , n arrati ve .
paacsasn sars to te l l,to re late.
paacmarpnsars to view,to con
tem p la te .
paacnorpsnie exam in atio n .
pass time ; o n ce .
pana wo un d .
pas o so o n .
pacaa iirsca to repen t .pacnpocrpaaars to en tend .
150 VOCAB ULARY .
pacréuie p lan t .pears to tear,to rend .
pors horn .
porns a n ative co un try.ponnreim paren ts .
poncrs ennns s re latio n , re lative .
po lls gender.
pomnarsca to b e bo rn .
P omnecrso Chris tmas .
pomiiéuie b irth .
poms rye .
posa ro se .
poca dew .
pors mouth .
pyfiamka shirt .pya t e gu n ,
rifle .
pysa han d ; arm .
pyaéii bro o k ; rivule t.psi6a fi sh .
pnoans fisherm an .
pinntiii rare , se ldom .
pssars to cut .pisica river.
ptmars to decide .
pisménie decis ion .
pans row,tier.
can rsca to s it down .
caros nnas garden er.
cans garde ner.
cams, cann i
’
l se l f, same .
canérs bo o t .canomnaks sho emaker.
caxaps sugar.
csnrsreii s w i tn ess .
cans sa sw in e , p ig.es coci a fre edom , l iberty .
CB O Goa i’
i free .
cssri’
msnnns can d les ti ck .
cssrs l ight ; world .
css qa can d le .
csaasa t ie .
csarol’
i ho l y , sa in t.casnarbca to become
,to ge t.
ceronna to -day.
ce li aacs directly .
cello vi l lage .
cenéficrs o fam il y.cesraops Sep tember.
cépaue heartcepeopo s i lver.
cepeiia Wedn esday .
cecrpa s is te r.
canim . to s it.
cr'
U ia s tren gth .
cnasun i’
i s tro ng .
criniii bl ue .
cnasars to te l l , to say.
caan éi’
i sa ben ch .
esopo s o on , quickly .
csopm‘
i qui ck .
caors beas t ; cattle .
capoms nfi mo des t .cxpnsars to hide .
0.1516a weak .
crasa glory,ren own .
caanaiii swe e t .cnosaps d ictio n ary .
03680 wo rd .
cayra servan t,fo o tman .
caymanaa ma id-servan t .caymr
’
rrs to s erve .
cryaai’
i acciden t,cas e .
cayqarscu to happen .
cadmars to hear.
casnos ars to fo l low .
cnsnyiomii’
t fo l low ing .
caoménie in terco urse .
cn'hrs s n ow .
cooasa dog .
coonpars to co l lect.cofiops cathedra l .co6panie co l lectio n ,
ass embl y .
cossrnnas coun s e l lor.
co siirs advice .
coraars s o ld ier.
cons sal t .coanae sun .
con n'lmie doubt .
cons s leep.
conpo somaars to accompan y .
conpora snarsca to o ppo s e ,to
res is t .cociins n e ighbo ur.
cuart to s leep .
cnonofinn i’
i quite .
cno c66un fi a bl e .
cnpamasars to ask,to inquire .
epeziana m idd le .
cpéacrso mean s .
cranaus drin king-glass .
craparsca to en deavo ur.
crapfms o ld man .
crapocra headman .
crapy’
xa o ld woman .
152 VOCAB ULARY .
xyme wors e .
asserii to flouri sh .
lazi ness,
flower.
mm co lo ur.
néps os s church .
price .
trait tea .
s acro o ften .
naors part .1racs
’
l watch .
s acs hour.
asancrs o van i ty .
ueaosims man .
aerosisaecrso man kin d .
q épess through .
li epm'
ixa ink.
q epnnasnana in ks tan d .
aepnn ii b lack .
s ecrs hon o ur.
aerséprs Thursday .
anaons ns s o fficial , oflicer.
ancao n umber ; date .
ancrn i’
t clean .
4
Prin ted by C. F. Win ter,Darms tad t .
smart to read .
am that ; which ; what.q roon in order that .arc- 111165111 s ome thing .
qy’
scrs osars to fee l .qyi o wo n der.
1115111. than .
méa n eck .
mnpénifi bro ad .
marina hat .
myrnrs to joke .
meraa brush .
app le .
as i énie phen omen o n .
ami s s lan guage .
ansaps Jan uary .
senn it clear.
afino egg .
lo rs south .
1331111 dri ve .
"13311111 1. to drive , to go .
to eat .
sxars to ride,to go .
![TOEFL [Grammar]](https://img.dokumen.tips/doc/110x75/6353cfb7fd6676f6680d07e9/toefl-grammar-1700721007.jpg)
