Effects of telecommunication towers on environment

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UNIVERSITY OF HARGEISA

Collage of Applied Science

Faculty of Environment Title: Effects of Telecommunication Towers on Environment

In Hargeisa AreaI am submitted to write the research paper that include the requirement bachelor science to

the faculty of environmental science in the university of Hargeisa

Author: Sa’ad Musa Abdi

IDNO: 116279

Telephone: 0025-2-63-4409837

Supervisor: Hamze Ibrahim Mohumed

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Declaration AI here declared that thesis is my original work wherever contribution of other involved such as

literature reviews I have indicate due to references.

I understand that my thesis can be made available to university of Hargeisa Library.

Name: Sacad Musa Abdi

Signiture:…………………………….

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Declaration BI here with declare this thesis proposal has been carried out under my supervision by the

student whose name is Sacad Musa Abdi. He submitted this thesis 2014/2015 academic year

in University of Hargeisa.

Supervisor: Hamze Ibrahim Muhumed

Signiture:………………………………………..

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DedicationI dedicate this thesis my parents Musa Abdi Aidid and NimoAbdilahi Ali.

Without their patience support demonstrate the value of education, hard work persistence

most of love completion of this work would not have been possible.

Also this thesis dedicated to all people who have supported all the way since the beginning of

my studies.

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AcknowledgementsI would like to thank those academic persons, lecturers, professors with in Hargeisa University

and some other people whose gave so willingly of their time.

I would also like to thank my special advisor Hamze, who gave the instructions that I followed

during the research thesis paper.

And I would like to thank all my classmates and the friends of the faculty of environment and the

whole students of the University.

Especially I would like to thank a lot to the persons whose are in my spiritual feelings.

1. Mamo, NimoAbdilahi Ali

2. Father, Musa Abdi Aided

3. Mohamed Osman Hassan

4. All my brothers and sisters

5. Supervisor: Hamze Ibrahim Mohumed

6. Abdifatah, (Dean of the faculty Science )

7. Ismail Mohamed Shaqalle (Chief Commander of SL Military)

8. Samsam Abdi Adan (Former minister of Education)

9. Da’ud Ahmed Farah ( Chairman of Examination Commission)

10. Ahmed Mohamed Adad (Former Dean

11. Abdirizak Dahir Salan

12. Hodan Adan Aw Ali

I appreciate all those people whose helped me by various sides of my limitations that’s why, I

wrote down them in my acknowledgement, for the sake of that they gave me precious hand for

the period of the writing process of the thesis paper.

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Table of ContentsCHAPTER ONE............................................................................................................10

Introduction...................................................................................................................................10

1.1: Background of the Study..................................................................................................10

1.2: Problem Statement..............................................................................................................12

1.3: Purpose of the Study...........................................................................................................12

1.4: Research Objectives............................................................................................................12

Specific Objectives.......................................................................................................................13

1.5: Research Questions.............................................................................................................13

Hypothesis.......................................................................................................................................13

1.6: Scope........................................................................................................................................14

Geographical Scope:...................................................................................................................14

Time Scope......................................................................................................................................14

1.7: Significance of the Study...................................................................................................14

Operational definitions of key terms.....................................................................................16

CHAPTER TWO...........................................................................................................17

2.0: Review of Related Literature..........................................................................................17

2.1: Conceptual and opinions of related for literature....................................................17

A Closer Look at Cell Tower Exposure................................................................................18

2.1.2: Fact about Cell Towers and Cell Sites.......................................................................18

2.1.3: Health Dangers of Cell Towers (or Mobile Phone Masts)..................................19

EMF Exposure Health Effects.................................................................................................19

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Cell Tower Radiation Has Also Been Linked To:..............................................................19

2.2: Definitions: Towers and Masts........................................................................................20

The standard..................................................................................................................................20

Types of towers and masts.........................................................................................................20

Monopole tower............................................................................................................................21

Self-supporting tower.................................................................................................................22

Guyed mast.....................................................................................................................................23

Tower location...............................................................................................................................24

CHAPTER THREE.......................................................................................................25

3.0: Methodology..........................................................................................................................25

3.1 Research Design.....................................................................................................................25

3.2.1 : Research Population......................................................................................................25

3.2.2: Sample size.........................................................................................................................25

3.1.3 Sampling procedure..........................................................................................................26

3.1.4 Research Instruments......................................................................................................26

3.1.5 Validity and Reliability of the Instruments..............................................................26

3.1.6 Data Gathering Procedures............................................................................................27

Before the administration of the questionnaires...............................................................27

During the administration of the questionnaires..............................................................27

After the administration of the questionnaires..................................................................27

3.1.7: Data Analysis.....................................................................................................................28

3.1.8: Ethical Consideration.....................................................................................................28

3.1.9: Limitation of the Study..................................................................................................28

CHAPTER FOUR..........................................................................................................30

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4.0: Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data..................................................30

Demography Information.........................................................................................................30

CHAPTER FIVE............................................................................................................48

Summary of Findings, Recommendations and Conclusion...........................................48

Summary of Major Findings....................................................................................................48

Recommendations..........................................................................................................49

Conclusion......................................................................................................................50

Questionnaire.................................................................................................................51

Part One: Demographic Characteristics.............................................................................52

Part two: Family and people linked to the towers............................................................52

Part three: Government and company’s ways related....................................................53

References.......................................................................................................................56

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CHAPTER ONE

Introduction

1.1: Background of the Study

Telecommunication Towers: is a large antenna that used to communicate mobiles and internet

without wire and connecting with the cell phones and internet.

Towers communicate with the mobiles and internet rooters with large areas, for example one

district is enough in one antenna of telecommunication tower.

According report in the office of the Auditor General of the Canada, Every day there are more cellular

telecommunication antennas being erected close to or even upon schools, daycares, retirement homes and

residential buildings that are affecting the health and well being of everyone. It has been mentioned that

we are now virtually living within a microwave oven!!! Although the effects of the radiation that cell

phone towers emit are harmful and above all it has not been proved safe by the telecommunication

companies, there are more and more towers being approved by the municipal governments, Scientifically

evidence shows that the electromagnetic radiation caused by cellular telecommunications, has now

become the worst man-made hazard for all life and the environment. Moreover, the negative effects of

this radiation have being shown by scientists as of yet there has been nothing done to protect or make the

public aware of the dangerous they are confronted with. For instance, studies like the one conducted by

Dr. George Carlo and published in his book Cell phones invisible hazards in the wireless age,

demonstrated the unwillingness of the cell phone companies to admit in public the results and to be

responsible for the impacts this technology has in the human body. Unfortunately, studies such as this one

are consistently ignored by the Government and by the Cell Phone Industry who claim that cell phones

and antennas respect the "safe limits" of exposure of radiofrequency radiation and there is no need to

worry or any concern about health risks. That is why the so called "safe limits" need to be reevaluated

since they are much too high and are not difficult to comply with. Rather than being based of medical

criteria, they are merely based on technical feasibility and commercial interest of the Cellular

Telecommunications Industry. There is no proof that cell phones and cell phones masts radiation do not

cause any harm to human life and environment.

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The biggest immediate concern is that the cellular telecommunications companies are targeting the

younger generation, the teenagers and children of tomorrow who are more sensitive towards radiation

because their skulls do not block as much radiation and are affected by these rays much more than adults.

These particular groups of people have:

Thinner skulls which do not block as much radiation and an adult's skull does

A more sensitive nervous system

Not such a strong immune system

An increased rate of cell division, which is the reason why cell damages spread faster

Some of the most powerful cell tower installations are on mountains and hilltops outside of

urban areas. These EM fields have impacted humans, animals as well as the ecological balance.

Studies of people and farm animals living around high voltage wires point to extreme hazards of

living up up-close to a powerful electromagnetic field (EMF) - exhibiting everything from stress

and sleep disorders to birth defects, cancer and Alzheimer’s. All cell site exposure risks.

Cell towers (known as mobile phone masts (Britain) or base stations) typically contain

transmitter/receivers transceivers, control electronics, a GPS receiver for timing, digital signal

processors as well as various types of electrical power sources.

Cell phone tower wavelengths, microwaves have a significantly higher frequency than even

radio waves, the higher the frequency, the more powerful the wave and the more powerful effect

on biological organisms, EMF (Electromagnetic field) is effect human health and cause damage

of the Enzymes, DNA, Metabolism, Genes, Hormones and more.

Cell tower radiation has also been linked to Headaches, Memory loss, Low sperm count, Cancer,

birth defects, Heart conditions and Alzheimer’s, one of the problems is that this damage is

cumulative in the tissues, and can take years, even decades to show up.

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1.2: Problem Statement

The main reason study Effects of Telecommunication Towers on Environment, there is

increase of the use of towers that can cause day after day establish more places use, like homes,

areas more people stay.

Problem of the telecommunication towers is a evidence that come after more years or after long

time, but don’t see in suddenly and this problem is importance to avoid and make ways to

decrease.

Telecommunication towers emits more and more microwaves and these higher energy waves can

actually destroy chemical and molecular bonds, creating chaos in our basic biochemical

structures and these cause damage of the birth child, infant and also genes of the people neighbor

the place of these tower.

Telecommunication towers can effect to the environment and cause to the damage of the health

of the society, also damage environmental amenity.

1.3: Purpose of the Study

The purpose of the study is to know effects of Telecommunication Towers on Environment in

Hargeisa city, that’s increase day after day in our country and to define how telecommunication

towers destruct human health.

1.4: Research Objectives

General Objective: This study will correlate telecommunication towers and effects on

environment in Hargeisa Somaliland.

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Specific Objectives

1. To determine the demographic characteristics/profile of respondents in terms of:a. Age b. Gender c. Marital statusd. Educational backgrounde. Work experiences

2. To describe relation between telecommunication towers and urbanization 3. To know how our country effected telecommunication towers use 4. To describe rules and regulation of the towers 5. To establish data about effects of telecommunication towers in our society 6. To find understanding of society about towers

1.5: Research Questions

1. What are the demographic characteristics of the respondents as to: a. Age?b. Gender? c. Marital status?d. Educational background?e. Work experience?

2. How Telecommunication Towers effect on Environment?3. What the relationship of the human health and neighbor of Towers?4. When towers effect to the environment and human?5. How our country effect telecommunication towers use? 6. What is the rules and regulation of the towers?7. When telecommunication towers effect to the environment?8. How buildings of telecommunication towers decrease environmental amenity?

Hypothesis

1. There is a significant relationship between the levels of the effect of telecommunication

towers and to the environment in Hargeisa City.

1.6: Scope

Geographical Scope:

This study will be conducted in within the five districts in Hargeisa (26 Juune, Gacan libaax,

Maxamed Mooge, Ibraahim Koodbuur and Axmed Dhagax), in Hargeisa is the capital city of

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Somaliland that is the most populated city in the country and most area build to the

telecommunication towers, for the reason the study will focus Hargeisa and here districts.

Time Scope

This study estimated to take one month that is running from June 2015 up to July 2015. It is

mainly to give researcher sample time to conduct the study.

1.7: Significance of the Study

The beneficiaries of this study are to include the following:

Somaliland government: is use this research as improvement and reference about towers,

especially Ministries of Post and Telecommunication, Environment and Health

Non Governmental organizations: they will benefit the findings of the study and they will

use for improvement of projects.

International Organization: they will use this study as baseline data to the environmental

and health projects.

Local Government: is used reference about the health and environmental amenity

Community: they will use to reference about when they build a house how to avoid effects

of telecommunication towers.

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1.8: Conceptual Frame Works

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Operational definitions of key terms

For the purpose of this study, the following terms are defined as they were used in the study:

Demographic characteristics of the respondents were attributes looked for the study in the

terms of gender, age, qualifications, number of experts, number of qualified labor that work

in the telecommunication companies

1. Telecommunication tower: is a large Ariel that sometimes installed on the tops of

buildings. Also known as Mobile towers. Telecommunication towers are especially

dangerous because they emit microwaves at a frequency of 1900 MHz. Recent studies

have shown that the intense radioactivity from mobile phone towers adversely impacts

every biological organism within 1 square kilometer.2. Environment: The sum total of all surroundings of living organism, including natural

resource and other things, which provide conditions for development and growth as well

as danger and damage. Also is known where we are live is called environment.

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CHAPTER TWO

2.0: Review of Related Literature

2.1: Conceptual and opinions of related for literature

What happens when human population centers are flooded with massive amounts of powerful

wireless microwave radiation? Nobody knows…yet.

This sentences started article writing to the dangerous of cell phone radiation that’s titled “Is

Cell Tower Radiation Dangerous?” and printed website named Safe space protection.

Also the details of this article about telecommunication towers is you’re exposed to 100

million times more Electromagnetic radiation than your grandparents were, and cell towers

are making that number grow exponentially. If you can make a call on your cell phone, then

you’re in an area that’s saturated with cell site microwave radiation.

Some of the most powerful cell tower installations are son mountains and hilltops outside of

urban areas. These EM fields have impacted humans, animals as well as the ecological

balance. Studies of people and farm animals living around high voltage wires point to

extreme hazards of living up up-close to a powerful electromagnetic field (EMF) - exhibiting

everything from stress and sleep disorders to birth defects, cancer and Alzheimer’s. All cell

site exposure risks.

EMFs from cell phone towers are impossible to escape, but you can protect yourself with

laboratory-proven Safe Space products. We’ll examine this problem and look at

recommended Safe Space solutions below.

Fig- 1. Body resonates with the earth's magnetic field at 10Hz

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A Closer Look at Cell Tower Exposure

Cell towers (or cell sites) that hold antennas and other communications equipment. They

flood the area for miles around with powerful high frequency radio waves (known as

microwaves) to support the use of cellphones as well as Wi-Fi, WiMax, Wireless LANs,

802.11 networks, Bluetooth supported devices, and more.

Cell towers (known as mobile phone masts (Britain) or base stations) typically contain

transmitter/receivers transceivers, control electronics, a GPS receiver for timing, digital

signal processors as well as various types of electrical power sources.

These microwaves might travel for as few as 2 miles in hilly areas, and up to 45 miles where

there are fewer obstructions, and of course, they easily penetrate brick and metal.

Other forms of cell towers include:

Radio masts - Smaller versions of cell towers, often seen on rooftops and billboards,

typically installed 800-1300 feet apart.

Mobile towers - Sometimes installed on the tops of buildings. Mobile towers are also used

where there have been natural disasters, or when large numbers of people are temporarily

expected (i.e. a major sports event)

Mobile towers are especially dangerous because they emit microwaves at a frequency of

1900 MHz. Recent studies have shown that the intense radioactivity from mobile phone

towers adversely impacts every biological organism within 1 square kilometer.

2.1.2: Fact about Cell Towers and Cell Sites

Article printed to the website named Safe space protection, also take facts about cell towers

and list of the facts are the following:

The International Association for the Wireless Telecommunications Industry

Worldwide estimates there are over 3 billion cell phone users.

If you type your address into AntennaSearch.com to locate the current and planned

towers within eight miles of you.

The dangers of microwave radiation from cell towers (as well as satellite dishes) is

being examined and debated all over the world

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2.1.3: Health Dangers of Cell Towers (or Mobile Phone Masts)

The human body itself is electromagnetic (at a very low level—around 10 hertz). It’s been

shown that each one of our cells has its own electromagnetic field (EMF). Maintaining

balance in those cellular EMFs is critical to staying healthy.

Decades of studies have demonstrated that artificial frequencies higher than 10 hertz can

create stress and serious health problems. (See cell tower radiation health effects)

Cell phone tower wavelengths, microwaves have a significantly higher frequency than even

radio waves. The higher the frequency, the more powerful the wave—and the more powerful

effect on biological organisms. (Recall a mobile tower emit microwaves at 1900 MHz.)

These higher energy waves can actually destroy chemical and molecular bonds, creating

chaos in our basic biochemical structures.

The negative health effects of EMFs and microwave radiation are well documented. Studieshave shown that EMFs can affect:

EMF Exposure Health Effects

Enzymes

DNA

Metabolism

Genes

Hormones

And more

Cell Tower Radiation Has Also Been Linked To:

Headaches

Memory loss

Low sperm count

Cancer, birth defects

Heart conditions

Alzheimer’s.

One of the problems is that this damage is cumulative in the tissues, and can take years, even

decades to show up.

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http://www.safespaceprotection.com/harmful-effects-electromagnetic-fields.aspx

2.2: Definitions: Towers and Masts

According Itrain online Communication Tower Handout was take statement talk in the towers

and mast definition this report is:-

In engineering terms, a tower is a self-supportingstructure while a mast in supported by

staysThe terms “tower” and “mast” are often used for the same type of structure, which of

course can causeconfusion.Tower and mast have different definitions in American and British

English. In American English, both types ofstructures are often called towers, while in British

English, people always use mast instead.To avoid this confusion, in this unit we are using the

engineering terms:

• Tower = self-supporting

• Mast = supported by stays or guys.

The standard

The Structural Standards for Steel Antenna Towers and Antenna Supporting Structures

(ANSI/TIA 222F1996was published in March 1996 by the TIA (Telecommunications

Industry Association). The objective of the TIA 222Fdocument was to provide a set of

minimum criteria for specifying and designing steel antenna towers andantenna supporting

structures.The document includes topics as wind loading, paint, guys, foundations, bolt

tightening, climbing andmaintenance. The document is not free of charge (costs about 100

USD), but it is highly recommended to have acopy of it when you are planning to erect a

communication tower/mast.

Types of towers and masts

This section presents the three most common types of towers/masts that are used today in

wirelesscommunication; self-supportingtower, monopole and guyed mast1.

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Image 1: The three most common types of communication towers/masts.

Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (http://www.cdc.gov)

Monopole tower

Image 2: A monopole towerSource: http://commons.wikimedia.org

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http://www.cdc.gov/

Monopoles are hollow tapered poles made of galvanized steel they are constructed of slipjointed welded tubesand can be up to 200 feet (60m). Due toits construction, they areexpensive to manufacture but simple to erect.Monopoles are primarily used in urban environments where there is limited spaceavailablefor the footprint2 of the tower base. The maximum footprint of a 200 feetmonopole is approx.6x6 feet (2x2 m)

Self-supporting tower

Image 3: A self-supporting tower with no need of guys.

A self-supporting tower (freestandingtower) is constructed withoutguy wires. Self supporting

towers have a larger footprint thanmonopoles, but still require a much smaller area than

guyed masts.Due to its relatively small footprint, this kind of tower is commonlyseen in cities

or other places where it is short of free space.Self-supporting towers can be built with three or

four sidedstructures. They are assembled in sections with a lattice work ofcross braces bolted

to three foursloping vertical tower legs.The wider the base of the tower is, the larger antenna

load isacceptable.

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Guyed mast

Image 4: A guyed mast with two level of guys attached in three points each.Source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/

A guyed mast is secured with guy wires that areanchored in a set of concrete bases on the

ground.A guyed mast consists of identical three sidessection(approx. 10 ft (3m) each) that are

stacked upon eachother. Unlike monopoles for example, the guyedmasts do not taper as they

rise, since each sectionhas the same width.As a result of the guys, this kind of mast has a

largefootprint. On the contrary, guyed masts can be higherthan non-guyedtowers and allow

larger antenna load.A guyed mast is ideal for most communication needs,including wireless

Internet, cellular and antenna radiotowers.

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Tower location

Naturally, you must make sure that you have the necessary free space on the ground where

the tower will beplaced. Check the specifications of the tower/mast that you aim to purchase

for the size of the footprint.The ideal site for a tower/mast is a flat, level field. However, any

reasonably level space, in which there is sufficientspace for the base foundations, can be

utilized. The site should be free from obstructions like trees and buildings.Not only have the

spot for the tower needed to be clear, also the surrounding area as you will need some free

spacewhen assembling the tower.Do not forget that trees have roots. Digging a hole through a

massive root system is not a dream.Medium sized and tall towers/masts normally require

massive digging since concretefoundations must be put inplace. Always call for underground

utilities check to make sure that there is no infrastructure dough down at theplace you have

planned for your tower/mast.Also, if the tower is high, always check with the regulators in

the country if you need to apply for a license and/orregister the tower to any authority. If the

site is close to an airport, there are special regulations that need to befollowed.

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CHAPTER THREE

3.0: Methodology

3.1 Research Design

The study was used a descriptive co-relational survey design; the study also was used

a cross sectional, comparative and ex-post facto designs. Descriptive in that data collected

was used to describe a phenomenon; co-relational in that it was interested in relating effects

of telecommunication towers on environment in Hargeisa, Somaliland. Comparative, in that

the study determined whether there is a significant difference in the level of environmental

degradation and natural resource depletion in Hargeisa, Somaliland. Ex-post facto since the

researcher has no control over the variables and only seeks to report what was happening in

the field. The study was being a survey since it involved a large sample (Kothari, 2004).

3.2.1 : Research Population

According to national census survey in 2009 the population working in Hargeisa city was

40% so this is the parent population of the study. In Addition research sampled respondents

from the Ministry of post & telecommunication and companies working telecommunications.

3.2.2: Sample size

In view of the nature of target population where the number of ministry of post and

telecommunication and companies work telecommunications will be many in number, a

sample will be taking from each district. Therefore the given target population will 40 a

sample size of will being selected. Table 1 below shows the respondents of the study with the

following categories: district, target population and sample size. The Sloven’s formula is used

to determine minimum sample size.

n = N/1+Ne2

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Table 2

District Target Population Sample size

Ibrahim Kodbur 11 10

Ahmed Dhagah 5 4

MohamoudHaibe 6 526 June 8 7Ga’anLibah 10 10

Total 40 36

3.1.3 Sampling procedure

The cluster sampling method was being used to select the respondents based on these criteria

1. The respondents were living different districts 2. The homes nearest location of telecommunication towers 3. The effect of telecommunication towers on environment in those districts

3.1.4 Research Instruments

There are two sets of questionnaires directed toward setup of telecommunication towers in

Hargeisa, Somaliland; one will being effects of telecommunication towers another is impact

on environment. The questionnaire consisted main title and introductory latter, with section of

6 bio data questions, to help classify respondents. The questionnaire on the effect of

telecommunication towers (independent variable) will consist 12 questions all questions in

this section were close ended, based on four Likert Scale, ranging from one to four; where 1=

Very high 2= high 3= low 4= very low. The questionnaire on effect on environment

(dependent variable) will consist of 15 questions all questions in this section are close ended,

based on four Linkert Scale, ranging from one to four, where 1= very high 2= high 3= low 4=

very low

3.1.5 Validity and Reliability of the Instruments

In the case validity and reliability a researcher will use content validity and will device a

questionnaire of both standardized and self-administered. To insure the content questionnaire

will being pre-test to small number of participants before being taken to the field to measure

whether it is suited to the needed information from the respondents. The test-retest technique

will be used to determine the reliability (accuracy) of the researcher devised instrument to ten

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qualified respondents, from the different tower workers in Hargeisa, These respondents will

not be include in the actual study. In this test- retest technique, the questionnaires will be

administered twice the same subjects. The test was reliable and trait being measured is stable,

the results were being consistent and essentially the same both times (Treece and Treece,

1973).

3.1.6 Data Gathering Procedures

Before the administration of the questionnaires

1. An introduction latter will be obtained from the School of Post Graduate Studies and

Research for the researcher to ask for approval to conduct the study from respective

managers in telecommunication companies 2. When approved, the researcher will secure a list of the qualified respondents from the

Communication towers authorities in charge and selected through systematic random

sampling from this list and arrived the minimum sample size.3. The respondents were explained about the study and will being requested to sign the

informed consent form. 4. Reproduced more than enough questionnaires for distribution. 5. Selected research assistant who will assist in the data collection; briefed and oriented

them in order to be consistent in administering the questionnaires.

During the administration of the questionnaires

1. The respondent will be requested to answer completely and not leave any part of the

questionnaires unanswered. 2. The researcher will emphasize retrieval of the questionnaires within five days from

the data of distribution. 3. On retrieval, all returned questionnaires will be check if all answered.

After the administration of the questionnaires

The data gathered will be collate, encode into the computer and statistically treated using

statistical package for Social Science (CHDR).

3.1.7: Data Analysis

The frequency and percentage distribution will be used to determine the demographic

characteristics of the respondents.

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The mean and standard deviation will be applied the levels of effects of telecommunication

towers and its effect on environment. An item analysis was illustrated the strengths and

weaknesses base on the indicators in terms of mean and rank. From these strengths and

weaknesses, the analysis of Variance (ANOVA) will utilize to test the difference between

means for hypothesis one (Ho #1) at 0.05 of significance.

A multiple correlation coefficient to test the hypothesis on correlation (Ho #2) at 0.05 level of

significance using t-test will employ.

The regression analysis R2 (coefficient of determination) will compute to determine the

influence of the independent variables on the dependent variable.

3.1.8: Ethical Consideration

To make sure confidentially of the information provided by the respondents and to ascertain

the practice of ethics in this study, the following activities were being implemented by the

researcher:

1. Sought permission to adopt the standardized questionnaire respondent will code instead

of reflecting the names. 2. permission through a written request to the concerned officials of the towers instrument. 3. The Authority included the study. 4. Request the respondents to sign in the inform consent.5. Acknowledge the authors quote in this study and the author of the standardize instrument

through citations and referencing. 6. Presented the findings in a generalized manner.

3.1.9: Limitation of the Study

In view of the following threats to validity, the researcher will claim an allowable 5% margin

of error at 0.05 level significance measures are also indicated in order to minimize if not to

eradicate the threats to the validity of the findings of this study.

1. Extraneous Variables which will beyond the researcher’s control such as respondent’s

honesty, personal biases and uncontrolled setting of the study. 2. Instrumentation: The research instruments on the effects of telecommunication towers on

environment will not standardized. Therefore a validity and reliability test will be done to

produce a credible measurement of the research variables. 3. Attrition/ Morality: Not all questionnaires will return neither completely answer nor ever

retrieved back due to circumstances on the part of the respondents such as travels,

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sickness, hospitalization and refusal/withdrawal to participate. In anticipation to this, the

researcher will reserve more respondents by exceeding the minimum sample size. The

respondents will also reminded no to leave any item in the questionnaires unanswered and

will be closely followed up as the date of retrieval.

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0: Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data

In our previous chapter we are explained the methods of data collection, the aim of the study

are to identify Effects of telecommunication towers on environment. This chapter we will

determine finding of our questionnaire which collect from different agencies and places.

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Analysis of the different responses to some key questions is based on research objectives, at

time we collected from our respondents in the inferential statics were used to analyze data.

Demography Information

What is your Gender

Sex

Frequency Percent

Male 24 80.0

Female 6 20.0

Total 30 100.0

Source: Primary Data

According above table 80% of the respondents is male and 20% is female, this table shows

most of them is Male.

Figure 2: Age

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Sources: Primary data

According to the above figure 80% of the respondents their ages between 20 – 30 years, were

13.3% years, their age is between 30 – 40 years, and also 6.6% is between 15 – 19 years,

respondents their ages most of them is between 30 – 40%.

Figure 3: Marital Status

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According to the above figure 80% is single and 30% is married, where none of them

divorced and widowed. The most respondents were mostly single.

Figure 4: Education level

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According to the above figure is about education level of the respondents were 66.67% their

education is degree, 16.67 is secondary level, 10% is Master, 3.3% is diploma and 3.3% is

Secondary level. That most of the respondents their education is Degree level.

Figure 5: Work Experience

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According to the above figure is about work experience of the respondents were 50% their

work experience is between 2 – 5, 26.6% their work experience work is above 5 years, 13%

less than one year and 10% no experience. That most of the respondents their work

experience is between 2 – 5 years.

Figure 6:

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According to the above figure is detailed question 6, that’s about, are you neighboring tower

of telecommunication, when ask the respondents answer 50% said Yes and 50% said No, that

question show more people of capital is neighbor risk of towers.

Figure 7

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According to the above figure is detailed question 7, that’s about, do you think that tower can

affect your health and family health, when ask the respondents answer 74% said Yes and

22.5% said No, that most of them said Yes.

Figure 8

36


According to the above figure is detailed question 8, Would satisfy how to telecommunication

companies setup the places of capital, when ask the respondents answer 32.2% said Disagree,

41.9% said Strong disagree, 12.9% said Agree, 9.6% Said Strong agree, that most of the

respondents said Strong disagree.

Figure 9

37


According to the above figure is detailed question 9, that’s Telecommunication tower can

effect human health, when ask the respondents answer 43.3% said Agree, 53.3% said Strong

Agree, 3.33% said Disagree and there no respondent said Strong disagree, that most of the

respondents said Strong agree whit the answer of this question.

Figure 10

38


According to the above figure is detailed question 10, that’s Can government take their role to

control dangerous of telecommunication, when ask the respondents answer 83.3% said No

and 16.6% said yes, that most of the respondents answer no.

Figure 11

39


According to the above figure is detailed question 11, that’s Companies of use towers are

important to participate community of area they build., when ask the respondents answer

41.9% said Agree, 19.35% said Strong Agree, 22.58% said Disagree, 12.9% said Strong

disagree, , that most of the respondents said Agree whit the answer of this question.

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Figure 12


According to the above figure is detailed question 12, that’s Telecommunication towers build

middle or near the homes people stay is suitable., when ask the respondents answer 22.58%

said Agree, 9.68% said Strong Agree, 51.61% said Disagree, 12.9% said Strong disagree, that

most of the respondents said Disagree whit the answer of this question.

Figure 13

41


According to the above figure is detailed question 13, that’s Most people neighbor to the

towers is not aware their dangerous, when ask the respondents answer 36.67% said Agree,

53.33% said Strong Agree, 3.33% said Disagree, 6.67% said Strong disagree, that most of the

respondents said Strong agree whit the answer of this question.

Figure 14

42


According to the above figure is detailed question 14, that’s Government is ability to control

misuse of towers in a communication, when ask the respondents answer 40% said Agree,

30% said Strong Agree, 23.33% said Disagree, 6.67% said Strong disagree, that most of the

respondents said Agree whit the answer of this question.

Figure 15

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According to the above figure is detailed question 15, that’s Is there any rules and regulation

control danger of the towers, when ask the respondents answer 16.67% Yes and 83.3% said

No, that most of the respondents said No whit the answer of this question.

Figure 16

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According to the above figure is detailed question 16, that’s are you witnessed any danger of

the towers, when ask the respondents answer 36.67% Yes and 63.33% said No, that most of

the respondents said No whit the answer of this question.

Figure 17

45


According to the above figure is detailed question 17, Is the Area build Telecommunication

towers destroy environmental amenity, when ask the respondents answer 67.74% said Agree,

6.45% said Strong Agree, 19.35% said Disagree, 3.23% said Strong disagree, that most of

the respondents said Agree whit the answer of this question.

Figure 18

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According to the above figure is detailed question 18, that’s 18. Community is not aware

to participate to increase ways control dangerous of the towers, when ask the respondents

answer 60% said Agree, 26.6% said Strong Agree, 3.33% said Disagree, 10% said Strong

disagree, that most of the respondents said Agree whit the answer of this question.

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CHAPTER FIVE

Summary of Findings, Recommendations and Conclusion

This chapter presents summary of findings of the study for previous four chapters,

Recommendations and conclusion of the research paper.

Summary of Major Findings

The study was carried out to determine effects of telecommunication towers on environment.

The research found out the followings.

The biggest immediate concern is that the cellular telecommunications companies are

targeting the younger generation, the teenagers and children of tomorrow who are more

sensitive towards radiation because their skulls do not block as much radiation and are

affected by these rays much more than adults Effects of telecommunication towers in family health is high, most of the respondents

said is effects family health, that 74% of the people ask question about that answer Yes. Role of government to the control dangerous of the telecommunication: is not take their

role and most of people said government don’t take their role and our research question

about government take their role to control dangerous of the telecommunication 83.3% of

the respondents answer No. Telecommunication towers build middle or near the homes people stay is not suitable:

when we ask the respondents in this question they answer is it not suitable to build towers

middle of the capital and homes and most of them recommended to build far away of the

capitals. Most our people neighbor the towers is not aware his dangerous: question like this we ask

to the respondents they agree that’s fact and 53.3% said Strong agree people is not aware

their dangerous, also 36.6% said agree. There is no rule and regulation control danger of the towers: 83.3% of the respondents

said there is no Rule and regulation control danger of the towers. Areas build telecommunication towers destroy environmental amenity: when ask the

respondents answer 67.74% said Agree, 6.45% said Strong Agree, 19.35% said Disagree,

3.23% said Strong disagree, that most of the respondents said Agreed whit the answer of

this question.

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Recommendations

An attempt was made in chapter 4 and 5 to answer the research questions posed at the outset

and thereby fulfill the objectives of this research. While this remains the main task, the author

would also like to reflect upon issues that are special significance to the case under

investigation.

The first point need is government will make rules and regulation to control dangerous of the

telecommunication towers and their effects of the environment.

Second point is to build towers far away of the villages of the capital, that minimize radiation

inter to the body of the more people life in the capital when build centers of the homes and

villages of the capital, also when build towers to the middle of the villages of the capital can

cause to destroy environmental amenity of the capital, but if build far away of the capital is

minimize this issue.

Towers can cause health effect and environmental effect, to minimize this issue is to aware

society their dangerous, especially community neighbor to the areas build and peoples work,

also learn how to avoid.

There is more towers build in same place, if the companies can try to minimize more towers

and less use they can and we need to minimize towers build in same area to use avoid their

dangerous.

Government can take their role to know how this towers effect to the people and also record

risk that become to the towers to know their level of the impact.

Community is faraway places of towers build that emission electromagnetic radiation that can

cause many health dangerous.

For the environment, towers are sensitive for attracting lighting that become rains, than can

damage the area or wider, there for here must be metal elements or neutral as to protect the

lighting.

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Conclusion

We conclude this research about the effects of the telecommunication towers on environment

in Hargeisa city, to know is to effect human health, also we need to establish rules and

regulations to control their dangerous.

There is no rules and regulation control in the dangerous of the telecommunication towers, if

this rules make our society is not know and I realize this the questions ask respondents and

we need rules and regulation control the effects of the towers and also to get his immunity

person become risk of herself to the towers.

Towers is more increase day after day and scientist is define to towers areas emission

radiation and we need to control areas build towers like were people more to avoid their

dangerous.

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Questionnaire

I’m Mr. Sa’ad Mouse Abdi, senior student in University of Hargeisa,preparing research paper and my thesis title is Effects ofTelecommunication towers on Environment, that’s also mysupervisor is Hamse Ibrahim

I would like to help me in your experience and opinion about my titlethesis and fulfill to this questions and to write your name is notneeded.

Thanks for your participation.

Sign……………………. # C…………….

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Part One: Demographic Characteristics.

1. What is your Gender i) Male ii) Female

2. Age…………………..i) 15 – 19 ii) 20 – 30iii) 30 – 40 iv) 40 – Above

3. Marital Status i) Single ii) Married iii) Divorced iv) Widowed

4. Educational Level i) Secondary Level ii) Certificate iii) Diploma iv) Degree v) Master vi) PHD

5. Work Experience i) No experience ii) Less than One Year iii) Between Two years and five years iv) Five years above

Part two: Family and people linked to the towers

6. Are you neighboring tower of telecommunication?i) Yes ii) No

7. If you, do you think that tower can affect your health and familyhealth.

i) Yes ii) No

8. Would satisfy how to telecommunication companies setup theplaces of capital.

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i) Agree ii) Strong Agree iii) Disagree iv) Strong Disagree

9. Telecommunication tower can effect human healthi) Agree ii) Strong Agree iii) Disagree iv) Strong Disagree

Part three: Government and company’s ways related

10. Can government take their role to control dangerous oftelecommunication

i) Yes ii) No

11. Companies of use towers are important to participate communityof area they build.


12. Telecommunication towers build middle or near the homes

people stay is suitable.i) Agree ii) Strong Agree iii) Disagree v) Strong Disagree

13. Most people neighbor to the towers is not aware their dangerous?i) Agree ii) Strong Agree iii) Disagree iv) Strong Disagree

14. Government is ability to control misuse of towers in acommunication.


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15. Is there any rules and regulation control danger of the towers?i) Yes ii) No

16. Are you witnessed any danger of the towers?i) Yes ii) No

17. Is the Area build Telecommunication towers destroy environmentalamenity?


18. Community is not aware to participate to increase ways controldangerous of the towers?


19. Question 16 If yes, share me in that story about dangerous of

towers………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

20. Is there any recommendation about effect of telecommunicationtowers an environmental?………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

References

1. Itrainonline Communication Tower Handout2. Global Journal Of Medicine And Public Health (www.gjmedph.com Vol. 1, No. 6

2012) 3. The negative impact of telecommunication on society

(http://www.123helpme.com/view.asp?id=91644 )4. Is Cell Tower Radiation Dangerous? (http://www.safespaceprotection.com/electrostress-

from-cell-towers.aspx)5. Impacts of cellular phone towers and antennas in Canada 6. 2011: Growth in Telecommunication and impact on Society (Article written

by Saktishree and Edited by Sayantan Paul)

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http://www.safespaceprotection.com/electrostress-from-cell-towers.aspx

http://www.safespaceprotection.com/electrostress-from-cell-towers.aspx

http://www.123helpme.com/view.asp?id=91644

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