DESIGN STYLES: ARCHITECTURE, INTERIORS & FURNISHINGSThe first segment in a three-part series

DESIGN STYLES: ARCHITECTURE, INTERIORS & FURNISHINGS offers brief descriptions and identifying design elements of architecture, interiors and furniture styles

through history influenced by politics, reigning monarchs and governments, economic conditions, material availability and creative artisans and craftsman.

[A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H]   I - Q   R - Z

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ADAM c.1760 -1790

Architects Robert and James Adams, influenced by Greek and Roman art and architecture, designed mansions, furniture, millwork and woodwork during the Federal period. Their designs were reproduced by Thomas Chippendale with straight lines featuring refined, classical details including medallions, ram's heads, garlands, swags, urns and fluting. (GEORGIAN) (FEDERAL) (HEPPLEWHITE c.1780 - 1800) (SHERATON c.1790 - 1810) (NEO-CLASSICAL c.1810 - 1830)

AMERICAN FEDERAL c.1790 - 1830

Neoclassical styling was interpreted in America after the Revolutionary War. The American Federal style featured elegant lines, intricate inlaid detailing and decoration, curvilinear shapes, tapered legs, oval chair backs, brass fittings, inlays, veneers, eagle motifs and Wedgewood china. (ADAMS) (GEORGIAN) (HEPPLEWHITE c.1780 - 1800) (SHERATON c.1790 - 1810) (NEO-CLASSICAL c.1810 - 1830)

ANTE-BELLUM c.1830 - 1860

Federal style plantation homes built prior to the Civil War feature symmetrically designed floor plans with a center first-floor entryways. Most often they feature large scaled full-length fluted columns supporting the 2nd story roof from ground level with large porches, balconies, evenly space windows and doors, decorative friezes, formal staircases and hipped or gable roofs. (GEORGIAN) (FEDERAL)

ART DECO c.1910's - 1940's

As a glamorous decorative art and architectural movement, Art Deco rejected traditional classical influences in favor of streamlined, geometric forms utilizing modern industrial techniques and materials. Featured at the Universal Exhibition of the Modern Decorative and Industrial Art in Paris, this style marked a controversial time promoting the industrial arts, which spread quickly throughout Europe. (BAUHAUS c.1919 - 1928) (CUBISM) (FUTURISM)

ART NOUVEAU c.1890 - 1914

This French and Belgium avant-garde decorative arts-and-architecture movement rebelled against industrialized mass production of the Victorian Age. A new, sinuous  "Moderne" style was developed to unify humanity and its surroundings. It incorporated intricate detailing, organic forms and was inspired by the female form, mythology and Japanese influences.

ARTS_&_CRAFTS c. 1890 - 1920

The Arts & Crafts decorative arts movement rejected mass-produced, machine-made Victorian furnishings and details. It promoted hand-craftsmanship utilizing mortise and tenon joints and quarter-sawn wood to create strong, rectilinear designs of iron, copper, oak and stone, softened with art glass windows and lighting, hand-made pottery and rugs. (MISSION)

ASIANInfluenced by Japanese and Chinese decorative art, architecture, interior details and furnishings features minimalist, serene and orderly environments with a fluid balance between humanity and the natural environment, often featuring asymmetrical design elements.

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BAUHAUS c.1919 - 1928

A German design school founded by architect Walter Gropius, Bauhaus, emphasized the combined role of the arts, hand-crafted quality, economics and engineering to create functional designs utilized in every aspect of our lives. (BAUHAUS) (BAUHAUS MOVEMENT) (GERRIT RIETVELD)

BAROQUE c.1600 - 1714Originating in Italy and promoted by the Roman Catholic Church, a primary patron of the arts, this highly decorative style of the 17th Century featured exaggerated ornamentation with the most luxurious of materials.

BIEDERMEIER c.1810 - 1835This streamlined Post-Napoleonic style exercised a freedom from the mandates of the French court by modest expert craftsman, who created furniture with robust rectilinear lines, elaborately patterned, French-polished fruitwood veneers, black-lacquered accents and neo-classical motifs.

BRITISH COLONIAL c.1800'sA romantic, exotic style reflecting the British Colonists’ world travels during the early 19th century, incorporates "relaxed" Victorian furnishings. Dark finishes, plantation shutters, wicker, leather, brasses, tropical fauna, animal motifs and contrasting sheer or fabrics are typical design elements.

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CHINESE c.206 BC Influenced by Dynasties throughout Chinese history, this restrained and elegant design style features simple, angular forms, exquisite lacquered finishes, precious stone and ivory inlays and detailed painted decoration. Design elements include unique joinery techniques, pewter, brass and copper hardware embellishments and raised platforms.

CHIPPENDALE c.1750 - 1790Late 18th-century furniture maker Thomas Chippendale's elegant creations for formal upholstery and mahogany case pieces with graceful lines, cabriole legs, ball-and-claw foot, broken pediments, pineapple motifs and oriental fretwork details. (GEORGIAN STYLE) (CHINESE CHIPPENDALE) (FRENCH CHIPPENDALE) (GOTHIC CHIPPENDALE)

COLONIAL c.1620 - 1780Modest American colonist style, influenced by English Jacobean, utilized readily available materials such as pine, oak, birch and maple. Also used were simple construction techniques

including high-backed chairs, drop-leaf tables and spindle carvings often left unfinished, and needlework, pewter, iron and pressed tin. (COLONIAL AND JACOBEAN c.1620 - 1720) (QUEEN ANNE c.1720 - 1750) (CHIPPENDALE c.1750-1790) (WINDSOR)

Colonial Revival c.1876 - 1955Derived from Federal and Georgian styles, this late 19th century to early 20th century style begins a departure away from elaborate Victorian detailing. The simple, symmetrical designs of these homes were believed to reflect American ideals and patriotism. Most were constructed of brick or wood sided, 2 or 3 story structures with a gable roof and overhangs. Many feature center halls with public rooms on the 1st story and private quarters on the upper levels. Additional details include dormer windows, columns, porticos, transom fanlights, multi-paned windows, shutters.

CONTEMPORARY c.1950 - PresentLate 20th-Century designs originated in various countries are unified by stark simplicity with long lines and low, horizontal forms, vivid colors and strong contrasts, primarily using man-made materials and sophisticated manufacturing techniques. Plastics and metals, primarily chrome, are used extensively, along with large expanses of glass window-walls. Furnishings are fashioned in rectilinear or simple curvilinear forms. Woven fabrics in geometric patterns and bright solids are incorporated to soften hard edges. Large-scaled accessories of a sculptural nature in a wide variety of materials are used minimally.

CAROLEAN c.1660-1689The reign of Charles II brought with it extravagance and luxurious detailing on walnut and oak furnishings with veneers, marquetry, lacquers and embossed silver decoration. Design details included elaborately carved turnings, cherubs and caned panels.

COTTAGE c.1860 - PresentA simple look characterized by hand painted furnishings, cotton fabrics with fruit and floral designs, pine and oak furnishings with turned legs and rush or caned seats, weathered finishes, stenciled patterns and colors reflecting the beauty of the countryside wildflowers, berries, grasses and grains.

COUNTRY c.1980 - PresentUnpretentious, regional rustic styles created with primitive furniture and simple materials such as pine or oak, wrought iron, hand-painted distressed finishes, hand-dyed fabrics in solids and floral prints, hand-knotted rugs and needlework, hand-woven baskets and rush seat chairs. (ENGLISH COUNTRY) (FRENCH PROVINCIAL)

Craftsman Bungalows Considered simple structures, simple craftsman bungalows, break away from elaborate Victorian detailing. Details include low-pitched roof, wide eaves, square columns, stone

chimneys, sloped stone foundations, gabled dormers, built-in cabinetry, decorative art glass, oak wood. (MISSION)

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D Directoire c.1793 - 1804Honoring the Directorate of France after the French Revolution this style featured straight lines, Greek and Roman design elements, mythical and stylized animal motifs, as well as gilded finishes.

Duncan Phyfe c.1795 - 1848American cabinetmaker Duncan Phyfe was very influential during the Federal period and offered a high-end American refinement of English Sheraton including neo-classical elements: reeding, lion's foot, eagle wings and lyre. (AMERCIAN FEDERAL c.1790 - 1830) (GEORGIAN c.1714 - 1810) (HEPPLEWHITE c.1765 - 1820) (SHERATON c.1790 - 1810)

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E EARLY AMERICAN c.1608 - 1720Early American colonists designed utilitarian, unassuming wood furniture, often crudely constructed, with straight lines and minimal decoration created by hand from local materials. These pieces were most influenced by European styles of the time, such as Jacobean and William and Mary and Queen Anne elements. (JACOBEAN c. 1600 - 1650) (QUEEN ANNE c.1689 - 1753) (WILLIAM & MARY c.1689 - 1700)

EARLY RENAISSANCE c.1515 - 1547Post-Gothic and pre-classical design forms featured arches, high-relief carvings, pilasters, indigenous ornamental elements such as the olive, laurel and acanthus leaves.

EASTLAKE c. 1870 - 1890Furniture designed by English designer Charles Locke Eastlake, popular in America and England was constructed with fruitwoods, featuring simple Gothic or Oriental design elements, unique hardware, reeding and scored designs.

ECLECTICRefers to any combination of periods, styles, fabrics, furnishings, architectural details and collectables reflecting personal interests, while displaying cherished memorabilia.

ELIZABETHAN I c.1509 - 1603Gothic, along with French, Italian and Flemish influences are found in furniture popular during the reign of Elizabeth I of England. Crafted in oak with peg construction and massive proportions, pieces featured straight lines and elaborate carved details such as linen fold, the Tudor rose, animals, fruit and floral designs and bulbous ornamentation on balusters. (ELIZABETHAN REVIVAL c.1800) (TUDOR c.1500 - 1600)

ENGLISH c.1500's - 1800'sEnglish furniture styles were directly affected by each Monarch reigning at a specific time, political influences and available materials, as is every design style. Earliest English furniture, from the Elizabethan period, was constructed primarily of oak featuring wainscoting, linen chests, cupboards and four-poster beds. Once French walnut became popular in the middle of the 17th century decorations became more elaborate and were influenced by world travel. By the 18th Century furniture lines were simplified and curvilinear. French walnut became unavailable, forcing cabinetmakers to import mahogany from Spain. Design elements become more elaborate for the wealthy, until Robert Adam's classical designs became fashionable and satinwoods began being imported from the Indies.

ENGLISH COUNTRY Ranging from casual to formal and basic to functional country cottages of villagers and farm workers were fairly unsophisticated. Design elements include handmade textiles, small-patterned fabrics, natural and weathered finishes, hammered brass, wrought iron hardware and tools, combined with pine furniture.

EUROPEAN Implying a sophisticated, elegant style with grand proportions featuring architectural embellishments and spa-like amenities. Traditional woodwork, carved statuary, tile and marble floors, faux finishes, dome and barrel vaulted ceilings, luxurious upholstery, wrought iron and old-world distressed finishes set the tone. TOP

F FEDERAL c. 1780 - 1830Following the American Revolution and combining neoclassic furniture styles characteristic of Hepplewhite and Sheraton, this style is characterized by graceful straight lines, tapered legs, delicate turnings, brass fittings, inlays and veneers. (DUNCAN PHYFE) (HEPPLEWHITE c.1780 - 1800) (SHERATON c.1790 - 1810) (NEO-CLASSICAL c.1810 - 1820)

FINNISH c.1900 - 1970

Finland craftsmen design and create innovative contemporary designs with fluid lines showcased in neutral color pallets, utilizing bentwood techniques and tubular steel.  Functional and ergonomic, this style is designed for the masses, rather than aristocracy.

FOLK ART c.1790 - 1840American folk art represents a variety of decorative, hand-crafted techniques utilizing found materials, hand painted and applied to furnishings textiles, ceramics, glass, metals and prints featuring bright, colorful and elaborate patterns capturing a delightful spirit with innovative designs. (AMERICAN FANCY)

FRENCH EMPIRE c.1780 - 1847French art, architecture and interiors introduced by Napoleon I court architects, Percier and Fontaine, were constructed primarily of mahogany with brass ormolu embellishments featuring classical elements and symmetrical designs such as the wreath, united with the "Imperial Bee," Greek, Egyptian and military motifs. Accepted internationally this style was heavily influenced by the archaeological discoveries of the time. (ENGLISH REGENCY) (GERMAN BIEDERMEIER) (AMERICAN DUNCAN PHYFE)

FRENCH PROVINCIAL c.1750 - 1850Early French country furniture, offered a rustic rendition of more formal French furniture of the 16th and 17th, with softer curvilinear lines and elegant carvings. Design elements include warm wood tones, hand-woven baskets, caning, terra cotta tile flooring and roofing, stucco walls with a Mediterranean color palette of terra-cotta, lavender, deep sea blues, greens and sunny yellow.

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GEORGIAN c.1714 -1810Honoring George I and George II who reigned England from 1714-1760. Georgian furniture influenced by Palladian, Rococo, Neo-Classic and Chinese designs is characterized by elaborately carved cabriole legs, ball-and-claw feet, broken pediments, ornate carvings, piercing and gilding. (EARLY GEORGIAN  c.1714-1730) (MID-GEORGIAN c.1730-1770) (LATE-GEORGIAN c.1770-1810)

GOTHIC c.1200 - 1550Influenced by Roman and Medieval architectural Gothic style features highly elaborate carved wood linen fold panels and  open tracery, Quadra foil and trefoil patterns, columns, arches, finials, pointed arches were design elements carved in oak with dark stained finishes, which were combined with decorative wrought iron, colorful tapestries, trestle tables and armoires.

GOTHIC REVIVAL c.1830 - 1860A Christian style inspired by faith and Gothic architectural ornamentation used on structures, furnishings and decorative accessories in the 19th century. Notable details include spires, buttresses, oak furnishings, tapestries and ironwork, tracery with pointed arch door surrounds, windows and raised panel woodwork. (ENGLISH "GOTHICK" REVIVAL c.1745-1845) (AMERICAN GOTHIC REVIVAL c.1830 - 1860)

GREEK c.480 B.C. - 323 B.C.Greek design extends back to 3000 B.C. Greek design prevalent during the Classical period, in the days of the Parthenon and the Acropolis, have been studied and admired for centuries. The Greeks developed three architectural orders: Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian and adhered to specific proportions in all their architectural designs. Fluted columns, pilasters, triangular pediments, decorative friezes, carved statuary, caryatides, Gods and Goddesses and marble were main design elements. (ANCIENT CIVILIZATION) (CLASSICAL PERIOD)

GREEK REVIVAL c.1799 - 1850Revived for both private and public buildings, this style is also known as the "national style." With Greek inspired detailing, stemming from archeological discoveries of the time and political motivations of the time, this style became extremely popular as it came to represent democracy. Symmetrical floor plans with porches, large-scaled moldings and heavy cornice details, along with decorative pilasters, sidelights, columns, and pediments are common design elements found with this style.

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HEPPLEWHITE c.1765 - 1820English furniture designer and cabinetmaker George Hepplewhite's elegant neo-classical designs, reproduced in the United States, featured heart-shaped and shield-shaped chair backs, delicate proportions, tapered legs, contrasting veneers and inlaid woods. (ADAMS) (AMERICAN FEDERAL) (GEORGIAN) (SHERATON c.1790 - 1810) (NEO-CLASSICAL c.1810 - 1830)

 

c. 1840-1890Italian villas inspired this late 19th century architectural building style featuring 2 and 3 story stucco facades, low-pitched roofs and wide eaves supported by corbels or brackets and pressed metal cornices. Architect Andrew Jackson Browning's, "The Architecture of Country Houses," propelled the style into vogue. Architectural details include eyebrow arched pediments over tall, beautifully proportioned windows symmetrically placed and accented

with iron railings, stone balusters, arched arcades, balconies, cupolas and statuary. (AMERICAN STYLE) (AMERICAN BRACKETED) (TUSCAN)

Italian Renaissance c. 1420 - 1600Great scientific theories introduced at the end of the Middle Ages brought about one of the grandest periods of human development, fueling growth in city-states and fostering artistic expression throughout Europe. The Italian Renaissance Movement, or "re-birth", placed more emphasis on secular arts, at which time the works of Michael Angelo and Raphael, among others, grew in importance. Florence, Venice, Milan, Rome, Sienna and Tuscany were thriving. Palaces and country manors were often built with symmetrical floor plans facing formal landscaped gardens, with comfort in mind. Architectural details include stucco colonnades, columns, pilasters, broken pediments, arched openings, clay roof tiles, stone barrel vaulted ceilings and stone flooring. Furnishings in oak and walnut with strap-work feature carved scrolls, diamonds, stars and cartouche. Surfaces are adorned with hand painted frescos and mosaics. (EARLY RENAISSANCE c. 1515 - 1547) (MIDDLE RENAISSANCE c. 1550 - 1610) (RENAISSANCE REVIVAL c. 1860 - 1870)

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JACOBEAN c. 1600 - 1650  Bridging Elizabethan and High Renaissance style in England, through the reign of King James I and Charles I, the Renaissance was interpreted by the English in Tudor style. Stone walls with leaded glass windows offering filtered light into dark spaces, heavy raised oak paneling with spiral turned carvings and hand-forged ironwork fittings, hand-wrought metal candelabra and candle wall sconces, pewter flatware, crewel embroidery and furnishings in dark stains contrasted light stucco wall finishes. (ELIZABETHAN) (PILGRIM FURNITURE) (TUDOR)

JAPANESEOne of the most fascinating styles to Westerners in the 16th century provided a stark contrast to the Victorian designs of the time, speaking to another simpler way of life. Straw Tatami mats were integral elements and used as units of measure. Influenced by nature, graceful structures are expertly crafted with sliding Shoji screens, paper lanterns, floor pillows, folding screens, lacquered finishes and intricate inlays. Gardens become an extension of the home melding interior and exterior. (ASIAN) (CHINESE) (VIETNAMESE) (THAI)

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LODGE-LOOK 1920 - 1940Up-state New York's Adirondack mountains became a destination for the elite to retreat. Large-scaled rough-hewn log bungalows nestled in the woods near water created a woodsy summer or winter retreat with nature back in focus. Timber and stone walls and fireplaces, wood planked flooring and large beamed and vaulted ceilings reinforce this get-away style. Furnishings are simple. Hand-made textiles such as quilts and woven rugs, stick furniture and "Tramp Art," along with hunting and fishing themes make this a natural family-oriented style.

LOUIS XIV c. 1638 - 1715 The grand air surrounding the reign of Louis XIV in the palace of Versailles, which took over three decades to build featured opulent, flamboyant decorations attesting to his belief in his divine right to rule the Monarchy. As a patron of the arts, his architect, Jules Mansart surrounded the King with grandeur, gardens, fountains and parklands, setting the stage for elaborate interiors. Inlaid marquetry, marble statuary and mosaics, oil paintings and elaborate mirrors, along with bronze sculptures and fine detailing, were a testament to his victory. (BAROQUE)

LOUIS XV c. 1715 - 1773 Also known as Louis Quinze style, Louis XV, the "well-loved" child king, born and raised in a time of self-indulgence, was influenced by his uncle, Regent Philippe de Bourbon. 18th century Rococo, derived from the French word "rocaille," was introduced in Versailles as a movement away from oppressive formality. His court became integrally involved in the development of the arts. This delicate style, most notable its graceful, sinuous C-curves, uniquely achieves balance with uneven opposing curves. Design elements include low-relief carved gesso appliqués, gilded bronze ormolu mounts with carved shell and endive leaf motifs. Furnishings include Trumeau mirrors crowned with oil paintings, 3-tiered folding screens, sedan chairs and curved bombé chests with slanted grain wood inlays, veneers and lacquers. Finishes include gilding and pale painted finishes, heavily varnished. Silk fabrics, paired with finely woven tapestries are accented by exquisite porcelains in the most pampering of boudoirs. (ROCOCO) (REGENCY c.1715 - 1723)

Louis XVI c. 1774 - 1793 Dubbed Louis Seize style, during the reign of Dauphine and Marie-Antoinette, Louis XVI is heavily influenced by the continuing discoveries related to the excavations of Herculaneum and Pompeii, sparking renewed interest in the classical Renaissance period. Known for its fineness in detail and contrast to Rococo, details include floor-to-ceiling fluted pilasters, large wall areas, tall rectangular door surrounds with gilded gesso ornamentation and Pompeian drawings. Woodwork trimmed in white with elaborate gilded and pale painted finishes, inlaid parquet floors and furniture inlaid with oak, beech, ebony, mahogany, and tulip, were fashioned with simple curves and straight tapering lines. Commodes, vitrines,

bureaus, and screens, with chaise lounge and Bergeré chairs luxuriously overstuffed in silks and tapestries adds to the richness in detail. Furnishings included bronze and gilded ormolu mounts, delicate fluting inlaid with beads and brass fillets, ormolu caryatides capping wood legs and marble topped galleries. Accessories include Chinese porcelains, Aubusson and Beauvais tapestries, fine silver and porcelain with motifs of trophies, musical instruments, bound-arrow, wreath, ribbon, garland and swags. This period came to an abrupt end with their death in the Revolution and the new developing democratic philosophies. (NEO-CLASSICAL) (SHERATON)

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M MEDITERRANEANA simple lifestyle is reflected in the 15th century Spanish, Italian and Greek communities built on the Mediterranean Sea. Thick, weathered white-washed stucco walls, terra cotta tiles, louvered shutters, burnished iron hardware and grilles, colorful ceramics and mosaic inlays, ornate turnings, carvings and arched details, along with the bright colors of seaside climate including lavender, sky blue, yellow and orange are used for simple, practical purposes. This style, while simple in nature, can become quite elaborate and ornate.

Middle AgesEarly Middle Ages of the 4th and 5th century begins simply with primitive furnishings, chests and crudely constructed chairs, stools and benches. The Later Middle Ages, 14th and 15th century design details developed into more refined furnishings including trestle tables, folding chairs and tables. Churches and monasteries throughout the ages commissioned elaborate carvings and tracery. (CASTLES)

MID-CENTURY MODERN c.1930 -1970Organic shapes and clean lines typify this architectural style utilizing current day industrial applications for manufacturing in the "machine age" with its roots in the German Bauhaus School of Architecture and Scandinavian design. Materials include bent plywood, veneers, fiberglass, steel, aluminum, brass along with plastics, vinyl, melamine were used to create sleek, colorful, abstract geometric shapes in furnishings and artistic applications in lighting. All elements were reduced to their purest form and designed for a specific function, rather than for merely ornamental applications. (INTERNATIONAL STYLE) (FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT)

MISSION  c. 1769 Religious missions, designed as fortresses to protect settlers and missionaries, were constructed of stucco walls with small round windows, arcades and courtyards, rough oak sawn timbers and beams, heavy iron-clad wood doors, bell-towers, carved stonework and wrought iron. Interiors, with hand-made saltio tile floors and brightly decorated hand-glazed tile insets, are combined with leather, hand-woven rugs, pottery and carvings of religious icons and Native American motifs. Simple furnishings constructed of solid oak wood with peg and dowel construction feature twisted spiral columns. (ARTS & CRAFTS c. 1890 - 1920)

(ART DECO c. 1910 - 1940) (CALIFORNIA MISSION c. 1890 - 1920) (SOUTHWESTERN) (SPANISH PUEBLO) (SPANISH COLONIAL REVIVAL c. 1915-1940) (SHAKER)

MOROCCANIncorporating Romanesque, Persian, Byzantine and Far Eastern elements into mathematically precise geometric designs this style is lively and rich in color. Luxurious silk fabrics, detailed floor mosaics, elaborately carved teak furnishings, along with terra cotta hand-made glazed tiles, decorative brass are reminiscent of the bazaars in Marrakech. Architectural elements include vaulted ceilings, tracery in plaster and stone, intricately carved doorways and friezes. Decorative elements include strong jewel-toned colors, patterned mosaic floors, brass lanterns and ironwork, hand-woven rugs in intricate geometric and paisley designs.

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NEO-CLASSICAL c. 1750 - 1800Andrea Palladio's ruins in Rome and Athens, along with the archaeological discoveries of Herculaneum and Pompeii brought about a Greco-Roman revival sharply contrasting to the prevailing Rococo period. Popularized by English architect Robert Adam, this style has been used as a basis for interpretation for hundreds of years to become one of the most influential of all design styles. Architectural elements include columns, capitals, pilasters, pediments and friezes. Proportions established by Palladio and his three column orders of Corinthian, Ionic and Doric have been studied and interpreted by many, influencing several subsequent design styles. Decorative elements feature refined lines and proportions into stonework, ironwork and marble with shield and urn motifs common, along with carved marble statuary honoring Roman Gods and Goddesses in garden settings. Thomas Jefferson's Monticello is a fine example of this style in America. (ADAMS) (GEORGIAN) (PALLADIAN) (POMPEAIN)

NEO-GOTHIC c. 1835 - 1945Medieval influences shaped this architectural style based on the engineering of massive buttresses, towering pinnacle church spires, and pointed Gothic arches. Design details include quatrefoil, tracery, elaborate leaded, hand-painted and stained glass, stonework caryatides and gargoyles, which were often used for churches, colleges and commercial buildings. (GOTHIC REVIVAL)

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OLD WORLD

The blending of many European styles creates this style of elegance with pared-down formality, offering a relaxed and comfortable environment, lived in high-style. Finishes include stucco, terra cotta tiles, arched windows, leaded and stained glass, and weathered or honed surfaces. Elaborately carved oak and walnut woods with darker finishes feature carved details. (EUROPEAN) (JACOBEAN) (NEO-CLASSICAL) (PALLADIAN) (POMPEAIN) (VENETIAN)

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PALLADIAN c. 1538Italian architect Andrea Palladio, influenced by Roman architect, Vitruvius, studied the remains of classical temples and developed a design style based on the symbolic nature of architectural and its ability to make a philosophical statement. First popularized by Indigo Jones and later by Richard Boyle, Palladio's teachings included manuals establishing specific proportions for the classical orders of Corinthian, Ionic and Doric. From this point, Robert Adam transformed these design elements into a Neo-Classical style. Design details include columns, pilasters, capitals, friezes, pediments, decorative ironwork, statuary and elaborate symmetrical gardens. (ADAMS) (NEO-CLASSICAL)

Pennsylvania Dutch Colonial c. 1720 - 1830 The regional American architectural style of the Pennsylvania Dutch country features the work of German and Dutch settlers including Amish, the Mennonites, and others in the region. Often single room structures featured gambrel roofs resembling barns. Raised wood paneling, stone chimneys, sash windows, dormers and double "Dutch" doorways, along with stenciled details are common design elements of the period. 

PilgrimEnglish Puritans crossing over to America on the Mayflower built simple structures reflecting 17th C. English country styles, upon their arrival to the New England area in the New World. Basic furnishings were crafted, from local materials, into utilitarian objects with multiple uses. Scraps of fabric became hand-sewn quilts depicting patriotic symbols, such as the American eagle, the family and the home. Architectural details include the dog-run layout, wood walls, stone fireplaces, wood porches with steps, dry-stacked rock walls and staggered wood rail fences.

POMPEIANThe architecture of the ancient Greek colonies of Herculanum and of Pompeii discovered in 1749, revealed a new source of design inspiration. Patterned frescos and hand-painted murals painted in exquisite ivory, yellow, red, green and blue and elaborate mosaic floors speaks to an elegant, accomplished lifestyle captured in time. Within their simple furnishings, embroidered textiles, carved stone and bronze balusters, colonnades and covered walkways, Pompeian's showed a reverence for their Gods, Goddesses and gardens.  

PORTUGUESE c, 1415 - 1638The Atlantic seafaring Portuguese conquerors, later overtaken by the Dutch, created heavy stone fortresses with ramparts, bastions and arched gateways overlooking the sea. Dark wood furnishings with exaggerated proportions and bulbous carved ornamentation displays a strong contrast to light stucco walls. Intricate gold-leaf accents and colorful, glazed tile designs in gold, mustard yellow, burnt orange, various blues, brown, red and rose are combined in mosaic patterns and Arraiolos carpets, based on Islamic interlaced tile patterns.

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Queen Anne Furniture c. 1689 - 1753Named after English monarch Queen Anne, who reigned from 1702-1714, this popular 18th century furniture style, with Dutch, French and Chinese influences, became a refined version of the William and Mary style, with more graceful lines and finer details. Design elements include cabriole legs, fiddle-back chairs, broken scroll pediments, carved shell motifs and curved aprons crafted of walnut, maple, cherry and mahogany woods, veneers and lacquered finishes. Unique furniture designs included lowboys, roll-top desks and wing-back chairs. (PRECEDING CHIPPENDALE) (WILLIAM & MARY)

Queen Anne Victorian Architecture c.1876 - 1890 Also known as High Victorian, large shingled multi-story designs by English architect Richard Norman Shaw, later interpreted by Henry Hobson Richardson in America featured steep roofs, spires, widows-walks, large porches and decorative stained glass, which transform these structures into multi-colored painted wedding cakes of elaborately machined woodwork. Interior details included wood floors, baseboards, wainscoting, crown molding, "Gingerbread" fretwork, turned spindles, iron and wood mantles, brass hardware and gas lighting, large oil painting, palms and hand-made heirlooms. Furnishings are made of oak and walnut and heavily carved with dark stained finishes. Brocade and velvet fabrics lined with sheers and crowned with elaborate cornice details, along with crystal and bronze were opulent additions.   

REGENCY c.1790 - 1830English Regency became popular in the flamboyant reign of George IV, Prince of Wales, during the tenure of court architect John Nash, designer Henry Holland and decorator Frederick Crace. Featuring a wide variety of design elements, Greek and Roman neo-classical motifs dominated this style, embellishing the preceding Late Georgian style. Neo-classical design elements included mythological creatures, Gods and Goddesses, the lyre and the lion's paws. Napoleon's campaign into Egypt inspired motifs such as dragons, sphinxes, Egyptian heads, winged lions and palm leaves. Indian and Asian motifs such as Chinese figures and fretwork in vivid colors were also included. Furniture included

commodes, caned armchairs and sofas with legs fashioned into saber swords, which ultimately gave way to straight and cabriole legs with hoofed feet. Oak, walnut, beech, mahogany, satinwood, rosewood and zebrawood were used in conjunction with bronze ormolu and gilding. Other elements include cremone bolts and espagnolette hardware, carved stone mantles, wainscoting, framed wall panels, stucco, bay windows, elaborate balconies, silver accessories and copper in the kitchen. (HEPPLEWHITE c.1780 - 1800) (LATE GEORGIAN) (NEO-CLASSICAL c.1810 - 1830) (SHERATON c.1790 - 1810) (THE ROYAL PAVILION at Brighton)

RENAISSANCE c.1300 - 1800At the end of the Middle Ages, 15th century Italy fostered great scientific theories, which brought about one of the grandest periods of human development, fueling growth in city-states and fostering artistic expression throughout Europe. The Italian Renaissance Movement, or "re-birth", turned attention to the secular arts. The works of Michael Angelo and Raphael, among others, grew in importance. Florence, Venice, Milan, Rome, Sienna and Tuscany were thriving. Palaces and country manors were often built with symmetrical floor plans facing formal landscaped gardens, with comfort in mind. Architectural details include stucco colonnades, columns, pilasters, broken pediments, arched openings, clay roof tile, dome and barrel vaulted ceilings and stone flooring. Furnishings in oak and walnut with strap work feature carved scrolls, diamonds, stars and cartouche. Surfaces are adorned with hand painting and mosaics. (EARLY RENAISSANCE c. 1515 - 1547) (MIDDLE RENAISSANCE c. 1550 - 1610) (RENAISSANCE REVIVAL c. 1860 - 1870)

RETRO c. 2000 Retro is a nostalgic look back to the 1930's - 1980's in America, with its roots in the American dream. Technology was in the forefront. Television programming was center stage. Memorabilia from popular sitcoms like I LOVE LUCY, late-night movies and several Hollywood stars like Marilyn Monroe, in tandem with popular cartoons like The Jetson's all influence this style. Themes include the American kitchen of Leave it To Beaver featuring plastic laminate counters, chrome furniture with vinyl upholstery showcasing the newest appliances.  Or, themes might include Hawaiian lounges with palm trees, rattan furnishings, Tiki torches and umbrellas coupled with tropical floral fabrics popularized by Elvis. Crescent shapes and rounded edges are found in furnishings, coupled with sleek lighting, harkened to space travel as Americans explored the universe. Diners with juke boxes, chrome and vinyl bar stools and galley kitchens are remembered fondly. In retrospect, this style reflects a somewhat naive look at the modern world.

ROCOCO c. 1715 - 1773Derived from the French word "rocaille," shell-covered rockwork, Rococo departed from classical detailing and is distinguished by sinuous, asymmetrical S- and C-curves, delicate gesso appliqués, rocaille and shell motifs. Introduced in Italy, the style quickly spread throughout Europe and eventually to America, was heavily influenced by French designers for the royal court, such as Juste-Aurèle Meissonier, Jean Berain and Nicholas Pineau. Designed for the noble class these delicate, free-spirited embellishments were applied to all interior surfaces, high-end furnishings and decorative accessories. Design elements include scrolls, acanthus leaves, shell and Chinese motifs, curvaceous flora or fauna, as well as large scaled decorative paintings. Rosewood and fruitwood were used. (LOUIS XV) (REGENCY)

ROMANESQUE c.1000 - 1180Architecture "designed in the style of Rome" flourished throughout the Middle Ages in France, Italy, Britain and Germany. The Christian church, the largest patron of the arts, constructed abbeys and monasteries in remote regions and large cathedrals in populated areas, spreading the style far and wide. Churches were often designed in the shape of the crucifix. Architectural details include massive rough-cut stone walls, flying buttresses, barrel vaulted ceilings, bell towers, domed ceilings, clerestory windows, interlaced arches, Corinthian capitals, arcades, colonnades, galleries and facades with relief sculptures. The most notable innovation of the time was the vaulted roof designed to replace fire prone wood roofs. Byzantine, Roman, Arabic, Lombard and Norman influences are found in design elements, which include animal and plant forms, chevron patterns, stars, lozenges and scallops carved in shallow relief. Enormous round, hand-painted, stained glass rose windows combined with elaborately carved stone borders, marble mosaics, large tapestries, gilded statues of Saints, ornamented book covers and chalices encrusted with precious gems also distinguish this style.

ROMANTICWhile not a specific design style, this term is generally used to describe any environment of a more seductive nature. Typically, lighting is filtered or dimmed to low levels or completely replaced with candle light to create a secluded atmosphere. Soft, sinuous fabrics such as lace, silk, satin and velvet are often teamed with fresh flowers, soft music and water features for a special ambiance. A romantic mood can be achieved within any design style from Medieval to Contemporary.

RUSSIAN EMPIRE c.1712 - 1917Russia, with its capital in St. Petersburg, and close ties with France, Holland, Germany and Italy, along with the annex of Finland in 1809, offered a constant flow of talented artists and architects into the region. Furniture designs were modeled after imports, yet, they became more heavily adorned with various design elements including the Greek acanthus leaf or the Egyptian palmettos. Other motifs include caryatids, swans, rosettes, lyre and sphinx. Furnishings were created with grand proportions to match their monumental architecture and featured hand-painted finishes, elaborate mahogany veneers, brass overlays and gilding.

RUSTICGenerally, this style reflects simple country living. Buildings, furnishings and decorations are hand-made from local resources and materials for primarily utilitarian purposes. Primitive architectural details include exposed wood walls, wood paneling, rough-hewn beamed ceilings, wood floors and rock mantles and hearths. Sturdy hand-crafted furnishings lack ornamentation. Hand-forged iron, tin and pewter are used for hardware and utensils. Hand-made textiles including cotton quilts and embroidery, simple hand-picked floral arrangements adorn sparsely furnished rooms with small wood-mullioned windows. (COLONIAL) (SOUTHWESTERN) (LODGE-LOOK)

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SCANDINAVIAN c. 1930 - 1950Danish and Swedish designers created this Nordic style to bring life to the interiors of a region punctuated by darkness and frigid conditions. Scandinavian designs became popular upon their introduction at the 1930 Stockholm Exhibition and the 1939 World's Fair in New York. These lightweight, yet exquisitely crafted utilitarian furnishings feature sleek, simple lines and gentle curves constructed of birch, pine or bent plywood. Design elements include blond wood finishes, wide-planked wood floors combined with area rugs, minimal patterns, graceful accessories, light hues and white-washed painted finishes accented with bursts of color. (COUNTRY) (GUSTAFSON)

SHABBY CHIC c. 1980 - 2000England's Rachel Ashwell created this 20th century design style, which is said to have been responsible for reintroducing slip-covered furniture into the U.S. market. This casual, nostalgic and eclectic blend of English Victorian affordable flea-market finds is upholstered in washable slip covers with white-washed or weathered painted finishes. Vintage fabrics, lighting and furnishings combined with architectural elements such as old pressed tin, garden ornaments and vintage lighting are combined to create a relaxed feel suitable for family living.

SHAKER c. 1783 - 1960This distinctive rural American style, functional in every respect, epitomizes the religious beliefs of the Shakers and their philosophy of living, which can be found in every object they chose to create. Void of superfluous decoration, each piece was deliberately designed and expertly crafted to inspire serenity and grace in their effort to create "heaven on earth." Shakers established their own, totally unique approach to living, unlike any other. They made everything from baskets, quilts and furnishings to tools and toys. Expertly hand-crafted furnishings were constructed in maple, birch and pine with simple forms and light proportions. Interiors feature wood floors, built-in cupboards and drawers, wood peg rails surrounding the perimeter walls at eye-level, large tables, washstands and benches. (COUNTRY) (SCANDINAVIAN)

SHERATON c.1790 - 1810England's Thomas Sheraton published "The Cabinet Dictionary" and in 1791 the "Cabinet Maker's & Upholsterer's Drawing Book" of furniture patterns, which became one of the most popular styles during the Federal period. Delicate, yet extremely sturdy furniture forms, were inspired by the Louis XVI style and featured round tapered legs, fluting and most notably contrasting veneer inlays. Most often Sheraton style uses mahogany, with satinwood, tulipwood, sycamore and rosewood for inlayed decorations. Elaborate painted finishes, brass fittings and many neo-classical motifs were used, as well. These furnishings include shell, star, swag, wheat shaft, oval medallion, acanthus leaf, lyre and urn motifs, along with lattice and reeding. The Sheraton style is very similar to Hepplewhite designs. (FEDERAL) (HEPPLEWHITE c.1780 - 1800) (NEO-CLASSICAL c.1810 - 1830)

SOUTHWESTERN c. 1500 - PresentBeginning with Native American Indians influenced by the techniques of the Spanish conquistadores this beautifully simple design style has been adapted by each generation to include Pueblo, Pueblo Deco, Santa Fe Style, Spanish Colonial and Territorial. Architectural elements include 18" thick adobe sun-dried mud brick wall construction, flat roofs, canale roof drains, decorative carved wood corbels, carved wooden doors, kiva fireplaces built of adobe bricks covered with plaster, vigas hand-hewn exposed timbers, latillas wood branch ceiling details and saltillo clay tile floors. Interiors feature stucco textured walls with neutral furnishings in natural wood, white-washed and hand-painted finishes. Accents of hand-forged iron, painted pottery, woven geometric patterned rugs, leather and cotton textiles softened the ruggedness of the terrain. Dessert motifs include the roadrunner and the sun silhouetted against the colors of the desert sky. (MISSION) (MEDITERRANEAN) (SPANISH COLONIAL)

SPANISH COLONIAL c. 1250 - 1600 Initially built as fortresses, missions and churches were outposts designed to protect the community from attack, pillage or even kidnapping. Thick adobe walls fortified a courtyard of protection. Heavily carved wood doors with iron hinges and narrow windows with iron grills served as protection. Interior courtyards with stucco walls and columns feature fountains, arcades and arched windows. Clay tile roofs and floors, wrought-iron light fixtures and handmade clay vessels accent heavily proportioned, hand carved, painted and gilded furnishings. (MISSION) (MEDITERRANEAN) (SPANISH COLONIAL REVIVAL)

SPANISH COLONIAL REVIVAL c. 1920 - 1930California, Texas, New Mexico, Arizona (MISSION) (MEDITERRANEAN) (SPANISH COLONIAL)

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T TRADITIONALEncompasses an eclectic blend of English Tudor combined with the more whimsical British Colonial, Neo-classical and Georgian alongside French Regency and Asian influences. Architectural details include fluted and round columns with capitals, pilasters, arched windows with curved mullions, driveway porticos, brick facades with wood trim, wood pediments and gables. Mahogany and cherry woods are decoratively carved into furnishings including four-poster beds, large trunks, high-boy, low-boy and wardrobe cabinets, large dining tables and buffet servers spread with an array of exquisite silver and porcelains surrounded by hand-painted wall murals depicting the orient, overseas travel and local landscapes. (ASIAN) (BRITISH COLONIAL) (FEDERAL) (NEO-CLASSICAL) (TUDOR)

TRANSITIONAL

A term used to describe the eclectic blending of traditional wood-carved elements with over-scaled furnishings upholstered in plush fabrics to create a soft, more modern approach to tradition. Wood finishes go beyond standard mahogany and cherry to weathered painted finishes, marquetry, inlays and gilding. Brass and silver are joined with cast and wrought iron, bronze and copper. Textiles include chenille, velvet, plain and printed cottons accentuated with elaborate trim. Overall proportions in case goods are increased to blend well with larger king beds and seating. 

TROPICALCaribbean and Hawaiian coastlines with their strong winds and swaying palms on the shoreline of the deep blue sea creates a relaxed, casual approach to living. The bright blues, turquoise, yellows, reds and oranges filling the evening sky are joined with the vibrant colors of the flora and fauna. Local materials are reflected in hand-woven and printed textiles and exotic woods with primitive ornamental carvings. Accents include bamboo, palms and various tropical motifs including leaves and native flowers.

TUDOR c. 1500 - 1600The massive Tudor style with Renaissance and Gothic influences, ran through the reign of Elizabeth I and James I. Architecture included half-timber and stucco facades, steep-pitched roofs with slate shingles and ornate chimneys with elaborate brickwork. Furnishings are constructed of oak with peg, dowel or mortise and tenon joints to create sturdy, rectilinear furnishings with simple carved details. Furnishings included refractory tables, leather strapped wooden chests, large standing candelabra, 4 poster beds, benches and heavily carved wall cabinets. Upholstery includes woven tapestries and leather with fabric or nail-head trim. Bulbous turned legs, raised diamond carvings, heavily layered moldings, wainscoting and diamond-patterned leaded glass windows with stained glass medallions provide additional adornment. (TUDOR REVIVAL)

TUSCANBased on the villas and farmhouses of Tuscany wine country, Florence, Sienna and other communities in northern Italy have inspired this adaptation of Italian Renaissance, which has become one of the most reproduced styles in America in the late 20th and early 21st century. Architectural elements include clay tile roofs, stucco walls, loggias and porticos, carved stone balustrades, simple stone columns with Doric capitals, stone mantles and over-mantles, wood or honed travertine floors with inlaid patterns, hand-forged iron balconies and decorative iron railings. Barrel vaulted ceilings, dome and beamed ceilings, arched openings and large Palladian windows are also commonly used. Interior finishes include Venetian plaster, weathered faux finishes, hand-painted frescos and murals depicting Roman scenes, stone walls, granite or stone counters, iron candelabra, chandeliers and sconces and elaborate mosaic tile inlays. Simple, rustic furnishings are constructed of oak and walnut with Elizabethan, Tudor, and British Colonial influences. Accents include elaborately carved mirrors, hand-woven area rugs, marble statuary, shuttered windows, painted tiles and clay pottery. The color palette consists primarily of terra cotta, weathered brown, golden ocher and beige. Finishes include dark stains, bronze, gold leaf and silver leaf. Design elements include cherubs, Roman deities, Venetian glass and carved stone tile borders. Opulent fabrics in silk, velvets, damasks and brocades are incorporated into bedding and drapery. (ELIZABETHAN) (EUROPEAN) (ITALIAN RENAISSANCE) (MEDITERRANEAN) (OLD WORLD) (VENETIAN)

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V VICTORIAN c. 1840-1910Honoring Queen Victoria of England this style was the first to be mass produced by machine in the late 18th century. The architecture of this period resembles that of an elaborate wedding cake several stories tall. Architectural details included two- and three-story buildings with wood shingled roofs, wrap-around porches supported with turned porch posts, carved wood brackets or corbels and fretwork painted in strong, contrasting colors. Cupolas, widows walks, spires and brick chimneys add to the whimsy of this style. Interiors feature nine and 10 foot ceilings, wood crown moldings and baseboards, wood floors, wainscoting, double-hung and bay windows with decorative etched, stained or beveled glass, carved newel posts and stair spindles, elaborately carved wood mantles or iron mantles with marble surrounds, door casing with glass transoms, interior fretwork spandrels and highly decorative brass gaslight fixtures with etched glass shades. Furnishings constructed of oak, walnut and rosewood are elaborately carved and often have gingerbread details. Textiles include damasks, velvets, brocades, needlepoint, lace and hand-made quilts. Accessories include personal memorabilia, cut crystal, fine porcelains, palm trees and brasses. (AMERICAN VICTORIAN c.1840 - 1910) (ENGLISH VICTORIAN c.1800 - 1900)

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WILLIAM & MARY c.1689 -1700Introduced during the reign of King William III, born and raised in Holland and Queen Mary II of England, this graceful but rather heavy style is often confused with Queen Anne style. Frenchman Daniel Marot became architect to the monarch during this time. French, Dutch, Chinese and Indian influences can be found in furnishings carved in walnut, fruitwood and ebony. Distinguishing characteristics include marquetry, Chinoiserie, Oriental lacquer finishes, gilding and applied repoussé silver. Furnishings include heavily carved high-back chairs with upholstered or caned seats featuring carved turnings and stretchers, cabinetry on stands with ball, bun or carved Spanish feet and cabinetry with brass or iron ring or tear-drop pulls. Dark, heavily waxed finishes were accented with brightly colored painted details and gilding. Textiles include chintz, damasks and needlepoint. Design elements include the acanthus leaf, endive, tulip and other floral motifs, fruits, birds, shells, wheel patterns, oriental details, scrolls and spiral carvings. (COLONIAL) (QUEEN ANNE)

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