Complex Orthogonal Space-Time Processing in Wireless Communications

University of WollongongResearch Online

University of Wollongong Thesis Collection University of Wollongong Thesis Collections

2006

Complex orthogonal space-time processing inwireless communicationsLe Chung TranSECTE, Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences, University of Wollongong, Australia, [email protected]

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Recommended CitationTran, Le Chung, Complex orthogonal space-time processing in wireless communications, PhD thesis, School of Electrical, Computerand Telecommunications Engineering, University of Wollongong, 2006. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/506

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A THESISENTITLED

Complex Orthogonal Space-Time ProcessingIn Wireless Communications

Submitted to theUniversity of Wollongong

in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree ofDoctor of Philosophy

Le Chung Tran

Bachelor of Telecommunication Engineering (First Class Honours)Hanoi University of Communication and Transportation, Vietnam,

1997

Master of Telecommunication EngineeringHanoi University of Technology, Vietnam, 2000

Australia, May 3, 2006

To my family and PTH&

To my supervisors

Abstract

Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) transmission has recently emerged as one

of the most significant technical breakthroughs in modern communication with a

chance to resolve the bottleneck of traffic capacity in the future wireless networks.

Communication theories show that MIMO systems can provide potentially a very

high capacity that, in many cases, grows approximately linearly with the number of

antennas.

Space-time processing is the main feature of MIMO systems. Space-Time Codes

(STCs) are the codes designed for the use in MIMO systems. Among a variety

of STCs, orthogonal Space-Time Block Codes (STBCs) possess a much simpler

decoding method over other STCs. Because of that, this thesis examinesorthogonal

STBCs in MIMO systems. Furthermore, Complex Orthogonal STBCs (CO STBCs)

aremainly considered in this thesis since they can be used for PSK/QAM modulation

schemes, and therefore, are more practical than real STBCs.

The thesis starts with the backgrounds on MIMO systems and their capacity, on

STBCs, and on some conventional transmission diversity techniques. These back-

grounds are essential for the readers to overview the up-to-date scenario of the issues

related to this thesis.

After reviewing the state of the art of the issues related to this thesis and indicating

the gaps in the literature, the thesis proposes three newmaximum rate, order-8 CO

STBCs. These new CO STBCs are amenable to practical implementations because

they allow for a more uniform spread of power among the transmitter antennas, while

providing better performance than other conventional codes of order 8 for the same

ii

Abstract iii

peak power per transmitter antenna.

Based on the new proposed CO STBCs, multi-modulation schemes (MMSs) are pro-

posed to increase the information transmission rate of those new codes of order 8.

Simulation results show that, for the same MMSs and the same peak power per

transmitter antenna, the three new codes provide better error performance than the

conventional CO STBCs of the same order 8. In addition, the method to evaluate

the optimal inter-symbol power allocation in the proposed codes in single modula-

tion as well as in different MMSs for both Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN)

and flat Rayleigh fading channels is proposed. It turns out that, for some modulation

schemes, equal power transmission per symbol time slot is not only optimal from the

technical point of view, but also optimal in terms of achieving the best symbol er-

ror probability. The MMSs, which increase the information transmission rate of CO

STBCs, and the method to examine the optimal power allocation for multi-modulated

CO STBCs mentioned here can be easily generalized for CO STBCs of other orders.

Constructions ofsquare, maximum rate CO STBCs are well known. However, codes

constructed via the known methods include numerous zeros, which impede their

practical implementation, especially in high data rate systems. This disadvantage

is partially overcome by the three new CO STBCs of order 8 mentioned above. Nev-

ertheless, these codes still contain zeros which are undesirable or the design method

is neither generalnor easy yet.

By modifying the Williamson and the Wallis-Whiteman arraysto apply to complex

matrices, we discover two construction methods ofsquare, order-4n CO STBCs from

square, order-n codes. Applying the proposed methods, we constructsquare, max-

imum rate, order-8 CO STBCs with no zeros, such that the transmitted symbols

equally disperse through transmitter antennas. These codes have the advantages that

the power is equally transmitted via each transmitter antenna during every symbol

time slot and that a lower peak power per transmitter antennais required to achieve

the same bit error rates as in the conventional CO STBCs with zeros.

The combination of CO STBCs and a closed loop transmission diversity technique

using a feedback loop has received a considerable attentionin the literature since it

Abstract iv

allows us to improve performance of wireless communicationchannels with coherent

detection. The thesis proposes an improved diversity Antenna Selection Technique

(AST), referred to as the(N + 1, N ; K) AST/STBC scheme, to improve further the

performance of such channels. Calculations and simulations show that our technique

performs well, especially, when it is combined with the Alamouti code [7].

While the combination between STBCs and a closed loop transmission diversity

technique in the case ofcoherent detection has been intensively considered in the

literature, it seems to be missing for the case ofdifferential detection. The thesis thus

proposes two ASTs for wireless channels utilizing Differential Space-Time Block

Codes (DSTBCs), referred to as the AST/DSTBC schemes. Thesetechniques im-

prove significantly the performance of wireless channels using DSTBCs (withdiffer-

ential detection).

The proposed AST/DSTBC schemes work very well in independent, flat Rayleigh

fading channels as well as in the case of perfect carrier recovery. Does this conclusion

still hold in the case of correlated, flat Rayleigh fading channels or in the case of

imperfect carrier recovery?

To answer this question, first, we propose here a very general, straightforward algo-

rithm for generation of anarbitrary number of Rayleigh envelopes with eitherequal

or unequal power, in wireless channels eitherwith or without Doppler frequency shift

effects. The proposed algorithm can be applied to the case ofspatial correlation,

such as with antenna arrays in Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) systems, or

spectral correlation between the random processes like in Orthogonal Frequency Di-

vision Multiplexing (OFDM) systems. It can also be used for generating correlated

Rayleigh fading envelopes in eitherdiscrete-time instants or a real-time scenario.

The proposed algorithm is not onlymore generalized and more precise, but also

overcome all shortcomings of the conventional methods.

Based on the proposed algorithm, the performance of our AST/DSTBC techniques

proposed for systems utilizing DSTBCs in spatially correlated, flat Rayleigh fad-

ing channels is analyzed. Finally, the thesis examines the effect of imperfect car-

rier phase/frequency recovery at the receiver on the bit error performance of our

Abstract v

AST/DSTBC schemes. The tolerance of differential detection associated with the

proposed ASTs to phase/frequency errors is then analyzed. These analyses show that

our ASTs not only work well in independent, flat Rayleigh fading channels as well

as in the case of perfect carrier recovery, but also are very robust in correlated, flat

Rayleigh fading channels as well as in the case of imperfect carrier recovery.

The thesis is concluded with useful recommendations on the issues examined here

and with a number of future research directions.

Statement of Originality

This is to certify that the work described in this thesis is entirely my own, except

where due reference is made in the text.

No work in this thesis has been submitted for a degree to any other university or

institution.

Signed

Le Chung Tran

May 3, 2006

vi

Acknowledgments

I would like to sincerely thank my supervisors, Asso. Prof. Tadeusz A. Wysocki,

Prof. Jennifer Seberry and Prof. Alfred Mertins, who, with their great talents and

excellent expertise, have efficiently guided me as well as greatly supported me in a

very tough studying way towards the PhD degree. They have notonly supported me

in specialistic field, but also helped me to cope with difficulties in my daily life. I am

also indebted to Dr. Beata J. Wysocki, who has encouraged andhelped me to study

well. I would like to thank them for the enlightenment gainedby our collaborations

on papers, book chapters and projects.

I am grateful to various colleagues who have enhanced my understandings of the

subject, in particular to Assistant Prof. Sarah A. Spence, Dr. T. Xia, and Y. Zhao.

I would like to thank my family, especially, my parents and myPTH who have been

supporting me to achieve this degree. Without them, I would not have been success-

ful.

Last but not least, I would like to take this opportunity to thank all lecturers, officers,

assistants and colleagues in the School of Electrical, Computer and Telecommunica-

tions Engineering as well as in the Telecommunications and Information Technology

Research Center - TITR - who have helped and assisted me to study well during the

time in the University of Wollongong, Australia.

The School of Electrical, Computer and TelecommunicationsEngineering, the Uni-

versity of Wollongong and TITR are really my second home withrespectable people

and with wonderful memories.

vii

Contents

1 Introduction 1

1.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1.2 Overview of the Thesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

1.3 Contributions of the Thesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

1.4 Publications Based on the Thesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

2 Literature Review 12

2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

2.2 Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Wireless Communications . . . . . 13

2.2.1 MIMO System Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

2.2.2 Capacity of Additive White Gaussian Noise Channels withFixed Channel Coefficients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

2.2.3 Capacity of Flat Rayleigh Fading Channels . . . . . . . . . 19

2.3 Space-Time Block Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

2.3.1 Real Orthogonal Designs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

2.3.2 Complex Orthogonal Designs - CODs . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

2.4 Transmission Diversity Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 49

2.4.1 Classification of Transmission Diversity Techniques. . . . 49

2.4.2 Spatial Diversity Combining Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

2.4.3 Transmit Diversity Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

viii

CONTENTS ix

2.5 Research Problems Considered in the Thesis and Conclusion . . . . 56

3 New Square, Complex Orthogonal Space-Time Block Codes for EightTransmitter Antennas 60

3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

3.2 New Complex Orthogonal Designs of Order Eight . . . . . . . . .. 61

3.3 Decoding Metrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

3.4 Choice of Signal Constellations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70

3.5 Simulation Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

3.6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

4 Multi-Modulation Schemes to Achieve Higher Data Rate 76

4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

4.2 Two New Complex Orthogonal STBCs For Eight Transmitter Antennas 80

4.3 MMSs to Increase the Data Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

4.4 Optimal Inter-Symbol Power Allocation in Single Modulation and inMMSs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

4.4.1 AWGN Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

4.4.2 Flat Rayleigh Fading Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89


4.6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

5 Two Novel Construction Classes for Improved, Square CO STBCs 100

5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

5.2 Definitions and Notations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104

5.3 Design Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

5.4 Examples of Maximum Rate, Square, Order-8 CO STBCs with NoZero Entries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

CONTENTS x


5.6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

6 Transmitter Diversity Antenna Selection Techniques for MIMO Systems121

6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

6.2 Improved Antenna Selection Technique for Wireless Channels Uti-lizing STBCs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

6.2.1 Theoretical Basis of Antenna Selection in Wireless ChannelsUsing STBCs with Coherent Detection . . . . . . . . . . . 125

6.2.2 The(N + 1, N ; K) AST/STBC Scheme . . . . . . . . . . . 126

6.2.3 Simulation Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

6.3 Transmitter Diversity Antenna Selection Techniques for WirelessChannels Utilizing DSTBCs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

6.3.1 Reviews on DSTBCs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

6.3.2 Definitions, Notations and Assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . 137

6.3.3 Basis of Transmitter Antenna Selection for Channels UsingDSTBCs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

6.3.4 The General(M, N ; K) AST/DSTBC Scheme for ChannelsUtilizing DSTBCs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142

6.3.5 The Restricted(M, N ; K) AST/DSTBC Scheme . . . . . . 147

6.3.6 Spatial Diversity Order of the Proposed ASTs . . . . . . . .149


6.4 Discussions and Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157

7 Performance of Diversity Antenna Selection Techniques in ImperfectChannels 160

7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160

7.2 A Generalized Algorithm for the Generation of Correlated RayleighFading Envelopes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162

CONTENTS xi

7.2.1 Shortcomings of Conventional Methods . . . . . . . . . . . 162

7.2.2 Fading Correlation as Functions of Time Delay and Fre-quency Separation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164

7.2.3 Fading Correlation as Functions of Spatial Separation in An-tenna Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165

7.2.4 Generalized Algorithm to Generate Correlated, FlatRayleigh Fading Envelopes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167

7.2.5 Generation of Correlated Rayleigh Envelopes in a Real-TimeScenario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177


7.3 Performance of Diversity Antenna Selection Techniquesin Corre-lated, Flat Rayleigh Fading Channels Using DSTBCs . . . . . . . .188

7.3.1 AST/DSTBC Schemes in Correlated, Flat Rayleigh FadingChannels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188


7.4 Effect of Imperfect Carrier Recovery on the Performanceof the Di-versity Antenna Selection Techniques in Wireless ChannelsUtilizingDSTBCs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197

7.4.1 Effect of Phase Errors on the Performance of the ProposedAntenna Selection Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198


7.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206

8 Conclusion 208

8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208

8.2 Main Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208

8.3 Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213

8.4 Future Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214

Bibliography 216

CONTENTS xii

A Symbol Error Probability of M-ary PSK Signals in Flat Rayleigh FadingChannels 229

B Proof of the Decision Metrics for Unitary DSTBCs 231

List of Figures

1.1 History and main milestones of STBCs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

1.2 Structure of the thesis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

2.1 The diagram of MIMO systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

2.2 Capacity of MIMO systems with one Rx antenna (Multi-InputSingle-Output (MISO) systems) in fast or block flat Rayleighfad-ing channels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

2.3 Capacity of MIMO systems with one Tx antenna (Single-InputMulti-Output (SIMO) systems) in fast or block flat Rayleigh fadingchannels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

2.4 Capacity of MIMO systems with equal numbers of Tx and Rx anten-nas in fast or block flat Rayleigh fading channels. . . . . . . . . .. 23

2.5 Space-time block encoding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

2.6 Selection combining method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

2.7 Scanning combining method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

2.8 Conventional baseband MRC technique using two receiverantennas. 54

2.9 Alamouti code vs. transmission without coding with QPSKmodula-tion and 8 PSK modulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

3.1 A conventional COD of order eight. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

3.2 CodeZ2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

3.3 CodeZ3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

3.4 CodeZ4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

xiii

LIST OF FIGURES xiv

3.5 The performance of codeZ2 compared to that of the conventionalcodeZ1 in Rayleigh fading channels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71



4.1 Two new CO STBCs proposed for eight transmitter antennas. . . . . 81

4.2 8 QAM signal constellation and bit mapping scheme. . . . . .. . . 82

4.3 SER vs. r in single modulation and MMSs depending onγ inAWGN channels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

4.4 SER vs. γ with the inter-symbol power ratior=2 forC1, r=4 forC2

and with the optimal valuesropt in AWGN channels. . . . . . . . . 88

4.5 SER vs. r in single modulation and MMSs depending onγ in flatRayleigh fading channels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

4.6 SER vs. γ with the inter-symbol power ratior=2 forC1, r=4 forC2

and with the optimal valuesropt in flat Rayleigh fading channels. . . 92

4.7 Comparison between the proposed codes and the conventional one in[87] in AWGN channels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

4.8 Bit error performance of the codeC1 with different MMSs in AWGNchannels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

4.9 Bit error performance of the codeC2 with different MMSs in AWGNchannels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

4.10 Comparison between the proposed codes and the conventional one in[87] in flat Rayleigh fading channels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

4.11 Bit error performance of the codeC1 with different MMSs in flatRayleigh fading channels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

4.12 Bit error performance of the codeC2 with different MMSsin flatRayleigh fading channels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

5.1 The performance of the proposed code in (5.32), comparedto theconventional codeZ1 and the proposed codesZ2, Z3, Z4 in Chapter 3. 118

LIST OF FIGURES xv

6.1 The diagram of the(N + 1, N ; K) AST/STBC scheme. . . . . . . . 127

6.2 The proposed structure of the feedback information for channels us-ing STBCs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

6.3 The flow chart of the proposed(N + 1, N ; K) AST/STBC scheme. 129

6.4 BER vs. SNR for the Alamouti code and the Tarokh codeG4 [81]with and without antenna selection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

6.5 Transmission of DSTBCs (a) without and (b) with the antenna selec-tion technique. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145

6.6 The general (M, N ; K) AST/DSTBC scheme for systems usingDSTBCs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146

6.7 Some examples of the transmitter antenna grouping for (a)the restricted (4,2;K) AST/DSTBC, (b) therestricted (3,2;K)AST/DSTBC and (c) therestricted (5,4;K) AST/DSTBC. . . . . . . 148

6.8 The Alamouti DSTBC with thegeneral (3,2;1) AST/DSTBC and therestricted (3,2;1) AST/DSTBC schemes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154

6.9 Square, order-4, unitary DSTBC with thegeneral (5,4;1)AST/DSTBC and therestricted (5,4;1) AST/DSTBC schemes. . . . 156

7.1 Model to examine the spatial correlation between transmitter antennas.165

7.2 Model of a Rayleigh generator for an individual Rayleighenvelopecorresponding to a desirednormalized autocorrelation function. . . 179

7.3 Model for generatingN Rayleigh fading envelopes corresponding toa desirednormalized autocorrelation function in a real-time scenario. 182

7.4 Example of three equal power,spectrally correlated Rayleigh fadingenvelopes with GSM specifications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185

7.5 Example of three equal power,spatially correlated Rayleigh fadingenvelopes with GSM specifications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186

7.6 Example of three equal power,spectrally correlated Rayleigh fadingenvelopes with IEEE 802.11a (OFDM) specifications. . . . . . . .. 187

7.7 Example of three equal power,spatially correlated Rayleigh fadingenvelopes with a not positive semi-definite covariance matrix. . . . . 188

LIST OF FIGURES xvi

7.8 Histograms of Rayleigh fading envelopes produced by theproposedalgorithm in the four examples along with a Rayleigh PDF whereσg

2

j= 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189

7.9 Computational effort comparison between the method in [73] and theproposed algorithm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190

7.10 Proposed (3,2;1) AST/DSTBC schemes in correlated Rayleigh fad-ing channels corresponding to the setℜ̂1 of covariance matrices. . . 193




7.14 The effect of imperfect phase recovery on the performance of theAlamouti DSTBC without our ASTs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203

7.15 The effect of imperfect phase recovery on the performance of thegeneral (3,2;1) AST/DSTBC scheme. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204

7.16 The effect of imperfect phase recovery on the performance of thegeneral (4,2;1) AST/DSTBC scheme. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205

List of Tables

2.1 Some typical values ofpmin (or A(1, n)) for thefull-rate, real STBCs. 31

2.2 The maximum number of variables and the maximum rates ofsquare, real STBCs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

2.3 The maximum number of variables and the maximum rates ofsquareCO STBCs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

2.4 The maximum possible rates ofnon-square CO STBCs. . . . . . . . 39

2.5 The maximum number of variables ofnon-square CO STBCs. . . . 40

2.6 The optimal delay ofnon-square CO STBCs with the maximum pos-sible rates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

2.7 Normalized channel capacity for several values of transmitter andreceiver antenna numbers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

3.1 Number of variables in an amicable pair withn = 8 [35] . . . . . . 62

3.2 Decision metrics for decoding codeZ1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68




4.1 Mapping rules for the symbolss1 ands2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

4.2 Mapping rules for the symbolss3 ands4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

4.3 The optimality of power allocation in single modulationand MMSsin AWGN channels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

xvii

LIST OF TABLES xviii

4.4 The optimality of power allocation in single modulationand MMSsin flat Rayleigh fading channels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

6.1 The average processing time reduction of the proposed(N+1, N ; K)AST/STBC technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

6.2 Comparison between the proposed(N + 1, N ; K) AST/STBC andthe technique proposed in [51]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132

6.3 SNR gains (dB) of the general (3,2;1) AST/DSTBC and the restricted(3,2;1) AST/DSTBC in the channel using Alamouti DSTBC. . . . .155

6.4 SNR gains (dB) of the proposed (5,4;1) AST/DSTBC schemesin thechannel using square, order-4, unitary DSTBC. . . . . . . . . . . .157

List of Abbreviations

3G Third Generation wireless technology

3GPP The Third Generation Partnership Project

AOD Amicable Orthogonal Design

AST Antenna Selection Technique

AWGN Additive White Gaussian Noise

BER Bit Error Rate

BLAST Bell Lab Layered Space-Time

BPSK Binary Phase Shift Keying

BS Base Station

CDMA Code Division Multiple Access

CO STBC Complex Orthogonal Space-Time Block Code

COD Complex Orthogonal Design

const constant

CSI Channel State Information

DPCCH Dedicated Physical Control Channel

DPSK Differential Phase Shift Keying

DS-SS Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum

DSTBC Differential Space-Time Block Code

DSTM Differential Space-Time Modulation

e.g. exempli gratia

ECK Exact Channel Knowledge

EGC Equal Gain Combining

etc. et cetera

FEC Forward Error Correction

FH-SS Frequency Hoping Spread Spectrum

xix

List of Abbreviations xx

GCOD Generalized Complex Orthogonal Design

GSM Global System for Mobile Communications

i.e id est

i.i.d. identically independently distributed

IDFT Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform

iff if and only if

ISI Inter-Symbol Interference

LAN Local Area Network

LOS Line Of Sight

LST Layered Space-Time Code

M-ary Multiple Level Modulation

M-PSK M-ary Phase Shift Keying

MC-SS Multi-Carrier Spread Spectrum

MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output

MISO Multi-Input Single-Output

ML Maximum Likelihood

MMS Multi-Modulation Scheme

MRC Maximum Ratio Combining

MS Mobile Station

OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

PAM Pulse Amplitude Modulation

PCU Per Channel Use

PDF Probability Density Function

PSK Phase Shift Keying

QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

QPSK Quadrature Phase Shift Keying

rms root-mean-square

Rx antenna Receiver antenna

SC Scanning Combining

SCK Statistical Channel Knowledge

SER Symbol Error Rate

SIMO Single-Input Multi-Output

List of Abbreviations xxi

SNR Signal-to-Noise Ratio

STBC Space-Time Block Code

STC Space-Time Code

STS Symbol Time Slot

STTC Space-Time Trellis Code

SVD Singular Value Decomposition

Tx antenna Transmitter antenna

ULA Uniform Linear Array

w. r. t. with respect to

WCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

Documents

Complex Orthogonal Space-Time Processing in Wireless Communications