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The implementation of sustainable energy systems is an objectiveof the European Union’s energy policy. This policy aims to supportand promote secure energy supplies with a high quality of serviceat competitive prices and in an environmentally compatible manner.
The European Commission DG for Energy and Transport initiates,coordinates and manages energy saving policy actions focusing onenergy efficiency, maintaining and enhancing security of energysupply and international co-operation. A central policy instrumentis the support and promotion of energy Research, TechnologicalDevelopment and Demonstration (RTD), principally through theENERGIE sub-programme under the European Union’s FifthFramework Programme for RTD. This includes the HOSPITALSproject (EU Contract NO: NNE5-2001-00295).
The HOSPITALS project aims to demonstrate the significantreductions that can be achieved in the total energy demand of theEuropean health care building sector. These energy demandreductions will contribute to significant reductions in CO2
emissions.
The hospitals project covers a range of strategies to save energy inbuildings, with a focus on hospital buildings. This brochurecontains general information, guidelines and strategies forBioclimatic Design of HOSPITALS.
The brochure aims to illustrate methods of obtaining large energysavings using bioclimatic design strategies from the first stage ofbuilding design.The amount of energy saved and the resulting reduction in CO2
emissions are quantified. The brochure can be used by all thoseinvolved in the process of procuring and designing a health carebuilding.The primary target groups of the HOSPITALS project areadministrators, facilities managers, designers and contractors ofhealth care buildings.The HOSPITALS initiative aims to demonstrate that renewableenergy technologies may be used with very positive results withinthe European health care building sector and in this way encouragethe exploitation of renewable energy.
List of contents:
• Building Orientation and Form• Building Envelope and Materials• Integration of Renewable Energies• Green Roofs• Water• Daylight Strategies
BIOCLIMATIC DESIGNCONCEPTS
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Objectives:- the reduction and control of solar radiation;- the provision of natural ventilation and natural cooling of the
external building surfaces by evaporative cooling.
Actions:- minimize the surface area of the south facing facade;- at the same time provide for natural lighting and shading;- avoid excessive solar gain during the cooling season;- use the roof as an active skin.
It is important to consider the localclimate during the first stage ofbuilding design.An energy conscious design whichresults in an energy efficientbuilding has to be based on thelocal climate.In a new hospital, the shape andthe orientation of the buildingshould be first defined consideringthe climate of the area, the wind,the temperature and the solarradiation.It should be decided which areasof the hospital need more solar
exposure and which hospital areas have a high internal heat loadand need less solar exposure. The aim is the reduction of theannual energy demand.It is important to balance the various requirements. Patient comfortis clearly of paramount importance. Environmental impacts, energyconsumption and aesthetics are also important but the primary aimwhen designing a new hospital should not be reducing the energydemand to zero. Nor should the form of the building be consideredonly in terms of the aesthetic result.
The section view of the Meyer Hospital shows that it has beendesigned partly sunk into the hill. This diminishes the impact of thebuilding on the site and contributes to energy conservation byproviding shelter so that the hospital is shielded from the prevailingwinds by the hill and the trees.During the design of the building effort was focused on detailedplanning and the design of the health care environment. Thepsychological effects of the environment were taken into carefulaccount. This approach was considered essential for the neonatalintensive care environment and its effect on babies, their familiesand carers.
View of Deventer Hospital
Section view ofMeyer Hospital
Building orientation and form
Glazing and Double Skin FacadeA building has to guarantee a thermallycomfortable indoor environment for theactivities that are conducted inside. Tooptimise thermal comfort it is necessaryto reduce the loss of thermal energythrough the building envelope.
A Double Skin Facade is an additionalexternal skin for a building that canoptimize the indoor climate and reducethe energy demand of the building. Thebrochure Double Skin Facade Design isavailable for details.
The building envelope of the newhospital building at FachkrankenhausNordfriesland has been designed withhigh insulation levels and with specialattention paid to the windows.There is a double skin facade withwindows which can be opened in theinner skin, parts of the outer skin orboth. The windows are designed assources for supplementary venting anddaylighting as well as visual comfort.
Building materials have been very carefully selected, particularlythe materials exposed inside the building as these will affect theindoor air quality.The selection of building materials was based on criteria for:emissions, adsorption, surface roughness and cleaning.There will not be any PVC materials used within the building andthe use of metals is kept to a minimum.
The innovative elements of the building envelope and materials aresummarised below:
- Transparent insulation- Glazing with reduced U-values- Double skin facades- Selection of low-emission and
low adsorption materials
External view ofFachkrankenhaus
Nordfriesland
Internal view of FachkrankenhausNordfriesland
Building envelope and materials
Wall insulationEnergy losses are normally stated in terms of heat flow through asquare meter of wall per unit of time. The losses depend mainly onthe temperature difference between the inside and outside face ofthe wall and the thermal resistance of the material, or combinationof materials, from which the wall is made.
Energy losses take place through conduction,convection and radiation. The main way ofreducing losses is to prevent heat conduction byadding thermal insulation to the envelope.
Cavity insulation: This is an inexpensive wayof insulating a wall but it can only be used when acavity wall is present. Retrospective insulation ofthe cavity can occasionally create problems.Inspection of the walls is recommended before adecision is made to insulate a cavity.Retrospective insulation of a cavity wall can bedone by injecting expanded clay granules, mineralwool flakes or polystyrene beads through a holeinto the cavity.
External insulation: This changes theappearance of the exterior considerably. A single,thick insulation layer can be applied, which makesit possible to achieve any desired insulation value.The main advantage is that cold bridges can beeasily removed and prevented.
Internal insulation: This is fitted on the insideof the walls of a building. The size of the rooms is, of course,reduced by internal insulation. Inside insulation can give goodresults when it is carefully executed in order to preventcondensation caused by cold bridges.
Building envelope and materials
100 mm exterior insulation used for Torun Hospital.
Two options for insulating the walls ofwards at the Meyer Hospital have beenstudied.The two drawings above show theoptions with different thicknesses ofcavity wall insulation.
The thicker insulation reduces theenergy required for heating resulting inan annual energy saving of about 12%.
Environmentally friendly insulation materialsConventional insulation materials provide good levels of insulationbut may create environmental problems including:
• consumption of limited natural resources e.g. petrochemicalbased materials
• high embodied energy, particularly during their manufacture• health problems during installation, e.g. irritating fibres• health problems once the insulation has been completed, e.g.
fibre migration, off-gassing, microbial contamination anddegradation
• disposal problems due to synthetic and toxic ingredients
Environmentally friendly materials usually have fewer negativeimpacts on the environment.
• natural insulation materials are made from renewable plant oranimal sources, minimizing the impact on the environment due toconsumption of raw materials
• low embodied energy - manufacturing processes are simpleusing little energy
• there are no health problems during installation• natural insulation materials are fully biodegradable• microbial contamination and / or degradation may lead to health
problems
NOTE: Health risks may exist with both conventional andenvironmentally friendly materials when they are not installed andused properly.
Key Points- For a new hospital design: simulate the thermal behaviour of the building to define the optimum
insulation thickness and type. The best position for the insulation material is in a cavity wall.- In a refurbishment, insulate internal surfaces (the depth of the room is reduced); External insulation will
change the appearance of the building considerably.- Insulation material placed on the external surfaces of the walls should be well protected from rainwater.- It should be remembered that thermal bridges can significantly reduce the efficiency of the insulation
used.
Cellulose Fibres
Rock Wool
Installation of wall insulationTable: comparing different materials for thermal conductivity. The table alsoindicates whether there are emissions of toxins or acid rain during manufacture ofthe insulation and the quantity of energy required for manufacture.Legend: 1 = low; 2 = medium; 3 = high; 4 = very high.
Thermal Production UseMaterial conductivity Toxins Acid rain Energy use Recycleability Health Risks
�(W/m K)
Rock Wool 0.03-0.04 3 2 2 2 2Glass Wool 0.032-0.04 3 2 2 2 2Polystyrene Foam 0.033-0.035 4 3 4 1Phenolic Foam 0.036 4 3 4 3Wool 0.037 0 0 1Cellulose Fibres 0.037 0 0 1Urea-formaldehyde Foam 0.038 4 3 4 4Corkboard 0.040 0 0 1 1Vermiculite (expanded) 0.047-0.058 0 0 2Foamed Glass 0.050-0.052 2 2 3Softboard 0.055 0 0 1 1Wood-wool Slabs 0.093 1 1 4 1Compressed Straw Slabs 0.101 0 0 1 1
Integration of Renewable Energies
Examples of PV systems used as ashading device for an office building(above) integrated into a vertical surfaceat Fraunhofer ISE Freiburg (below) andinstalled into an atrium, at the Universityof Florence, Italy (bottom)
Above: Meyer Hospital. The surface of the sunspace will incorporate a semitrans-parent PV system with a rated capacity of 31 kWp of renewable energy.The Meyer’s sunspace is orientated to the south with unobstructed solar accessto the main glazing in order to maximize the collection of winter sunshine.The design objectives consider not only the energy and environmental aspects butalso the social impacts: the primary objective is to create a pleasant “socializing”space which can be used for semi-outdoor activities through much of the yearwithout requiring any extra energy. This social space is well integrated with theadjacent green park. The PV installation was financed by the Ministry ofEnvironment after a public and national (Italian) competition called “PV in the Roof:High Architectural Integration”
Buildings consume over half the energy used globally and produceover half of all greenhouse and ozone depleting gasses. Today,there is a widespread understanding that we are over-using theearth’s limited resources and producing unacceptable levels of CO2
in order to provide energy.Use of Renewable Energies is an expensive alternative at themoment but the number of examples of “low energy” buildings isgrowing in Europe also thanks to the financial support of EUCommission programs.
Photovoltaic (PV) cells PV-cells convert sunlight directly into electricity. The cells are madeof semiconductor materials such as crystalline silicon.Photovoltaics can provide tiny amounts of power for e.g. watchesor large amounts for the electric grid, as well as any required powerlevel in between.PV systems integrated into building facades allow energyproduction to be combined with other functions of the buildingenvelope, such as shading, weather shielding or heat production.Substantial cost savings can be made through combining thesefunctions, e.g. in expensive facade systems where the claddingcosts may equal the costs of the PV modules. Additionally nohigh–value land is required and no separate support structure isnecessary. Electricity is generated at the point of use. This avoidstransmission and distribution losses and reduces the utilitycompany’s capital and maintenance costs.
Building integration does not just mean mounting PV modules on abuilding.Real integration can involve much more; it includes all the steps inthe process of new construction or retrofitting a building, startingfrom planning the production of the construction materials throughto operation and recycling.„Multiple integration“ is perhaps the most appropriate expression.
Solar Collectors at Aabenraa Hospital
Left: FachkrankenhausNordfrieslandThe large ceilingsurface has a shallownorth facing slope;here a white curtainis used to reduce solarradiation. On the southfacing steeply slopingroof section, poly-crystalline PV modulesare integrated into theglazing to act as solarshading while gene-rating electricity.
Buliding integration of solar energy technologiesThe design of high-performance buildings involves combininggood design with energy efficiency and solar technologies toreduce energy consumption.Solar technologies tap directly into the infinite power of the sun anduse that energy to heat, light, and power buildings. Solartechnology combines building design and energy efficienttechnologies with solar thermal panels for heating water or solarelectric panels (photovoltaics) for powering electrical items such asappliances, lights and computers.
Solar water-heating systemsSolar water-heating systems use solar collectors, generallymounted on a south-facing roof, to heat either water or non-toxicantifreeze that is circulated from the collector to water storagetanks. The water storage tanks are similar to those used in aconventional gas or electric water heating system.
At Aabenraa hospital three solar collector systems wereimplemented, one for each of the ward sections, B and C and onefor the surgical section K. All the systems were roof mounted. Forarchitectural reasons and in order to avoid glare the solar collectorswere mounted so that they were not visible from outside thebuilding. Two different system types were considered: a drain backsystem and a standard system with anti-freeze liquid. Bothsystems have advantages and disadvantages, which wereevaluated in order to identify the most attractive system. Thestandard system with anti-freeze liquid was chosen, because thisallowed the existing hot water tanks to be used rather thanreplaced as would have been required for adrain back system.Special attention was given to the risk oflegionella bacteria. Risks were minimised byusing an electrical backup system to ensurethat the high water temperatures required foravoiding legionella growth were alwaysachieved.Each system includes approximately 50 m2
solar collectors, which provides an annualenergy yield of about 27 MWh per system.This provides about 60% of the annual energyrequirement for water heating.
To reduce heat losses it is necessary to insulate all opaqueelements in a building, including the roof.A greenroof can insulate a roof and at the same time help to protectthe environment by diminishing the environmental impact of thebuilding. Green roofs can provide a fresh architectural approachwith visually appealing organic architecture.It is assumed that a good environment has a positive influence onthe recovery of patients. Hospital buildings should therefore beconsidered as a part of the treatment of patients.Selecting building materials with low levels of emissions such asgreen roofs can lead to an improved indoor climate, which willbenefit the patients.
Notes- When refurbishing a flat roof which is
suffering from water infiltration, careshould be taken to ensure that theinsulation material is replaced with asufficient gradient.
- It should be remembered that theadvantage of pitched roofs is thatrainwater flows off easily; they thereforerequire less waterproofing than flatroofs.
- A flat green-roof may be used as agarden by patients, and is recommen-ded as an environmental benefit.
- Avoiding the use of traditional roofconstruction materials reduces thematerials that have to be transported:
transport of materials accounts for a high proportion of carbondioxide emissions;
- the choice of an environmentally friendly material as an insulationmaterial usually has an extra-cost. It is important to evaluate theextra cost and the pay-back period and relate this to reductions incarbon dioxide emissions.
Green Roofs
A green terrace solution is planned forthe Meyer Hospital. The final design,with increased amounts of insulationmaterial in the cavity walls and a greenroof - reduces the annual energy de-mand for heating by 36% per patientroom.
Section of the greenroof used at Meyer Hospital
The rational use of water is an important issue for saving waterresources. It has to be taken into account from the first stage of thedesign.
Collected rain water can contribute to maximizing the thermalcomfort during the summer season when used in external spacesor atria to provide water to fountains, ponds and pools. Thesearchitectural elements are able to mitigate and influencemicroclimate and provide patients with a relaxing area and view.
How does water influence the microclimate?Evaporation occurs whenever the vapour pressure of water ishigher than the partial pressure of the water vapour in the adjacentatmosphere.The evaporation of water from liquid to vapour is accompanied bythe absorption of a large quantity of sensible heat from the air thatlowers the dry bulb temperature of the air while the moisturecontent of the air is increased.The efficiency of the evaporation processdepends on the temperatures of the airand water, the vapour content of the airand the rate of airflow past the watersurface.
The main disadvantage of a pond or afountain is the increased moisturecontent in the ventilation air supplied tothe indoor spaces.
Psychological aspects are very important for hospital patients.Patients need a friendly place to recover from sickness.
The building, plusthe specializedmedical team andthe environment,is an importantpart of that place.Plants and waterin the buildingsand external are-as give patientscontact with na-ture, providing arelaxing hospitalenvironment inwhich to recover.
Water
On this page:Lake and pond in FachkrankenhausNordfriesland
An energy conscious building aims to optimise the use of passivesolar energy, natural ventilation and natural light to create acomfortable and energy efficient working environment.
The use of daylight for interior illumination can reduce energy usewithin buildings and has a positive effect on visual comfort.
If considered at the design stage, the use of daylight allows for asignificant reduction in electricity used for lighting and can reducethe overall energy consumption. Daylighting depends on theavailability of daylight, location, size and orientation of windows.
Several strategies can be used to achive visual comfort when usingdaylight including: Rooflights, Atria, Glazing, Transparent Insu-lation, Lightpipes and Lightducts, Shading.
Integration of rooflightsIntegration of rooflights is an effective daylighting strategy. The skyis generally brighter at its zenith than near the horizon: this is thereason why horizontal rooflights admit more daylight per squaremetre of glazed area than vertical windows (three times more thana vertical window).
Daylight Strategies
Illustrations showing the daylight distribution in two rooms facing theglazed courtyard at Aabenraa Hospital: The daylight levels were notreduced by the glazing of the courtyard; on the contrary the daylightlevels and distribution were improved after glazing the courtyard. Theuse of energy for lighting during daytime is expected to be reduced byapproximately 50% compared to a conventional design.
Shading devices at Aabenraa Hospital. Daylight strategies (roof windows) used in the atria at Aabenraa Hospital.
Sunpipes Sunpipes are among the more mechanically complexdaylighting devices.
Sunlight is collected by heliostats (mirrors controlledby a tracking device), concentrated by mirrors orlenses, then directed inside the building throughshafts or fibre optic cables.
Sunpipes depend on direct sunlight and are relativelyexpensive to install: for these reasons they will becost-effective only in regions where blue skies andclean air can be guaranteed for most of the year.
Shading The type, size and positioning of any shadingdevice will depend on climate, building use,and the source of the light to be excluded(direct sunlight, diffuse sky light, or perhapsreflected light from outside).
Left and above: pictures of the sun pipesused at Meyer Hospital for daylighting.Sun pipes were installed to give goodluminance levels in each patient’s room.Each room accommodates two patientsand has two windows, one looks outsideand is day lit, the other is illuminated bysun pipes.At first sight the sun pipe installation givesthe impression of being lamp lit.
Shading system atFachkrankenhausNordfriesland Hospital
The five hospital sites are:
AABENRAA HOSPITAL, DENMARKLiane Timm Schwarz, The County of South JutlandEsbensen Consultants A/S (Energy consultant)S&I Architects A/S (Architect)
TORUN CITY HOSPITAL, POLANDKrystyna Zaleska, Roman NadolnySpecjalistyczny Szpital Miejski, im. M. Kopernika w Toruniuul. Batorego 17/1987-100 Torun, PolandTel. +48 56 610 0324e-mail: [email protected]
MEYER CHILDREN’s HOSPITAL, ITALYRenato Colombovia Luca Giordano, 7 MI-50132 Firenze, ItalyTel.: +39 055 5662319e-mail: [email protected] Sala Associates (Energy consultant)CSPE (Architects)
FACHKRANKENHAUS NORDFRIESLAND, GERMANYSönke Thiesen / Eberhard SchwarzKrankenhausweg 3DE-25821 Bredstedt, GermanyTel.: +49 4671 90 4-0e-mail: [email protected] Consultants A/S (Energy consultant)Detlefsen + Lundelius (Architect)
DEVENTER HOSPITAL, THE NETHERLANDSCees van MilPO Box 5001, Ceintuurbaan 6NL-7400 GC Deventer, The NetherlandsTel.: +31 570 64 6528e-mail: [email protected]
ADMINISTRATIVE AND FINANCIAL COORDINATORLiane Timm Schwarz, The County of South JutlandSkelbækvej 2DK-6200 Aabenraa, DenmarkTel.: +45 74 33 50 50e-mail: [email protected]
SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL COORDINATOROlaf Bruun Jørgensen, Esbensen Consultants A/SCarl Jacobsens Vej 25 D2500 Valby, DenmarkTel.: +45 33 26 73 02e-mail: [email protected]
WP1 INTEGRATED DESIGN PROCESSOlaf Bruun Jørgensen, Esbensen Consultants A/S
WP2 EUROPEAN DESIGN WORKSHOPSOlaf Bruun Jørgensen, Esbensen Consultants A/S
Gert Johannesen, S&I Architects A/SBuchwaldsgade 35DK-5000 Odense C, DenmarkTel.: +45 66 11 59 11E-mail:[email protected]
Chiel Boonstra, DHV Building and IndustryP.O. Box 80007, NL-5600 JZ, EindhovenThe NetherlandsTel.: +31 40 250 9216e-mail: [email protected]
Marco Sala, Marco Sala AssociatesVia Pippo Spano 15I-50129 Firenze, ItalyTel.: +39 055 5048394e-mail: [email protected]
WP3 MONITORING AND EVALUATIONChristel Russ,Fraunhofer Institut for Solare Energy SystemsHeidenhofstr. 2, DE-79110 FreiburgTel.: +49 761 458 8512e-mail: [email protected]
WP4 FACILITIES MANAGEMENT& PHYSICAL WORKING CONDITIONSCees van Mil, Deventer HospitalChiel Boonstra, DHV Building and IndustryEberhard Schwarz, Fachkrankenhaus Nordfriesland
WP5 DISSEMINATIONOlaf Bruun Jørgensen, Esbensen Consultants A/SRenato Colombo, MEYER Children HospitalRoman Nadolny, Torun City Hospital
Supporting OrganizationEuropean Commission Directorate - General for Energy and TransportEU Contract. No.: NNE5-2001-00295
Printed by Ihle Grafisk Produktion A/S
All rights reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form orby any means, without permission from the publisher.
Information about The Fifth Framework Programme is available at the following website:http://cordis/lu/fp5/home.htmlFuther information on DG for Energy and Transport activities is available at the internetwebsite address: http://europa.eu.int/comm/energy/res/index_en.htm
The HOSPITALS internet website address is http://www.eu-hospitals.net
