Beedinagudde :A Study of a squatters’

Settlement in the City ofUdupi, Karnataka.

Figure 1 view of the squatters' at beedinagudde

Faculty Guide : Dr. Deepika Shetty

ByKankana Narayan Dev

Sem-2, Masters of Urban Design and DevelopmentFaculty of Architecture

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Manipal UniversityManipal,Karnataka

Jan-May

Contents1.Background.......................................................42.Aim of the study :...............................................4

3.Objectives of the study..........................................54.Method of Study:.................................................5

5. Literature Review...............................................76.Udupi District : An Overview.....................................8

6.1Geographical Features.........................................86.2Demography....................................................8

6.3District Economy..............................................86.3.1Agriculture...............................................8

6.3.2.Industry.................................................86.3.3.Tourism..................................................8

6.3.4.Infrastructure...........................................86.3.5.Economic Growth..........................................9

6.4.Literacy and Education.......................................96.5.Health Status of the District.............................9

6.6.Housing, Water Supply and Sanitation.........................96.7.Culture, Traditions and Customs.............................10

7.Beedinagudde Squatters’ Settlement..............................107.1. Social demographic features of the Squatters’ Settlement. . .10

7.2. Housing Pattern and other facilities.......................117.3.Migration Pattern...........................................13

7.3.1. Places of Origin.......................................147.3.2.Purpose of Migration....................................14

7.3.3.Associational Migration.................................157.3.4.Choice of Beendinggudde for Residence...................15

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7.3.5.Contact with the places of Origin.......................157.3.6.Return Migration........................................16

7.4. Occupational Pattern.......................................167.5.Work Organization and Mobility..............................17

7.6.Income......................................................177.7.Community Organisation of the Settlement....................18

7.8. Recreation and Leisure time activities.....................188. Recommendation...............................................19

10. Conclusion...................................................19Bibliography......................................................20

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1.BackgroundHow does unorganised settlement occur in an urban area? How do they develop their dwelling? Where do their daily activities take place: sleeping, cooking, eating, socializing, working, bathing? Where do they come from? What are the services available to them sanitation, water supply, ration, electricity? These questions lead to the study of a squatters’ Settlement in the City of Udupi, Karnataka.

Udupi is a coastal city in the south coast of Karnataka. According to the 2011 census report the rate of urban population growth in Udupi is about 48%. (Urban Development 2012-2013) The development interms of infrastructure development has led to the migration of unskilled people from the nearby rural areas such as Bagalkot, Dharwar who are employed for assistance to masons and other similaroccupation related labour for infrastructure development and construction.

Due to rapid urbanisation of cities in India which is a developing country, squatter settlement become the most popular form of settlement because the growing demand for housing is not being addressed by the government and the private developers have not taken it to their concern. Squatting is very often characterised bythe occupation of private or public land with or without rent (not recognised in the formal system), very often raising basic

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structures for shelter without meeting the standard of living in setlocations or on already developed buildings. However, many a times squatters have been observed to have built permanent structures ofmasonry with reinforced framed structures as high as four to five storeys. Usually these settlement are clustered in form with a very dynamic change of its profile either as a settlement or an individual thriving for affordable shelter. ( Pg 197 Urbanization Primer, Horacio Caminos and Reinhard Goethert 1978 MIT Press).

The main physical characteristics of a squatter are substandard houses, high density and congestion, overcrowding, absence of basic amenities like water supply, sewerage, drainage, electricity and garbage disposal (K Ranga Rao 1984). Squatting starts when people migrate to urban areas for livelihood. They are too poor to rent a house and pay for the urban infrastructure facilities such as water and electricity and the absence of low rent housing urban infrastructure. Thus they settle on vacant land either publicly or privately owned and survive upon the minimum public facility existing. The administration usually considers it illegal and thus refrains from providing any urban infrastructure to such developmentand certain private owners make money of the situation by charging money as rent for using the land. As a result there is substandard growth of the squatter settlement, overcrowding and insanitary conditions. Beedinagudde in Udupi belongs to this category of squatters’ settlement consisting of 5 groups of squatters’.

2.Aim of the study :Understanding the mechanism for development of squatters’ in Udupi town and identify problems therein.

3.Objectives of the study

1. Study the pattern of Growth of the settlement and the nature of its social organisation.

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2. Analyse the process of migration and the adjustments made by themto the urban condition.

3. Study the dwellings of the settlements, identify its issues, living environment and comfort level.

4. Occupational structure of the settlement with the economy of Udupi city: Transportation links, availability of jobs and skill labour.

5. Mapping the mobility pattern of the settlement dwellers for livelihood, education, food supply and sanitation.

6. Develop suggestion for improving the living condition in the settlement in the form of framed policies and propose amendment for urban housing development guidelines for Udupi City .

4.Method of Study:1. Collect and analyse the basic data available with the municipality.

2. Interview residents of the settlement and knowledgeable persons of Udupi and Manipal working on the settlement issues.

3.Map each dwelling of the first squatters’ and list the socio economic condition of the residents.

4.Collect information on social, economic , political, religious andcultural life in the settlement through interview and observation.

5.Sample size for socio economic data is 100 household of the oldestsquatters’ of the five settlements.

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Figure 1 Methodology Chart 1

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5. Literature ReviewThere are several definition of Squatters’, according to some Squatters’ are developed as a result of squatting of migrated ruralpoor to urban areas. However the squatters’ as a settlement pattern is not only limited to the substandard housing in urban areas but isany illegal activity of squatting on public or private land with structured or substandard housing facility. The major pool factor ofsquatting in the cities is the rural to urban migration. In order todefine a squatters’ settlement ( which is still not very well defined in the Indian Context ) so that we can understand the Beendingudde Squatters’ under study its formation and its factor ofdeterminants.

The literature study aims to explore the settlement form Squatters’ and the major determinant of such housing that is migration. Secondly, a brief discussion under classified categories is made on the formation and types of squatter settlements. Third itdiscusses the types of Migration through the view of several research scholars. Fourth, it is the study of the socio-economic characteristics of squatters’ comprising of the income, demography, occupation, informal sector etc. through literation to establish a relationship between the Squatters and Migration and Poverty from case studies. Fifth, a brief process of movement into the Squatters is discussed. Sixth,a study of the physical location, housing condition, basic amenities of squatters’ is included. Seventh, a brief note on the policy and administrative impacts on this kind of settlements is discussed. Finally the literature study is made with a conclusion to arrive at a squatters’ definition for Beendinggude Settlement Udupi, Karnataka, India.

Defination

Squatters’, Squatting and Squatters’ Settlement.

Migration

The process of Migration in Squatters Settlement.

Types of Squatters’

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Migration type

Socio Economic characteristics of Squatters’

Relationship between Squatters’, Migration and Poverty

Pattern of Movement in Squatters’

Physical location,

housing condition,

basic amenities of squatters’

6.Udupi District : An Overview

6.1Geographical FeaturesUdupi is situated with the western ghats in the east and Arabian seain the west. It is one of the 3 coastal districts of Karnataka and has an area of 3575 sq. kms. It is divided into a coastal belt of about 98 kms a midland plain terrain which covers around 75% of the district and the ghat section which has hills and thick forests. Many rivers which originate in the foothills of the western ghats crosses udupi to join the Arabian sea. It has a mixed climate which includes a humid climate in the coastal region the ghat region whichis cool and a warm eastern region. There are 4 distinct seasons the rainy season from june to septembet the warm and humid season duringOctober and November , the winter season between December and February and hot summer season from March to May. During the rain season the rainfall is about 43 cms during the south west monsoons.(Urban Development 2012-2013)

6.2DemographyAs per the 2001 census the population of Udupi district was 11.12 lakkhs which included 5.22 lakhs of males and 5.9 lakhs females. Themale female ratio being 1000: 1130. Of the total population 82% is rural and 18% urban. The district has recorded lowest population growth rate of only 7.14% between 1991 and 2001. The literacy rate

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is around 81.25 % with 82.3% among males and 75.19% among females. The population of scheduled caste and scheduled tribes most of whichresides in the rural areas mainly is only 0.68 lakhs and 0.42 lakhs respectively. (Urban Development 2012-2013)

6.3District Economy

6.3.1AgricultureAgriculture is the main occupation of the district. out of the totalgeographical area 27% is under cultivation, 28% covered by forests 4% fallow land and the remaining 45% is un cultivable. However is the cropping intensity is low of about 1.23 due the lack of irrigation facilities and manpower. The district provides good scope for fisheries in Udupi which has a long coastal belt of 98 kmsand many families depend on fishing for their livelihood. (Urban Development 2012-2013)

6.3.2.IndustryUdupi has 13 large to medium scale industrial units employing about 45000 people. (Urban Development 2012-2013)

6.3.3.TourismUdupi provides ample scope for tourism with its temples beaches and restaurants. It also attracts tourists because of its culture and spirituality. (Urban Development 2012-2013)

6.3.4.InfrastructureUdupi has a very well developed road network and transport network within and outside are one of the best. It is connected to all majorurban centers by state and national highways, has an international airport at Mangalore, a port at New Mangalore and a good network of the Konkan railways. The cynosure of attraction is the educational infrastructure with 201 high schools 73 pre university colleges 28 colleges and 9 professional colleges which includes the Manipal University in Manipal which is known for its excellence in India andabroad.

The electrical supply of the district falls under the Mangalore power circle and has an acute shortage particularly in the summer.

Udupi also has a unique network of banking and has a high concentration of bank branches. (Urban Development 2012-2013)

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6.3.5.Economic GrowthUdupi ranks seventeenth in total GDP and fifth in per capita incomein the state, the per capita income for the year 2005-2006 being 30167 rupees. However during the last few years the district has a comparatively lower economic growth. (Urban Development 2012-2013)

6.4.Literacy and EducationUdupi district has one of the best literacy rate in the state and the country. However, this trend is very recent because of both public and private initiative which includes the Manipal University.The literacy rate in the rural areas is also comparable to the rest of the district. (Urban Development 2012-2013)

6.5.Health Status of the DistrictUdupi has a good health infrastructure which includes a good transport network and the establishment of Kasturba Medical College at manipal. These changes have taken place after independence and udupi district has witnessed a consistent improvement in the life expectancy at birth since then. (Urban Development 2012-2013)

6.6.Housing, Water Supply and SanitationHousing

53% of families in udupi district live in permanent houses, 40 semipermanent and 7% live in temporary houses or without shelter. However the real statistics the condition is better in urban area where around 75% live in permanent houses as compared to 48% in the rural areas.

Water supply

Both in the urban and rural areas most houses are dependent on well water for drinking. But the main problem is the poor quality of the water. According to the present data only 19.69% households have safe drinking water and with the declining rain intensity there is adepletion of the underground water which is leading to acute shortage of drinking water supply.

Sanitation

According to the 2001 census around 56% of households had access to toilets within the urban areas showing better statistical data. This improvement is due to the total sanitation campaign which laid

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importance to improve the sanitary conditions of the district. Thereare several other schemes running for the same reason. However the recent inflow of migrants and the settlement they create is posing a major threat in this regard. (Urban Development 2012-2013)

6.7.Culture, Traditions and Customs

Udupi district has a long history and has been known for its cultural and spiritual heritage. It has developed itself as a s pilgrimage as well as a tourist center showcasing its rich heritage and giving way to lot of jobs and economic development. (Urban Development 2012-2013)

7.Beedinagudde Squatters’ SettlementBeedinagudde Squatters’ is one of the four squatters around the areaof Beedinagudde. It is situated on a private property next to the municipal garbage disposal ground and the Udupi fish market. A number of large vacant government fields surround the settlement as discovered in the study. The squatters having hutments (shelters) ofabout 112 sits on private property belonging to 2 owners who also happens to be siblings and have been letting out the sites for rent at Rs 500 per month for a site of 8’x 13’ without electricity and sanitation and some load bearing single family Mangalore tile roof houses with electricity and municipal water supply at Rs 1000 per month.

The oldest shelter in the settlement dates to 1980s, which according to many experts seems to be due to the squatting of settlers who had migrated from north Karnataka followed by the severe drought and the construction of dam made a lot of people loseagricultural fields and migrate to the cities for livelihood.

The newly migrated people for livelihood could not afford to rent the house then and therefore settled in Beedinagudde for a nominal rent for site to the owner and developing basic shelters for residing in the then rapidly urbanizing Udupi. A majority of them joined the construction and infrastructure development projects as

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physical labours on daily wages. Since then the trend of migration of people from the districts of Gadak ,Bagalkot and Dharwar have nowmade the size of the settlement population 375 with 112 households.

7.1. Social demographic features of the Squatters’

Settlement

The total number of household under study works out to be 122. The nuclear households accounts for 35% of the household and the joint family 65% , the joint family system seen in the study area are mostly consisting of a married couple along with their siblings of working age residing with them for livelihood purpose. The settlement under study is dominantly Hindu by religion with only about 6 households who are Muslim.

The ratio of Male to female in Beedingudde is 170:133. Males constitute 45% of the population of beedingudde and females 35%. 60%of the population consists of married couples. Mostly two couples are seen to be residing per household with their children left behind in their native villages with either their grand parents or the extended family.

Majority in the community are illiterate with only the literate children who are currently attending the government school in Udupi pursuing primary and secondary education. Two individuals are found to be enrolled in graduation program at the MGM College Udupi.

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distribution of residents pie chart showing the marital status

Male45%female

35%

Children20%

60%

40%

Married Single

70% of the population are engaged in livelihood earning either in skilled or laborious activity. Child labour is not existing because the children in the settlement are enrolled in schools and a majority of the children from several household continue to reside in their villages where they continue to go to the government schools and probably take benefits of the government schemes for theunder privileged. Women are equally employed specially as daily labours (locally called kelsa coolie), however there is difference

of 100 rupees in the daily wages from what is paid to a man. Thus we see a discrimination of wages based on gender.

7.2. Housing Pattern and other facilitiesThe squatters under study consists of- tarpaulin and coconut leaves roofing huts and load bearing Mangalore tiles roof, pukka single family house. As many as 122 families reside in the area. The size

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Pie chart showing the family type Pie chart showing Religious distribution

65%

35%

joint family nuclear family

94%

6%

Religionhindu muslim

of the house is usually 8’x 13’ with linear arrangement of hut next to each other with narrow passages sometimes as small as 2’ wide lanes within the settlements. The site boundary is usually demarked by the owner and the individual then constructs his shelter with basic materials like profile sheets for wall and roofing, tarpaulin sheets , areca nut tree poles as columns and the most common material in use is woven coconut tree leaves arranged in flat and then covered by tarpaulin sheets(almost 80% of the huts are of coconut leaves and tarpaulin sheets). The huts have a flooring of PCC (plain cement concrete) with an area of 1 sq.m or less at a steep slope or level difference which act as the wet area for women to bath and wash utensils. Each hut has 3 distinct zones, the sleeping area consisting of sometimes a bed, a clothes line or storage above, the cooking area with the hearth along with (dhuasung: hanging shelf over the hearth) with the food storage and the wet area which has storage of about 30ltrs of water each household.

These kind of household with each having a wet drainage going outside the hut leads to water clogging between huts making the lowland in between unfit for hut construction and sometimes it becomes the kind of a central wash area where women gather together to wash clothes and utensils and informally socialize.

The entire settlement is on a contoured site with a gentle slope towards the north. The soil condition of the western part of the settlement is rocky . Municipal storm water drainage runs along the eastern side of the settlement to drain out storm rain water.

The Udupi municipality has not taken any initiative so far to provide basic amenities of water supply , sanitation and electricityfor the occupant of the kuchha houses of the settlement. The residents depend on the pucca house and the neighbourhood for use ofelectrical appliances and charging of gadgets at some fixed rates .The potable municipal water is smuggled or stealth by the pucca house dwellers for the residence of the settlements. The residents of the settlements make use of the open government lands for garbage disposal in the surrounding as the defecation grounds. None of the shelters have individual toilets except the 8 bathrooms constructed for the entire settlement by the landlord which are usedby the female and the children only and the males take bath in the open wet area s among shelters.

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96%

4%

Shelter typekuccha pucca

5%

95%

Sanitary Facilitypresent absent

pie chart showing sanitary facility 1

shelter type

7.3.Migration Pattern

bagalkot dewangere mulki dharwar gadak0102030405060708090100

Migration to cities from backward rural areas for livelihood and people occupying squatters for settlement and shelter is one of the most common scenario observed in urban areas. Historically, the initial immigrants who had squatted in Beedingudde dates back to the 1980s. Due to the great draught and the construction of dams in northern Karnataka specially the district of Bagalkot a majority of the displaced rural people migrated to the urban areas in search of livelihood. The migrated population had very little skill to get involved in the various employment activities in the city and

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therefore could hardly afford the formal rental housing for shelter and hence started squatting.

These first generation of immigrants initially joined the construction industry as helpers to labours and over the years derived skills through experience in masonry, brick work, casting, bending wire, flooring and similar skills in the construction industry. These first generation of migrants have influenced furthertheir acquaintances and families to migrate and settle in Beedingudde. Majority of the residents have been residing in Beedinagudde for over 5 to 10 years with a few households as old as 25 to 29 years. Even though the number of residents who had been residing in Beedinagudde for less than 5 years is less this group ofsettles are the most dynamic ones and they constants keep shifting from place to place in search of better opportunity of income and

employment.less than one year

one to two years

less than 5 years

5-10 years

10-20years

20-29years

0

10

20

30

7.3.1. Places of Origin

A majority of the residents have migrated from Northern Karnataka specially from the districts of Bagalkot and Dewangere. The migration is mostly from within the state of Karnataka in search of better opportunity for livelihood and employment. No household from outside the state is seen in the settlement.

There are basically three pattern of movement within the state:

a) All or majority of those who have migrated from different taluks within Bagalkot District.

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b) All or majority of those who have migrated from a particular taluk of Bagalkot Distict.

c) Those others who have migrated from either dewangere, Badami and Dharwar.

Thus within the state of Karnataka, in Beedingudde, Udupi we observe a heterogeneous crowd of people from different taluks of Bagalkot district and the neighbouring districts of Dharwar and Badami, who when in udupi seems to be a homogeneous group of people from Bagalkor in general.

7.3.2.Purpose of Migration

From the answers given by the respondents, the primary purpose for migration is livelihood and employment for better income.

Those who had no scope for employment migrated to the City for employment during the non cultivation season. A few of the respondents mentioned about working in the farms of their village during the harvesting and planting time and while the rest of the year they worked in Udupi as informal workers locally called as cooliekelsa .

7.3.3.Associational Migration

Out of the 112 households about 70% said that they had some acquaintance or kith and kin in Udupi who helped them settle down in Beedingudde. These seems to be a strong kinship among the residents who had migrated from either the same family, village, taluk of their native district Bagalkot, because of this strong kinship residents are ready to stay in such congested and unhygienichabitation even though they can afford a better living.

7.3.4.Choice of Beendinggudde for Residence

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When the respondents were asked why they had chosen beendingudde astheir destination for stay in Udupi , the stated that it was convenient for them to stay there and work in Udupi City where theirworkplaces are in about a distance that is walkable. Secondly availability of site at nominal rent to erect their basic shelters. Third, since they had acquaintance already residing in Beedingudde so it became the ideal location for them to settle in Udupi.

7.3.5.Contact with the places of Origin

The respondents contacts with their places of Origin were based on the following factors.

1.Family or children residing in the native village who needed to beeconomically supported by the respondent working in the city.

2. Their economic gains in the native villages in the form of rationfacility, government schools and other similar beneficial governmentschemes for which one had to constantly keep a link to his native place. Many respondents mentioned about their getting monthly grocery and kerosene oil from their native villages

3. Presence of close relatives in the place of origin.

Many of the respondents frequently visited their native places whichreveals that they had continuous social and economic interests in their places of origin. Since a majority of the residents are engaged in informal sector as daily wagers which gives them the opportunity to visit their native places frequently without disturbing their livelihood. Also majority of the working couples inBeedingudde have left their children back in the villages for attending to schools therefore they keep going back to their villages to meet with their children and parents.

7.3.6.Return MigrationA few residents mentioned about further migrating from Udupi to places like Goa, Kerala for 4 to 5 years and then again returning back to Udupi with some sort of acquired skills in masonry, drivingetc. Sudhir from a village in Bagalkot District had migrated to

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Beedingudde with his elder brother and parents 17 years back , some 8 year ago he left for Kerala and started learning to drive and today he stays in Kerala with his wife and daughter (earning 30,000rupees per month ) and was in Udupi visiting his family. Some of the residents mentioned about their short term intentions of working in Udupi so that they could clear their debts back in the village with the fast money they earn in the city and eventually move back to the village.

Inferences

From the Migration pattern analysis we realise that many of the immigrants are illiterate without any formal skill for livelihood. Amajority of the migration is associational usually following kith and kin and acquaintances for better source of income and employability. Most of the migration is related to cultivation withmigration to urban areas during non-cropping season initially and having regular contact with their native place . Many a times only the male member migrates to the cities leaving behind his family.

7.4. Occupational Pattern

Udupi City is urbanizing at an very high pace and there is a lot of infrastructure development projects undergoing where majority of themigrated people from the villages get employed as unskilled labours.The city of Udupi being a temple town is a major pilgrim destination

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04080

120160200

consisting of a number of hotels and restaurants catering to the pilgrims where most of the female migrants serve as cleaners, dishwashers and other similar assistive tasks. The occupation pattern of the residents of Beedingudde is closely linked with the economic activities of Udupi where a majority of the dwellers of thesquatters’ are employed in the informal sector.

From the study of the settlement of Beedingudde 70% of the working population is engaged as coolies( meaning labour of no specific skill yet volunteering for any kind of laborious work like cleaning,washing, soil lifting, rock cutting, assisting in construction activity). Only 4% of the working population are skilled in construction work that too without any formal certification.

7.5.Work Organization and MobilityThe work Organisation pattern and mobility among the residents of the squatters’ of Beedingudde shows that, almost all the residents of the working population are engaged in the category of manual laborious works in the informal sector which is not listed in the

government records and are considered dark in the city economy. There is no issue of unemployment and almost every household makes an average annual income of over 2 lakhs rupees per year. This kind of a sustainable livelihood draws more people to migrate to the cityof Udupi and settle in Beedingudde. From beedingudde most of the work places are within walking distance and buses too are convenientfor the residents to reach their places of work about 12 % of the resident have their private motorised two wheelers and bicycles.

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own vehicle either bike

or ...

bus walk0

1020304050607080

7.6.IncomeOut of the total households under study 50% households are in the income group of 10-20,000 rupees per month. 44% in the group earning 20-30,000 per month and 6% earning more than 30,000 rupees per month.

From the monthly income chart we realise that there is no household which has a monthly income below 10,000 rupees. Thus we find that almost all household have decent income to sustain themselves in thecity.

7.7.Community Organisation of the SettlementFrom the sample of respondents about 78% of the household have some kith or kin in Beedingudde or in other place in Udupi. However, the relationship is not very clearly studied as to if they belonged to the same family or the same village but the fact that they do have astrong community established is observed.

The community administration is usually under the landlord, howevera few elderly residents do take part in resolving minor domestic issues.

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below 10,000 10-20,000 20-30000 30,000 and above

05101520253035404550

All the households under study are dependent on firewood for study, chapatti and Rice being the staple food. A number of grinding stones are seen in near the wet areas which become foci of interaction as every female from households queue to grind their masala.

Even though squatters’ in general are associated with a number of social evils like gambling,prostitution,juvenile delinquency and othe kinds of anti social activitities there was no reported or noticed evidence of any such case in the settlement. Smuggling of electricity and municipal water was however a common practice.

7.8. Recreation and Leisure time activitiesAbsence of electricity make a lot of modern sources of entertainmentinaccessible to the residents but mobile phone charged at the neighbourhood at fixed rated serves as source of entertainment and communication.

The residents do get engaged in community singing and dancing on senday evenings for recreation and celebration of community festivals like during the month of march females would gather aroundthe central location of the settlement and sing and merry to celebrate the then coming festival of Holi as told by the interpreter.

8. Recommendation

From the study we see a continuous migration of people from rural areas to the Udupi City for better employment opportunity. In case of Udupi the scale of this migration is still measurable and there is ample possibilities to monitor their immigration to the city andabsorption in several informal sector employment. Considering the present situation the following recommendation could be undertaken in order to have a better facility to the migrants at the same time introducing monitoring of this people so that they don’t add on to any anti-social activity.

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1. Area should be demarcated within the Udupi Municipal limits for EWS/LIG housing on rent of about 500 rupees to thousand rupees per month, presently they are paying a rent of 500 rupees to the land lord of Beedinagudde for the site without any services.

2. EWS/LIG housing schemes could be either site and services or some kind of one room built houses with common sanitation facility presently due to the absence of proper sanitation facility the residents use the neighboring vacant lands for defecation.

3. The housing area should have a training centre adjacent where the newly migrated people can learn some skill and register themselves to engage in that skill in the informal sector in Udupi.

4. Housing in the form of dormitories can be provided for single men who have come to Udupi for work leaving behind his family back in the village.

5. Innovative housing solutions integrating passive cooling and lighting techniques should be explored while addressing to thehousing and sanitation needs.

6. NGOs and voluntary organisations should actively participate in monitoring the process of migration and directing them to facilities.

7. Generation of awareness among the residents of Udupi is must about the existing scenario and the suggestions should be taken from them for its improvement.

8. Regulations should be made to avoid gender bias in the daily wages of the workers.

9. Taxes should be introduced to those who possess huge holdings of vacant land so as to discourage the letting of land for squatters development.

10. Conclusion

The study of Beedinagudde was very useful to answer the questions with which the study was undertaken. Migration is a

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continuous process and in Udupi due to the rapid urbanization it is surely going to accelerate in the near future. Since thepresent situation of the migrant’s housing in the form of squatters’ is still measurable it is very important that the recommendations should be considered with immediate effect to avoid any nuisance in the urban environment ensuring quality life for all.

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