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bibliography and abstracts on schizophrenia

The abstracts that appear below are drawnfrom the computer-based information storageand retrieval system operated by the NationalClearinghouse for Mental Health Information.They were selected for inclusion here on thebasis of their direct relevance to schizophrenia:Judgments about the quality of the article orbook abstracted have been left to the reader.Foreign titles have been translated and the cityof the journal's origin noted. Languages thatuse neither the Latin nor Fraktur (German) al-phabets (e.g., the Slavic languages) have beentransliterated. Titles of articles, books, and in-frequently cited journals have been translatedfrom these languages and all other identifyinginformation appears in English in their citations.In the interest of saving space, three journalscited often in these abstracts are translatedhere:

• Zhurnal Nevropatologii i Psikhiatrii imeniS.S. Korsakova [Korsakov Journal of Neuro-pathology and Psychiatory]

• Ceskoslovenska Neurologie [CzechoslovakNeurology]

• Wiadomosci Lekarski [Medical News].

This collection is not exhaustive. The Clear-inghouse routinely scans all mental health re-lated literature and its information system in-cludes references to a great many articles of

potential use to readers who are involved withresearch, training, or treatment in schizo-phrenia. Many of these references—notably re-ports of basic research—may not be publishedin the Bulletin, but are available from the Clear-inghouse in other publications or through indi-vidually generated bibliographies. Because thePsychopharmacology Abstracts publishes acomprehensive list of new articles on drug trialsin schizophrenia monthly, only those articlesthat review a number of psychopharmacologicalstudies are published here. Readers who wishto request computer printouts of late referencesor comprehensive bibliographies on specific as-pects of schizophrenia may write to the follow-ing address: Technical Information Section, Na-tional Clearinghouse for Mental Health Informa-tion, National Institute of Mental Health, 5600Fishers Lane, Rockville, Md. 20852.

The articles described in these abstracts arenot available from either the Clearinghouse orthe Center for Studies of Schizophrenia.

attention, perception, and cognition473. Bauman, E. Schizophrenic short-term memory:The role of organization at input. Journal of Consultingand Clinical Psychology, 36(1):14-19, 1971.

The schizophrenic's ability to utilize input organiza-tion and auditory cues for recall is investigated in astudy of short-term memory. Thirty-two seven-letter

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lists, varying in degree of organization, were pre-sented to 24 schizophrenic and 24 normal subjectsfor forced order recall. Half of the lists were vocal-ized aloud, the remainder were articulated silently.Normals gave significantly better recall than didschizophrenics, but increased input organization fa-cilitated recall in both groups. Voicing facilitatedrecall in both groups, but produced a greater recallincrement in random lists than in organized lists. Ananalysis of serial position of correct responses indi-cated that schizophrenics had greater difficulty inrecalling items in the last serial positions than didnormals. Schizophrenics' omissions continued to in-crease from the first to last serial position, while theomissions of normals followed the serial positioncurve. These findings suggest that schizophrenicsdo utilize the cues of input organization and vocali-zation for recall, but the process of respondingseems to engender excessive output interferencewhich makes retrieval of late input items difficult. (35references) (Author abstract, modified)

474. DeWolfe, A. S.; Barrell, R. P.; Becker, B. C; andSpaner, F. E. Intellectual deficit in chronic schizo-phrenia and brain damage. Journal of Consulting andClinical Psychology, 36(2): 197-204, 1971.

Differences were found between 50 chronic schizo-phrenics and 50 subjects with nonlateralized braindamage in intellectual deficit patterns, independentof mean group performance. There was a significantinteraction of Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale(WAIS) subtests with diagnosis and a statisticallyreliable interaction of Halstead Battery subtests withdiagnosis and age. Further pattern analyses indi-cated that chronic schizophrenics and brain-dam-aged subjects (ages 26 to 59) differed in WAIS com-prehension and digit span, and in Halstead BatteryCategory. For subjects over 60, chronic schizo-phrenics and brain-damaged subjects differed inWAIS comprehension, digit span, picture comple-tion, block design, and Halstead Battery SpeechDiscrimination. These results suggest differing intel-lectual deficit patterns in chronic schizophrenia andbrain damage. (16 references) (Journal abstract,modified)

475. Ebner, E.; Broekema, V.; and Ritzier, B. Adapta-tion to altered visual-proprioceptive input in normalsand schizophrenics. Archives of General Psychiatry,24(4):367-371, 1971.

Twenty schizophrenics without evidence of organicfactors in their clinical condition and 20 controlschosen from hospital personnel were tested for ad-aptation to a brief visual displacement of their hand

images. Using an optical displacement apparatusinvolving psychomotor performance, the schizo-phrenic group showed significantly less compensa-tory, or adaptive, shift in performance following theoptical displacement procedure. This result sup-ports previous evidence that schizophrenics are de-ficient in integrating proprioceptive and visual infor-mation under conditions in which the normal pat-terning among sense modalities is disrupted. (21references) (Journal abstract, modified)

476. Hawks, D. V., and Marshall, W. L. A parsimonioustheory of overinclusive thinking and retardation inschizophrenia. British Journal of Medical Psychology,44:75-83. 1971.The view is expressed that overinclusive thinkingand retardation in schizophrenia are both manifesta-tions of the same basic attentional defect. It is hy-pothesized that the condition of information over-load, a result of the schizophrenic's inability toscreen out extraneous sources of stimulation, is ad-justed to, in some cases, by slowing the rate atwhich information is processed. Schizophrenics whodo not learn to retard the rate at which they processinformation will, on the other hand, appear overin-clusive. The hypotheses were tested on a group of20 schizophrenic patients. It was found after instruc-tion that, as predicted, the overinclusive schizo-phrenics were significantly less overinclusive andthe nonoverinclusive schizophrenics were signifi-cantly more inclusive on the second trial of card-sorting and digit-substitution tests. Contrary to pre-diction, overinclusion and retardation as measuredby the Babcock substitution test were not negativelycorrelated. However, a separate analysis performedon those subjects in whom this negative relationshipprevailed showed that in every case the differentialinstructions produced the predicted effect. It is pro-posed that in any psychotic illness in which thepotency of internal sources of stimulation is in-creased there will be a reciprocal decline in thepatient's ability to cope with stimulation from theexternal environment—to which some may adjust byslowing the rate of response. (31 references) (Au-thor abstract, modified)

477. Hawks, D. V., and Robinson, K. N. Informationprocessing in schizophrenia: The effect of varying therate of presentation and introducing interference. BritishJournal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 10:30-41,1971.

Eighteen male chronic schizophrenics and ninemale psychiatric nurses, matched for age and intel-ligence, were asked 1) to reproduce digits pre-

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sented dichotically at three different rates of pres-entation (the complete recall condition) and 2) toreproduce only those digits received through a des-ignated channel (the interference condition). Fourlists of different lengths were each presented fourtimes. The chronic schizophrenics were divided intotwo groups of nine in accordance with their scoreson the Venables-O'Connor Paranoid Scale. It is sug-gested that at slower rates of presentation the digitspresented first in the complete recall condition arerehearsed with the result that the reception of thosepresented later is confused. The need to considerthe total length of time over which information is tobe processed is discussed. Retardation in schizo-phrenia may constitute a secondary adjustment to astate of information overload; an empirical test ofthis hypothesis is proposed. (23 references) (Authorabstract, modified)

478. Johnson, J. E., and Bieliauskas, L. A. Two meas-ures of overinclusive thinking in schizophrenia: A com-parative analysis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology,77(2):149-154, 1971.

Using a within-subjects design, this study compareschronic schizophrenics' performance on two meas-ures of overinclusion; their performance on bothtests is compared to that of nonschizophrenic psy-chiatric patients. Consistent with previous research,schizophrenic subjects showed more overinclusionthan nonschizophrenic subjects on a "Payne type"test of overmclusion, and schizophrenic subjectswere also found to be more overinclusive on aPayne type test than on a Chapman type test. Theresults were interpreted within the framework ofBroen and Storm's theory of partial collapse of re-sponse hierarchies in schizophrenia. Implicationsfor future research are presented. (13 references)(Author abstract, modified)

479. Magaro, P. A., and Vojtisek, J. E. Embedded fig-ures performance of schizophrenics as a function ofchronicity, premorbid adjustment, diagnosis, and med-ication. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 77(2):184-191, 1971.Data are presented on the Embedded Figures Test(EFT) performance of schizophrenics and other hos-pitalized patients divided in terms of chronicity, pre-morbid adjustment, diagnosis, and medication. Re-sults indicated that chronicity was related to EFTperformance, with chronic patients generally morefield dependent than acute patients. Some schizo-phrenics, however, were relatively field dependentwhen entering the hospital and did not change withextensive hospitalization. Medication interacted with

premorbid adjustment and diagnosis, with the medi-cated poor premorbid/ paranoid performing in afield independent manner while the nonmedicatedpoor premorbid/paranoid was quite field dependent.(21 references) (Author abstract, modified)

480. Marchbanks, G., and Williams, M. The effect ofspeed on comprehension in schizophrenia. British Jour-nal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 10:55-60, 1971.The effect of speed on comprehension in schizo-phrenia is discussed. A task involving the carryingout of spoken commands of varied length and fre-quency was devised and administered to schizo-phrenic subjects and nonpsychotic patients underfour conditions of speed. Schizophrenic subjectsmade more errors as the speed of the commandswas increased. Patient controls made more errorswhen natural pauses were eliminated than under thefastest speed condition. Schizophrenic subjects re-peated words from the commands as the speed ofdelivery increased; patient controls repeated less asthe speed increased. (9 references) (Author ab-stract, modified)

481. Megrabyan, A. A., and Melik-Pashayan, M. A.K voprosu o defekte soznaniya lichnosti v iskhodnykhsostoyaniyakh pri shizofrenii. [On the question of per-sonality defects of consciousness in initial stages inschizophrenia.] In: Banshchikov, V. Problemy Lichnosti.[Personality Problems.] Vol. 2. Moscow: Academy ofSciences of the U.S.S.R., 1970. pp. 404-411.A study of 23 schizophrenics with defective con-sciousness of the emotional-volitional type examinesthe possibility and degree of functional dynamicchanges in their condition. A clinically homogene-ous group of patients from 23 to 47 years of age, illwith schizophrenia for at least 10 years, was tested,before and after receiving 20 mg. of Phenamine. Apicture was projected for 30 seconds; the subjectthen closed his eyes and reported any afterimage.Simultaneous EEG measurements were made. Inhealthy control subjects, a depression of alpharhythm was accompanied by several appearances ofan afterimage. The majority of schizophrenics re-ported no afterimage, although a brief depression ofalpha rhythm was recorded. After receiving Phena-mine, several reported distorted versions of the pic-ture. Behavior changes are noted. The difference invisual afterimage before and after taking Phenamineindicates functional-dynamic changes. It is con-cluded that desynchronization of alpha rhythm is anobjective indication of a visual afterimage in theoptic system which is not experienced by the pa-tient consciously because of inadequate active at-tention.

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482. Neale, J. M. Perceptual span in schizophrenia.Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 77(2): 196-204,1971.The reawakening of interest in attention as a proc-ess that may underlie certain important schizo-phrenic deficits is reviewed. In an experiment, aforced-choice letter-recognition technique was usedto assess the span of apprehension of three schizo-phrenic groups (good premorbid/paranoid, goodpremorbid/nonparanoid, and poor premorbid para-noid) and two control groups (hospitalized nonschiz-ophrenic psychiatric patients and penitentiary in-mates). When the task required only that one targetletter be detected, there were no significant differ-ences between groups. When the target was pre-sented in conjunction with varying numbers of irrel-evant noise letters, however, the span of schizo-phrenics was significantly less than of either controlgroup. In contrast to results with other subjects, thespan of schizophrenics reached an upper limit at asmall display size (four letters) and showed no fur-ther increase. Premorbid adjustment and paranoidstatus bore no relationship to the deficit. Measuresof the trial-to-trial variability in number of elementsprocessed and consistency of scanning path did notdifferentiate schizophrenics and controls. Finally,the number of irrelevant noise letters surrounding atarget was found to have no influence on detectionin either group. Directions for future research em-ploying this paradigm are discussed. (23 references)(Author abstract, modified)

483. Neale, J. M.; Davis, D.; and Cromwell, R. L. Sizeestimation in schizophrenia: Some additional controls.Perceptual and Motor Skills, 32(2):363-367, 1971.

Size estimation was studied in 14 hospital aides andthe following four groups of 14 male schizophrenics:Acute/good premorbid/paranoid, acute/poor pre-morbid/nonparanoid, chronic/good premorbid/par-anoid, and chronic/poor premorbid/nonparanoid.To correct possible deficiencies in previous studies,subjects were at optical infinity from the stimuli(eliminating micropsia or macropsia) and stimuliwere viewed with an artificial pupil. Contrary to pre-vious findings, no significant differences occurredamong the groups in level of size estimation. As inprevious studies, the thematic content of the stimuliinfluenced size-estimation levels but did not interactwith subject classification. (12 references) (Authorabstract, modified)

484. Nideffer, R. M.; Deckner, W.; Cromwell, R. L;and Cash, T. F. The relationship of alpha activity toattentional sets in schizophrenia. Journal of Nervousand Mental Disease, 152(5):346-352, 1971.

Eleven hospitalized male schizophrenics and 10male normal controls were tested in reaction time(RT) in eyes-closed and eyes-open conditions. Elec-troencephalographic recordings of alpha activitywere made simultaneously. While the alpha-wavestate was found to have no systematic relationshipwith the presence of attentional sets as measuredby RT, a number of potentially significant findingswere obtained: 1) Unlike the great majority of re-ported findings which indicate that the performanceof schizophrenics is inferior, there was no overallgroup difference on the RT task. 2) Schizophrenicsperformed better in the eyes-closed condition, whilenormals performed better in the eyes-open condi-tion. 3) Eye condition was found to be a greaterdeterminant of alpha state for schizophrenics thanfor normals. 4) Schizophrenics were found to per-form best with the preparatory interval (PI) of inter-mediate value, while normals performed best withthe longest PI. 5) The effect of the previous PI, sooften noted in RT studies, was eliminated when PIeffects were controlled. (17 references) (Author ab-stract)

485. Sattler, J. M., and Nordmark, T., Jr. Verbal learningin schizophrenics and normals. Psychological Record,21(2):241-246, 1971.Twenty-seven hospitalized chronic schizophrenicsand 27 normals, matched on age, sex, and vocabu-lary ability, participated in a verbal learning task.Twenty-one words, selected to represent evaluative,potency, and activity semantic factors and matchedfor Thorndike-Lorge frequencies, were presented viaa memory drum on three trials. Normals recalledmore words than schizophrenics, both groups re-called more words on each succeeding trial, andnormals recalled more evaluative factor words thanother factor words, while schizophrenics recalledmore potency factor words than other factor words.The two groups did not differ significantly in thenumber of incorrect words they wrote. The resultswere interpreted as supporting an interference the-ory of schizophrenic functioning. (21 references)(Author abstract, modified)

486. Scherer, M. W. Width of cue utilization, selectiveattention and development of a set in facilitation ofvisual reaction time among chronic and acute schizo-phrenics. Dissertation Abstracts International. AnnArbor, Mich.: University Microfilms (No. 70-14324),1970. 220 pp.

This study investigated the effect of difficulties invarying width of cue utilization in the environment,in attention to relevant aspects of stimulus fields,

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and in ability to extrapolate information from rele-vant stimulus configurations on the behavior ofschizophrenic males. The research design investi-gated the effect of these three processes on simpleand choice visual reaction time (RT). A factor analy-sis tested the consistency of RT and psychologicalmeasures across subjects. A two-factor design ofdiagnostic subcategory and length of time since firsthospitalization compared the schizophrenic groupson all measures used in the study. Results indicatedthat simple and choice RT are separate factors.Except for one psychological measure, invertedreading paragraphs, the measures used were facto-rially independent. Chronic nonparanoid subjectsgave evidence of difficulty with broad width of cueutilization, selective attention, and development of aset. Acute nonparanoid subjects showed broad anddisorganized use of internal-external cues. The par-anoid schizophrenic groups were not deviant intheir coordination of attention. The normal controlgroup showed the most efficient performance, andalong with the paranoid groups gave evidence ofutilizing all the information provided in the stimuli,which were equated in terms of information proc-essing ability. (Journal abstract, modified)

487. Schooler, C, and Silverman, J. Differences be-tween correlates of perceptual style and Petrie taskperformance in chronic and acute schizophrenics. Per-ceptual and Motor Skills, 32(2):595-601, 1971.The authors examined differences between acuteand chronic schizophrenic patients in the personal-ity correlates of perceptual factors derived in anearlier study. Acute schizophrenics open to percep-tual stimuli are receptive to emotional stimuli andare intellectually able. Conversely, chronics main-taining active internal lives are inattentive to exter-nal stimuli. Overestimation after Petrie large stimu-lus interpolation relates to passive behavior; overes-timation after small stimulus interpolation relates togood intellectual and psychological functioningamong all patients, and among chronics, to behav-ioral and conceptual expansiveness. (4 references)(Author abstract, modified)

488. Slade, P. D. Rate of information processing in aschizophrenic and a control group: The effect of in-creasing task complexity. British Journal of Social andClinical Psychology, 10:152-159, 1971.In recent years two cognitive models of schizo-phrenic dysfunction have been elaborated which in-volve the basic proposition that schizophrenic pa-tients process information at a slower rate than non-schizophrenic controls. Both models predict 1) thai

schizophrenic patients will make decisions at aslower rate than controls at all levels of task com-plexity, and 2) that their relative slowness will in-crease as a function of increasing task complexity.The available evidence is consistent with the firstprediction but ambiguous with respect to thesecond. All previous studies relating to the aboveissues have utilized discrete reaction-time meas-ures. It was hypothesized that a more sensitive testof the predictions would be provided by a continu-ous performance task involving responding over alonger time period. A study is reported in which agroup of chronic schizophrenic patients was com-pared with a group of nonschizophrenic control pa-tients on a series of four card-sorting tasks in whichthe information to be processed was systematicallyvaried. In general, the findings were consistent withexpectations. (15 references) (Author abstract)

489. Spelman, M.S.; Harrison, A. W.; and Mellsop, G.W. Grid Test for schizophrenic thought disorder inacute and chronic schizophrenia. Psychological Medi-cine (London), l(3):234-238, 1971.Based on the intensity measure of the Grid Test,acute and chronic thought-disordered schizophren-ics were significantly different from controls, andacute nonthought-disordered schizophrenics weresignificantly different from acute thought-disorderedschizophrenics. The difference between chronicthought-disordered and nonthought-disorderedschizophrenics just failed to reach the 10 percentlevel of significance. On the consistency measure,results were variable. Only the acute nonthought-disordered schizophrenics were significantly differ-ent from the acute and chronic thought-disorderedschizophrenics. These results give some support tothe view of Foulds et al. (1967) that the Grid Testmay be a valid measure of clinically assessedthought process disorder in acute schizophrenicsbut not in chronic patients. (9 references) (Journalabstract, modified)

490. Stilson, D. W.; Walsmith, C. R.; and Penn, N. E.Effects of content on schizophrenics' ability to processinformation. Psychological Reports, 28(2):571-574,1971.A study compares the ability of 25 schizophrenicpatients to process information with that of 25 hos-pitalized, nonschizophrenic psychiatric patients and26 normal controls (hospital employees). Davis andHarrington (1957) had reported that schizophrenics,asked to select one of 32 pictures based on five bitsof information, were better able to process the infor-mation when pictures were abstract in content than

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when they contained a human face and torso. Usingthe same tasks, but more comparable controls thanthe high school pupils used in the earlier study, thisstudy confirmed these findings. But the differentialtask performance of the schizophrenics is likely at-tributed to the greater amount of irrelevant informa-tion in the human task. (8 references)

491. Streiner, D. L. Performance change in schizo-phrenia: Current research and implications. CanadianPsychiatric Association Journal, 16(3):261-264, 1971.The hypothesis that normals and schizophrenicsreact differently to verbal evaluative statements wastested in a learning task with two groups of hospi-talized patients and a control group. The normalslearned equally fast under conditions of praise andcensure, but the schizophrenic groups learnedfaster when they were censured for erroneous re-sponses than when they were praised for correctones. Implications of these findings are discussed inthe light of current treatment programs. (11 refer-ences)

492. Thayer, J., and Silber, D. E. Relationship betweenlevels of arousal and responsiveness among schizo-phrenic and normal subjects. Journal of Abnormal Psy-chology, 77(2):162-173, 1971.The impetus for this study came from the hetero-geneity of theory and research findings concerningthe role of arousal, or, as termed here, basal tonicarousal, in schizophrenia. It was hypothesized, onthe basis of various findings and theoretical posi-tions, that tonic arousal level, as measured by thebasal skin resistance level, would be an importantparameter influencing psychophysiological respon-siveness to discrete stimuli. To test this proposition,a group of schizophrenic subjects and a comparisongroup of normal subjects were divided into sub-groups on the basis of their resting skin resistancelevels. They were then given 30 mild, discrete audi-tory stimuli, and their psychogalvanic responsive-ness was assessed. As hypothesized, the parameterof tonic arousal level accounted for the majority ofvariability, while psychiatric status was a negligiblefactor. In general, subjects manifesting high tonicarousal responded more rapidly, with more galvanicskin responses (GSR's) to discrete tone stimuli, withmore nonspecific GSR's, and with greater amplitudeof change than did subjects with low tonic arousal.The results of other studies are discussed within theframework of these findings, and it is suggested thatcontrolling for this parameter may serve to reduceheterogeneity of results in future research. (46 refer-ences) (Author abstract)

biological493. Baker, E. F. W. Sodium transfer to cerebrospinalfluid in functional psychiatric illness. Canadian Psy-chiatric Association Journal, 16(2):167-170, 1971.

Results of an experiment involving sodium transferto cerebrospinal fluid in functional psychiatric pa-tients are presented. A correlation between this rateof transfer from the blood stream to the lumbarcerebrospinal fluid and the clinical psychiatric diag-nosis was sought to test Coppen's finding that thereis a significant lowering of. the rate in depressedpatients. Findings indicate that the sodium transferratio is probably lower in manic-depressive psy-chosis and in psychotic depressive reaction than inother functional psychiatric illnesses. (6 references)

494. Dargent, J. Methodes de sommation et electro-encephalographie en psychiatrie. [Summation methodsand electroencephalography in psychiatry.] FeuilletsPsychiatriques de Liege, 3(3):330-340, 1970.

The application of methods of summation in electro-physiological studies of the mentally ill is discussed.The recovery of cerebral excitability is determinedby comparing responses evoked by two somatosen-sory stimulations separated by a variable interval.For technical reasons, only the early components ofthe evoked somatosensory response were taken intoconsideration in this study. With a control group ofnormal subjects, the amplitude of the second re-sponse is equal or superior to that of the first whenthe interval separating the two stimulations approxi-mates 20 msec. For a longer interval, the completerecovery required for a psychiatrically heterogene-ous population amounted to about 100 msec, themost marked differences occurring during the initialphase of recovery. (4 references)

495. Duke, M. P. Reaction time and normetanephrine-metanephrine excretion under intense stimulation inchronic schizophrenics, non-psychotics, and normals.Perceptual and Motor Skills, 32(2):579-586, 1971.Differential predictions stemming from opposingarousal theories of chronic schizophrenia were ex-amined in terms of reaction-time performance andmetanephrine-normetanephrine excretion in arousingsituations. It was found that schizophrenics and non-psychotics both manifested behavioral deficit; schizo-phrenics' normetanephrine level was lower than thatof other groups; reactivity of schizophrenics andnormals, both behavioral and biochemical, was sim-ilar; nonpsychotics demonstrated a tendency towardno behavioral reactivity to intense stimulation butmanifested a biochemical response not different

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from other groups. A theoretical conceptualizationof behavioral and biochemical change in responseto increasingly intense stimulation was developedutilizing two hypothesized cumulative reactivity func-tions. (14 references) (Author abstract, modified)

496. Franzen, G. Serum cortisol in chronic schizo-phrenia: A study of the adrenocortical response tointravenously administered insulin and ACTH. ActaPsychiatrics Scandinavica (Copenhagen), 47(1):82-91,1971.The effect of an intravenous injection of insulin (0.1I.E./kg. body weight) and ACTH (30 I.U.) on serumcortisol on 10 chronic, schizophrenic female pa-tients of postmenopausal age was studied. For along period of time, these patients were psychiatri-cally rated using the RP scale according to Rock-land and Pollin (1965). All patients had been underpsychopharmacological therapy for an extended pe-riod of time. An obvious and distinct rise in serumcortisol after insulin as well as ACTH injections wasestablished. There was a correlation between arated degree of thought disorder and the basalvalue of serum cortisol, which proved to be inde-pendent of the pharmacological treatment. Unspe-cific behavioral symptoms as well as more specificschizophrenic symptoms (thought disorders and hal-lucinations) showed correlations with the cortisolresponse to ACTH. However, it could not be ex-cluded that psychotropic drugs have a certain influ-ence, particularly on the blood sugar levels and onthe cortisol response to insulin. A more detailedstudy of this problem is indicated. (22 references)(Author abstract)

497. Frohman, C. E.; Harmison, C. R.; Arthur, R. E.;and Gottlieb, J. S. Conformation of a unique plasmaprotein in schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry, 3(2):113-121, 1971.The complete isolation and purification of the al-phas-globulin associated with schizophrenia haspermitted the discovery of a conformational differ-ence between the protein isolated from the plasmaof schizophrenic patients and the one isolated fromcontrol subjects. The protein from the patients ischaracterized by an appreciable percentage of al-pha-helix, while that from control subjects containsno alpha-helix. The amount of alpha-helix correlateswell with the biological effects of the protein (in-crease of the intracellular-extracellular ratio of tryp-tophan). A second protein, isolated from animalcells, destroys the alpha-helix when mixed with thealpha-2-globulin. With the disappearance of the al-pha-helix, the biological activity of the protein alsodisappears. (11 references) (Author abstract)

498. Gavrilova, N. A. Sravnitel'naya otsenka prostrans-tvennoy sinkhronizatsii bibpotentsialov kory golovnogomosga u zdorovykh i bol'nykh shizofrenieyey pri issle-dovanii korotkikh vremennykh intervalov. [A compara-tive evaluation of spatial synchronization of humancortical potentials (in normals and in schizophrenicpatients) in studies of short-term intervals.] ZhurnalNevropatologii i Psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova (Mos-cow), 70(8): 1198-1207, 1970.The features of spatial synchronization of the corticalbiopotentials in normals and paranoid schizophre-nics during 250-msec. time intervals were studied. Alarge mobility of interaction was demonstrated inthe different brain areas of normal individuals. Theseintrainfluences had a direction coinciding with thedirection of the long associative filaments. The proc-esses in this direction proceed much more rapidlythan in the system of commissural filaments. Thecondition may explain why it is impossible to elimi-nate these features of distant synchronization in anaverage index during long time intervals. In paranoidschizophrenics, . the spatial synchronization ischanged. A mobility of the process inherent to nor-mals is not usually seen. Brain areas with a highsive global structures characterized by inertia anddegree of similarity of biopotentials compose exten-a different topography than in normals. It is assumedthat in schizophrenic patients the hypothalamic in-fluences on the cortex are increased. (18 references)(Author abstract, modified)

499. Gottlieb, J. S.; Frohman, C. E.; and Harmison,C. R. Schizophrenia—new concepts. Southern MedicalJournal, 64(6):743-749, 1971.Chronic schizophrenic patients were selected forstudy, placed on adequate diets fortified with vita-mins, kept off all drugs for long periods, and exer-cised intensively daily. The regulation and control ofenergy release in schizophrenics has been demon-strated, and it was concluded that the patient withschizophrenia has an inappropriate response tostress. A substance in the serum of these patientswhich may be responsible for this metabolic disturb-ance was isolated by fractionation and found to bea lipoprotein; its component structure was deter-mined and its characterization in the blood of schiz-ophrenic patients found to differ from that of normalblood. This difference was due only to its structureand not to its quantity in the blood stream or aminoacid composition; the substance has been de-scribed as the S protein-helical form. A study of theeffects of this substance on amino acid uptake bycells showed a highly significant increase in theuptake of tryptophan, 5-hydroxytryptophan, and glu-tamic acid. The lipoprotein appeared to produce

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disturbed metabolism in about 60 percent of thechronic schizophrenic patients studied. The implica-tions of these studies in the etiology and diagnosisof schizophrenia are discussed. (17 references)

500. Gulidova, G. P., and Polyanskaya, N. P. Vliyaniyesyvorotki krovi bol'nykh shizofreniyey na energetichskiyobmen mitokhondriy mozga koshek. [The impact of theblood serum of schizophrenic patients on the energeticmetabolism of mitochondria in the brain of cats.]Zhurnal Nevropatologii i Psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsa-kova (Moscow), 70(8):1211-1216, 1970.

The influence of the blood serum of 10 normal and24 schizophrenic subjects on the processes of oxi-dation, phosphorylation, and optical density of themitochondria of cats was studied. Common to theaction of the serum in normals and in the patientswas a decrease of the intensity of oxidation of thesuccinate and the velocity of phosphorylation. Theblood serum of the patients appeared to have moreexpressed inhibiting action. In comparing the serumof normals and schizophrenic patients, a decreasein the oxidation with phosphorylation for the latterwas shown when succinate as substrate was used.In experiments with glutamate, the difference in theaction of the serum of normals and patients wasmerely quantitative. The optical density of the mito-chondria did not change under the influence of thesera. (23 references) (Author abstract, modified)

501. Ibragimova, A. A. Nekotoryye osobennosti uglevo-dno-fosfornogo obmena leykotsitakh krovi bol'nykhshizofreniyey. [Some features of the carbohydrate-phosphate metabolism in the blood leucocytes of schiz-ophrenic patients.] Zhurnal Nevropatologii i Psikhiatriiimeni S. S. Korsakova (Moscow), 70(8):1208-1211,1970.

The activity of ATPase and phosphorylase, the con-tent of glycogen in the blood leucocytes, and theglycolytic blood activity are described. The activityof ATPase in schizophrenic patients is higher,whereas the phosphorylase activity and the glyco-gen content are lower than in the leucocytes ofnormals. The glycolytic blood activity in schizo-phrenics is also less. The amount of the studiedindices was analyzed with respect to the form of thedisease, the activity, and the impact of medication(insulin, aminazine), as well as with respect to thetype of remission after treatment. Some of the stud-ied indices (such as the ATPase activity) are sodifferent in various types of schizophrenia (nuclearand periodical) that they may serve as additionaltests for purposes of differential diagnosis. (17 refer-ences) (Author abstract, modified)

502. Kane, E. M.; Nutter, R. W.; and Weckowicz, T. E.Response to cutaneous pain in mental hospital patients.Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 77(l):52-60, 1971.

Warmth detection thresholds (WDT's), pain thresh-olds (PT's), and pain tolerance thresholds (PTT's) toradiant heat were compared in four groups of 15male process schizophrenics, reactive schizophren-ics, nonschizophrenic psychiatric patients, and nor-mal controls. Normal controls and reactive schizo-phrenics had significantly lower mean PT's andPTT's than process schizophrenics. Significantlyfewer schizophrenic subjects than either normal orpsychiatric controls reported PT and PTT. The meanpupillary responses of process schizophrenics weresignificantly smaller than those of normal or psychi-atric controls at WDT, PT, and PTT. It is concludedthat chronic institutionalized psychiatric patientsdisplay weaker reactions to potentially harmful stim-uli and that a dissociation between autonomic andverbal responses may occur in process schizo-phrenics at higher than moderate levels of noxiousstimulation. (43 references) (Journal abstract, modi-fied)

503. Khakhanova, N. L, and Lideman, R. R. Vliyaniyesyvorotki krovi bol'nykh shizofreniyey i zdorovykh do-norov na potentsial deystviya verkhnego sheynogosimpaticheskogo gangliya. [The influence of the bloodserum of schizophrenic patients and normals on thepotentials of activity of the upper cervical sympatheticganglion.] Zhurnal Nevropatologii i Psikhiatrii imeniS. S. Korsakova (Moscow), 70(8):1216-1221, 1970.

A study of the neurotropic action of the blood serumtaken from schizophrenic patients on the superiorcervical sympathetic ganglion of a cat is presented.Indicators of functional state were action potentials,appearing as a response to a supramaximum irrita-tion of a preganglion filament by a rectangular elec-tric impulse (with a frequency of five impluses/sec).The blood serum was introduced into the ganglionintra-arterially. Subsequently, the changes of eachcomponent of the action potential were analyzed.The serum of normals and of patients with sluggishschizophrenia gave no changes in the negativephase of the potential. When the serum of patientswith periodic and nuclear schizophrenia was intro-duced, the amplitude of the negative components inthe potential of activity was lower. An introductionof the serum (of patients as well as of normals) didnot influence the positive wave of the potential (thewave of hyperpolarization) or the latent period ofthe potential. (15 references) (Author abstract, mod-ified)

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504. Kochova, E. Biochemical laboratory of catechol-amines. In: Psychiatric Research Institute: Annual Re-port, 1968-1970. Prague: Psychiatric Research Insti-tute, 1971. pp. 87-88.The activities of the biochemical laboratory of cate-cholamines for the period 1968-1970 are reported inthe annual report of the Psychiatric Research Insti-tute. Clinical studies of patients under various psy-chopharmacological treatments, in which the effectof the drugs on biochemical indices is investigated,are reported. The 35 patients included 27 cases ofparanoid schizophrenia, four cases of endogenousdepression, and four patients with mixed psychoses.Urinary excretion of catecholamines and their metab-olites, as measured by absorption and fluorescentspectrophotometry, were correlated with psycho-pharmacological rating scales. The findings are dis-cussed in relation to biochemical mechanisms,actions of the psychotropic drugs, and possible in-teraction between the drugs.

505. Koutsky, J., and Komanek, E. Zavislost vegetativnireaktivity na veku u neurasteniku a schizofreniku. [Theinfluence of age on vegetative reactivity in neuras-thenics and schizophrenics.] Ceskoslovenska Neurologie(Prague), 33(3):150-153, 1970.Vegetative reactivity changes with age. Tests involv-ing reactivity to atropine performed on 79 male pa-tients, aged 6 to 87 years, disclosed that the tonusof the sympathetic and vagus nerve was highest inthe young and decreased with age. Reactivity of thenervous system is governed by circulation and thusby blood supply to the central nervous system.Brain circulation is highest in adolescence, thengradually decreases, and remains constant frommiddle age on until old age when it again drops. Acorrelation was found between psychic functionsand circulation. In neurasthenics and schizophren-ics a lowered tonus of both the sympathicus and thevagus was found which was statistically significant.In neurasthenics, reactivity of the sympathicus wasalso found to decrease with age, and the differencewas statistically significant. By contrast, reactivity ofthe vagus remained unaffected. The average reactiv-ity of the vagus, judged by the clinostatic reflex,was found to be higher in schizophrenics than inneurotics.

506. Logan, D. G., and Deodhar, S. D. Schizophrenia,an immunologic disorder? Journal of the American Med-ical Association, 212(10):1703-1704, 1970.Previous investigators have searched for a circulat-ing and tissue-fixed antibody to certain parts of thebrain of schizophrenic patients and have suggested

that schizophrenia may be an autoimmune disease.This study, which was similar, attempted to detectthis antibody in the brain tissue of eight schizo-phrenic patients, nine control patients with organicbrain diseases, and in three serum samples ofacutely schizophrenic patients. No evidence wasfound of a fixed or circulating antibody in any ofthese cases. (2 references) (Author abstract, modi-fied)

507. Marjerrison, G., and Keogh, R. P. The neuro-physiology of schizophrenia: Field dependency andelectroencephalogram (EEG) responses to perceptualdeprivation. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease,152(6):390-395, 1971.Integrated measures of electroencephalogram (EEG)amplitude and its variability over time, and of meanalpha frequency, have been applied to study theresponses of six schizophrenic and six nonpsy-chotic volunteers to a 45-minute period of percep-tual deprivation (PD), as compared to a period con-dition of resting, eyes-closed, but perceptually-structured state. Interpreting results in relation tothe concept that the integrated EEG measures re-flect cortical activation states, field dependency anddiagnostic grouping are found to interact to a sta-tistically significant degree in their effect on theintegrated EEG measures. Alpha frequency changesdo not relate to diagnosis but only to field depend-ency status, suggesting that field-dependent sub-jects become more generally aroused under PD ascompared to pre-PD, while field-independent sub-jects tend to become less aroused. The alpha fre-quency changes do not correlate with changes inthe integrated EEG measures. The various EEGchanges are discussed in relation to possible sys-tems of general arousal and of selective corticalinhibition, and to clinical observations of schizo-phrenics' paradoxical response to perceptual orsensory isolation. (15 references) (Author abstract)

508. Marmajewska, G., and Kiesz, W. Przypadek chor-oby Handa, Schullera i Christiana u doroslego z za-burzeniami psychicznymi. [Case of Hand-Schuller-Christian disease in an adult patient with psychic dis-turbances.] Wiadomosci Lekarskie (Warsaw), 6(24):567-571, 1971.Hand-Schuller-Christian disease was diagnosed in a41-year-old male psychiatric patient on the basis ofcharacteristic clinical manifestations such as a de-crease in the cranial bones, exophthalmos andstraight ureters. Less frequent symptoms observedwere changes in the jawbones, maxilla, clavicle,scapula, and pelvic bones. A disorder of the left

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facial nerve probably resulted from granulation inthe pyramid of the temporal bone. The psychosis,diagnosed as simple schizophrenia, is explained bythe abnormal deposits of cholesterol and its estersin the brain. (11 references)509. Narasimhachari, N.; Heller, B.; Spaide, J.; Hasko-vec, L.; Fujimori, M.; Tabushi, K.; and Himwich, H. E.Urinary studies of schizophrenics and controls. Bio-logical Psychiatry, 3(l):9-20, 1971.Studies of schizophrenic and normal subjects weremade to determine if administration of tranylcy-promine (Parnate), alone or together with cysteine,would reveal behavioral disturbances and whetherthe same three urinary substances excreted by sub-jects in earlier experiments would be observed. Sixnormal controls and two schizophrenic patientswere each given tranylcypromine (10 mg. t.i.d.) andcysteine (in increasing doses from 5 to 20 g. perday). The research design included a control period,followed by another period in which the subjectsreceived tranylcypromine alone; a third, in whichcysteine was added to tranylcypromine; and finally,a fourth period of afterloading. Clinical evaluationswere made using the Rockland-Pollin and ad hocscales. In addition to thin layer and gas liquid chro-matographic studies of N-dimethyltryptamines, uri-nary tryptamine, 3-indoleacetic acid and creatininewere determined. During the combined treatment ofcysteine and tranylcypromine, the schizophrenicsymptoms of the patients underwent exacerbationand the urinary excretions of N,N-dimethyltryp-tamine, bufotenine, and 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryp-tamine were increased. In contrast, the six normalcontrols did not exhibit any psychotomimetic symp-toms; nor did they excrete any of these three psy-chotomimetic compounds in the urine. (26 refer-ences) (Author abstract, modified)

510. Narasimhachari, N.; Heller, B.; Spaide, J.; Hasko-vec, L; Meltzer, H.; Strahilevitz, M.; and Himwich, H.E. N,N-dimethylated indoleamines in blood. BiologicalPsychiatry, 3(l):21-23, 1971.Dimethyltryptamine and 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryp-tamine were identified by thin-layer and gas-liquidchromatography in studies on blood samples fromfive acute schizophrenics, while bufotenine wasfound in one acute case. These substances were notdetected in blood samples from nine chronic schiz-ophrenic, one depressive, and two normal subjects.In a double-blind study of 42 serum samples, 15 of22 acute schizophrenics were positive for N,N-di-methyltryptamine, or both N,N-dimethyltryptamineand 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine, in contrastto only two of 20 nonschizophrenics. (7 references)(Author abstract, modified)

511. Nies, A., and Simpson, G. M. Histamine wheatformation and schizophrenia. International Pharma-copsychiatry (Basel), 5(l):27-34, 1970.

This study compared histamine sensitivity amongseveral schizophrenic groups and controls and ana-lyzed the relationship of age, duration of hospitali-zation, and severity of illness to histamine sensitiv-ity. Chronic schizophrenic patients were found toexhibit an insensitivity to intradermally injected his-tamine. They differed in this regard from schizo-phrenics ill with a first episode and from patientssuffering from organic brain syndromes. The findingdoes not seem to be related to age or duration ofinstitutionalization; there is a suggestion that thedegree of insensitivity may be correlated to the de-gree of functional disability. (18 references) (Authorabstract, modified)

512. Ravkin, I. G.; Golodets, R. G.; Chekhovitch, Y. I.;Kurapova, G. M.; Shapiro, Y. L; Wentrub, M. Y.; andYezhkova, V. A. 0 roli allergicheskogo faktora v razvitiii oformlenii klinicheskoy kartiny shizofrenii i epilepsii.[The role of the allergy factor in the development andformation of the clinical picture in schizophrenia andepilepsy.] Zhurnal Nevropatologii i Psikhiatrii /men/ S.S. Korsakova (Moscow), 70(ll):1682-1686, 1970.

Hypotheses assigning etiological significance to anallergy factor were made on the basis of studies inacute psychotic conditions in schizophrenic patientsand were verified in studies on nonspecific immunityand monocytograms. The role of allergy was espe-cially vivid in the development and formation of theclinical picture in hypertoxic schizophrenia and in acatatonic stupor. On the basis of similar studies ofepileptic patients, it was also demonstrated that epi-lepsy should be considered as an hyperergic reac-tion where a significant role is allocated to allergy.The allergy factor influences, to varying degrees,the development of separate epileptic attacks, aswell as acute epileptic psychoses. The importanceof these findings for the theory and practice of psy-chiatry and especially for the elimination of ineffec-tive therapeutic methods is stressed. (23 references)(Author abstract, modified)

513. Ridges, P. A biochemist's view of schizophrenia.World Medicine (London), 6(8):74-75, 77, 79, 1971.Progress in treating schizophrenia is surveyed.Techniques cited include histochemistry, hallucino-genic compounds such as dimethoxyphenethylamine(DMPEA), taraxein serum, methyl donor compounds,and megavitamin therapy. The concept of ortho-molecular psychiatry is also assessed.

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514. Rosengarten, H.; Szemis, A.; Piotrowski, A.; Ro-manszewska, K.; Matsumoto, H.; Stencka, K.; and Jus,A. Wystepowanie N, N-dwumetylotryptaminy i bufoteninyw moczu chorych z przewlekla i ostra psychoza schizo-freniczna. [N,N-dimethyltryptamine and bufotenine inthe urine of patients with chronic and acute schizo-phrenic psychoses.] Psychiatria Polska (Warsaw), 4(5):519-522, 1970.

The spontaneous excretion of N,N-dimethyltryp-tamine and bufotenine was analyzed in the urine of13 patients with chronic schizophrenia and two pa-tients with acute schizophrenia. The method of Kak-imoto and Armstrong, as modified by Tanimukai,was used for separation and purification of indole-amines. Of the 15 patients studied, three excretedN,N-dimethyltryptamine, and one of these excretedbufotenine as well. (19 references) (Author abstract,modified)

515. Schiffter, R. Zur Problematik schizophrenieahn-licher Psychosen bei Hypophysenerkrankungen. [Theproblem of schizophrenia-like psychosis with pituitarydisorders.] Psychiatria Clinica (Basel), 4(2):82-99,1971.The history is given of a patient who had a pituitaryadenoma with acromegaly and a recurring schizo-phrenic psychosis. The following conclusions weredrawn: Pituitary illnesses with hormonal disturb-ances can be accompanied by schizophrenic para-noid hallucinatory psychoses. It is probable that acausal connection exists between such psychosesand disorders of endocrine regulation. This viewreceives support when the psychotic symptomsshow a rhythmic course corresponding to the endo-crine swings. Endogenous psychoses are rare withpituitary conditions. They appear when, in additionto the endocrine disorder, there is also a premorbidpersonality and a conflict-bound biographical devel-opment. Taking the case history as the startingpoint, general problems concerning the genesis ofsyndromes were discussed. A sharp division be-tween endogenous and exogenous psychosescannot be justified, particularly when seen in theirendocrinological-psychiatric aspects, and such psy-choses have a multifactorial genesis. (4 references)(Author abstract, modified)

516. Schizophrenia—tying up more loose ends. WorldMedicine (London), 6(16):54-55, 1971.Further developments in research on schizophreniaare reported; in particular, the work and hypothesesof Drs. Larry Stein and C. David Wise of WyethLaboratories are explained. They suggest that someof the current biochemical theories may be incor-

rect. In one area, it is questioned whether mesca-line-like substances can be responsible for schizo-phrenic mental abnormalities in view of the fact thatthey do not induce a model psychosis. Other factorsexplored include the actions of various drugs in-cluding the antischizophrenic substance, chlorpro-mazine, and the possible role of 6-hydroxydopaminein development of schizophrenia.

517. Shopsin, B., and Gershon, S. Plasma cortisolresponse to dexamethasone suppression in depressedand control patients. Archives of General Psychiatry,24(4):320-326, 1971.

A study of plasma cortisol response to exogenousdexamethasone ingestion in newly hospitalized pa-tients with depression is reported; 24 patients, ages27 to 60 years, were used in the study. Dexametha-sone phosphate was administered at 11 p.m. andblood samples for cortisol determination were col-lected at 8:30 a.m. and 4:30 p.m.; determinations ofplasma cortisol were measured by the Van de Vriesprocedure. Plasma cortisol response to dexametha-sone was normal in both bipolar and unipolar de-pressives, reactive depressives and schizophrenics.As a group, schizophrenics showed significantlyhigher morning cortisol values than the depressedpopulation. Adrenocortical overactivity as a theoryin the pathogenesis of depression cannot be sup-ported on the basis of this study. (47 references)(Author abstract, modified)

518. Siegel, M., and Tefft, H. "Pink spot" and its com-ponents in normal and schizophrenic urine. Journalof Nervous and Mental Disease, 152(6):412-426,1971.A study was made to determine whether pink spotor 3,4-dimethoxyphenethylamine (DMPEA) only ap-pears in the urine of schizophrenics. By a combina-tion of urine extraction, ion-exchange chromatogra-phy, preparation of fluorescent derivatives, and aseries of thin layer chromatographic separations, asubstance has been unequivocally identified bymass spectrometry as a fluorescent derivative ofDMPEA. The identification of equivalent quantitiesof DMPEA in the urine of five normal donors as wellas in the urine of six schizophrenics fails to supporta role for this substance in the etiology of schizo-phrenia. DMPEA was found in all urine, but at alevel below which it could be visualized as a pinkspot. It is the appearance of metabolites of thetranquilizing drug, chlorpromazine, with chromato-graphic properties and color reactions similar tothose of DMPEA, that has led to pink spot in theassay of schizophrenic urine. Because this pinkspot region contains many components, one of

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which is DMPEA, a confusing picture has been pre-sented, and many authors have erroneously equatedschizophrenia and pink spot and DMPEA. (37 refer-ences) (Author abstract, modified)

childhood schizophrenia and autism519. Barcia, D.; Fuster, P.; and Leal, C. Psicosis in-fantiles. Problemas de diagnostico diferencial con lapsicosis encefaliticas. [Infantile psychosis. Problemsof differential diagnosis from encephalitic psychosis.]Actas Luso Espanolas de Neurologia y Psiquiatria(Madrid), 29(2):121-140, 1970.Difficulties encountered in the differential diagnosisof infantile schizophrenia from encephalitic psy-chosis are illustrated in the detailed case historiesof two children, 3 to 6 years old, in whom clinicaland psychopatnological examinations failed to es-tablish a definite diagnosis. Clinical evidence wascompatible with the existence of cerebral lesions aswell as schizophrenia, while psychopathological ex-amination suggested both acute schizophrenia andexogenous reactions. The hypothesis is advancedthat manifestations diagnosed by many as forms ofinfantile schizophrenia are actually forms of exoge-nous reactions. The great discrepancies in the cri-teria for the diagnosis of infantile schizophrenia areemphasized. (16 references)

520. Bender, L. A longitudinal study of schizophrenicchildren with autism. Annual Progress in Child Psy-chiatry and Child Development, 3:402-416, 1970.A group of children, diagnosed childhood schizo-phrenics before the age of 12, who were on thechildren's ward of Bellevue Psychiatric Hospital be-tween 1935 and 1952, have been the subjects ofrepeated followup studies. From that pool of 200cases, 50 met the criteria of infantile autism. Thelife course is analyzed of 30 of the 50 who, if alive,now range in age from 22 to 42. It is shown thatthere is no single life pattern for schizophrenic chil-dren with infantile autism. As adults they are stillschizophrenic, often with some form of organicdefect, but they show a great variety of life adjust-ments and varying degrees of dependency. (22 ref-erences)

521. Bernal, M. E., and Miller, W. H. Electrodermaland cardiac responses of schizophrenic children tosensory stimuli. Psychophysiology, 7(2):155-168,1971.Electrodermal and cardiac responses of schizo-phrenic children to sensory stimuli were determinedto compare the reactivity and habituation of autistic

schizophrenic and normal children. A variety ofstimuli were used and some differences were dem-onstrated. The first two stimulation conditions were15 tone trials followed by a novel tone stimulus, and15 periods of darkness followed by a single periodof partial illumination. Order of these stimulationconditions was counterbalanced in a groups x orderx trials anova factorial design. Other stimuli weretones varying in intensity and photic flashes pre-sented in fixed order following the first two condi-tions. The two groups differed in magnitude of re-sponse to the first three tone and illuminationchange trials, and thereafter showed no differencesin habituation or reinstatement to the novel stimu-lus. This difference consisted of greater responsivityfor the normals and was independent of base level,spontaneous activity, order of condition, and type ofstimulus. The schizophrenics showed a relationshipbetween galvanic skin response magnitude and toneintensity that was similar to the normal's physiologi-cal tracking of changing intensity. Results for photicstimulation were the same as for the first two stimu-lus conditions. The peak-to-valley cardiac measurefailed to yield any reliable group differences underany stimulation condition. (15 references) (Authorabstract, modified)

522. Chan, J. C. M.; Fras, I.; Wilson, M. R., Jr.; andMoeller, H. G., Jr. Schizophrenia in infancy, childhood,and adolescence. American Journal of Diseases ofChildren, 121(6):538-542, 1971.

Schizophrenia in infancy, childhood, and adoles-cence comprises a group of related and overlappingsyndromes characterized by withdrawal, regression,and dissociation. Diagnostic criteria include with-drawal from the environment, disturbance of thoughtand speech, inappropriate affect, alteration in mobil-ity, disorientation, preoccupation, retardation, disin-tegration of body image, resistance to change, andanxiety. About 1.9 percent of schizophrenic patientsare less than 15 years old. The condition probablyresults from a combination of organic and psycho-genie factors. Patients respond poorly to treatment;about one-third achieve some social adjustment.There is no correlation between prognosis and ther-apy used, but apparently the earlier the disorderappears, the worse is the outlook. (49 references)(Author abstract)

523. DeMyer, M. K.; Churchill, D. W.; Pontius, W.; andGilkey, K. M. A comparison of five diagnostic systemsfor childhood schizophrenia and infantile autism. Jour-nal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia, 1(2): 175-189, 1971.

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Five diagnostic systems designed to differentiate in-fantile autism and early childhood schizophreniawere compared by deriving scores on 44 childrenreferred consecutively to the same clinical center.While the autistic scales devised by Rimland, Polanand Spencer, Lotter, and the British Working Partycorrelated significantly, the degree of correspond-ence (35 percent) indicated that several children ob-tained high autistic scores in one system but lowscores in another. The British Working Party's termschizophrenia has more correspondence with theterm autism used by others than with Rimland'sschizophrenia. In the DeMyer-Churchill categoricalsystem (early schizophrenia, primary autism, sec-ondary autism, and nonpsychotic subnormal), pri-mary autism most resembles Rimland's concept ofinfantile autism as measured by his E-1 version. Allother systems differentiate psychotic from nonpsy-chotic children but do not distinguish any of thepsychotic subgroups. (18 references) (Author ab-stract)

524. Dober, B., and Hennig, H. Ergebnisse psycho-logischer Untarsuchurtgen an kindlichen Schizophrenien.[Results of psychological examinations of cases of schiz-ophrenia in children.] Psychiatrie, Neurologie undmedizinische Psychologie (Leipzig), 23(2):65-71,1971.Two male schizophrenic children (ages 12 and 13)were compared to normal children, mentally defec-tive children, and children with brain damage with-out mental deficiency on the following psychologicaltests: The Binet-Norden Intelligence Test, theHAWIK Verbal Test, the Busemann Counting Test,and the Z Board Test. As measured by the Binet-Norden Intelligence Test, the schizophrenic childrenwere particularly lacking in perception, imitativeability, imagination, and judgment. Neither of thetwo patients attained the normal level in the HAWIKsubtests of general information and general under-standing. On the Busemann Counting Test, theschizophrenic children produced a word-rich vocab-ulary (with occasional coining of words) and con-fused parts of speech, whereas the mentally defec-tive children were given to repetition and obtainedscores of about 10 to 15. Z-Board-Test results inter-preted as symptomatic of psychosis were a highnumber of answers, abbreviated reaction time,loosely contructed succession, perseveration, ster-eotypy, and original content. Identical results wereobtained with the same test battery in the two pa-tients 1 year later. (10 references)525. Furer, M. Discussion [of Goldfarb's follow-up in-vestigation of schizophrenic children6]. Psychosoc/afProgress, 1(1):65-71, 1970.

A followup study of 48 schizophrenic childrentreated in residence at the Henry Ittleson Center forChild Research compares the techniques of Dr.Goldfarb of the Ittleson Center with those of theMasters Children's Center. While recognizing thatspeech is an extremely significant criterion in prog-nosis, therapists at Masters do not agree with Gold-farb that prognosis is necessarily very poor if truespeech is not reached by 5 or 6 years. Workers atthe centers agree that the attitudes of the familyand the mother-child relationship particularly areimportant in determining whether the child shouldbe treated in residence or at home. In general it isfound that the variables of speech, IQ, clinical disor-der, and amount of schooling tend to cluster to-gether on ratings of prognosis and outcome.

* See next abstract.

526. Goldfarb, William. A follow-up investigation ofschizophrenic children treated in residence. Psycho-social Progress, l( l):9-64, 1970.A followup study was done of all 48 schizophrenicchildren who were treated in and discharged fromthe therapeutic residence of the Henry IttlesonCenter for Child Research during the first 10 yearsof its operation. The children were appraised at thetime of admission to residential treatment, at dis-charge from residential treatment, and at periodicfollowups, the last of which was done after anaverage of 7 years following discharge. During theresidential phase all children were in approximatelythe same comprehensive program of psychiatrictreatment, which was quite definable. The postdis-charge phase embodied more diversified social ex-perience, and included a variety of therapeutic ex-periences. It is significant that no child declined inadaptive status while in treatment, whereas six ofthe 13 children (46 percent) who had reached mildlyimpaired levels of ego integration at the terminationof residential treatment declined in status andbecame acutely psychotic during the followup pe-riod. Investigation of factors linked to outcome atdischarge and followup was restricted to character-istics of the children themselves and included thepresence or absence of evidence of cerebral dys-function (organicity), ego status at admission anddischarge, and sex of the child. At followup, theorganic and nonorganic subclusters did not differ inaverage adjustment levels and in the percentage ofchildren at home and in psychiatric institutions. Themajor parameter linked to outcome at followup wasthe ego status of the child at admission to treatmentand at discharge from treatment. (32 references)(Author abstract, modified)

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527. Guevara, N. P. C. Consideraciones sobre elautismo precoz infantil. [Observations on early infantileautism.] Revista de la Clinica de la Conducta (MexicoCity), 3(6):25-34, 1970.A short review emphasizes points of agreement be-tween theories of the constitutional and acquirednature of early infantile autism. Parental attitudesrelate to the presence of the condition. A closerelationship exists between early infantile autismand the subsequent development of symbiotic psy-chosis and infantile schizophrenia. (16 references)

528. Kanner, L. Childhood psychosis: A historical over-view. Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia,1(1):14-19, 1971.A historical overview of childhood psychosis is pre-sented. Maudsley's chapter on "Insanity of EarlyLife" in his 1867 textbook, Physiology and Pathologyof the Mind, is a major landmark in the history ofchildhood psychoses. In 1883, Clevenger compiled areview of the world literature in mental illness inchildhood; it contained 55 references. After thedoors of academic psychiatry were opened to thechildhood psychoses a little less than a centuryago, the number of case reports in the literatureincreased, and additional textbooks were published.The influence of the work of Kraepelin, De Sanctis,Heller, and Bleuler in the late 1800's and early1900's is emphasized. Infantile schizophrenia re-ceived a place of importance by the mid-1930's.Rank's concept of the atypical child was advancedin the 1950's. This interest has continued throughthe present, when a veritable avalanche of publica-tions on childhood psychosis crowds the interna-tional literature. The need for broader attention topsychotic conditions of childhood, to include othersas well as infantile autism and schizophrenia, isnoted. The new multidisciplinary journal "devoted toall psychoses and severe disorders of behavior inchildhood"—the Journal of Autism and ChildhoodSchizophrenia—will play an important role as a cen-tral depository for the variegated clinical and re-search activities in many related sciences and inmany countries. (3 references)

529. Ornitz, E. M., and Ritvo, E. R. Perceptual incon-stancy in early infantile autism. Annual Progress inChild Psychiatry and Child Development, 2:411-446,1969.

Early infantile autism and several related syndromesare described in terms of the natural history of thesymptoms and their developmental relationships.Early infantile autism, atypical development, sym-

biotic psychosis, and certain cases of childhoodschizophrenia are essentially variants of the samedisease. The symptoms of this disease have beengrouped into five major subclusters: disturbances ofperception, motility, relatedness, language, and de-velopmental rate. Disturbances of perception areshown to be fundamental to the other aspects of thedisease and to be manifested by early developmen-tal failure to distinguish between self and environ-ment, to imitate, and to modulate sensory input. It issuggested that these developmental failures arecaused by a breakdown of homeostatic regulation ofsensory input. This results in a condition of percep-tual inconstancy. The symptoms suggest that theillness is characterized by dissociated, uncoupled,and alternating states of excitation and inhibition. Itis this pathophysiology which interferes with theadequate homeostatic regulation of perception andleads to a state of perceptual inconstancy. (47 refer-ences) (Author abstract, modified)

530. Rutt, C. N., and Offord, D. R. Prenatal and peri-natal complications in childhood schizophrenics andtheir siblings. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease,152(5):324-331, 1971.

Evidence has accumulated during the past decadelinking pregnancy and birth complications to laterdisorders of function. Accordingly, 33 childhoodschizophrenics and their 83 siblings were analyzedwith regard to prenatal and perinatal complications.Information was obtained from the patients' caserecords and from the hospital birth records andbirth certificate records of both patients and theirsiblings. The childhood schizophrenics had a higherrate of prenatal complications than their siblings,but the difference was not significant. With regard toperinatal complications, however, the patients had asignificantly higher rate than their siblings. Therewas also a clear association between the schizo-phrenic child's ego status on admission to the hos-pital and his IQ and age of hospital admission. Theschizophrenic children with poorer ego develop-ment are admitted to the hospital earlier and alsohave significantly lower IQ's than their counterpartswith better ego development. While brain damagealone, resulting from birth complications, may notexplain the unique symptoms of childhood schizo-phrenia, it is considered possible that, in familiesalready predisposed genetically for the developmentof this disorder, the addition of reproductive compli-cations, especially perinatal factors, may be enoughto tip the balance between health and disease, andprofoundly disrupt the child's later development. (22references) (Author abstract, modified)

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531. Sankar, D. V. S. Biogenic amine uptake by bloodplatelets and RBC in childhood schizophrenia. AdaPaedopsychiatrica (Basel), 37(6):174-182, 1970.The uptake of serotonin and norepinephrine bythrombocytes and erythrocytes in 200 schizophrenicchildren admitted to a child psychiatric unit wasinvestigated. Serotonin uptake was found to be sig-nificantly different between schizophrenic and non-schizophrenic children. Lowest levels of serotoninuptake were found in autistic children. (4 refer-ences) (Author abstract)

532. Yur'yeva, 0. P. O tipakh disontogeneza u deteybol'nykh shizofreniyey. [The types of dysontogenesis inschizophrenic children.] Zhurnal Nevropatologii i Psi- •khiatrii imeni S. S. Korsakova (Moscow), 70(8):1229-1235, 1970.The premanifest period of dysontogenesis was cor-related with the manifest clinical picture of the dis-ease in 172 children (136 boys and 36 girls). Twomain types of dysontogenesis were distinguished—distorted development and retarded development. Itwas possible to show a correlation between thefeatures of dysontogenesis with the degree and pro-gressiveness of the disease in the manifest period.It is concluded that the traits of dysontogenesis, aswell as separate productive psychopathological dis-turbances in the premanifest period, are an expres-sion of the main disease. (14 references) (Authorabstract, modified)

descriptive533. Bartoszewski, J., and Halaunbrenner, J. Twor-czosc artysty malarza chorego na schizofrenie jakoodzwierciedlenie przemian w jego stanie psychicznym.[Artistic creativity as a reflection of the mental changesin a schizophrenic painter.] Psychiatria Polska (War-saw), 2(5):231-237, 1971.Analysis of the artistic creativity of a 50-year-oldpainter with chronic schizophrenia of over 20 years'duration shows a progressive increase towards ster-eotypy. The introduction of new colors, themes, orstyles was related to changes in psychic conditionand sometimes served as a forecast of clinicalchanges. Except for one painting during a period ofremission, all the art work lacks shading and semi-tones. The planes are carefully outlined and coloredaccurately. During relapses of the psychosis, redand sometimes gold predominated. Closed circles,interpreted by some as signs of increasing autism,numbers, initials, and isolated elements becamemore frequent. At times, the paintings have a child-like simplicity.

534. Bogart, K., and Scoles, P. Endorsement of Mac-hiavellian attitudes and mental health status. Journalof Clinical Psychology, 27(3):315-317, 1971.The relationship between endorsement of Machia-vellian attitudes and psychiatric classification wa9investigated by asking male and female adult mem-bers of normal (nondiagnosed) and clinical (ex-pa-tients and patients hospitalized with a diagnosis ofschizophrenia) populations to answer Christie'sMachiavellian (Mach) scales. As predicted, accept-ance of manipulative or Machiavellian values washighest in the nonpsychiatric population, lower in theex-patient population and lowest in the patient popu-lation. These results were interpreted as suggestingthat the nonmanipulative behavior of persons withschizophrenic behavior disturbances is accompa-nied by a rejection of manipulative values and thatremission of schizophrenic behavior may be accom-panied by an increase in acceptance of attitudesfavorable to interpersonal manipulation. (6 refer-ences) (Author abstract)

535. Cancro, R. Sophistication of body concept inprocess-reactive schizophrenia. Perceptual and MotorSkills, 32(2):567-570, 1971.This study explored the relationship in 51 schizo-phrenic subjects between the degree of differentia-tion of body concept and position on the process-reactive continuum, as measured by the prognosticrating scale and the subsequent total number ofnights of hospitalization over a 3-year period. Therewas no significant relationship, linear or curvilinear,between these variables in this sample of acuteschizophrenics in whom drug ingestion, chronicity,and length of current hospitalization were con-trolled. (15 references) (Author abstract, modified)

536. Chaigneau, H. II y a une ligne entre I'amour etla fascination: Tendances de la psychotherapie insti-tutionnelle. [There is a line between love and fascina-tion: Tendencies of social psychotherapy.] Lavaf Medi-cal (Quebec), 41 (6):821-826, 1970.The definition, etymology, and conceptualization ofsocial psychiatry are analyzed, and the case historyof a male schizophrenic is presented to illustrateand support contentions. The concepts of socialpsychiatry and social psychotherapy are analyzedaccording to three principal aspects or tendencies:1) The sociopsychological tendency; 2) the socio-political tendency; and 3) the psychoanalytical tend-ency. The three classifications are analyzed interms of what they mean to civilized man, what theyreflect about man's involvement with life, and howthe three principal tendencies overlap and interact.

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537. Cormier, B. M.; Simons, S.; Barriga, C; Mer-sereau, G.; and Morf, G. Psychiatric services in penalinstitutions. Part II. A detailed survey of patients hos-pitalised on a given day. Laval Medical (Quebec),42(l):22-28, 1971.A comparison was made between neurotic andschizophrenic patients in a psychiatric hospitalwhich serves the Federal penal institutions in theQuebec region. The emphasis was on diagnosis andsymptomatology, and how an unfavorable back-ground and the delinquent process led to a disa-bling mental disorder. Of 50 patients, 26 were diag-nosed as schizophrenic and the rest were diagnosedas neurotics. Schizophrenics and neurotics did notdiffer significantly in age distribution, family back-ground, education, marital status, or criminologicaltype and crime pattern. The background of bothgroups appears to have been unusually unfavorableand pathogenic. Their criminal patterns reveal thatviolent aggression often marks a point of transitionbetween a delinquent process and a different path-ological process, namely mental illness. During in-carceration, depressive and persecutory anxietiesthat produced violent aggression tend to give way toparanoid anxieties; while the mental illness is char-acterized by a depressive disorder, the aggressionmay be directed against the self. (1 reference)

538. Cull, J. Conformity behavior in schizophrenics.Journal of Social Psychology, No. 84:45-49, 1971.Current literature in the field indicates that schizo-phrenic subjects exhibit less conformity behaviorthan normal subjects. To test this hypothesis, agroup of 32 hospitalized schizophrenic subjectswere individually introduced to a confromity-invok-ing environment similar to that utilized by Asch.Their behavior was compared with the behavior of acontrol group introduced to the same situation. Thehypothesis that schizophrenic subjects would ex-hibit less conformity behavior than normal subjectswas strongly disproven. Schizophrenics were foundto be more susceptible to the conformity pressuresexerted by confederate subjects as measured byerror responses, conforming responses, and criticalerror responses. (8 references) (Author abstract,modified)

539. De Martis, 0.; De Martis, A. B.; Petrel la, F.; andPetrella, A. M. La schizofrenia al test di Rorschach.[Chronic schizophrenia and the Rorschach Test.]Archivio di Psicologia, Neurologia e Psichiatria (Milan),31(1):5-31, 1970.Rorschach Test responses of 56 chronic schizo-phrenic patients (aged 19 to 56 years) revealed

variations compatible with the patients' social envi-ronment. Eleven patients of higher sociocultural sta-tus, who were basically under ambulatory treatmentand showed brief periods of remission, gave moreelaborate and articulate answers. However, five ofthe 11 who had been hospitalized for long periodsgave less satisfactory answers. Forty patients of alower sociocultural status who stayed in the hospitalfor long periods seemed also affected by their hos-pital stay; they showed a high frequency of responseswith animal and anatomic content. Furthermore,a relatively large number of patients belonging tothe same group refused to respond to certain inkblots. The group consisting of five patients who

.were hospitalized permanently gave incoherent an-swers typical of the dehumanized schizophrenic pa-tient rejected by family and society and suppressedby the hospital environment. Results suggest that,under equal therapeutic conditions, the structuralcondition of the schizophrenic patient varies ac-cording to his social environment. (20 references)

540. Giannelli, A. Su alcuni aspetti dei deliri schizo-frenici. [Certain features of schizophrenic delirium.]Rivista Sperimentale in Freniatria e Medicina Legatedelle Alienazione Mentali (Reggio-Emilia), 95(2):314-330, 1971.The case histories of three schizophrenic patientswith delirium who responded well to neurolepticsand electroshock are described in detail. In one ofthem, a 25-year-old male who presented delirium 3weeks before the acute schizophrenic episode,treatment with electroshock and subsequent chloro-promazine associated with haloperidol resulted inremission of symptoms within 2 months. Treatmentwith electroshock and unspecified neuroleptics re-sulted in rapid improvement lasting for more than 1year in a 33-year-old female with delirious schizo-phrenia. Electroshock followed by neuroleptics wasalso successful in a 48-year-old female affected bythe same condition. In all the cases described, delir-ium was accompanied by marked changes in per-sonality and in the relationship with the environ-ment. (17 references)

541. Janicki, A. Tworczosc plastyczna chorych psy-chicznie w ekspozycji publicznej. [Exhibition of worksof art produced by mental patients.] Psychiatria Polska(Warsaw), 4(5):561-563, 1970.Experiences in organizing exhibitions of drawingsand paintings by schizophrenic patients are re-counted. The artistic productions of these patientsare compared to those of normal subjects and eval-uated both in terms of artistic merit and as manifes-

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tations of mental illness. It is suggested that worksof art produced by the mentally ill should be dis-played in a permanent gallery. Such a gallery, theauthor believes, would serve not only as a place toexhibit art but as a bridge between the worlds ofpsychosis and normality. (Author abstract, modified)

542. Kameneva, Y. N. 0 deformatsiyakh lichnosti vsvyazi s shizofrenicheskim protsessom. [On personalitydeformations in connection with the schizophrenicprocess.] In: Banshchikov, V. Problemy Lichnosti. {Per-sonality Problems.] Vol. 2. Moscow: Academy of Sci-ences of the U.S.S.R., 1970. pp. 374-380.

Medical and biological aspects of personality areconsidered in discussing various personality defor-mations in schizophrenia. Several different kinds ofpatients are described whose personalities are al-tered in various ways during the schizophrenicprocess. These include emotionally dulled, hyper-sensitive, and apathetic types. Besides loweringpersonality functions, schizophrenia introduces newchanges and mechanisms into the personality. Thebackground on which this process occurs is dis-cussed. This background is the patient's somatocer-ebral substratum—the development, value, andstrength of basic psychobiological functions of thepremorbid personality which determine the resist-ance of the brain and the organism as a whole tothe schizophrenic process. It is suggested that de-formations and "disintegration" of personality maynot be the result of irreversible destruction of themorphological substratum.

543. Kayton, R., and Biller, H. B. Perception of paren-tal sex-role behavior and psychopathology in adultmales. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,36(2):235-237, 1971.

Perception of parental sex-role behavior was stud-ied in matched groups of normal, neurotic, paranoidschizophrenic, and nonparanoid schizophrenic adultmales (n=20 in each group). The measure used wasHeilbrun's Parental Description Survey, a task whichcalls for a subject to judge whether certain charac-teristics are more typical of his mother or father.The results indicated that normal subjects generallyperceived their parents as exhibiting sex-appropri-ate behavior to a greater extent than did disturbedsubjects; a smaller proportion of individuals in thedisturbed groups viewed their fathers as possess-ing masculine instrumental traits and (particularlyamong the schizophrenic groups) their mothers ashaving feminine-expressive characteristics. (12 ref-erences) (Author abstract, modified)

544. Kontridze, F. M. 0 nekotorykh osobennostyakhpatologii lichnosti pri shizofrenii v aspekte teorii usta-novki. [On several characteristics of personality pathol-ogy in schizophrenia in relation to the theory of atti-tude.] In: Banshchikov, V. Problemy Lichnosti. [Per-sonality Problems.] Vol. 2. Moscow: Academy of Sci-ences of the U.S.S.R., 1970. pp. 366-373.The research method devised by D.N. Uznadze wasused to determine typical and typological patternsof fixed attitude in 156 patients with various forms ofschizophrenia (including simple, paranoid, cata-tonic, and hebephrenic types). Several qualities offixed attitudes are examined to give an idea of thepsychodynamic mobility of personality. The person-ality's functional unity and adaptational resources inthe environment are disturbed in schizophrenia. Dy-namic and inert types of fixed attitudes are distin-guished. Attitude in schizophrenia is characterizedby intermodal variability and dissociation. Fixed atti-tude undergoes a number of dynamic changeswhich indicate definite disintegration of the regularpersonality resources. Subordination and regulationof several automatic and conscious processes occuron the impulse behavior level. It is emphasized thatthese attitudes in turn determine dynamic changesof adaptation resources and disturbances of thestructural integrity of the personality.

545. Lane, E. Biasing factors affecting estimates offertility rates of schizophrenics. Journal of Psychology,78:49-63, 1971.The analyses presented point out certain errors inmethodology in past studies that have resulted inserious underestimations of the marriage and fertil-ity rates of schizophrenics. It was suggested that, inorder to arrive at more accurate estimates of schiz-ophrenic reproduction, future studies should obtainsamples that represent as closely as possible theschizophrenic population as a whole in socioeco-nomic and racial makeup. Time of assessment wasidentified as relevant to the kind of results obtained.With a more accurate makeup of samples, findingscould be better understood if duration of marriagesand number of divorces were measured and com-pared to normal controls. Research into use of birthcontrol, fetal and neonatal death, and abortionwould also add to a fuller understanding of schizo-phrenic reproduction. (26 references) (Author ab-stract, modified)

546. Leczycka, K.; Molojec, K.; Grzelak, E.; and Hodur,M. Proba porownania defektu schizofrenicznego u kobieti mezczyn z uwzglednieniem badan psychologicznych.[An attempt to compare the schizophrenic defect in

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men and women under consideration of psychologicalexaminations.] Psychiatria Polska (Warsaw), 4(5):537-542, 1970.

Two matched groups of 15 male and 15 femalechronic schizophrenics were compared. In psychiat-ric examinations, particular attention was directedto 1) such psychotic symptoms as delusions, hallu-cinations, and dissociative reactions, 2) motor dis-turbances, 3) critical attitude to illness, and 4) real-istic plans for the future. Psychological examina-tions applied the sentence-completion and picto-graph methods. Based on these psychiatric and psy-chological measures, women were found to have ahigher degree of thought disorder, a less criticalattitude toward their own illnesses, and conse-quently less realistic plans for the future. In addi-tion, women were less active in organizing their ownoccupations and more refractory to resocialization.This finding may reflect women's greater sensitivityto separation from their family and friends—an un-fortunate consequence of prolonged hospitalization.

547. Offord, D. R., and Cross, L. A. Adult schizo-phrenia with scholastic failure or low \Q in childhood:A preliminary report. Archives of General Psychiatry,24(5):431-436, 1971.

This study compares school records of 29 schizo-phrenics, their siblings, and controls. School failurein childhood does not distinguish preschizophrenicsfrom controls but, in the preschizophrenic group,repeating probands differ from nonrepeating pro-bands on several measures. Schizophrenics withlow childhood IQ's show an earlier onset and re-main in institutions longer than those with averageIQ's. (38 references) (Journal abstract, modified)

548. Okuma, T.; Sunami, Y.; Fukuma, E.; Takeo, S.;and Motoike, M. Dream content study in chronic schizo-phrenics and normals by REM-awakening technique.Folia Psychiatrica et Neurologica Japonica (Niigata),24(3):152-162, 1970.

Twenty-one schizophrenics and 34 normal controlsserved as subjects in an investigation of the contentof dreams. In schizophrenics, as compared to nor-mals, the latency of dream reporting was longer, thelength of time of spontaneous dream reporting wasshorter, a larger number of examiner's supplemen-tary questions were necessary, and the rate ofdream recall the next morning was lower. The inci-dences of coherent dreams, complex dreams, anddreams with bizarre elements were lower than innormal subjects, while the incidence of dreams withcolor was higher in the schizophrenics. As to the

type of character in the dream, the incidence offamily members was higher and that of friends lowerin schizophrenics. The incidence of pleasant emo-tion in the dream was similar in normal and schizo-phrenic subjects, but unpleasant feelings such assadness, anger, fear, and anxiety were morecommon in the dreams of schizophrenics. The fea-tures of dream reporting and dream content in theschizophrenic subjects seemed to reflect fairlyaccurately the characteristics of the inner experi-ences of schizophrenics. (19 references) (Author ab-stract, modified)

549. Portnov, A. A., and Lyskov, B. D. K strukturelichnostnykh izmeneniy pri shizofrenii i drugikh psi-khozakh. [On the structure of personality changes inschizophrenia and other psychoses.] In: Banshchikov,V. Problemy Lichnosti. [Personality Problems.] Vol. 2Moscow: Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R., 1970.pp. 351-358.

The structure of the so-called "lowered level of per-sonality" syndrome in schizophrenia is describedand its principal differences from personalitychanges in other progressive psychoses are noted.Four subsystems of personality, seen as a system ofrelations, are distinguished: relation to self; to par-ents, family, and friends; social activity and work;and emotional life. Personality defects can be ex-posed by using a method of evaluating the personal-ity as a whole according to these components: thefunctioning of the mental apparatus, personality re-lationships, and emotional resonance. The defect ofschizophrenia is partial or complete loss of the mostessential properties of the mind. Organic psychosesare disturbances of the complex functional systemsof mental apparatus. General characteristicscommon to all psychoses are given, including lossof individual personality qualities, adaptation dis-turbances, and emotional impoverishment. The inad-equacy of the term "lowered level of personality" torepresent such complete changes of the whole ofthe human personality is stressed. (2 references)

550. Rappaport, E. A. The resolution of a delusionalhair fetish. Psychoanalytic Review, 57(4):617-631,1971.

The great difficulty in understanding the paranoidschizophrenic is the grotesqueness of his delusionalworld. A study of a 30-year-old patient with a delu-sional loss of hair is presented. The relentless pur-suit of the delusion and its gradual resolution ena-bled his psychoanalyst to keep him in treatment andsocially and professionally active in the face of anever-threatening ego fragmentation. (11 references)

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551. Regestein, Q. R.; Kahn, C. B.; Siegel, A. J.;Blacklow, R. S.; and Ganack, A. A case of catatoniaoccurring simultaneously with severe urinary retention.Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 152(6):432-435, 1971.A case of catatonic schizophrenia with bladderatonia is described. The patient's urological andpsychological symptoms cleared simultaneouslywith electroconvulsive therapy. (12 references) (Au-thor abstract, modified)

552. Rumyantseva, G. M. Ob odnom is blagopriyatnykhvariantov pristupoobrazno protekayuschey schizofrenii.[One of the favorable varieties of shift-like schizo-phrenia.] Zhurnal Nevropatologii i Psikhiatrii /men/ S.S. Korsakova (Moscow), 70(8):1235-1242, 1970.A variation of shift-like schizophrenia accompaniedby a reduction of positive symptoms in the clinicalpicture of the disease was studied. This variationwas characterized by evolution from oneiroid-cata-tonic or affective-delusional to affective syndrome.Two main types of affective attacks in the remoteperiods were isolated. The first type has a certaindevelopment which speaks in favor of a continua-tion of the morbid process. The second type is char-acterized by a stabilization of the process (remis-sion conditions). The evaluation of such states fromthe standpoint of a pharmacogenic pathomorphosisis analyzed, and it is concluded that pharmacother-apy is not the main factor influencing the characterof the disease but permits some regularities inher-ent to the disease proper to be distinguished. (36references) (Author abstract, modified)

553. Semenov, S. F. Struktura lichnosti i shizofreniya.[The structure of personality and schizophrenia.] In:Banshchikov, V. Problemy Lichnosti. [Personality Prob-lems.} Vol. 2. Moscow: Academy of Sciences of theU.S.S.R., 1970. pp. 358-366.The relationship of personality traits to the schizo-phrenic process is discussed from the point of viewof the Soviet concept of schizophrenia as a patho-biological process connected with organic brain in-jury and autointoxication. The common geneticbasis of premorbid personality traits and developingschizophrenia is noted. These traits are seen as theresult of pathological deviations in the activity of thecentral nervous system acquired prenatally or im-mediately after birth. Evidence for this includes thefact that personality changes in schizophrenics andtheir biological shifts are characterized by commontraits—change of response to ordinary stimuli. Thebasically unchangeable symptoms of schizophreniain all forms of the illness are noted. The role of the

structure of personality, and in particular the emo-tions, in social adaptation and readaptation is dis-cussed. The importance of compensatory mecha-nisms closely interwoven with organic symptoms isnoted. (2 references)

554. Serebryakova, Z.N. Sravnitel'naya kharakteristikakvalifikatsii i trudosposobnosti bol'nykh shizofreniyey spristupoobrazno-progrediysntnym i per periodicheskimtecheniyem po dannym epidemiologicheskogo issledo-vaniya. [Comparative characteristics in qualifying theworking capacity of schizophrenic patients with shift-like and periodic schizophrenia according to data ofepidemiological studies.] Zhurnal Nevropatologii i Psi-khiatrii /men; S. S. Korsakova (Moscow), 70(l l ) :1701-1706, 1970.A study of 352 patients with shift-like and 269 pa-tients with periodic forms of schizophrenia demon-strated that working capacity and professional qual-ifications were higher in the latter group. In bothgroups, working capacity and professional qualifica-tions were directly related to frequency of schizo-phrenic episodes. (Author abstract, modified)

555. Sutter, J. M., and Kerbol, D. N. Les psychosesparanoides a evolution periodique. [Paranoid psychosesof periodic evolution.] Evolution Psychiatrique (Tou-louse), 35(4):723-736, 1970.Paranoid psychoses of the neglected type thatevolve over long periods in which are interspersedperiods of apparently normal behavior are dis-cussed. Attention is given to delimiting such pathol-ogies, their clinical description, their proper classifi-cation, and their etiology. The lack of a basic treat-ment of choice is discussed.

556. Tomorug, E. Uber die heutigen Gewalttaten derSchizophrenen. [Concerning current acts of violence byschizophrenics.] In: Summaries Vol. 1: 3rd Interna-tional Congress of Social Psychiatry. Zagreb, Sept. 2 1 -27, 1970. pp. 166-167.

The increasing rate of acts of violence is discussedfrom a forensic psychiatric viewpoint. Findings in ananalysis of 600 cases show that the majority of actswere perpetrated by individuals with schizophrenicpersonality structures. The topics discussed are: 1)the origin of crime in the schizophrenic, 2) reasonswhich provoke and determine violent acts by schiz-ophrenics, and 3) the schizophrenic's bent for spe-cific acts of violence. Finally, a few didactic exam-ples designed to help formulate crime preventionmeasures are presented. (Journal abstract, modi-fied)

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557. Tyszkiewicz, M. Analiza psychiatryczno-artysty-czna wypowiedzi slownych i plastycznych w schizo-frenii przewleklej. [Psychiatric and artistic analysis ofverbal and artistic expression in chronic schizophrenia.]Psychiatria Polska (Warsaw), 5(2):161-167, 1971.A psychiatric and artistic study of the verbal andartistic expression of a 48-year-old woman patient ispresented. For a number of years, this patient hasbeen severely schizophrenic, with periodic exacer-bations of the illness. Now extremely assiduous inher work, she began to be artistically active at age40. The object of her rich artistic activity (drawing,painting, poetry and prose compositions, music) isher imaginary personality, which is made up of de-lusions and fantasy. The patient's work—especiallyher painting—has artistic value. (Author abstract,modified)

558. Volkan, V. D., and Luttrell, A. S. Aspects of theobject relationships and developing skills of a "me-chanical boy." British Journal of Medical Psychology,44:101-116, 1971.A schizophrenic youngster's creation and use of aseries of machines while in treatment are examined.The multiple meanings of his involvement with ma-chines, along with his attempts at internalization,are observed—particularly his wish to reach up inpsychosexual development for the sake of findingsolutions to pregenital problems, his wish to controlthe distance between self and archaic object repre-sentations, and his attempt at reconstruction of theequilibrium of object relationships at the time ofseparation. It was established that there were linksbetween the ongoing psychological processes aswell as links between the physical aspects of themachines which represented the psychologicalprocesses. (33 references) (Author abstract, modi-fied)

559. Vol'per, M. I.; Malakhov, B. B.; and Tonkonogiy,I. M. Ob izuchenii konformnosti pri issledovanii osoben-nostey lichnosti u bol'nykh shizofreniei. [On the studyof conformity in personality trait research in schizo-phrenics.] In: Banshchikov, V. Problemy Lichnosti.[Personality Problems.'] Vol. 2. Moscow: Academy ofSciences of the U.S.S.R., 1970. pp. 400-404.

A study of 40 relatively stable schizophrenics exam-ines their level of conformity to the opinion of oth-ers. The patients, 20 men and 20 women, had longhistories of schizophrenia and all worked steadily inthe hospital therapy plant. Half were patients withparanoid type of remission and half with apatheticabulic type. A test method is described in whichimages with varying numbers of black and white

elements were projected in pairs on a screen andthe patients asked to select the one with more blackelements. The patient was paired with a coworker, adoctor or nurse from the hospital, and a neutralperson in different series in which the partner gavea deliberately false evaluation before the patientgave his opinion. Conformity was considered to bean answer which agreed with the deliberately falseevaluation of the partner. It was concluded that con-formity did not depend on the sex of the patient, buton the type of remission. Apathetic abulic types hada significantly higher level of conformity than theparanoid type.

560. West, L. J. Hallucinations. Modern Perspectivesin World Psychiatry, 2:265-287, 1971.In this historical review of hallucinations, specificconsideration is given to: sleeping and dreaming,level of arousal, sensory isolation, prolonged wake-fulness, the mystic, hypnosis, monotony, disease ofsensory input, mental set, and multiple causes.Chemically induced hallucinations and those asso-ciated with schizophrenia are also discussed. (46references)

diagnosis561. Calhoun, J. F. Comment on differentiating para-noid from nonparanoid schizophrenics. Journal of Con-sulting and Clinical Psychology, 36(l):104-105, 1971.Three methods of differentiating paranoid from non-paranoid schizophrenics were compared using 97males from a Veterans Administration hospital.Official hospital diagnosis and behavior ratings werefound to be significantly correlated, while self-reportcorrelated with neither of the other two techniques.Implications for research are briefly considered. (1reference) (Author abstract)562. Dalma, J. Analisis y valorizaci6n critica de lanosologia sobre esquizofrenia, aceptada por la O.M.S.[Analysis and critical appraisal of the nosology con-cerning schizophrenia accepted by O.M.S.] Ada Psi-quiatrica y Psicologica de America Latina (BuenosAires), 17(l):51-54, 1971.

In this review of the still evolving classification andnomenclature of schizophrenia, it is concluded thatcontinuing attempts to describe this disorder mustcarefully avoid confusion between phenomena hav-ing etiological significance and those which are aproduct of existing psychotic states in the mentallyill. In order to solve the fundamental problems ofschizophrenia from a methodological viewpoint,teamwork on important and difficult material is nec-essary.

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563. Glatzel, J. Die akute Katatonie, unter besondererBerucksichtigung der akuten todlichen Katatonie. [Acutecatatonia, with special attention to acute, fatal cata-tonic states.] Acta Psychiatrics Scandinavica (Copen-hagen), 46(2):151-179, 1970.A thoroughly documented report on acute schizo-phrenic catatonia describes and discusses the dis-ease in terms of its origins, etiology, and symptoma-tology. Organic and functional bases are consid-ered, and treatments are evaluated. (83 references)

564. Hamlin, R. M., and Lorr, M. Differentiation ofnormals, neurotics, paranoids, and nonparanoids. Jour-nal of Abnormal Psychology, 77(l):90-96, 1971.Objective tests and symptom ratings are comparedin differentiating psychopathy. A univariate and twodiscriminant function analyses were carried out with30 measures on 61 normals, 45 neurotics, 31 para-noids, and 71 nonparanoid schizophrenics. Consid-ered separately, objective tests of psychomotorspeed, cognition, and social perception all differen-tiate the four comparison groups. When symptomratings are included in the discriminant functionanalysis, however, only the cognitive tests make aunique contribution not covered by the ratings. Theresults suggest a basic cognitive deficit, one that isnot accounted for entirely by bizarre associations,social isolation, or apathetic motivation. (9 refer-ences) (Author abstract, modified)

565. Nevzorova, T. A., and Kokanbayeva, R. F. For-mirovaniye shizofrenicheskogo debyuta i premorbidnyyeosobennosti lichnosti. [The formation of schizophrenicdebut and premorbid personality traits.] In: Banshchi-kov, V. Problemy Lichnosti. {Personality Problems."]Vol. 2. Moscow: Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R.,1970. pp. 380-384.

The relationship between the premorbid structure ofpersonality and the formation of the initial psycho-pathological state in schizophrenia is discussed.The rate of schizophrenic development to changesin the personality as a whole is inversely related.The faster psychopathological symptoms develop,the less premorbid personality traits are reflected inthe structure of the illness. Three types of schizo-phrenia—paranoid, catatonic, and periodic-sympto-matic—are discussed in relation to personality traitsevident before the illness developed.

566. Petrousbaia, B., and Snezhnevsky, A. V. Thesymptomatology, clinical forms and nosology of sch'z-ophrenia. Modern Perspectives in World Psychiatry,2:425-447, 1971.

In this review of schizophrenia in the U.S.S.R., it isnoted that the study of psychopathological syn-dromes is still far from complete and lacks anyunified classification. At times the classification ap-pears quite arbitrary, and there is frequent confu-sion between syndrome and form of the disease, orbetween syndrome and symptoms. Attempts havebeen made to synthesize the concept of the primaryschizophrenic disturbance on the one hand and ofschizophrenic syndromes on the other. (64 refer-ences) (Author abstract, modified)

567. Roosen, C. J. A. Het proces-reactief continuumbinnen de schizofrenie. [The process-reactive con-tinuum in schizophrenia.] Nederlands Tijdschrift voorde Psychologie (Amsterdam), 25(8):497-532, 1970.

Results of experimental studies indicate that schizo-phrenic patients can be divided into two groupsdiffering in prognostic and life-history variables.Four classificatory methods are discussed: TheElgin Prognostic Scale (Wittman 1941), the criteriaof Kantor et al. (1953), the Phillips Scale (1953), andthe Self-Report Scale (Ullmann and Giovannoni1964). The Phillips and the Elgin Scale are consid-ered the most exact methods. The process-reactivedimension is seen as a continuum reflecting thelevel of personality organization. (70 references)(Journal abstract, modified)

568. Sanborn, D. E., Ill; Casey, T. M.; and Niswander,G. D. Drug abusers, suicide attempters, and the MMPI.Diseases of the Nervous System, 32(3):183-187,1971.A study was made to determine whether there isany relationship among the personality characteris-tics of drug abusers and those who have attemptedsuicide. Twenty-four males, 12 drug abusers and 12suicide attempters between the ages of 18 and 25,were drawn from consecutive admissions to theNew Hampshire Hospital and were administered theMinnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)within 2 weeks of their admission. A table of diag-nostic categories showed that the suicide attempt-ers and drug abusers were diagnosed as schizo-phrenics. Profiles for the groups on the MMPI werefound to correlate significantly with each other. Onereason for this similarity of personality may befound in viewing both groups as ultimately doing thesame thing, using different methods to manipulatethe environment: methods that are essentially self-destructive. (25 references) (Author abstract, modi-fied)

569. Vitello, A. Melancolia di Cotard con paranoidismoschizoide. [A patient with melancholia of Cotard with

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signs of unchained paranoidism.] Rassegna di StudiPsichiatrici (Siena), 59(3):195-210, 1970.An interpretation of the clinical psychopathologicalsymptomatology and the social situational factors ofan elderly patient suffering from endogenic fate mel-ancholia of Cotard with symptoms of schizoid para-noidism is presented. (32 references) (Journal ab-stract, modified)

570. Watson, C. G. An MMPI scale to separate brain-damaged from schizophrenic men. Journal of Consult-ing and Clinical Psychology, 36(1):121-125, 1971.Previous research has suggested that most ability-oriented brain-damage tests are not useful in thedifferentiation of schizophrenics from organically-damaged patients, but that personality test meas-ures may separate the two groups. In the presentstudy, three Minnesota Multiphasic Personality In-ventory scales were developed to differentiatebrain-damaged and schizophrenic males: a) an un-weighted scale consisting of 80 items differentiallyendorsed by organics and schizophrenics at a Vet-erans Administration psychiatric hospital; b) thesame items weighted as a function of their differen-tiating power; and c) a short form consisting of the30 most powerful items weighted in accordance withtheir differentiating strength. The scales werecross-validated in a State hospital population and ageneral medical and surgical Veterans Administra-tion hospital. The results indicate that the scalesdifferentiated male organically-damaged patientsfrom schizophrenics but were of dubious valueamong female populations. (16 references) (Authorabstract, modified)

571. Zavidovskaya, G. I. Tipologiya sindroma navya-zchivosti u bol'nykh blagopriyatno protekayushcheyshizofreniyey. [The typology of the obsessive syndromein patients with progressive schizophrenia.] ZhurnalNevropatologii i Psikhiatrii /men/ S. S. Korsakova (Mos-cow), 70(11): 1686-1694, 1970.Two types of obsessional syndromes were distin-guished in a study of 50 schizophrenic patients. Thefirst type was characterized by obsessional fearsand anxiety, mainly of a hypochondriacal nature,which, while exaggerated, were nonetheless psycho-logically "understandable." This syndrome wasmost often found in cases of schizophrenia charac-terized by a continuous, sluggish type of develop-ment. The second type of obsessional syndromeinvolved a wider variety of obsessions—obsessionaldrives, contrast ideas and imaginings, obsessions ofthe Geltungszwang, and acute phobic paroxysms.These obsessional states, which seemed relatively

unmotivated and resembled acute delusional condi-tions, were mainly found in cases of shift-like schiz-ophrenia. (43 references) (Journal abstract, modi-fied)

epidemiological572. Vana, J., and Ivanys, E. Psychiatric epidemiologyand ecology research group. In: Psychiatric ResearchInstitute: Annual Report, 1968-1970. Prague: Psy-chiatric Research Institute, 1971. pp. 40-43.An annual report is made of the activities of thepsychiatric epidemiology and ecology researchgroup of the Psychiatric Research Institute for theperiod 1968-1970. This group, the only one of itskind in Czechoslovakia, was established in 1961 anddeals with the planning and directing of a nationalprogram for the collection, analysis, and interpreta-tion of demographic, epidemiological, and other sta-tistical data relevant to the control of mental disor-ders and for mental health planning. The intensiveactivities are concerned with the ecological study ofmental disorders in Prague. Continual monitoring oftreated psychiatric morbidity is an aim of this group,and a case register of hospitalized patients residingin Prague is being set up as a first step toward thatend. A structured questionnaire has been preparedand is under test. Other activities are reported.

family573. Bleichmar, H. B. Doble vinculo. [Double bind.]Ada Psiquiatrica y Psicologica de America Latina(Buenos Aires), 15(4):365-366, 1969.Several factors which delineate a double-bind situa-tion are presented, and the characteristics of thepitfall in which a victim finds himself are discussed.A hypothesis was formulated that the mother of aschizophrenic is someone who experiences anxietyand withdraws if her child responds affectionatelytoward her. But because she cannot tolerate feelinganxiety and hostility toward the child, she attemptsto conceal her rejection; involuntarily, she issuesincongruent messages. The evolution of the conceptof double bind deserves much attention in psychiat-ric literature. (8 references)

574. Dotti, A. Coinvolgimento della famiglia. [Involve-ment of the family in the treatment of schizophrenia.]Rivista de Psichiatria (Rome), 5(4):294-297, 1970.

Since the family plays an important role in the de-velopment of schizophrenia, its involvement in thetherapeutic process of the disease cannot be dis-

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puted. Family psychotherapy changes the relation-ship between the various members and improvesthe emotional communication among them. Theschizophrenic is no longer an isolated phemomenonbut becomes a vital member of the family. The fam-ily is not the only element responsible for the schiz-ophrenic patient, but it represents the only factorreadily accessible to the psychiatrist.

575. Hayashi, M. Intra-family communication patternsin families of schizophrenics. Psychiatria et NeurologiaJaponica (Tokyo), 72(6):618-635, 665, 1970.Family dynamics was studied by analysis of intra-family communication patterns, and an attempt wasmade to treat the analysis of the family Rorschachquantitatively. Subjects comprised an experimentalgroup of nine families of schizophrenics and a con-trol group of 11 families of nonschizophrenics. Com-munication in the families of schizophrenics wascharacterized by scarcity in the amount and ex-changeability of information, inability of family mem-bers to engage in appropriate "role playing," self-renunciation, serious disruption, and absence of asense of community. (25 references) (Author ab-stract, modified)

576. Howells, J. G. Family psychopathology and schiz-ophrenia. Modern Perspectives in World Psychiatry,2:391-424, 1971.A number of anomalies in family functioning are putforward to explain the development of schizophreniain one family member. Among the well-known postu-lations of the etiological significance of defectivefamily interaction are those of Bowen, Wynne'sgroup, Lidz and his coworkers, and the Palo Altogroup. The work of others is briefly mentioned. Re-lated matters are considered, such as the parentschizophrenic, mother schizophrenic, father schizo-phrenic, age group, childhood psychosis, and com-munity care. It is concluded that the anomaliesfound in the families of schizophrenics are not sig-nificant in the etiology of schizophrenia, but thatintracerebral organic factors cause the disorder.(207 references)

577. Krider. J. W., Jr. Desensitizing and resensitizingthe schizogenic family system. Social Casework, 52(6):370-376, 1971.Family counseling agencies occasionally find them-selves treating clients whose conditions border onsevere pathology and who, for one or more specificreasons, do not seek psychiatric help. A treatmentmethod for schizophrenic reactors that has been ofmeasurable effectiveness in a social work setting is

described. In the course of more than 7 years ofpractice, it was found that an honest and directapproach—when coupled with genuine warmth anda desire to help—is ego syntonic for those personswhose disturbances result from basic communica-tional anomalies. It is those anomalies that, in con-junction with earlier preoedipal shortcomings, makeoedipal retribution anxieties so devastatingly over-whelming, particularly when coupled with the drivesand external demands of adolescence. It is in ado-lescence that honesty becomes of paramount impor-tance and treatment accessibility is heightened. Theuse of the adolescent's natural drive to acquire in-formation about the image he projects and his needfor support from his peers lead naturally to a hyper-candid, group experience in which two adolescents,carefully chosen to assure maximum growth throughtreatment, become partners in treating themselves.(7 references) (Author abstract, modified)

578. Mishler, E. G., and Waxier, N. E. Functions ofhesitations in the speech of normal families and fam-ilies of schizophrenic patients. Language and Speech,No. 13:102-117, 1970.Sentences containing several types of hesitation—including pauses, repetitions, and word fragments—were sampled from the interaction of families ofschizophrenic and normal children. These were sub-mitted to subjects who attempted to guess eachsuccessive word in the sentence. The degree towhich words were correctly guessed was associatedwith the position of the word relative to the hesita-tion in the sentence. Differences were found in thepredictability of words antecedent and subsequentto noncontent and content hesitations. Furthermore,the patterns of predictability were different forwords from the two types of families; words follow-ing noncontent hesitations in schizophrenic familiesdropped to a low level of predictability, 18 percent,in contrast to a 36 percent level of predictability forthe same type of word in normal families. The find-ings are discussed in terms of the possible differentfunctions of hesitations in schizophrenic and normalfamilies, and related to clinical reports of difficulty incomprehending conversations among schizophrenicfamily members. (15 references) (Journal abstract,modified)

579. Reiss, D. Varieties of consensual experience: III.Contrasts between families of normals, delinquents andschizophrenics. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease,152(2):73-95, 1971.A selective review of the literature is given to pre-dict that normal families would experience their en-vironment as patterned, logical, and masterable (en-

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vironment sensitive); that members in families ofdelinquents would experience themselves in theirown universe where others' behavior and opinionwere irrelevant (distance sensitive); and that fami-lies of schizophrenics would experience the envi-ronment as confusing and hostile and would strivetoward shared, stylized, and distorted notions of itas a means of mutual protection and support. Anarray of experimental findings, using objective meas-ures from a card-sorting procedure, confirmedmost of these predictions. It was suggested that anoverall model of consensual experience remained aplausible explanation of family performance but thatan individual information processing model wasequally plausible. Three distinctive contributions ofthe present methods and concepts were discussed:their provision of a typology of families based onobjective classificatory techniques, the possibility ofbypassing notions of the ideal and defective in fam-ily life, and the study of families' interaction withtheir communities. (40 references) (Author abstract)

genetics580. Gerard, K.; Kazubska, M.; Jaroszynski, J.; andJanowska, A. Patologia rodzinna a przebieg schizo-frenii. [Family history of pathology and the course ofschizophrenia.] Psychiatria Polska (Warsaw), 5(1):79-84, 1971.An attempt was made to establish whether the for-mation of schizoid personality characteristics in therelatives of schizophrenic patients is influenced bythe environment. One hundred and thirty schizo-phrenic patients, 176 of their relatives, and 57 mari-tal partners were investigated. Patients were dividedinto groups with a favorable and an unfavorableprognosis according to the following criteria: Dura-tion of first remission, time and quality of remission,and duration of illness prior to hospitalization. Sub-jects not suffering from psychosis were included inone of the following groups: Normal personality,schizoid personality, and other abnormality. Schiz-oid personality was frequently found among the pa-tients' relatives (particularly paranoid patients) andeven more frequently found among their siblings.Relatives who had remained in close contact withthe patients were especially likely to exhibit schiz-oid traits. Marital partners were usually matched onthe basis of dissimilarity; therefore, various kinds ofmental abnormalities were more frequent in subjectswho had married the patients before they becamepsychotic. Nonschizophrenic pathology is prognosti-cally favorable in the first years of illness, typicallypathological in later years. (18 references) (Authorabstract, modified)

581. Lane, E. A.; Albee, G. W.; and Doll, L. S. The in-telligence of children of schizophrenics. DevelopmentalPsychology, 2(3):315-317, 1970.

No deleterious effects of schizophrenic parents onthe intellectual development of their children werein evidence when the IQ's of 262 children of schizo-phrenics were compared to the childhood premor-bid scores of their 129 schizophrenic parents. Chil-dren's IQ's were significantly higher than those oftheir parents. Children of the same sex as theirschizophrenic parents performed no more poorlythan children of the opposite sex. Children withschizophrenic mothers performed better than chil-dren with schizophrenic fathers. A discussion of theregression effect on the results is included. (9 refer-ences) (Journal abstract)

582. Mosher, L. R.; Pollin, W.; and Stabenau, J. R.Identical twins discordant for schizophrenia: Neuro-logic findings. Archives of General Psychiatry, 24(5):422-430, 1971.

Neurologic findings in 22 identical twin pairs (15discordant for schizophrenia, three concordant, andfour psychologically normal) are reported. Based ontwo careful examinations, 11 indexes in the discor-dant pairs, two schizophrenics in the concordantpairs, and two normal twins were judged as probablyor definitely neurologically abnormal. Significantlymore abnormal signs were found in discordant in-dexes than in their co-twins, in schizophrenics thanin nonschizophrenics, and in lower birth weight thanin higher birth weight twins. Although two electroen-cephalograms on each twin revealed few clear ab-normalities and striking intrapair concordance, halfof the sample had some minor deviation from nor-mal on at least one EEG. Significant correlationswere found between neurologic scores and bothWechsler Adult Intelligence Scale IQ and level ofpsychopathology on several Inpatient Multidimen-sional Psychiatric Scale subscales. Interpretationsof these data and requirements for future studiesare considered. (18 references) (Author abstract)

583. Penrose, L. S. Critical survey of schizophreniagenetics. Modern Perspectives in World Psychiatry, 2:3-19, 1971.

This survey of schizophrenia genetics deals withclinical description, onset, relationship to affectivepsychoses, age of onset analysis, familial concen-tration, twins, and biochemical genetics. It is con-cluded that: 1) Schizophrenia is a diagnosis whichis based on mental symptoms; it does not defineone specific disease any more than does the diag-

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nosis of mental deficiency or epilepsy. 2) The diag-nosis of schizophrenia is too imprecise to form thebasis of genetic study. 3) The differentiation be-tween schizophrenia and affective and other typesof psychotic reaction is not clear cut. 4) Many stud-ies have been made on twin pairs in which one orboth members have been diagnosed schizophrenic.Little can be directly inferred from them except thatheredity and environment both enter into the causa-tion of the diseases studied. 5) The results obtainedby all the different methods of investigation em-ployed lead to some conclusions. Strict Mendelianinheritance has not been found. In some cases,schizophrenia may be a single recessive trait. Inothers, the genetic background is multifactorial.Sex-linked genes probably have important effects,either as major causes in particular cases or asmodifying influences. 6) Inborn biochemical errorswhich lead to schizophrenic illness may eventuallybe identified. 7) Sex chromosomal aberrations, suchas those which produce Turner's and Klinefelter'ssyndromes, are occasionally found in associationwith mental illnesses with schizophrenic symptoms.(47 references) (Author abstract, modified)

584. Rosenthal, D. A program of research on heredityin schizophrenia. Behavioral Science, 16(3):191-201,1971.

A number of studies which attempt to elucidate thepossible role of hereditary factors in the etiology ofschizophrenic disorders are presented. The focus ison experimental design rather than on findings, butsome findings presented strongly support the posi-tion that the role of heredity in such disorders mustbe taken seriously. The studies primarily use natu-rally occurring adoptions to tease apart the geneticand family-rearing variables. One study presents adesign intended specifically to uncover heredity-en-vironment interactions. (16 references) (Journal ab-stract, modified)

prognosis585. Bartoszewski, J., and Wojciechowski, J. Rysunkichorych na schizofrenie jako czynnik prognostyczny wocenie ich startu psychicznego. [Drawings by schizo-phrenic patients as a prognostic factor in the evalua-tion of the mental state.] Psychiatria Polska (Warsaw),5(2):153-159, 1971.

The authors analyzed drawings by schizophrenicpatients who had received intensive treatment withneuroleptics and psychotherapy. The conclusionwas made that artistic activity of the mentally ill is auseful form of sociotherapy. Discussing with a pa-

tient his artistic production may improve the physi-cian-patient contact and facilitate psychiatric exami-nation. Changes of style in drawings by schizo-phrenic patients often precede the occurrence ofmental changes not revealed by psychiatric exami-nations until later. (11 references) (Author abstract,modified)

586. Chien, C. P., and Sharaf, M. R. Factors in thedischarge of chronic patients. Hospital & CommunityPsychiatry, 22(8):236-238, 1971.

Factors in the hospital discharge of 39 chronicschizophrenics were studied. The results of thestudy indicate that patients discharged did not diffeisignificantly from those who remained in the hospi-tal regarding symptomatology, ward behavior, or thestaff's global impression of the intensity of illness.The findings support the statement that the dis-charge of chronic patients is not determined mainlyby their mental status. (2 references)

587. Holden, J. M. C; Hsu, W.; Ml, T. M.; andKeskiner, A. Predictor patterns in the management oftherapy-resistant schizophrenia. Diseases of the Nerv-ous System, 32(4):260-268, 1971.

In an investigation of therapy-resistant schizo-phrenia, several variables were measured in chronicpatients, and patterns predicting response to inten-sive treatment, including psychotropic drugs, wereestablished. Clinical, social, and basic patient datawere included in predictor profiles; clinical improve-ment, social competence, and employment potentialwere used as outcome criteria. Results indicate thatchronic schizophrenics can be successfully rehabili-tated and discharged from the hospital, a findingcontrary to that of other studies. Simple clinical,social, and employment profiles can be structuredfor predicting differential outcome to treatment. Re-sponsiveness to treatment and social competenceand employment potential can be predicted as sepa-rate entities. The physician can therefore be awareof potential problems in these areas before dis-charge. The influence of individual variables on out-come and problems in precisely defining them arediscussed. (30 references)

588. Kholodkovskaya, Y. M., and Torubarov, S. V.Premorbidnyye svoystva lichnosti i ikh vliyaniye naosobennosti povedeniya bol'nykh shizofreniei. [Premor-bid personality traits and their influence on the be-havior of schizophrenics.] In: Banschikov, V. ProblemyLichnosti. [Personality Problems.] Vol. 2. Moscow:Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R., 1970. pp. 394 -399.

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A study of 200 patients with paranoid schizophrenia,recently discharged from compulsory treatment, ex-amines premorbid personality traits and their influ-ence on behavior. Socially harmful actions are ana-lyzed to establish the effect of positive or negativepersonality traits formed before the illness. Thequickest readaptation of patients is observed inthose with positive premorbid social and work atti-tudes. Clinical examples of the influence of positiveand negative traits on behavior are given. Thedeeper and stronger negative attitudes are beforethe illness, the more clearly they can be revealed inthe psychoses. The role of well-developed socialtraits in overcoming socially harmful intentions,caused by delirious motives, is described.

589. Mandelbrote, B. M. Social and clinical outcomeof schizophrenia. In: Summaries Vol. 1: 3rd Interna-tional Congress of Social Psychiatry. Zagreb, Sept. 2 1 -27, 1970, p. 229.

A followup study of 66 schizophrenic patients admit-ted to an English hospital within a 12-month periodis reported. The hospital is in a community settingand emphasizes social interaction and group partic-ipation; all methods of social and occupational re-habilitation are used. Forty-six percent of the pa-tients released had not been readmitted 2 yearslater, and 13 percent remained in the hospital con-tinuously. Clinical ratings for schizophrenia werelower in the group remaining in the hospital, and itwas postulated that personality difficulties and pro-longed dependence on the hospital setting werecontributing factors. Results show good short-termprognosis, both in terms of symptomatic and socialrecovery.

590. Rosen, B.; Engelhart, D. M.; Freedman, N.; Mar-golis, R.; and Klein, D. F. The Hospitalization Prone-ness Scale as a predictor of response to phenothiazinetreatment. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease,152(6):405-411, 1971.To explore the influence of personality factors onresponse to phenothiazine treatment, the relation-ship between the Hospitalization Proneness Scale(HPS) and the effectiveness of phenothiazine treat-ment in delaying hospitalization for those patientshospitalized during the course of their clinic treat-ment was examined. The 129 hospitalized patientswere part of a larger cohort of 446 chronic schizo-phrenic outpatients randomly assigned to placebo,promazine, and chlorpromazine and treated underdouble-blind conditions. The patients in this samplewere hospitalized after from 1 to 114 months of

continuous outpatient treatment. The patients weredivided into hospitalization prone and nonpronegroups on the basis of the HPS. The HPS consistsof measures of the patient's effectiveness in socialinteractions, cognitive performance, and social at-tainment assessed at intake. The findings indicatethat the number of months the patient was able toremain in outpatient treatment prior to hospitaliza-tion is the result of an interaction between the spe-cific drug received and level of HPS score. A multi-ple-range test indicated that among prone patients,those treated with either chlorpromazine or proma-zine remained in treatment for a significantly longerperiod of time than comparable placebo-treated pa-tients. On the other hand, nonprone patients treatedwith chlorpromazine were hospitalized after a signif-icantly shorter period of time than nonprone pa-tients treated with either placebo or promazine. Inaddition, chlorpromazine-treated nonprone patientswere hospitalized significantly earlier than chlor-promazine-treated prone patients. The results werediscussed in terms of the relationship between thepersonality attributes measured and the sedativecharacteristics of the drugs employed. The implica-tions of the findings to drug treatment and futureresearch were also discussed. (18 references) (Au-thor abstract)

591. Tsutsulkovskaya, M. Y.; Khurgin, Y. I.; Fastovets,N. O.; and Pekunova, L. G. Opredeleniye prognozoyunosheskoy nepreryvno tekuschchey schizofrenii sispol'zovaniyem metodov matematicheskogo analiza. [Adetermination of the prognosis in juvenile continuousschizophrenia using mathematical analysis.] ZhurnalNevropatologii i Psikhiathi /men/ S. S. Korsakova (Mos-cow), 70(11): 1694-1701, 1970.

In a study of 806 patients with schizophrenia,course of illness was described as sluggishly pro-gressive in 463 cases, moderately progressive in 158cases, and malignantly progressive in 185 cases.Using a diagnostic algorithm, it was possible to pre-dict, based on 130 initial clinical symptoms, the sub-sequent course of illness—i.e., whether sluggishly,moderately, or malignantly progressive. The symp-toms most predictive, individually and in variouscombinations, of each type of disease developmentwere determined by computer processing. Comput-er-derived prognostic predictions showed a degreeof agreement with those arrived at by conventionalclinical means. The disadvantages of this programand the ways in which it might be improved arediscussed. (10 references) (Journal abstract, modi-fied)

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psychological theory592. Benedetti, G. Dynamische Rollen der schizo-phrenen Spaltung. [Dynamic roles in schizophrenic dis-sociation.] Praxis der Psychotherapie (Munich), 15(5):194-200, 1970.The possibility that schizophrenic dissociation inthe individual may find its analogs in more generaldivergencies from the anthropological norms is con-sidered. Based on this premise, several case histo-ries in which the patient seemed to be acting out arole already pathologically expressed in the largerculture are described and discussed.

593. Dunham, H. W. Sociocultural studies of schizo-phrenia. ArchiVes of General Psychiatry, 24(3):206-214, 1971.The two major approaches to schizophrenia derivefrom the "soft" diagnosis (rooted in psychoanalytic,learning, socialization, and anomie theories) and the"hard" diagnosis (stemming from Kraepelin'sclassic work on dementia praecox). Narrow ap-proaches must be rejected and new levels of syn-thesis achieved if the riddle of schizophrenia is tobe solved. (59 references) (Author abstract, modi-fied)

594. Holfeld, H. Kasuistischer Beitrag zur schizo-phrenen Urn- und Innenwelt. [Casuistic contribution tothe schizophrenic outer and inner world.] Zeitschriftfur Psychosomatische Medizin und Psychoanalyse(Gottingen), 17(l):51-67, 1971.The development of schizophrenic psychosis is dis-cussed from its earliest beginnings in the mother-child relationship, when there is still no distinctionbetween the " I " and "not I." Some authors claimthat in schizophrenia there is a lack of differentia-tion between self and the environment, first manifestin a regression and then in a breakdown in theprocesses of thought, feeling, and behavior. Theargument that schizophrenia is hereditary may verywell derive from the lack of communication betweena schizophrenic mother and her child. It is claimedthat the family unit may suffer from psychopathol-ogy in one of its members (father or mother) andthus influence the development of the child. In areview of the origin of schizophrenia, Kutter pointedout three phases of fixation: The primary narcissis-tic, the dual union, and the time space in which thechild is dissociated from the dual union. A caseillustration of this type of development is presented.The disruptive influences in the mother-child rela-tionship are pointed out, and various events arerelated which reflect the loss of the " I " feeling, a

loss of identity, and later the inability to differentiatethe "here" from the "elsewhere," and the inabilityto make sense of a phrase. The development of thiscase along these specific lines is discussed. (29references)

595. King, P. D. Ego development and the hypnosistheory of schizophrenia. Psychoanalytic Review, 57(4):647-656, 1971.The hypnosis theory of schizophrenia (HTS) is re-vised to state that a double-bind relationship be-tween mother and child is crucial to the later devel-opment of schizophrenia. Supporting this revision isthe fact that the Balinese showed two universal butunique phenomena: a double-bind relationship withmother in infancy, and a later ability to enter aspontaneous trance. Furthermore, workers whostudied the Balinese believed them to be clinicallyschizophrenic. The effects of the double bind on thechild who eventually becomes schizophrenic arediscussed in relation to ego development. Specifi-cally, the painful double bind with mother is seen toresult in blurring of ego organization by the infant ata time crucial to his personality development. Thisleaves a scar in the personality which later in lifemay result in ego disorganization and vulnerabilityto unconscious wishes, needs, and fears which, in away analogous to a hypnotic suggestion from within,change normal behavior into the clinical picture ofschizophrenia. Investigation qf developing object re-lations and ego organization indicates that furtherstudy of the etiology of schizophrenia from the pointof view of the HTS should focus first on verbal andnonverbal aspects of the mother-child relationshipwhen the child is 3 to 8 months of age. (16 refer-ences) (Author abstract, modified)

596. Leon, C. A. El diablo y el almanaque (cambios enel contenido de las producciones psicopatoldgicas enrelation con el transcurso del tiempo). [Satan and thecalendar: Changes in the context of psychopathologicalproductions in relation to the passing of time.] ActaPsiquiatrica y Psicologica de America Latina (BuenosAires), 16(2):105-116, 1970.Ecological, social, and cultural factors are consid-ered in analyzing the symptoms of mental illnessrelevant to the time they occurred. Case histories ofpatients in a psychiatric hospital were reviewed anddivided into two periods with 1,000 cases in eachgroup. The first period was August 17, 1956, to Seo-tember 14, 1959; the second period, August 1, 1964,to January 21, 1966. Symptoms which were presentduring the first psychiatric evaluation of each casewere considered; all cases of delirium and halluci-

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nation were included in the analysis. A comparisonwas made between patients of the two periods, andthe results are presented. It is concluded that evi-dence did not support the hypothesis that signifi-cant differences existed between the delirium andhallucinations of the patients observed. (28 refer-ences)

597. Luby, E. D., and Gottlieb, J. S. Model psychoses.Modern Perspectives in World Psychiatry, 2:288-312,1971.

All model psychoses may be conceptualized as re-sulting from disruption in the central processing orfrom interference with the normal sensory influxfrom body or distance receptors. The experimentalfindings of the effects of sleep deprivation, sensoryisolation, psychotomimetic drugs, and a combina-tion of drugs and sensory isolation require someunifying hypotheses having relevance to the prob-lem of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is far more thana concatenation of primitive avoidance responses,explicable in terms of the anachronisms of libidotheory. A major defect in the transmission and proc-essing of sensory and internally generated, idea-tional input is present, resulting in a profoundly dis-torted self-experience, inept blocking of irrelevantor redundant signals, and unstable set shifting. (69references) (Author abstract, modified)

598. Marinow, A. "Le Soleil": Contribution a la psy-chopathologie de la schizophrenic chronique. ["TheSun": A contribution to the psychopathology of chronicschizophrenia.] L'Encephale (Paris), 19(4):335-352,1970.

The case history of a patient who had been hospi-talized for several years without any treatment isused to illustrate the phenomenology of schizo-phrenia. His illness' onset was marked by hallucina-tions of taste and odor, ideas of persecution, anxi-ety, and presentiments of death. Later, auditory hal-lucinations developed with ideas of persecution; hisspeech became incoherent. The delusions devel-oped into ideas of power and, over the years, tookon a fantastic and paraphrenic character. Alongwith the deterioration of thought content, he devel-oped a cosmogonic theory which included his delu-sions. The patient identified with the sun and tookits name. This patient retained many of his premor-bid traits, some peculiarities of character, his mem-ory, and his scholastic learning, as well as his lifeexperiences. The patient's occupation in the hospi-tal and in the city is of decisive importance in hissocial readaptation, for the sake of his well-de-fended personality, and for the elimination of inju-

rious factors due to his isolation. The interpretationof the patient's development is discussed accordingto various authorities. (33 references) (Author ab-stract, modified)

599. Resnik, S. L'Experience de I'espace dans la sit-uation analytique. [Space experience in the analyticalsituation.] Information Psychiatrique (Lyon), 46(5):501-507, 509, 1970.

The idea of perceiving mental disturbances as adissociation of events occurring in different spatialrelationships is pursued. The body is viewed as, acontainer of space where an interior world is expe-rienced with mental processes which are completelyisolated from extracorporeal associations. Thesedislocated spatial phenomena in psychoanalysis arestudied in a schizophrenic patient. The patient is a31-year-old male who is being treated for characterdisorders. There is a distinct dissociation betweenhis exterior personality, which is timid and meticu-lous, and his profoundly disturbed mental proc-esses. The mechanistic functions of his body residewithin an entirely different spatial relationship fromthose of his intensely self-preoccupied mental proc-esses. (6 references)

600. Rubins, J. L. Schizophrenia as a defense againstconflict: A holistic view. In: Summaries Vol. 2: 3rdInternational Congress of Social Psychiatry. Zagreb,Sept. 21-27, 1970. pp. 272-274.

The classical psychoanalytic view of schizophreniaas a regression to an infantile stage of psychosex-ual and ego development is challenged; in contrast,a culturally-based holistic dynamic concept ofschizophrenic development is presented. In thisconcept the form of schizophrenic development de-pends on the interaction between characteristicconflict-produced distortions in two parallel aspectsof the growth process. In addition, the pattern ofemotional attitudinal development is disturbed; con-flict starts early in life by the interaction of a child'sgiven personality with definite pathological attitudesof parents. The holistic view presented considersand explains the influence of social and culturalfactors on development of personality.

601. Thornton, C. C, and Gottheil, E. Social schematain schizophrenic males. Journal of Abnormal Psychol-ogy, 77(2):192-195, 1971.Keuthe's felt figure replacement technique was usedto investigate differences in social schemata be-tween normal (A/ = 17) and schizophrenic (W = 32)males. As predicted, the schizophrenic males, un-

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like the normal males, did not display the schemathat people belong together. Further, the schizo-phrenic males, more often than the normal males,overestimated at least one of the parental figuredistances (i.e., woman-boy and/or man-boy), a differ-ence that was not observed for any combination ofnonparental human figure sets. These results areconsistent with the notion that early parent-childconflict later generalizes to interpersonal relation-ship on the whole. (10 references.) (Author abstract)

602. Wexler, M. Schizophrenia: Conflict and deficiency.Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 40(l):83-99, 1971.Clinical observations of conflict and deficiency inschizophrenia are discussed. Experience with pa-tients who decompensate in the course of psy-choanalytic treatment points up a wide variety ofsymptoms closely associated with a loss of internalobject representation and a variety of urgent restitu-tional efforts. These reinforce Freud's thesis thatschizophrenia is to be sharply differentiated fromneurosis, with loss of object representation in theformer and retention of such representations in theunconscious in the latter. These concepts clearlysuggest specific technical approaches in the treat-ment of schizophrenic patients. They also raise thegeneral question as to whether there is value indifferentiating more sharply between conflict disor-ders and deficiency disorders. (12 references) (Jour-nal abstract, modified)

603. Zurabashvili, A. 0. Sterzhnevye problemy per-sonologii i patopersonologii. [Pivotal problems of per-sonology and pathopersonology.] In: Banshchikov, V.Problemy Lichnosti. [Personality Problems.} Vol. 2.Moscow: Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R., 1970.pp. 45-57.

Personological (evolutionary-psychopathological)analysis as used by psychoneurologists in clinicalstudy is discussed to include case history, pheno-menological observations, clinical psychological ex-periments, psychopharmacological therapy data,and active biological medication. The theory andpractice of work therapy as a significant method oftreating psychoses is discussed. Work is consideredas the basis of emotional and physical health and asa source of material welfare. The various effectsand reflection of traumatic factors on different psy-chodynamic levels are considered. Personologicalanalysis in scientifically-based psychotherapy, aswell as in the diagnosis of psychoses and psycho-neuroses, is discussed. Its use in the clinical treat-ment of schizophrenia is discussed in detail.

treatment604. Abroms, G. M., and Greenfield, N. S., eds. TheNew Hospital Psychiatry. New York: Academic Press,1971. 298 pp.Proceedings of a 1969 Conference on the New Hos-pital Psychiatry held in Madison, Wis., are pre-sented. New psychotherapeutic techniques that viewmental disturbances including schizophrenia asboth a biological medical problem and a sociologi-cal behavioral difficulty are reviewed. These includeindividual and group therapy, psychodrama, psy-choactive drugs, behavioral learning, couple andfamily therapy, and role playing. Training of thepatients and staff, including nurses and residents, isemphasized rather than treatment. A new social roleis recommended for the hospital, one which takesthe staff into the community wherever home andneighborhood therapy can be used. (243 references)

605. Aleksandrowicz, D. R., and Gaye, Z. A therapeu-tic club for schizophrenic adolescents. Bulletin of theMenninger Clinic, 35(3):199-202, 1971.

The program of a therapeutic club for isolated andinactive schizophrenic adolescents consisted ofmusic therapy, dance therapy, physical education,and clay modeling. The club was beneficial both tothe patients, as they became better organized andmade friends, and to the therapists who were ableto enjoy being with the patients.

606. Becker, R. E. Group preparation for dischargeand group placement of chronically hospitalized schiz-ophrenic patients. Diseases of the Nervous System,32(3):176-180, 1971.The impact of group organization of the social rela-tions of hospitalized chronic schizophrenic patientson their level of psychosocial function was investi-gated. A study was made of the comparative effec-tiveness of group and individual preparation for dis-charge and of group and individual placement ofpatients in community settings. As hypothesized, pa-tients in group preparation for discharge showedgreater improvement and had a higher rate of hospi-tal discharge than patients prepared individually. Asecond hypothesis was that group placement wouldbe more effective than individual placement in main-taining improvement in symptomatology and a de-creased rate of rehospitalization. Patients in groupplacement maintained symptomatic improvement,but no difference in effectiveness of individual orgroup placement in reducing rehospitalization wasdetected due to the low rate of rehospitalization for

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the study period. The custodial orientation of manyof the nursing homes accounted for an absence ofadditional social stresses or adaptational crises forpatients. (10 references)

607. Blumenthal, I. J. Management of schizophreniain the Veterans Administration. Psychosomatics, 12(1):61-68, 1971.A brief sketch of the historical development of themanagement of schizophrenia in the Veterans Ad-ministration is presented. Current concepts are de-scribed, especially changes brought about by theuse of psychopharmacological drugs. Another majorchange is the advent of the open-door policy in theVA psychiatric hospital, resulting in less hospitaliza-tion and more outpatient treatment. Research effortsin the VA are noted, especially in the realm of cen-trally-directed chemotherapeutic cooperative stud-ies and the physical medicine and rehabilitationservice. The role of the entire ward team is empha-sized in VA schizophrenic treatment, especially therole of the social worker in the community place-ment program and the counseling psychologist inthe community work program. (17 references) (Au-thor abstract, modified)

608. Bodenheimer, J. Katamnese einer daseinsanaly-tischen Behandlung eines Fades von beginnender Schiz-ophrenie. [Catamnesis of existential-analytic treatmentfor a case of beginning schizophrenia.] TherapeutischeUmschau (Bern), 27(12):810-813, 1970.

The catamnesis of existential analysis treatment fora case of incipient schizophrenia is presented. In aninitial schizophrenic episode, an understanding ofexistential factors can substantially aid in the treat-ment of psychotic symptoms. Through a supportivemother-child relationship with the therapist, the pa-tient can learn to endure confrontation with patho-logical threats. In this therapeutic relationship, anunfolding and maturing toward full womanhood andmotherliness becomes possible. (Journal abstract,modified)

609. Carleton, J. L. Developing communication in atherapeutic community. In: Summaries Vol. 2: 3rd In-ternational Congress of Social Psychiatry. Zagreb, Sept.21-27, 1970. pp. 249-250.

Experience with outpatients and inpatients sufferingfrom severe emotional illness indicates the impor-tant role of humanism in psychiatric treatment, anda treatment approach is developed on that basis.Significant elements of the philosophy are justified,and some treatment methods and modalities are dis-

cussed. A case history is used to illustrate the im-portance of staff and parental attitudes in the treat-ment of an adolescent schizophrenic patient.

610. Ciani, N. Orientamenti nella terapia della schizo-frenia. Introduzione. [Introduction. Orientations in thetreatment of schizophrenia.] Rivista di Psichiatria(Rome), 5(4):280-284, 1970.Following successful pharmacotherapy, as mani-fested by the disappearance of hallucinations anddelirium, the treatment of schizophrenia is directedtowards establishing an acceptable human relation-ship between the patient and his psychiatrist. Uponhis discharge, the schizophrenic is faced with theproblem of adjusting to his family and to society.The need for therapeutic techniques oriented to-wards establishing a satisfactory personal relation-ship between the schizophrenic patient and his en-vironment is emphasized.

611. Cook, J. C. Interpreting and decoding autisticcommunication. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 9(1):24-28, 1971.Autistic communication is observed in a schizo-phrenic patient who is anxious and unsociable. It isfirst necessary to understand the normal function oflanguage in order to understand autistic communi-cation. The role of the nurse in helping the patientto express himself more clearly is emphasized. Shemust reduce the patient's anxiety, interpret his dis-guised messages, and make him aware of his partic-ipation in this nurse-patient relationship. (16 refer-ences)

612. Crary, W. G., and Kirts, S. M. Brief aftercare onan inpatient ward. Hospital & Community Psychiatry,22(8):244-245, 1971.

Brief aftercare for chronic schizophrenics on an in-patient psychiatric ward is discussed. At a once-a-week clinic, the patient is given an opportunity tosocialize and then to discuss his problems in aninterview with a psychiatric resident or a psycholog-ical intern. (2 references)

613. Draganov, P.; Pavlic, V.; and Rajic, Z. Evaluationof individual approach in occupational therapy. In:Summaries Vol. 1: 3rd International Congress of SocialPsychiatry. Zagreb, Sept. 21-27, 1970. pp. 207-208.

At the Hospital for Nervous and Mental Diseases inPopovaca, Yugoslavia, the aim of the therapeuticcourse is the creation of conditions that lead thepatient to pursue some kind of work. Adaptation towork is the goal, and work is the means employed

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in the rehabilitation effort. To determine the contentand form of occupational therapy, the followingbasic preliminary indicators were applied: 1) Degreeof psychopathic alteration of personality; 2) inclina-tions and interests; 3) education, practical knowl-edge, and past vocation; and 4) age. An analysis isthen made of the results achieved through occupa-tional therapy in 200 schizophrenic patients. (Jour-nal abstract, modified)

614. Gripp, R. F., and Magaro, P. A. A token economyprogram evaluation with untreated control ward com-parisons. Behaviour Research and Therapy (Oxford),9(2):137-149, 1971.Several behavioral rating scales were used to com-pare schizophrenic patients in a token economyprogram on a State hospital ward with control pa-tients on other wards. Results indicated an overalldecrease in those scale factors most associatedwith psychotic behavior and a greater and morecomprehensive improvement in the behavior of pa-tients assigned to the token economy program. Thestaff assigned to the program seemed to feel agreater sense of responsibility, accomplishment,and hopefulness for the patients, compared withearlier feelings. A way of shortening the time re-quired to establish the effectiveness of reinforce-ment contingencies in a token program is sug-gested. (11 references) (Author abstract, modified)

615. Home, J. B. Communication with schizophrenics:The glass wall. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 35(2):125-127, 1971.In treating schizophrenic patients, the therapist'sown fears and wishes are stirred, and his own egoboundaries are threatened. If his therapeutic goalsare to be achieved, it is important that he worktoward maintaining a separate, integrated existencewith comfortable contact and interchange. (5 refer-ences)

616. Jakulic, S., and Terzic, N. Psychopathologicalphenomenology and successful work of schizophrenicson work therapy. In: Summaries Vol. 2: 3rd Interna-tional Congress of Social Psychiatry. Zagreb, Sept. 2 1 -27, 1970. p. 256.

One hundred schizophrenics in a therapeutic workprogram, after initial treatment during the acutephases of the illness, were transferred to a center ofwork therapy where they worked in one of threeworkshops for a minimum of 3 months. Success atwork was measured on a scale of 18 variables; eachpatient was graded by his instructor. Scores were

translated into standard units of Z values whichranged from —19.88 to 19.2. Fifty-four percent of thepatients had positive Z scores.

617. Kahan, I. J. Canadian Schizophrenia Foundation:Experiment in combating a disease. Canada's MentalHealth, 19(2):21-24, 1971.The effort of the Canadian Schizophrenia Founda-tion to combat schizophrenia is reviewed. The orga-nization's goals are to 1) improve diagnosis, treat-ment, prevention, rehabilitation, and research and 2)to change the emotionally laden image of schizo-phrenia. The organizational program, funding andmembership, structure and organization, and rela-tionships with other agencies are described.

618. Katkin, S.; Ginsburg, M.; Rifkin, M. J.; and Scott,J. T. Effectiveness of female volunteers in the treat-ment of outpatients. Journal of Counseling Psychology,18(2):97-100, 1971.The effectiveness of female volunteer therapists inreducing hospital recidivism was investigated. Vol-unteers saw 36 female schizophrenic outpatients insupportive therapy. At the end of 1 year, recidivismrates in this group were considerably lower thanthose in a comparable control group which hadreceived no supportive therapy. In both groups, themajority of recidivists were rehospitalized within 4months of initial discharge—a finding which sug-gests that this period should be given special atten-tion in outpatient treatment programs. (8 references)(Author abstract, modified)

619. Lehrer-Carle, I. Group dynamics as applied to theuse of music with schizophrenic adolescents. Journalof Contemporary Psychotherapy, 3(2):111-116, 1971.Experiments carried out at a residential treatmentcenter for young schizophrenic patients suggest therange of approaches possible in a music therapyprogram. The goal is to help the patient gain self-confidence, improve coordination, attain emotionalrelease, and develop a sense of belonging. Thestrictly defined structure of the medium makes itsafe for the patient to express himself. No mistakesare made; the patient is always right. As youngpatients communicate nonverbally within the worldof sound, they find it natural to interact in a free,relaxed way. (5 references.) (Author abstract, modi-fied)

620. Lurie, A., and Ron, H. Multiple family groupcounseling of discharged schizophrenic young adultsand their parents. Social Psychiatry (Berlin), 6(2):88-92, 1971.

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A group therapy aftercare pilot program is de-scribed and evaluated. The first year of this projectinvolving multiple family group counseling andgroup activities of 17 discharged young adult schiz-ophrenic patients and their parents helped the for-mer patients avoid rehospitalization by encouraginggrowth toward greater ego strength and improvedsocialization patterns. Problems which the groupleader can expect to encounter in such a programinclude the stigma of psychiatric hospitalization, theassertion of young adult independence, conflictingparent-child vocational or educational expectations,and intrafamilial communication difficulties. (6 refer-ences) (Journal abstract, modified)

621. McCue, M. E., and FitzGerald, V. Patient accept-ance of token economy program. Newsletter for Re-search in Psychology, 13(2):9-10, 1971.

Schizophrenic patients participating in a tokeneconomy program placed great value on the tokens,sometimes tending to hoard rather than spend them.A few patients were worried about the "high price"they had to pay for weekend passes—even thoughthe number of tokens required was really quite nom-inal.

622. Martin, C. V., and Parrish, M. J. The school as asocial psychotherapeutic tool. Corrective Psychiatry,16:41-45, 1970.The program of a school which provides a therapeu-tic atmosphere for learning for children who aremildly emotionally disturbed and/or who have mini-mal organic brain damage is described. Emphasis isplaced on the role of the school as a social psy-chotherapeutic tool. The program has four facets:special education, psychotherapy (both analyticallyoriented and supportive), chemotherapy, and psy-chological counseling for the parents. A followupstudy was made of 53 students who had been in-volved in the total program for at least 2 years. Theoutcome of the program was judged by combinedtherapist, teacher, and parent evaluation. The re-sults of the study were: of 13 schizophrenics in theprogram, only one was not considered to have madesignificant progress; the two diagnosed neuroticsdid quite well; only six of the 22 in the behaviordisorder group were felt not to have made signifi-cant progress therapeutically; and of the 16 adjust-ment reactions, only three did not seem to makesignificant progress. The most interesting findingswere: the success achieved with schizophrenics in aprogram that was not designed specifically forschizophrenics; and the large number of abnormalelectroencephalograms observed, especially in the

behavior disorders. The observation that being inresidence did not seem to affect the outcome of thebehavior disorders suggests that more research intothe field of total environmental control is indicated.(8 references) (Author abstract, modified)

623. May, P. R. A. Cost efficiency of treatments forthe schizophrenic patient. American Journal of Psy-chiatry, 127(10):1382-1385, 1971.The findings of a controlled experimental study inwhich five treatment methods were compared byboth clinical and cost criteria indicate that, for mostschizophrenic patients, milieu care alone is bothexpensive and relatively ineffective. In terms of costper patient released and cost per case treated, it isfar less expensive to provide the most effectiveavailable treatment than merely to provide a goodlevel of milieu care without special additional treat-ment. Drug therapy is particularly effective and low-ers the cost per case. The addition of individualpsychotherapy to treatment gives better results thanmilieu care alone and still costs much less. (11references) (Author abstract, modified)

624. Neri, C. Orientamenti nella terapia della schizo-frenia. Senso e limiti del lavor all'interno di un'istitu-zione. [Directions and limitations in the treatment ofthe hospitalized schizophrenic patient.] Rivista di Psi-chiatria (Rome), 5(4):297-303, 1970.

Inside the psychiatric ward the schizophrenic pa-tient finds a social structure which closely resem-bles the structural characteristics of his own family.He has to live according to rules imposed on him bythe staff of the hospital. Accordingly, the patientdoes not have the opportunity of a true treatment.Recommendations are made for changes in the au-thoritarian attitude of psychiatrists and other mem-bers of the psychiatric hospital, as well as In thegeneral social and familial outlook.

625. Olson, R. P. Effects of modeling and reinforce-ment on adult chronic schizophrenics. Journal of Con-sulting and Clinical Psychology, 36(1):126-132, 1971.

Some effects of modeling and reinforcement onchronic schizophrenics are reported. The expressedpreferences of 32 male schizophrenic subjects foreight pairs of popular magazines were modified byone of three treatments lasting 4 days. Adult malemodels demonstrated the desired responses in twoof these treatments. Hypotheses generated fromstudies with children only were tested: a) The modelcontributes to new learning; and b) neither themodel nor reinforcement of the model add signifi-

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cantly to motivation, beyond the effect that can beattributed to reinforcement of the subject himself.The subjects were reinforced socially and mone-tarily in all treatments: a) no model, b) model rein-forced, and c) model not reinforced. A no-treatmentcontrol condition was included. The results supportthe hypotheses. Application of these techniques tothe more central informational and motivational defi-cits of schizophrenics are discussed. (16 refer-ences) (Author abstract, modified)

626. Pancheri, P. Impigo psicoterapeutico delle tec-niche proiettive. [The use of projective techniques inpsychotherapy.] Rivista di Psichiatria (Rome), 5(4):289-293, 1970.Clinical experience has demonstrated that projec-tive techniques stimulate the schizophrenic patientto express himself and, at the same time, providethe psychiatrist with elements for the interpretationof the underlying and subsequent corrective treat-ment. In other words, projective techniques allow anindirect communication between patient and psychi-atrist. Application of these techniques renders it un-necessary for the patient to understand the sociallanguage of the psychiatrist, and the latter is nolonger faced with the impossible task of interpretingthe affective and symbolic language of his patient.Accordingly, the anxiety of both patient and physi-cian decreases, communication improves, and thetable becomes a common meeting ground for bothlanguages.

627. Reda, G. C. Orientamenti nella terapia della schiz-ofrenia. Presentazione. [Presentation. Orientations inthe treatment of schizophrenia.] Rivista di Psichiatria(Rome), 5(4):277-279, 1970.The view is presented that, regardless of their im-mediate effectiveness, drugs alone are not the an-swer to all problems raised in the treatment of theschizophrenic patient.

628. Resnik, S. Expression corporelle et verbalisationanalyse d'une crise psychotique. [Body language andverbalization: Study of a psychotic episode.] Informa-tion Psychiatrique (Lyon), 46(5):477-480, 483-499,1970.A clinical analytical study of a 31-year-old femaleschizophrenic patient treated for several years isdescribed. The period corresponding to the acutepsychotic crisis is emphasized. It is during this pe-riod that the primitive models of the relationships inactualization of objects in transference are mostevident. The psychoanalytic approach is describedand analyzed in terms of patient and psychiatrist

interaction during their initial encounter and subse-quently during the inpatient treatment period. (10references)

629. Risquez, F. Psicoterapia directa en una esquizo-frenia. [Direct psychotherapy in a patient with schizo-phrenia.] Revista de Psiquiatria y Psicologia Medica deEuropa y America Latin as (Barcelona), 9(5):312-315,1970.

The psychotic symptoms of a young female collegestudent disappeared following 30 daily sessions ofpsychotherapy. Three months later, the patient'sweight returned to normal, menstruation beganagain, and anorexia, insomnia, and headachesceased. The patient became communicative andlively, and she returned to her studies. During the1st year, the patient attended 81 psychotherapeuticsessions, compared to 11 during the 2nd year andonly two during the 3rd year.

630. Salwa, W., and Chlipalska, J. Uwagi na tematdynamiki zachowania sie schizofrenikow (przewleklych)w zbiorowosci szpitalnej. [Remarks on the dynamics ofthe behavior of chronic schizophrenics in a hospitalcommunity.] Przeg/ad Lekarski (Warsaw), 26(6):547-549, 1970.

The behavior of a group of chronic schizophrenicshospitalized either periodically or permanently ischaracterized. Patients who have lived constantly inthe hospital for many years show greater impair-ment than those who have not. The contact of thepatient with home and family is a factor inhibitingintensification of this effect. (3 references) (Journalabstract, modified)

631. Skalnyy, V. V. Ob effektivnosti lecheniya bol'nykhshizofreniyey vitaminom B12 odnovremenno s insu-linom. [The effectiveness of simultaneous treatmentwith vitamin B12 and insulin in schizophrenic patients,according to the frequency of stable remissions.]Zhurnal Nevropatologii i Psikhiatrii /men/ S. S. Kor-sakova (Moscow), 70(ll):1718-1721, 1970.

Small doses of insulin (8 to 15 units), when used incombination with vitamin B,,, are reported to havea more beneficial effect in schizophrenic patientsthan ordinary insulin therapy.

632. Spiegel, D.; Keith-Spiegel, P.; Zirgulis, J.; andWine, D. B. Effects of student visits on social behaviorof regressed schizophrenic patients. Journal of ClinicalPsychology, 27(3):396-400, 1971.

Seventy hospitalized regressed schizophrenic pa-tients were randomly assigned to experimental and

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control groups. Forty college students made weeklyvisits to experimental patients for 11 weeks. Socialand personal characteristics and behavior of eachpatient were evaluated at the beginning of visits andafter the final week of visits. Independent ratingswere made by two nurses of patients on their wards.Students rated their own patients, and an independ-ent rating was made of all patients by an interviewerwho was blind to experimental/control status of pa-tients. Student opinions of mental illness were ex-amined before and after the visit phase. Attitudes ofpersonnel toward the effectiveness of the projectwere explored. Although the attitudes of patients,personnel, and students were overwhelmingly favor-able to the project and its continuance was re-quested, no solid evidence of patient improvementwas found in this short period of time. The socialbehavior of experimental patients appeared to suffertemporarily from the departure of student visitors.Student attitudes toward mental illness became lessauthoritarian and less benevolent. They viewed thetypical mental patient as having less social interest,less personal neatness, greater irritability, and moredepression than they had initially imagined. (13 ref-erences) (Author abstract)

633. Vassiliou, G.; Kazamias, N.; and Kymissis, P.Certain observations from transactional group image

therapy (T.G.I.T.) with hospitalized schizophrenic pa-tients. In: Summaries Vol. 2: 3rd International Con-gress of Social Psychiatry. Zagreb, Sept. 21-27, 1970.pp. 276-277.Eight hospitalized male schizophrenics, ages 25 to40 years, met in transactional group image therapysessions for an hour twice a week. Results were inaccord with those of previous studies. Patients whohad long isolated themselves began communicating,and the production of paintings increased rapidly.The sequence of the collective image that emergedin successive sessions indicated a progressive in-crease in content.

634. Walker, R., and Asci, M. Evaluation of an experi-mental rehabilitation ward for chronic mental patients.Rehabilitation Literature, 32(2):40-41, 50, 1971.An experimental rehabilitation ward with a shelteredworkshop for 30 chronic male psychotics (29 schiz-ophrenics) was evaluated. Status of living independ-ence and involvement in employment was recordedon the General Adjustment and Planning Scale overa 6-year evaluation period. It was found that scoreswere low prior to the rehabilitation ward experience.Changes in involvement with employment were sig-nificant after the rehabilitation experience, butchanges in living independence were not significant.(2 references)

a guide to the psychopharmacology literaturePsychopharmacology Abstracts, a journal of citations and abstracts to the scientific literature on

psychopharmacology, is published monthly by the National Clearinghouse for Mental Health Infor-mation. Each issue contains between 150 and 175 abstracts arranged into 17 categories (amongthem, "drug trials in schizophrenia"). Subject and author indexes are included in each issue, andcumulative indexes are published yearly.

Psychopharmacology Abstracts is available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Govern-ment Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. Yearly subscriptions (12 issues and a cumulative index)are $23.50 in the United States, Canada, and Mexico, and $29.50 in other countries. Single copies are$2. Orders should be accompanied by check or money order made out to the Superintendent ofDocuments.

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