The Cover of the Book

In an article entitled “Geometry and the Great Pyramid” by Henry C. Monteith, M.S. Sandia Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico; the content on its oRiginal format is excerptred from the# 1 best seller on pyramid

energies “Pyramid Power.” By Max Toth and Greg Nielsen. The book sold on Amazon retails for and the sub heading “The Secret Energy of the Ancients Revealed…The World’s Greatest Mystery is the basis for

designing a wishing machine.

Many are the mysteries of the past, too numerous to be named, but none are more profound, and awe inspiring, than the Great Pyramid of Egypt. Two million, five hindred thousand stones, with crushing weights of two to seventy tons, rise to a height of more than four-hundred and eighty feet. This awesome structure, by its sheer bulk alone, staggers the imagination of modern construction engineers.

In agreement with Mr. Montieth there are “many noble efforts [that] have been made by investigators of the past in attempt to understand why the Great Pyramid was built; however none of these efforts have yielded a conclusive answer.

Similarly, I believe “the great pyramid was built in order to record in solid stone ancient knowledge and awareness which has long since been lost”.

1

Accelerate the Law of Attraction Using a

Pyramid Mind Machine:

To Manifest Your

Thought Forms Into Reality

In his article Monteith was “not able to uncovdetr all the mysteries which are recorded in the great pyramid but the inspiration which he and I have obtained from this magnificent structgufre may enable others to make some contribution to those who are seeking a deeper understanding of themselves and of our universe.

The nature of geometry

Literature Review: Doctorate in Health Psychology, Walden University, 2007

Synchronicity for Biophotonics and Dynamic Geometry: A Paradigm for A Health and Wellness Model

The term Psychonautics (from the Greek ψυχή psychē ["soul", "spirit" or "mind"] and ναύτης naútēs ["sailor" or "navigator"] — "a sailor of the soul"[1]) refers both to a methodology for describing and explaining the subjective effects of altered states of consciousness, including those induced by meditation or mind-altering substances, and or electromagnetic frequencies (Fibonacci and Solfeggio frequencies) for a research paradigm in which the researcher voluntarily immerses himself or herself into an altered mental state in order to explore the accompanying experiences.[2] Perhaps with a combination of biology and photonics, -- the science and technology of generation, manipulation, and detection of photons, quantum units of light; photonics is related to electronics and photons. Photons do play a central role in information technologies such as fiber optics the way electrons do in electronics. The invention of the PyramiTroniX Resonator a pyramid-shaped resonator aligns with this concept of biophotonics as the "development and application of mind techniques relative to the study of biological molecules, cells and tissue" which I consider an “acceleration process” for self-healing.

One of the main benefits of using mind techniques which make up biophotonics is that they preserve the integrity of the biological cells being examined.[1][2]As a doctoral student in Health Psychology; biophotonics was the established general term for all techniques that deal with the interaction between biological items and photons which refers to emission, detection, absorption, reflection, modification, and creation of radiation from biomolecular, cells, tissues, organisms and biomaterials as critical areas for application in life science, medicine, agriculture, and environmental science.

Similar to the differentiation between "electric" and "electronics" a difference can be made between applications, which use light mainly to transfer energy via light (like Therapy or surgery) and applications which excite matter via light and transfer information back to the operator (like diagnostics). In most cases the term biophotonics is only referred to the second case. Thus the area of biophotonics can be also expressed as mind-altering and is believed to be central to all activities by which altered states are induced and utilized for spiritual purposes or the exploration of the human condition, such exploration is known as a psychonaut.

Psychonauts are also described as forming a subculture.[5][6] As an area that has creditability for a natural process would be sacred geometry. According to Stephen Skinner, the study of sacred geometry has its roots in the study of nature, and the mathematical principles at work therein.[3] Many forms observed in nature can be related to geometry, for example, the chambered nautilus grows at a constant rate and so its shell forms a logarithmic spiral to accommodate that growth without changing shape. Also, honeybees construct hexagonal cells to hold their honey. These and other correspondences are sometimes interpreted in terms of sacred geometry and considered to be further proof of the natural significance of geometric forms. Stanley Moneith and I speculate that there are two basic types of geometry in the universe which are classified as follows…

Sacred As Dynamic Geometry and the Construction of the Great Pyramid (10,000 yrs BC)

2

We can understand static geometry as a geometry which does not need the numbers Pi (3.14) and Phi (1.618) to determine its dimensions and volume elements. Whereas Dynamic geometry can be considered as that geometry which always needs Pi and Phi to determine its dimensions and volume elements.

It was believed by the ancient philosophers that the entire universe was filled with lattice network which they referred to as the cosmic web. Each unit cell of this cosmic lattice was considered to be a cube. Indeed the cube is the most perfect and balanced form that can be obtained from static geometry. The sphere is the most perfect and balanced form that can be obtained from dynamic geometry.

I believe that all static geometrical figures can be thought of as modifications and variations of the cube, whereas, all dynamic geometrical figures can be thought of as modifications and variations of the sphere. The six regular polyhedral are below as

Fig 1

Through this eManual / eBook, and / or hard copy edition; as a freelance editor I use Wikipedia as the online encyclopedia to define terms relevant for discussion. The original hyperlinks are provided for the reader to do their due diligence for empirical evidence. The spiral as denoted by the arial percept of the three pyramids and the sphynx and their sacred geometry as a connection for a spirit-mind-body evolution which I refer to as a triad or trinity (tri unity).

Fig 2

Interestingly one studies regular polyhedron as a polyhedron whose symmetry group acts transitively on all of edge-transitive, vertex-transitive and face-transitive projections. In classical contexts, many different equivalent 3

definitions are used; a common one is that faces are congruent regular polygons which are assembled in the same way around each vertex. What is significant is that the symmetry is a symbolism for form or shape. Accordingly, a regular polyhedron is identified by its Schläfli symbol of the form {n, m}, where n is the number of sides of each face and m the number of faces meeting at each vertex. There are 5 finite convex regular polyhedra, known as the Platonic solids. These are the: tetrahedron {3, 3}, cube {4, 3}, octahedron {3, 4}, dodecahedron {5, 3} and icosahedron {3, 5}. There are also four regular star polyhedra, making nine regular polyhedra in all. Thus the dynamics of geometry are observed as physical in nature.

The regular polyhedra

Tetrahedron {3, 3} Cube {4, 3} Octahedron {3, 4} Dodecahedron {5, 3} Icosahedron {3, 5}χ = 2 χ = 2 χ = 2 χ = 2 χ = 2

Fig 2

Kepler-Poinsot polyhedra

In mathematics and physics, a space group is the symmetry group of a configuration in space, usually in three dimensions.[1] In three dimensions, there are 219 distinct types, or 230 if chiral copies are considered distinct. Space groups are also studied in dimensions other than 3 where they are sometimes called Bieberbach groups, and are discrete cocompact groups of isometries of an oriented Euclidean space.4

Small stellated dodecahedron{5/2, 5}

Great dodecahedron{5, 5/2}

Great stellated dodecahedron{5/2, 3}

Great icosahedron{3, 5/2}

χ = −6 χ = −6 χ = 2χ = 2

In crystallography, space groups are also called the crystallographic or Fedorov groups, and represent a description of the symmetry of the crystal. A definitive source regarding 3-dimensional space groups is the International Tables for Crystallography (Hahn (2002)). Throughout the eBook / book are patterns in nature that have relevance for integration spirit-mind-body which little is presented in the literature as exoteric studies but rather as esoteric studies which translates as metaphysical or parapsychological. Note the spiritual aspect is missing which I believe is the whole concept for a “no beginning and no end.” That time is a man-made concept that man’s instruments used for measuring abstractions in science still have not been invented.

That the PyramiTroniX Resonator is such a device that when a Radionics schematic is integrated can manifest wishes into reality. Before I venture in this area for Quantum Electrodynaomcs an operational definition would need to be conveyed to the reader. Wikipedia defines this pursuant to particle physics, such that quantum electrodynamics (QED) is the relativistic quantum field theory of electrodynamics definition. In essence, it describes how light and matter interact and is the first theory where full agreement between quantum mechanics and special relativity is achieved. QED mathematically describes all phenomena involving electrically charged particles interacting by means of exchange of photons and represents the quantum counterpart of classical electromagnetism giving a complete account of matter and light interaction.

In technical terms, QED can be described as a perturbation theory of the electromagnetic quantum vacuum. Richard Feynman called it "the jewel of physics" for its extremely accurate predictions of quantities like the anomalous magnetic moment of the electron and the Lamb shift of the energy levels of hydrogen.[1]:Ch1

Characteristics: Equivalent properties

Relative to regular polyhedra; the Great Pyramid and all matter have a dimensional property that is sacred as dynamic geometry and have a similar arrangement of faces around each vertex which can be replaced by any of the following equivalent conditions in the definition:

The vertices of the polyhedron all lie on a sphere. All the dihedral angles of the polyhedron are equal All the vertex figures of the polyhedron are regular polygons. All the solid angles of the polyhedron are congruent. (Cromwell, 1997)

Concentric spheres

A regular polyhedron has all of three related spheres (other polyhedra lack at least one kind) which share its centre:

An insphere, tangent to all faces. An intersphere or midsphere, tangent to all edges. A circumsphere, tangent to all vertices.

Symmetry

The regular polyhedra are the most symmetrical of all the polyhedra. They lie in just three symmetry groups, which are named after them:

Tetrahedral Octahedral (or cubic) Icosahedral (or dodecahedral)

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Any shapes with icosahedral or octahedral symmetry will also contain tetrahedral symmetry.

Euler characteristic

The five Platonic solids have an Euler characteristic of 2. Some of the regular stars have a different value.

Interior points

The sum of the distances from any point in the interior of a regular polyhedron to the sides is independent of the location of the point. (This is an extension of Viviani's theorem.) However, the converse does not hold, not even for tetrahedra.[1]

Duality of the regular polyhedra

In a dual pair of polyhedra, the vertices of one polyhedron correspond to the faces of the other, and vice versa.

The regular polyhedra show this duality as follows:

The tetrahedron is self-dual, i.e. it pairs with itself. The cube and octahedron are dual to each other. The icosahedron and dodecahedron are dual to each other. The small stellated dodecahedron and great dodecahedron are dual to each other. The great stellated dodecahedron and great icosahedron are dual to each other.

The Schläfli symbol of the dual is just the original written backwards, for example the dual of {5, 3} is {3, 5}.

Crystals As Regular polyhedra in nature

Each of the Platonic solids occurs naturally in one form or another. The tetrahedron, cube, and octahedron all occur as crystals. These by no means exhaust the numbers of possible forms of crystals (Smith, 1982, p212), of which there are 48. Neither the regular icosahedron nor the regular dodecahedron are amongst them, although one of their forms appears as a quasicrystal: the pyritohedron has twelve non-regular pentagonal faces arranged in the same pattern as the regular dodecahedron. A more recent discovery is of a series of new types of carbon molecule, known as the fullerenes (see Curl, 1991). Although C60, the most easily produced fullerene, looks more or less spherical, some of the larger varieties (such as C240, C480 and C960) are hypothesised to take on the form of slightly rounded icosahedra, a few nanometres across.

Buckminsterfullerene

6

Names

IUPAC name

(C60-Ih)[5,6]fullerene

Other names

Buckyball; Fullerene-C60; [60]fullerene

Identifiers

CAS Registry Number 99685-96-8 

Beilstein Reference 5901022

ChEBI CHEBI:33128 

ChemSpider 110185 

InChI [show]

Jmol-3D images Image

PubChem 123591

SMILES [show]

Properties

Chemical formula C60

Molar mass 720.66 g·mol−1

Appearance Dark needle-like crystals

Density 1.65 g/cm3

Melting point 600 °C (1,112 °F; 873 K)

Solubility in water insoluble in water

Structure

Crystal structure Face-centered cubic, cF1924

Space group Fm3m, No. 225

Lattice constant a = 1.4154 nm

Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).

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Buckminsterfullerene (or bucky-ball) is a spherical fullerene molecule with the formula C60. It has a cage-like fused-ring structure (truncated icosahedron) which resembles a soccer ball, made of twenty hexagons and twelve pentagons, with a carbon atom at each vertex of each polygon and a bond along each polygon edge.

It was first generated in 1985 by Harold Kroto, James R. Heath, Sean O'Brien, Robert Curl, and Richard Smalley at Rice University.[2] Kroto, Curl and Smalley were awarded the 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their roles in the discovery of buckminsterfullerene and the related class of molecules, the fullerenes.

The name is a reference to Buckminster Fuller, as C60 resembles his trademark geodesic domes. Buckminsterfullerene is the most common naturally occurring fullerene molecule, as it can be found in small quantities in soot.[3][4] Solid and gaseous forms of the molecule have been detected in deep space.[5]

Buckminsterfullerene is one of the largest objects to have been shown to exhibit wave–particle duality; as stated in the theory every object exhibits this behavior.[6][7] Its discovery led to the exploration of a new field of chemistry, involving the study of fullerenes.

Chapter III: Brief history of wave and particle viewpoints

Aristotle was one of the first to publicly hypothesize about the nature of light, proposing that light is a disturbance in the element aether (that is, it is a wave-like phenomenon).

On the other hand, Democritus—the original atomist—argued that all things in the universe, including light, are composed of indivisible sub-components (light being some form of solar atom).[15] At the beginning of the 11th Century, the Arabic scientist Alhazen wrote the first comprehensive treatise on optics; describing refraction, reflection, and the operation of a pinhole lens via rays of light traveling from the point of emission to the eye. He asserted that these rays were composed of particles of light.

In 1630, René Descartes popularized and accredited the opposing wave description in his treatise on light, showing that the behavior of light could be re-created by modeling wave-like disturbances in a universal medium ("plenum").

Beginning in 1670 and progressing over three decades, Isaac Newton developed and championed his corpuscular hypothesis, arguing that the perfectly straight lines of reflection demonstrated light's particle nature; only particles could travel in such straight lines. He explained refraction by positing that particles of light accelerated laterally upon entering a denser medium.

Around the same time, Newton's contemporaries Robert Hooke and Christiaan Huygens—and later Augustin-Jean Fresnel—mathematically refined the wave viewpoint, showing that if light traveled at different speeds in different media (such as water and air), refraction could be easily explained as the medium-dependent propagation of light waves.

The resulting Huygens–Fresnel principle was extremely successful at reproducing light's behavior and, subsequently supported by Thomas Young's 1803 discovery of double-slit interference, was the beginning of the end for the particle light camp.[16][17]

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Thomas Young's sketch of two-slit diffraction of waves, 1803

The final blow against corpuscular theory came when James Clerk Maxwell discovered that he could combine four simple equations, which had been previously discovered, along with a slight modification to describe self-propagating waves of oscillating electric and magnetic fields. When the propagation speed of these electromagnetic waves was calculated, the speed of light fell out. It quickly became apparent that visible light, ultraviolet light, and infrared light (phenomena thought previously to be unrelated) were all electromagnetic waves of differing frequency. The wave theory had prevailed—or at least it seemed to.

The Human Brain Interface and the Pyramidal Cell, Calcite Crystals As A PiezoElectric Effect

Anisotropy /ˌænaɪˈsɒtrəpi/ is the property of being directionally dependent, as opposed to isotropy, which implies identical properties in all directions. It can be defined as a difference, when measured along different axes, in a material's physical or mechanical properties (absorbance, refractive index, conductivity, tensile strength, etc.) An example of anisotropy is the light coming through a polarizer. Another is wood, which is easier to split along its grain than against it. Physicists use the term anisotropy to describe direction-dependent properties of materials. Magnetic anisotropy, for example, may occur in a plasma, so that its magnetic field is oriented in a preferred direction. Plasmas may also show "filamentation" (such as that seen in lightning or a plasma globe) that is directional.

An anisotropic liquid has the fluidity of a normal liquid, but has an average structural order relative to each other along the molecular axis, unlike water or chloroform, which contain no structural ordering of the molecules. Liquid crystals are examples of anisotropic liquids.

Some materials conduct heat in a way that is isotropic, that is independent of spatial orientation around the heat source. Heat conduction is more commonly anisotropic, which implies that detailed geometric modeling of typically diverse materials being thermally managed is required. The materials used to transfer and reject heat from the heat source in electronics are often anisotropic.[citation needed]

Many crystals are anisotropic to light ("optical anisotropy"), and exhibit properties such as birefringence. Crystal optics describes light propagation in these media. An "axis of anisotropy" is defined as the axis along which isotropy is broken (or an axis of symmetry, such as normal to crystalline layers). Some materials can have multiple such optical axes.

The best-characterized birefringent materials are crystals. Due to their specific crystal structures their refractive indices are well defined. Depending on the symmetry of a crystal structure (as determined by one of the 219 possible crystallographic space groups), crystals in that group may be forced to be isotropic (not birefringent), to have uniaxial symmetry, or neither in which case it is a biaxial crystal. The crystal structures permitting uniaxial and biaxial birefringence are noted in the two tables, below, listing the two or three principle refractive indices (at wavelength 590 nm) of some better known crystals.[5]Birefringence is the optical property of a material having a refractive index that depends on the polarization and propagation direction of light.[1] These optically anisotropic materials are said to be birefringent (or birefractive). The birefringence is often quantified as the maximum difference between refractive indices exhibited by the material. Crystals with asymmetric crystal structures are often birefringent, as are plastics under mechanical stress.

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Birefringence is responsible for the phenomenon of double refraction whereby a ray of light, when incident upon a birefringent material, is split by polarization into two rays taking slightly different paths. This effect was first described by the Danish scientist Rasmus Bartholin in 1669, who observed it[2] in calcite, a crystal having one of the strongest birefringences. However it was not until the 19th century that Augustin-Jean Fresnel described the phenomenon in terms of polarization, understanding light as a wave with field components in transverse polarizations (perpendicular to the direction of the wave vector). Birefringence also plays an important role in second harmonic generation and other nonlinear optical components, as the crystals used for this purpose are almost always birefringent. By adjusting the angle of incidence, the effective refractive index of the extraordinary ray can be tuned in order to achieve phase matching which is required for efficient operation of these devices.

Medicine\

Birefringence is utilized in medical diagnostics. One powerful accessory used with optical microscopes is a pair of crossed polarizing filters. Light from the source is polarized in the X direction after passing through the first polarizer, but above the specimen is a polarizer (a so-called analyzer) oriented in the Y direction. Therefore, no light from the source will be accepted by the analyzer, and the field will appear dark. However areas of the sample possessing birefringence will generally couple some of the X polarized light into the Y polarization; these areas will then appear bright against the dark background. Modifications to this basic principle can differentiate between positive and negative birefringence.

Urate crystals, with the crystals with their long axis seen as horizontal in this view being parallel to that of a red compensator filter. These appear as yellow, and are thereby of negative birefringence.

For instance, needle aspiration of fluid from a gouty joint will reveal negatively birefringent monosodium urate crystals. Calcium pyrophosphate crystals, in contrast, show weak positive birefringence.[11] Urate crystals appear yellow and calcium pyrophosphate crystals appear blue when their long axes are aligned parallel to that of a red compensator filter,[12] or a crystal of known birefringence is added to the sample for comparison.

Birefringence can be observed in amyloid plaques such as are found in the brains of Alzheimer's patients when stained with a dye such as Congo Red. Modified proteins such as immunoglobulin light chains abnormally accumulate between cells, forming fibrils. Multiple folds of these fibers line up and take on a beta-pleated sheet conformation. Congo red dye intercalates between the folds and, when observed under polarized light, causes birefringence.

In ophthalmology, binocular retinal birefringence screening of the Henle fibers (photoreceptor axons that go radially outward from the fovea) provides a reliable detection of strabismus and possibly also of anisometropic amblyopia.[13] Furthermore, scanning laser polarimetry utilises the birefringence of the optic nerve fibre layer to indirectly quantify its thickness, which is of use in the assessment and monitoring of glaucoma.

Calcification of The Pineal Gland As A Vestigial Organ10

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In humans the vermiform appendix is a vestigial structure; it has lost much of its ancestral function.

Vestigiality refers to genetically determined structures or attributes that have apparently lost most or all of their ancestral function in a given species, but have been retained through evolution.[1] Assessment of the vestigiality must generally rely on comparison with homologous features in related species. The emergence of vestigiality occurs by normal evolutionary processes, typically by loss of function of a feature that is no longer subject to positive selection pressures when it loses its value in a changing environment. More urgently the feature may be selected against when its function becomes definitely harmful. Typical examples of both types occur in the loss of flying capability in island-dwelling species. Thus patterns of behavior, for example anatomical structures, or biochemical processes however functional or not, have vestigial features that develop, and persist or disappear at various stages within the life cycle of the organism, ranging from early embryonic development to late adulthood.

The term vestigiality is useful in referring to many genetically determined features, either morphological, behavioral, or physiological; in any such context however, it need not follow that a vestigial feature must be completely useless the appendix still has immunological roles and is useful in maintaining gut floraAat the molecular level — some nucleic acid sequences in eukaryotic genomes have no known biological function; some of them may be "junk DNA" or dark matter but it is a difficult to demonstrate that a particular sequence in a particular region of a given genome is truly nonfunctional. The simple fact that it is noncoding DNA does not establish that it is functionless. Furthermore, even if an extant DNA sequence is functionless, it does not follow that it has descended from an ancestral sequence of functional DNA. Logically such DNA would not be vestigial in the sense of being the vestige of a functional structure. In contrast pseudogenes have lost their protein-coding ability or are otherwise no longer expressed in the cell.

Perhaps vestigial structures have a “spiritual” component that can be considered evidence for evolution. The existence of vestigial traits can be attributed to changes in the environment and behavior patterns of the organism in question. Every anatomical structure or behavior response has origins in which they were, at one time, useful. As time progressed, the ancient common ancestor organisms did as well. Evolving with time, natural selection played a huge role. More advantageous structures were selected, while others were not. With all structures require extra or surplus energy in terms of development, maintenance, and weight, and are also a risk in terms of disease (e.g., infection, cancer), Whether they have any extant function or not, they have lost their former function and in that sense they do fit the definition of vestigiality. Perhaps the pseudogene can be considered from an Exoteric perspective which refers to knowledge that is outside of, and independent from, a person's experience and is capable of being ascertained by anyone (related to common sense). It is distinguished from internal esoteric knowledge. "Exoteric" relates to external reality as opposed to a person's thoughts or feelings. It is knowledge that is public as opposed to secret or cabalistic. It is not required that exoteric knowledge come easily or automatically, but it should be referenceable or reproducible. Therefore the new evidence is the vestiality of the Pineal gland which has been the focuc of calcification. At the macrolevl and and at the subatomic level is the pseudogene which are

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dysfunctional relatives of genes that have lost their protein-coding ability or are otherwise no longer expressed in the cell.[1]

Pseudogenes often result from the accumulation of multiple mutations within a gene whose product is not required for the survival of the organism. Although not protein-coding, the DNA of pseudogenes may be functional,[2] similar to other kinds of non-coding DNA which can have a regulatory role.

Although some do not have introns or promoters (these pseudogenes are copied from mRNA and incorporated into the chromosome and are called processed pseudogenes),[3] most have some gene-like features such as promoters, CpG islands, and splice sites. They are different from normal genes due to a lack of protein-coding ability resulting from a variety of disabling mutations (e.g. premature stop codons or frameshifts), a lack of transcription, or their inability to encode RNA (such as with rRNA pseudogenes). The term was coined in 1977 by Jacq et al.[4]

Calcite Microcrystals in the Pineal Gland of the Human BrainFirst Physical and Chemical Studies

In my literature review I excerpted the following study from It should be noted that these are initial findings of an ongoing study. Given the proper opportunity this study may yield results that are of great significance in the area of mobile phones and health. One thing that could adversely affect the impact of any such results would be the exaggeration or misrepresentation of the findings so far, or premature claims relating to studies still under way. This could discredit the research and make it difficult to have genuine findings taken seriously.

The researchers have isolated and studied calcite microcrystals which they have found in human 12

pineal glands.

Accordingly , “The pineal gland … converts a neuronal signal into an endocrine output. … [It] is located close to the anatomical centre of the human brain.” “A total of 20 glands from [human] subjects ranging in age from 15 to 68 years were studied.” “Microcrystals were found in every gland in quantities ranging from 100 to 300 crystals per cubic millimetre of gland. No attempt was made to correlate the quantity of crystals with either the age of the subject or pathological details.” “Length dimensions of the crystals varied from 2-3 to about 20 micrometres.” “These results (referring to various forms of analysis described in detail) and the electron diffraction measurements definitely prove that the microcrystals are calcite.” “These calcite crystals bear a striking resemblance to the otoconia of the inner ear.” “The calcite in otoconia has been shown to exhibit piezoelectricity.” “If piezoelectricity were to exist [in the pineal calcite microcrystals], an electromechanical coupling mechanism to external electromagnetic fields may be possible.”

“The possibility of nonthermal coupling of electromagnetic radiation to biological systems has been considered recently [Kirschvink, 1992]. Reiter [1993] has reviewed the literature on the possible effects of static and low frequency electromagnetic fields on the production of melatonin by the pineal gland.

A study by de Seze, [1998,1999] showed no influence of microwave frequency radiation on melatonin secretion. However, Kirschvink et al. [1992] and Kirschvink [1996] have shown the presence of minute crystals of magnetite in the human brain and have suggested a mechanism for coupling of microwave radiation to them. Additional research on the nonthermal effects of microwave radiation is definitely warranted.”

“In conclusion, we believe that even a very small risk of possible nonthermal coupling of radiation to microcrystals in the pineal gland merits further detailed study. Our future research will address these questions.”

of rather lower frequency than microwaves. The conclusion of this section was that “…there is little evidence to support resonant behaviour…”. The existence in the pineal gland of crystals which may prove to exhibit piezoelectric properties puts the whole issue in a totally different with the possibility of the magnetite crystals providing a causal link. Note that piezoelectric qualities do link electric fields to mechanical effects and the Great Pyramid exhibits the same properties from the granite and calcium (reality) and copper (model) which can be substitued with microcrystals interspersed among the organic matter of the brain and the Great Pyramid scaled down as a copper model since copper is a good conductor of metals., the perspective on this aspect of the issue is dramatically altered. Two things can be definitively stated from this research so far:

1. Calcite microcrystals have been positively identified, in substantial quantities, in every one of 13

20 human pineal glands studied;

2. These crystals bear a striking resemblance to those found in the human inner ear, which have been shown to exhibit piezoelectric qualities.

The possibility of the sort of coupling that might be provided through crystals of this type has significance and any coupling of microwave radiation to cellular activity in a living organism must be direct, acting through the medium of biological material. It is of course entirely possible that other similar phenomena exist elsewhere in the brain (and/or other parts of the body), as yet undiscovered. Perhaps microwaves might directly affect living cells such that the interaction between electromagnetic radiation and certain types of crystal structures is well understood; and that the possibility of accelerating the response can be atributed to the shape of the cellular structure. In the brain and body are “pyramidal” cells which may or may not affect living cells as a real process.

http://www.starweave.com/pinealsummary/

Chapter II Research on the Pineal Gland and Calcite Microcrystals

Bioelectromagnetics. 2002 Oct;23(7):488-95.

Calcite microcrystals in the pineal gland of the human brain: first physical and chemical studies.Baconnier S1, Lang SB, Polomska M, Hilczer B, Berkovic G, Meshulam G.

Author information

1Department of Chemical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105 Beer Sheva, Israel.

Abstract

A new form of biomineralization has been studied in the pineal gland of the human brain. It consists of small crystals that are less than 20 microm in length and that are completely distinct from the often observed mulberry-type hydroxyapatite concretions. A special procedure was developed for isolation of the crystals from the organic matter in the pineal gland. Cubic, hexagonal, and cylindrical morphologies have been identified using scanning electron microscopy. The crystal edges were sharp whereas their surfaces were very rough. Energy dispersive spectroscopy showed that the crystals contained only the elements calcium, carbon, and oxygen. Selected area electron diffraction and near infrared Raman spectroscopy established that the crystals were calcite. With the exception of the otoconia structure of the inner ear, this is

14

the only known nonpathological occurrence of calcite in the human body. The calcite microcrystals are probably responsible for the previously observed second harmonic generation in pineal tissue sections.

The complex texture structure of the microcrystals may lead to crystallographic symmetry breaking and possible piezoelectricity, as is the case with otoconia. It is believed that the presence of two different crystalline compounds in the pineal gland is biologically significant, suggesting two entirely different mechanisms of formation and biological functions. Studies directed toward the elucidation of the formation and functions, and possible nonthermal interaction with external electromagnetic fields are currently in progress.

Perhaps the pineal gland, also known as the pineal body, conarium or epiphysis cerebri, is a small endocrine gland in the vertebrate brain that becomes vestigial. However, it produces melatonin, a serotonin derived hormone, which affects the modulation of sleep patterns in both seasonal and circadian rhythms.[1][2] Its shape resembles a tiny pine cone (hence its name), and it is located in the epithalamus, near the center of the brain, between the two hemispheres, tucked in a groove where the two halves of the thalamus join. The gland has been compared to the photoreceptive, so-called third parietal eye present in the epithalamus of some animal species, which is also called the pineal eye. René Descartes believed the pineal gland to be the "principal seat of the soul" and viewed it as the third eye.[6] Corpora arenacea (or brain sand) are calcified structures in the pineal gland and other areas of the brain such as the choroid plexus. Older organisms have numerous corpora arenacea, whose function, if any, is unknown. What is known are:

Concentrations of "brain sand" increase with age, so the pineal gland becomes increasingly visible on X-rays over time, usually by the third or fourth decade. They are sometimes used as anatomical landmarks in radiological examinations.

Chemical analysis shows that they are composed of calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate, magnesium phosphate, and ammonium phosphate.[1] Recently, calcite deposits have been described as well.[2]

How Can Humans Harness Their Piezoelectric Properties For A New Paradigm In Health and Wellness?

I formulated the following hypotheses:

Amplification of the Microcrystals Can accelerate the Rate of Healing

Amplification of the Microcrystals Can Not Accelerate the Rate of Self Healing

Application of the Microcrystals Has No Differential Effect

References

1. Bocchi, Giancarlo; Valdre, Giovanni; Valdre, Giovanni (1993). "Physical, chemical, and mineralogical characterization of carbonate-hydroxyapatite concretions of the human pineal gland". Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry 49 (3): 209–20. doi:10.1016/0162-0134(93)80006-U. PMID 8381851.

2. Baconnier, Simon; Lang, Sidney B.; Polomska, Maria; Hilczer, Bozena; Berkovic, Garry; Meshulam, Guilia (2002). "Calcite microcrystals in the pineal gland of the human brain: First physical and chemical studies". Bioelectromagnetics 23 (7): 488–95. doi:10.1002/bem.10053. PMID 12224052.

External links[edit]

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Histology image: 14401loa  – Histology Learning System at Boston University Histology image: 41_03 at the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center - "Pineal gland" Garma-Aviña, A. (2000). "Excretory Plugs from the Choroid Plexus in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Dogs

with Neurological Disease: Possible Role in the Formation of Corpora Arenacea". Journal of Comparative Pathology 123 (2–3): 146–51. doi:10.1053/jcpa.2000.0405. PMID 11032668.

[hide]

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t

e

Anatomy of the endocrine system

Pituitary gland

Anterior

Pars intermedia

Pars tuberalis

Pars distalis

Acidophil cell

o Somatotropic cell

o Prolactin cell

Basophil cell

o Corticotropic cell

o Gonadotropic cell

o Thyrotropic cell

Chromophobe cell

Posterior

Pars nervosa

Median eminence

Stalk

Pituicyte

Herring bodies

Thyroid gland

Thyroid isthmus

Follicular cell

Parafollicular cell

Parathyroid gland Chief cell

Oxyphil cell

16

Adrenal gland

Cortex

Zona glomerulosa

Zona fasciculata

Zona reticularis

Medulla

Chromaffin cell

Gonads

Testicle

o Leydig cell

o Sertoli cell

Ovary

o Theca interna

o Granulosa cell

o Corpus luteum

o

Islets of pancreas

Alpha cell

Beta cell

Delta cell

PP cell

Epsilon cell

Pineal gland Pinealocyte

Corpora arenacea

Other

Enteroendocrine cell

Paraganglia

o Organ of Zuckerkandl

Placenta

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Index of hormones

Description Glands

Hormones

o thyroid

17

intermediates

metabolism

o mineralocorticoids

Physiology

Development

Disease

Diabetes

Congenital

Neoplasms and cancer

Other

Symptoms and signs

o eponymous

o

Treatment

Procedures

Drugs

o calcium balance

o corticosteroids

o oral hypoglycemics

o pituitary and hypothalamic

o thyroid

The paper I wrote was attacked and I was blacklisted from the University for Non-Scientific Validity. Although I had to defend the paper, the dissertation committee denounced my hypotheses that I went “undergound” and left the university to implement an “underground project” called Operation: Black Box as a non-profit and self funded for the purpose of investigating related research on Brain / Mind / Consciousness.

Black Box Energy & Research

In the first graphic the Circogonia icosahedra is a species of Radiolaria. In the second graphic Polyhedra appear in human/animal biology as well. In the early 20th century, Ernst Haeckel described a number of species of Radiolaria, some of whose skeletons are shaped like various regular polyhedra (Haeckel, 1904): Circoporus octahedrus, Circogonia icosahedra, Lithocubus geometricus and Circorrhegma dodecahedra; the shapes of these creatures are indicated by their names.

Fig 3

18

The outer protein shells of many viruses form regular polyhedra. For example, HIV is enclosed in a regular icosahedron. In ancient times the Pythagoreans believed that there was a harmony between the regular polyhedra and the orbits of the planets. In the 17th century, Johannes Kepler studied data on planetary motion compiled by Tycho Brahe and for a decade tried to establish the Pythagorean ideal by finding a match between the sizes of the polyhedra and the sizes of the planets' orbits. His search failed in its original objective, but out of this research came Kepler's discoveries of the Kepler solids as regular polytopes, the realization that the orbits of planets are not circles, and the laws of planetary motion for which he is now famous.

In Kepler's time only five planets (excluding the earth) were known, nicely matching the number of Platonic solids. Kepler's work, and the discovery since that time of Uranus and Neptune, have invalidated the Pythagorean idea. Around the same time as the Pythagoreans, Plato described a theory of matter in which the five elements (earth, air, fire, water and spirit) each comprised tiny copies of one of the five regular solids. Matter was built up from a mixture of these polyhedra, with each substance having different proportions in the mix. Two thousand years later Dalton's atomic theory would show this idea to be along the right lines, though not related directly to the regular solids.

I believe that the shape of the Great Pyramid are the four sides that serve as a cavity resonator. This has significance since objects give off heat as thermal radiation when determining the vibrational modes of light. To simplify the problem (by limiting the vibrational modes) a lowest allowable wavelength was defined by placing the thermal object in a cavity. Any electromagnetic mode at equilibrium (i.e. any standing wave) could only exist if it used the walls of the cavities as nodes. Thus there were no waves/nodes with a wavelength larger than twice the length (L) of the cavity. The first few allowable nodes would therefore have wavelengths of : 2L, L, 2L/3, L/2, etc. (each successive wavelength adding one node to the wave). However, while the wavelength could never exceed 2L, there was no such limit on decreasing the wavelength, and adding nodes to reduce the wavelength could proceed ad infinitum. Suddenly it became apparent that the short wavelength nodes completely dominated the distribution, since ever shorter wavelength nodes could be crammed into the cavity. If each node received an equal partition of energy, the short wavelength nodes would consume all the energy. This became clear when plotting the Rayleigh–Jeans law which, while correctly predicting the intensity of long wavelength emissions, predicted infinite total energy as the intensity diverges to infinity for short wavelengths. Initially called ultraviolet catastrophe; which is actually the law of attraction suppressed.

Raymond W. Ebbeler, Ph.D. (Candidate)

Walden University, Health Psychology

“It was necessary to further do research which was observed and recorded from a theoretical treatise on…the resonating “valence bond theory” or valence bond (VB) theory in general.

Which is one of two basic theories, along with molecular orbital (MO) theory, that were developed to use the methods of quantum mechanics to explain chemical bonding.

It focuses on how the atomic orbitals of the dissociated atoms combine to give individual chemical bonds when a molecule is formed. In contrast, molecular orbital theory has orbitals that cover the whole molecule.[1]

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Chapter I: Resonating “valence bond theory”: Integrating the Pyramid Cavity and the Coupling Coefficient of Resonators: The Wishing Machine Schematic

Wikipedia defines a coupling coefficient of resonators as having a dimensionless value that characterizes interaction of two resonators: in this case…the Pyramid Cavity and the Wishing Machine Schematic as Coupling coefficients which are used in resonator filter theory.

Since resonators may be both electromagnetic and acoustic the coupling coefficients are synchronized together with resonant frequencies within the alpha – theta range such that the external quality factors of resonators are better generalized parameters of filters. In order to adjust the frequency response of the filter it is sufficient to optimize only these generalized parameters that are specific to the Pi (3.14) and Phi (1.618) ratios found in nature.

Fig 4

Evolution of the term Resonator: Coupling coefficient is a positive constant

Earlier well-known definitions of the coupling coefficient of resonators are given in monograph by G. Matthaei et al.[2] Note that these definitions are approximate because they were formulated in the assumption that the coupling between resonators is sufficiently small.

However, the coupling coefficient for the case of two equal resonators such as the scaled down model of the Great Pyramid with a Tesla Coil as a positive constant is a longitudinal or standing wave that emits a scalar energy. The graphic below was produced by a couple in Michigan…

Fig 5

Conclusion: The Pyramid cavity is a nodal representation for information transfer which characterizes interaction of “contextual” resonators as a resonant frequency range: Alpha – Theta brain wave measured in cycles per second or Hertz…20

Therefore the invention called the PyramiTroniX Resonator is a conduit for focusing thought to change one’s reality using the mind-body-spirit triad which is the ultimate spiritual experience of transcendence that is based on Positron Annihilation (Whitaker, 1908).

\

The Pyramidal Cell In the Human Brain and Body: Exoteric versus Esoteric Science and Research

As an exoteric scientist I was interested in using Psychoneuroimmunology to emphasize biophotonic emission, as an esoteric scientist / pyramidologist I adhered to the discipline of Radionics as an innovative approach to integrating the mind-body problem as the mind over matter principle

Fig 6 Fig 7

21

Integrating the mind-body problem in health psychology.

I found that Psychoneuroimmunology actually addressed the overlap in the health and wellness industry with the medical industry.

As an alternative medicine Radionics was considered a pseudoscience by the American Medical Association (AMA) that I found it necessary to start a non-profit: Black Box Energies & Research. Unfortunately, the web site was removed and I had to go underground to do research on Radionics.

Having traveled to the United Kingdom ten years previously in 1988 as an exchange student in World Art 101; I attended a conference held by the Radionics society in Oxford, England.

NOTE: Internally, a radionic device is very simple, and may not even form a functional electrical circuit.[6] (see Fig 8). The wiring in the analysis device is simply used as a mystical conduit.[10] A radionic device does not use or need electric power, though a power cord may be provided, ostensibly to determine a "base rate" on which the device operates to attempt to heal a subject.[11] Typically, little attempt is made to define or describe what, if anything, is flowing along the wires and being measured. Energy in the physical sense, i.e., energy that can be sensed and measured, is viewed as subordinate to intent and "creative action".[10]

Fig 8

22

https://youtu.be/uYL3tQborDw

Chapter II: Primer On Radionics In United States & United Kingdom

Contemporary Radionic instruments

Radionics is an alternative medicine that claims disease can be diagnosed and treated with a kind of energy similar to radio waves.[1] The concept behind radionics originated in the early 1900s with Albert Abrams (1864–1924), who became a millionaire by leasing radionic machines which he designed himself.[1] Radionics contradicts some principles of physics and biology and so is commonly considered pseudoscience.[2]

Perhaps the Radionics Black Box serves another area such as amplification of thought. Unfortunately the United States Food and Drug Administration does not recognize any legitimate medical uses for such devices[1][2][3]

The Wheatsone Bridge as a Real Substitute for the Radionic Circuit

Whereas a Wheatstone bridge is an electrical circuit used to measure an unknown electrical resistance by balancing two legs of a bridge circuit, one leg of which includes the unknown component.

Its operation is similar to the original potentiometer found in Radionics and was invented by Samuel Hunter Christie in 1833 and improved and popularized by Sir Charles Wheatstone in 1843. One of the Wheatstone bridge’s initial uses was for the purpose of soils analysis and comparison.[1]

Scientific Operation

In the figure, is the unknown resistance to be measured; , and are resistors of known resistance and the resistance of is adjustable. If the ratio of the two resistances in the known leg is equal to the ratio of the two in the unknown leg , then the voltage between the two midpoints (B and D) will be zero and no current will flow through the galvanometer . If the bridge is unbalanced, the direction of the current indicates whether is too high or too low. is varied until there is no current through the galvanometer, which then reads zero.

Detecting zero current with a galvanometer can be done to extremely high accuracy. Therefore, if , and are known to high precision, then can be measured to high precision. Very small changes in disrupt the balance and are readily detected.

At the point of balance, the ratio of

23

Alternatively, if , , and are known, but is not adjustable, the voltage difference across or current flow through the meter can be used to calculate the value of , using Kirchhoff’s circuit laws (also known as Kirchhoff’s rules). This setup is frequently used in strain gauge and resistance thermometer measurements, as it is usually faster to read a voltage level off a meter than to adjust a resistance to zero the voltage.

Contemporary Application: The 555 Timer Integrated Chip. The 555 timer IC is an integrated circuit (chip) used in a variety of timer, pulse generation, and oscillator applications. The 555 can be used to provide time delays, as an oscillator, and as a flip-flop element. Derivatives provide up to four timing circuits in one package.

Introduced in 1971 by American company Signetics, the 555 is still in widespread use due to its ease of use, low price, and stability. It is now made by many companies in the original bipolar and also in low-power CMOS types. As of 2003, it was estimated that 1 billion units are manufactured every year.[1]A

Fig 9

Design

24

Internal schematic Fig 10

Internal schematic (CMOS version) Fig 11

The IC was designed in 1971 by Hans Camenzind under contract to Signetics, which was later acquired by Dutch company Philips Semiconductors (now NXP).

Depending on the manufacturer, the standard 555 package includes 25 transistors, 2 diodes and 15 resistors on a silicon chip installed in an 8-pin mini dual-in-line package (DIP-8).[2] Variants available include the 556 (a 14-pin DIP combining two 555s on one chip), and the two 558 & 559s (both a 16-pin DIP combining four slightly modified 555s with DIS & THR connected internally, and TR is falling edge sensitive instead of level sensitive).

The NE555 parts were commercial temperature range, 0 °C to +70 °C, and the SE555 part number designated the military temperature range, −55 °C to +125 °C. These were available in both high-reliability metal can (T package) and inexpensive epoxy plastic (V package) packages. Thus the full part numbers were NE555V, NE555T, SE555V, and SE555T. It has been hypothesized that the 555 got its name from the three 5 kΩ resistors used within,[3] but Hans Camenzind has stated that the number was arbitrary.[1]

Low-power versions of the 555 are also available, such as the 7555 and CMOS TLC555.[4] The 7555 is designed to cause less supply noise than the classic 555 and the manufacturer claims that it usually does not require a "control" capacitor and in many cases does not require a decoupling capacitor on the power supply. Those parts should generally be included, however, because noise produced by the timer or variation in power supply voltage might interfere with other parts of a circuit or influence its threshold voltages.

25

Pins

26

Fig 12Pinout diagram

The connection of the pins for a DIP package is as follows:

Pin Name Purpose1 GND Ground reference voltage, low level (0 V)

2 TRIGThe OUT pin goes high and a timing interval starts when this input falls below 1/2 of CTRL voltage (which is typically 1/3 VCC, CTRL being 2/3 VCC by default if CTRL is left open).

3 OUT This output is driven to approximately 1.7 V below + V CC, or to GND.

4 RESETA timing interval may be reset by driving this input to GND, but the timing does not begin again until RESET rises above approximately 0.7 volts. Overrides TRIG which overrides THR.

5 CTRL Provides "control" access to the internal voltage divider (by default, 2/3 VCC).

6 THRThe timing (OUT high) interval ends when the voltage at THR ("threshold") is greater than that at CTRL (2/3 VCC if CTRL is open).

7 DIS Open collector output which may discharge a capacitor between intervals. In phase with output.8 VCC Positive supply voltage, which is usually between 3 and 15 V depending on the variation.

Pin 5 is also sometimes called the CONTROL VOLTAGE pin. By applying a voltage to the CONTROL VOLTAGE input one can alter the timing characteristics of the device. In most applications, the CONTROL VOLTAGE input is not used. It is usual to connect a 10 nF capacitor between pin 5 and 0 V to prevent interference. The CONTROL VOLTAGE input can be used to build an astable multivibrator with a frequency modulated output.

Modes

The IC 555 has three operating modes:

Monostable mode: In this mode, the 555 functions as a "one-shot" pulse generator. Applications include timers, missing pulse detection, bounce free switches, touch switches, frequency divider, capacitance measurement, pulse-width modulation (PWM) and so on.

Astable (free-running) mode: The 555 can operate as an oscillator. Uses include LED and lamp flashers, pulse generation, logic clocks, tone generation, security alarms, pulse position modulation and so on. The 555 can be used as a simple ADC, converting an analog value to a pulse length. E.g. selecting a thermistor as timing resistor allows the use of the 555 in a temperature sensor: the period of the output pulse is determined by the temperature. The use of a microprocessor based circuit can then convert the pulse period to temperature, linearize it and even provide calibration means.

Bistable mode or Schmitt trigger: The 555 can operate as a flip-flop, if the DIS pin is not connected and no capacitor is used. Uses include bounce-free latched switches.

27

Monostable

See also: RC circuit

Schematic of a 555 in monostable mode

The output pulse ends when the voltage on the capacitor equals 2/3 of the supply voltage. The output pulse width can be lengthened or shortened to the need of the specific application by adjusting the values of R and C.[5]

The output pulse width of time t, which is the time it takes to charge C to 2/3 of the supply voltage, is given by

where t is in seconds, R is in ohms (resistance) and C is in farads (capacitance).

While using the timer IC in monostable mode, the main disadvantage is that the time span between any two triggering pulses must be greater than the RC time constant.[6]

28

Bistable

Schematic of a 555 in bistable mode

In bistable (also called Schmitt trigger) mode, the 555 timer acts as a basic flip-flop. The trigger and reset inputs (pins 2 and 4 respectively on a 555) are held high via pull-up resistors while the threshold input (pin 6) is simply floating. Thus configured, pulling the trigger momentarily to ground acts as a 'set' and transitions the output pin (pin 3) to Vcc (high state). Pulling the reset input to ground acts as a 'reset' and transitions the output pin to ground (low state). No timing capacitors are required in a bistable configuration. Pin 5 (control voltage) is connected to ground via a small-value capacitor (usually 0.01 to 0.1 uF); pin 7 (discharge) is left floating.[7]

Astable

Standard 555 astable circuit

In astable mode, the 555 timer puts out a continuous stream of rectangular pulses having a specified frequency. Resistor R1 is connected between VCC and the discharge pin (pin 7) and another resistor (R2) is connected between the discharge pin (pin 7), and the trigger (pin 2) and threshold (pin 6) pins that share a common node. Hence the capacitor is charged through R1 and R2, and discharged only through R2, since pin 7 has low impedance to ground during output low intervals of the cycle, therefore discharging the capacitor.

In the astable mode, the frequency of the pulse stream depends on the values of R1, R2 and C:

29

[8]

The high time from each pulse is given by:

and the low time from each pulse is given by:

where R1 and R2 are the values of the resistors in ohms and C is the value of the capacitor in farads.

The power capability of R1 must be greater than .

Particularly with bipolar 555s, low values of must be avoided so that the output stays saturated near zero volts during discharge, as assumed by the above equation. Otherwise the output low time will be greater than calculated above. The first cycle will take appreciably longer than the calculated time, as the capacitor must charge from 0V to 2/3 of VCC from power-up, but only from 1/3 of VCC to 2/3 of VCC on subsequent cycles.

To have an output high time shorter than the low time (i.e., a duty cycle less than 50%) a small diode (that is fast enough for the application) can be placed in parallel with R2, with the cathode on the capacitor side. This bypasses R2 during the high part of the cycle so that the high interval depends only on R1 and C, with an adjustment based the voltage drop across the diode.

The voltage drop across the diode slows charging on the capacitor so that the high time is a longer than the expected and often-cited ln(2)*R1C = 0.693 R1C. The low time will be the same as above, 0.693 R1C. With the bypass diode, the high time is

where Vdiode is when the diode's "on" current is 1/2 of Vcc/R1 which can be determined from its datasheet or by testing. As an extreme example, when Vcc= 5 and Vdiode= 0.7, high time = 1.00 R1C which is 45% longer than the "expected" 0.693 R1C. At the other extreme, when Vcc= 15 and Vdiode= 0.3, the high time = 0.725 R1C which is closer to the expected 0.693 R1C. The equation reduces to the expected 0.693 R1C if Vdiode= 0.

The operation of RESET in this mode is not well defined, some manufacturers' parts will hold the output state to what it was when RESET is taken low, others will send the output either high or low.

Specifications

30

These specifications apply to the NE555. Other 555 timers can have different specifications depending on the grade (military, medical, etc.).

Supply voltage (VCC) 4.5 to 15 VSupply current (VCC = +5 V) 3 to 6 mASupply current (VCC = +15 V) 10 to 15 mAOutput current (maximum) 200 mAMaximum Power dissipation 600 mWPower consumption (minimum operating) 30 mW@5V, 225 mW@15VOperating temperature 0 to 70 °C

Derivatives

Many pin-compatible variants, including CMOS versions, have been built by various companies. Bigger packages also exist with two or four timers on the same chip. The 555 is also known under the following type numbers:

Manufacturer Model RemarkCustom Silicon Solutions[9] CSS555/CSS555C CMOS from 1.2 V, IDD < 5 µACEMI ULY7855ECG Philips ECG955MExar XR-555Fairchild Semiconductor NE555/KA555GoldStar GSC555 CMOSHarris HA555Hitachi HA17555IK Semicon ILC555 CMOS from 2 VIntersil SE555/NE555Intersil ICM7555 CMOSLithic Systems LC555Maxim ICM7555 CMOS from 2 VMotorola MC1455/MC1555National Semiconductor LM1455/LM555/LM555CNational Semiconductor LMC555 CMOS from 1.5 VNTE Sylvania NTE955MRaytheon RM555/RC555RCA CA555/CA555CSTMicroelectronics NE555N/ K3T647Texas Instruments SN52555/SN72555Texas Instruments TLC555 CMOS from 2 VUSSR К1006ВИ1X-REL Semiconductor XTR655 Operation from -60°C to 250+°CZetex ZSCT1555 (discontinued) down to 0.9 VNXP Semiconductors ICM7555 CMOSHFO / East Germany B555

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556 dual timer[edit]

Die of a 556 dual timer manufactured by STMicroelectronics.

The dual version is called 556. It features two complete 555s in a 14 pin DIL package.

33558 quad timer[edit]

Die of a 558 quad timer.

The quad version is called 558 and has 16 pins. To fit four 555s into a 16 pin package the power, control voltage, and reset lines are shared by all four modules. Each module's discharge and threshold circuits are wired together internally.

Example applications

Joystick interface circuit using the 558 quad timer

The Apple II microcomputer used a quad timer 558 in monostable (or "one-shot") mode to interface up to four "game paddles" or two joysticks to the host computer. It also used a single 555 for flashing the display cursor.

A similar circuit was used in the IBM PC.[10] In the joystick interface circuit of the IBM PC, the capacitor (C) of the RC network (see Monostable Mode above) was generally a 10 nF capacitor. The resistor (R) of the RC network consisted of the potentiometer inside the joystick along with an external resistor of 2.2 kilohms.[11] The joystick potentiometer acted as a variable resistor. By moving the joystick, the resistance of the joystick increased from a small value up to about 100 kilohms. The joystick operated at 5 V.[12]

32

Software running in the host computer started the process of determining the joystick position by writing to a special address (ISA bus I/O address 201h).[12][13] This would result in a trigger signal to the quad timer, which would cause the capacitor (C) of the RC network to begin charging and cause the quad timer to output a pulse. The width of the pulse was determined by how long it took the C to charge up to 2/3 of 5 V (or about 3.33 V), which was in turn determined by the joystick position.[12][14] The software then measured the pulse width to determine the joystick position. A wide pulse represented the full-right joystick position, for example, while a narrow pulse represented the full-left joystick position.[12]

See also

Further reading

555 Timer Applications Sourcebook Experiments; H. Berlin; BPB Publications; 218 pages; 2008; ISBN 978-8176567909.

Timer, Op Amp, and Optoelectronic Circuits and Projects; Forrest Mims III; Master Publishing; 128 pages; 2004; ISBN 978-0-945053-29-3.

Engineer's Mini-Notebook – 555 Timer IC Circuits; Forrest Mims III; Radio Shack; 33 pages; 1989; ASIN B000MN54A6.

IC Timer Cookbook; 2nd Ed; Walter G Jung; Sams Publishing; 384 pages; 1983; ISBN 978-0-672-21932-0.

555 Timer Applications Sourcebook with Experiments; Howard M Berlin; Sams Publishing; 158 pages; 1979; ISBN 978-0-672-21538-4.

IC 555 Projects; E.A. Parr; Bernard Babani Publishing; 144 pages; 1978; ISBN 978-0-85934-047-2. Analog Applications Manual ; Signetics; 418 pages; 1979. Chapter 6 Timers is 22 pages.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to 555 timer IC.

555 Timer Circuits   – the Astable, Monostable and Bistable Simple 555 timer circuits Java simulation of 555 oscillator circuit NE555 Frequency and duty cycle calculator for astable multivibrators Using NE555 as a Temperature DSP 555 Timer Tutorial Common Mistakes When Using a 555 Timer 555 and 556 Timer Circuits 555 using areas and examples circuits Working with 555 Timer Circuits Engineers Garage Analysis and synthesis of a 555 astable multivibrator circuit - online calculator

Online simulations of a 555 astable multivibrator circuit - online simulator

IC Datasheets

33

NE558, Quad Bipolar Timer, NXP LMC555, Single CMOS Timer, Texas Instruments (operates down to 1.5 Volt at 50 uAmp) ICM755x, Single / Dual CMOS Timer, Intersil (operates down to 2.0 Volt at 60 uAmp) ZSCT1555, Single CMOS Timer, Diodes Inc (operates down to 0.9 Volt at 74 uAmp) TS300x, Single CMOS Timers, Touchstone (operates down to 0.9 Volt at 1.0 uAmp) XTR65x, HiRel HiTemp Timer, X-REL (operates from -60°C to 230°C)

Chapter II: Introduction and Preliminary Research

From my notes I will present data on the unpublished manuscript that became the basis for further research as a literature review and the reason for my being blacklisted in the School of Health Psychology.

As a student working towards a Ph.D. in Health Psychology I had selected my committee and focused in the area of Psychoneuroimmunology. I desired to use the shape of the Great Pyramid as a resonant cavity.

While taking a photograph of the device designed for the dissertation study I observed the lines of force that surrounded the cavity which had a geometrical pattern similar to the Fig below

Fig 13

I immediately changed my exoteric understanding to esoteric -- integrating ancient science and technology, I hypothesized (see excerpt) that “cavity resonance” could prevent disease which was not accepted by the department of psychology. The research on subtle energy became paramount to address biofields in humans.

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Chapter IV: Problem of the Inverse Square Law

Inverse-square lawFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia  (Redirected from Inverse square law)

S represents the light source, while r represents the measured points. The lines represent the flux emanating

from the source. The total number offlux lines depends on the strength of the source and is constant with

increasing distance. A greater density of flux lines (lines per unit area) means a stronger field. The density of

flux lines is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source because the surface area of a

sphere increases with the square of the radius. Thus the strength of the field is inversely proportional to the

square of the distance from the source.

In physics, an inverse-square law is any physical law stating that a specified physical quantity or intensity is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source of that physical quantity. Mathematically formulated:

It can also be mathematically expressed as:

The divergence of a vector field which is the resultant of radial inverse-square law fields with respect to one or more sources is everywhere proportional to the strength of the local sources, and hence zero outside sources. Newton's law of universal gravitation follows an inverse-square law, as do the effects ofelectric, magnetic, light, sound, and radiation phenomena.

Justification[edit]

The inverse-square law generally applies when some force, energy, or other conserved quantity is evenly radiated outward from a point source in three-dimensional space. Since the surface area of a sphere (which is 4πr2 ) is proportional to the square of the radius, as the emitted radiation gets farther

45

from the source, it is spread out over an area that is increasing in proportion to the square of the distance from the source. Hence, the intensity of radiation passing through any unit area (directly facing the point source) is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the point source. Gauss's law applies to, and can be used with any physical quantity that acts in accord to the inverse-square relationship.

Occurrences[edit]

Gravitation[edit]

Gravitation is the attraction of two objects with mass. Newton's law states:

The gravitational attraction force between two point masses  is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of their separation distance. The force is always attractive and acts along the line joining them.

If the distribution of matter in each body is spherically symmetric, then the objects can be treated as point masses without approximation, as shown in the shell theorem. Otherwise, if we want to calculate the attraction between massive bodies, we need to add all the point-point attraction forces vectorially and the net attraction might not be exact inverse square. However, if the separation between the massive bodies is much larger compared to their sizes, then to a good approximation, it is reasonable to treat the masses as point mass while calculating the gravitational force.

As the law of gravitation, this law was suggested in 1645 by Ismael Bullialdus. But Bullialdus did not accept Kepler’s second and third laws, nor did he appreciate Christiaan Huygens’s solution for circular motion (motion in a straight line pulled aside by the central force). Indeed, Bullialdus maintained the sun's force was attractive at aphelion and repulsive at perihelion. Robert Hooke and Giovanni Alfonso Borelli both expounded gravitation in 1666 as an attractive force[1] (Hooke’s lecture "On gravity" at the Royal Society, London, on 21 March;[2] Borelli's "Theory of the Planets", published later in 1666[3]). Hooke's 1670 Gresham lecture explained that gravitation applied to "all celestiall bodys" and added the principles that the gravitating power decreases with distance and that in the absence of any such power bodies move in straight lines. By 1679, Hooke thought gravitation had inverse square dependence and communicated this in a letter to Isaac Newton.[4] Hooke remained bitter about Newton claiming the invention of this principle, even though Newton's Principia acknowledged that Hooke, along with Wren and Halley, had separately appreciated the inverse square law in the solar system,[5] as well as giving some credit to Bullialdus.[6]

Electrostatics[edit]

The force of attraction or repulsion between two electrically charged particles, in addition to being directly proportional to the product of the electric charges, is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them; this is known as Coulomb's law. The deviation of the exponent from 2 is less than one part in 1015.[7]

Light and other electromagnetic radiation[edit]

The intensity (or illuminance or irradiance) of light or other linear waves radiating from a point source (energy per unit of area perpendicular to the source) is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source; so an object (of the same size) twice as far away, receives only one-quarter the energy (in the same time period).

More generally, the irradiance, i.e., the intensity (or power per unit area in the direction of propagation), of a spherical wavefront varies inversely with the square of the distance from the source (assuming there are no losses caused by absorption or scattering).

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For example, the intensity of radiation from the Sun is 9126 watts per square meter at the distance of Mercury (0.387 AU); but only 1367 watts per square meter at the distance of Earth (1 AU)—an approximate threefold increase in distance results in an approximate ninefold decrease in intensity of radiation.

For non-isotropic radiators such as parabolic antennas, headlights, and lasers, the effective origin is located far behind the beam aperture. If you are close to the origin, you don't have to go far to double the radius, so the signal drops quickly. When you are far from the origin and still have a strong signal, like with a laser, you have to travel very far to double the radius and reduce the signal. This means you have a stronger signal or have antenna gain in the direction of the narrow beam relative to a wide beam in all directions of an isotropic antenna.

In photography and theatrical lighting, the inverse-square law is used to determine the "fall off" or the difference in illumination on a subject as it moves closer to or further from the light source. For quick approximations, it is enough to remember that doubling the distance reduces illumination to one quarter;[8] or similarly, to halve the illumination increase the distance by a factor of 1.4 (the square root of 2), and to double illumination, reduce the distance to 0.7 (square root of 1/2). When the illuminant is not a point source, the inverse square rule is often still a useful approximation; when the size of the light source is less than one-fifth of the distance to the subject, the calculation error is less than 1%.[9]

The fractional reduction in electromagnetic fluence (Φ) for indirectly ionizing radiation with increasing distance from a point source can be calculated using the inverse-square law. Since emissions from a point source have radial directions, they intercept at a perpendicular incidence. The area of such a shell is 4πr 2 where r is the radial distance from the center. The law is particularly important in diagnostic radiography and radiotherapy treatment planning, though this proportionality does not hold in practical situations unless source dimensions are much smaller than the distance. As stated in fourier theory of heat "as the point source is magnification by distances , its radiation is dilute proportional to the sin of the angle, of the increasing circumference arc from the point of origin"

Example[edit]

Let the total power radiated from a point source, for example, an omnidirectional isotropic antenna, be P. At large distances from the source (compared to the size of the source), this power is distributed over larger and larger spherical surfaces as the distance from the source increases. Since the surface area of a sphere of radius r is A = 4πr 2, thenintensity I (power per unit area) of radiation at distance r is

The energy or intensity decreases (divided by 4) as the distance r is doubled; measured in dB it would decrease by 6.02 dB per doubling of distance.

Acoustics[edit]

In acoustics one usually measures the sound pressure at a given distance r from the source using the 1/r law.[10] Since intensity is proportional to the square of pressure amplitude, this is just a variation on the inverse-square law.

Example[edit]

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In acoustics, the sound pressure of a spherical wavefront radiating from a point source decreases by 50% as the distance r is doubled; measured in dB, the decrease is still 6.02 dB, since dB represents an intensity ratio. The behaviour is not inverse-square, but is inverse-proportional (inverse distance law):

The same is true for the component of particle velocity   that is in-phase with the instantaneous sound pressure  :

In the near field is a quadrature component of the particle velocity that is 90° out of phase with the sound pressure and does not contribute to the time-averaged energy or the intensity of the sound. The sound intensity is the product of the RMS sound pressure and the in-phase component of the RMS particle velocity, both of which are inverse-proportional. Accordingly, the intensity follows an inverse-square behaviour:

Field theory interpretation[edit]

For an irrotational vector field in three-dimensional space the inverse-square law corresponds to the property that the divergence is zero outside the source. This can be generalized to higher dimensions. Generally, for an irrotational vector field in n-dimensional Euclidean space, the intensity "I" of the vector field falls off with the distance "r" following the inverse (n − 1)th power law

,

given that the space outside the source is divergence free.[citation needed]

History[edit]

John Dumbleton of the 14th-century Oxford Calculators, was one of the first to express functional relationships in graphical form. He gave a proof of the mean speed theoremstating that "the latitude of a uniformly difform movement corresponds to the degree of the midpoint" and used this method to study the quantitative decrease in intensity of illumination in his Summa logicæ et philosophiæ naturalis (ca. 1349), stating that it was not linearly proportional to the distance, but was unable to expose the Inverse-square law.[11]

In proposition 9 of Book 1 in his book Ad Vitellionem paralipomena, quibus astronomiae pars optica traditur (1604), the astronomer Johannes Kepler argued that the spreading of light from a point source obeys an inverse square law:[12][13]

Original: Sicut se habent spharicae superificies, quibus origo lucis pro centro est, amplior ad angustiorem: ita se habet fortitudo seu densitas lucis radiorum in angustiori, ad illamin in laxiori sphaerica, hoc est, conversim. Nam per 6. 7. tantundem lucis est in angustiori sphaerica

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superficie, quantum in fusiore, tanto ergo illie stipatior & densior quam hic.

Translation: Just as [the ratio of] spherical surfaces, for which the source of light is the center, [is] from the wider to the narrower, so the density or fortitude of the rays of light in the narrower [space], towards the more spacious spherical surfaces, that is, inversely. For according to [propositions] 6 & 7, there is as much light in the narrower spherical surface, as in the wider, thus it is as much more compressed and dense here than there.

In 1645 in his book Astronomia Philolaica …, the French astronomer Ismaël Bullialdus (1605 – 1694) refuted Johannes Kepler's suggestion that "gravity"[14] weakens as the inverse of the distance; instead, Bullialdus argued, "gravity" weakens as the inverse square of the distance:[15][16]

Original: Virtus autem illa, qua Sol prehendit seu harpagat planetas, corporalis quae ipsi pro manibus est, lineis rectis in omnem mundi amplitudinem emissa quasi species solis cum illius corpore rotatur: cum ergo sit corporalis imminuitur, & extenuatur in maiori spatio & intervallo, ratio autem huius imminutionis eadem est, ac luminus, in ratione nempe dupla intervallorum, sed eversa.

Translation: As for the power by which the Sun seizes or holds the planets, and which, being corporeal, functions in the manner of hands, it is emitted in straight lines throughout the whole extent of the world, and like the species of the Sun, it turns with the body of the Sun; now, seeing that it is corporeal, it becomes weaker and attenuated at a greater distance or interval, and the ratio of its decrease in strength is the same as in the case of light, namely, the duplicate proportion, but inversely, of the distances [that is, 1/d²].

In England, the Anglican bishop Seth Ward (1617 – 1689) publicized the ideas of Bullialdus in his critique In Ismaelis Bullialdi astronomiae philolaicae fundamenta inquisitio brevis(1653) and publicized the planetary astronomy of Kepler in his book Astronomia geometrica (1656).

In 1663-1664, the English scientist Robert Hooke was writing his book Micrographia (1666) in which he discussed, among other things, the relation between the height of the atmosphere and the barometric pressure at the surface. Since the atmosphere surrounds the earth, which itself is a sphere, the volume of atmosphere bearing on any unit area of the earth's surface is a truncated cone (which extends from the earth's center to the vacuum of space ; obviously only the section of the cone from the earth's surface to space bears on the earth's surface). Although the volume of a cone is proportional to the cube of its height, Hooke argued that the air's pressure at the earth's surface is instead proportional to the height of the atmosphere because gravity diminishes with altitude. Although Hooke did not explicitly state so, the relation that he proposed would be true only if gravity decreases as the inverse square of the distance from the earth's center.[17][18]

See also[edit]

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Flux Gauss's law Kepler's first law Telecommunications , particularly:

William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin Power-aware routing protocols

Inverse proportionality Multiplicative inverse distance decay

References[edit]

 This article incorporates public domain material from the General Services Administration document "Federal Standard 1037C".

1. Jump up^ Hooke's gravitation was also not yet universal, though it approached universality more closely than previous hypotheses: See page 239 in Curtis Wilson (1989), "The Newtonian achievement in astronomy", ch.13 (pages 233–274) in "Planetary astronomy from the Renaissance to the rise of astrophysics: 2A: Tycho Brahe to Newton", CUP 1989.

2. Jump up^ Thomas Birch, The History of the Royal Society of London, … (London, England: 1756), vol. 2, pages 68-73; see especially pages 70-72.

3. Jump up^ Giovanni Alfonso Borelli, Theoricae Mediceorum Planetarum ex Causius Physicis Deductae [Theory [of the motion] of the Medicean planets [i.e., moons of Jupiter] deduced from physical causes] (Florence, (Italy): 1666).

4. Jump up^ Koyré, Alexandre (1952). "An Unpublished Letter of Robert Hooke to Isaac Newton". Isis 43 (4): 312–337. doi:10.1086/348155.

5. Jump up^ Newton acknowledged Wren, Hooke and Halley in this connection in the Scholium to Proposition 4 in Book 1 (in all editions): See for example the 1729 English translation of the Principia, at page 66.

6. Jump up^ In a letter to Edmund Halley dated June 20, 1686, Newton wrote: "Bullialdus wrote that all force respecting ye Sun as its center & depending on matter must be reciprocally in a duplicate ratio of ye distance from ye center." See: I. Bernard Cohen and George E. Smith, ed.s, The Cambridge Companion to Newton (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 2002), page 204.

7. Jump up^ Williams, Faller, Hill, E.; Faller, J.; Hill, H. (1971), "New Experimental Test of Coulomb's Law: A Laboratory Upper Limit on the Photon Rest Mass", Physical Review Letters 26 (12): 721–724,Bibcode:1971PhRvL..26..721W, doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.26.721

8. Jump up^ Millerson,G. (1991) Lighting for Film and Television - 3rd Edition p.27

9. Jump up^ Ryer,A. (1997) "The Light Measurement Handbook", ISBN 0-9658356-9-3 p.26

10. Jump up^ Inverse-Square law for sound

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11. Jump up^ John Freely, Before Galileo: The Birth of Modern Science in Medieval Europe (2012)

12. Jump up^ Johannes Kepler, Ad Vitellionem Paralipomena, quibus astronomiae pars optica traditur (Frankfurt, (Germany): Claude de Marne & heir Jean Aubry, 1604), page 10.

13. Jump up^ Translation of the Latin quote from Kepler's Ad Vitellionem paralipomena is from: Gal, O. & Chen-Morris, R.(2005) "The Archaeology of the Inverse Square Law: (1) Metaphysical Images and Mathematical Practices," History of Science, 43 : 391-414 ; see especialy p. 397.

14. Jump up^ Note: Kepler's notion of "gravity" was not the modern notion: Kepler believed that the Sun exerted a force on the planets which propelled them in their orbits around the Sun. Like beams of light from a light house, this force rotated with the Sun as it turned.

15. Jump up^ Ismail Bullialdus, Astronomia Philolaica … (Paris, France: Piget, 1645), page 23.

16. Jump up^ Translation of the Latin quote from Bullialdus' Astronomia Philolaica … is from: O'Connor, John J. and Roberson, Edmund F. (2006) "Ismael Boulliau", The MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Saint Andrews, Scotland.

17. Jump up^ (Gal & Chen-Morris, 2005), pp. 391-392.18. Jump up^ Robert Hooke, Micrographia … (London, England: John

Martyn, 1667), page 227: "[I say a Cylinder, not a piece of a Cone, because, as I may elsewhere shew in the Explication of Gravity, that triplicate proportion of the shels of a Sphere, to their respective diameters, I suppose to be removed in this case by the decrease of the power of Gravity.]"

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Chapter V: Convergence of Two Techniques: Gas Discharge Visualization and Quantum Holography

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Chapter VI: The Three Methods for Constructing the Pyramid Template

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The book for reference that was used was the book entitled Pyramid Power . It allowed me to “experiment” with different methods for constructing the “Pyramid Housing Assembly” of the PyraMedTronic Generator the original name of the invention. Needless to say that the “device” has evolved over the ten years of conducting experiments (self-funded). After being blacklisted from Walden University (shy only 6 credit hours in doing a literature review and the dissertation); I founded Black Box Energies & Research and conducted research on FREE Energy that the founder of the publication Dr. Eugene Malove was killed mysteriously.

Chapter VII: Black Box Energies & Research: Basic

Potentiometers

NE555, Single Bipolar Timer, Texas Instruments NE556, Dual Bipolar Timer, Texas Instruments

The basic set up for a three-dial Radionic device using a crystal as a resonator circuit and a stick pad and 555 IC for baseline comparison was considered to “ambitious” by my professors…

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111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111

A potentiometer /pɵˌtɛnʃiˈɒmɨtər/, informally a pot, is a three-terminal resistor with a sliding or rotating contact that forms an adjustable voltage divider.[1] If only two terminals are used, one end and the wiper, it acts as a variable resistor or rheostat.

The measuring instrument called a potentiometer is essentially a voltage divider used for measuring electric potential (voltage); the component is an implementation of the same principle, hence its name.

Potentiometers are commonly used to control electrical devices such as volume controls on audio equipment. Potentiometers operated by a mechanism can be used as position transducers, for example, in a joystick. Potentiometers are rarely used to directly control significant power (more than a watt), since the power dissipated in the potentiometer would be comparable to the power in the controlled load.

Chapter VIII: Black Boxes and the Pioneers of These Devices

Albert Abrams and the Dynamizer and Iconoclast working synchronistically

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Scientific Method Or Pseudoscience?

According to radionics practitioners, a healthy person will have certain energy frequencies moving through their body that define health, while an unhealthy person will exhibit other, different energy frequencies that define disorders.

Radionic devices purport to diagnose and heal by applying appropriate frequencies to balance the discordant frequencies of sickness. Radionics uses "frequency" not in its standard meaning but to describe an imputed energy type, which does not correspond to any property of energy in the scientific sense.[4]

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In one form of radionics popularized by Abrams, some blood on a bit of filter paper is attached to a device Abrams called a dynamizer, which is attached by wires to a string of other devices and then to the forehead of a healthy volunteer, facing west in a dim light. By tapping on his abdomen and searching for areas of "dullness", disease in the donor of the blood is diagnosed by proxy. Handwriting analysis is also used to diagnose disease under this scheme.[3]

Having done this, the practitioner may use a special device known as an oscilloclast or any of a range of other devices to broadcast vibrations at the patient in order to attempt to heal them.[3] Albert Abrams claimed to detect such frequencies and/or cure people by matching their frequencies, and claimed them sensitive enough that he could tell someone's religion by looking at a drop of blood.[3]

Tesla and the Violet Ray

Nicola Tesla also designed patents for health. One invention that he designed was called the Violet Ray and had therapeutic utility -- the heart of the machine was a Tesla Coil.

Ruth Drown and the Vibra Ray

Ruth Drown

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De la Warr and the Mark IV

George de la Warr (1904–1969) was born in the North of England, and in later life became a civil engineer in the pay of Oxfordshire County Council. In 1953 he resigned from this post[1] to work on the controversial field of radionics, in which he was a pioneer. De la Warr claimed to have invented a camera that could detect and cure diseases by remote control.[2] In June 1960, he was sued in the High Court by Catherine Phillips, a disgruntled former customer who said that her health had been ruined by using the Delawarr Diagnostic Instrument.[3]

In particular, she said that the box could not possibly have the benefits that de la Warr claimed for it.[4] de la Warr said that his device operated above the physical plane, and the box was only used as a focus for thought.[5] After ten days of argument, the judge eventually found for de la Warr, though didn't state whether the box did or did not work.[6]

He founded the De La Warr Laboratories in Oxford where he did his research and built many radionic devices. The De La Warr Laboratories closed in 1987. Most of the radionic artifacts have unknown whereabouts. However, the radionic camera was given to Marcel J. Vogel, Psychic Research Inc. in San Jose, California.

Rife Technology

Royal Rife65

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to: navigation, search

Royal Raymond Rife, June 1931 - Popular Science Magazine

Royal Raymond Rife (May 16, 1888 – August 5, 1971) was an American inventor and early exponent of high-magnification time-lapse cine-micrography.[1][2] In the 1930s, he claimed that by using a specially designed optical microscope, he could observe microbes which were too small to visualize with previously existing technology.[3] Rife also reported that a 'beam ray' device of his invention could weaken or destroy the pathogens by energetically exciting destructive resonances in their constituent chemicals.[4] Rife's claims could not be independently replicated,[5] and were discredited by independent researchers during the 1950s. Rife blamed the scientific rejection of his claims on a conspiracy involving the American Medical Association (AMA), the Department of Public Health, and other elements of "organized medicine", which had "brainwashed and intimidated" his colleagues.[6]

Interest in Rife's claims was revived in some alternative medical circles by the 1987 book The Cancer Cure That Worked, which claimed that Rife had succeeded in curing cancer, but that his work was suppressed by a powerful conspiracy headed by the AMA.[5] After this book's publication, a variety of devices bearing Rife's name were marketed as cures for diverse diseases such as cancer and AIDS. An analysis by Electronics Australia found that a typical 'Rife device' consisted of a nine-volt battery, wiring, a switch, a timer and two short lengths of copper tubing, which delivered an "almost undetectable" current unlikely to penetrate the skin.[7]

Several marketers of other 'Rife devices' have been convicted for health fraud, and in some cases cancer patients who used these devices as a replacement for medical therapy have died.[8] Rife devices are currently classified as a subset of radionics devices, which are generally viewed as pseudomedicine by mainstream experts.[5]

Life and work

Little reliable published information exists describing Rife's life. In 1929, he was granted a patent for a high-intensity microscope lamp.[9] On November 20, 1931, forty-four doctors attended a dinner advertised as "The End To All Diseases" at the Pasadena estate of Milbank Johnson, honoring Arthur I. Kendall of Northwestern Medical School and Rife, the developer of the 'Rife microscope'.[citation needed] Moving microorganisms from prepared, diseased human tissue[citation needed] were reportedly seen, still-photographed and also filmed with motion-picture equipment.[10]

In a 1932 report in Science, Mayo Clinic physician Edward C. Rosenow wrote that in addition to other small particles viewable with the standard lab microscope, small turquoise bodies termed 'eberthella typhi' not visible with the standard lab microscopes were seen in filtrate using a Rife microscope. Rosenow attributed their detection to "the ingenious methods employed rather than excessively high magnification".[11] Subsequently,

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details of one of Rife's microscopes, as well as obtained micrographs, were included in the 1944 Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution.[12]

Rife claimed to have documented a "Mortal Oscillatory Rate" for various pathogenic organisms, and to be able to destroy the organisms by vibrating them at this particular rate. According to the San Diego Evening Tribune in 1938, Rife stopped short of claiming that he could cure cancer, but did argue that he could "devitalize disease organisms" in living tissue, "with certain exceptions".[4]

Rife's microscope, techniques and claimed results have been consistently denied and discredited by the medical community, who've concluded that his results were simply not possible to obtain, observing the known laws of physics. An obituary in the Daily Californian described his death at the age of 83 on August 5, 1971, stating that he died penniless and embittered by the failure of his devices to garner scientific acceptance.[6]

Modern revival, marketing, and health fraud

Interest in Rife was revived in the 1980s by author Barry Lynes, who wrote a book about Rife entitled The Cancer Cure That Worked. The book claimed that Rife's 'beam ray' device could cure cancer, but that all mention of his discoveries was suppressed in the 1930s by a wide-ranging conspiracy headed by the American Medical Association. The American Cancer Society described Lynes' claims as implausible, noting that the book was written "in a style typical of conspiratorial theorists" and defied any independent verification.[5]

In response to this renewed interest, devices bearing Rife's name began to be produced and marketed in the 1980s. Such 'Rife devices' have figured prominently in several cases of health fraud in the U.S., typically centered around the uselessness of the devices and the grandiose claims with which they are marketed. In a 1996 case, the marketers of a 'Rife device' claiming to cure numerous diseases including cancer and AIDS were convicted of felony health fraud.[13] The sentencing judge described them as "target[ing] the most vulnerable people, including those suffering from terminal disease" and providing false hope.[14] In 2002 John Bryon Krueger, who operated the Royal Rife Research Society, was sentenced to 12 years in prison for his role in a murder and also received a concurrent 30-month sentence for illegally selling Rife devices.

In 2009 a U.S. court convicted James Folsom of 26 felony counts for sale of the Rife devices sold as 'NatureTronics', 'AstroPulse', 'BioSolutions', 'Energy Wellness', and 'Global Wellness'.[15]

Several deaths have resulted from the use of Rife machines in place of standard medical treatment. In one case, a U.S. court found that the marketer of a Rife device had violated the law and that, as a result of her actions, a cancer patient had ceased chemotherapy and died.[16]

In Australia, the use of Rife machines has been blamed for the deaths of cancer patients who might have been cured with conventional therapy.[7] In 1994, the American Cancer Society reported that Rife machines were being sold in a "pyramid-like, multilevel marketing scheme". A key component in the marketing of Rife devices has been the claim, initially put forward by Rife himself, that the devices were being suppressed by an establishment conspiracy against cancer "cures".[5] Although 'Rife devices' are not registered by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and have been linked to deaths among cancer sufferers, the Seattle Times reported that over 300 people attended the 2006 Rife International Health Conference in Seattle, where dozens of unregistered devices were sold.[8]

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See also

List of ineffective cancer treatments

References

1. Jump up ̂ "Local Man Bares Wonders of Germ Life: Making Moving Pictures of Microbe Drama". San Diego Union. November 3, 1929.

2. Jump up ̂ H. H. Dunn (June 1931). "Movie New Eye of Microscope in War on Germs". Popular Science 118 (6): 27, 141. ISSN 0161-7370.

3. Jump up ̂ "BACILLI REVEALED BY NEW MICROSCOPE; Dr. Rife's Apparatus, Magnifying 17,000 Times, Shows Germs Never Before Seen.". The New York Times. November 22, 1931. p. 19.

4. ^ Jump up to: a b Jones, Newell (1938-05-06). "Dread Disease Germs Destroyed By Rays, Claim Of S. D. Scientist: Cancer Blow Seen After 18-year Toil by Rife". San Diego Evening Tribune. p. 1.

5. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Questionable methods of cancer management: electronic devices" (PDF). CA Cancer J Clin 44 (2): 115–27. 1994. doi:10.3322/canjclin.44.2.115. PMID 8124604.

6. ^ Jump up to: a b Del Hood (August 11, 1971). "Scientific Genius Dies: Saw Work Discredited". Daily Californian.7. ^ Jump up to: a b Hills, Ben (2000-12-30). "Cheating Death". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 2009-01-11.8. ^ Jump up to: a b Willmsen, Christine; Michael J. Berens (2007-12-21). "Pair indicted on fraud charges in medical-device

probe". Seattle Times. Retrieved 2008-04-24.9. Jump up ̂ "Patent 1727618 - Microscope lamp". US Patent Office / Google Patent Search. 1927. Retrieved 2007-12-03.10. Jump up ̂ Kendall, Arthur Isaac, MD., PhD.; Rife, Royal, PhD. (December 1931). "OBSERVATIONS ON BACILLUS

TYPHOSUS IN ITS FILTERABLE STATE: A PRELIMINARY COMMUNICATION". California and Western Medicine XXXV (6): 409–11. PMC 1658030. PMID 18741967.

11. Jump up ̂ Rosenow EC (1932). "OBSERVATIONS WITH THE RIFE MICROSCOPE OF FILTER-PASSING FORMS OF MICROORGANISMS". Science 76 (1965): 192–3. doi:10.1126/science.76.1965.192. PMID 17795318.

12. Jump up ̂ R.E. Seidel, M.D; M. Elizabeth Winter (1944). "The New Microscopes". Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution (Smithsonian Institution): 207–216.

13. Jump up ̂ Farley, Dixie (September 1996). "Investigators' Reports". FDA Consumer (U.S. Food and Drug Administration). Retrieved 2009-08-07.

14. Jump up ̂ "Investigators' Reports". FDA Consumer (U.S. Food and Drug Administration). September 1996. Archived from the original on 2007-12-14. Retrieved 2009-01-09.

15. Jump up ̂ Stephen Barrett. "Rife Device Marketers Convicted". Quackwatch. Retrieved 2009-08-07.16. Jump up ̂ Stephen Barrett. "Rife Machine Operator Sued". Quackwatch. Retrieved 2007-02-12.

External links

Electromagnetic Therapy from the American Cancer Society Rife devices from the National Council Against Health Fraud

Bob Beck and the Beck Protocol

http://www.bobbeck.com/pdfs/beck-protocol-handbook.pdf

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Marcel Vogel and His Contribution To Radionics

Vogel and Dan Willis did extensive tests and trials with the Mark IV camera. Unfortunately, Vogel died in 1992. The whereabouts of the camera since then is unknown.

Patents

French patent number 1,084,318 - "Perfectionnements à la recherche d'une radiation fondamentale" UK patent number 741,651 - "Therapeutic apparatus" UK patent number 761,976 - "Therapeutic apparatus"

Further reading

George de la Warr, Langston Day, New worlds beyond the atom George de la Warr, Langston Day, Matter in the making Obituary, The Times, 2 April 1969, p12

The Hieronymus Machine and Eloptic Energy

A Hieronymus Machine is any of the patented Radionics devices invented by electrical engineer Dr. Thomas Galen Hieronymus (21 November 1895 – 1988). Hieronymus received a U.S. Patent for his invention in 1949, which was described in the patent application title as a device for "detection of emanations from materials and measurement of the volumes thereof."[1]

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Theory

The theory of operation on which Hieronymus Machines are based is that all matter emits a kind of "radiation" that is not electromagnetic, but exhibits some of the characteristics of both light and electricity. The quality of this emanation is unique to every kind of matter, and therefore can be utilized for detection and analysis. Hieronymus coined the term "eloptic energy" to describe this radiation (from the words "electrical" and "optical".) All of his machines were designed to detect and manipulate this eloptic energy.[2]

Eloptic emanations have never been detected by instruments designed to measure electromagnetic energies, and no other evidence or mathematical proof for their existence have been produced, so the theory is considered pseudoscientific and is not accepted by mainstream science.

Design and function

The original "Radiation Analyzer" consisted of a chamber to hold a sample of material, a glass prism to refract the eloptic emanations coming from it, and a copper wire probe on a rotating armature to adjust the angle formed by the prism and the probe. Supposedly, eloptic emanations are refracted by the prism at different angles depending on the material. The detected eloptic signals were fed to a three-stage vacuum tube RF amplifier and conducted to a flat touch plate surrounded by a copper wire bifilar coil.[1] By stroking the touch plate an operator could supposedly feel a sensation of "tingling" or "stickiness" when the eloptic energy wasdetected. As such, a human nervous system is considered to be necessary to operate a Hieronymus Machine.[3]

Hieronymus subsequently designed solid-state versions of his Analyzers, substituting germanium transistors for

crystal prisms and tunable capacitors for the rotating armature. He also designed and built various specialized devices designed for specific functions, including analysis of living organisms and production of homeopathic remedies.[4]

The most well-known Hieronymus Machine is the Eloptic Medical Analyzer, which supposedly analyzes and transmits eloptic energy to diagnose and treat medical conditions in plants and animals.

John W. Campbell and Symbolic Hieronymus Machines\

The inventions of Hieronymus were championed by Astounding Science Fiction editor John W. Campbell in late 1950s and early 1960s editorials. A series of correspondences between the two men show that while Hieronymus was sure that someday his theories of eloptic energy would be proven and accepted by physical scientists, Campbell was convinced that the machines were magical in nature,

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and that mock-ups of Hieronymus Machines allegedly worked by analogy or symbolism, which directed the user's PSI or ESP powers.[5]

As an example, Campbell believed one could create an eloptic receiver or similar device with the prisms and amplifiers represented by their cardboard or even schematic representations. Through the use of mental powers, such a machine would function as well as its "real" equivalent.[6] While Campbell claimed that Hieronymus machines actually did perform this way, the concept was never fully accepted by Hieronymus or pursued by him in later years.[7] In his autobiography, he wrote, "I appreciated Mr. Campbell's interest in my work, but over the years since then, I have concluded that he set back the acceptance of my work at least a hundred years by his continual emphasis on what he termed the supernatural or 'magic' aspects of a mind-controlled device he built by drawing the schematic of my patented instrument with India ink. The energy flowed over the lines of this drawing because India ink is conducting, but it isn't worth a tinker's damn for serious research or actual treating."[8]

Notes

1. ^ Jump up to: a b U.S. Patent 2,482,7732. Jump up ̂ Laurie (2009), Ch. 16, pg. 1033. Jump up ̂ Hieronymus (1976), Pg. A-114. Jump up ̂ Hieronymus (1976), pg. A-95. Jump up ̂ Laurie (2009), Ch. 16, pg. 111-1126. Jump up ̂ Campbell, (August 1956)7. Jump up ̂ Laurie (2009), Ch. 17, pg. 1148. Jump up ̂ Hieronymus (1988), Part V, pg. 123-124

References

Campbell, John W. Jr. “Psionic Machine — Type One”, Astounding Science Fiction, June 1956, pp. 97–108.

Campbell, John W. Jr. “Correction and Further Data on the Hieronymous Machine”, Astounding Science Fiction, August 1956, pp. 112–114.

Goodavage, Joseph ; “An Interview with T. Galen Hieronymus”, Analog Science Fiction, January 1977. Hieronymus, T. Galen & Sarah (September 1976). The Eloptic Directory. Advanced Sciences and

Research, Inc (documentation for the Hieronymus Eloptic Analyzer machine). Hieronymus, T. Galen (January 1988). The Story of Eloptic Energy. Institute of Advanced Sciences, Inc. Laurie, Duncan (15 September 2009). The Secret Art: A Brief History of Radionic Technology for the

Creative Individual. Anomalist Books. ISBN 978-1-933665-42-9.

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Is Radiesthesia Also Radionics?

Radiesthesia is the claimed paranormal or parapsychological ability to detect "radiation" within the human body. According to the theory, all human bodies give off unique or characteristic "radiations" as do all other physical bodies or objects. Such radiations are often termed an "aura". A practitioner of radiesthesia claims to detect the interplay of these radiations. Thus radiesthesia is cited as the explanation of such phenomena as dowsing by rods and pendulums in order to locate buried substances, diagnose illnesses, and the like. Some radiesthesia practitioners like Israeli mentalist Uri Geller or German astrologer Alexander Rostamí claim that they can help oil companies to find crude petroleum reserves and other natural resources by using paranormal abilities, but this claim has not been proven.[7]

The term "radiesthesia" first entered English in the 1930s and was borrowed from the earlier French radiésthesie. The English word is a compound of the prefix radi(o)-, referring to radiation and the rare term

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aesthesia meaning "perception by the senses", or "the capacity for feeling or sensation", which comes from the ancient Greek aisthesis "a perceiving".

Dr. Solco W. Tromp (1909-1983) wrote about radiesthesia in his 1949 book Psychical Physics. This reference has a bibliography of over 700 titles relating to dowsing (radiesthesia).[8]

Gerald Gardner, in his book Witchcraft Today, 1954, refers to his own anecdotal experiences with radiesthesia as evidence supporting the existence of "Witch Power".

The Pendulum is a monthly publication devoted to radiesthesia. There are other periodicals, publications, books, societies and numerous websites on the topic.

Scientific assessment

The claims for radionics devices contradict the accepted principles of biology and physics. No scientifically verifiable mechanisms of function are posited. In this sense, they can be described as magical in operation. No plausible biophysical basis for the "putative energy fields" has been proposed, and neither the fields themselves nor their purported therapeutic effects have been convincingly demonstrated.[9]

No radionic device has been found efficacious in the diagnosis or treatment of any disease, and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration does not recognize any legitimate medical uses of any such device.[1] According to David Helwig in The Gale Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine, "most physicians dismiss radionics as quackery."[2]

Internally, a radionic device is very simple, and may not even form a functional electrical circuit.[6] The wiring in the analysis device is simply used as a mystical conduit.[10] A radionic device does not use or need electric power, though a power cord may be provided, ostensibly to determine a "base rate" on which the device operates to attempt to heal a subject.[11] Typically, little attempt is made to define or describe what, if anything, is flowing along the wires and being measured. Energy in the physical sense, i.e., energy that can be sensed and measured, is viewed as subordinate to intent and "creative action".[10] The invalidity of these devices started the “medicalization” of the Hospital System which required physicians to adhere to scientific methods for determing disease which is the basis for intervention and is known as allopathic medicine.

Chapter IX: Flexner Report

Although Abrams developed thirteen devices and became a millionaire leasing his devices,[3][5] the American Medical Association (AMA) spearheaded a campaign sponsored by Rockefeller and Flexner as the Flexner Report which described Abrams as the "dean of gadget quacks,"[5] and his devices were definitively proven useless by an independent investigation commissioned by Scientific American in 1924.[6] t

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The practice of Radionics was banned in the United States by Rockefeller and Flexner. However, having traveled to the United Kingdom, I found to much my surprise a flourishing industry of Radionics and became fascinated with the Black Box and the principle of mind over matter

The early pioneers in the United States were Tesla, Abrams, Drown, Hieronymus, de la Warr (a wishing machine), and others who were discredited for practicing Radionics.

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Resonating Valence Bond (RVB) Theory

In condensed

matter physics, the resonating valence bond theory

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(RVB) is a theoretical model that attempts to describe high temperature superconductivity, and in particular the superconductivity in cuprate compounds. It was first proposed by American physicist P. W. Anderson and the Indian theoretical physicist Ganapathy Baskaran in 1987.[1]

The theory states that in copper oxide lattices, electrons from neighboring copper atoms interact to form a valence bond, which locks them in place. However, with doping, these electrons can act as mobile Cooper pairs and are able to superconduct.

Anderson observed in his 1987 paper that the origins of superconductivity in doped cuprates was in the Mott insulator nature of crystalline copper oxide.[2] RVB builds on the Hubbard and t-J models used in the study of strongly correlated materials.[3] In 2014, evidence showing that fractional particles can happen in quasi two-dimensional magnetic materials, was found by EPFL scientists[4] lending support for Anderson's theory of high-temperature superconductivity.[5]

Condensed matter physics is a branch of physics that deals with the physical properties of condensed phases of matter.[1] Condensed matter physicists seek to understand the behavior of these phases by using physical laws. In particular, these include the laws of quantum mechanics,

electromagnetism and statistical mechanics.

The copper spiral in the Mark IV Camera invented by de la Warr is representative of condensed phases which are solids and liquids, while more exotic condensed phases include the superconducting phase exhibited by certain materials at low temperature, the ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic phases of spins on atomic lattices, and the Bose–Einstein condensate found in cold atomic systems.

The study of condensed matter physics involves measuring various material properties via experimental probes along with using techniques of theoretical physics to develop mathematical models that help in understanding physical behavior.

The diversity of systems and phenomena available for study makes condensed matter physics the most active field of contemporary physics: one third of all American physicists identify themselves as condensed matter physicists,[2] and the Division of Condensed Matter Physics is the largest division at the American Physical Society.[3]

The field overlaps with chemistry, materials science, and nanotechnology, and relates closely to atomic physics and biophysics. Theoretical condensed matter physics shares important concepts and techniques with theoretical particle and nuclear physics.[4]

A variety of topics in physics such as crystallography, metallurgy, elasticity, magnetism, etc., were treated as distinct areas, until the 1940s when they were grouped together as solid state physics.

Around the 1960s, the study of physical properties of liquids was added to this list, forming the basis for the new, related specialty of condensed matter physics.[5] According to physicist Phil Anderson, the term was coined by him and Volker Heine when they changed the name of their group at the Cavendish Laboratories, Cambridge

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from "Solid state theory" to "Theory of Condensed Matter" in 1967,[6] as they felt it did not exclude their interests in the study of liquids, nuclear matter and so on.[7]

Although Anderson and Heine helped popularize the name "condensed matter", it had been present in Europe for some years, most prominently in the form of a journal published in English, French, and German by Springer-Verlag titled Physics of Condensed Matter, which was launched in 1963.[8]

The funding environment and Cold War politics of the 1960s and 1970s were also factors that lead some physicists to prefer the name "condensed matter physics", which emphasized the commonality of scientific problems encountered by physicists working on solids, liquids, plasmas, and other complex matter, over "solid state physics", which was often associated with the industrial applications of metals and semiconductors.[9] The Bell Telephone Laboratories was one of the first institutes to conduct a research program in condensed matter physics.[5]

References to "condensed" state can be traced to earlier sources. For example, in the introduction to his 1947 "Kinetic theory of liquids" book,[10] Yakov Frenkel proposed that "The kinetic theory of liquids must accordingly be developed as a generalization and extension of the kinetic theory of solid bodies". As a matter of fact, it would be more correct to unify them under the title of "condensed bodies".

In condensed matter physics, a Cooper pair or BCS pair is a pair of electrons (or other fermions) bound together at low temperatures in a certain manner first described in 1956 by American physicist Leon Cooper.[1] Cooper showed that an arbitrarily small attraction between electrons in a metal can cause a paired state of electrons to have a lower energy than the Fermi energy, which implies that the pair is bound. In conventional superconductors, this attraction is due to the electron–phonon interaction. The Cooper pair state is responsible for superconductivity, as described in the BCS theory developed by John Bardeen, Leon Cooper, and John Schrieffer for which they shared the 1972 Nobel Prize.[2]

Although Cooper pairing is a quantum effect, the reason for the pairing can be seen from a simplified classical explanation.[2][3] An electron in a metal normally behaves as a free particle. The electron is repelled from other electrons due to their negative charge, but it also attracts the positive ions that make up the rigid lattice of the metal. This attraction distorts the ion lattice, moving the ions slightly toward the electron, increasing the positive charge density of the lattice in the vicinity. This positive charge can attract other electrons. At long distances this attraction between electrons due to the displaced ions can overcome the electrons' repulsion due to their negative charge, and cause them to pair up. The rigorous quantum mechanical explanation shows that the effect is due to electron–phonon interactions.

The energy of the pairing interaction is quite weak, of the order of 10−3eV, and thermal energy can easily break the pairs. So only at low temperatures, in metal and other substrates, are a significant number of the electrons in Cooper pairs.

The electrons in a pair are not necessarily close together; because the interaction is long range, paired electrons may still be many hundreds of nanometers apart. This distance is usually greater than the average interelectron distance, so many Cooper pairs can occupy the same space.[4] Electrons have spin- 1 ⁄ 2, so they are fermions, but a Cooper pair is a composite boson as its total spin is integral ('0' or '1'). This means the wave functions are symmetric under particle interchange, and they are allowed to be in the same state.

The BCS theory is also applicable to other fermion systems, such as helium-3. Indeed, Cooper pairing is responsible for the superfluidity of helium-3 at low temperatures. It has also been recently demonstrated that a Cooper pair can comprise two bosons.[5] Here the pairing is supported by entanglement in an optical lattice.

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Relationship to superconductivity

The tendency for all the Cooper pairs in a body to 'condense' into the same ground quantum state is responsible for the peculiar properties of superconductivity.

Cooper originally considered only the case of an isolated pair's formation in a metal. When one considers the more realistic state of many electronic pair formations, as is elucidated in the full BCS theory, one finds that the pairing opens a gap in the continuous spectrum of allowed energy states of the electrons, meaning that all excitations of the system must possess some minimum amount of energy.

This gap to excitations leads to superconductivity, since small excitations such as scattering of electrons are forbidden.[6] The gap appears due to many-body effects between electrons feeling the attraction. Herbert Fröhlich was first to suggest that electrons might act as pairs coupled by lattice vibrations in the material.[2] This was indicated by the isotope effect observed in superconductors. The isotope effect showed that materials with heavier ions (different nuclear isotopes) had lower superconducting transition temperatures. This can be explained by the theory of Cooper pairing: heavier ions are harder for the electrons to attract and move (how Cooper pairs are formed), which results in a smaller binding energy for the pairs.

The theory of Cooper pairs is quite general and does not depend on the specific electron-phonon interaction. Condensed matter theorists have proposed pairing mechanisms based on other attractive interactions such as electron–exciton interactions or electron–plasmon interactions. Currently, none of these alternate pairing interactions has been observed in any material.

It should be mentioned that Cooper pairing does not really involve individual electrons pairing up to form "quasi-bosons". The paired states are energetically favored, and electrons go in and out of those states preferentially. This is a fine distinction that John Bardeen makes:

"The idea of paired electrons, though not fully accurate, captures the sense of it." [7]

The mathematical description of the second-order coherence involved here is given by Yang.[8]

Chapter X: Crystal structure & Piezoelectric Effect

Insulin crystals

In mineralogy and crystallography, a crystal structure is a unique arrangement of atoms, ions or molecules in a crystalline liquid or solid.[1] It describes a highly ordered structure, occurring due to the intrinsic nature of its constituents to form symmetric patterns.

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The crystal lattice can be thought of as an array of 'small boxes' infinitely repeating in all three spatial directions. Such a unit cell is the smallest unit of volume that contains all of the structural and symmetry information to build-up the macroscopic structure of the lattice by translation.

Patterns are located upon the points of a lattice, which is an array of points repeating periodically in three dimensions. The lengths of the edges of a unit cell and the angles between them are called the lattice parameters. The symmetry properties of the crystal are embodied in its space group.[1]

A crystal's structure and symmetry play a role in determining many of its physical properties, such as cleavage, electronic band structure, and optical transparency.

Unit cell

The crystal structure of a material (the arrangement of atoms within a given type of crystal) can be described in terms of its unit cell. The unit cell is a small box containing one or more atoms arranged in 3-dimensions. The unit cells stacked in three-dimensional space describe the bulk arrangement of atoms of the crystal. The unit cell is represented in terms of its lattice parameters, which are the lengths of the cell edges (a,b and c) and the angles between them (alpha, beta and gamma), while the positions of the atoms inside the unit cell are described by the set of atomic positions (xi    , yi    , zi) measured from a lattice point. Commonly, atomic positions are represented in terms of fractional coordinates, relative to the unit cell lengths.

Simple cubic (P)

Body-centered cubic (I)

Face-centered cubic (F)

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The atom positions within the unit cell can be calculated through application of symmetry operations to the asymmetric unit. The asymmetric unit refers to the smallest possible occupation of space within the unit cell. This does not, however imply that the entirety of the asymmetric unit must lie within the boundaries of the unit cell. Symmetric transformations of atom positions are calculated from the space group of the crystal structure, and this is usually a black box operation performed by computer programs. However, manual calculation of the atomic positions within the unit cell can be performed from the asymmetric unit, through the application of the symmetry operators described within the 'International Tables for Crystallography: Volume A'[2]

Miller indices

Planes with different Miller indices in cubic crystals

Vectors and atomic planes in a crystal lattice can be described by a three-value Miller index notation (ℓmn). The ℓ, m, and n directional indices are separated by 90°, and are thus orthogonal.[3]

By definition, (ℓmn) denotes a plane that intercepts the three points a1/ℓ, a2/m, and a3/n, or some multiple thereof. That is, the Miller indices are proportional to the inverses of the intercepts of the plane with the unit cell (in the basis of the lattice vectors).

If one or more of the indices is zero, it means that the planes do not intersect that axis (i.e., the intercept is "at infinity"). A plane containing a co-ordinate axis is translated so that it no longer contains that axis before its Miller indices are determined. The Miller indices for a plane are integers with no common factors. Negative indices are indicated with horizontal bars, as in (123). In an orthogonal co-ordinate system for a cubic cell, the Miller indices of a plane are the Cartesian components of a vector normal to the plane.

Considering only (ℓmn) planes intersecting one or more lattice points (the lattice planes), the distance d between adjacent lattice planes is related to the (shortest) reciprocal lattice vector orthogonal to the planes by the formula:

Planes and directions

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The crystallographic directions are geometric lines linking nodes (atoms, ions or molecules) of a crystal. Likewise, the crystallographic planes are geometric planes linking nodes. Some directions and planes have a higher density of nodes. These high density planes have an influence on the behavior of the crystal as follows:[1]

Optical properties : Refractive index is directly related to density (or periodic density fluctuations).

Adsorption and reactivity: Physical adsorption and chemical reactions occur at or near surface atoms or molecules. These phenomena are thus sensitive to the density of nodes.

Surface tension : The condensation of a material means that the atoms, ions or molecules are more stable if they are surrounded by other similar species. The surface tension of an interface thus varies according to the density on the surface.

Dense crystallographic planes

Microstructural defects: Pores and crystallites tend to have straight grain boundaries following higher density planes.

Cleavage: This typically occurs preferentially parallel to higher density planes.

Plastic deformation : Dislocation glide occurs preferentially parallel to higher density planes. The perturbation carried by the dislocation (Burgers vector) is along a dense direction. The shift of one node in a more dense direction requires a lesser distortion of the crystal lattice.

Some directions and planes are defined by symmetry of the crystal system. In monoclinic, rombohedral, tetragonal, and trigonal/hexagonal systems there is one unique axis (sometimes called the principal axis) which has higher rotational symmetry than the other two axes. The basal plane is the plane perpendicular to the principal axis in these crystal systems. For triclinic, orthorhombic, and cubic crystal systems the axis designation is arbitrary and there is no principal axis.

Cubic structures

For the special case of simple cubic crystals, the lattice vectors are orthogonal and of equal length (usually denoted a); similarly for the reciprocal lattice. So, in this common case, the Miller indices (ℓmn) and [ℓmn] both simply denote normals/directions in Cartesian coordinates. For cubic crystals with lattice constant a, the spacing d between adjacent (ℓmn) lattice planes is (from above):

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Because of the symmetry of cubic crystals, it is possible to change the place and sign of the integers and have equivalent directions and planes:

Coordinates in angle brackets such as <100> denote a family of directions that are equivalent due to symmetry operations, such as [100], [010], [001] or the negative of any of those directions.

Coordinates in curly brackets or braces such as {100} denote a family of plane normals that are equivalent due to symmetry operations, much the way angle brackets denote a family of directions.

For face-centered cubic (fcc) and body-centered cubic (bcc) lattices, the primitive lattice vectors are not orthogonal. However, in these cases the Miller indices are conventionally defined relative to the lattice vectors of the cubic supercell and hence are again simply the Cartesian directions.

Classification

The defining property of a crystal is its inherent symmetry, by which we mean that under certain 'operations' the crystal remains unchanged. All crystals have translational symmetry in three directions, but some have other symmetry elements as well. For example, rotating the crystal 180° about a certain axis may result in an atomic configuration that is identical to the original configuration. The crystal is then said to have a twofold rotational symmetry about this axis. In addition to rotational symmetries like this, a crystal may have symmetries in the form of mirror planes and translational symmetries, and also the so-called "compound symmetries," which are a combination of translation and rotation/mirror symmetries. A full classification of a crystal is achieved when all of these inherent symmetries of the crystal are identified.[4]

Lattice systems

These lattice systems are a grouping of crystal structures according to the axial system used to describe their lattice. Each lattice system consists of a set of three axes in a particular geometric arrangement. There are seven lattice systems. They are similar to but not quite the same as the seven crystal systems and the six crystal families.

The 7 lattice systems (From least to most symmetric)

The 14 Bravais Lattices

1. triclinic(none)

2. monoclinic(1 diad)

simple base-centered

3. orthorhombic simple base-centered body-centered face-centered

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(3 perpendicular diads)

4. rhombohedral(1 triad)

5. tetragonal(1 tetrad)

simple body-centered

6. hexagonal(1 hexad)

7. cubic(4 triads)

simple (SC) body-centered (bcc) face-centered (fcc)

The simplest and most symmetric, the cubic (or isometric) system, has the symmetry of a cube, that is, it exhibits four threefold rotational axes oriented at 109.5° (the tetrahedral angle) with respect to each other. These threefold axes lie along the body diagonals of the cube. The other six lattice systems, are hexagonal, tetragonal, rhombohedral (often confused with the trigonal crystal system), orthorhombic, monoclinic and triclinic.

Reciprocal spacing

The spacing d between adjacent (hkl) lattice planes is

Cubic:

Tetragonal:

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Hexagonal:

Rhombohedral:

Orthorhombic:

Monoclinic:

Atomic coordination

By considering the arrangement of atoms relative to each other, their coordination numbers (or number of nearest neighbors), interatomic distances, types of bonding, etc., it is possible to form a general view of the structures and alternative ways of visualizing them.[5]

HCP lattice (left) and the fcc lattice (right)

Close packing

The principles involved can be understood by considering the most efficient way of packing together equal-sized spheres and stacking close-packed atomic planes in three dimensions. For example, if plane A lies beneath

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plane B, there are two possible ways of placing an additional atom on top of layer B. If an additional layer was placed directly over plane A, this would give rise to the following series :

...ABABABAB....

This arrangement of atoms in a crystal structure is known as hexagonal close packing (hcp).

If, however, all three planes are staggered relative to each other and it is not until the fourth layer is positioned directly over plane A that the sequence is repeated, then the following sequence arises:

...ABCABCABC...

This type of structural arrangement is known as cubic close packing (ccp).

The unit cell of a ccp arrangement of atoms is the face-centered cubic (fcc) unit cell. This is not immediately obvious as the closely packed layers are parallel to the {111} planes of the fcc unit cell. There are four different orientations of the close-packed layers.

The packing efficiency can be worked out by calculating the total volume of the spheres and dividing by the volume of the cell as follows:

The 74% packing efficiency is the maximum density possible in unit cells constructed of spheres of only one size. Most crystalline forms of metallic elements are hcp, fcc, or bcc (body-centered cubic). The coordination number of atoms in hcp and fcc structures is 12 and its atomic packing factor (APF) is the number mentioned above, 0.74. This can be compared to the APF of a bcc structure, which is 0.68.

Bravais lattices

When the crystal systems are combined with the various possible lattice centerings, we arrive at the Bravais lattices.[3] They describe the geometric arrangement of the lattice points, and thereby the translational symmetry of the crystal. In three dimensions, there are 14 unique Bravais lattices that are distinct from one another in the translational symmetry they contain. All crystalline materials recognized until now (not including quasicrystals) fit in one of these arrangements. The fourteen three-dimensional lattices, classified by crystal system, are shown above. The Bravais lattices are sometimes referred to as space lattices.

The crystal structure consists of the same group of atoms, the basis, positioned around each and every lattice point. This group of atoms therefore repeats indefinitely in three dimensions according to the arrangement of one of the 14 Bravais lattices. The characteristic rotation and mirror symmetries of the group of atoms, or unit cell, is described by its crystallographic point group.

Point groups

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The crystallographic point group or crystal class is the mathematical group comprising the symmetry operations that leave at least one point unmoved and that leave the appearance of the crystal structure unchanged. These symmetry operations include

Reflection, which reflects the structure across a reflection plane Rotation, which rotates the structure a specified portion of a circle about a rotation axis Inversion, which changes the sign of the coordinate of each point with respect to a center of symmetry or

inversion point Improper rotation , which consists of a rotation about an axis followed by an inversion.

Rotation axes (proper and improper), reflection planes, and centers of symmetry are collectively called symmetry elements. There are 32 possible crystal classes. Each one can be classified into one of the seven crystal systems.

Space groups

In addition to the operations of the point group, the space group of the crystal structure contains translational symmetry operations. These include:

Pure translations, which move a point along a vector Screw axes, which rotate a point around an axis while translating parallel to the axis.[6]

Glide planes, which reflect a point through a plane while translating it parallel to the plane.[6]

There are 230 distinct space groups.

Grain boundaries

Grain boundaries are interfaces where crystals of different orientations meet.[3] A grain boundary is a single-phase interface, with crystals on each side of the boundary being identical except in orientation. The term "crystallite boundary" is sometimes, though rarely, used. Grain boundary areas contain those atoms that have been perturbed from their original lattice sites, dislocations, and impurities that have migrated to the lower energy grain boundary.

Treating a grain boundary geometrically as an interface of a single crystal cut into two parts, one of which is rotated, we see that there are five variables required to define a grain boundary. The first two numbers come from the unit vector that specifies a rotation axis. The third number designates the angle of rotation of the grain. The final two numbers specify the plane of the grain boundary (or a unit vector that is normal to this plane).[5]

Grain boundaries disrupt the motion of dislocations through a material, so reducing crystallite size is a common way to improve strength, as described by the Hall–Petch relationship. Since grain boundaries are defects in the crystal structure they tend to decrease the electrical and thermal conductivity of the material. The high interfacial energy and relatively weak bonding in most grain boundaries often makes them preferred sites for the onset of corrosion and for the precipitation of new phases from the solid. They are also important to many of the mechanisms of creep.[5]

Grain boundaries are in general only a few nanometers wide. In common materials, crystallites are large enough that grain boundaries account for a small fraction of the material. However, very small grain sizes are achievable. In nanocrystalline solids, grain boundaries become a significant volume fraction of the material, with profound effects on such properties as diffusion and plasticity. In the limit of small crystallites, as the

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volume fraction of grain boundaries approaches 100%, the material ceases to have any crystalline character, and thus becomes an amorphous solid.[5]

Defects and impurities

Real crystals feature defects or irregularities in the ideal arrangements described above and it is these defects that critically determine many of the electrical and mechanical properties of real materials. When one atom substitutes for one of the principal atomic components within the crystal structure, alteration in the electrical and thermal properties of the material may ensue.[7] Impurities may also manifest as spin impurities in certain materials. Research on magnetic impurities demonstrates that substantial alteration of certain properties such as specific heat may be affected by small concentrations of an impurity, as for example impurities in semiconducting ferromagnetic alloys may lead to different properties as first predicted in the late 1960s.[8][9] Dislocations in the crystal lattice allow shear at lower stress than that needed for a perfect crystal structure.[10]

Prediction of structure

Main article: Crystal structure prediction

Crystal structure of sodium chloride (table salt)

Within the brain and body of humans are crystals. It is this area where health maybe observed to have general patterns in nature. However, the difficulty of predicting stable crystal structures based on the knowledge of only the chemical composition has long been a stumbling block on the way to fully computational materials design. Now, with more powerful algorithms and high-performance computing, structures of medium complexity can be predicted using such approaches as evolutionary algorithms, random sampling, or metadynamics.

The crystal structures of simple ionic solids (e.g., NaCl or table salt) have long been rationalized in terms of Pauling's rules, first set out in 1929 by Linus Pauling, referred to by many since as the "father of the chemical bond".[11]

Pauling also considered the nature of the interatomic forces in metals, and concluded that about half of the five d-orbitals in the transition metals are involved in bonding, with the remaining nonbonding d-orbitals being responsible for the magnetic properties. He, therefore, was able to correlate the number of d-orbitals in bond formation with the bond length as well as many of the physical properties of the substance. He subsequently introduced the metallic orbital, an extra orbital necessary to permit uninhibited resonance of valence bonds among various electronic structures.[12]

In the resonating valence bond theory, the factors that determine the choice of one from among alternative crystal structures of a metal or intermetallic compound revolve around the energy of resonance of bonds among interatomic positions. It is clear that some modes of resonance would make larger contributions (be more mechanically stable than others), and that in particular a simple ratio of number of bonds to number of positions would be exceptional. The resulting principle is that a special stability is associated with the simplest ratios or "bond numbers": 1/2, 1/3, 2/3, 1/4, 3/4, etc. The choice of structure and the value of the axial ratio (which

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determines the relative bond lengths) are thus a result of the effort of an atom to use its valency in the formation of stable bonds with simple fractional bond numbers.[13][14]

After postulating a direct correlation between electron concentration and crystal structure in beta-phase alloys, Hume-Rothery analyzed the trends in melting points, compressibilities and bond lengths as a function of group number in the periodic table in order to establish a system of valencies of the transition elements in the metallic state. This treatment thus emphasized the increasing bond strength as a function of group number.[15] The operation of directional forces were emphasized in one article on the relation between bond hybrids and the metallic structures. The resulting correlation between electronic and crystalline structures is summarized by a single parameter, the weight of the d-electrons per hybridized metallic orbital. The "d-weight" calculates out to 0.5, 0.7 and 0.9 for the fcc, hcp and bcc structures respectively. The relationship between d-electrons and crystal structure thus becomes apparent.[16]

Polymorphism

Quartz is one of the several thermodynamically stable crystalline forms of silica, SiO2. The most important forms of silica include: α-quartz, β-quartz, tridymite, cristobalite, coesite, and stishovite. The Beck Protocol is a therapeutic regimen http://www.cancertutor.com/bobbeck-bp/ and http://www.bobbeck.com/ that includes four “devices” one which rearranges the cystalline structure in water – a liquid quartz by gaining a third oxygen O3 (Ozonated water). Thus polymorphism refers to the ability of a solid to exist in more than one crystalline form or structure such as H2O. Of interest is that the Earth and the human brain-body contain water (75%).According to Gibbs' rules of phase equilibria, these unique crystalline phases will be dependent on intensive variables such as pressure and temperature. Bob Beck addressed health as micro-currents from suppressed science and technology addressing the HIV virus. Thus, polymorphism can potentially be found in many crystalline materials including polymers, minerals, and metals, and is related to allotropy, which refers to elemental solids.

The complete morphology of a material is described by polymorphism and other variables such as crystal habit, amorphous fraction or crystallographic defects. Polymorphs have different stabilities and may spontaneously convert from a metastable form (or thermodynamically unstable form) to the stable form at a particular temperature. They also exhibit different melting points, solubilities, and X-ray diffraction patterns.

One good example of this is the quartz form of silicon dioxide, or SiO2. In the vast majority of silicates, the Si atom shows tetrahedral coordination by 4 oxygens. All but one of the crystalline forms involve tetrahedral SiO4 units linked together by shared vertices in different arrangements. In different minerals the tetrahedra show different degrees of networking and polymerization. For example, they occur singly, joined together in pairs, in larger finite clusters including rings, in chains, double chains, sheets, and three-dimensional frameworks. The minerals are classified into groups based on these structures. In each of its 7 thermodynamically stable crystalline forms or polymorphs of crystalline quartz, only 2 out of 4 of each the edges of the SiO4 tetrahedra are shared with others, yielding the net chemical formula for silica: SiO2.

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Another example is elemental tin (Sn), which is malleable near ambient temperatures but is brittle when cooled. This change in mechanical properties due to existence of its two major allotropes, α- and β-tin. The two allotropes that are encountered at normal pressure and temperature, α-tin and β-tin, are more commonly known as gray tin and white tin respectively. Two more allotropes, γ and σ, exist at temperatures above 161 °C and pressures above several GPa.[17] White tin is metallic, and is the stable crystalline form at or above room temperature. Below 13.2 °C, tin exists in the gray form, which has a diamond cubic crystal structure, similar to diamond, silicon or germanium. Gray tin has no metallic properties at all, is a dull-gray powdery material, and has few uses, other than a few specialized semiconductor applications.[18] Although the α-β transformation temperature of tin is nominally 13.2 °C, impurities (e.g. Al, Zn, etc.) lower the transition temperature well below 0 °C, and upon addition of Sb or Bi the transformation may not occur at all.[19]

Physical properties

Twenty of the 32 crystal classes are piezoelectric, and crystals belonging to one of these classes (point groups) display piezoelectricity. All piezoelectric classes lack a center of symmetry. Any material develops a dielectric polarization when an electric field is applied, but a substance that has such a natural charge separation even in the absence of a field is called a polar material. Whether or not a material is polar is determined solely by its crystal structure. Only 10 of the 32 point groups are polar. All polar crystals are pyroelectric, so the 10 polar crystal classes are sometimes referred to as the pyroelectric classes.

There are a few crystal structures, notably the perovskite structure, which exhibit ferroelectric behavior. This is analogous to ferromagnetism, in that, in the absence of an electric field during production, the ferroelectric crystal does not exhibit a polarization. Upon the application of an electric field of sufficient magnitude, the crystal becomes permanently polarized. This polarization can be reversed by a sufficiently large counter-charge, in the same way that a ferromagnet can be reversed. However, although they are called ferroelectrics, the effect is due to the crystal structure (not the presence of a ferrous metal).

Ancient Sacred Geometry and Vitruvius Man

Sacred geometry is the geometry used in the design and construction of religious structures such as churches, temples, mosques, religious monuments, altars, tabernacles; as well as for sacred spaces such as temenoi, sacred groves, village greens and holy wells, and the creation of religious art. In sacred geometry, symbolic and sacred meanings are ascribed to certain geometric shapes and certain geometric proportions, according to Paul Calter and others:[1]

As worldview and cosmology

The belief that God created the universe according to a geometric plan has ancient origins. Plutarch attributed the belief to Plato, writing that "Plato said God geometrizes continually" (Convivialium disputationum, liber 8,2).

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In modern times the mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss adapted this quote, saying "God arithmetizes".[2] At least as late as Johannes Kepler (1571–1630), a belief in the geometric underpinnings of the cosmos persisted among scientists.

Closeup of inner section of the Kepler's Platonic solid model of planetary spacing in the Solar system from Mysterium Cosmographicum (1596) which ultimately proved to be inaccurate

Natural forms

According to Stephen Skinner, the study of sacred geometry has its roots in the study of nature, and the mathematical principles at work therein.[3] Many forms observed in nature can be related to geometry, for example, the chambered nautilus grows at a constant rate and so its shell forms a logarithmic spiral to accommodate that growth without changing shape. Also, honeybees construct hexagonal cells to hold their honey. These and other correspondences are sometimes interpreted in terms of sacred geometry and considered to be further proof of the natural significance of geometric forms.

Art and architecture

Geometric ratios, and geometric figures were often employed in the design of Egyptian, ancient Indian, Greek and Roman architecture. Medieval European cathedrals also incorporated symbolic geometry. Indian and Himalayan spiritual communities often constructed temples and fortifications on design plans of mandala and yantra.

Many of the sacred geometry principles of the human body and of ancient architecture have been compiled into the Vitruvian Man drawing by Leonardo da Vinci, itself based on the much older writings of the Roman architect Vitruvius

The Vitruvian Man, Italian: Le proporzioni del corpo umano secondo Vitruvio, is a drawing by Leonardo da Vinci around 1490.[1] It is accompanied by notes based on the work of the architect Vitruvius. The drawing, which is in pen and ink on paper, depicts a man in two superimposed positions with his arms and legs apart and inscribed in a circle and square. The drawing and text are sometimes called the Canon of Proportions or, less often, Proportions of Man. It is kept in the Gabinetto dei disegni e stampe of the Gallerie dell'Accademia, in Venice, Italy, under reference 228. Like most works on paper, it is displayed to the public only occasionally.[2][3]

Although manifestation is one-side and the drawing of the Vitruvian man is exemplified for a state of perfection based on sacred geometry; as an esoteric scientist I found through humankind the female having significance as a matriarchical society. While the drawing is based on the correlations of ideal human proportions with geometry described by the ancient Roman architect Vitruvius in Book III of his treatise De Architectura. Vitruvius described the human figure as being the principal source of proportion among the Classical orders of architecture. Vitruvius determined that the ideal body should be eight heads high. Leonardo's drawing is traditionally named in honor of the architect

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A New Treatise: The Vitruvian Woman

Femanifestation and Application of a Crytalline – Mobius Loop

As an exoteric scientist I integrated the crystal as a having feminine properties for structure based on the Mer Ka Ba having a female counterpart as an inverted pyramid where creation is observed with another shape the Mobius band which was identified as having significant for creating a resonance

A less used presentation of the Möbius strip is as the topological quotient of a torus.[7] A torus can be constructed as the square [0, 1] × [0, 1] with the edges identified as (0, y) ~ (1, y) (glue left to right) and (x, 0) ~ (x, 1) (glue bottom to top). If one then also identified (x, y) ~ (y, x), then one obtains the Möbius strip. The diagonal of the square (the points (x, x) where both coordinates agree) becomes the boundary of the Möbius strip, and carries an orbifold structure, which geometrically corresponds to "reflection" – geodesics (straight lines) in the Möbius strip reflect off the edge back into the strip. Notationally, this is written as T2/S2 – the 2-torus quotiented by the group action of the symmetric group on two letters (switching coordinates), and it can be thought of as the configuration space of two unordered points on the circle, possibly the same (the edge corresponds to the points being the same), with the torus corresponding to two ordered points on the circle.

The Möbius strip is a two-dimensional compact manifold (i.e. a surface) with boundary. It is a standard example of a surface which is not orientable. In fact, the Möbius strip is the epitome of the topological phenomenon of nonorientability. This is because 1) two-dimensional shapes (surfaces) are the lowest-dimensional shapes for which nonorientability is possible, and 2) the Möbius strip is the only surface that is topologically a subspace of every non-orientable surface. As a result, any surface is non-orientable if and only if it contains a Möbius band as a subspace.

The Möbius strip is also a standard example used to illustrate the mathematical concept of a fiber bundle. Specifically, it is a nontrivial bundle over the circle S1 with a fiber the unit interval, I = [0, 1]. Looking only at the edge of the Möbius strip gives a nontrivial two point (or Z2) bundle over S1.

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A less used presentation of the Möbius strip is as the topological quotient of a torus.[7] A torus can be constructed as the square [0, 1] × [0, 1] with the edges identified as (0, y) ~ (1, y) (glue left to right) and (x, 0) ~ (x, 1) (glue bottom to top). If one then also identified (x, y) ~ (y, x), then one obtains the Möbius strip. The diagonal of the square (the points (x, x) where both coordinates agree) becomes the boundary of the Möbius strip, and carries an orbifold structure, which geometrically corresponds to "reflection" – geodesics (straight lines) in the Möbius strip reflect off the edge back into the strip. Notationally, this is written as T2/S2 – the 2-torus quotiented by the group action of the symmetric group on two letters (switching coordinates), and it can be thought of as the configuration space of two unordered points on the circle, possibly the same (the edge corresponds to the points being the same), with the torus corresponding to two ordered points on the circle.

Heart and Mobius Loop

There have been several technical applications for the Möbius strip. Giant Möbius strips have been used as conveyor belts that last longer because the entire surface area of the belt gets the same amount of wear, and as continuous-loop recording tapes (to double the playing time). Möbius strips are common in the manufacture of fabric computer printer and typewriter ribbons, as they allow the ribbon to be twice as wide as the print head while using both halves evenly.

A Möbius resistor is an electronic circuit element that cancels its own inductive reactance. Nikola Tesla patented similar technology in 1894:[14] "Coil for Electro Magnets" was intended for use with his system of global transmission of electricity without wires.

The Möbius strip is the configuration space of two unordered points on a circle. Consequently, in music theory, the space of all two-note chords, known as dyads, takes the shape of a Möbius strip; this and generalizations to more points is a significant application of orbifolds to music theory.[15][16]

In physics/electro-technology:

as a compact resonator with the resonance frequency which is half that of identically constructed linear coils[17]

as an inductionless resistor[18]

as superconductors with high transition temperature[19]

In chemistry/nano-technology:

as molecular knots with special characteristics (Knotane [2], Chirality) as molecular engines[20]

as graphene volume (nano-graphite) with new electronic characteristics, like helical magnetism[21]

in a special type of aromaticity: Möbius aromaticity charged particles that have been caught in the magnetic field of the earth can move on a Möbius band[22]

the cyclotide (cyclic protein) Kalata B1, active substance of the plant Oldenlandia affinis, contains Möbius topology for the peptide backbone.

Chapter XI: Chiral, Quartz, and Cells: Hexagonal crystal system

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In crystallography, the hexagonal crystal system is one of the 7 crystal systems, the hexagonal lattice system is one of the 7 lattice systems, and the hexagonal crystal family is one of the 6 crystal families. They are closely related and often confused with each other, but they are not the same. The hexagonal lattice system consists of just one Bravais lattice type: the hexagonal one. The hexagonal crystal system consists of the 7 point groups such that all their space groups have the hexagonal lattice as underlying lattice. The hexagonal crystal family consists of the 12 point groups such that at least one of their space groups has the hexagonal lattice as underlying lattice, and is the union of the hexagonal crystal system and the trigonal crystal system.[1]

In some cases, it is useful or instructive to redraw a hexagonal structure with orthohexagonal axes, wherein the b axis is redrawn at 90° to the a and c axes.

Graphite is an example of a crystal that crystallizes in the hexagonal crystal system.

Hexagonal lattice system

The hexagonal lattice system is one of the seven lattice systems, consisting of the hexagonal Bravais lattice. It is associated with 45 space groups whose underlying lattice has point group of order 24.

It is often confused with the smaller hexagonal crystal system, which consists of the 27 space groups such that all space groups with the same point group are in the hexagonal lattice system, or with the larger hexagonal crystal family, consisting of the 52 space groups in either the hexagonal or rhombohedral lattice systems.

Crystal classes

The point groups (crystal classes) in this crystal system are listed below, followed by their representations in Hermann-Mauguin or international notation and Schoenflies notation, and mineral examples, if they exist.[1][2]

#Point group

Example Space groupsClass Intl Schoen. Orb. Cox.

168- Hexagonal pyramidal 6 C6 66 [6]+ nepheline, cancrinite P6, P61, P65, P62, P64, P63

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An example of the hexagonal crystals, beryl

Hexagonal Hanksite crystal Hexagonal lattice cell(P)

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174 Trigonal dipyramidal 6 C3h 3* [2,3+]Laurelite and Boric

acidP6

175-176

Hexagonal dipyramidal

6/m C6h 6* [2,6+] apatite, vanadinite P6/m, P63/m

177-182

Hexagonal trapezohedral

622 D6 226 [2,6]+kalsilite and high

quartzP622, P6122, P6522, P6222, P6422, P6322

183-186

Dihexagonal pyramidal

6mm C6v *66 [6]greenockite, wurtzite [3]

P6mm, P6cc, P63cm, P63mc

187-190

Ditrigonal dipyramidal

6m2 D3h *223 [2,3] benitoite P6m2, P6c2, P62m, P62c

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Dihexagonal dipyramidal

6/mmm D6h *226 [2,6] berylP6/mmm, P6/mcc, P63/mcm, P63/mmc

Hexagonal crystal family

The hexagonal crystal family consists of the 12 point groups such that at least one of their space groups has the hexagonal lattice as underlying lattice, and is the union of the hexagonal crystal system and the trigonal crystal system. There are 50 space groups associated with it, which are exactly those whose Bravais lattice is either hexagonal or rhombohedral.

The 7 crystal systems

triclinic

monoclinic

orthorhombic

tetragonal

trigonal

hexagonal

cubic (isometric)

Crystals In Nature

A crystal or crystalline solid is a solid material whose constituents, such as atoms, molecules or ions, are arranged in a highly ordered microscopic structure, forming a crystal lattice that extends in all directions. In

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addition, macroscopic single crystals are usually identifiable by their geometrical shape, consisting of flat faces with specific, characteristic orientations.

The scientific study of crystals and crystal formation is known as crystallography. The process of crystal formation via mechanisms of crystal growth is called crystallization or solidification. The word crystal is derived from the Ancient Greek word κρύσταλλος (krustallos), meaning both “ice” and “rock crystal”,[1] from κρύος (kruos), "icy cold, frost".[2][3]

Examples of large crystals include snowflakes, diamonds, and table salt. Most inorganic solids are not crystals but polycrystals, i.e. many microscopic crystals fused together into a single solid. Examples of polycrystals include most metals, rocks, ceramics, and ice. A third category of solids is amorphous solids, where the atoms have no periodic structure whatsoever. Examples of amorphous solids include glass, wax, and many plastics.

Liquid crystals (LCs) are matter in a state that has properties between those of conventional liquid and those of solid crystal.[1] For instance, a liquid crystal may flow like a liquid, but its molecules may be oriented in a crystal-like way. There are many different types of liquid-crystal phases, which can be distinguished by their different optical properties (such as birefringence). When viewed under a microscope using a polarized light source, different liquid crystal phases will appear to have distinct textures. The contrasting areas in the textures correspond to domains where the liquid-crystal molecules are oriented in different directions. Within a domain, however, the molecules are well ordered. LC materials may not always be in a liquid-crystal phase (just as water may turn into ice or steam).

Liquid crystals can be divided into thermotropic, lyotropic and metallotropic phases. Thermotropic and lyotropic liquid crystals consist of organic molecules. Thermotropic LCs exhibit a phase transition into the liquid-crystal phase as temperature is changed. Lyotropic LCs exhibit phase transitions as a function of both temperature and concentration of the liquid-crystal molecules in a solvent (typically water). Metallotropic LCs are composed of both organic and inorganic molecules; their liquid-crystal transition depends not only on temperature and concentration, but also on the inorganic-organic composition ratio.

Examples of liquid crystals can be found both in the natural world and in technological applications. Most contemporary electronic displays use liquid crystals. Lyotropic liquid-crystalline phases are abundant in living systems. For example, many proteins and cell membranes are liquid crystals. Other well-known examples of liquid crystals are solutions of soap and various related detergents, as well as the tobacco mosaic virus.

The woman in a modified Yoga pose is actually in a three-dimensional space-time continuum and measuring the brain and body from head to toe to where a pyramid shape is observed is capturing the space and time of the individual and the present environment as a solution for the mind-body problem in psychology. Moreover, a synergistic approach is actually a portmanteau word of synergy or synchronized energy. The essence behind the Law of Attraction phenomenon. That in Wo/Man there are electromagnetic frequencies that are inherent in the brain (mind) and heart (body).

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The original design was purchased as a Radionics device from a web site http://www.futurehorizons.net that was removed. As an esoteric scientist I traveled to the United Kingdom to attend a symposium on Radionics as a health and wellness model.. However as a pyramidologist I learned about the “shape” having a distinct qualitative and quantitative essence that I redesigned the original device as a Pyramid Mind Machine. Their description of the “Wishing Machine” went along this concept that

Future_Horizons “wishing machine” is actually a Radionic device which I used the pyramid shape based on the four copper walls as a “cavity.”

I also published BioPhotonics as the electronic Magazine or in hard copy on how to construct a working pyramid mind machine -- the PyramiTronix Resonator-- constructed as basic, intermediate, and advanced stages for accelerating the law of attraction. The eZine is FREE through the mobile app: http://apps.appypie.com/html5/the-wishing-machine

The purpose for constructing a prototype model of the Great Pyramid at Giza Egypt is to identify the shape as a resonant cavity. According to Wikipedia a resonator is cavity and is defined as:

A resonator is a device or system that exhibits resonance or resonant behavior, that is, it naturally oscillates at some frequencies, called its resonant frequencies, with greater amplitude than at others.

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The oscillations in a resonator can be either electromagnetic or mechanical (including acoustic). Resonators are used to either generate waves of specific frequencies or to select specific frequencies from a signal. Musical instruments use acoustic resonators that produce sound waves of specific tones.

A Pyramid As A Cavity Resonator

A cavity resonator, usually used in reference to electromagnetic resonators, is one in which waves exist in a hollow space inside the device. Acoustic cavity resonators, in which sound is produced by air vibrating in a cavity with one opening, are known as Helmholtz resonators. A physical system can have as many resonant frequencies as it has degrees of freedom; each degree of freedom can vibrate as a harmonic oscillator. Systems with one degree of freedom, such as a mass on a spring, pendulums, balance wheels, and LC tuned circuits have one resonant frequency. Systems with two degrees of freedom, such as coupled pendulums and resonant transformers can have two resonant frequencies. A crystal lattice composed of N atoms bound together can have N resonant frequencies. As the number of coupled harmonic oscillators grows, the time it takes to transfer energy from one to the next becomes significant. The vibrations in them begin to travel through the coupled harmonic oscillators in waves, from one oscillator to the next. The term resonator is most often used for a homogeneous object in which vibrations travel as waves, at an approximately constant velocity, bouncing back and forth between the sides of the resonator. The material of the resonator, through which the waves flow, can be viewed as being made of millions of coupled moving parts (such as atoms). Therefore they can have millions of resonant frequencies, although only a few may be used in practical resonators. The oppositely moving waves interfere with each other to create a pattern of standing waves in the resonator. If the distance between the sides is , the length of a round trip is . To cause resonance, the phase of a sinusoidal wave after a round trip must be equal to the initial phase so the waves self-reinforce. The condition for resonance in a resonator is that the round trip distance, , is equal to an integral number of wavelengths of the wave:

If the velocity of a wave is , the frequency is so the resonant frequencies are:

So the resonant frequencies of resonators, called normal modes, are equally spaced multiples (harmonics) of a lowest frequency called the fundamental frequency. The above analysis assumes the medium inside the resonator is homogeneous, so the waves travel at a constant speed, and that the shape of the resonator is rectilinear. If the resonator is inhomogeneous or has a nonrectilinear shape, like a circular drumhead or a cylindrical microwave cavity, the resonant frequencies may not occur at equally spaced multiples of the fundamental frequency. They are then called overtones instead of harmonics. There may be several such series of resonant frequencies in a single resonator, corresponding to different modes of vibration.

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Because of the universe and cosmos as a space-time continuum -- a region for aether to be abundant for all to harness is the Great Pyramid which also incorporates in its sides and angles the means for creating a highly sophisticated map projection of the northern geo-hemisphere.

Further along with the other two Giza pyramids replicates the exact positions of the three stars in the Constellation Orion where is an example of The Golden Spiral, whereby the three pyramids and the Sphinx are interlocked and thus situated by design.

The PyramiTroniX Resonator similarly introduces the shape for the invention which accelerates the Law of Attraction as a scaled down version for the “pyramid housing assembly.”

The purpose for this housing is to capture the electron (photon) discharge abundant in the aether which couples with the bio-photons of an individual's brain and body.

The present invention provides a method and apparatus that addresses "putative" energy fields or bio fields which have denied measurement based on the concept that humans are infused with a subtle energy having 70 different names such as chi, ki, prana, life force, etc. However, in theoretical physics, scalar field theory can refer to a classical or quantum theory of scalar fields. A field which is invariant under any Lorentz transformation is called a "scalar", in contrast to a vector or tensor field. The quanta of the quantized scalar field are spin-zero particles, and as such are bosons. The only fundamental scalar field that has been observed in nature is the Higgs field. However, scalar fields appear in the effective field theory descriptions of many physical phenomena. An example is the pion, which is actually a "pseudoscalar", which means it is not invariant under parity transformations which invert the spatial directions, distinguishing it from a true scalar, which is parity-invariant. Because of the relative simplicity of the mathematics involved, scalar fields are often the first field introduced to a student of classical or quantum field theory. In particle physics, a pion (or a pi meson, denoted with the Greek letter pi: π) is any of three subatomic particles: π0, π+, and π−. Each pion consists of a quark and an antiquark and is therefore a meson. Pions are the lightest mesons (and, more generally, the lightest hadrons), because they are composed of the lightest quarks (the u and d quarks). They are unstable, with the charged pions π+ and π− decaying with a mean lifetime of 26 nanoseconds (2.6×10−8 seconds), and the neutral 99

pion π0 decaying with a much shorter lifetime of 8.4×10−17 seconds. Charged pions most often decay into muons and muon neutrinos, and neutral pions into gamma rays.

Nonetheless, since biofields have not been measured by conventional instruments and that neither the external field nor their therapeutic effects have been robustly scientifically demonstrated as a biophysical process, the objective is to design a method and apparatus that focuses on the interactions of the brain (consciousness) and body (cardiac) to amplify emotional, mental, social, and spiritual parameters of human growth and self-development.

Non-invasive measurement can determine various changes in biological system s which includes the chemical analysis of blood, urine, and other processes relative to bio-photonic discharge usually considered the waste by-product of metabolism.

Previously, infrared photon energy was used since the kinetic energy of thermal movement of molecules is E = 0.132 eV (electron volts) at 9,350 nm (nanometers). In contrast is the 1.67 - 3.41 eV (electron volts) of visible photons necessary for cells to regenerate regarding bio-photon emissions (BPE) as natural processes.

Bearden (1995) determined 1kg of mass was equivalent to 17.053 X 10 ^ 50 and served as an "action switch" as a small as a quantum as defined by Planck's constant divided by four. He de-differentiated an infected cell (DND) and it was the de-differentiation process that indicated the DNA as a "time-reversal" potential at its previous state of health and wellness. However a problem observed is between energy and the energy density flow relative to Einstein's E=MC ^2. He related that electromagnetic energy trapped in space is equal to c ^2 (time squared) since energy can be transformed from one state to another state.

However, a reference to Whitaker's (1903) seminal paper "On the partial differentiation equation of mathematical physics" indicates that scalar potentials can be decompositioned into a harmonic series of bio-directional electromagnetic wave pairs. Of significance is that each wave pair consists of a wave and its phase conjugate (anti-wave) observed as a "virtual" or phantom effect. By the "distortion correction theorem" of non-linear optics (not yet in existence til 1970) was each wave pair (wave, anti-wave) as a superposition for space (wave) and time (anti-wave). Therefore each wave pair appears as a standing wave where each point as (E ) energy of the wave and (-E) N-energy of the anti-wave simultaneously superimpose with each other. In superposition (E, -E); individual vectors do not cancel or cease to exist since the wave pair passes through space as observed by the observer. For this to occur, an observation time is needed to detect the "observation effect" as E and -E. However, it is the E(T) and -E(T), the "observation time differentiation" which removes time so that the observer will observe a zero an d a non-E field comprised of E + (-E) = 0. Thus the scalar field densities can b e summed at any point and a gravitational standing wave is superposed as the true phase conjugate replicated (time-reversal of wave pairs) and the electromagnetic field is converted to gravity. Whitaker indicated that the wave pair include s photons/anti-photons as pairs -- a spin 2 entities called gravitons, not individual photon in the 4th dimension (time). Whereas, E(T) and -E(T) did not cancel in the 3rd dimension (space).

Mind, Body, & Spirit Development The practical scalability of the PyramiTroniX Resonator

as a full-scale model can now evolve as a trihierarchical stage of development regarding mind, body and spiritual.

Contemporary neuroscience research addresses the existence of algorithms for all sensory transduction necessary as brain-specific coding referred to as "intrinsic data fields" (IDF).

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Direct stimulation of these codes are within the human temporal or limbic cortices with application of electromagnetic patterns which usually require high energy levels. However, a scaled down process is coupling a narrow band whose frequencies range from 1 - 15 cycles per second HZ (Hertz).

Although the resultant vector summation of the E field is a zero vector, the scalar field densities can be summed at any point thus “non-localization.” Of particular interest is Dirac (1929) who postulated a "quantum theory" for the electron and predicted anti particles and electrons or positrons through the process of " positron annihilation" where the pairing of electrons produce a photon and the new area of research became known as "Quantum Electrodynamics" (QED).

Thus non-localization was not an instantaneous connection across space, but rather time which coupled separate systems where no physical (phantom) activity or interaction occurs at the speed of light...but thought.

Since non-localization was based on deBroglie-Boem's theory which occurs when an electric current was passed through hydrogen gas, a radiated light, when dispersed through a prism produced a line spectrum and supported Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle based on energy and time as a functional relationship. It further purports that if energy was sufficient to penetrate a barrier, the electron could "tunnel" through that barrier by sharing "surplus" (free) energy based on superposition when the electron is a wave function. Since neurons can be excited by externally applied time-varying electromagnetic fields, the pulse current I(T), the point source to where a cell could be positioned above the forehead (pineal gland) an/or adjacent to the head (temporal lobe s) activate the E-field in tissue based on

Faraday's law"

V x E= alphaB / alpha T where B is the magnetic field produced by the coil base

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102

103

d on

Biot-Savart Law

B (r1, t) = mu0 / 4 pi => d/r ^1 X (r-r ^1) / 1r - t (1/3)

These laws are amenable to scientific method as a non-invasive imaging process where the brain as a charge point can be measured as a field outside the head indicative of metabolic and hemo (blood) dynamics. The conventional neuroscience provides evidence-based research for multiple techniques regarding imaging.

Raymond W. Ebbeler, Ph.D. (Candidate; on Sabbatical)Health Psychology, Walden University

The Wishing Machine

This amazing machine is actually just a type of “Psionic” amplifier that works using a direct link to your own mind. It essentially amplifies your intent or wish and can help to materialize it into your reality. The machine is simply a tool and the real power actually comes from the person using it so the more focused your mind and willpower is the better your results will be.

This technology has been around for many years and was successfully tested many times even in laboratory conditions. Many people thought it was complete nonsense but now conventional science is finally catching up. Some researchers now believe that it is a Quantum Mechanics effect that allows the machine to work. A thought experiment invented by Albert Einstein, Boris Podolsky, and Nathan Rosen back in the late 1930's has now begun to scientifically substantiate much of the psychic and Psionic phenomenon. It is a sort of bizarre loophole in quantum physics known as the EPR (Einstein-Podolsky-

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Rosen) effect that seems to tell us that our world is put together in such a way that an event going on in a distant galaxy or in the mind of a friend across town is also going on in some analogous way in our own mind simultaneously. The experiment is a bit complex and rather difficult to explain but here it is: The experiment involves what physicists call a two particle system of zero spin.

This means that you have two particles, such as two electrons, one spinning one way and the other spinning in exactly the opposite way so that the spin of each of the electrons cancels the other out. One spins right while the other spins left or one spins up while the other spins down. In the experiment the two particles are separated electrically so that their spins should not have an effect on one another. Now comes the strange part. Physicists were able to affect the spin of one of the electrons randomly using a magnetic field and found that the other electron seemed to know instantly that this occurred and it reverses its own spin to maintain equilibrium of spin cancellation.

This experiment tends to confirm that there is a universal connectedness with all things within our world. And that information about any part of the whole is instantly available to any single part! This strange connectedness proven by the EPR effect has a mathematical proof known as Bell's theorem, which was published in 1964 by J .S. Bell, a physicist at the European organization for nuclear research (CERN) in Switzerland. Bells theorem implies that at a fundamental level the "separate parts" of the universe are connected in an intimate and immediate way. Another amazing part of this is the fact that this type of informational transfer if you will takes place instantaneously everywhere in the universe. This has some incredible and far reaching implications in the way our reality actually works. The experiment gives confirmation to the belief that all matter in the known universe exhibits a universal connectedness and that information is available and accessible to anything or anyone who knows the secret of accessing it. This is like a universal collective unconscious. This also means that the subconscious minds of all people are also collectively linked on some level together and to the rest of the universe. The same apparently goes for all physical matter.

Law of Attraction As A Qualitative / Quantitative Synergy

As a student working towards a Ph.D. in Health Psychology at Walden University I conducted research on geometrical shapes and found the pyramidal structure in the human brain and body.

The “pyramid” shape was made into a hat for meditation by Napolean Epps…

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http://www.google.com/patents/US6205589

It was from this patent that I desired to redesign the wishing machine by using the schematic of the device I had purchased an earlier version like this

An article that I wrote and submitted for self-publishing was with Scribd entitled Accelerate the Law of Attraction By Constructing A PyramiTroniX Resonator For Health and Well-Being

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Published by Raymond Ebbeler

The document discusses on the Great Pyramid at Giza, Egypt as a resonator and that the angle of inclination considers the pi and phi ratio important as sacred geometry that no other culture has been able to duplicate. The PyramiTronix Resonator is an invention to capture the aether abundant with photon energy to then synchronize with the biophotonic emissions (BPE) of biological systems in the human and animal for health and well-being.

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Because of the universe and cosmos is a space-time continuum -- a region for aether to be abundant for all to harness would be the Great Pyramid as the sides and angles create a highly sophisticated map projection of the northern geohemisphere.

Further along with the other two Giza pyramids replicates the exact positions of the three stars in the belt of the Constellation Orion.

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There is an example of The Golden Spiral, whereby the three pyramids and the Sp hinx are interlocked and thus situated by design. The PyramiTroniX Resonator Similarly, the shape for the invention that accelerates the Law of Attraction is scaled down as a pyramid housing assembly. The purpose for this is to capture t he electron (photon) discharge abundant in the aether which couples with the bio -photons of an individual's brain and body. The present invention provides a method and apparatus that addresses "putative" energy fields or bio fields which have denied measurement based on the concept t hat humans are infused with a subtle energy having 70 different names such as ch i, ki, prana, life force, etc. Because biofields have not been measured by conve ntional instruments and that neither the external field nor their therapeutic ef fects have been robustly scientifically demonstrated as a biophysical process, t he objective is to design a method and apparatus that focuses on the interaction s of the brain (consciousness) and body (cardiac) to amplify emotional, mental, social, and spiritual parameters of human growth and self-development. Non-invasive measurement can determine various changes in biological system s which includes the chemical analysis of blood, urine, and other processes rela tive to bio-photonic discharge usually considered the waste by-product of metabo lism. Previously, infrared photon energy was used since the kinetic energy of th ermal movement of molecules is E = 0.132 eV (electron volts) at 9,350 nm (nanome ters). In contrast is the 1.67 - 3.41 eV (electron volts) of visible photons nec essary for cells to regenerate regarding bio-photon emissions (BPE) as natural p rocesses. Bearden (1995) determined 1kg of mass was equivalent to 17.053 X 10 ^ 50 and served as an "action switch" as a small as a quantum as defined by Planc k's constant divided by four. He de-differentiated an infected cell (DND) and it was the de-differentiation process that indicated the DNA as a "time-reversal" potential at its previous state of health and wellness. However a problem observ ed is between energy and the energy density flow relative to Einstein's E=MC ^2. He related that electromagnetic energy trapped in space is equal to c ^2 (time squared) since energy can be transformed from one state to another state. Howeve r, a reference to Whitaker's (1903) seminal paper "On the partial differentiatio n equation of mathematical physics" indicates that scalar potentials can be deco mpositioned into a harmonic series of bio-directional electromagnetic wave pairs .

Of significance is that each wave pair consists of a wave and its phase conjug ate (anti-wave) observed as a "virtual" or phantom effect. By the "distortion co rrection theorem" of non-linear optics (not yet in existence til 1970) was each wave pair (wave, anti-wave) as a superposition for space (wave) and time (anti-w ave). Therefore each wave pair appears as a standing wave where each point as (E ) energy of the wave and (-E) N-energy of the anti-wave simultaneously superimpo se with each other. In superposition (E, -E); individual vectors do not cancel o r cease to exist since the wave pair passes through space as observed by the obs erver. For this to occur, an observation time is needed to detect the "observati on effect" as E and -E. However, it is the E(T) and -E(T), the "observation time differentiation" which removes time so that the observer will observe a zero an d a non-E field comprised of E + (-E) = 0. Thus the scalar field densities can b e summed at any point and a gravitational standing wave is superposed as the tr ue phase conjugate replicated (time-reversal of wave pairs) and the electromagne tic field is converted to gravity. Whitaker indicated that the wave pair include s photons/anti-photons as pairs -- a spin 2 entities called gravitons, not indiv idual photon in the 4th dimension (time). Whereas, E(T) and -E(T) did not cancel in the 3rd dimension (space).

Mind, Body, & Spirit Development

In a letter written to the Chair of the Psychology Department I wanted to discuss the practical scalability of the PyramiTroniX Resonator as a full-scale model which can now evolve as a trihierarchical stage of development regarding mind, body and spiritual.

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Contemporary neuroscience research addresses the existence of algorithms for all sensory transduction necessary as brain-specific coding referred to as "intrinsic data fields" (IDF). Direct stimulation of these codes are within the human temporal or limbic cortices with application of electromagnetic patterns which usually require high energy levels.

However, a scaled down process is coupling a narrow band whose frequencies range from 1 - 15 cycles per second HZ (Hertz). Although the resultant vector summation of the E field is a zero vector, the scalar field densities can be summed at any point thus non-localization. Of particular interest is Dirac (1929) who postulated a "quantum theory" for the electron and predicted anti particles and electrons or positrons through the process of " positron annihilation" where the pairing of electrons produce a photon and the new area of research became known as "Quantum Electrodynamics" (QED).

Thus non-localization was not an instantaneous connection across space, but rather time which coupled separate systems where no physical (phantom) activity or interaction occurs at the speed of light...but thought. Since non-localization was based on deBroglie-Boem's theory which occurs when an electric current was passed through hydrogen gas, a radiated light, when dispersed through a prism produced a line spectrum and supported Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle based on energy and time as a functional relationship. It further purports that if energy was sufficient to penetrate a barrier, the electron could "tunnel" through that barrier by sharing "surplus" (free) energy based on supe rposition when the electron is a wave function. Since neurons can be excited by externally applied time-varying electromagnetic fields, the pulse current I(T), the point source to where a cell could be positi oned above the forehead (pineal gland) an/or adjacent to the head (temporal lobe s) activate the E-field in tissue based on Faraday's law" VxE= alphaB / alpha T where B is the magnetic field produced by the coil based on Biot-Savart Law B (r1, t) = mu0 / 4 pi => d/r ^1 X (r-r ^1) / 1r - t (1/3) These laws are amenable to scientific method as a non-invasive imaging process w here the brain as a charge point can be measured as a field outside the head ind icative of metabolic and hemo (blood) dynamics the conventional neuroscience provides evidence-based research for multiple techniques regarding imaging.

Raymond W. Ebbeler

The paper that was written was to “convince the committee of three” considered my professors for doing a dissertation who came from physics, mathematics, and health psychology. They regarded the paper to be to “ambitious” and they determined that this area for health and wellness could not be measured and therefore not validated as a paradigm for health and wellness.

However, of great importance is the pyramidal shape as “neuronal substrates” in the brain and body that warrants further research.

Having discussed on my traveling in 1988 to the United Kingdom to attend a symposium on health and wellness; I noted that Radionics once a discipline practiced in United States was still regarded a health and wellness model in the United Kingdom.

Knowing full well that the AMA, FDA and the pharmaceutical companies were responsible for refuting Radionics through the Flexner report a

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commission headed by John Rockefeller, I founded Black Box Energies & Research to pursue the discipline of Radionics through self-funded research.

Leaving the University I became an esoteric scientist and conducted research on sacred geometry – an area that supports Whitaker’s seminal paper and Bearden’s research. It allowed me to stretch the imagination and pursue “Black” box energies that have been suppressed by our government. Although a call-to-papers was done in 2007 (Dallas, TX; Hilton Hotel) regarding Gas Discharge Visualization (GDV) formerly called Kirlian Photograph and Quantum Holography formerly called Radionics, only the military was interested in the presentation.

Esoteric and Exoteric Research: Meditation and the Brain

For those of you who are curious as to how meditation changes the brain, this is for you. Although this may be slightly technical, bear with me because it’s really interesting. The brain, and how we are able to mold it, is fascinating and nothing short of amazing. The above imagery are the brain areas you need to know:

Lateral prefrontal cortex: the part of the brain that allows you to look at things from a more rational, logical and balanced perspective. The Assessment Center is involved in modulating emotional responses (originating from the fear center or other parts of the brain), overriding automatic behaviors/habits and decreasing the brain’s tendency to take things personally (by modulating the Me Center of the brain, see below).

Medial prefrontal cortex: the part of the brain that constantly references back to you, your perspective and experiences. Many people call this the “Me Center” of the brain because it processes information related to you, including when you are daydreaming, thinking about the future, reflecting on yourself, engaging in social interactions, inferring other people’s state of mind or feeling empathy for others. We call it the Self-Referencing Center.

“What’s interesting about the Medial PreFrontal Cortex (mPFC) is that it actually has two sections”

Ventromedial medial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) – involved in processing information related to you and people that you view as similar to you. This is the part of the brain that can cause you to end up taking things too personally, which is why we referred to it as the unhelpful aspect of the Self-Referencing Center in the book. (In reality, this brain area has many important and helpful functions – since we were focusing on overcoming anxiety, depression and habits you want to change, we referred to it as unhelpful because it often causes increases in rumination/worry and exacerbates anxious or depressive thoughts/states/feelings.)

Dorsomedial Prefrontal Cortex (dmPFC) – involved in processing information related to people who you perceive as being dissimilar from you. This very important part of the brain is involved in feeling empathy (especially for people who we perceive of as not being like us) and maintaining social connections.

Insula: the part of the brain that monitors bodily sensations and is involved in experiencing “gut-level” feelings. Along with other brain areas, it helps “guide” how strongly you will respond to what you sense in your body (i.e., is this sensation something dangerous or benign?). It is also heavily involved in experiencing/feeling empathy.

Amygdala: the alarm system of the brain, what most refer to as the “Fear Center.” It's a part of the brain that is responsible for many of our initial emotional responses and reactions, including the “fight-or-flight” response. (Along with the Insula, this is what we referred to as the Uh Oh Center.)

Author’s Message109

What do depression, anxiety, suicide, alcoholism, violent behavior, PMS, obesity, compulsive gambling, insomnia, carbohydrate craving, SAD, and migraine headaches all have in common?

"... an imbalance of the neurotransmitter, serotonin, referred to as "serotonin deficiency syndrome."

A pulsed electromagnetic frequency affects the interconnecting neurons in the "synaptic gap" thus releasing neurotransmitters that diffuse across the synaptic gap and "plug in" to the receptor sites of the next neuron, like keys fitting into locks.

The PyramiTronix Resonator can augment the neuronal discharges -- to corresponding pyramidal cell membrane surfaces as pulsed electricity which propagates a signal down the length of the cell structure. The interaction effect may contribute to a self-healing as various brain circuits become overactive as amplified wave propagations this may have a parallel with sleep

As the CEO of Health Wealth Stealth I became fascinated by the “shape” of the Great Pyramid in Giza, Egypt. It has stood the test of time. As one of the seven wonders of the ancient world the magnificent edifice still remains a mystery. It is from this perspective as a new scientist using ancient wisdom that has allowed me to become adept in esoteric research . However, these are present times and I had to find a commonplace for this monolith and what I have done to retain the “shape” is to use the dimension of the Great Pyramid of 51 degree, 51 minutes, and 51 secons which not only defines the pi (3.14) and Phi (1.618) ratios found in nature, but that the scaled down version as a model pyramid can now be used to address the “power of intention” that I believe is the reason for accelerating the law of attraction. In this owner’s manual you will learn of the wonders of the Great pyramid, the Mystery schools, and the different theories (pyramidology vs Egyptology). As an editor for Wikipedia, I use their articles and support that with peer-reviewed research as I am still an exoteric scientist and believe also in the scientific method. The copper pyramid is back engineered and sold as a kit (above graphic) is a resonating device and when coupled with a Radionic “Black Box” the schematic is what many have called a “wishing machine” as thought forms become crystalized to become reality. Having traveled to the United Kingdom to attend a symposium on Radionics I also was granted the patent schematic having purchased the device called a “wishing machine.” The CD identified the following content as a kit for purchase.

The PyramiTroniX Resonator Kit (CD I)

$10.00

THE MYSTERY OF THE PYRAMITRONIX RESONATOR

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ACCELERATING THE LAW OF ATTRACTION

For the purchase price of only $10.00; the use of the PyramiTroniX Resonator will allow an individual to surpass ordinary intelligence as 2-Dimensional, linear thought processes. The continued use of the PyramiTroniX Resonator will enable you to contextually-create structured matrices in 4-Dimensions at a factor of 100 times its potential based on a geometric progression which are your re-programmed thought-forms as future  projections -- customizeable mind-accelerated programs(MAP)   -- a conceptual MAP for enhancing probability based on:(

(Read as 10 to the power of 1-4 X 100 as the X-factor )

     The Concept-stage: Vertex I  10^0 X 100

     TheDevelopment-Stage : Vertex II  10^ 1 X 100

     The Production-Stage: Vertex III   10^ 2 X 100

     The Marketing-Stage: Vertex IV    10^3 X 100

The key to the PyramiTroniX Resonator is the psionic circuit (see graphic) which now is upgraded as an integrated circuit which is the result of 10 years of esoteric (ancient) and exoteric (contemporary) research).

Initially invented for health, interestingly, a side effect...is the natural evolving of the mind based on electromagnetic frequencies of alpha and theta brain wave states which are conducive to creativity. By using the device which now is available as a kit; individuals can construct their own to place inside the copper pyramid cavity... "thought-forms" which are...positive and future-based affirmations that are co-created and incubated through the pyramid cavity and the law of attraction accelerated .

The Pyramid Cavity

The shape of the Great Pyramid is the four sides that serve as a cavity. This has significance since objects give off heat as thermal radiation when determining the vibrational modes of light. To simplify the problem (by limiting the vibrational modes) a lowest allowable wavelength was defined by placing the thermal object in a cavity.

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Any electromagnetic mode at equilibrium (i.e. any standing wave) could only exist if it used the walls of the cavities as nodes. Thus there were no waves/modes with a wavelength larger than twice the length (L) of the cavity.

The first few allowable modes would therefore have wavelengths of : 2L, L, 2L/3, L/2, etc. (each successive wavelength adding one node to the wave). However, while the wavelength could never exceed 2L, there was no such limit on decreasing the wavelength, and adding nodes to reduce the wavelength could proceed ad infinitum. Suddenly it became apparent that the short wavelength modes completely dominated the distribution, since ever shorter wavelength modes could be crammed into the cavity.

If each mode received an equal partition of energy, the short wavelength modes would consume all the energy. This became clear when plotting the Rayleigh–Jeans law which, while correctly predicting the intensity of long wavelength emissions, predicted infinite total energy as the intensity diverges to infinity for short wavelengths. Initially called ultraviolet catastrophe ; it is actually the law of attraction suppressed.

Health Wealth Stealth

2228 18th Ave SW

Largo, FL 33774

The book will also have first-hand knowledge on how to design a working pyramid mind machine to manifest thought forms into reality.

As you read the research that has taken over 10 years to compile while as a Ph.D. student in health psychology at Walden University, I was contacted by a “special group of scientists (MUFON) who allowed me to do extensive research on forbidden science and technology specific to an extra-terrestrial concept that was back engineered as the result of a “meeting of the minds.”

While in the Alpha-Theta altered state I had tapped into the aether – the universal mind – to learn of the functionality of the Great Pyramid. The manual that .you have in your possession expounds on the practice of mind consciousness based on recent research as

BioPhotonic Emissions (BPE).

Dream States As Non-Manifested Goals and Objectives for Reality

Included in this FREE report are three consecutive dream states that I had while in a deep meditative trance (Alpha-Theta threshold (7.83 Schumann Resonance).

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Of those three days; another individual Colonel Courtney Brown performed remote viewing of which a “device” was observed in the tail of the Bopp- Haley comet.

The three dreams were about a pyramidal shape that emitted a glow from the apex or highest point in the pyramid shape.

Similary while remote viewing, Colonel Brown observed a pyramidal shape with a “rainbow” of colors. The synchronicity of both events were validated when a “couple in Michigan” conducted research with a copper pyramid and a Tesla coil.

The photographic process that allowed for capturing the image of an emission was “Kirlian photography”. Later in 2007 I would be addressing Gas Discharge Visualization (GDV) from research conducted by a Russian scientist. The new name replace “Kirlian’s old research” because of so many die hard scientists labeling this process as pseudoscience. Nevertheless, the only person interested in the presentation was a military man dressed in civilian clothes. The presentation actually reintroduced Radionics as “Quantum Holography” which the mind as a hologram was proposed as a theory for the mind/brain problem by Boehm (physicist) and Pribrum (psychologist) in the 20th century.

Since the three dream occurred in 1997; the presentation actually was done in 2007 during that time as a student at the University of Phoenix, I conducted esoteric research with the assistance of the MUFON Tampa group. The significance of thsimis that the research required receiving files from the Brown’s who were fiunding the organization. But something happened that caused them to “stop funding” that I was given the opportunity to conduct research on Extra-Terrestrail findings regarding a “device” that endered an indivudal the ability to communicate by way of telepathy.

The device was not the device that a Dr. Ray Brown observed while swimming in the Bahamas. Briwn reported that a underwater payramid had within the chamber a sphere that when looked inside within recorde future events. As an esoteric scientist I was interested in this report…however, the where abouts of Dr. Brown remain unkown and some group possess the device. The inetersting afct is that this is either speculation or real. The Three Consecutive Dreams

1997

1997

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1997

The three dream states that I had were significant; the remote viewing and the strange “device” obtained from the underwater pyramid all suggest that inherent to all events is the shape of a pyramid structure emitting a light beam. As an exoteric science I would do rsearch in quantum electrodynaomics; as an esoteric scientist I conducted research on the Egyptian schools and Melcezidek Mystery schools. I realized that “synchronicity” is a portmanteau word comprised of synergistic chronological electricity. It became evidently clear that these event transcended both time and space since the similar events occurred simultaneously but in different temporal (time) experiences. I believed that the three recurring dreams with the two other events were a sign or revelation and therefore hypothesized that the events were connected through God. However, as an exoteric scientist God was an acronym for “gravity” “zero-point energy (ZPE)” and “dimension.” The question still remains “What is the “Universal Mind” -- a New Age term versus the “Collective Consciousness” a psychological term? Were they one and the same for GOD?

Black Box Energies & Research

From 1997 as a student working towards a Master’s degree in business administration I conducted research on “Black Boxes” and called my non-profit “Black Box Energies & Research” While studying “business” I really focused on suppressed research on Radionics, Psionics, Psychotronics using different geometrical shapes to determine whether an “energy” permeated inside the shape as a resonating cavity.

All three disciplincs are synonymous with each other and it came under the auspices of “parapsychology”. The Wishing Machine from the disbanded web site: Future Horizons (version 2)

What I found of interest was an article in a Fate magazine (1997) that discussed about a Radionic “device” called the “wishing machine.”

Also I found an obscure web site http://www.futurehorizons.net (disbanded) of which purchased the device called a “wishing machine.” I was able to use the device to get through school because I was able to write essays automatically after I “meditated.”

I used the device to do “underground research” on health such that I dismantled the device to, learn what was the process that enable me to accelerate my learning. The device used an audio op amplifier

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Three-Dial Potentiometer

Any Radionics device is a basic three-dial configuration which allows the operator to “dial” the rate to which the an activity is observed as either health or some other result. As a student the device accelerated the law of attraction as thought forms or positive affirmations.

The first version was a rectangular box with two electrodes and had no potentiometer to determine the “rates” that all Radionic devices have in common.

Since the shape is really the “Pyramidal housing assembly” to store the schematic; I used the shape of the Great Pyramid as a cavity. In physics there is a real scientific term call “cavity resonance.”

Gas Discharge Visualization and Quantum Holography For A Health and Wellness Paradigm

As a doctoral student from 2004 to 2007 at Walden University, I volunteered to do a “Call-To-Papers presentation” as a part of the Milestone III requirement for graduation.

One of the pioneers in Radionics was George de la Warr who founded the de la Warr Laboratories in Sussex , England.

Having traveled to Oxford Hospital, Oxford, England to attend a symposium; I learned about Radionics and how In America the

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discipline was discredited by Rockefeller and Flexner to make way for the young American Medical association (AMA) and the Pharmaceutical industry.

One pioneer in crystallography research using the Mark IV camera that was designed by de la Warr was Marcel Vogel who designed the Vogel Crystal. In my esoteric research I found that he patterned this after the Great Pyramid because of the amplification that was created by the “piezoelectric properties of crystals” in general. Radionic In America: A Modern Day Witch Hunt

Of the many pioneers in the discipline of Radionics who helped usher in the new age of science was Vogel who was able to procure the Mark IV camera.

The early inventors of the “Black Box” community were considered “quacks practicing pseudoscience.” Practitioners such as Abrahms, Brown, Heironymous, were persecuted by our own government to cease and desist from practicing “medicine” using electromagnetic frequency to devitalize disease in the brain and body. Why?

Chapter XII: The Impact of the Flexner Report: The Abolishing of Naturopathic or Homeopathic Schools of Medicine

The Flexner Report[1] is a book-length study of medical education in the United States and Canada, written by Abraham Flexner and published in 1910 under the aegis of the Carnegie Foundation. Many aspects of the present-day American medical profession stem from the Flexner Report and its aftermath.

The Report (also called Carnegie Foundation Bulletin Number Four) called on American medical schools to enact higher admission and graduation standards, and to adhere strictly to the protocols of mainstream science in their teaching and research. Many American medical schools fell short of the standard advocated in the Flexner Report, and subsequent to its publication, nearly half of such schools merged or were closed outright. Colleges in electrotherapy were closed. The Report also concluded that there were too many medical schools in the USA, and that too many doctors were being trained. A repercussion of the Flexner Report, resulting from the closure or consolidation of university training, was reversion of American universities to male-only admittance programs to accommodate a smaller admission pool. Universities had begun opening and expanding female admissions as part of women's and co-educational facilities only in the mid-to-latter part of the 19th century with the founding of co-educational Oberlin College in 1833 and private colleges such as Vassar College and Pembroke College.

Background to the report

In 1904 the AMA created the Council on Medical Education (CME) whose objective was to restructure American medical education. At its first annual meeting, the CME adopted two standards: one laid down the minimum prior education required for admission to a medical school, the other defined a medical education as consisting of two years training in human anatomy and physiology followed by two years of clinical work in a teaching hospital. In 1908, the CME asked the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching to survey American medical education, so as to promote the CME's reformist agenda and hasten the elimination of medical schools that failed to meet the CME's standards. The president of the Carnegie Foundation, Henry Pritchett, a staunch advocate of medical school reform, chose Abraham Flexner to conduct the survey. Flexner

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was not a physician, scientist, or a medical educator, although he held a bachelor of arts degree and operated a for-profit school in Louisville, Kentucky.[2]

At that time, the 155 medical schools in North America differed greatly in their curricula, methods of assessment, and requirements for admission and graduation. Flexner visited all 155 schools[3] and generalized about them as follows: "Each day students were subjected to interminable lectures and recitations. After a long morning of dissection or a series of quiz sections, they might sit wearily in the afternoon through three or four or even five lectures delivered in methodical fashion by part-time teachers. Evenings were given over to reading and preparation for recitations. If fortunate enough to gain entrance to a hospital, they observed more than participated." The Report became notorious for its harsh description of certain establishments, for example describing Chicago's 14 medical schools as "a disgrace to the State whose laws permit its existence... indescribably foul... the plague spot of the nation."

Nevertheless, several schools received praise for excellent performance, including Case Western Reserve, Michigan, Wake Forest, McGill, University of Toronto, and especially Johns Hopkins, which was described as the 'model for medical education'.[4]

Recommended changes

When Flexner researched his report, many American medical schools were "proprietary", namely small trade schools owned by one or more doctors, unaffiliated with a college or university, and run to make a profit. A degree was typically awarded after only two years of study. Laboratory work and dissection were not necessarily required. Many of the instructors were local doctors teaching part-time, whose own training left something to be desired. The regulation of the medical profession by state governments was minimal or nonexistent. American doctors varied enormously in their scientific understanding of human physiology, and the word "quack" flourished.

Flexner carefully examined the situation. Using the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine as the ideal,[5] he issued the following recommendations:[6]

1. Reduce the number of medical schools (from 155 to 31) and poorly trained physicians;2. Increase the prerequisites to enter medical training;3. Train physicians to practice in a scientific manner and engage medical faculty in research;4. Give medical schools control of clinical instruction in hospitals5. Strengthen state regulation of medical licensure

Flexner believed that admission to a medical school should require, at minimum, a high school diploma and at least two years of college or university study, primarily devoted to basic science. When Flexner researched his report, only 16 out of 155 medical schools in the United States and Canada required applicants to have completed two or more years of university education.[7] By 1920, 92 percent of U.S. medical schools required this of applicants.[8] Flexner also argued that the length of medical education should be four years, and its content should be what the CME agreed to in 1905. Flexner recommended that the proprietary medical schools should either close or be incorporated into existing universities. Medical schools should be part of a larger university, because a proper stand-alone medical school would have to charge too much in order to break even financially.

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Less known is Flexner's recommendation that medical schools appoint full-time clinical professors. Holders of these appointments would become "true university teachers, barred from all but charity practice, in the interest of teaching." Flexner pursued this objective for years, despite widespread opposition from existing medical faculty.

Flexner was the child of German immigrants, and had studied and traveled in Europe. He was well aware that one could not practice medicine in continental Europe without having undergone an extensive specialized university education. In effect, Flexner demanded that American medical education conform to prevailing practice in continental Europe.

By and large, medical schools in Canada and the United States have followed Flexner's recommendations down to the present day. Recently, however, schools have increased their emphasis on public health matters.

Consequences of the report

To a remarkable extent, the following present-day aspects of the medical profession in North America are consequences of the Flexner Report:

A physician receives at least six,[citation needed] and preferably eight, years of post-secondary formal instruction, nearly always in a university setting;

Medical training adheres closely to the scientific method and is thoroughly grounded in human physiology and biochemistry. Medical research adheres fully to the protocols of scientific research;[9]

Average physician quality has increased significantly;[6]

No medical school can be created without the permission of the state government. Likewise, the size of existing medical schools is subject to state regulation;[citation needed]

Each state branch of the American Medical Association has oversight over the conventional medical schools located within the state;[citation needed]

Medicine in the US and Canada has become a highly paid and well-respected profession.[citation needed]

The Report is now remembered because it succeeded in creating a single model of medical education, characterized by a philosophy that has largely survived to the present day. "An education in medicine," wrote Flexner, "involves both learning and learning how; the student cannot effectively know, unless he knows how." Although the report is over 100 years old, many of its recommendations are still relevant—particularly those concerning the physician as a "social instrument... whose function is fast becoming social and preventive, rather than individual and curative."

Closing of many medical schools

Flexner sought to reduce the number of medical schools in the U.S. to 31, and to cut the annual number of medical graduates from 4,400 to 2,000.[8] A majority of American institutions granting MD or DO degrees as of the date of the Report (1910) closed within two to three decades. (In Canada, only the medical school at Western University was deemed inadequate, but none were closed or merged subsequent to the Report.) In 1904, there were 160 M.D. granting institutions with more than 28,000 students. By 1920, there were only 85 M.D. granting institutions, educating only 13,800 students. By 1935, there were only 66 medical schools operating in the USA.

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Between 1910 and 1935, more than half of all American medical schools merged or closed. This dramatic decline was in some part due to the implementation of the Report's recommendation that all "proprietary" schools be closed, and that medical schools should henceforth all be connected to universities. Of the 66 surviving MD-granting institutions in 1935, 57 were part of a university. An important factor driving the mergers and closures of medical schools was that all state medical boards gradually adopted and enforced the Report's recommendations. In response to the Report, some schools fired senior faculty members as part of a process of reform and renewal.[10]

Flexner viewed blacks as inferior and advocated closing all but 2 of the historically black medical schools. His opinions were followed and only Howard and Meharry were left open, while 5 other schools were closed. His perspective was that black doctors should only treat black patients and should serve roles subservient to white physicians. The closure of these schools and the fact that black students were not admitted to many medical schools in the USA for 50 years after Flexner has contributed to the low numbers of American born physicians of color and the ramifications are still felt more than a 100 years later.[11]

Impact on alternative medicine

When Flexner researched his report, "modern" medicine faced vigorous competition from several quarters, including osteopathic medicine, chiropractic medicine, electrotherapy, eclectic medicine, naturopathy and homeopathy.[12] Flexner clearly doubted the scientific validity of all forms of medicine other than that based on scientif0ic research, deeming any approach to medicine that did not advocate the use of treatments such as vaccines to prevent and cure illness as tantamount to quackery and charlatanism. Medical schools that offered training in various disciplines including electromagnetic field therapy, phototherapy, eclectic medicine, physiomedicalism, naturopathy, and homeopathy, were told either to drop these courses from their curriculum or lose their accreditation and underwriting support. A few schools resisted for a time, but eventually all complied with the Report or shut their doors.[citation needed]

Impact on osteopathic medicine

Although almost all the alternative medical schools listed in Flexner's report were closed, the American Osteopathic Association (AOA) was able to bring a number of osteopathic medical schools into compliance with Flexner's recommendations and produce an evidence-based practice.[citation needed] The curricula of DO and MD awarding medical schools are now nearly identical, the chief difference being the additional instruction in osteopathic schools of osteopathic manipulative medicine. This dramatic convergence of osteopathic and biomedical training demonstrates the sweeping effect of the Flexner Report, not only in the closure of inadequate schools, but also in the standardization of the curricula of surviving schools.

Chapter XIII: Alternative Research In Radionics

Vogel started his research into luminescence while he was still in his teens. This research eventually led him to publish his thesis, Luminescence in Liquids and Solids and Their Practical Application, in collaboration with University of Chicago's Dr. Peter Pringsheim in 1943.

Two years after the publication, Vogel incorporated his own company, Vogel Luminescence, in San Francisco. For the next decade the firm developed a variety of new products: fluorescent crayons, tags for insecticides, a black light inspection kit to determine the secret trackways of rodents in cellars from their urine and the

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psychedelic colors popular in "new age" posters. In 1957, Vogel Luminescence was sold to Ultra Violet Products and Vogel joined IBM as a full-time research scientist. He retired from IBM in 1984.

He received 32 patents for his inventions up through his tenure at IBM.[1] Among these was the magnetic coating for the 24" hard disk drive systems still in use. His areas of expertise, besides luminescence, were phosphor technology, magnetics and liquid crystal systems.

At Vogel's February 14, 1991 funeral, IBM researcher and Sacramento, California physician Bernard McGinity, M.D. said of him, "He made his mark because of the brilliance of his mind, his prolific ideas, and his seemingly limitless creativity."[2]

Esoteric Research

Vogel Cut Crystal Patterned After the Tree of Life Symbol

He designed the Vogel Crystal Cut to focus on the "universal life force" by concentrating it and transforming it to a higher level or vibration. Vogel crystals are said to be cut to the extremely precise angle of 51 degrees 51 minutes and 51 seconds, which is also claimed as the precise angle of the sides of the Great Pyramid of Giza. The crystal is further designed along the geometry of the Tree of Life symbol. Its design is said to have come to him in a dream.

Tom Bearden: Many Words Interpretation and quantum Mechanics

An article written by Thomas Bearden retirfed colonel addressed psychotronics and the new Radionics and that Quantum Holography is the research name. The article was found on a Slide Share web portal. The link is below

http:// www.slideshare.net/cliffordstone/an-approach-to-understanding-psychotronics?related=4

The gist of the article is provided as a transcript at the web site:

In the many-worlds interpretation -(MWI) of quantum mechanics which provides the: theoretical, framework onto which four-law perception theory can b. fitted. The MWI is known to be consistent with the entire experimental basis of physics.

Thus the new schema contains a correspondence principle: i .e., it-reduces to ordinary physics of' a-single 4-space in th 6 limit. A.cluster of an infinite number of orthogonal_ 3-dimensional spatial frames, all containing the same single fourth dimension or time axis, provides a frameworl-onto which minrd, matter, fields,110000000000000 being, life, and both physical and- metaphysical' phenomena can be fitted and precisely modelled.

Thus metaphysics can-be precisely modelled by, and related to, physics,- A theory of biofields is then apparent from the model. A solution to the ofitolgical prblem is presented.. j Using the four-law

perception approach, a fundamental particle becomes a closure of the universe, in, the manner of Einstein's spherical model of the-cosmos The simultaneous existence of both macroscopic and microscopic universes is due to multiple closure of the same universe at differig-rtes-(diffdring by a factor of 1.042).

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The polarity of a charged particle is due to the direction of closure taken by the universe. The world thus becomes a single giant hologram, and reality becomes holographic rather than Cartesian. Mass is a time differentiator and in its differentiating, of L3 T Minkowskian space-time, the time dimension is lost.

Thus physical detection systems do not detect time directly and the time dimension cannot be "seen" by a mass detection (sensory) system. The mind is objectives, since mental phenomena occupy the time dimension, and the time dimension is accepted as objective. However, since-the-mind, does not share the spatial dimensions of the ordinary 4-space, the mind itself is not perceived or observed or detected, since a mass perception system (the physical sensory apparatus) loses the time dimension, the only objective dimension shared in common by -mind and matter prior to perception/detection/observation.

Thus the act of physical sensory detection - perception or observation itself - is responsible for: Descartes' sharp separation of-mind and body. -A mind becomes a. complete, 3-dimensional physical world, three or more orthogonal spatial turns. (rotations) away from the ordinary 3-dimensional world, in-an n-dimensional cluster of orthogonal three-spaces with-a single fourth -(or time) axis.

DeBrogiie waves and photons are able to “fit” into this model as real particles in the appropriate space frames, and the nature of a quark is simply that it is spatially unclosed-- hence it is not detected as a particle (which must be spatially closed) in physical experiments. –

From the model, constructs that model life, death, a biological system, psi, consciousness, inception, telepathy psychokinesis, UFO's, God, and the collective unconscious can be addresed. Further, materialization, dematerialization, and mind linkage also exist, as does a specific mechanism for tulpas as “materialized and objectified thought forms.” [unclassified]

The two-slit experiment and the Hieronymus “device” are shown to involve the fourth law of logic as does the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. A new definition of nothingness is posited, which resolves the philosophical problem of nothingness.- as a multiple presence and a singular absence which are identical- (i.,e.., they are not distinguishable) for a monocular perception/detection process. . Feynman's, criterion for a unified field -theory explain why 0 42 occurs in both the ratio of an electron's radius. And parallels with Einstein’s -closed universe' s radius with the ratio of the electrical force and the gravitational force between two electrons as a dual- universe at rates differing by a factor of 1042.

Transcript by T. Bearden System Development, Corporation 4-810 Bradford Blvd Huntsville, Alabama 35805 August 1', i976 SMs. Alice Healy Defense Documentation Center- ATTN: :DDCTSR-I Cameron Station Alexandrial, VA'22314

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Dear Ms. Healy: Enclosed are two ,papers which I would like to have placed in the DDOsystem, per our previous conversatiori,. Completed DD Form 1473's,,arealso enclosed. The, mtOa; pteurti ailt iisn copyrighted by me,,,but naturally this letter constitutes authority for yOu DDCI&#xB0; Yqr assistance is. deeply apprediatedj' These- two papers, represent something of absolutely fundamental importance, I believe,, and'their content should be available to all, DOD users who are interested in parapsychology and .p6chotronics. Sincerely, I4 Thomas E. Bearden LTC, U.S. Army (Retired) Research Scientist 2 incl '"Writing the Observer back'Into the 'Equation" (d Copies)- "AnApproach to Understanding Psychotronics" ( copies) '1 / +*N / 7" –

A cavity resonator is a hollow closed conductor such as a metal box or a cavity within a metal block, containing electromagnetic waves (radio waves) reflecting back and forth between the cavity's walls. When a source of radio waves at one of the cavity's resonant frequencies is applied, the oppositely-moving waves form standing waves, and the cavity stores electromagnetic energy.

Since the cavity's lowest resonant frequency, the fundamental frequency, is that at which the width of the cavity is equal to a half-wavelength (λ/2), cavity resonators are only used at microwave frequencies and above, where wavelengths are short enough that the cavity is conveniently small in size.

Due to the low resistance of their conductive walls, cavity resonators have very high Q factors; that is their bandwidth, the range of frequencies around the resonant frequency at which they will resonate, is very narrow. Thus they can act as narrow bandpass filters. Cavity resonators are widely used as the frequency determining element in microwave oscillators. Their resonant frequency can be tuned by moving one of the walls of the cavity in or out, changing its size.

Step 1 Material That Can Be Found Around the Home

You could spend about $50 for copper sheets that are 10 mil gauge and 12 X 12 in the form of squares from a commercial web site or you can become “inventive” and use Brass and Bronze, copper alloy with tin, zinc, lead, etc.

Because this is used in plumbing fixtures, tubing, electrical contacts, automotive and machine parts, decorative hardware, coinage, ammunition, and

miscellaneous consumer products.

Alloys (metals blended together or with other products) are most commonly seen around the home, but some metals are seen in their pure form. The most common presentation of metal in the home is in the electroplated form, where a thin layer of metal is fused by electrolysis to an object.

METAL USES INFORMATION

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Lead Flashings/roof coverings Soft, heavy metal. Easily worked and resistant to rust...Poison risk !

Copper Plumbing/roofs/decoration Soft metal, easily worked. Conducts heat and electricity well.

Zinc Flashing substitute Similar to lead but lighter and not so easily bent.

Silver Cutlery/jewellery Valuable metal, soft easily worked and damaged. Needs much care.

Gold Jewellery/finery Valuable metal. 24 carats is pure gold. Needs much care.

Brass  Ornaments/decoration/screws An alloy of zinc and copper, sometimes with some lead. 

Bronze Ditto Alloy of copper, zinc and tin. Easiliy worked.

Aluminum Cans/foil/lightweight parts Light easily worked metal, rust resistant.

Pewter Tankards/plates/ornaments Alloy of tin and lead. Generally a dull metal.

Mild steel Screws/hinges Iron with carbon content of less than 0.1%. Easily worked but prone to rust.

Alloy steel Springs/chisels/saws. Iron + (eg) Tungsten, chromium, nickel.Very hard but rusts easily.

Stainless Steel Kitchen/car/decoration. Steel with nickel and chromium. Will not stain or rust.

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Aluminum alloy Frames/kettles Aluminium + copper, manganese and magnesium. Very hard but rusts.

Nickel silver Knives/trays etc Alloy of copper, nickel and zinc.........No silver!

Wrought iron Gates/chains/fences Iron with carbon and slag. Easily worked and is suitable for welding and soldering.

Cast Iron Boilers/gutters/fire grates Iron with between 2 and 5% carbon. Very brittle. Can be moulded but not drawn or

twisted.

Zinc plate Screws/nails/rust proofing Coating of zinc over steel produces galvanized (rustproof) steel/iron.

Copper plate Base for Chromium plating Coated with copper by electrolysis as undercoat for another metal.

Chromium plate Trimmings eg knobs/handles Very bright cheaply produced plate for shiny surface.

Silver/Gold plate Jewels etc. Plated onto other metals for attractiveness and increased value

In purer form, Copper is used as wires or cables for power transmission, building wiring, motor and transformer wiring, wiring in commercial and consumer electronics and equipment; telecommunication cables; electronic circuitry; plumbing, heating and air conditioning tubing; and roofing. http://www.mii.org/Minerals/photocopper....

Nickel can be found in coins (the US nickel is 25%). Nickel is also in nickel-cadmium and nickel-metal hydride batteries. Rechargeable nickel-hydride batteries are widely used for cellular phones, video cameras, and other electronic devices. Nickel-cadmium batteries are used primarily to power cordless tools and appliances. http://www.mii.org/Minerals/photonickl.h...

Most platinum is used to produce catalytic converters in automobile exhaust systems. Other uses of platinum include: alloying with gold, silver, and copper for dental uses. An alloy of platinum and osmium is used in pacemakers to regulate heart function and in heart replacement valves. http://www.mii.org/Minerals/photoplat.ht...

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Zinc is used in thin layers to protect iron and steel products from rusting. (More than half of all the zinc consumed is used for this process which is called galvanizing.) Another household applications of zinc are in paints, in fluorescent lights, and in dry cell batteries. Also, US pennies have been made with zinc since 1982. http://www.mii.org/Minerals/photozinc.html

Method: Constructing the Pyramid Template from the Triangle geometrical shape

This constructs the base and sides of the pyramid using construction paper.

It's easiest to make an equilateral pyramid (see Triangle inside the Octahedron), meaning the sides of the structure are all the same size (60 degree angles).

o Fabricate the base. Pyramids have 4 sides, so you will need a square base. Pick a size, say 6 inches (15.2 cm) by 6 inches (15.2 cm). Measure the dimensions with a ruler and draw an outline for the base on your construction paper.

o Measure an additional 1/2 inch out from all sides of the base and draw the outlines.

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o These extensions on each side of the base will provide flaps that you will use to secure the base of the pyramid to its sides. Fold the flaps so they extend upward from the base.

o Measure and cut the 4 triangular sides of the paper pyramid. Make the base and sides of each triangle the same width as the base of the structure. In this model, they should be 6 inches. Also measure and draw in flaps on the right side of each triangle, just as you did for each side of the base.

Cut the patterns for the base and sides, including the flaps. Use a straight edge to make a precise fold along each flap.

Glue the pyramid together.

o Apply glue to the outside edge of one of the flaps on the base and press a triangle onto it. Repeat with the other 3 sides.

o Dab glue on one of the triangle flaps and join it to the section to the right. Gently force the 2 sections inward so their apexes meet. Continue with the next connection, again making sure the tops of the triangles form the summit of the pyramid. When connecting the third and fourth sides of the structure, put glue on both of the remaining flaps. Join the 2 sections on the left first and then pinch the last junction together.

Make sure the tips of the 4 triangles meet, forming the pyramid summit. Dab a bit of glue at the top. Then gently place a thin wire ring on the pyramid. It should be narrow enough to rest about three-quarters of the way up the pyramid. This will help hold the tips together while the glue drie

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