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ASHRAE’s Sustainability Goals
The Path to Net Zero Energy Buildings
Gordon V. R. Holness, P.E.ASHRAE Society President Elect
ASHRAE’s Sustainability Goals
The Path Towards Net Zero Energy Buildings
Resolving the Issues of Increasing Demand, Decreasing
Supply and Environmental Impact.
ASHRAE’s Sustainability Goals
ASHRAE Goal - A Sustainable Built ASHRAE Goal - A Sustainable Built EnvironmentEnvironment 33
SUSTAINABILITYSUSTAINABILITY
1987 UNITED NATIONS BRUNDLAND COMMISSION
“DEVELOPMENT THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT WITHOUT
COMPROMISING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATIONS TO MEET THEIR OWN
NEEDS”
(Not A New Issue – Probably Dates Back to At Least The Roman Era)
ASHRAE Sustainability Initiatives
ASHRAE is working hard in a wide range of areas to support the goals of sustainability for reduction in energy use and green house gas emissions.• 2006 Strategic Plan• Green Guide 2nd Edition• Sustainability Roadmap• Vision 2020 Report – NZEB goals• Building Performance Metrics Projects• ASHRAE Building Energy Labeling
Program• Educational, Certification & Research
Programs
ASHRAE’s Path Towards Net Zero Energy Buildings
•Advanced Energy Design GuidesAdvanced Energy Design Guides•Standard 90.1Standard 90.1
•Standard 189.1Standard 189.1•Standard 100 Standard 100
•Commissioning and Retro-Commissioning and Retro-CommissioningCommissioning
•Operation and Maintenance Operation and Maintenance GuidanceGuidance
Approved Jan 06 Defines an approach to
developing a leadership position for ASHRAE in sustainability
Sustainability Roadmap
Vision 2020 June 2007June 2007 Providing tools by Providing tools by
2020 that enable 2020 that enable the building the building community to community to produce market produce market viable NZEBs by viable NZEBs by 20302030
ASHRAE Green Guide
• Second Edition• Step-by-step manual for the
entire building lifecycle • Construction, operation,
maintenance, and eventual demolition
• Techniques applicable to related technical disciplines
• 29 "Green Tips" • Case studies, checklists, and
other practical information
Total Energy Consumption
21%
32%
19%
28%
BuildingsConsume40% of
US Primary Energy
In the Life Cycle of a BuildingIn the Life Cycle of a Building
Initial Construction Cost is only 2%Initial Construction Cost is only 2%
Operational and Energy Cost is only 6%Operational and Energy Cost is only 6%
Occupancy Cost Accounts for 92%Occupancy Cost Accounts for 92%
Why Energy Efficiency and Why Energy Efficiency and Sustainable BuildingsSustainable Buildings
In the Life Cycle of a Building
Initial Construction Cost is only 2%
Operational and Energy Cost is only 6%
Occupancy Cost Accounts for 92%
• 17% of fresh water consumption• 25% of wood consumption• 33% of CO2 emissions• 30% of waste generation• 40% of energy use (industry 32% and transportation 28%)• 55% of natural gas use• 72% of electrical energy use
Building Operations Represent
World Marketed Energy Consumption
Quadrillion BtuHistoryHistory ProjectionsProjections
Source: Energy Information Administration (EIA), International Energy Annual Report Source: Energy Information Administration (EIA), International Energy Annual Report 20042004
Why Are We Here?Why Are We Here?
1414
PER CAPITA ENERGY CONSUMPTIONWorldwide Average 200 Kwh/capita/year
China 1800 Kwh/capita/year
Europe 6000 Kwh/capita/year
USA 16,000 Kwh/capita/year
Available Data Bases for Commercial Buildings
Energy Information Agencyunder US Department of Energy
US DOE Building Energy Data Book
www.energystar.gov/benchmarks
http://buildingsdatabook.eren.doe.gov./
High Performance Building Data Base
www.eere.energy.gov/buildings/high performance
Available Data Bases for Commercial Buildings
Energy Information Agencyunder US Department of Energy
Commercial Building Energy Consumption Survey – CBECS
Whole Building Design Guide
www.wbdg.org
www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cbecs
Wwww.wbdg.org
Specific Energy Specific Energy FiguresFigures CBECS Data for Commercial CBECS Data for Commercial
BuildingsBuildings
1979 – 125,000 btu/sq. ft./year 1979 – 125,000 btu/sq. ft./year (Approx)(Approx)
1999 – 85,100 btu/sq.ft/year1999 – 85,100 btu/sq.ft/year
2003 – 91,000 btu/sq.ft/year2003 – 91,000 btu/sq.ft/year
Specific Energy Figures
Specific Energy Figures
The Case for Energy Efficiency and Sustainable
Buildings
17%other
39%lighting
30%HVACR
8% office equipment
5% water heating1% cooking
Average Energy Consumptionin Commercial Buildings
IncreasedProductivity.
20%BETTER TEST
PERFORMANCE
SCHOOLS
EARLIERDISCHARGE
HOSPITALS
INCREASEDPRODUCTION
FACTORIES
2-16%PRODUCTIVITY
INCREASE
OFFICES
INCREASEIN SALES PERSQUARE FOOT
RETAIL
ASHRAE Sustainability Initiatives
• Advanced Energy Design Guides (AEDG) Retail 30%, Office 30%, K-12 Schools
30%, Warehouses 30%, - Already Published
Highway Lodgings, Health Care Facilities
b
• Targeting Small BuildingsTypically under 20,000 to 50,000 square feet.
• Based upon CBECS Data 89% of Commercial Buildings are under 25,000 sq. ft.
53% of Commercial Buildings are under 5,000 sq. ft.
ASHRAE’s Advanced Energy
Design Guides
ASHRAE AEDGsIf Every One of the 150,000 Downloads of the AEDGs Resulted in Just One Project
Being Designed at 30% Saving
We Would Save:
78 Trillion Btu/Year13.25 Million Tons CO2/Year
$900 Million Per Year
Development of the Guides
Collaboration of Partner OrganizationsManagement via Steering GroupVolunteer team effort 8-15 Member Project Committees3500+ to 5000+ person-hrs to develop eachReviewed multiple times during writing process
Goal•Present a way, but not the only
way to build energy efficient buildings that use significantly less energy than those built to the minimum code requirements
•At least 30% energy savings when compared to ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Std 90.1-1999
•30% progress toward a net zero energy building
What’s In the Guides?•Section 1 – Introduction – Essentials of
Achieving the Savings
•Section 2 - Integrated design process to achieve energy savings (how to integrate energy into the design of the building)
•Sections 3 & 4 - Recommendations by climate zone including example building designs (the specifics) and case studies
•Section 5 - How-to guidance for implementing recommendations (helpful hints and cautions))
Section 3.Recommendations
Tables•Given by climate zone (Canada, Mexico added)
•Combined energy savings based on “systems approach” where all recommendations are used
•Recommendations based on many EnergyPlus simulations
Recommendation Tables
•Prescriptive recommendations identify energy savings without costly calculations or analysis
•Energy-saving recommendations for each climate zone contained on single small table (K-12 is 2 pages, others on one page)
•Tables color-coded to maps•Recommendations must be
used with underlying code or standard
Section 4. Case Studies
K-12 Example Designs by Climate Zone•Features real examples
of advanced building energy designs
•Demonstrates flexibility offered in achieving advanced energy savings levels
•Text describes energy features used
•In K-12 tables are given for energy savings features implemented and measured energy usage in each case study
Now What?
Energy Efficiency Guides for Existing Buildings
•Business Case•Technical Guide•Owning and Operating Guide
Additional Advanced Energy Design Guides Planned or In Process
50% and NZEB Design Guides
•50% and NZEB guides are being planned
•K-12 School Buildings hope to start soon
•Strategic planning has been done to provide structure and identification of research needed
•Anticipated these will have more emphasis on integrated design process
•Target completion of 50% series is 2009-2011
•Target completion of NZEB series is 2013-2015 year
Net-Zero-Energy BuildingsBuildings which,
on an annual basis, use no more energy than is provided by on-site renewable energy sources.
000%0% 100%100%
Source Energy Savings (%)Source Energy Savings (%)
Tota
l Ann
ual C
osts
($/y
ear)
Tota
l Ann
ual C
osts
($/y
ear) Lease Costs (or Finance Costs)Lease Costs (or Finance Costs)
Utility billsUtility bills
Cash flowCash flow
11
22
Standards Development
90.1 - Design of Commercial Buildings, Except Low-Rise Residential
Goal: 30% increase in stringency between 2004 and 2010
versions90.1-2004 increased 11% over
90.1-1999 New scalar ratio being applied189.1P – Design of High-Performance Green Buildings Minimum criteria for a green/sustainable building Initial target is 30% over 90.1-2004
Specific Energy Figures
ASHRAE Standard 90.11975 – 65,000 btu/sq.ft/year (Approx)1999 – 53,300 btu/sq.ft/year2004 – 47,000 btu/sq.ft/year2010 – 36,000 btu/sq.ft/year (Goal)2020 – 18,000 btu/sq.ft/year (Goal)
ASHRAE Standard 189.12007 – 33,000 btu/sq.ft/year (Goal)2010 – 25,000 btu/sq.ft/year (Goal)2020 – 12,500 btu/sq.ft/year (Goal)2030 – Net Zero btu/sq.ft/year (Goal)
2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
36000
Year
Ener
gy (k
Btu
/yr )
ASHRAE BOD Goal
Standard 90.1Standard 90.1
Standard 189 Standard 189
AEDGAEDG
Energy Reduction Proposal
ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1Energy Standard for Buildings
ExceptLow-Rise Residential Buildings
1 – Purpose2 – Scope3 – Definitions4 – Compliance5 – Envelope6 – HVAC7 – Service Water8 – Elect. Power9 – Lighting10 – Other Equipment11 – Energy Cost12 – ReferencesAppendices & Addenda
ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1Energy Standard for Buildings
ExceptLow-Rise Residential Buildingsi
–
Current State Adoptions of Current State Adoptions of Standard 90.1Standard 90.1
ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 189.1 P
ASHRAE/USGBC/IESNA Standard 189.1,
Standard for High-Performance Green Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential
Buildings
What is Standard 189.1P?
A model code that provides standards for high-
performance, green buildings
189.1 applies to all buildings except low-rise residential
buildings(same as ASHRAE/IESNA Std
90.1)
not a design guide, not a rating system
Triggers to Accelerate Green Buildings
Goals for Standard 189.1 • Establish mandatory criteria in all topic areas:
- one “problem” with existing rating systems is that they contain few mandatory provisions
- consequently, a designer can achieve “points” & claim that they have a “green building”,
butstill make no improvements in some areas
• Provide simple compliance options: - another critique of existing rating systems is the need for extensive calculations (e.g. energy)
• Complement green building rating programs:- Std 189.1 is not intended to compete with
green building rating programs
Potential Users for Standard 189.1• Organizations with Green Building Rating Systems (USGBC, GBI, etc.):
incorporated as the baseline (prerequisite) in a green building rating system
• Developers: individual project• Corporations: corporation buildings • Universities: campus buildings • States/municipalities: their own buildings• States/municipalities: basis for incentives,
such as zoning bonus for greater height• States/municipalities: all private construction;
may need to cite in multiple codes such as zoning, plumbing, energy, building
Standard 189 Topic Areas•Sustainable Sites
(3 mandatory, 1 prescriptive/performance)•Water Use Efficiency
(3 mandatory, 2 prescriptive/performance)•Energy Efficiency
(3 mandatory, 1 prescriptive/performance)• Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ)
(7 mandatory, 2 prescriptive/performance) •The Building’s Impact on the Atmosphere,
Materials and Resources (4 mandatory, 1 prescriptive/performance)
•Construction and Operation Plans (9 mandatory, 0 prescriptive/performance)
Energy EfficiencyMandatory Provisions•Metering: meters,
meter data collection, and data storage and retrieval
•On-site renewable energy power systems with a peak electrical generating capacity of not less than 1.0% of the electrical service load
Prescriptive Option (Building Envelope) CZ-5 Boston
•Roof insulation: R-4.4 (R-25) continuous, R-8.6 (R-49) attic
•Wall: R-2.3 (R-13) cavity + R-1.8 (R-10) cont.
R-2.3 (R-13.3) mass wall•Fenestration assembly:
U-1.4 (U-0.25) wood, vinyl, fiberglass frame
U-2.0 (U-0.35) curtain wall U-2.6 (U-0.45) other metal SHGC-0.35
Energy Efficiency
Prescriptive Option (Mechanical)
•Economizer cycle for units > 9.7 kW(33,000 Btuh)
Energy Efficiency
Prescriptive Option (Other Equipment)
•Energy Star equipment and appliances
Energy Efficiency
Performance OptionTwo criteria:•Annual energy cost:
proposed < mandatory plus prescriptive
•Annual carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e): proposed < mandatory plus prescriptive
Energy Efficiency
Indoor Environmental QualityMandatory Provisions•Outdoor air monitoring•CO2 monitoring in densely
occupied mechanically ventilated spaces, and naturally ventilated spaces
•Outdoor air flow rate monitoring in non-densely occupied, mechanically ventilated spaces
Indoor Environmental Quality
Indoor Environmental Quality
Mandatory Provisions
•Thermal Comfort•Comply with
ASHRAE Std 55•Mat Systems at
Building Entrances
Indoor Environmental Quality
Indoor Environmental Quality
Mandatory Provisions
•Acoustical Control•Defined STC values
for exterior and interior assemblies
•Daylighting by toplighting (skylights)•Targeted for big box
retail applications
Indoor Environmental Quality
Indoor Environmental QualityPerformance Option• Day lighting• Physical or computer
model• All regularly occupied
spaces• Minimum illuminance target:
300 lux (30 fc) on work surfaces,4.5 m (15 ft) from façade, noon equinox
• Direct sunlight on work plane < 20% of occupied hours on equinox day
Indoor Environmental Quality
Construction and OperationMandatory Provisions• Building Commissioning• Fundamental building commissioning
> 500 m2 (5000 ft2), or• Acceptance testing of HVAC and
lighting, similar to CEC Nonresidential Compliance Manual
• Measurement and Verification Plan• Completed prior to 100% DD • Owner responsible for
implementation
• ASHRAE Guideline 0 The Building Commissioning Process
• Integrated Building Design Guide• Carbon Equivalent Based Evaluation of
Building Construction and Operation• ASHRAE support of the Clinton Climate
Change Initiative • C40 Large Cities Climate Leadership Group
(Energy Efficiency Building Retrofit Program) (Account for almost 80% of greenhouse gases)
• Encouraging Renewable Power
ASHRAE Sustainability Initiatives
77%%
20052005
20062006
Renewable Energy Use
75% to 80% of All Buildings That will Exist
in 2030
Exist Today!
Our Greatest OpportunitiesOur Greatest OpportunitiesNew Buildings?
150 Billion sq.ft. of Existing Buildings in the USA will need to be
Renovated in the Next 30 years
Our Greatest OpportunitiesExisting Buildings
New Buildings RepresentOnly 2% of Construction Projects
Existing Buildings Represent86% of Construction Costs
Existing Buildings in the USA Consume $140 billion/year in Energy
Costs
And the USA Spends $500 billion/year in Building Renovation
Clearly our Greatest Opportunity for Reducing Energy Use and Improving Sustainability Lays with Increasing
Energy Efficiency in Existing Buildings
ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 100-2006
6363
Identify Potential Energy Saving Measures for Existing
Buildings• Routine Maintenance and Repairs
• Retro – Commissioning
• Utility Tariffs/Negotiations
• Tenant Fit Out and Improvements
• Equipment Replacement
• Major Renovations
Identify Potential Energy Saving Measures for Existing Buildings
Building Envelope Lighting Systems Window Replacement T8 Versus T12 Lamps Solar Films Compact Fluorescent Bulbs Caulking/Sealing Electronic Ballasts Enhanced Insulation Day Lighting Controls
Motion Sensors
HVAC Systems Controls/Other Higher Equip. Efficiencies Management Systems Heat Recovery Maintenance Systems Displacement Ventilation Monitoring/Auditing DOAS Applied Photo Voltaics GSHP Variable Speed Drives
Our Greatest OpportunitiesOn Existing Buildings
High Penetration Energy Efficiency Program Could Save
1000’s of MW in Generating Capacity and
10,000’s of GWH in Power GenerationIndustrial Commercial
Residential
FEDERAL ENERGY LEGISLATION
HR 3221 ENERGY INDEPENDENCE AND SECURITY ACT - 2007
S.2191 CLIMATE CHANGEHR 3031 SUSTAINABILITY
NZEB for Federal Facilities
Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA) Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA) requires federal buildings to reduce their fossil fuel based requires federal buildings to reduce their fossil fuel based
energy use to zero by 2030. energy use to zero by 2030.
Co-Sponsors: ASHRAE, AIA, ACCA, GBI, ICC, IFMA, NFPA, Co-Sponsors: ASHRAE, AIA, ACCA, GBI, ICC, IFMA, NFPA, NIBS, USGBC and othersNIBS, USGBC and others
Integrated Building DesignASHRAE IBD Manual of Practice
Building Information ModelingASHRAE BIM Guide
ASHRAE “SMART” Documents
ASHRAE Sustainability Initiatives
Facility MgmtFacility Mgmt
Construction SequencingConstruction Sequencing
Quantities/BOMQuantities/BOM
Construction DocumentsConstruction Documents
SchedulesSchedules
VisualizationVisualization
Interference DetectionInterference Detection
BIM – A central “database” of building information from which data BIM – A central “database” of building information from which data is extracted to generate construction documents and ultimately is extracted to generate construction documents and ultimately
facilitate operationfacilitate operation
BIM : OverviewBIM : Overview
05/03/2305/03/23 7171
Building Information Modeling
Energy Simulation and ModelingEnergy Simulation and Modeling
SMART Building MaterialsBuilding EnvelopeGlass Technology
Day Lighting and Solar Innovative and Responsive Insulation
ASHRAE Sustainability ASHRAE Sustainability InitiativesInitiatives
Identify Potential Energy Saving Measures for Existing
BuildingsRole of Commissioning
and Retro Commissioning
ASHRAE Headquarters Renovation Project – A Living Laboratory
Lighting RequirementsTarget LEED Gold NC Target LEED Gold NC and Ultimately LEED and Ultimately LEED
Gold EBGold EB
ASHRAE Headquarters Renovation Project – A Living Laboratory
30% Higher 30% Higher Ventilation Rate Ventilation Rate
than 62.1than 62.1
30% Lower Energy 30% Lower Energy Use than 90.1 Use than 90.1
2004 2004
Why is Cx or RCxso Critical?
•Buildings are very complex prototypical machines
•Unique •Built on-site •Built by hand •Thousands of independent components
•Most buildings do not operate as intended
ASHRAE GuidelinesASHRAE Guideline 0-2005,
The Commissioning Process Describes the commissioning process capable of verifying a facility and its systems meet the owner’s project
requirements ASHRAE Guideline 1-2007, The HVAC Commissioning Process
Describes the technical requirements for the application of the commissioning
process that will verify HVAC systems achieve the owner’s project
requirements
Project Costs & Savings
Potential Potential Savings Savings
Cost Cost to Fix to Fix
Concept Concept DesignDesign
Construction O Construction O &M&MProject Project
Timeline Timeline
Satellite BroadcastThis Year• Integrated Building Design:
Bringing the Pieces Together to Unleash the Power of Teamwork
• Broadcast April 16, 2008• Working with DOE to re-broadcast for
Federal Agencies
Next YearNext Year
• High Performance Indoor Air High Performance Indoor Air QualityQuality• Broadcast April 16, 2009Broadcast April 16, 2009
ASHRAE Research Programs•Research Strategic Plan
identifies many energy efficiency topics•$2.5 million per year in new projects•ASHRAE Strategic Plan elements target energy efficiency –given priority in Research Strategic Plan
•Working with Research Advisory Panel and USGBC Research Committee to identify high priority building energy research
• ASHRAE Educational Programs- eLearning
•Complying with Standard 90.1•Building Commissioning•Engineering for Sustainability
• ASHRAE Certification Programs - Engineering for Sustainability Professional - Building Ownership and Operation - Commissioning
ASHRAE Educational and Certification Initiatives
•Federal Energy Savings Performance Contracting document•Professional Engineers Guide to the Energy Star Label for Buildings, EPA•ADA Guide, BOMA•Building Upgrade Manual, EPA •Energy Management Course developed by Misuriello for CSI•ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2004 and 2007 + Users Manual•ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2004 and 2007 + Users Manual•ASHRAE Standard 100-2006: Energy Conservation in Existing Buildings•ASHRAE Standard 105-1984 (RA99): Standard Method of Measuring Building Energy Performance•ASHRAE Guideline 0: Commissioning Process•ASHRAE Guideline 1: HVAC Commissioning•ASHRAE Guideline 14-2002: Measurement of Energy and Demand Savings
Other InformationOther Information
High Performing Buildings Magazine
Launched November Launched November 20072007 Case StudiesCase Studies Lessons LearnedLessons Learned
The Path to Global Sustainability
And Energy Efficiency
John Ruskin 1875 – When we build let it not be for present use alone. Let it
be such work as our descendants thank us
John Ruskin 1875 – When we build let it not be for
present use alone. Let it be such work as our
descendants thank us
Thank You
Any Question
s?