POPULATION

AND

DEMOGRAPHY

POPULATION

is the number of persons occupying a certaingeographic area, drawing substance from theirhabitat, and interacting from one another.

is the number of all the organisms of the same groupor species, which live in a particular geographicalarea, and have the capability of interbreeding

Collective group of individuals occupying a particularplace at a given time.

Keywords to population:

Group – People not situated within thegeographical limits and those who are not livingor died

Place – places within the geographical limits

Time – the specified time the population countis conducted.

DEMOGRAPHY

from the Greek word “demos” which means people

is the statistical analysis and description ofpopulation aggregates with reference to thedistribution, vital statistics, age, sex and relatedfactors.

is the study of human population dynamics. Itencompasses the study of the size, structure anddistribution of populations, and how populationschange over time due to births, deaths, migration,and aging.

Demographers

are the people who gather data about the size,distribution, composition and change inpopulation in order to describe them (Petersen)

Primary Task of Demography:

To ascertain the number of people in a given area

To know the resources available for their support.

To determine what changes, growth or decline this numberrepresents and explain the causes of changes.

To estimate on this basis the future trends.

To know the different kinds of people who may make up anygiven population with regard to their physical, mental andcultural characteristics.

To categorize people on the basis of characteristics like age, sex,marital status, occupation, income ,nationality, race, ethnicgroup, religion and other characteristics.

To ascertain the distribution of people among the differentcountries and regions, both rural and urban.

Why Study Demography?

• Demographic analysis is a powerful tool thatcan explain a number of sociologicalphenomena.

• It provides a basis for predicting future trendsand making informed decisions

• It is important for the formulation,implementation, evaluation of plans, policiesand programs for social services.

• Can guide policy makers in meeting the needsof various sectors.

Sources of Demographic Data

1. Population Census – Population countconducted by government offices (NSO)

2. Vital registration statistics system – birth,death, marriage and divorce registrations

3. Sample or Special Surveys – surveys ofhouseholds

4. Demographic data gathered and processedby government agencies

Components of Population Change

Occur either as growth or decline.

Fertility (births)

Mortality (deaths)

Migration (immigration and emigration)

* FERTILITY

- Refers to the number of actual children born to awoman or group of women

- Refers to the ability of females to produce healthyoffspring in abundance

- Crude birth rate: is the annual number of live birthsper thousand people

CBR = Registered number of births in a year x 1,000

Total mid- year population

One of the strongest predictors of fertility rates iswomen's educational attainment.

Almost universally, higher levels of educationalattainment result in lower fertility rates. It is not,however, education itself that causes declines in fertilitybut rather its association with other factors that reducefertility: women with higher levels of education delaymarriage and are more likely to abstain from marriageand / or parenthood, have improved labor marketopportunities, are more likely to usecontraception during intercourse, and are less likely toadopt traditional childbearing roles.

* MORTALITY

- refers to the finite nature of humanity: people die.

- the number of deaths in a given time or place or the proportion of deaths in relation to a population.

- crude death rate: the annual number of deaths per 1000 people

CDR = = Registered number of deaths a year x 1,000

Total mid- year population

Life Expectancy

- Is the average number of years aperson can expect to live at thetime of birth.

One of the best predictors of longevity iseducation, even when other factors are controlled: themore educated you are, the longer you can expect tolive. A few additional years of schooling can add severaladditional years to your life and vastly improve yourhealth in old age. The mechanism through which thisworks is not the schooling itself, but schooling'sinfluence on other health-related behaviors. The moreeducation someone has, the lower his/her likelihood ofsmoking and engaging in unhealthy and high riskbehaviors. Education also increases the probability ofpeople engaging in healthy behaviors, like frequentlyexercising.

Other factors associated with greater longevity include:

• Wealth: money increases access to good healthcare, whichimproves health and increases longevity

• Race: whites live longer than blacks, though this is due toother social disparities, like income and education, and notto race itself

• Ability to delay gratification: with the ability to delaygratification people live healthier lives and engage inhealthier behaviors (e.g., exercise)

• Larger social networks: having a large group of friends andclose relationships with relatives increases your socialsupport, which positively influences health

• Job satisfaction: people in more powerful and moresatisfying jobs tend to be healthier than people in lesssatisfying jobs

Rank Country (Years)

1 Monaco 89.522 Japan 84.743 Singapore 84.684 Macau 84.515 San Marino 83.246 Iceland 82.977 Hong Kong 82.868 Andorra 82.729 Switzerland 82.50

10 Guernsey 82.4711 Israel 82.2712 Luxembourg 82.1713 Australia 82.1514 Italy 82.1215 Sweden 81.9816 Liechtenstein 81.7717 Jersey 81.7618 Canada 81.7619 France 81.7520 Norway 81.70

Top 20 Countries with Highest Life Expectancy

* MIGRATION

- The spatial movement of a person or groupof persons from one place to another,more or less for permanent residency.

- They moved for different reasons such aseconomic, educational, religious, medical,social, political, work opportunities andtechnologies.

- May be internal or international.

Internal migration

- Is the spatial movement of a person or groupof persons within a country or specifiedterritory, more or less for permanentresidency.

International migration

- Is the spatial movement of a person or groupof persons from one country to another, moreor less for permanent settlement

Forces Involved in Migration

PUSH – refers to the unfavorable or unattractive conditions which impel a person to move out of an area.

Example:

Natural Disasters (floods, famine, volcanic eruptions)

War

Racial Discrimination

Political Repressions

PULL – refers to the favorable conditions orattractions of locality which lure a person or groupof persons to move into that area.

Example:

Favorable climate

Employment opportunities

Peace and order

Political and religious freedom

Recreational and cultural facilities

Two Types of Migration

Immigration

- when one enters a country or destination

Emigration

- when one leaves the country in order tomove into another.

POPULATION PYRAMID

- Refers to the two- dimensional graphused to display the age and genderstructure of a population.

- If the birth rate is high, the pyramid willbe more triangular because of the largenumber of babies added to the bottomeach year.

- If the birth rate decreases, the pyramidtakes on a more diamond shape. Itmeans that a great portion of thepopulation are added to the nation’sproductive labor force.

Characteristics of Population

Age structure

- proportion of people at the different age levels

Sex composition

- refers to how the total population is composed in terms ofmales or females.

Dependency ratio

- refers to the proportion of the 0-4 and the 65 – over agelevels per one hundred persons aged 15 - 64

Population density

- refers to the number of persons that can be equally andstatistically distributed per square kilometer in a givengeographical area considering the population in the said area.

Population Growth

The increase of population that affects andintensify major local, natural and global issueslike poverty, energy crisis, environmentaldegradation, criminality, housing problems andinequality.

Overpopulation indicates a scenarioin which the population of a living speciesexceeds the carrying capacity ofits ecological niche.

Overpopulation is not a function ofthe number or density of the individuals,but rather the number of individualscompared to the resources they need tosurvive. In other words, it is aratio: population over resources.

Effects of Overpopulation:

• Child poverty

• High birth rates

• Lower life expectancies• Lower levels of literacy• Higher rates of unemployment, especially in urban

• Insufficient arable land

• Little surplus food• Poor diet with ill health and diet-deficiency diseases

(e.g. rickets)• Low per capita GDP

• Increasingly unhygienic conditions• Government is stretched economically

• Increased crime rates resulting from people stealing resourcesto survive

• Mass extinctions of plants and animals as habitat is used forfarming and human settlements

Population Control

Adoption of planned parenthood or familyplanning

Use of artificial birth control methods

Disseminating information on family planning

Re-educate people concerning their beliefsand practices which favor big family size.

First, population can be reduced by consciousand deliberate control of reproduction byindividuals, families or societies.

Second, the more people earn and learn, thefewer children they want.

Third, a truly determined, highly organizednation can check its population explosionrelatively fast.

This is the only certain in population

control:

Theories on Population Growth and Decline

Malthusian Theory

Thomas Malthus

An Essay on the Principle of Population

If left unrestricted, human populations wouldcontinue to grow until they would become too largeto be supported by the food grown on availableagricultural land. He proposed that, while resourcestend to grow arithmetically, population growsexponentially. At that point, the population would berestrained through mass famine and starvation.Malthus argued for population control,through moral restraint, to avoid this happening.

Basis:

•The need for food and

•The passion between sexes.

Marxian Theory

- Karl Marx

- the widespread poverty and misery of theworking class people was, not due to aneternal law of nature but to themisconceived organization of society.Starvation was caused by the unequaldistribution of the wealth and itsaccumulation by capitalists.

Demographic Transition Theory- Demographic transition is a term, first used by WarrenS. Thompson (1929), and later on by Frank W. Notestein(1945), referring to a historical process of change whichaccounts the trends in births, deaths and populationgrowth that occurred in today’s industrialized societies,especially European societies. This process ofdemographic change began for the most part in the later18th century.

-The theory postulates a particular pattern ofdemographic change from a high fertility and highmortality to a low fertility and low mortality when asociety progresses from a largely rural agrarian andilliterate society to a dominant urban, industrial, literateand modern society.

Philippines’ Current Population Data

• During 2017 Philippines population is projected to increasedby 1 630 066 people and reach 104 733 524 in the beginningof 2018.

• The natural increase is expected to be positive, as thenumber of births will exceed the number of deaths by 1 779566.

• If external migration will remain on the previous year level,the population will be declined by 149 500 due to themigration reasons. It means that the number of people wholeave Philippines to settle permanently in another country(emigrants) will prevail over the number of people whomove into the country (to which they are not native) inorder to settle there as permanent residents (immigrants).

According to our estimations, daily change ratesof Philippines population in 2017 will be thefollowing:

• 6 765 live births average per day (281.89 in anhour)

• 1 890 deaths average per day (78.74 in anhour)

• -410 emigrants average per day (-17.07 in anhour)

• The population of Philippines will beincreased by 4 466 persons daily in 2017.

Below are the key figures for Philippinespopulation in 2016:

• 2 430 895 live births

• 679 027 deaths

• Natural increase: 1 751 869 people

• Net migration: -147 173 people

• 51 704 640 males as of 31 December 2016

• 51 398 818 females as of 31 December 2016

Philippines population density:

Philippines population density is 343.7 people per square kilometeras of February 2017

Philippines age structure

34.6% - population under 15

61.1% - population between 15 and 64 years old

4.3% - population 65+

In absolute figures (estimate):

• 35 724 317 young people under 15 years old ( 18 223 536 males / 17 500 781 females)

• 62 976 623 persons between 15 and 64 years old ( 31 491 920 males / 31 484 703 females)

• 4 402 518 persons above 64 years old ( 1 900 197 males / 2 502 321 females)

Age dependency ratio

The total dependency ratio of population inPhilippines is 63.7 %.

• What does this value mean?

It shows that the dependent part ofpopulation is more than a half of the workingpart. It means that the working population(labor force) in Philippines must provide goodsfor itself and cover expenditure on children andaged persons (this population is more than a halfof working population). The value of more than50% shows that the pressure on productivepopulation in Philippines is relatively high.

•

Child dependency ratio

•Child dependency ratio is a ratio ofpeople below working age (under 15)to workforce of a country.

•Child dependency ratio inPhilippines is 56.7 %.

Aged dependency ratio

•Aged dependency ratio is a ratio ofpeople above working age (65+) toworkforce of a country.

•Aged dependency ratio in Philippines is7 %.

Life Expectancy

•Male life expectancy at birth is 68.7 years.

•Female life expectancy at birth is 74.7 years.

•Total life expectancy (both sexes) at birth for Philippines is 71.7 years.

Source :

United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs:

Population Division

References

• http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/population-by-country/

• https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Sociology/Demography

• http://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/sociology-and-social-reform/sociology-general-terms-and-concepts-63

• http://www.infoplease.com/world/statistics/life-expectancy-country.html

• http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/population/theories-of-population-malthus-theory-marxs-theory-and-theory-of-demographic-transition/31397/

• http://countrymeters.info/en/Philippines