Test 3 Quarter 3

Ch. 23 – 25

The New Deal and World War II

p. 766 Chapter 23 The New Deal

Sec. 1 Forging a New Deal Sec. 2 The New Deal’s Critics Sec. 3 Last Days of the New Deal

p. 768 Sec. 1Forging a New Deal

Restoring the Nation’s Hope Eleanor Roosevelt visits the

Second Bonus Army Calm panic and create support

for new programs A “New Deal” for the American

people First inaugural address – “nothing

to fear but fear itself” Fireside chats – radio address to

reassure nation

The First Hundred Days

March – June, 1933 Create jobs Provide relief Stimulate the economy

Bank Holiday

All banks close, had to prove viability before they could open again New deposits allow banks to make loans Steagall Banking Act of 1933 – creates FDIC Security and Exchange Commission as well as

other acts regulate the stock market Temporarily took U.S. off gold standard

Relief – Creating Jobs

Harry Hopkins – former settlement house worker runs programs Sent funds to local relief agencies Created public works projects Civilian Conservation Corps – put young men to

work maintaining forests, parks, etc.

Regulating the Economy

National Industrial Recovery Act Bolster prices Set fair practice standards Working conditions Minimum wage

Higher wages leads to higher prices

Assisting Homeowners and Farmers Home Owners’ Loan Corporation helps

refinance mortgages Federal Housing Authority – housing

standards and conditions Agricultural Adjustment Administration – raise

farm prices through subsidies Tennessee Valley Authority – create jobs and

electricity

Key Players in the New Deal

The Brain Trust – college educated, university professors, progressive workers make up main advisors

Groundbreaking Appointments

Frances Perkins – Sect. of Labor – first female cabinet member

Mary McLeod Bethune – African American – Director of Federal Council on Negro Affairs Member of unofficial

“black Cabinet”

Eleanor Roosevelt

FDR’s legs Worked especially for the poor and

unrepresented, women, minorities

The New Deal Falters

Most of the new programs brought no significant changes

Many worried federal gov’t was gaining too much power – creeping socialism

A Second New Deal

Congressional Elections of 1934 show overwhelming support for FDR More social welfare programs More controls over business More support for unions More taxes for the rich

New and Expanded Agencies

Works Progress Administration – many public projects, including work for artists and writers

Resettlement Administration – helps small farmers, tenant farmers, and sharecroppers get loans to buy own farm

Electrification for rural areas National Labor Relations Board – hears workers

grievances related to union activities

Social Security

Old-age pensions Survivor’s benefits Unemployment insurance Aid for dependent children and the disabled

The 1936 Election

Support of New Deal wide and deep Republican Alf Landon receives only 8

electoral votes

p. 777 Sec. 2 The New Deal’s Critics

Not enough Too much

Limitations of the New Deal

Workers – only about 25% of workers covered by many labor laws

Women – men and boys receive preference in jobs and pay

African Americans works projects segregated domestic and farm workers not included in most laws, esp.

Social Security rise in lynchings not addressed by gov’t

The New Deal Goes too Far

Republicans, wealthy, American Liberty League Too socialistic Too many taxes Social Security numbers too militaristic Limited individual freedom

Other Critics

Progressives and Socialists – including Upton Sinclair – want more Gov’t ownership of factories and farms Major reforms in gov’t Redistribution of wealth

The Demagogues

Father Coughlin The “radio priest” At first supported New Deal Became openly anti-Semitic

Huey Long Louisiana governor and U.S. senator Called for a redistribution of wealth –

$5000 to every family

Modern Day Critics

New Deal didn’t really help lessen the depression

Limited free enterprise – jobs and farms Too big government Too many taxes Deficit spending

The Court Packing Fiasco

1935 Supreme Court declares key New Deal programs unconstitutional

In order to ensure support, FDR proposed court-reform bill Appoint one additional justice for each one over 70

No one happy with grab for power 3 separate branches of gov’t Political play not good gov’t

Older justices retired, FDR able to make more liberal appointments

p. 785 Sec. 3The Last Days of the New Deal The Recession of 1937

Higher taxes mean less money to spend National debt rising, some programs cut Programs restored, but result in higher national

debt

Unions Triumph

CIO – Committee for Industrial Organization Founded by UMW president John Lewis Organized unskilled workers

An Era of Strikes

Gov’t allowed unions to be organizes, companies did not have to bargain with them Sit-down strikes, picket lines Violence often erupted between police, company

officials, and strikebreakers against the strikers

The New Deal’s Effects on Culture Literature

Pearl Buck – The Good Earth John Steinbeck – The Grapes of Wrath James Agee and Walker Evans – Let Us Now

Praise Famous Men

Radio and Movies

Radio Comedies

Jack Benny, George Burns and Gracie Allen Soap operas

Movies

Double features and drive-in movies allow more people to enjoy

Federal agencies produce “shorts” to be shown to publicize they’re activities

Entertainment mainly optimistic

The WPA and the Arts

Arts are important Artists need work, too

Histories and novels Community symphonies Free music lessons Murals, sculpture, and other art for public

buildings Theatre programs

Lasting New Deal Achievements People now expect government to create a

program to solve their problems Many programs good and long-lasting

Bridges, dams, electrification programs FDIC, SEC, Social Security Restoration of hope, feelings of American

greatness to be able to overcome all obstacles

Ch. 24 World War II

The Road to War

p. 798 Ch. 24 The Road to War Sec. 1 The Rise of Dictators Sec. 2 Europe Goes to War Sec. 3 Japan Builds an Empire Sec. 4 From Isolationism to War

p. 800 Sec. 1The Rise of Dictators

World-wide depression and disillusionment from WWI leaves people looking toward their governments for answers Totalitarianism dominates every aspect of life

Uses terror and fear to stay in power

Stalin’s Soviet Union

Takes over when Lenin dies Forms collective farms – effectively leading to

state takeover Many resist, sent to labor camps Many escape Millions starve

Stalin’s Reign of Terror

Purges political enemies, attempting to purify communist party Millions arrested, forced into labor camps, and or

executed

Fascism In Italy

Unites Socialist, anarchists, disillusioned war vets, and opponents to monarchy to gather political power

Uses Blackshirts to control those who oppose him

Promises to restore economy Wants to rebuild Roman Empire

Hitler’s Rise to Power

Upset with terms of Treaty of Versailles Forms Nazi party

First arrested for attempting to overthrow gov’t Hitler promises to restore economy, Nazis elected

to Reichstaag Named Chancellor takes over gov’t

The Spanish Civil War

General Francisco Franco leads Nationalists in a rebellion against the elected gov’t, forms military dictatorship Supported by Germans Soviet Union supports Republicans U.S., G.B., and France do not intervene

p. 807 Europe Goes to War

Appeasement – Munich Conference - Neville Chamberlain attempts to keep peace by allowing Hitler’s early aggression in return for a promise to stop further aggression Quickly broken

Hitler makes non-aggression pact with U.S.S.R.

Allows Hitler to invade Poland – Sept. 1, 1939 blitzkrieg

G.B. and France declare war against Germany Hitler turns to the West

p. 813Japan Builds an Empire

Since mid-1800s, when U.S. forced Japan out of isolation, Japan slowly built control over east Asia

Japan’s first steps toward democracy after WWI stopped by depression

Nationalists call for a return to traditional ways Cause riots, other acts of terrorism forcing military

to take over

Japan begins to build empire with invasion of Manchuria U.S. claims it goes

against Kellogg-Briand

League of Nations calls for end to occupation

Military continues to build destroying those who go against it

1937 full attack on China Soviet Union and Great

Britain aid China

p. 817 Sec. 4From Isolationism to War

The United States Chooses Neutrality Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936 try to keep America

out of being dragged into war as had happened in WWI

Neutrality Act of 1937 allows for “cash and carry” Does not allow U.S. to assist those who are defending

themselves from aggression

American Involvement Grows

Invasion of Poland and attack on Western Europe leaves many Americans wanting to help Britain Congress repeals arms embargo with Great

Britain Merchant ships allowed to transport arms to

Britain With fall of France, FDR calls for “all aid short of

war”

Opposition to Involvement

America First Committee wants to block further aid

Republican presidential candidate in 1940 also supports aid, but limited

Lend-Lease

FDR reelection in 1940 encourages more involvement Britain does not have money to fight war We would lend equipment – and get it back after

the war Extended to U.S.S.R. after they are attacked by

Germany

Japan Attacks Pearl Harbor

FDR limits trade with Japan as aggression continues

Negotiations continue over a year

During negotiations, Japan also plans attack on U.S. Japanese attack on Pearl

Harbor Dec.7, 1941 hopes to cripple U.S. fleet

FDR calls on Congress to declare war

Dec.11 Germany and Italy declare war on U.S.

Ch. 25 World War II:Americans at War

Sec. 1 Mobilization Sec. 2 Retaking Europe Sec. 3 The Holocaust Sec. 4 The War in the Pacific Sec. 5 The Social Impact of the War

p. 826 Sec. 1Mobilization

Mobilizing the Armed Forces Sept. 1940 – Selective Training and Service Act

FDR makes Americans aware of what they are fighting for – The Four Freedoms

GIs – the symbol of the American fighting man

Mexican-Americans, Native Americans (code talkers), Asian-Americans, and African Americans all serve with distinction, but in segregated forces

Women – serve in non-combat military roles

Mobilizing the Economy

Industry needs to quickly change to war production to meet Allied demands War Production Board – halted production of consumer

goods, allocated raw materials Office of War Mobilization – supervised all industry and

production Cost-plus system helps insure profits for

manufacturers

Financing the War

Higher taxes Bond sales Deficit spending – borrowing money from

banks and private investors – postpone payments

Daily Life on the Home Front

The effects of mobilization End of the unemployment, end of depression

Growth of unions Women serve here as well – Rosie the Riveter

Money to spend, but no goods to buy Stop inflation Rationing

American nationalism grows Popular culture promotes war effort Individuals called on to assist with victory gardens, scrap

metal drives, and Civilian Defense efforts

p. 832 Sec. 2Retaking Europe

Americans join the struggle Protect British trade routes from German

submarines Convoy system, new technology

Sonar, long-range air craft

The North Africa Campaign Join with British to fight African, Italian, and

German troops British General Montgomery along with American Gen.

Eisenhower and Patton defeat the “Desert Fox” Erwin Rommel

Roosevelt and Churchill meet in Casablanca plan retaking of Europe

Invasion of Italy Seen as easiest and most likely to succeed Across Mediterranean from Africa U.S. troops led by Patton 1943, Italians oust Mussolini, and surrender to

Allies Still must fight Germans in Italy

War in the Soviet Union

Germans advance through Finland and Romania

Some nationals welcome Stalin’s enemy – but quickly turned to forced laborers

Stalin calls on the West to attack, relieve his troops

Battle of Stalingrad – 1942-1943

The Allied Air War

Pinpoint targeting proves ineffective, replaced by carpet bombing

American involvement in war increases number of bombers available as well as escort fighter planes

Bombing took place day and night

Invasion of Western Europe

Operation Overlord to be launched from Britain into France

American, British, Canadians make up largest portion of forces, led by Gen. Eisenhower

June 6, 1944 – D-Day

Liberating France – Aug. 1944

Battle of the Bulge – Dec. 1944 – Belgium Final attack by German forces

The War in Europe Ends

Soviets lost more troops than all others combined

Break out from Stalingrad and move west April 1945 Soviets capture Berlin May 8, 1945 V-E Day Germany split into 4 zones as decided at

Yalta Conference

p. 841 Sec. 3The Holocaust Anti-Semitism exists in Europe for hundreds of

years 1933 Hitler begins to blame Jews for economic

woes 1935 Nuremberg Laws strip Jews of citizenship Jews forced into ghettos then concentration camps Wannsee Conference 1942 – final solution November 1945 – Nuremberg War Crimes Trials

p. 846 Sec. 4 The War in the Pacific Japanese advance 1941-1942

Pearl Harbor, the Wake Islands and Guam all attacked together

British and Dutch colonies attacked in early 1942 May 1942 – Philippines surrenders – MacArthur

promised to return Bataan Death March

The War at Sea

Battle of Coral Sea – May 1942 Fighter planes from air craft carriers stop

Japanese advances Midway – June 1942

Destroys large portion of Japanese fleet, their last offensive operation

Guadalcanal – Aug. 1942 – Feb. 1943 Marines force first Japanese retreat

Retaking the Islands

Island hopping allows American control to build air strips from

which to make new attacks The Philippines – Oct. 1944 – June 1945

MacArthur leads return of Allied forces Japanese kamikazes unable to stop Allies

Iwo Jima – Nov. 1944 – Feb. 1945 One of bloodiest battles of war – 25,000 American

casualties Okinawa – April – June 1945

Last obstacle to invasion of Japan Japanese willing to fight to the death Lead to decision to use the atomic bomb

The Manhattan Project

Produces the first successful test of an atomic bomb in July, 1945

Gives third option for defeat of Japan Truman serves notice to Japan to surrender of

face utter destruction Aug. 6 Hiroshima bombed Aug. 9 Nagasaki bombed Aug. 14 Japan accepts terms of surrender

The End of the War

Aug. 6 Hiroshima bombed Aug. 9 Nagasaki bombed Aug. 14 Japan accepts terms of surrender

p. 855 Sec. 5The Social Impact of the War African Americans

Discrimination continues as jobs only given to whites June 1941 issues executive order to end discrimination in

defense plant hiring Migrate north in search of factory jobs Race riots occur in many cities, esp. Detroit

Army remains segregated CORE – Congress of Racial Equality Call for Double V Campaign

Native Americans

Job opportunities in cities end traditional ties even more

Navaho instrumental in winning war in the Pacific, not given real credit for decades

Japanese Americans

Faced official discrimination from attack on Pearl Harbor Feb. 1942, FDR issues executive order to remove

aliens from sensitive zones Was supposed to include foreign born Italians and

Germans but did not in effect Did include American born Japanese

Lost property, businesses In effect moved to concentration camps Upheld by Supreme Court in 1944

Japanese Americans in the Military Not accepted until 1943 Thousands volunteer Served in segregated units – including the

442nd Regimental Combat unit – the most decorated in U.S. history

Women

Needed to fill in for fighting men

Needed to work in heavy industry factories

Increased economic standing as well as social standing

African American women discriminated against for 2 reasons

Earned less money then men for same job Had to worry about day care Most advances and jobs given up when men

return from war

Mexican Americans

More job opportunities, serve in armed forces, but still discriminated against

Bracero Program – allows Mexicans to come to U.S. to work on farms

Zoot Suit Riots – U.S. sailors make habit of hunting down Latino men June 1943 riot breaks out, sailors not charged