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Light Rail Transit Facilities Design Course
Light Rail Alignment Design May 22, 2010
John A. Lackey, PE
Senior Vice President
David Evans and Associates, Inc.
2
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Light Rail Transit Alignment Design Discussion Topics
• Design vehicle clearance and loading
• Types of alignments and typical cross sections
– Open track
– In-street alignments
– Adjacent to freight railroads
– Elevated
– Underground
• Alignment Geometry
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Light Rail Transit Alignment Design 4
Light Rail Transit Alignment Design Design Vehicle Clearance and Loading
Vehicle characteristics and dimensions
– Vehicle loads
– Wheel/track relationship
– Vehicle performance
– Dynamic envelope
– Guideway clearances
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General Vehicle Characteristics
• Bi-directional • Articulated • Operated as coupled-trains • Three trucks, two axles per truck • Pantograph • High or low floor, or combination
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Accessibility
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Comparison of Light Rail Vehicles
Sample subhead
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Light Rail Transit Alignment Design Design Vehicle Clearance and Loading
– Vehicle characteristics and dimensions
– Vehicle loads
– Wheel/track relationship
– Vehicle performance
– Dynamic envelope
– Guideway clearances
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Light Rail Transit Alignment Design 9
Vehicle Loads
•AW0 - Empty vehicle operating weight •AW1 - (Seated load)
– Fully seated passengers + AWO
•AW2 - (Design load) – Standing passengers at 4/m2 + AW1
•AW3 - (Crush load) – Standing passengers at 6/m2 + AW1
•AW4 - (Structure design load) – Standing passengers at 8/m2 + AW1
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Light Rail Transit Facilities Design Course
Light Rail Transit Alignment Design 11
Light Rail Transit Alignment Design Design Vehicle Clearance and Loading
– Vehicle characteristics and dimensions
– Vehicle loads
– Wheel/track relationship
– Vehicle performance
– Dynamic envelope
– Guideway clearances
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Light Rail Transit Alignment Design 12
Wheel/Track Relationship
• Vehicle wheel profile
• Rail profile
• -
• Curved track
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Light Rail Transit Facilities Design Course
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Light Rail Transit Facilities Design Course
Light Rail Transit Alignment Design 15
Light Rail Transit Facilities Design Course
Light Rail Transit Alignment Design 16
Light Rail Transit Alignment Design Design Vehicle Clearance and Loading
– Vehicle characteristics and dimensions
– Vehicle loads
– Wheel/track relationship
– Vehicle performance
– Dynamic envelope
– Guideway clearances
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Light Rail Transit Alignment Design 17
Vehicle Performance
• Suspension
– Primary
– Secondary
• Other loads affecting performance
– Trucks
– Load leveling
• Performance on alignment
– Accel/decel
– Operating speed
– Track curvature and gradient
– Train size
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Light Rail Transit Alignment Design 18
Light Rail Transit Alignment Design Design Vehicle Clearance and Loading
– Vehicle characteristics and dimensions
– Vehicle loads
– Wheel/track relationship
– Vehicle performance
– Dynamic envelope
– Guideway clearances
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Light Rail Transit Alignment Design 19
Dynamic Envelope
• VDE • Other factors:
– Overhang on curves – Lean due to suspension, track superelevation – Track and wheel wear – Wheel/track spacing – Passenger loading
• Maintenance values: – Lateral wheel wear - – Wheel-to-rail side play - – Radial wheel wear -
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Light Rail Transit Facilities Design Course
Light Rail Transit Alignment Design 21
Light Rail Transit Alignment Design Design Vehicle Clearance and Loading
– Vehicle characteristics and dimensions
– Vehicle loads
– Wheel/track relationship
– Vehicle performance
– Dynamic envelope
– Guideway clearances
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Light Rail Transit Alignment Design 22
Guideway Clearances
CE = VDE + OWF + RC
– CE - Clearance Envelope
– VDE - Vehicle Dynamic Envelope
– OWF - Other Wayside Factors
– RC - Running Clearance
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CE = VDE + OWF + RC
OWF = CT + MT + CW
– CT - Construction Tolerance
– MT - Maintenance Tolerance
– CW - Chorded Construction of Walls
• (effects of track curvature and superelevation)
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Guideway Clearances
• CT = allowable deviations from design positions – Track -
– Poles, signal equipment -
– Walls -
• MT = allowable deviations from constructed condition: – Ballasted track -
– Embedded track or Direct Fixation -
– Lateral rail wear -
– Vertical tolerance -
– Cross level variance, ballasted -
– Cross level variance, DF -
• CW = effects of track curvature and superelevation
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Light Rail Transit Facilities Design Course
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Light Rail Transit Facilities Design Course
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CE = VDE + OWF + RC
RC = Running Clearances:
– RC to signals, signs, poles, etc. -
– RC to emergency walkway envelope -
– RC to bridge parapet, walls, other structures -
– -
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Track at Station Platform
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Light Rail Transit Facilities Design Course
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Light Rail Transit Alignment Design Types of Alignments and Typical Cross Sections
– Open Track
– In-Street Alignments
– Adjacent to Freight Railroads
– Elevated
– Underground
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Light Rail Transit Alignment Design 31
Typical Ballasted Section
Light Rail Transit Facilities Design Course
Light Rail Transit Alignment Design 32
Open Track Ballasted
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Typical LRT Median
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Open Track Ballasted
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Open Track Direct Fixation (DF)
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Open Track Direct Fixation
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Open Track Direct Fixation
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Light Rail Transit Alignment Design Types of Alignments and Typical Cross Sections
– Open Track
– In-Street Alignments
– Adjacent to Freight Railroads
– Elevated
– Underground
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Light Rail Transit Alignment Design 39
Embedded Track (Paved)
In-Street Alignments
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Light Rail Transit Alignment Design 40
Embedded Track (Paved)
In-Street Alignments
Light Rail Transit Facilities Design Course
Light Rail Transit Alignment Design 41
Embedded Track (Paved)
In-Street Alignments
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Light Rail Transit Alignment Design Types of Alignments and Typical Cross Sections
– Open Track
– In-Street Alignments
– Adjacent to Freight Railroads
– Elevated
– Underground
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Light Rail Transit Alignment Design 43
Adjacent to Freight Railroads
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Light Rail Transit Alignment Design 44
Adjacent to Freight Railroads
Light Rail Transit Facilities Design Course
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Adjacent to Freight Railroads Grade Separation
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Adjacent to Freight Railroads Grade Separation
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Light Rail Transit Alignment Design Types of Alignments and Typical Cross Sections
– Open Track
– In-Street Alignments
– Adjacent to Freight Railroads
– Elevated
– Underground
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Light Rail Transit Alignment Design 48
Elevated (Bridges)
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Elevated (Guideway and Station)
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Light Rail Transit Alignment Design Types of Alignments and Typical Cross Sections
– Open Track
– In-Street Alignments
– Adjacent to Freight Railroads
– Elevated
– Underground
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Light Rail Transit Alignment Design 51
Underground (Tunnel)
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Light Rail Transit Alignment Design 52
Below Ground - Depressed
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Light Rail Transit Alignment Design
Alignment Geometry
– Design Criteria and Standards
– Horizontal Alignment
– Vertical Alignment
– In-Street Running Impacts and Considerations
– Station Requirements
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Light Rail Transit Alignment Design
Alignment Geometry
– Design Criteria and Standards
– Horizontal Alignment
– Vertical Alignment
– In-Street Running Impacts and Considerations
– Station Requirements
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Horizontal Alignment
• Clearances
• Speed
• Tangents
• Circular Curves
• Superelevation
• Spiral Transitions
• Special Track
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Horizontal Alignment
Superelevation
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Light Rail Transit Facilities Design Course
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Horizontal Alignment
Special Track
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Horizontal Alignment
Special Track
– Precurved Rail
•
– Restraining Rail
•
– Emergency Guard Rail
– Turnouts and Crossovers
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Light Rail Transit Facilities Design Course
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Light Rail Transit Alignment Design
Alignment Geometry
– Design Criteria and Standards
– Horizontal Alignment
– Vertical Alignment
– In-Street Running Impacts and Considerations
– Station Requirements
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Vertical Alignment
Profile Grades
Desirable Absolute Condition Maximum Maximum Maximum Mainline Track 3.5% 5.0% 7.0% Stations 0/5% 3.0% 4.5% Yard 0.0% 0.5% 1.0% Storage Track 0.0% 0.25% 0.5%
Minimum grade for drainage = 0.2%
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Vertical Alignment
Vertical Curves
Minimum Length as function of speed: – L = 70 (G1 - G2) for V > 35 – L = 40 (G1 - G2) for 15 < V < 35 – L = 20 (G1 - G2) for V < 15
Minimum length of any vertical curve:
– Desirable – Minimum – Absolute
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Vertical Alignment
Other Considerations
– Station platforms:
• Tangent grade 0 % to 2.0 %
•
– Combined vertical and horizontal curves
•
•
•
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Light Rail Transit Alignment Design
Alignment Geometry
– Design Criteria and Standards
– Horizontal Alignment
– Vertical Alignment
– In-Street Running Impacts and Considerations
– Station Requirements
Light Rail Transit Facilities Design Course
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In-Street Impacts and Considerations
• Operational policies
• Physical and design constraints
• Right-of-Way
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Light Rail Transit Alignment Design
Alignment Geometry
– Design Criteria and Standards
– Horizontal Alignment
– Vertical Alignment
– In-Street Running Impacts and Considerations
– Station Requirements
Light Rail Transit Facilities Design Course
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Questions