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The Cardiovascular System: Transport and
SupplyPart TWO
12
Cardiovascular Cardiovascular SystemSystem
Cardiovascular system transports nutrients and oxygen to cells in body while carbon dioxide and waste products of cells' metabolism are removed
Cardiovascular Cardiovascular SystemSystem
Pump that circulates the
transport medium
(blood) is the heart
System OverviewSystem Overview
The circulatory system uses the
heart as a pump and transports
through blood vessels to
organs and the smallest
tissues and cell
The circulatory system uses the
heart as a pump and transports
through blood vessels to
organs and the smallest
tissues and cell
Hematology-Study of Hematology-Study of Blood and Blood DiseaseBlood and Blood Disease
Blood is a fluid form of
connective tissue
Blood is a fluid form of
connective tissue
Four to six liters of blood
in human body
Four to six liters of blood
in human body
Blood constitutes
7-9% of total body
weight
Blood constitutes
7-9% of total body
weight
HematologyHematology
Blood Plasma is LiquidBlood Plasma is Liquid
Plasma is yellowish, straw-colored liquid that comprises about 55% of blood's volume
90% water; other 10% contains nutrients, salts, oxygen, hormones and other regulatory substances
Blood Plasma is LiquidBlood Plasma is Liquid
Plasma is yellowish, straw-colored liquid that comprises about 55% of blood's volume including:
Fibrinogen, a substance needed for blood clotting, and globulins involve antibodies for protection from infection
Blood with Plasma Blood with Plasma ProteinsProteins
Plasma proteins are important group of dissolved substances that include albumin, which aids in keeping correct amount of water in blood
Plasma proteins are important group of dissolved substances that include albumin, which aids in keeping correct amount of water in blood
Blood-Formed Blood-Formed ElementsElements
ErythrocytesErythrocytes
LeukocytesLeukocytes
ThrombocytesThrombocytes
Figure 12-12Composition of blood.
Erythrocytes-RBCsErythrocytes-RBCs
Red blood cells created by red bone marrow
through process called
erythropoiesis because they
lack nucleus to reproduce
themselves
Erythrocytes-RBCsErythrocytes-RBCs
With the aid of iron-containing red pigment called hemoglobin (“iron” and
“protein”), RBCs transport oxygen from the lungs to
the cells in the body and transport CO2
Figure 12-13WBCs and their function
Polymorphonuclear•Neutrophils•Eosinophils •BasophilsMononuclear•Monocytes •Lymphocytes
Leukocytes are
guardians from invasion and infection
Neutrophils: most aggressive in cases
where bacteria attempt to destroy tissue
Leukocytes-WBCsLeukocytes-WBCs
Phagocytosis is process in which neutrophils surround and ingest invader and attempt to destroy it by
utilizing lysosomes that release powerful
enzymesAs infection occurs, body produces higher than
normal number of neutrophils
Leukocytes-WBCsLeukocytes-WBCs
Leukocytes-WBCsLeukocytes-WBCs
Eosinophils: utilized to combat parasitic
invasions and variety of body irritants that lead
to allergies
Basophils: believed to be involved with allergic reactions and inflammation; important because they secrete chemical heparin, which helps to keep blood from
clotting
Leukocytes-WBCsLeukocytes-WBCs
Monocytes: found in higher than normal amounts when chronic infection occurs
Destroy invaders through phagocytosis
Even though they take longer to arrive on scene of infection than
neutrophils, numbers are greater and they destroy more bacteria
Leukocytes-WBCsLeukocytes-WBCs
Lymphocytes: protect us from infection by using process that produces antibodies that inhibit or directly attack invaders
PlateletsPlatelets
Smallest formed elements and
are responsible for blood's
ability to clot
Platelets stick together and plug hole in blood vessel and can
release substance called serotonin, which causes smooth
muscle constriction and decreased blood flow
Blood TransfusionBlood Transfusion
Person needing blood transfusion cannot
randomly select blood donor because of
antigens, substance that stimulates immune system to produce
antibodies
Blood TransfusionBlood Transfusion
An antigen can be a foreign protein
introduced into the body through wounds, blood
transfusions.If they are not “native” to
the body and different from “self antigens” they stimulate a response
Antibodies will react with antigens that caused them to form, and antigens stick together in little clumps, called agglutination
AgglutinationAgglutination
AgglutinationAgglutination
What is agglutination?
a reaction in which particles (as red blood
cells or bacteria) suspended in a liquid
collect into clumps and which occurs especially as a serologic response to
a specific antibody
What is agglutination?
a reaction in which particles (as red blood
cells or bacteria) suspended in a liquid
collect into clumps and which occurs especially as a serologic response to
a specific antibody
Blood TypesBlood Types
Type A blood is very common;
approximately 41% of American
population has this type of blood
"A" represents specific type of
self-antigen found on cell membrane
of red blood cell
Blood TypesBlood Types
• Type A has no anti-A antibodies, but has anti-B antibodies
• Type B has no anti-B antibodies but has anti-A antibodies
• Type AB has no anti-A or anti-B antibodies
• Type 0 has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies
Blood TransfusionBlood Transfusion
If the wrong blood type is given to a person, their
antibodies would attack donated red
blood cells and destroy them because they see
cells as foreign material; antibodies cause
agglutination, resulting in serious harm and even
death
Special blood
antigens were first found in blood of
Rhesus monkeys, and labeled Rh
factor
Blood TypesBlood Types
Blood TypesBlood Types
Found in 85% of white and 88% of black population of United States
If individual has this antigen
they are said to be Rh positive, if not they are Rh
negative
Found in 85% of white and 88% of black population of United States
If individual has this antigen
they are said to be Rh positive, if not they are Rh
negative
Rh negative patients have antibodies against Rh
factor
Rh negative patients have antibodies against Rh
factor
Rh positive patients have no antibodies
against Rh factor
Rh positive patients have no antibodies
against Rh factor
Figure 12-14Blood types and results of donor and
recipient combinations.
Blood Typing SlideBlood Typing Slide
1. The slide shows agglutination when blood added to type A, so blood has antibodies for Type A
2.The slide shows agglutination when blood added to type B, so blood has antibodies for Type B
3.The slide shows no agglutination when blood added to Rh factor, so blood has no antibodies for Rh factor
Type O positiveType O positive
Type O has both antibodies for Type A and B and so agglutinates
with Type A and Type B blood
Type O positive has no antibodies for Rh factor because it has the Rh
antigen and so there was no agglutination
Hemolysis of BloodHemolysis of Blood
Hemolysis is the destruction or dissolution of red blood cells, with subsequent release of
hemoglobin. This occurs, for example, when blood recipients are given a blood type that agglutinates with their blood due to antibodies present in the recipient.
Blood Typing Blood Typing WorksheetWorksheet
Complete Worksheet on BloodTypes in class for
credit
Complete Worksheet on BloodTypes in class for
credit