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Apr 2013

GREENER, SAFER, SMARTER

Smart Grid Technology

MT5009- Analyzing Hi-Technology

Opportunities Group Project

Bae Jinwoo A0102853M

Christopher Tan A0046244L

Ivan Mufthi A0077081E

James Tong A0081902L

Mun Kek Chian A0090745B

Peter Katona A0103338N

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What is a Smart Grid?

Improvements in the smart grid

Applications (Demand Response & Time Based Pricing)

Key elements of the Smart Grid

Smart Metering / Power Line Communication

Transmission & Distribution, EVs

Integration of renewable energy

Is Smart Grid the way to go?

Q & A

AGENDA

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According to GSGF (Global Smart Grid Federation) the official definition of

smart grid is:

An electrical* network

Efficiently integrating all the stake

holders – From generators to consumers

In order to ensure

Economic efficiency (Time Based

Pricing)

Sustainable network (Demand

Response)

WHAT IS SMART GRID?

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Improvements of Smart Grid over the traditional grid over the past 30 years

Communications (PLC, Optical)

Transmission & Distribution(Super Conductors, Gas-insulated cables & equipment, Better

Underground Works)

Better Storage Capacities(Batteries) (Electric Vehicles / Uninterrupted Power Supplies)

Better Smart meters & Controllers (processors / sensors / memory )

Integration to more distributed sources (Renew Energy; Wind/Solar Farms, EVs)

WHAT IS SMART GRID?

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Loading Curve Price Curve

Source: IEEE Paper ; “Optimal Scheduling and Operation of Load Aggregator with Electric Energy

Storage in Power Markets”

Demand Response & Time-based Pricing

WHAT IS SMART GRID?

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Smart Metering &

Powerline

Communication

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Evolution of Energy Meters

SMART METERING+PLC

Meters are measurement devices used by utilities to communicate

information for billing customers and operating their electric systems.

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Basic improvements to different Smart meter systems over time

SMART METERING+PLC

AMI

Full Two Way

AMR Plus

AMR

One Way Sm

art

Mete

r S

yste

m C

apabili

ty

Real Time based rates

Power Quality

Remote meter

programming

Load forecasting

Power procurement

Outage notification

Daily or On Demand

Reads

Hourly interval data

T&D Operation

Metering Service

Automated Monthly

Reads

One Way Outage

Detection

Meter Reading

Billing, Account,

Collection

Smart Meter System Functionality Stakeholders or Benefactors

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Although price is $15 more, the AMI provides more functions and average

expected payback time is the same

SMART METERING+PLC

AMR/AMI AVERAGEE COST & FUNCTION COMPARISON

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PLC compared with existing smart grid communication

SMART METERING+PLC

Hybrid Fibre Coaxial Asymmetric digital

subscriber line Powerline Communication

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PLC improvement - Carrier frequency and Max Effective Data Rates

SMART METERING+PLC

2001

2001

2005

2010

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Electric Vehicles

(EVs)

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A multitude of connected EVs acts like a big battery source to the grid.

ELECTRIC VEHICLES

Vehicle-to-grid (V2G)

Vehicle and Smart Grid

interaction

Enables stored energy in EVs to

sell back to the electrical grid

Allows for Peak-load shifting

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Case study of an unnamed energy market in the US

ELECTRIC VEHICLES

Loading Curve

Source: IEEE Paper ; “Optimal Scheduling and Operation of Load Aggregator with Electric Energy

Storage in Power Markets”

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Pilot project for EV parking integration to Smart Grid

ELECTRIC VEHICLES

EVs used on a Smart Grid EVs used on a Normal Grid

Source: “Electric vehicle smart charging and vehicle-to-grid operation” , Siddhartha Mal, Arunabh Chattopadhyay, Albert Yang, Rajit Gadh

Pockets of opportunity (Black

regions) to sell energy back to

the Smart Grid

Shift Peak

Load

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Case Study: EV Fleet Sedan in Southern California

ELECTRIC VEHICLES

RT GRID

2011 Monthly Bi-Directional Power Capacity Revenues

Assumptions:

Lease Price: $290/month

15KW bi-directional capability

12,000 miles driven per year

Typical operation from 9am to 5pm (parked 90% of the time)

2011 remuneration values for California ISO, in Southern California

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How can Smart Grid make EVs more economically feasible?

Cost of EV can be reduced by time-based pricing.

EVs can be charged during “off-peak” hours

EVs can sell back energy during “peak” hours

Bottom line

Bi-directional capacity alone can reduce the monthly lease price of a

EV sedan by about 72%

More savings expected with the increase in fuel prices

nth

ELECTRIC VEHICLES

RT GRID

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Opportunities of EVs in the Smart Grid

With the increase in EV numbers, the Smart Grid will be more efficient in

managing peak loads (Peak Load Shifting & Time-based pricing)

Smart Grid allows for better integration of the EVs into the market

With improvements to the V2G technology in the Smart Grid, it is more

economically feasible to own an EV

ELECTRIC VEHICLES

RT GRID

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Transmission

High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC)

High Temperature Superconductor (HTS)

Power Electronics (Semiconductor)

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Key drivers for Smart Grid Transmission

TRANSMISSION

• All HVDC solutions prevent cascading disturbances, even in connected AC networks

Improve quality, stability and reliability

• Semiconductor solution

Saves space, reduced losses

• Create long-distance energy highways via HTS cables

• Underground, subsea solutions

Move more power, further

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Technological advancement of transportation of electricity

HVDC

Year

Powered Distance Per unit Cost Vs. Year

Both charts show that HVDC is trending up over the year from 1960 and beyond

Source: A Functional Approach for studying technological progress: Extension to Energy Technology, by Heebyung Koh, Christopher L.

Magee - (MIT)

Powered Distance Vs. Year

Powered Distance = Amount of Energy transported over a given distance in a given time Performance metric in transmission:

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HVDC Vs. HVAC

HVDC

Break even distance

The capability of an AC line degrades

with increasing length.

Total Cost

Summary of cost after break even

distance

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Technology acceleration of DC transmission moving underground and subsea

HVDC

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Semiconductor solution for New transmission - Switching Device

POWER ELECTRONICS

Ideal controllable Power Semiconductor Switch

When turned on, current can flow only in the direction of the arrow

Instantaneous switching from one state to the other at extremely large switching

frequency

Zero voltage drop in on-state, therefore zero power loss

When turned off, current flow is zero, therefore zero power loss

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What is the next Semiconductor solution ?

POWER ELECTRONICS

Benefits of the AlGaN/ GaN material system

over SiC

Gallium Nitride promises performance that is at least 10

times better than existing silicon devices and looks to be

the most promising all over the range from 20V- 1200V

SiC based Technology

Significant cost premiums

Limited scalability

Comparison of controllable power for different

power electronic devices

?????

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High Temperature Superconductor (HTS)

HTS

Improvement in performance of YBCO &

BSCCO superconducting cables

This timeline of discovery of superconducting materials shows how

dramatic the discovery of high-Tc YBCO was. Credit: Wikipedia.

Cu

rre

nt C

arr

yin

g C

ap

acity

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The Grid of Today VS. Tomorrow

TRANSMISSION

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Opportunities

TRANSMISSION

Advanced designs and new materials for HTS cables

high current carrying capacity

reduced weight, line sags and corrosion

Development of more efficient and affordable (costs and size) cryogenic

refrigeration system for HTS cable

New types of semiconductors for a new generation of thyristors

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Integration of

Renewable Energy

INTEGRATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY

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Key Driver for Smart Grid – Sustainability & Integration

INTEGRATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY

Renewable Energy (RE) is a sustainable solution which does not produce

CO2 (green house gases)

Smart Grid creates a highly flexible platform for the integration of

Renewable Energy any time and any where without any changes in the

equipment configuration

Higher adoption of more renewable energy sources into the Smart Grid,

reduces reliance on fossil-power generation hence lowering CO2 emission.

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As high as 16.7% of global energy generation came from Renewable Energy in

2010

INTEGRATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY

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Governments Support & RE Trend

INTEGRATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY

Renewable energy generation

capacity is trending up

Source: Renewable 2012 Global Status Report; International Energy Agency: World Energy Outlook 2011

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Forecasted global impact on CO2 emission by 2020

INTEGRATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY

Total CO2 emission

CO2 reduction by Smart Grid

CO2 reduction from Integration of

renewable energy

Source: The Climate Group, 2008. “SMART 2020: Enabling the low carbon economy in the information age.”

Smart Grid has potential to reduce 2.03Gt CO2 emission where the

integration of renewable energy accounted for 41% of the reduction

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Challenges and Opportunities

INTEGRATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY

Renewable energy supply intermittency raises its difficulty in the

integration with the electrical grid

However, the flexibility of Smart Grid via demand response and time-

based pricing has made the integration of renewable energy

becomes feasible.

For e.g., Utilities operator offers consumers incentives to shed load

during peak hour based on the demand response and time-based

pricing

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Smart Grid is not only an electricity network

A smart network of energy flow (Electricity, gas, etc.)

The smartness brings

Time-based pricing (Efficiency)

Demand Response (Reliability)

Higher integration of renewable sources with the grid

(Sustainability)

The possible FUTURE (Selling electricity as a commodity in the

stock market)

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